    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                       SUBMERGED HISTORICAL RESOURCES
                                           OF PENSACOLA BAY, FLORIDA
                                                    PHASE TWO

                                    Submerged Cultural Resource Management Report.

                                                   Contract CM-320
                                                      Year One

                                                   James D. Spirek
                                                    Della A. Scott
                                                  Michael Williamson
                                                   Charles Hughson
                                                Roger C. Smith, Ph. D.

                                       Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                            Division of Historical Resources
                                              Florida Department of State
                                              Jim Smith, Secretary of State

    10

             Financial support for this project was provided by the Florida Department of Environmental Regu-
               lation, Office of Coastal Zone Management, and Department of Community Affairs, using funds
               made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal
                                       Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.

       REPORT DOCUMENTATION  1. REPORT NO.                               2.		         3.
              PAGE

    4.Title and      													5. Report Date
       Submerged Historical Resources of Pensacola Bay, Florida 					6.
    	Phase Two				Contract CM-320, Year One
    7.Author(s)	James D. Spirek, Della A. Scott, Michael Williamson,					8.Performing Organization , Inc.
    		Charles Hughson, Roger C. Smith, Ph.D.							CM-
    9. Performing Organization Name and Address								10.Project/Task/Work Unit Inc.
    	Florida Division of Historical Resources
    	Bureau of Archaeological Research									11.Contracts or Grants
    	500 South Bronough Street										(c)
    	Tallahasee, Florida 32399-0250										NA17OZ501
    															(g)
    12.Sponsoring Organization Name and Address								12.Type of Report & Period Covered
    	U.S. Dept of Commerce/NOAA		Dept. of Env. Reg.
    	OCRM						Coastal Management					Final
    	1825 Connecticut A., N.W.		2600 Blair Stone Rd.
    	Washington D.C. 20235			Tallahassee, FL 32399					14.
    15.Supplementary Notes
    	to be published in Florida Archaelogy Reports
    16. Abstract(Limit 200 words)

            The second phase of a submerged cultural resource survey in the waters of Pensacola
            was conducted in 1992, based on recommendations made during an initial phase of
            shipwreck location, identification, and analysis. Increased public education and
            participation in this continuing management model included a public conference,
            a workshop for sport divers, a public proposal to establish Florida's fourth
            Underwater Archaeological Preserve, and a maritime atlas of Florida. Continuing
            remote sensing of Pensacola Bay further refined the model's proactive tools,
            resulting in the addition of early shipwreck sites to complete a classification
            matrix which includes various management options for future trial and implementation
            statewide, based on the Pensacola model.

       17. Document, Anaylsis 1. Descriptors

    	b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
    	Coastal zone management/Submerged Cultural Resources/Historic Preservation/
    	Public Archaeology/Shipwreck Archaeology/

    	c.COSATI Field/Group

    18.Availability Statement:				19.Security Class (This Report)		21.No. of Pages
    									UNCLASSIFIED				i-xi. 1-152
    								20.Security Class (This Page)			22.Price

                                         SUBMERGED HISTORICAL RESOURCES
                                             OF PENSACOLA BAY, FLORIDA
                                                       PHASE TWO

                                      Submerged Cultural Resource Management Report

                                                     Contract CM-320
                                                         Year One

                                                      James D. Spirek
                                                       Della A. Scott
                                                     Michael Williamson
                                                      Charles Hughson
                                                   Roger C. Smith, Ph. D.

                                          Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                               Division of Historical Resources
                                                 Florida Department of State
                                                Jim Smith, Secretary of State

           (J)

                Financial support for this project was provided by the Florida Department of Environmental Regu-
                 lation, Office of Coastal Zone Management, and Department of Community Affairs, using funds
                  made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal
                                         Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.

    ii

                                                         EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

                          Florida contains a vast number of submerged cultural resources, which include all types of
                  archaeological and historical sites--from prehistoric occupational zones to historic shipwrecks--
                  representing tangible but irreplaceable elements of the state's past. They are fragile and finite, since,
                  unlike natural resources, they cannot be regenerated once they are disturbed or destroyed. Today, many
                  of these sites are being threatened statewide by beach erosion, coastal development, dredging, and illegal
                  collecting or salvage activities.

                          At present, the State of Florida lacks a comprehensive research and management plan for
                  submerged cultural resources within its jurisdiction. A lack of regional and site-specific data, poor
                  inventories, outdated management policies, and limited interagency coordination have restricted the
                  state's ability to protect, preserve, and promote these unique state-owned resources for the public benefit.
                  Very few surveys and assessments of the resource base have been conducted for the sake of management
                  and protection. Consequently, data about submerged cultural resources are marginal. Nonconsumptive
                  data collection strategies have been nonexistent, and the public lacks knowledge of and appreciation for
                  its underwater cultural resources.

                          In compliance with the U. S. Secretary of the Interior's guidelines for the Abandoned Shipwreck
                  Act of 1987, the Florida Division of Historical Resources has begun to focus on inventory, evaluation,
                  protection, and interpretation of shipwreck sites, which remain the most threatened segment of the
                  resource base. In 1990 and 1991, the Division was awarded Coastal Zone funding to develop a regional
                  model for resource management based on a survey and inventory of sites in Pensacola Bay. With a long
                  history of maritime activities in a broad range of site environments, the bay was considered an ideal
                  location in which to develop preliminary classifications of sites and potential management options. The
                  project was designed as a pilot program in which research strategies for the compilation of resource data,
                  and management tools for resource protection and interpretation could be developed and tested at a
                  regional level, and then applied as a model to other locations in Florida.

                          The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, as the project came to be called, established its headquarters
                  in the Pensacola Historical District in January 1991. Core staff included Dr. Roger C. Smith, Billy Ray
                  Morris, and Marianne Franklin, working with a number of local volunteers and students. From archival
                  and published materials, oral interviews, and preliminary remote sensing using magnetometry and sonar,
                  162 possible target sites were gathered into a computer data base and filing system. The chronological
                  range of possible sites in Pensacola was divided into eight time periods: The First Spanish Period (1513-
                  1763), The British Period (1763-1783), The Second Spanish Period (1783-1821),-The Early American
                  Period (1821-1861), The Civil War Period (1861-1865), The Maritime Expansion Period (1865-1906),
                  The Early 20th-Century Period (1906-1945), and The Later 20th-Century Period (1945-Present). These
                  periods generally follow the historical development of Florida, but were refined to reflect maritime phases
                  of Pensacola's past.

                          Research strategy centered on four geographical areas in the Pensacola Bay system that were
                  known to be associated with past maritime activities, and to contain accumulations of wrecked or
                  abandoned vessels. These areas included the bay itself, the Gulf Breeze peninsula, the bayous, and
                  Blackwater River. Within these areas, 33 significant sites were located, primarily through local
                  informants, for study and assessment. Each site was recorded and evaluated on criteria such as extent
                  and condition of structural remains, hull type and construction methods, historical significance, and
                  environmental and cultural impacts to the site. The 33 sites ranged in size from a 16-foot punt to the
                  350-foot-long remains of an American battleship, and in age from the second half of the 18th century
                  to the first half of the 20th century. Their condition also varied from extremely well preserved to badly
                  deteriorated and disturbed. The majority of the study sites were associated with the Maritime Expansion
                  and Early 20th-Century Periods; none were identified from the First and Second Spanish Periods, and
                  no sites from the Late 20th Century were studied.

                          The first phase of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey sought to build a shipwreck classification
                  matrix from the limited 33-site sample base. Data derived from the study were arranged into site

           iv

               categories by age and by integrity. Within the matrix, the sites were assigned priority ratings to determine
               the range of proposed resource management options viable for each site. These options ranged from
               restricted public access at a site at one end of the spectrum, to commercial salvage for the sale of artifacts
               at the other. Management options in between these two extremes included archaeological reserve status,
               public preserve status, professional research utilization, amateur research permitting, etc.

                       The results of this 1991 study were compiled into a report which explored the natural,
               environmental, and maritime industrial history of Pensacola Bay, outlined previous research work, and
               detailed the methodology, assessments, and conclusions of the project. Circulated for review and input
               among various federal, state, and local agencies, the report was published in 1992 (Franklin, Morris, and
               Smith, "Submerged Historical Resources of Pensacola Bay, Florida. The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey,
               Phase One, 1991." Florida Archaeological Reports 25, Tallahassee: Florida Bureau of Archaeological
               Research, 1992). The report made several specific recommendations for future work in Pensacola, which
               included additional remote sensing to locate sites from periods not represented in the 1991 study,
               continuation and expansion of public education toward resource protection and preservation,
               establishment of the battleship USS Massachusetts as a State Underwater Archaeological Preserve, and
               formulation of an amateur underwater archaeology workshop for sport divers interested in the resources.

                       With continued funding from the Florida Coastal Zone Management Program, the second phase
               of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey commenced in 1992. Aside from Dr. Smith, staff included James
               Spirek, Della Scott, Michael Williamson, and Charles Hughson, assisted by a number of volunteers. This
               phase sought to address the recommendations for further work in Pensacola to construct a regional model
               for site investigation, assessment, and public participation in the long-term management of submerged
               cultural resources. Specific tasks in this strategy included an increased program of public outreach,
               education, and participation, a formal public proposal for the Massachusetts preserve, a sport diver
               workshop, and a more systematic and intensive remote sensing survey to locate additional submerged
               sites in selected portions of the bay.

                       The program of public outreach began with the organization of a Conference on Maritime History
               and Archaeology that was held in May 1992 at a local county recreational center. The purpose of the
               conference was to gather speakers and sponsors from various organizations and businesses in order to
               host a public event that focused on Pensacola's submerged cultural resources. Aside from formal
               presentations, display booths representing various sponsoring groups encouraged informal exchanges of
               information and fostered new acquaintances. The conference proved a successful tool with which to
               explore Pensacola's maritime past, while at the same time it helped to identify those people interested
               in working together to preserve it.

                       At the conference, a formal presentation and written proposal to establish the USS Massachusetts
               as a state Underwater Archaeological Preserve was delivered to the public. As the oldest surviving
               American battleship (BB-2), the shipwreck site had been nominated in 1990 by a local diver to be
               considered for this designation. As with the previous preserves, Urca de Lima, San Pedro, and City of
               Hawkinsville, the proposal called for active public participation in the establishment, interpretation,
               management, and maintenance of the site for the public benefit. Based on response to the proposal, it
               became immediately apparent that this approach to cooperative management of submerged historical sites
               was quite appropriate for the sunken battleship, since the site was already popular with divers and
               fishermen, and would become even more so, given increased interpretation and accessibility.

                       Along with a detailed history of the ship, old photographs and other memorabilia, the preserve
               proposal contained a set of comparative plans comprised of measured site drawings of the remains of
               the ship that were scaled to actual 1910 refit plans of the ship while it was in commission. The refit plans
               had been obtained from the National Archives, and the site plans had been produced from hundreds of
               underwater hours spent measuring features of the ship's remains. These materials served not only to
               document the site's transformation and present configuration, but would become useful for future                            C
               interpretation of the preserve to its visitors.

                       In response to the proposal, a community support organization calling itself Friends of the
               Massachusetts (BB-2) was formed to help establish the preserve. Comprised of interested individuals from

                                                                                                                               v

                  Pensacola's waterfront, historical, archaeological, and recreational communities, the non-profit
                  organization elected officers and established committees to oversee fund-raising, production of
                  interpretive materials, fabrication of an underwater plaque, design of a museum display, and the
                  dedication and opening of the preserve, which is scheduled for the spring of 1993.

                          Another public-oriented management tool developed for the Pensacola model was a one-week
                  educational workshop to orient sport divers to underwater archaeology and historic preservation. Because
                  sport divers often encounter and may unknowingly disturb submerged sites, the workshop was designed
                  to provide training in the identification, recording, and reporting of new sites, and in the monitoring
                  and protection of previously recorded sites. The outline for the workshop was written by staff of the
                  Shipwreck Survey in accordance with national scuba certification agencies, and a workbook was prepared
                  with emphasis on the Pensacola region. A week-long pilot program, conducted through a local dive shop,
                  was divided into classroom, confined water (swimming pool) sessions, and open water dives on selected
                  sites. The cost of the workshop was minimal, and included the workbook, two charter boat dives, a state
                  certificate of participation, a national dive specialty card, and a tee shirt.

                          As another tool to engage public participation in resource protection and preservation, the pilot
                  workshop was successful; integration of local dive businesses is an important ingredient, since dive shops
                  are dedicated to teaching and depend on return customers to stay in business. They also can help to set
                  standards for sporting behavior and recreational etiquette by fostering productive rather than destructive
                  attitudes.

                          Additional avenues of public outreach during the second phase of the Shipwreck Survey included
                  routine public presentation and lectures to civic groups, schools, and avocational organizations. Survey
                  staff responded to every invitation as an opportunity to inform the public about the goals and progress
                  of the Pensacola project. Aside from periodic interviews in local and national newspapers and magazines,
                  Survey team members appeared on several popular television and radio shows to present the research
                  and to answer questions.

                          To address the 1991 recommendations for more extensive remote sensing operations in Pensacola
                  Bay, the Division of Historical Resources purchased a marine magnetometer and contracted the services
                  of a side-scan sonar instrument and operator. Armed with these archaeological prospecting tools, a
                  strategy for systematic survey of areas associated with past maritime activities, with good maritime
                  geographical configurations, and reported to contain shipwreck sites was adopted. Magnetometry was
                  employed on the western shore of the Gulf Breeze peninsula, Old Navy Cove, the southern side of the
                  peninsula in Santa Rosa Sound, along Emanuel Point in Escambia Bay, and in selected areas of the
                  Pensacola waterfront. Sonar was employed along the north side of Santa Rosa Island, the western side
                  of Gulf Breeze, Old Navy Cove, and along the Naval Air Station waterfront.          -

                          Remote sensing targets identified by both instruments were pinpointed using LORAN-C
                  coordinates, evaluated by amplitude, duration, and configuration, and chosen for diving investigation
                  to determine the nature of each target. Of the hundreds of magnetic and acoustical anomalies encountered
                  during the survey, fifty-two were chosen for ground-truthing by divers. Following identification and
                  evaluation, the targets were classified into several descriptive categories: Disposal, intentional and
                  accidental (with subheadings of fishing, dredging, military, and construction); Natural Feature; Geologic
                  Feature; Buried Object; Ballast Dump; Shipwreck; Historical Material; Anchorage; and Active Structure.

                          The predominant category of ground-truthed anomalies was accidental or intentional disposal
                  of recent material, which accounted for 48% of all investigated targets. Natural Features comprised 23%
                  of the anomalies; Buried Objects, 10%; Ballast Dump, 6%; Shipwrecks, 4%; Geological Features, 4%; and
                  2% each for Anchorages, Historic Materials, and Active Structures. Some 27% of the ground-truthed
                  targets proved of no historical significance, which would be expected in a highly active and heavily
                  trafficked bay.

                          Three targets, in particular, were found to represent significant discoveries; Santa Rosa Island
                  Wreck, which tentatively dates from the Second Spanish Period; Emanuel Point Wreck, dated to the First
                  Spanish Period; and Wayside Park Ballast Pile, which has not yet been confirmed as a shipwreck. These

          vi

              sites warrant further investigation, in order to confirm their origin, nationality, and date, and to assign
              them a classification in the Pensacola Shipwreck Matrix.

                      The Pensacola pilot project refined and tested a series of data collection and management tools
              ranging from traditional archival research and archaeological field work to experiments with public
              participation at all levels of resource identification and protection. To date, the project has accomplished
              a number of important goals. Assessment, in a variety of aquatic environments, of over 40 submerged
              sites, ranging from one of the nation's first battleships (USS Massachusetts BB-2) to a possible l6th-
              century Spanish vessel (perhaps the earliest shipwreck in the state), helped to formulate a resource
              classification matrix based on age and integrity to which various management options could be applied.
              To explore management effectiveness and public response to these options, tools that were tested in
              Pensacola included formal public conferences, lectures, exhibits, and newsletters, regional print and
              visual media exposure, personal interaction with divers and fishermen, interagency coordination of
              management agreements and law enforcement, and sportdiver training workshops in resource
              identification and protection. Highly visible events in Pensacola helped to gauge the effectiveness of the
              tools; vandalism to a colonial wrecksite; interruption of homeport dredging by discovery of a bronze
              howitzer, the costly mitigation of a large buried navy cofferdam; the discovery and protection of an early
              Spanish shipwreck; and the creation of a new public preserve at the Massachusetts. Aside from interaction
              between government and private sectors, it is clear that public education and participation were key
              elements in the development and success of the Pensacola model.

                      Building on the Pensacola project, a statewide compilation of environmental, archaeological, and
              historical data about Florida's submerged cultural resources has been undertaken to produce a maritime
              atlas. The atlas is divided by regions and time periods, and addresses topics such as the geography of
              inundated prehistoric river channels and shorelines, historic shipping routes, navigational hazards, known
              ship losses, reported and recorded sites, classification of sites by age and type, and predictive models
              for expected site locations. As a tool for understanding the breadth and scope of the state's resources,
              the atlas is being used to identify other regions of Florida in which test the Pensacola model to a smaller
              scale to determine its usefulness in the creation of a comprehensive statewide management plan.

                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                                                                                                             Vii

                                                                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

                         EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                           .................................................................................................................... iii

                         TABLE OF CONTENTS                        ........................................................................................................................ vii

                         LIST OF FIGURES                  ................................................................................................................................ ix

                         ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                           .......................................................................................................................x

                         CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION                               ..........................................................................................................I

                         CHAPTER 2. PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS                                                       ...............................................................7
                                            Conference on Maritime History and Archaeology                                    ..........................................................7
                                            Sport Diver Workshops                ........................................................................................................7
                                            Public Presentations             ............................................................................................................. I I
                                            Media Coverage             ................................................................................................................... 12
                                            Volunteers        ............................................................................................................................ 12
                                            Law Enforcement               ................................................................................................................ 12
                                            Conclusions        ........................................................................................................................... 13

                         CHAPTER 3. USS MASSACHUSETTS                                     ............................................................................................... 15
                                            Introduction        .......................................................................................................................... 15
                                            Background of Florida Underwater Preserves                               ................................................................... 15
                                            Nominations of Wrecks as Potential Preserves                              .................................................................. 15
                                            Historical Research             .............................................................................................................. 15
                                            Ship History         ......................................................................................................................... 16
                                            Archaeological Documentation                      ........................................................................................... 19
                                            Biological Documentation                  .................................................................................................... 19
                                            Public Proposal           .................................................................................................................... 20
                                            Public Support Organization                   ............................................................................................... 20
                                            Grand Opening             .................................................................................................................... 20
                                            Conclusions         ........................................................................................................................... 29

                         CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY OF REMOTE SENSING SURVEYS                                                                  ............................................. 31
                                            Introduction         .......................................................................................................................... 31
                                            Magnetometer Survey                 .......................................................................................................... 31
                                                Magnetometer Specifications                    .......................................................................................... 31
                                                Magnetometry and the Bay                     ............................................................................................. 32
                                                Positioning System             ........................................................................................................... 35
                                                Magnetometry Survey Methods                        ...................................................................................... 36
                                                Ground-Truthing Operations                     .......................................................................................... 36
                                                Magnetometer Survey Locations                       ..................................................................................... 37
                                            Side-Scan Sonar Survey                 ....................................................................................................... 37
                                                Introduction          ..................................................................................................................... 37
                                                Side-Scan Sonar Principles                  .............................................................................................. 38
                                                Side-Scan Sonar and Positioning System Specifications                                    ............................................... 38
                                                Side-Scan Sonar Survey Methods                        ................................................................................... 38
                                                Ground-Truthing Operations                      .......................................................................................... 39
                                                Side-Scan Sonar Survey Locations                        ................................................................................. 39

                         CHAPTER 5. REMOTE SENSING SURVEY RESULT'S                                                    ................................................................... 47
                                            Magnetometer Survey Areas                      ............................................................................................... 47
                                                West Side of Gulf Breeze                  ................................................................................................ 47
                                                Old Navy Cove             ................................................................................................................ 48
                                                Butcherpen Cove              ............................................................................................................. 49
                                                Santa Rosa Sound              ............................................................................................................ 50

                viii

                                           Emanuel Point            .................................................................................................................. 50
                                           Pensacola Waterfront                 ....................................................................................................... 53
                                       Side-Scan Sonar Survey Areas                      ............................................................................................ 53
                                           Santa Rosa Island- Pensacola Bay Side                          ........................................................................... 53
                                           Pensacola Naval Air Station Waterfront                           ......................................................................... 54
                                           West Side of Gulf Breeze                  ................................................................................................ 55
                                           Old Navy Cove              ................................................................................................................ 55
                                           Santa Rosa Sound              ............................................................................................................. 55

                    CHAPTER 6. INTERVIEWS                           ................................................................................................................. 63
                                       Introduction         .......................................................................................................................... 63
                                           Mr. Howard Bernard                   ....................................................................................................... 63
                                           Captain Jeff Clopton                 ....................................................................................................... 64
                                           Mr. Ray Manuel               .............................................................................................................. 65
                                           Captain Morris Bagleo                ..................................................................................................... 66
                                           Mr. Ray Smith            ................................................................................................................. 67
                                           Mr. Robert Duncan                ......................................................................................................... 67
                                           Dr. William Bennett              ......................................................................................................... 67
                                           Captain Fred Kelly              .......................................................................................................... 68
                                       Conclusions         ........................................................................................................................... 68

                    CHAPTER 7. WRECK INVENTORY AND DESCRIPTIONS                                                          ........................................................... 69
                                       Emanuel Point Wreck                 .......................................................................................................... 69
                                       Wayside Park Site            ................................................................................................................. 71
                                       Old Navy Cove Barge                 .......................................................................................................... 72
                                       B Street Schooner            ................................................................................................................. 72
                                       B Street Barge           ...................................................................................................................... 76
                                       Santa Rosa Island Wreck                  ...................................................................................................... 76

                    CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONS                              .............................................................................................................. 89
                                       Public Awareness and Education                        ........................................................................................ 89
                                       Remote Sensing Surveys                   ...................................................................................................... 90

                    CHAPTER 9. RECOMMENDATIONS                                       ................................................................................................. 93
                                       Public Awareness and Education                        ........................................................................................ 93
                                       Remote Sensing Survey                    ....................................................................................................... 93

                    APPENDIX 1. Maritime Conference Flyer                                  .......................................................................................... 95

                    APPENDIX 2. Underwater Archaeology Class Workbook                                              .................................................................. 97

                    APPENDIX 3. Remote Sensing Survey Ground-Truthed Targets                                                  ...................................................... 99

                    REFERENCES                 ........................................................................................................................................ 109

                                                                                                                                                                                              ix

                                                                                          LIST OF FIGURES

                         Figure 1. Map of Survey Location                           .....................................................................................................5

                         Figure 2.          Site Plan of Kruse Site               .......................................................................................................9

                         Figure 3.          Photo of USS, Massachusetts                   ............................................................................................... 17

                         Figure 4.          Site Plan-USS Massachusetts                    .............................................................................................. 21

    w                    Figure 5.          Composite Plan of USS Massachusetts                           .............................................................................. 23

                         Figure 6.          Profile Plan of USS Massachusetts                        .................................................................................... 25

                         Figure 7.          Original 1910 Profile Plan-USS, Massachusetts                              ................................................................. 27

                         Figure 8.          Map of Remote Sensing Areas in Bay                           ............................................................................... 33

                         Figure 9.          French Historic Map                ........................................................................................................... 41

                         Figure      10.    French Historic Map                 .......................................................................................................... 43

                         Figure      11.    French Historic Map                 .......................................................................................................... 45

                         Figure      12.    Side Scan Sonograph of Fair Point Anomaly                                ................................................................... 51

                         Figure      13.    Side Scan Sonograph of Anomaly #111, Santa Rosa Island Wreck                                              ................................. 57

                         Figure      14.    Side Scan Sonograph of Anomaly #470, Steampipes at
                                            Naval Air Station             ................................................................................................................ 59

                         Figure      15.    Side Scan Sonograph of Anomaly #554                              ............................................................................ 61

                         Figure      16.    Map Of Wreck Locations                    .................................................................................................... 73

                         Figure      17.    Site Plan of Wayside Park Site                     .......................................................................................... 77

                         Figure      18.    Site Plan of Old Navy Cove Barge                         .................................................................................... 79

                         Figure      19.    Site Plan of B Street Schooner                    ........................................................................................... 81

                         Figure 20.         Site Plan of B Street Barge                   ................................................................................................ 83

                         Figure 2 1.        Site Plan of Santa Rosa Island Wreck                          ............................................................................... 85

           x

                                                       ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

                      The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey is indebted to a number of individuals and organizations.
              Without the help of these concerned and cooperative citizens the Survey would not have accomplished
              the goals set for 1992. Support from the citizens of Pensacola made the efforts of the Survey worthwhile.
              Special thanks are offered to a number of individuals and organizations. We apologize for any omissions.

                      A&A Research: Alan Drouin and Dave Marsh brought their side-scan sonar equipment and
              experience to the project.

                      Boat Captains: Captains Jeff Clopton, Fred Kelly, Ron Kruz, Doug Melanak, and Roger Rockwell
              donated their time, and often their vessels, to help the Survey staff locate known wrecks.

                      Conference Speakers: The speakers donated their time and expertise to make the conference a
              success. Special thanks to Dr. William Still of East Carolina University, Dr. Keith Holland of St. Johns
              Archaeological Expeditions Inc., Dr. Judy Bense of the University of West Florida, Captain Robert
              Rassmussen of the National Museum of Naval Aviation, Kevin Freeland of Gulf Coast Pro Dive, Eilene
              Beard of the Pensacola Charter Boat Association, Tom Muir of the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board,
              Sandra Johnson of the Pensacola Historical Museum, and Pat DAsaro of the Santa Rosa Historical Society.

                      Conference Sponsors: The Maritime History and Archaeology Conference would not have been
              possible without the help and support of a number of area organizations. The success of the conference
              was due, in part, to their donations of goods, services, and money. Thanks to Gulf Coast Pro Dive, Gulf
              Breeze Pro Dive, Scuba Shack, Southwind Dive Shop, PSI Diving Company, and Dive Mart for supporting
              and advertising the conference. The Gulf Breeze Historical Society helped to organize the conference
              and provided refreshments. Pensacola Historical Society and Pensacola Archaeological Society both
              helped to defray the cost of the conference, handled funding, and provided audio/visual equipment. Santa
              Rosa Historical Society ensured publicity through the northern parts of Santa Rosa and Escambia counties.
              The Port of Pensacola donated funds; the Bayou Chico Business Association donated the use of their yacht
              to lodge conference speakers, and Seville Park Inn donated accommodations at greatly reduced rates to
              traveling speakers and others who came to Pensacola to help the Survey. University of West Florida's
              Archaeology Institute also provided support, equipment, and advertisement through the university. The
              Historic Pensacola Preservation Board offered support and advice.

                      Dive Shops: All Pensacola area dive shops supported the Survey and helped to sponsor the Maritime
              History conference. Kevin and Kerry Freeland, Dick Carson, Chris Mitchell, and Jeff Lockwood of
              Gulf Coast Pro Dive supplied the Survey with volunteers, advertising, and emergency equipment repairs.
              Gulf Coast Pro Dive also hosted the first Underwater Archaeology for Sport Divers workshop.- Eilene
              Beard and Gene Ferguson at Scuba Shack were a pleasure to work with. Scuba Shack also provided diving
              gear for a raffle to benefit the Friends of the Massachusetts.

                      Dolphin Bait & Tackle: Dale Minnick helped to procure boat parts and supplies as well as local
              information.

                      Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research: Without the help and support of the Bureau office
              in Tallahassee the project would not have been possible. A very special thanks to Mable Revell and
              Carolyn Moore who cheerfully provided assistance and administrative support. Hope Kurtz once again
              helped in formatting, laying out, and proofreading this report.

                      Florida Department of Natural Resources: Elaine Martin of the Division of State Lands, Bureau
              of Submerged Lands and Preserves, helped to coordinate the Ft. Pickens Aquatic Preserve with the new
              USS Massachusetts Underwater Archaeological Preserve.

                      Florida Marine Patrol, District 11: Major Calvin Dixon provided support and space at the FMP
              boat yard to store the Survey boat over the winter. A special thanks to Officer Mike Killery and to Officer
              David Bullard for providing assistance with the survey boat. Thank you to Officer Randy Webb for
              assisting in halting unauthorized excavation activities on Deadman's Island.

    P4                                                                                                                       xi

                         Friends of the Massachusetts: Connie Franklin and Jim Coleman organized a non-profit
                 organization to support the establishment of Florida's fourth Underwater Archaeological Preserve. This
                 group of concerned citizens will continue to help preserve the "Old Mass" as an important part of the
                 history of Pensacola and the Navy.

                         Gulf Breeze: The Gulf Breeze Historical Society helped organize and sponsor the Maritime
                 Conference; City Manager George Maiberger provided the South Santa Rosa County Recreation Center
                 at no cost for the conference. Mayor Ed Gray provided the community meeting room in the downtown
                 AmSouth Bank building to the Friends of the Massachusetts for their monthly meetings.

                         Harbor Village at Pitt Slip Marina: Fulton Hampton III again donated slips for the Survey boats.
                 A special thanks to Bill Carson and Jeff Miller for taking care of the boats.

                         Historic Pensacola Preservation Board. Thanks to John Daniels, Tom Muir, and the staff of the
                 Preservation Board for the use of office equipment and headquarters maintenance.

                         Interviews: The following local captains and fishermen agreed to be interviewed by the Survey
                 staff and imparted much local history and information about shipwreck sites: Morris Bagleo, Howard
                 Bernard, Jeff Clopton, Robert Duncan, Ray Manuel, and Ray Smith.

                         Killinger Marine: Gene Killinger again helped with boat repairs and supplies and hosted a "Rage
                 Rally," a chance for the public to test drive a new boat from Boston Whaler, the "Rage," with proceeds
                 to benefit the Friends of the Massachusetts.

                         National Park Service: A special thanks to Larry Murphy of the Submerged Cultural Resources
                 Unit for his help and ideas (developed during his work on the USS Arizona) which assisted in the recording
                 of the remains of the USS Massachusetts. Jeff Parsons at Gulf Islands National Seashore helped coordinate
                 our efforts with the NPS to record shipwrecks within joint federal and state jurisdiction.

                         Pensacola: The citizens of Pensacola continued to support the Survey throughout the second phase.
                 Earl Bowden and the Pensacola News Journal helped keep the Survey and its findings in the news. The
                 Pensacola Historical Society and Pensacola Archaeological Society provided continuous support of the
                 project. The Pensacola Historical Museum at Old Christ Church helped with numerous tasks, including
                 supplying photographs for the report, providing historical data, and identifying ceramics. A special
                 thanks to the staff and especially Sandra Johnson, Peggy Krohn, and Tom Garner. The Institute of West
                 Florida Archaeology loaned equipment and provided space at the university for the Survey boat during
                 Hurricane Andrew. Caleb Curren of the Pensacola Archaeological Laboratory provided support and
                 historical data. The staff of Pensacola Hardware helped the Survey with repair"s and even supplied
                 information on shipwreck sites.

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                                                       CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

                          Pensacola has a long and rich maritime tradition; today evidence of this tradition lies at the bottom
                  of Pensacola Bay. The mission of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey was to identify and to assess this
                  evidence, and to build public awareness and appreciation of these submerged cultural resources. The
                  1992 season is a continuation of the work of the 1991 season with a stronger focus on public education.

                          The history of Pensacola begins with shipwrecks. In 1559 Don Tristin de Luna y Arellano sailed
                  into Pensacola Bay to establish the first Spanish colony in present-day United States. Although there
                  had been a few reports of the great bay called Ochuse by Spanish explorers, this was the first attempt
                  at colonization. However, less than a month after their arrival, a hurricane destroyed eight of the twelve
                  vessels, as well as the hope for a permanent colony (Priestly 1928). Homeless and hungry, the settlers
                  finally returned to New Spain in 1561 and Pensacola was forgotten.

                          More than a century later the site of Pensacola was once again considered for colonization by
                  the Spanish, in response to British and French forays into North America. The colony was a success
                  and Pensacola remained populated, although the garrison changed nationality several times. Evidence
                  of the occupation of Pensacola by the Spanish, British, and French lies on the bottom of Pensacola Bay
                  in the form of shipwrecks and the remains of maritime industry particular to those cultures.

                          Over the years Pensacola became a major port facility. The lumber boom during the 1800s through
                  the early 1900s contributed to Pensacola's growth, as the harbor filled with schooners and barges
                  transporting timber from the interior to all points foreign and domestic. The red snapper fishing industry
                  also grew during this time from a sailor's pastime while waiting to assist ships across the bar to a full-
                  fledged industry. Pensacola grew not only economically but geographically during this era of maritime
                  industrial expansion through the early 20th century. Offloaded ballast from many ships caused the
                  shoreline of Pensacola to extend southward nearly 3000 feet from Main Street (Bense 1989:17). With
                  expansion of the Naval Air Station and the homeporting of the Navy's only training carrier, the city of
                  Pensacola still depends on the bay and associated activities as an economic mainstay.

                          The mission of the multi-year Pensacola project includes not only the investigation of shipwrecks
                  in Pensacola Bay, but also the development of a model for submerged cultural resource management that
                  can be tested in other regions of the state. A second aspect is the preparation of a maritime atlas of
                  Florida that will clarify relationships between the historical and geographic contexts of shipwrecks, piers,
                  docks, and other maritime -related sites. The atlas will also provide a state-wide perspective for
                  investigating, assessing, and managing underwater sites of historical importance. - The research design
                  of the project called for a public-oriented program with a broad scope of work to include a review of
                  all previous investigations, collection of archival and oral information on potential sites, underwater field
                  research with local divers and fishermen, and electronic remote sensing to detect new sites. Development
                  of an inventory and assessment system for targets and verified sites, establishment of a classification
                  scheme for sites studied, and proposals for appropriate management options for the sites were addressed
                  as well (Franklin et at. 1992:225-231). In order to accomplish the mission, specific goals were set for
                  each phase of the project.

                          The goal of the 1991 Shipwreck Survey, Phase I, was to initiate the inventory of known shipwreck
                  sites in Pensacola Bay, examine these wrecks, assess the identity and function of the vessels, and make
                  recommendations to protect their remains. These tasks were completed and the information was
                  disseminated with the publication of a report entitled "Submerged Cultural Resources of Pensacola Bay,
                  Florida: The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, Phase One, 1991" (Franklin et al. 1992), outlining in detail
                  each vessel encountered during the 1991 season. Also in 1991, public education was begun by printing
                  newsletters and speaking to numerous groups and organizations about the project. The progress of the
                  project was featured several times in local newspaper, magazine, radio, and television reports.
                  Construction of a regional model for site investigation, assessment, and long term management of
                  submerged cultural resources in Pensacola Bay also was completed. This model was developed by
                  gathering data on shipwrecks to create an inventory of historic sites. An assessment of these sites in
                  terms of date, construction, state of preservation, and possible threats also was part of the model.

           2
                       During the first field season in 1991, 33 sites, out of 169 historically documented shipwrecks in
               Pensacola Bay, were identified and assessed using this model. The majority of the sites dated from the
               Maritime Expansion (1865-1906) and Early 20th Century (1906-1945) periods in Pensacola@s history, as
               was expected due to increased maritime activity during those periods. Types of vessels located and
               identified included lumber schooners, barges, a punt, a battleship, fishing vessels, Civil War era vessels,
               and a British colonial ship. Most of these vessels appear to have been abandoned rather than wrecked,
               as was evidenced by their intact condition and their association with the locations of past maritime
               activities (Franklin et a]. 1992:224).

                       All 33 identified sites were integrated into a matrix of management options. This was
               accomplished by classifying the sites by time periods and by structural and site integrity, such as condition
               of hull remains and amount and type of artifactual material. These criteria helped to determine
               archaeological significance and to assign appropriate management options for each site. Management
               options ranged from restricting public access by assigning reserve, preserve, or historic marker status,
               to granting professional research or amateur research permits, to entering into exploration or salvage
               contracts (Franklin et al. 1992:226-228).

                       Based on the 1991 results, the following proposals were made to local, state, and federal agencies.
               First, the report recommended that an underwater archaeological preserve be established in the Pensacola
               area. The nomination in 1990 of the USS Massachusetts for this status was the first step toward the
               preserve. A second recommendation was that an amateur underwater archaeology workshop be conducted
               to foster the growing interest of local sport divers in helping to investigate and preserve submerged
               cultural resources in Pensacola. Third, the report recommended the establishment of an amateur permit
               program which would sanction amateur non-disturbing investigation and reporting and would encourage
               organized groups of sport divers to gather data on shipwrecks in cooperation with the State of Florida.
               Other recommendations included establishing an historic marker program for certain sites of regional
               and state-wide importance, and creation of a new Florida Site File form specifically for shipwrecks.
               Finally, increased interagency cooperation was recommended between the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey
               and agencies such as the City of Gulf Breeze, the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, Florida
               Department of Natural Resources, Florida Marine Patrol, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
               Administration, National Park Service, and the State University System.

                       Recommendations for the 1992 Pensacola Shipwreck Survey season stemmed from research areas
               that could not be addressed during the 1991 season due to time constraints and lack of equipment. The
               most pressing recommendation was to conduct more in-depth remote sensing surveys. The procurement
               of a sub-bottom profiling system and a more accurate positioning system was stressed. A search for the
               1559 fleet of Tristdn de Luna, with survey work concentrated in high probability locations, was assigned
               as a high priority in the 1992 season. Recommendations were made to survey certain areas of Pensacola
               Bay, such as the western side of the Gulf Breeze peninsula, Bayou Chico, and the deep-water central
               sections of the bay. It was suggested that efforts be directed toward finding the HMS Mentor and a Civil
               War-era gun boat that were burned in the Blackwater River. Finally, the report noted that the wrecks
               in the Gulf of Mexico south of Santa Rosa Island, recorded by Louis Tesar in 1973 in his archaeological
               survey of Gulf Islands National Seashore, could have become more exposed due to the shifting of the
               sand covering them. The report recommended attempts be made to locate and record these wrecks in
               order to better understand how the environment has affected site preservation.

                       The goals of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey in 1992, Phase 11, included continuation of the
               previous year's work, as well as completion of remote sensing surveys of portions of the bay with a
               magnetometer and side-scan sonar (Figure 1), and expansion of the public awareness program. Specific
               tasks included presenting the second Maritime History and Archaeology Conference, evaluating the USS
               Massachusetts for inclusion in Florida's underwater archaeology preserve system, preparing and
               presenting an Orientation to Underwater Archaeology for Sport Divers workshop, adding wreck sites
               to the maritime atlas, and continuing the refinement of the Pensacola model for shipwreck management
               for application to other regions of the state.

                       The first and foremost task of the Survey was to find and document shipwrecks, with special
               emphasis on locating colonial wrecks, such as ships from the Luna expedition of 1559. No examples

                                                                                                                            3
                 of ships from the First and Second Spanish Periods were discovered during the 1991 field season, and
                 information was needed concerning those periods in Pensacola's shipwreck matrix.

                         All of these tasks are outlined in detail in the following chapters. Chapter Two deals with public
                 education and awareness efforts. Chapter Three details the establishment of the USS Massachuseas as
                 an underwater archaeology preserve. Chapter Four and Five discuss remote sensing methodology and
                 results, respectively. Interviews with local watermen and captains are the subject of Chapter Six. The
                 descriptions of all wrecks assessed during Phase 11 are in Chapter Seven. Chapters Eight and Nine present
                 the conclusions and recommendations, respectively.

                         The 1992 crew of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey included the following people. Dr. Roger C.
                 Smith, Florida's State Underwater Archaeologist, was the project director. James D. Spirek, a graduate
                 of the East Carolina University master's program in Maritime History and Underwater Research, was
                 project field director. Della A. Scott, a NAUI instructor and graduate of the University of West Florida
                 and Troy State University, held the position of field supervisor. The positions of field technician were
                 held by Michael Hoyt Williamson, a student at the University of West Florida, and Charles Hughson,
                 a student at Florida State University.

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                 Survey Location

                                                                                   Escambia Bay

                                                            Bayou.Texar

                                                                                                          Blackwater Bay

                       PENSACOLA

                                            Bayou hico
                                                                                           Garcon Point
                                                                                                                 East Bay

                            Bayou Grande

                                                             Pensacola Bay

                                                                                Gulf Breeze Peninsula

                131 Lagoon
                                                                                    Santa Rosa Sound
             Perdido eY
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                                                                                     E59Z==mmm=            Santa Rosa Island
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                                    Map of Project Location                            YARDS

                                                                   Figure 1. Map of Survey Location.

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                                        CHAPTER 2. PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

                          One important aspect of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey in 1992 was to bring the survey and
                  its findings to the attention of the people of Pensacola. Due to the efforts of archaeologists from the
                  University of West Florida, the importance of Pensacola's terrestrial past is frequently emphasized and
                  publicized. The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey wanted to promote interest in the city's maritime past and
                  to bring information about it to people of Pensacola in as many ways as possible.

                  Conference on Maritime History and Archaeology

                          The process of informing the public about their submerged cultural heritage really began in 1988
                  with the first Conference on Maritime History and Marine Archaeology. The conference, held on May
                  21, 1988 at The Wright Place in downtown Pensacola, was open to anyone interested. Over the course
                  of the six-hour conference many aspects of underwater archaeology were addressed. Speakers included
                  representatives from the Florida Division of Historical Resources, the University of West Florida, the
                  National Park Service, and the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, as well as local historians and divers.
                  Topics ranged from conservation to shipwrecks in Pensacola and other parts of Florida, to cultural
                  resource management, to underwater archaeological techniques.

                          The first conference produced an increased awareness of Pensacola's maritime past and the
                  importance of preserving this heritage. As a result of this conference, UWF decided to sponsor an
                  undergraduate field school in conjunction with the City of Gulf Breeze to excavate the remains of a
                  colonial British ship located on Deadman's Island. The field school took place in the summer of 1989.
                  Due to increased interest in Pensacola's historic shipwrecks, especially those found and recorded in 1991,
                  the Survey decided to organize another conference.

                          The second Conference on Maritime History and Archaeology was held May 16, 1992, at the South
                  Santa Rosa County Recreational Center in Gulf Breeze. Once again many organizations and businesses
                  in the community agreed to sponsor the conference and help defray costs. Speakers represented the
                  underwater archaeological community from Florida to North Carolina, the sport diving community, and
                  those involved with historic preservation and cultural resource management. (For a list of sponsors,
                  speakers, and their topics, see Appendix 1).

                          A formal proposal was made at the second conference to establish the USS Massachusetts as the
                  fourth  Florida State Underwater Archaeological Preserve. The conference also increased support for
                  the Shipwreck Survey, and interested parties contacted the Survey to volunteer for the USS Massachusetts
                  Preserve Project. The conference also increased awareness of underwater archaeological projects in other
                  parts of the state and nation.

                          Over 100 people attended the second Conference on Maritime History and Archaeology. The
                  large attendance demonstrated the latent interest in Pensacola's maritime past among the residents of the
                  area. Many attendees suggested a conference be held every year to keep the public interest high and
                  to keep the public informed about the archaeological projects going on in Pensacola Bay and around the
                  state.

                  Sport Diver Workshops

                          Because sport divers often find and may unknowingly disturb historic shipwrecks, a formal
                  workshop was organized by the Survey staff to educate the sport divers about the submerged cultural
                  resources in Pensacola Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The week-long intensive workshop was not intended
                  to be a field school nor to present underwater archaeological theory, but simply to train sport divers in
                  techniques of non-disturbance observation and the rudiments of recording and reporting shipwreck sites.
                  With this training, it was hoped, the divers would become actively involved in identifying and protecting
                  underwater cultural resources in Pensacola.

           8
                      The need for this type of instruction had been demonstrated on several occasions in Pensacola.
               For example, the Deadman's Island Wreck was vandalized in the summer of 1991 by unknown persons
               looking for artifacts. Many timbers were disarticulated and thrown on shore in a vain attempt to find
               64 goodies." In another instance, a bronze howitzer dating from the colonial period was encountered by
               a private dredging company when it became caught in the dredge pump. The incident was discovered
               only when one of the dredge vessel's crewmen, fearing a shipwreck had been discovered and damaged,
               alerted the local media.

                      The outline for a workshop entitled "Orientation to Underwater Archaeology for Sport Divers"
               was written by Pensacola Shipwreck Survey staff, in accordance with national certifying agency training
               standards and underwater archaeology educational standards, and was sent to various dive instruction
               agencies in the United States and abroad for their review. Agencies included the International Dive
               Educators Association (IDEA), International Scuba Educators Association (ISEA), National Association
               of Scuba Diving Schools (NASDS), National Association of Scuba Educators (NASE), National Association
               of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), Professional
               Scuba Instructors Corporation (PSIC), Scuba Schools International (SSI), and Young Mens Christian
               Association (YMCA). A cover letter enclosed with the outline explained the purpose of the Pensacola
               Shipwreck Survey and the expectations of the workshop. Advice and comments were solicited from each
               agency's director of training and education, and input on the course was requested.

                      The completed outline was the main component of the workbook written for the class. The
               workbook was created to accompany lectures and exercises during the class and to provide students with
               resource material information to aid them should they find an undocumented historic shipwreck. The
               workbook included essays, regulation information, glossaries, and bibliographies. Also included in the
               workbook were illustrations of ship construction, diagrams of ship features and their nautical terms, and
               site plans of Pensacola wrecks. (See Appendix 2 for contents of workbook).

                      The orientation workshop was designed to be co-sponsored by local dive shops. Dive shops are
               dedicated to teaching and depend on students to be return customers in order to stay in business. Specialty
               classes, such as underwater archaeology, are beginning to be in demand and offer dive shops another
               opportunity to attract people. Additionally, the shop made considerable profit by residual sales such
               as gloves, hoods, lights, air, and equipment rentals. Such incentives make it easy to convince other dive
               shops to host workshops. Most shop owners realize the strong public interest in underwater archaeology,
               but do not have qualified personnel to teach the class. The State-sponsored workshop offers not only
               well-qualified instructors but a chance for the dive shop to make money as well.

                      The workshop was divided into three stages: classroom instruction, confined water or pool training
               sessions, and open water dives.       Classroom topics included the purpose of archaeology.- ethics,
               conservation and preservation, laws pertaining to Florida shipwrecks, types of sites, ship construction,
               local history, and research, survey, and recording techniques. Additionally, the maritime history of
               Pensacola, including known ship losses, was discussed. Slides depicting various techniques and video
               of the Deadman's Wreck excavation were shown in class as teaching aids. The pool session focused on
               recording a mock shipwreck set up on the bottom of the dive shop pool. This wreck was designed by
               the field technicians, and included artifacts and ship-related items, including a simulated cannon.

                      Open water dives were made on local historic shipwrecks. The first dive was an exercise in
               recording the features of a shipwreck exposed above sand level. Dive number two was an exercise in
               the completion of a Florida shipwreck site form, and in non-disturbance observation techniques. The
               third and fourth dives were made on a previously undocumented site known as the Kruse Site after the
               charter boat captain, Ron Kruse, who suggested the site as an alternative to the USS Massachusetts because
               the seas were too rough to go out into the Gulf.

                      Divers were divided into teams with the tasks of recording prominent features, making an overall
               sketch, and measuring length and width dimensions. The site plan compiled by the students for this
               previously undocumented site is included (Figure 2). After the last dive, a final class session was held
               to review the class and to discuss additional ways for the students to continue to work together to record
               and protect historic shipwrecks in Pensacola Bay.

                                                                                                     12' x 5'
                                                                          Boats/Pontoons          BOX#

                                        27' x 5'                              23     231

                                          &                                                71X

                                                                                         Log

                                        0
                                        0                            ft

                                                                  Bricks

                                                               Pipes                   Cradle
                                                         6555-3-

                                                            NOMW
                                               Fish net                              Steel Plates

                                                Flat Plate
                                                                            Pipes

                              4@2" X 1 '21'

                                                                       60 X 21

                                                                      Cable

                                                           23
                                                        0          Tanks                      Overall 2001
                                           Cast Iron Fitting        6
                                                                                              Kruse Site
                                      0

                                                          A

                                                                                   Figure 2. Site Plan of Kruse Site.

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                         The Gulf Coast Pro Dive Shop was the cosponsor of the first Workshop. A total of nine students
                  enrolled with backgrounds varying from neural surgeon to bail bondsman to professional photographer.
                  The cost was $150.00 and included two charter boat trips to local historic shipwreck sites, the workbook,
                  a State of Florida certificate of participation, a NAUI or PADI specialty card, and a Pensacola Shipwreck
                  Survey T-shirt. The remainder of the tuition went to the dive shop owners to help defray their costs.

                         The workshop resulted in the students' gaining an increased interest and understanding of why
                  submerged cultural resources should be preserved. The students enjoyed the class and requested the
                  creation of an advanced class that would deal with more in-depth theory and techniques. The class as
                  a whole was very interested in Pensacola's maritime heritage and expressed surprise at the long history
                  of shipping in the area; many were unaware of the number of ship losses in Pensacola Bay. Questions
                  were asked pertaining to the Abandoned Shipwreck Act and shipwreck laws in Florida. Most of the
                  students were surprised to learn of Florida's leniency in allowing treasure hunters to keep up to 80% of
                  what they find. The students were also quite interested in the tools used by underwater archaeologists
                  and were surprised the tools are so simple. The students requested more information on ship construction
                  and terminology, artifacts that might be encountered in shipwrecks, and how to use the artifacts to date
                  the wreck and determine the origin of the ship. Many of the students asked to volunteer with the Pensacola
                  Shipwreck Survey and requested information on other underwater archaeological projects that need
                  volunteers.

                  A final questionnaire, with questions such as "I learned..." and "I liked..." and "I would recommend     ......
                  was answered by each student. Recommendations from students included holding the class in warmer
                  weather and providing more information on ship construction and artifact typology. Some important
                  lessons were learned by the Survey staff and will affect the way future workshops are taught. For instance,
                  the mock shipwreck must be modified to ensure all features and artifacts are heavy enough to stay where
                  they are placed on the pool bottom. Additionally, an alternate wreck location is essential in case the
                  seas are too rough to allow the planned trip to the USS Massachusetts, as occurred during the first class.
                  An additional class session dealing with ship construction, nautical archaeology, and artifact typology
                  and identification is also planned for the next class, as per the recommendations of the students in the
                  first class. All of the students were pleased with the class and felt they had received their money's worth.

                          As an experiment in public awareness, the sport diver workshop was one of the most successful
                  attempts to educate the public about their submerged cultural heritage. The class was straightforward
                  and delivered information to that group of people who are inherently interested in what lies under the
                  waters--divers. The students were highly motivated and responded favorably to a suggestion to start
                  a "Historic Shipwreck Club" in Pensacola to locate and preserve historic wrecks. By extending this model
                  to other regions of Florida, sport divers around the state can contribute to the preservation of important
                  historical resources that are submerged.

                  Public Presentations

                          Efforts to inform the public about the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey included giving lectures and
                  presentations to various organizations and groups. Each member of the staff participated. All
                  presentations had the common goals of informing interested parties about the work of the Pensacola
                  Shipwreck Survey and promoting the USS Massachusetts Park, in addition to covering the specific topic
                  of the presentation. Organizations included the Pensacola Archaeological Society, Pensacola Historical
                  Society, Sertoma Club, Pensacola Charter Boat Association, Gadsden Street Methodist Church, Naval Air
                  Station Historical Society, University of West Florida Scuba Club, and Pleasant Grove Elementary School.
                  Most groups wanted to hear about the work being done on the USS Massachusetts and how it would
                  compare to other shipwreck preserves around the state. Some groups were interested more in specific
                  topics. The NAS Historical Society was specifically interested in the military wrecks in the bay, and
                  the Pleasant Grove Elementary School children wanted to learn about underwater archaeology in general.

           12

               Media Coverage

                       The citizens of Pensacola are very interested in Pensacola Bay, and several popular local television
               shows focus on the water and water activities. Hosts of these shows contacted the Shipwreck Survey
               to request the participation of the staff. For instance, a local cable channel, BLAB-TV, featured staff
               members on several of its shows. "On The Water," "NAS Live," "The Flack Logan Show," and "Gulf
               Coast Outdoors" all focused on the Survey's work and especially on the USS Massachusetts Park.

                       Additionally, radio stations in the Pensacola area featured the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey on
               talk shows. WCOA and WKGT both hosted Survey and Friends of the Massachusetts representatives
               to talk about the Underwater Preserve and to generate support and volunteers.

                       Local newspapers ran numerous articles on the Shipwreck Survey and the USS Massachusetts Park.
               The Pensacola News Journal advertised the Maritime History and Archaeology Conference and featured
               several articles on the proposed Massachusetts Park. Gosport, the Naval Air Station newspaper, ran an
               entire series of articles on the USS Massachusetts. The history of the ship, how it came to be in Pensacola,
               and the efforts to make the wreck a preserve were discussed in a series of three articles. Other articles
               also appeared in publications like the Gulf Breeze Sentinel; Associated Press sent articles on the USS
               Massachusetts across the country. One unexpected source of publicity came from a national scuba diving
               magazine. Rodale's Scuba Diving featured a two-page article on the USS Massachusetts as a prime dive
               site in the Florida Panhandle. Florida Scuba Times also mentioned the Massachusetts in an article about
               wreck dives in Florida. Media-generated publicity coincided with the other efforts to expand public
               knowledge and perhaps reached some people that the other avenues would not have. Local dive shops
               reported that charter trips to the USS Massachusetts increased since articles appeared in newspapers and
               Rodale's Scuba Diving. The media has continued to publicize on-going work of the Survey and the efforts
               of the Friends of the Massachusetts to have the battleship officially declared a preserve.

               Volunteers

                       Throughout the field season the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey was assisted by a small but dedicated
               crew of volunteers. Many others wanted to help but personal commitments and work schedules kept
               them away. At times the Survey did not need volunteers; for example, during magnetorneter operations
               the boat was filled with equipment and the Survey team. However, when volunteers were needed they
               were always ready to assist. For a short time the Survey had two boats in operation and there were always
               volunteers to fill them. In order to obtain the most experienced divers available, the Survey placed
               volunteer application forms in all the dive shops in the city. In addition to name and address, applicants
               were also asked to give information about their diving, such as date certified and "number of dives
               annually. The volunteers not only helped the ground truthing of underwater targets go more quickly,
               but also provided a better dive rotation among the Survey crew.

                       Volunteers on the 1992 phase of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey ranged from college students,
               to lifetime natives of Pensacola, to more transient Navy personnel. In order to accommodate volunteers
               who, due to work schedules, could not work with the Survey during the week, the Survey crew occasionally
               worked on weekends.

                       To make the best use of volunteers some simple guidelines were followed. The Survey staff found
               it helpful to always give the volunteer a thorough briefing about the task at hand and what to expect
               in terms of visibility, currents, bottom consistency, and target expectations. Furthermore, the Survey
               crew ensured that the volunteer dived with at least one project member. If a volunteer became
               uncomfortable with the diving conditions, he or she was not allowed to begin or continue the dive.

               Law Enforcement

                       One other incident should be noted in this chapter, although it is not the method of choice with
               which to educate the public. In late October, the PSS headquarters received a report from a resident

                                                                                                                            13
                 of Gulf Breeze stating that possible vandalism had occurred at Deadman's Island at the location of
                 Deadman's Wreck and Town Point Wreck. Several days later on a Saturday afternoon, Survey staff
                 proceeded to Old Navy Cove, where they discovered a man in shallow water who appeared to be digging.
                 Staff radioed the Coast Guard, who transferred them to the Florida Marine Patrol. Upon hearing of
                 the situation, the Marine Patrol offered to send one of their officers, Randy Webb, back to Old Navy
                 Cove with the staff. Officer Webb then questioned the man, who had in his possession a metal detector
                 and a metal screen. The man stated he was aware of state laws pertaining to submerged cultural resources
                 and knew he could be arrested for disturbing such deposits. Because the man had only fragments of
                 glass and metal in his screen and was well away from the known shipwrecks, he was released with only
                 a verbal warning from Officer Webb, who also took the man's name and address. A cursory examination
                 of the contents of the man's boat proved he had not taken any larger artifacts.

                         Though the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey has dedicated a large portion of the 1992 field season
                 to educating the public about their submerged cultural heritage, there are still a few people who do not
                 realize the importance of these fragile resources. These people continue to damage and disturb wreck
                 sites, even though some are fully aware of the laws protecting shipwrecks. Only through the cooperative
                 efforts of concerned citizens who report such offenses, and the Florida law enforcement community who
                 enforce the laws, can these vandals be stopped.

                 Conclusions

                         The results of these intensive efforts to publicize the work of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey
                 and to  educate the public about the importance of preserving submerged cultural resources are still
                 becoming apparent. The Maritime History and Archaeology Conference was the starting point for public
                 education and brought many facets of underwater archaeology to the attention of the people of Pensacola
                 and Gulf Breeze. Local dive shops reported people calling from as far away as Canada, Guam, Maine,
                 and Australia to find out more about the USS Massachusetts and to arrange charter trips specifically to
                 dive the old ship. The entire community is aware of the efforts to make the Massachusetts a Florida
                 State Underwater Archaeological Preserve. Organizations have donated hundreds of dollars to this end.
                 The workshops encouraged a new kind of sport divers, who are more interested in preserving what they
                 see rather than taking trophies home to put on the mantle, and who understand the importance of
                 shipwrecks as "time capsules" of history to be studied rather than looted. Local organizations that asked
                 for presentations helped to support the Survey and allowed the goal of education to be realized. The
                 media in Pensacola supported the project by writing articles and featuring the Survey on television shows.
                 The attention of national magazines also has helped to reach locals as well as people around the country.
                 Finally, the volunteers proved that the message was reaching people.

    J

                                                                                                                               15

                                                  CHAPTER 3. USS MASSACHUSETTS

                  Introduction

                         A successful blend of preservation and recreation in the United States involves the establishment
                  of underwater parks on shipwreck sites. Michigan, Vermont, North Carolina, Florida, and some Federal
                  agencies (namely the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Park Service)
                  subscribe to the notion of protecting submerged historical resources by promoting them as educational
                  and recreational attractions. Underwater parks allow the visitor to enjoy a controlled multi-faceted
                  experience not normally found at other dive sites. Interpretation of both cultural and natural features
                  at a site combines an educational flavor with a recreational pursuit- -"Education through Recreation"---
                  and promotes the need for preserving historical resources. Over the past five years, Florida has adopted
                  this submerged cultural resource management strategy and has developed an underwater archaeological
                  preserve system unmatched in the country. This chapter discusses the creation of the earlier Florida
                  underwater parks, and the process of developing a fourth underwater archaeological preserve, USS
                  Massachusetts.

                  Background of Florida Underwater Preserves

                          The first preserve was created in response to public concern in Fort Pierce for preserving a Spanish
                  treasure ship for sport divers. In 1987, the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, with support
                  from local businesses and private citizens, designated the Urca de Lima as the first Florida Underwater
                  Archaeological Preserve. Interpretive materials produced and distributed by the Bureau detailed the ill-
                  fated journey of the ship, which was sunk, along with the rest of the 1715 treasure fleet, by a devastating
                  hurricane. In addition, several land exhibits in various parts of the state provided shore visitors a chance
                  to read about the vessel's history. Following the successful creation of this park through the combination
                  of state and public resources, another treasure wreck site was nominated, the San Pedro of the 1733 fleet
                  sunk off Indian Key, and designated in 1989 as the second Florida Archaeological Underwater Preserve.
                  Again, state and local cooperation created a public recreation site without a large commitment of public
                  funds.

                  Nominations of Wrecks as Potential Preserves

                          Impressed by the public desire to preserve submerged historical resources by these means in Fort
                  Pierce and in the Keys, the Bureau produced and circulated a flyer to dive shops,* businesses, and local
                  governments throughout the state to nominate popular wreck sites as potential preserves. The flyers
                  elicited many nominations. Additional research by the Bureau determined that some of the sites varied
                  in degrees of archaeological and historical importance, and did not meet basic requirements set forth
                  by the Bureau. The criteria took into account the physical condition of the wreck, whether articulated
                  or disarticulated, historical background, danger to divers, low visibility, strong currents and surge, among
                  other guidelines for selecting a future preserve. After reviewing many nominations, the Bureau chose
                  the City of Hawkinsville, a steamboat built in 1896 and located in the Suwannee River near Old Town,
                  as the third underwater preserve in Florida. The park was officially opened for sport divers in 1992.

                          In addition to receiving the nomination for the City of Hawkinsville in response to the flyer, the
                  Bureau also received a nomination for the USS Massachusetts by a Pensacola diver. Reconnaissance
                  of the site by the Bureau in 1991 determined the site met the requirements for inclusion in the Florida
                  system of underwater archaeological preserves. Several preliminary steps were necessary before the vessel
                  could be designated as a new preserve.

                  Historical Research

                          The first step was to accumulate as much historical data as possible about the site. This data would
                  educate the public about the history of the old hulk and would be used to develop a shore-based exhibit.

           16
               Several national and local repositories contained relevant research material. The National Archives
               supplied photocopies of the 1910 refit plans and photographs of the Massachusetts. The Naval Historical
               Center also provided photographs. The Pensacola Historical Society supplied information ranging from
               photos to newspaper and journal accounts. Also included in the Pensacola Historical Society archives
               were eyewitness accounts of the shelling of the Massachusetts in 1921 as part of the coastal defenses testing
               along Santa Rosa Island. Several books on the pre-dreadnaught era also proved useful. Additional sources
               of information included personal accounts of the battleship since its arrival in Pensacola.

                       Many local charter boat captains, fishermen, and divers who work and play in Pensacola waters
               have frequently visited the wreck of the Massachusetts. They witnessed or heard tales of the hulk as
               it slowly transformed into its current state. Several of these people even contributed to the present
               condition of the Old Mass. For example, one of the charter captains in Pensacola dynamited the wreck
               extensively in the 1950s to salvage brass fittings and lead counterweights.

                       In the course of gathering the documents and photographs of the wreck, many facts about the
               USS Massachusetts's past came to light. Historical research endowed the derelict hulk with a much more
               intriguing and factual past than that given in the hearsay and popular legend about its origin, career,
               and demise.

               Ship History

                       Around the turn of the century, the emphasis on developing a new all-steel navy prompted
               political and naval leaders to replace the obsolete monitor-class warships and the armored cruisers Maine
               and Texas. To effect the change, Congress appropriated funds in 1890 for the construction of the first
               American battleship class, the Indianas. The three vessels of the class were the Indiana (BB-1),
               Massachusetts (BB-2), and Oregon (BB-3) (Harris 1965: 21). The keel of the Massachusetts was laid in
               1891; the ship was launched in 1893, and commissioned in 1896. Dimensions of the vessel were: length
               overall 350 ft.; beam 69 ft.; draft 24 ft.; overall height 35 1/2 ft.; and displacement 10,288 tons (Coleman
               1991:1). The Indianas were equipped with multiple caliber guns characteristic of pre-dreadnaught
               warships. Their primary armament consisted of four 13-inch guns en barbelle, a secondary armament
               of eight 8-inch guns en barbette, and a host of lesser arms. Additionally, each ship was equipped with
               five torpedo tubes and, for protection against incoming torpedoes, was outfitted along its waterline with
               a nickel-steel armor belt with a maximum thickness of 18 inches, which tapered in thickness from
               amidship to the bow and stern (Navy Department 1969: 264).

                       After its commissioning, the USS Massachusetts (Figure 3) joined the North Atlantic Squadron.
               In 1898, as part of the "Flying Squadron," the battleship was ordered to blockade Cuba at the beginning
               of the Spanish-American War. Along with other blockading vessels, the Massachusetts bombarded the
               fort at Santiago de Cuba and engaged in combat with the Spanish cruiser Cristobal Col6n. While re-
               coaling, the Massachusetts missed the Battle of Santiago on 3 July 1898, but later assisted in sinking the
               Spanish cruiser Reina Mercedes. Following the war, the battleship participated in various routine tasks
               with the North Atlantic Squadron. To keep up with the pace of the rapidly developing Navy fleet,
               Massachusetts underwent a refit in 1910 to refurbish the vessel, to remove and replace some of the smaller
               caliber guns, and under the supervision of Guigliemo Marconi, to install one of the first wireless radios
               in the fleet (Navy Department 1969: 264).

                       At the onset of World War I, the technologically outdated battlewagon served primarily as a
               gunnery practice ship. Shortly after the war's end, Massachusetts was decommissioned for the final and
               last time, having been rendered inactive three times during its career (Navy Department: 264). The
               battleship's decommissioning was a timely event for Army ordnance units in need of testing outdated
               artillery pieces. Chosen as the target for artillery tests in Pensacola, Massachusetts was towed from
               Norfolk, Virginia in 1921. Improperly sunk east of Pensacola Pass, Massachusetts was re-floated and
               re-sunk west of the Pass in approximately 20 ft. of water. Army land batteries fired 108 rounds into
               the warship with the first round going straight down one of the smokestacks (Coleman 1991: 4).

                                                                                                                                         --3p,.

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                                                                                           Figure 3. Photo of USS Massachusetts.

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                                                                                                                                19
                         Forgotten by the military, the hulk soon attracted fish and subsequently fishermen, picnickers,
                  and eventually salvors interested in obtaining rights to the valuable metals on the ship. Extensive salvaging
                  on the site occurred during the metal drive in World War II, which reduced the ship to structure below
                  the water surface (Coleman 1991: 1). Later in the 1950s, a salvage company waged an unsuccessful attempt
                  to begin work on the wreck. Local Pensacolians, who had adopted the hulk as a recreational site, fought
                  the salvage efforts and filed a lawsuit. Eventually, the Florida Supreme Court decided in favor of the
                  public and denied the company rights to salvage. The court, citing Admiralty Law, decided that the
                  Massachusetts was rightfully the property of the State of Florida, since the Navy had abandoned the ship.

                  Archaeological Documentation

                         Historical information gleaned from 1910 refit plans, construction diagrams in books, local
                  accounts of salvage, and many photos helped to record and interpret the present features of the wreck.
                  Archaeological documentation of the Massachusetts's remains, as well as a planned biological survey,
                  were used to generate interpretive aids for those diving the site and those visiting the museum exhibit.
                  The primary aid to interpreting the wreck was the creation of four maps--two site plans and two
                  adaptations of the 1910 refit plans. Site maps of plan and profile views were drawn by underwater
                  archaeological recording methods (Figures 4, 5 & 6). All work was accomplished without disturbing the
                  site. Methods included establishing a baseline for triangulation and offset measurements. In addition,
                  a temporary grid system was used to control video recording of the amidship sections, and an uncontrolled
                  free swimming video was used to record features of the bow, the stern, and inside the turrets. On-site
                  interpretation of disarticulated remains was facilitated by the 1910 refit plans, which detailed the last
                  known alterations to the ship (Figure 7). Also, refit plans aided in drawing the hull outline and positioning
                  the turrets.

                          The 1910 refit plans proved invaluable in revealing how the Massachusetts appeared prior to its
                  demise. Two drawings were outlined from the plans: one is a profile view, and the other is a composite
                  view (Figures 5 & 6). The profile view was adapted with fewer technical features in order to give a
                  sense of the original compartments and height. The composite plan depicted how the several decks now
                  remaining on the wreck--orlop, berth, and platform decks--looked while the ship was operable.

                          The purpose of the plans was to illustrate not only the remains of the wreck, but also to provide
                  an historical context for the vessel. To achieve these goals, the maps were used in a land based exhibit
                  along with photos and artifacts interpreting the site, and were also used in an underwater field guide.
                  The guide aids visitors to the site, mainly divers and fisherman, by showing the size and shape of the
                  ship, as well as the identity of the various pieces scattered about the site. It is to be hoped that those
                  planning to dive the Massachusetts would visit the land based exhibit first to better understand the site
                  and appreciate what they would encounter. Once knowledgeable about the site, the diver can relax,
                  explore, and recognize the fragmented pieces by carrying the underwater guide and remembering the
    J4            other plans. In addition to viewing the structural features as parts of a ship, the diver can also view
                  the wreck as a complex artificial reef supporting many varieties of marine life.

                  Biological Documentation

                          The recognition and interpretation of the site as a dynamic artificial reef increases the value of
                  the site as an ecological resource. As the one of the oldest artificial reefs in the Pensacola area, the site
                  is inhabited by many varieties of sea life. Permanent residents of the wreck include sponges, sea urchins,
                  soft and hard corals, cowries, barnacles, gobies, jewfish, and octopus, among many others. Seasonal
                  visitors include cigar minnows, Spanish and northern mackerel, cobia, blue angels, butterfly fish, and
    Zo            many other tropical fish during the summer. in the winter, grunts and groupers appear, while year round
                  denizens include spade fish, channel catfish, juvenile red snapper, and squirrel fish. Biological
                  information printed on the underwater guide informs the diver, as well as the fisherman, about the types
                  of marine life likely to be encountered on the artificial reef.

           20

               Public Proposal

                       Following historical, archaeological, and biological documentation, work commenced to develop
               a public proposal for the Massachusetts to become the state's fourth underwater archaeological preserve.
               The proposal addressed reasons why the preserve status of the wreck would benefit the public in the
               areas of education, recreation, and tourism. The wreck is significant, not only locally, but also nationally.
               The Massachusetts represents the only surviving Indiana-class battleship in existence, and symbolizes
               a young America struggling to become a preeminent world naval power and achieve its manifest destiny.
               Since its deposition in the Pass in 1921, the wreck has provided fishermen and divers with continuous
               recreational opportunities. Pensacola over the years has fostered its historic and natural resources, such
               as Historic Seville District, Naval Aviation Museum, Gulf Islands National Seashore, and Naval Live Oaks
               Reservation, among others, and has developed an important tourist industry. Presently, divers in search
               of a location to visit want more than a pretty dive; they want a diverse attraction, featuring historical,
               recreational, and ecological elements. The Massachusetts, as the fourth Florida underwater archaeological
               preserve, contains all these elements. Adding the Massachusetts to Pensacola's existing cultural attractions
               offers additional incentives to visitors, and brings economic benefits to the city.

                       To solicit input and support, two types of proposals for establishing a preserve were distributed.
               Copies of the bound 19-page proposal, with the four plans in a separate pocket, were sent to local
               government agencies, businesses, historical societies, and state agencies, as well as to national
               organizations such as the National Park Service, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy, and commemorative
               ship museums, among others. A handout of several pages was distributed to individuals requesting it,
               and was also made available during public presentations. The handouts ensured that those interested
               could read the proposal and re-discover the Massachusetts, not only as that old wreck in the Pass, but
               also as a new kind of tourist attraction. In fact, one local charter boat captain, who had previously salvaged
               metals from the ship, declared that he thought opportunities for making money off the Massachusetts
               had long since passed.

                       Over the course of several weeks after making the proposal public, many people responded to
               the proposal, as well as to newspaper articles in the Pensacola News Journal and Gosport, by calling and
               writing to state their support for the idea. To promote the growing interest, the Bureau announced a
               public meeting open to interested national, state, and local government agencies, and to private businesses
               and individuals. The public meeting discussed how the state and public could cooperate in creating the
               fourth underwater archaeological preserve. One of the results of the meeting was the Bureau's
               commitment to assume the responsibilities of protecting and overseeing the park, and to print interpretive
               brochures and underwater guides to the site. The public became actively involved in promoting historical
               preservation at the local level by volunteering to help create the preserve.

               Public Support Organization

                       To facilitate the creation of the park, a non-profit organization, the Friends of the Massachusetts,
               was formed to help with logistics. Donations of money and materials were received by this organization.
               Other components of the preserve, such as fabrication and placement of an underwater plaque, were also
               the responsibility of the Friends. The formation of various committees within the organization facilitated
               the completion of the many separate tasks. These committees included Historical, responsible for
               collecting historical material related to the ship; Museum, responsible for handling the shore based exhibit
               in a local museum; Mooring Buoys, responsible for placement and maintenance of mooring buoys for
               dive and fishing boats (the committee subsequently decided that mooring buoys were not required at
               the site); Plaque, charged to design and place a plaque; Diving, in charge of handling periodic cleanup
               of the site; Publicity, ensuring local newspapers and magazines were kept abreast of all developments
               in the park; and Funding, responsible for soliciting contributions for the funds needed for the preserve.

               Grand Opening

                       A grand opening is planned for June 10, 1993, the centennial of the ship's launching. Local and
               visiting dignitaries from the governments of Pensacola and the State of Florida are expected to attend.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       21

                                     FLORIDA BUREAU OF ARC"AEOLOGICAL RESEARCM

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               23

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                                                                                                                                                             Figure 5. Composite Plan of USS Massachusetts.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          27

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                                                                                                                                    29
                  Local businesses, such as dive shops, charter boat organizations, and bait and tackle shops, are planning
                  to attend and show support. Extensive coverage by television and newspapers in the area will ensure
                  publicity for the new park. One very special visitor will be the last surviving crew member of the
                  Massachusetts, Chief Petty Officer (Ret.) Charles Brems. Although Mr. Brems is getting along in years
                  and recovering from a stroke, his daughter states that he is excited about the designation of his old ship
                  as a state park. Once the park is established, a local boat dealership is discussing the possibility of obtaining
                  a glass-bottom boat to take visitors who are unable to dive to the Massachusetts. Already, local dive
                  shops are reporting calls from as far away as Maine, Australia, and Guam from people who want to dive
                  the Massachusetts.

                  Conclusions

                          The importance of preserving the USS Massachusetts as an underwater archaeological park is two -
                  fold. First is the wreck's historical importance as the oldest, and only, surviving pre-dreadnaught
                  battleship. It occupies a place in the history of the United States that cannot be filled by any other ship.
                  Second is the wreck's status as one of the oldest artificial reefs in the area. The dynamic site supports
                  a variety of sea life that draws divers and fishermen alike. Environmentally, the site is important as
                  a spawning ground and fish hatchery.

                          The establishment of underwater parks in Florida will continue as a tool for managing submerged
                  cultural resources. In areas where parks have been established, local businesses have reported an increase
                  in revenue. The parks bring tourists who spend money--not only in dive shops but also at motels, hotels,
                  gas stations, and stores. Most important, an irreplaceable cultural resource, as well as a natural resource,
                  has been preserved and will be protected for the enjoyment of generations to come.

                           While the state may promote and assist in the establishment of an underwater archaeological
                  preserve, the local community will determine the site's success or failure. Guidelines to effect a smooth
                  nomination and creation process should always take into account the public attitude towards the site.
                  Not all shipwrecks make good preserves; therefore, the state must be responsible in promoting worthy
                  sites for inclusion in the underwater preserve system. Responsibility includes making sure the site is
                  easily accessible, either by shore or boat, to ensure easy access for diving or snorkeling; assessing
                  appropriate historical significance; and ensuring that enough structure remains to be recognizable as an
                  historic site. In the Massachusetts' case, the state helped promote the public's acceptance of the concept
                  by completing historical and archaeological research and initiating the first public meeting. Encouraging
                  the public in this manner allowed those interested to support and implement the proposal and to help
                  in creating the fourth underwater archaeological preserve in Florida.

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                                  CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY OF REMOTE SENSING SURVEYS

                  Introduction

                         Following the previous year's recommendations for more extensive remote sensing operations,
                  and grant requirements for acquiring, assembling, and testing a remote sensing survey package, the
                  Bureau of Archaeological Research purchased a magnetometer for use in Pensacola Bay. Later in the
                  survey, the Bureau contracted for services of a side-scan sonar and operator to locate and identify sites.
                  Armed with these archaeological prospecting tools, the Survey planned to cover promising locales for
                  shipwreck sites. Areas chosen for investigation were selected on the basis of three kinds of criteria: past
                  maritime activity, geographical considerations, and reported wreck sites. Past maritime activity sites
                  include anchorages, careenage sites, and old wharves, while geographically important areas include
                  sandbars, banks, and the shoreline. Locating reported wrecks often relied on the proverbial "X marks
                  the spot" on nautical charts and also on individuals leading the crew to a site.

                         Pensacola Bay has been the focus of maritime activities for more than 400 years, from the first
                  Spanish colonial attempt in North America by de Luna to the present day. A broad spectrum of ships
                  and boats have plied the bay's waters during these centuries, reflecting New World colonization attempts
                  by the Spanish, French, and British, the efforts of the Confederacy to leave the Union, and the United
                  States' struggle to become the pre-eminent world naval power.

                         Fortunately, from the viewpoint of the underwater archaeologist, a vessel from each period in
                  the historical development of Pensacola Bay is represented within the confines of the bay or adjacent
                  waters. Also, remains of many activities associated with these vessels, including dumping debris at
                  anchorages, anchor losses, careenages, and off-loading ballast, are strewn throughout the bay. Other
                  related maritime sites include industrial complexes, the Quarantine Station, wharves, marine railways,
                  and the naval station.

                         Geographical considerations for the possible presence of shipwrecks inside the bay are limited
                  to the shoreline and a few sandbars and banks. In a sheltered and protected water body like Pensacola
                  Bay, the dangers of the open Gulf, such as heavy seas, are diminished. But Pensacola Bay can be whipped
                  into a frenzied cauldron, as evidenced by the partial destruction of the de Luna fleet in 1559 and the
                  vast destruction of merchant vessels in 1906 by hurricanes. The entire shoreline of the bay that lies along
                  the transition line where deep water becomes shallow is likely to contain submerged cultural resources.
                  Evidence of noteworthy shipwrecks along this transition line were two British colonial ships, the
                  Deadman's and Town Point wrecks, found eroding out of the shoreline. Also, submerged shoals radiating
                  out from Gulf Breeze Peninsula and near Pensacola Pass may have caused shipwrecks.            -

                          Several reports of wrecks were received during the course of the survey. Sometimes the person
                  reporting the shipwreck personally took Survey staff to the location or provided Loran-C coordinate
                  numbers for the site. In some instances a notation on a nautical chart indicated the shipwreck. In these
                  cases remote sensing equipment provided the quickest means of obtaining the vessel's precise location.

                  Magnetometer Survey

                  Magnetometer Specifications
                          An EG&G Geometrics Model G-866 Recording Proton Precession Magnetometer with towed
                  array was the primary sensing tool. Essentially, the G-866 magnetometer records the earth's ambient
                  magnetic field. The value of magnetometry to underwater archaeological survey work lies in its ability
                  to detect disturbances in the earth's magnetic field created by objects ranging from iron pipes to rocks,
                  and most importantly, shipwrecks. Typically, the marine magnetometer configuration involves deploying
                  the sensor head behind the boat, while the console and readout are on board. The sensor head is towed
                  far enough behind the boat that it is not affected by the boat's magnetic field- -typically a distance two
                  to three times the length of the survey vessel.

           32
                        Inside the sensor head is a metal coil immersed in a liquid--usually water, decane, or kerosene--
               encased in a non-magnetic container. Left in an undisturbed state, the liquid's molecules will align
               themselves with the ambient magnetic field of the earth. However, when an electrical current is applied
               to the coil, the liquid's protons align themselves with the coil's magnetic field rather than with the earth's.
               Once power to the coil is shut off, the protons move away from the coil and realign with the earth's
               magnetic field. Before completing their realignment with the earth's field, the protons precess, or tumble
               around their axis. Proton precession creates a small electrical current in the coil which is measured to
               determine the magnetic field below the sensor head at that particular time. A digital recorder prints
               out a plot of the local magnetic field in gammas on electrosensitive paper (EG&G: 1-3).

                        The gamma reading expresses the local ambient magnetic field detected by the magnetometer,
               which in Pensacola Bay is around 50,000 gammas. Variations in the ambient field are called anomalies.
               An anomalous gamma reading, or pulse, represents two important components: the local magnetic field
               of the earth, and more important, a variation representing a ferrous object. Promising anomalies
               representing historical material, notably shipwrecks, are usually characterized by a continuous string of
               pulses measured in duration. Duration is measured in seconds, which is affected by sample interval,
               or the time between each reading. For example, if an anomaly lasted for ten pulses and the sample interval
               was every two seconds, the duration would be twenty seconds. Amplitude would be another consideration.
               This particular case would suggest an anomaly deserving further investigation.

                        Another important criterion for distinguishing archaeological sites includes the anomaly's
               polarity, or signature. Anomalies are expressed as having dipolar, negative or positive monopolar, and
               multi-component magnetic signatures. Polarity, intensity, and duration help determine an anomaly's
               character, indicating whether it could be an historical artifact or modern debris. In a developed and
               busy area like Pensacola Bay, the bottom is littered with historical submerged cultural resources as well
               as more recent rubbish, all indiscriminately detected by the magnetometer.

               Magnaornetry and the Bay
                        Many areas of the bay contain submerged historical resources detectable by the magnetometer
               and side-scan sonar (Figure 8). However, many activities, both historic and modern, have impeded the
               easy detection of significant cultural resources. Magnetometry has a proven record for locating sunken
               wrecks, even though the method was developed for geological surveys. One major drawback of the
               magnetometer is its inability to identify an object creating the magnetic anomaly. An anomaly could
               be a 17th century ship, or a pile of modern steel drums, especially in a heavily populated and industrial
               region like Pensacola Bay. There is only so much water bottom for historical resources and unwanted
               debris to accumulate in a restricted water body, and unfortunately, these tend to congregate in the same
               developed areas. A good example of this is Old Navy Cove, where several wrecks, ballast piles, rock
               dumps, and construction debris lie on the bottom, all within 200 yards of the shore.

                        An extreme juxtaposition of historical material and modern rubbish has been created by the the
               man-made migration of the Pensacola waterfront into the bay a distance of several hundred yards. The
               possibility that cultural resources, including shipwrecks, are buried beneath the artificial overburden was
               demonstrated during a land excavation by the West Florida Institute of Archaeology in 1990. While
               excavating along the relic shoreline, archaeologists found the remains of a small rowboat.

                        Another problem with conducting remote sensing surveys in a harbor is the intentional or
               accidental disposal of debris, mostly modern. Fisherman, for example, intentionally dump material
               ranging from refrigerators to fiberglass boats to make private artificial reefs. Local fishermen are also
               known to enhance certain bottom features that attract fish. These bottom features are in some cases
               shipwrecks, like the Rhoda discussed in last year's report, that are now covered by highly magnetic
               material such as wash tubs, washing machines, and air conditioners (Franklin et al. 1992: 208-209). In
               such cases, determining whether an anomaly is historic or modern is difficult. Other recent alterations
               that disturb the magnetic landscape are dredging operations that leave behind dredge pipes and metal
               cable, military disposal areas, and accidental dumping. All of these affect the magnetometer survey by
               clouding the ambient earth's field with magnetic noise that masks historic submerged cultural resources.

                                      MAGNETOMETER

                                      SIDESCAN SONAR

                                                                                                 Old Navy Cove

                                                NAS Pensacola

                Ole
                                                                                         West. Side B
                                                                                        Gulf Breeze    A

                                                                      North Side
                                                                      Santa Rosa Island                    "Tre

                                                       Figure 8. Map of Remote Sensing Areas in Bay.

                                                                                       a
        34

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                                                                                       lw

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                                                                                                                                35
                         Other less tangible sources have adverse effects on the magnetometer. Radio transmissions,
                  diurnal variations in the earth's magnetic field, solar magnetic storms, and local geologic features can
                  be reflected in the magnetic record. All of these causes, and others, must be factored in when determining
                  which anomalies merit further investigation by ground-truthing with divers (Breiner 1973: 6-8).

                         Another factor influencing the magnetometer's ability to detect shipwrecks is the expected type,
                  condition, and age of a shipwreck. If a survey is designed to locate late 19th-century wrecks, then a
                  large concentration of ferromagnetic metals--iron or steel--is sought. However, when searching for a
                  16th-century ship, a low content of iron is expected, although l6th-century ships carried iron cannons
                  and anchors that individually produce strong magnetic signatures. Another critical factor affecting
                  magnetic content is the integrity, or condition, of the shipwreck. Had the ship suddenly wrecked, or
                  had it been stripped and abandoned? Known wrecks are subject to contemporary as well as modern
                  salvage activities that may remove large parts of the vessel and the more important iron features, such
                  as cannons or anchors.

                          In Pensacola Bay a high percentage of the ships investigated last year had been abandoned and
                  showed evidence of fire and salvaging (Franklin et al. 1992). Fire leaves metal fastenings littered
                  throughout the site which are detected by the magnetometer, while partial salvage removes many of the
                  ship's iron components and affects the magnetic signature of the wreck.

                           Environmental aspects also influence the integrity of a shipwreck and its magnetic character.
                  In the bay, a wooden shipwreck along the shore or in shallow water would not face the same destructive
                  forces as a wreck at the beach. A beach wreck would presumably be widely scattered due to the dynamic
                  forces of the surf, whereas in the bay (pacific in nature when compared to the Gulf) a wreck would
                  remain more intact.

                          To become more familiar with all these aspects that affect magnetic detection, a couple of known
                  shipwreck sites in the bay were surveyed to acquire magnetic signatures for future reference and
                  comparison to other anomalies. The first was a turn of the 20th century steamer still possessing its boilers.
                  As expected, the ship produced a very strong magnetic signature.

                          The second was an eighteenth -century wooden British warship lying in shallow water that had
                  been previously excavated, leaving only the iron-fastened timbers behind. The site produced a series
                  of dipolar anomalies of low amplitude, but which lasted for some duration. Because of the shallow water,
                  the sensor head was walked over the wreck at a slow speed. If the site had not already been known,
                  several factors could have precluded its detection and recognition as a shipwreck. Water depth affects
                  distance from the sensor head to the object, which determines the integrity of the magnetic signature.
                  Boat speed, on the other hand, affects the duration of magnetic signature. A slow speed increases duration,
                  while a faster speed reduces duration.

                          Considering all the conditions, both natural and cultural, that can affect the magnetic signature
                  of historic submerged cultural resources, the Survey assessed magnetic anomalies by visual inspection,
                  rather than by surface interpretation. In several instances many magnetic anomalies, both strong and
                  weak, were discovered in a survey area, indicating the possibility of historic material and modern rubbish.
                  To better determine the nature of the magnetic anomalies and to save dive time, a side-scan sonar was
                  procured to try to obtain sonograms of the bottom. The side-scan sonar is discussed more fully later
                  in this chapter.

                  Positioning System
                          A SI-TEX Model EZ-97 Loran-C receiver provided the position control for the magnetometer
                  survey. The Loran-C operates by receiving signals from a local chain of radio transmitters, then translates
                  these into Lines of Position or LOPS. LOPS, or coordinate numbers, run in a north-to-south and east-
                  to-west direction. Certain factors govern the accuracy of the system--namely, the distance from the
                  transmitters and obstacles the signals must overcome to reach the receiver. These obstacles are mainly
                  land and water, although certain other radio transmissions, mostly military in nature, can affect the
                  transceiver's ability to correctly reflect the vessel's true position. Loran-C is not the most accurate

           36
               positioning system available, but it does have a high degree of repeatability, between forty and sixty
               feet, or less. Once the numbers of a location are known, they can be used to place a vessel very near
               the same location again. Other means, such as visual ranges, a fathometer, or a magnetometer, can then
               be used to locate a site more precisely (SI-TEX Manual 1987; Franklin et al. 1992: 113).

               Magnetometry Survey Methods
                       The main goal of the magnetometer survey was to ascertain the location of submerged cultural
               resources, especially colonial shipwrecks, in Pensacola Bay. To make certain that a shipwreck would
               not be missed, parallel survey transects were spaced 45 feet apart. While increasing the time needed to
               survey the area, tight lane spacing also increased the chances of locating significant sites. Past surveys
               were often conducted using very wide lane spacing, but it is now generally agreed that closer lane spacing
               sharply reduces the chances of missing archaeologically significant sites (Murphy and Saltus 1990:94;
               Garrison 1989:1-5). While closer lane spacing increases the likelihood of locating a shipwreck, it also
               improves the detection of modern magnetic debris.

                       Several procedures were used to increase the accuracy of the Loran-C positioning system. In order
               to insure proper coverage in 45-foot lane increments, land references were used to help govern the vessel's
               track over the water. Another procedure was the use of a series of marker buoys, in conjunction with
               a compass, to highlight the survey area and to ensure complete coverage.

                       Throughout the survey, the magnetometer was programmed to a 10/100 scale and a two-second                       Ah
               sample interval, with an accuracy of 0.2 gammas. Boat speed was usually between 5 and 6 knots during
               systematic survey transects, while boat speed during refining lanes was slightly slower.

                       Relating the boat's location to the magnetometer readout consisted of recording the Loran-C
               numbers each time the event mark for the magnetometer was depressed. Back on land, the Loran-C
               numbers were transcribed onto the magnetometer paper at the corresponding event mark, or station. Then
               each individual station reflecting the boat's survey track was plotted on graph paper to determine that
               the surveyed area was receiving full coverage. These plots, however, only depicted the location and
               direction of the vessel. They did not show the position of the towed sensor head which indicated where
               the anomaly occurred. To determine the sensor head and anomaly locations, the distance from the boat
               to the sensor head (about forty to fifty feet) was used as the offset. This provided an accurate location
               of the anomaly.

                       Plotting the anomaly's position was a simple operation involving several preliminary steps. First,
               the two stations that bracketed the anomaly were plotted. Next, all pulses, or readings, between    the two
               stations were counted, and using a scaled ruler, the pulses were marked between the stations. Then, using
               the highest recorded amplitude of the anomaly, this pulse was chosen as the vessel's location when
               recording the anomaly. Finally, the distance from the sensor to the boat was plotted backwards from
               the vessel's location to show the anomaly's position. It was important, of course, to note the vessel's
               direction when the anomaly was recorded. Finally, Loran-C numbers of the anomaly were figured from
               the chart. Sometimes several anomalies represented the same target. Plotting anomaly location with this
               method allowed a quick determination about an anomaly's singular or plural source.

                       Another more traditional approach to finding submerged cultural resources is to produce a
               magnetic contour map. Although still done by hand at times, the maps are usually drawn by a computer
               using software designed for that purpose. Such maps depict the contoured anomaly, much as a
               topographical map represents land features, dependent on duration, amplitude, and polarity. These maps
               can reveal intensity, location, orientation, and size of anomalies. In the Pensacola Survey, contour maps
               were not prepared; instead all anomalies meeting certain criteria were immediately ground-truthed and
               identified.

               Ground-rrulhing Operations
                       The selection criteria used by the Survey to choose anomalies for ground-truthing depended on
               several aspects of magnetometry. These included an anomaly's duration and amplitude and how many

                                                                                                                                37
                  transects; were affected by the anomaly. In addition, its location in either an historically or geographically
                  important region, or in the vicinity of a reported wrecksite, was considered. Applying these guidelines
                  to ground-truthing a magnetic anomaly resulted in diving on several rock piles, one shipwreck tentatively
                  dated to the colonial period, and modern rubbish.

                          Once an anomaly's Loran-C numbers were determined by plotting, the next step was to locate
                  and pinpoint the target in the water. A marker buoy was dropped at the location to begin the process.
                  Usually the anomaly was located within the immediate vicinity of the buoy, although on other occasions,
                  some time was spent searching for the anomaly. Once the anomaly area was located, transects were run
                  along the cardinal directions to delineate the anomaly's location, which was identified by throwing marker
                  buoys. After determining the anomaly's position, swimmers jumped overboard to float the sensor head
                  around until it was directly above the highest or lowest amplitude, as guided by the magnetometer
                  operator. A final buoy was then dropped to mark the spot. The method proved highly effective in
                  pinpointing an anomaly's position prior to visual inspection. In some cases, divers landed directly on
                  the target, and in others, ten to thirty feet from the target.

                          Most commonly, the magnetic target was hidden or obscured by mud or sand and poor visibility.
                  To ensure that the anomaly was discovered, divers conducted circle searches out to approximately 50
                  feet from the marker buoy. While circling, the diver continually sounded the bottom with a 5-foot hand-
                  held probe until the anomaly was found. Usually the anomaly was discovered by this method, although
                  some were not, since they were buried deeper than the probe could reach.

                          During subsequent operations to relocate anomalies identified during the initial surveys, some
                  anomalies warranted no further attention after running the survey vessel around the target several times.
                  They were either too weak, not extensive enough, or were never found again. Their positions, however,
                  were recorded for later reference.

                  Magnetometer Survey Locations
                          Several areas in Pensacola Bay thought likely to contain shipwrecks underwent extensive
                  magnetometer scrutiny. These included the western shore of Gulf Breeze, Old Navy Cove, a small section
                  on the southern side of Gulf Breeze in Santa Rosa Sound, and along Emanuel Point in Escambia Bay.
                  Several smaller areas along the Pensacola waterfront were also surveyed with the magnetometer.

                          The west side of Gulf Breeze was chosen for two reasons: the report of three sunken vessels along
                  the sandflats and the recommendation from the 1991 survey as an area deserving remote sensing
                  examination. Old Navy Cove proved one of the most attractive locations for a magnetometer survey,
                  since the cove was an historically important area to careen and anchor vessels, and also a possible Luna
                  site. Also, the existence of two colonial British warships and other sunken vessels ranging from the mid-
                  1800s to early 1900s, the remains of a marine railway, and the presence of rock piles in the confines
                  of the cove suggested the existence of more unidentified cultural material. In Santa Rosa Sound, on the
                  northern channel bank of the Intercoastal Waterway, a sunken vessel fastened with treenails had been
                  reported. Emanuel Point, another possible Luna site, also merited investigation. Finally, a shrimpboat
                  captain pointed out several targets along the Pensacola Waterfront that had snagged his nets over the years.
                  At one snag, his nets brought up some planks which could be associated with a shipwreck. The results
                  of the magnetometer investigations in these areas are discussed in the next chapter.

                  Side-Scan Sonar Survey

                  Introduction
                          The Survey acquired use of a side-scan sonar and a skilled operator to obtain sonographs of various
                  areas in the bay. Intended objectives of the sonar survey included collection of additional information
                  on areas previously surveyed by magnetometer, on areas of known concentrations of modern
                  ferromagnetic debris where historically important activities took place, and on reported shipwreck sites.

    .44

           38
                       Skillfully operated, a side-scan sonar can give much more useful information about a target than
               a magnetometer. Target size, orientation, and configuration indicated by this method allow the anomaly
               to be interpreted without diving. Ideally, surface identification can determine whether a target is man-
               made (modern or old) or natural, and whether the bottom is sand or mud. Identifying objects from the
               surface, while not foolproof, can save valuable dive time for other, more worthy sites. In addition, a
               side-scan sonar survey takes less time than a magnetometer survey--an important consideration when
               time is limited. It was hoped that older shipwrecks in Pensacola Bay would be more easily detected by
               side-scan sonar than by magnetometer.

               Side-Scan Sonar Principles
                       A side-scan sonar device consists of two transducers located on the port and starboard side of
               a towfish aimed toward the sea floor. These transducers produce sound waves which bounce off the bottom
               (or off a target) back to the transducers; these waves are then amplified and sent to the control/display
               monitor to produce an image. The monitor regulates the signal output and also displays the sonograph
               of the bottom surface (Mazel 1985: 1-2).

                       The side-scan sonar device measures the time it takes sound waves to travel to the bottom and
               back again. Time is a function of distance, which is displayed on scaled paper. The operator watches
               for acoustic shadows- -usually white in color on the paper--which indicate that some object is protruding
               above the surrounding surface. Promising targets can be investigated further by divers.

                       Many factors contribute to the overall picture generated by the side-scan sonar, and subsequently
               to its ability to be interpreted by the operator. Some of these factors include man-made noise such as
               engines, fathometers, and boat wakes. Natural phenomena like thermoclines, porpoises, and the sea
               surface also influence the readouts. Operational features can also limit the quality of sonographs, such
               as the range, or scale, in which the sonar is working. Longer ranges cause target clarity to diminish on
               the sonograph by shrinking the object's size and distinguishing features, while a lesser range results in
               a truer representation of size and an increased possibility of correctly identification (Mazel 1985: 3-49).

               Side-Scan Sonar and Positioning System Specifications
                       A Klein Model 590 side-scan sonar, with dual resolution of 100 KHz and 500 KHz, provides
               both sub-bottom and bottom detail to better detect the extent of an anomaly. The 100 KHz resolution
               penetrates below the bottom's surface to some extent, with better acoustic penetration through mud than
               through sand. Surface representation of the anomaly, however, is not as clear when using this frequency.
               The 500 KHz resolution generates a much better picture of objects protruding above the bottom's surface
               than the 100 KHz, but provides only minor ground penetration. Combined, the two-sonographs yield
               much more usable data to interpret the source and extent of an anomaly than would use of only one
               frequency.

                       Survey positioning was accomplished using a Trimble Global Positioning Satellite system
               connected directly to the side-scan monitor. The Loran-C was also used as an auxiliary positioning
               system.

               Side-Scan Sonar Survey Methods
                       Side-scan sonar survey lane spacing was dictated by sonar range, generally either 25m or 150m,
               and by the desire to achieve a fifty-percent overlap. Survey lanes were controlled by the GPS navigating
               system. Two boats were used during the survey--one 21-foot Continental survey boat, which contained
               all of the sonar equipment, and one 24-foot Aquasport dive boat, which was used for the diving operations.

                       A survey method of alternating between systematic coverage and target refinement was adopted
               during the sonar work. The systematic approach consisted of running survey lanes over a specific area.
               Later in the day, targets were chosen for exact positioning and ground- truthing. To limit unnecessary
               diving time, the side-scan sonar was used to pinpoint site locations.

                                                                                                                              39

                  Ground-Truthing Operations
                         The decision to ground-truth particular targets was made by the field director in consultation
                  with the operator. Knowing that remains of colonial ships would be low-lying on the bottom's surface,
                  and associated with ballast rock, the survey staff ground-truthed any anomaly closely resembling this
                  signature. Additionally, any break in the regular pattern of the bottom surface was chosen for visual
                  inspection, as well as any feature thought to possibly represent historic material. Sonar targets with large
                  or lengthy shadows, signifying high relief from the bottom, were usually interpreted to be modern. Unless
                  they displayed any features indicating otherwise, these anomalies were usually not chosen for ground-
                  truthing. After the survey crew chose targets for diver inspection, the sonar was used to pinpoint the
                  target location.

                         Pinpointing consisted of replicating the initial survey run as closely as possible. A buoy placed
                  at the boat's previous latitude/longitude located the survey lane, which was then run in the same direction
                  as before. This increased the chances of finding the anomaly rapidly so precise positioning could begin.
                  Once the target was detected again, several lanes were run on either side of it, and finally a buoy was
                  dropped on the target. Then another lane was run to make sure the buoy was on or very near the target.
                  Radio contact with the dive boat communicated where the buoy was in relation to the target, the probable
                  water depth, and the bottom consistency. Ground-truthing then commenced on the site for positive
                  identification. Target positioning continued until enough anomalies were refined for a day's dive, and
                  then systematic survey coverage resumed.

                         Later, the Loran-C was used to locate the anomaly's position, a method requiring more steps to
                  actually find the site. The process first called for marking with a buoy the station where the anomaly
                  was discovered. Then, using the scaled sonograph for reference, the target's distance from this point
                  was marked, providing the center of the circle search. Before diving on an anomaly, divers were briefed
                  on what to look for by referring to a photocopy book containing sonographs of targets to be ground-
                  truthed in order to note their shape, orientation, and bottom makeup. Once on the bottom, the diver
                  could then navigate around the target area after discovering one section of the anomaly during the circle
                  search. Geological conditions, however (mainly 3-4 foot sand ridges along the main ship channel in the
                  bay), limited effectiveness of the circle search and required a new method of ground-truthing in this
                  area.

                         The new ground-truthing operation entailed having two divers tow-board around a buoyed area
                  marking the target site. In this way, divers avoided becoming entangled in the sand ridges and were
                  able to cover a large area very quickly and systematically. Besides the main target, other targets were
                  often located in the search area and periphery. Most were modern trash, although several ceramics dating
                  to the middle to late nineteenth century were found. Following the identification of the anomaly, a
                  buoy was placed at the site and then its Loran-C numbers were recorded.

                  Side-Scan Sonar Survey Locations
                          Several parts of the bay were chosen for sonar scrutiny. The north side of Santa Rosa Island,
                  from Pensacola Pass to beyond the old Coast Guard station, was selected due to its historical importance.
                  Prior events in the area included anchoring and careening, and a naval battle between the French and
                  Spanish in the eighteenth century (Figures 9, 10, & 11). The waterfront of the Naval Air Station was
                  chosen due to reports of several wrecks. To acquire more information about areas previously surveyed
                  with the magnetometer off the west side of Gulf Breeze, certain areas consisting of magnetic anomalies
                  possibly indicating shipwrecks were investigated with side-scan sonar.

                          Several targets in Old Navy Cove that were previously discovered with the magnetometer and
                  then ground-truthed warranted a second look using the side-scan sonar to determine whether there were
                  additional remains at the sites. The reported "Treenail Wreck" had escaped detection by the
                  magnetometer, and it was a prime target for the side-scan sonar. Initial coordinates placed this wreck
                  east of a certain channel marker, while new coordinates placed it further west. Several strong magnetic
                  anomalies discovered near Emanuel Point also warranted further investigation and identification.
                  Additionally, some of the sites producing magnetic signatures reported by a local shrimper were slated
                  for a sonar sweep. Finally, a shipwreck thought to be the USS Preble was chosen to obtain a better picture
                  and location of the site.

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                                                                                                                                47

                                          CHAPTER 5. REMOTE SENSING SURVEY RESULTS

                          Two different types of archaeological prospecting equipment was used by the survey: a
                  magnetometer and a side-scan sonar. The magnetometer was primarily used to locate shipwrecks or other
                  targets by their magnetic signatures, while the side-scan sonar was brought in to identify surface and
                  subsurface targets. The sonar was employed both in previously surveyed areas to determine the sources
                  of magnetic anomalies, and in new survey areas throughout the bay. Many anomalies were detected during
                  the course of the remote sensing surveys, most of them of modern vintage, although some proved to be
                  of a more historic nature. The following discussion of the survey results is divided into individual sections
                  on the magnetometer and on the side-scan sonar. Those anomalies representing shipwrecks are discussed
                  more fully in Chapter 7.

                  Magnetometer Survey Areas

                  West Side of Gulf Breeze
                          From June 5 to July 9, 1992, the west side of Gulf Breeze was subjected to an intense magnetometer
                  survey. The survey covered the span from Deer Point to Fair Point, and outward to a distance of 1,340
                  yards from the shoreline. There were 279 survey lanes, spaced 45 feet apart, for a distance of 164.3 linear
                  miles. The G-866 magnetometer was programmed on the 10/100 scale with readings set for two-second
                  sample intervals. Boat speed varied between five and six knots.

                          Approximately 534 magnetic anomalies were registered during the survey; of these, probably
                  twenty percent represent duplicate anomalies. Gamma intensities ranged from as high as 10,000 gammas
                  to approximately 7 gammas, and lasted 2 seconds to over 30 seconds. Some anomalies caused the
                  magnetometer to default as a result of the large amount of magnetic material. Due to the nature of the
                  built-up shoreline along the west side of Gulf Breeze, accumulation of magnetic debris over the years
                  was anticipated. Of course, tight lane spacing contributed to the high number of anomalies recorded,
                  since the same magnetic debris was detected more than once in other adjacent lanes. Much seemingly
                  insignificant debris was recorded that would have not been detected in larger lane spacing.

                          So many anomalies were recorded in the survey area by the magnetometer that it was decided
                  not to conduct any large scale ground-truthing operations until a sonar survey had been completed. It
                  was hoped that only significant anomalies with surface relief, easily visible during dive operations, would
                  be represented in the sonar record.

                          Two anomalies on the west side of Gulf Breeze were chosen for ground-:truthing due to their
                  intensity and duration. The first measured over 1000 gammas, had a long duration, and showed up in
                  several adjacent lanes. Ground-truthing revealed it to be a dredge pipe resting on a mud-sand bottom.
                  Remnants of a snagged net led the divers to the pipe, which extended several feet into the water column.
                  The pipe angled along a northeast-southwest axis for some distance.

                          The next magnetic anomaly chosen for ground-truthing had shown up previously, on the 1991
                  side-scan sonar survey along Fair Point near the channel marker. The sonograph revealed several
                  unidentifiable features casting shadows on the bottom, and depicted a subsurface disturbance surrounding
                  the surface material that resembled the outlines of a wreck (Figure 12). An attempt was made that year
                  to locate the sonar anomaly, but its source was not discovered. Magnetometer transects over the general
                  vicinity of the sonar anomaly in 1992 revealed the presence of material causing a magnetic disturbance.

                          After the survey crew plotted the locations of the magnetic anomaly and the sonar anomaly, the
                  two proved to be the same target. Magnetometer transects were undertaken after buoying the areas to
                  determine the precise location of the anomaly. Divers found it to be someone's private fishing reef easily
                  relocated by its proximity to the channel marker. The site consisted of a fiberglass tri-hull boat, car
                  tires, a washing machine, and miscellaneous metal objects on a sandy bottom that slowly drifted into
                  a thick gray mud.

           48
                        Additional data about anomalies generated by the remote sensing survey and ground-truthed off
               the west side of Gulf Breeze are discussed in the side-scan sonar section later in this chapter.

               Old Navy Cove
                        Between July 21 and August 18, 1992, magnetometer operations resumed off Old Navy Cove.
               The survey area stretched from Town Point to Fair Point; the point furthest offshore was approximately
               1,530 yards. Fifty lanes covering 24.7 linear miles were run. The same scale, sample interval, and boat
               speed were used throughout this survey as were used in the survey off the west side of Gulf Breeze.

                        Many anomalies were discovered; of these, only a fraction merited visual inspection. On-surface
               decisions, based on selection criteria, determined that many anomalies did not warrant investigation. The
               majority of the ground-truthed anomalies proved to be insignificant, although a small fraction could
               have some historical importance. A reported wrecksite was also located during the survey. .

                        The only magnetic anomaly that had any definite historical value was a buried footer off Town
               Point, probably associated with the remains of the Gulf Marine Railway. It was located near the drop-
               off from the sand bank into the mud bottom and in-line with the exposed remains of the railway. The
               anomaly was buried under approximately four feet of mud. Probing roughly outlined the rectangular
               object, which measured around 14 feet by 10 feet, and extended some distance in depth. Additional
               hand-probing down to the object's surface revealed that it was made of roughly poured concrete.

                        Gulf Breeze residents later reported a wreck buried beneath the footer. An unrelated report by
               another local resident about the same area off Town Point suggested an unidentified wooden snag. Neither
               account could be verified except by digging into the mud surrounding the footer.

                        Other anomalies in Old Navy Cove included several ballast dump sites and miscellaneous iron
               debris. Several magnetic targets were not located during ground-truthing operations. One ballast dump
               pile (T-134-2) was investigated several times throughout the survey. The first investigation revealed a
               squared timber, a river cobble ballast stone, and some tree stumps. The objects were covered in a dark
               gray mud from one to four feet deep. Small barnacle and oyster shells attached to the objects indicated
               that the material had been exposed for a short period before being buried. A subsequent investigation
               at the site revealed a quarried rock, but the squared timber or any other material was not relocated.

                        Because of the presence of the squared timber and ballast stone, the area was surveyed using sonar
               to generate a better picture of the site's extent. The sonograph revealed a roughly oblong site about 30
               feet long and 10 feet wide. Additional visual investigations to confirm whether or not the site c-onsisted
               of anything besides the stones revealed no underlying wreck. Debris retrieved from the site during the
               last investigation included red tile and brick dating from the late eighteenth century, limestone and quartz,
               and other miscellaneous lithics. With no timbers below the rocks, and no magnetic or sonar anomalies
               indicating otherwise, the site most likely represents a ballast, or mixed content dump site, possibly related
               to offloading activities of the marine railway. Another possibility is that the site is the barge loaded
               with construction rubbish reported by Mr. Bob Duncan (see Chapter 6).

                        Another rock or ballast dump site (T-4-2) was detected during the survey. The fathometer
               indicated a protrusion above the surface where the magnetometer had indicated a weak anomaly. After
               locating the anomaly, divers investigated the site and discovered some lone rocks; after a couple more
               search line sweeps, they detected with the probe a large pile of rocks buried under one to three feet of
               mud. Two pieces of flat rock showing evidence of quarrying were retrieved. The stones showed very
               little barnacle or oyster growth, indicating little protrusion above the mud. Fishing line was entangled
               throughout the stones, suggesting that someone knew the location at one time. A reliable indicator of
               the amount of time since deposition would have been the discovery of the fisherman's beer can or bottle
               amid the stones. In any case, the site most likely represents a rock dump for use as a private fishing
               spot.

                        A possible wrecksite consisting of ballast covered by a bottom-enhanced dump (T-6-2) had been
               pointed out previously by a resident of Gulf Breeze to a local shipwreck enthusiast, who reported it to

                                                                                                                               49

                  the Survey. Once the reported location of the site was plotted, controlled magnetometer lanes were run
                  over the area; after several lanes, a magnetic anomaly was detected near the buoy. Following further
                  refinement of the anomaly's location, divers discovered a muddy bottom with no surface protuberances,
                  but in probing under the mud, divers encountered several small concreted iron objects, two car windows,
                  soda bottles, beer cans, and a copper valve scattered throughout the search area. At the 50-foot radius
                  on the search line, a snagged shrimp net led the way to a rock pile.

                          The rocks were of varied shapes and sizes and had sharp edges. Lying among the rocks was
                  miscellaneous debris, including a toilet bowl. By removing the lens of rock in the central portion of
                  the pile, the probe easily slid thorough several feet of soft sand and mud. Absence of timber beneath
                  the rocks showed the site was not a shipwreck. Further investigations around the perimeter confirmed
                  the lack of any ship timbers.

                          Later, Mr. Duncan located the site again and related its history to the Survey crew. He stated
                  that his ancestors had thrown debris in this particular spot because they had detected that a different
                  species of fish dwelled in this area and not in other parts of the cove. In order to enhance the fishing
                  prospects and attract more fish, assorted debris was thrown on this site, with the last thing dumped being
                  a toilet discarded by his father. While the original reason behind tossing the debris is intriguing and
                  possibly makes the site archaeologically interesting, the toilet aptly indicates its historical significance
                  at this point.

                          In addition to rock piles, other types of magnetic anomalies were investigated. Probing at one
                  anomaly (T-5-2) revealed iron sheeting and pipes. Several other anomalies were noted, possibly geological
                  in origin. Anomaly (T-B5-2) revealed the possible relic shoreline of Old Navy Cove. A line of vertical
                  logs, some horizontal logs, and small wood detritus was buried about a foot or so under the mud.
                  Underneath one of the logs was a hard lens of sediment. The line of three vertical logs may have been
                  old, as no wood preservative, such as creosote, stained any gloves, or the logs may possibly have been
                  tree stumps. Ground-truthing of another anomaly (T-B 1 -2) did not reveal any artifacts, although a mud
                  hole was discovered. The probe easily sank into the mud, but at 15 to 20 feet from the center, a hard
                  and compact sand bottom was encountered. Either the site represents a natural phenomenon or was a
                  man-made well, and the source generating the anomaly is further down the hole.

                          Two other sites (T-2-2 & T-BB-2), after ground - tru thing, did not reveal any manmade magnetic
                  sources. One of the anomalies (T-2-2) seemed promising due to its proximity to a known British wreck.
                  Ground-truthing of the site, however, only revealed a hard concreted lens that, after repeated attempts,
                  was penetrated by the probe. Additional investigation may be warranted on some of the sites, but would
                  require extensive digging and dive time.

                  Butcherpen Cove
                          On October 29, 1992, a magnetometer survey was conducted to locate an anomaly tentatively
                  identified as a barge, which had been discovered during the side-scan survey of the area (see discussion
                  below on Butcherpen Cove under Side-Scan Sonar Survey Results). A buoy was tossed to mark the location
                  of the barge, and magnetometer lanes were run from east to west. The whole area was riddled with
                  magnetic anomalies. Amidst the discordant magnetic background, one magnetic anomaly stood out and
                  was thought to possibly be the barge. It was characterized by long duration and medium amplitude, close
                  to the marker buoy.

                          After pinpointing, the anomaly was ground-truthed and debris was immediately encountered just
                  below the muddy bottom. Large chunks of quartz, other types of stones, bricks, and some wood were
                  discovered in depths of I to 4 feet of mud over a concentrated area. Results of a 50-foot circle search,
                  however, did not indicate a very large spread of rock, although during the course of the search divers
                  found a squared post, and directly underneath it, a hand-carved 0.9 foot piece of tongue and groove
                  plank. The location of the site corresponded with Mr. Duncan's report of some barges, called the Cuban
                  Barges, that had been loaded with rocks and purposefully sunk by a marine contractor. No large,
                  articulated wooden features that would suggest the presence of the barge were encountered during the
                  search with a 4-foot probe.

           50
                       While Mr. Duncan was with the survey crew on June 2, a dark spot was discovered on a sandy
               bottom near Wayside Park in Gulf Breeze. A snorkeling reconnaissance of the site revealed a rock pile
               of small river cobble heavily encrusted with dead oyster shells. Later diving investigations noted pottery
               sherds, glass, and pipe stems (See Chapter 7 about the Wayside Park Site for a fuller discussion).

               Santa Rosa Sound
                       A search for the "Treenail Wreck," reported by Larry Broussard', a knowledgeable sport and wreck
               diver in Pensacola, was conducted on August 18 and 19, and then again on October 21. Initially, the
               survey in August centered on an area slightly southeast of Channel Marker 142 along the 18 foot contour
               of the northern bank of the Intracoastal Waterway. A large area was covered, with lane spacing of
               approximately 45 feet, to increase the chances of locating the reported wreck. Later, additional
               information positioned the wreck about600 yards further west, and the side-scan sonarand magnetometer
               were used to try to locate the wreck at the new location.

                       In the first magnetometer survey, five anomalies warranting further investigation were
               discovered; two did not merit ground- truthing, based on their low intensity and short duration. Bottom
               conditions and visibility varied from site to site. Those items along the bank were slightly exposed above
               sand, while those in the channel were buried under a loose to compact layer of mud. None proved to
               be historical. The anomaly (T-2-5) along the sand bank was a washing machine, and another was some
               cable and pipe lying near the channel marker (142). Another target could not be seen due to the sediment
               depth. It might have represented another wreck reported and confirmed in the vicinity, the Skialhos,
               which sank in the late 1800s. Any visible traces of the vessel have probably been covered by recently
               deposited sediments.

                       The second reported position of the "Treenail Wreck" was plotted and the surrounding area was
               survey by sonar. Results are detailed in a subsequent section of this chapter. Several anomalies which
               merited further investigation were located in the sonar survey near and around the plotted location of
               the wreck.

                       On October 21, the anomalies were buoyed, along with the new reported location of the wreck,
               and magnetometer operations commenced. Transects were run east to west in an area large enough to
               encompass the buoys, and along the 18-foot contour. Only one anomaly (T-5-5) warranted further
               investigation. It was located about fifty yards northeast of the reported location of the wreck. Ground-
               truthing revealed no material either above or below the mud and silt bottom. Lack of magnetic signatures
               suggested the sonar anomalies were natural bottom features.

               Emanuel Point
                       On August 28 and 31, 1992, a magnetometer survey was completed from the mouth of Bayou
               Texar to Emanuel Point in Escambia Bay, with the furthest distance from shore being 1360 yards. Forty-
               nine lanes were run covering approximately 25.4 linear miles. The standard magnetometer scale, sample
               interval, and boat speed were used. Refining of anomaly positions took place on October 26, and ground-
               truthing occurred the next day.

                       Three magnetic anomalies were chosen for ground- truthing. After pinpointing anomaly T-5-
               3 with the magnetometer, divers ground-truthed the area by a circle search. Probes penetrated about
               5 feet into the soft, dark mud, and a 50-foot sweep of the target site did not reveal the anomaly's source.
               When the second anomaly (T- 14-3) was ground-truthed, divers immediately identified a metal structure
               snagged with shrimp nets. The structure rose about 5 feet above the sand and oyster shell bottom in
               10 feet of water. Constructed of iron tubes with bolt plates at the ends, and interspersed with steel cable
               and chains, the target is likely a part of shrimp net rigging (Pers. Comm. Capt. Jeff Clopton, 1992).
               Probing and a 20-foot circle search revealed no additional material.

                       The third anomaly (T-7-3 & T-8-3) was a shipwreck. During the circle search divers located
               a few rocks on a sandy bottom in 10 feet of water. Further investigation revealed the main pile of rocks
               heavily encrusted with living and dead oysters. The rocks varied in shape and size, although the majority

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                                                      Figure 12. Side Scan Sonograph of Fair Point Anomaly.

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          52

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                                                                                                                                     53
                   were smooth, round river cobbles, dark gray in color. The river cobble ranged in size from a few inches
                   to a foot. Other stones included small pieces of quartz and unidentified pieces of other minerals. No
                   artifacts, such as pottery, pipe stems, glass, or concreted iron objects, could be found on the surface of
                   the pile.

                           Removal of some of the rocks revealed wood. The roughly-surfaced piece of wood was eroded
                   at the tip, while underneath it was smooth and flat. If it were a part of a ship, the board most likely
                   is a ceiling plank. Additional search and probing revealed buried rock, but no wooden frameline of
                   a ship.

                           To learn more about the extent of the site and its magnetic character, several magnetometer
                   transects were run along the cardinal directions. These showed strong magnetic readings in and around
                   the ballast pile, suggesting a ship with metal fasteners.

                           Later, the Survey crew dug a test pit near the middle of the ballast pile. About 2 1/2 feet below
                   the ballast, divers encountered the dunnage, and then timbers, along with unglazed and black lead-glazed
                   coarse earthenware sherds. The timbers were a ceiling plank and a foot wale, and below these pieces,
                   a frame. Subsequent archaeological examinations at the site are discussed in the Emanuel Point Wreck
                   section in Chapter 7.

                   Pensacola Waterfront
                           On June 22, 1992, a local shrimper pointed out several targets which he had snagged many years
                   ago. Using visual ranges, magnetometer lanes were run over the specified areas. The first spot was located
                   off the Port of Pensacola warehouse, where the shrimper had pulled up some planks in his nets. Several
                   anomalies were discovered in the vicinity and their positions recorded. Off the Pensacola Auditorium,
                   the second anomaly barely fell out of range of the magnetic disturbance created by the auditorium
                   bulkhead. The shrimper stated that his nets had pulled up some concreted iron shavings; he believed
                   they were from an anchor. The next site was off the old Muscogee Dock, to which, on this particular
                   day, a metal barge was tied. Magnetic disturbances emanating from the barge masked the reported target
                   in question. The targets were not visually inspected immediately, and so far only the one with reports
                   of planks has been investigated.

                           Two separate days, June 26 and July 28, were spent trying to locate and pinpoint the magnetic
                   anomaly in the area. On the first attempt, the area was pinpointed by several magnetometer lanes. Soft
                   and deep mud hindered an effective visual search of the area. The second attempt fared no better. The
                   site, however, remains a priority, and during the winter months another ground-truthing expedition is
                   slated, along with a more intensive survey off the old Muscogee Dock.

                   Side-Scan Sonar Survey Areas

                   Santa Rosa Island-Pensacola Bay Side
                           Between September 8 and September 10, 1992, a side-scan sonar survey was conducted along the
                   north side of Santa Rosa Island. The survey area was divided into three parts: east, middle, and west
                   parts, to conform more closely to the navigation channel and to avoid a known disposal area. Poor weather,
                   however, prevented completion of the east survey area. Over 200 anomalies, some of which were duplicate
                   targets, were discovered in the combined sections. Most were interpreted on-boat as modern by the sonar
                   operator, consistent with reports of many objects having been dumped in the area for fishing spots,
                   military disposal, anchorages, etc. A priority list was established to ground-truth the most promising
                   sites. No targets in the west section warranted immediate ground-truthing. Many promising anomalies,
                   however, were located in the middle and east sections.

                           Ground-truthing in the middle and east sections was facilitated by using the sonar to pinpoint
                   each location. Eight anomalies in the middle section were chosen for immediate visual inspection by
                   divers. For the most part, these yielded no historically significant material. Three sites (#30; # 114; # 116),

           54
               covered by water ranging in depth from 30 to 50 feet, were found to be natural features of a barren
               sand bottom rippled with medium-sized sand ridges. Circle searches and probing discovered no material
               remains at the sites. Three sites (#30A; #91; #91E) were modern rubbish. The first site consisted of
               a car hood and tires, a boat steering wheel, and some metal cable. Cinder blocks and flanged iron or
               steel pipes littered the second site. The last target area was a group of car tires.

                       The remaining two anomalies (TMB; #111) contained historically significant material. A local
               charter boat captain reported that he had found a ballast pile some years ago and provided LOPs for
               the site (See Chapter 6, Captain Morris Bagleo). Sonar did not locate the site, but did show various objects
               adjacent to the pile that had been dumped over the years to attract fish. Persistent underwater search
               finally located the historic site which was most likely an anchorage. Artifacts included lumps of coal,
               iron scraps, glass fragments, a relish bottle, ceramic sherds, and ceramic ginger beer bottles. The reported
               ballast was probably the coal. No ship timbers could be found by probing, suggesting the site was an
               old anchorage.

                       The sonograph of Target #111 (Figure 13) was interpreted by the sonar operator as a stone ballast
               pile. Divers confirmed it to be a ballast pile and a shipwreck. A mound of river cobble, running east
               to west, first appeared in about 10 feet of water and extended into 22 feet of water along a sand bank.
               At the west end of the pile, timbers protruded from beneath the sand and stones. Several unidentified
               iron-encrusted objects littered the site. No other artifacts were observed. (See Chapter 7 for a full
               discussion and site plan of the Santa Rosa Island Wreck.)

                       In the eastern section of the sonar survey, several promising anomalies were ground-truthed.
               Visual inspections, however, showed that none of the sites were historically significant. One target (#233)
               was a strange thin cocoon-shaped object covered in plastic. Another (#260) was an industrial air
               conditioning unit and some car batteries. The presence of tires tied together and nearby metal indicated
               someone's fishing spot for one other anomaly (#307). The most promising sonograph anomaly (#234)
               in this section suggested two barges lying next to each other. Diver investigation revealed the anomaly
               as two car bodies. Other anomalies (#207; #214), after investigation, proved to be natural bottom features.

               Pensacola Naval Air Station Waterfront
                       Starting on September 12, 1992, several days were spent surveying along the Naval Air Station's
               southern waterfront from the USS Forrestal's pier to the Officer's Club in the west. Many anomalies
               were discovered during the survey of this area, and eleven potentially significant anomalies were targeted
               for ground- truthing. Out of the eleven, none had any historical importance.

                       Visual investigations of three anomalies (#565; #592; #583) by circle searching@ and towboarding
               did not locate any material. Squared logs comprised the main object of two other anomaly sites (#558;
               #728). At the first site no material was found in the vicinity of the log. During the towboarding search
               of the second anomaly, some metal cable and a tire was found near the log. In another spot located in
               the search area, two ceramic bowl fragments dating to the late nineteenth century, and a few pieces of
               broken glass were found in a shell hash bottom surrounded by 5-foot sand dunes. Additional investigation
               of the bottom did not disclose any more material culture.

                       Two other sites (#464; #511) consisted of scattered pieces of coal interspersed with modern
               material. The first site contained, in addition to coal, some bricks and an airplane landing assembly,
               including the tire. While coal and metal cable were initially found in the circle search and present in
               the sonograph, the sonograph also depicted an object casting a large acoustic shadow. Divers towboarding
               in the area eventually located the objects--two large cement mooring blocks. Modern metal objects,
               cable, small engines, etc., were found in two separate target (#578; 584) locations.

                       Two other acoustic targets appeared to be significant sites. The shape of one target (#470)
               resembled a barge's athwartship members (Figure 14). Visual inspection, however, revealed a series of
               stanchions supporting two large intake pipes for a steam plant on the Navy base. The sonar had detected
               the stanchions running parallel to the towfish, but did not identify the pipes running perpendicular to
               the path. Another anomaly (#554) on the sonograph showed a curving dark area with a sand dune dividing

                  around the site (Figure 15). This anomaly was a likely candidate for a shipwreck site due to the detection
                  of a geological change on the bottom, namely, a sand ridge parted around a low-lying area. The site
                  suggested the presence of some anomalous feature causing the ridge to move around it. Upon visual
                  inspection, the source of the anomaly was revealed to be a shell hash ridge partially surrounding a
                  shrimper's net which was tangled with metal cable, a cable hook, and diverse debris, and arranged in
                  a half-moon shape as revealed by the sonograph. Also during the towboarding search, other solitary
                  metal debris of various sizes and shapes was encountered while searching for the main anomaly.

                  West Side of Gulf Breeze
                          Since they had been previously surveyed with the magnetometer, several large and small areas
                  of promising magnetic anomalies were chosen for side-scan verification. Sections A, B, C, and E were
                  surveyed on September 12-13 and on September 16. Several significant anomalies were produced by
                  the sonar, five of which were ground-truthed on October 31, with the others slated for later visual
                  investigation. Examination of four targets produced no remains, while the fifth was a rock pile.

                          The sonograph showed a group of large anomalies at one location (#85 1), also masked by a rise
                  in elevation on the fathometer. A buoy was tossed on the mound and the diver landed on a rock pile
                  in 17 feet of water. Five rock piles were located, each containing large blocks of granite, as well as other
                  types of rocks and some bricks. The piles extended vertically from I foot to 3 feet from the bottom.
                  Investigation around the perimeter of the site yielded no evidences of a shipwreck, such as timbers,
                  frames, or machinery. The site is most likely a rock dump made up of construction waste.

                          At the four other sites (*803, #818, #836, #841) no material was discovered. At one site (#841)
                  wire mesh protruded above the sand surface. Another site (#818) contained a large amount of sponges.
                  The remaining two anomalies may have resulted from a sandy bottom pockmarked with large indentations
                  made by flounder and sting ray, and medium-sized undulating ridges.

                  Old Navy Cove
                          The magnetometer had previously located several rock piles in this area worthy of a second look
                  with the side-scan sonar. This sonar survey occurred on September 13, 1992. Buoys were used to mark
                  the site and sonar transects were run across a broad area around the buoy. During the search over the
                  primary targets, another anomaly was identified.

                          The first site (T-6-2) was the rock pile reported by the local Gulf Breeze resident. Several
                  transects over and around the site generated no additional data to contradict the previous interpretation
                  that the site was not a shipwreck. Sonar survey over the second site, T-134-2, identified asa dump area,
                  showed the pile to be about 30 feet long and 15 feet wide. Divers once again investigated the site and
                  found no material suggesting a shipwreck. The last target subjected to the sonar was the marine railway
                  footer said to be covering a wreck. Sonar transects at the site did not reveal the footer, and no additional
                  information was collected that would help deny or confirm the presence of a wreck.

                          As transects were conducted around target (T-134-2), an anomaly was detected by the sonar. The
                  target was round in shape on the sonograph, suggesting a rock dump. Underwater investigations revealed
                  a jumble of stones, bricks, and metal debris rising slightly above the mud surface.

                  Santa Rosa Sound
                          On September 16, 1992, a side-scan sonar survey was undertaken to locate the reported "Treenail
                  Wreck." Armed with new coordinates placing the wreck 600 yards southwest of the previous area searched
                  with the magnetometer, Survey crew ran sonar transects over a large area surrounding the marker buoy,
                  and along the 18-foot contour of the sand bank. Five anomalies were discovered, of which only one
                  remotely corresponded to the reported wreck location. The anomaly ran in a east-to-west axis along
                  the sand bank. Ground-truthing operations were conducted using the magnetometer to locate the
                  anomalies, and results are discussed above under the Santa Rosa Sound magnetometer section.

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                                                        CHAPTER 6. INTERVIEWS

                  Introduction

                          One of the most productive and least expensive methods of locating shipwreck sites involved
                  interviewing boaters, fishermen, and divers.         Through interviews, the Survey hoped to locate
                  undocumented wrecks, and possibly gain new information about wreck sites already recorded. Often,
                  names of other people who might also provide information were obtained during the interviews.

                          Nautical charts marked with documented wreck sites were used during the interviews to orient
                  the discussions, to pinpoint undocumented sites, and to reference search areas recommended by the
                  informant. Interviews were recorded on audiotape and later transcribed into a permanent record. As
                  a result of these interviews, many wreck sites and associated debris fields were located and documented.

                          Several approaches were used to locate people who had knowledge of shipwreck sites or who had
                  recovered artifacts from local shipwrecks. The first step was public outreach by the Survey. Numerous
                  contacts were made by giving lectures to groups and organizations in the Pensacola area. After nearly
                  every lecture, people came forward with information about wreck sites or names of people who knew
                  of wreck sites. Another tool used to solicit information was the informant form. These forms were
                  distributed to bait and tackle stores and dive shops in the Pensacola area. The forms asked for shipwreck
                  specifics such as LORAN-C location, construction material, and associated artifacts. Response to the
                  forms was not as numerous as originally hoped for, but the interviews led to the discovery of several
                  sites. Those interviewed included a mullet fisherman, a shrimper, a navy diver, a charter boat captain,
                  a college professor, and a dive shop owner.

                  Mr. Howard Bernard
                          In 1991 Dr. Roger Smith contacted Major Calvin Dixon of the Florida Marine Patrol. During
                  a visit with the Major at Marine Patrol headquarters in Pensacola, Dr. Smith learned of an area in
                  Butcherpen Cove where several artifacts had been found in the past. Maj. Dixon provided the telephone
                  number of Mr. Howard Bernard, a long-time resident and mullet fisherman in Pensacola. Maj. Dixon
                  said Mr. Bernard would know more about the artifacts and wreck sites found in this area.

                          On August 12, 1992, Chuck Hughson, Delia Scott, and James Spirek of the Pensacola Shipwreck
                  Survey met Mr. Bernard to look for his sites in East Bay. Mr. Bernard told the staff that over the years,
                  while setting gill nets in this area of the bay, he had found several ballast piles and shipwreck sites.

                          Mr. Bernard accompanied the staff for the day and directed them to the wreck site of a wooden
                  vessel off Action Point. Due to low visibility, divers ground-truthed the area using a circle search line
                  and probe. After probing to a radius of fifty feet around an oyster bed, no evidence of a shipwreck
                  was found. Mr. Bernard said the wreck might be twenty yards or so to the north. A marker buoy was
                  placed at that position and LORAN-C coordinates were obtained. To date no further search for the site
                  has been conducted.

                          Mr. Bernard then directed the staff to another site east of the public landing near the powerline
                  crossing over East Bay. This site was reported to have several ballast piles and a metal structure resembling
                  a keel or a keelson. Divers found an area of large rocks, but no keel or keelson. Mr. Bernard recommended
                  that the search in this area be resumed in the fall or winter when clearer water prevails.

                          The next site to which Mr. Bernard directed the Survey was called the PVC wreck; it lay on a
                  sandy bottom with moderate silt cover in eight feet of water. The marker, a piece of PVC pipe protruding
                  six feet out of the water, gave the site its name. Mr. Bernard had heard stories from some of the old-
                  time fishermen who said that this wreck was a fishing smack belonging to the Warren Fish Company
                  of Pensacola.

                          While diving this site, the staff discovered several frame tops on two foot centers protruding above

           64                                                                                                                           e
               the sand. Following the frame line the divers found a modern radio antenna and coaxial cable. Planking
               heavily encrusted with oyster shells was also found. The planks were relatively thin in both thickness
               and width; one small iron nail was found adhered to the planks. The plank edges were relatively tight
               and the presence of caulking between the planks could not be determined. An area thought to be either
               a hatch or a live well was also discovered. To date, bow and stern orientation has not been determined.                  C
               Mr. Bernard also reported another ballast pile in the same general area. He last recalled seeing this site
               four years ago. Searching for the site with a fathometer did not produce any leads.

                       On September 3, 1992, the staff met with Mr. Bernard once again, this time to investigate a ballast
               pile and a barrel well site in Butcherpen Cove. This was the site reported to Maj. Dixon, where several
               artifacts were retrieved. Some of the artifacts previously found included pottery, metal fragments, and
               bone. The site is located on the east side of Butcherpen Cove on the shoreline of the Naval Live Oaks
               preserve. The area around the site was probed and several artifacts were located. Artifacts observed
               included ceramic sherds and metal fragments. The barrel well itself was not located. Mr. Bernard stated
               the last time he saw the well was during the fall. He believes that the prevailing north winds during
               the fall and winter will once again uncover the well. The search for the ballast pile also proved fruitless.
               Mr. Bernard stated that the trick to locating sites in the Butcherpen Cove area depends on searching during
               the times of maximum water clarity, mainly during the winter.

                       Searching for wreck sites with Mr. Bernard was time well spent. Several ballast piles and wreck
               sites were documented and reported locations were noted, due to his information.

               Captain Jeff Cloplon
                       In May of 1992 Michael Williamson and James Spirek interviewed Capt. Jeff Clopton, a life-
               long resident of Pensacola, who comes from a long line of fishermen, since he is the third generation
               of his family to commercially shrimp the waters of Pensacola Bay. During the last two field seasons,
               Capt. Clopton provided the Survey with several shipwreck locations in different areas of the bay. Most
               of the sites were areas that he tried to avoid over the years, due to fear of snagging his shrimp net.

                       The first Clopton site investigated this year was in shallow water near the fish houses at the foot
               of B Street. Capt. Clopton originally showed the Survey this location in 1991. Ground-truthing of this
               area revealed two wrecks. The first wreck at this location appears to be a schooner, whose remains are
               one-hundred- fifty feet long and copper-sheathed. The vessel was heavily constructed and fastened using
               brass spikes and drift pins. The second wreck, a small barge seventy-seven feet long and twenty-eight
               feet wide, is similar to the one found in Bayou Chico and documented in 1991. (See Chapter 7 for a
               full discussion of these wrecks.)

                       In June of 1992, Capt. Clopton took the staff to four locations where he had snagged his shrimp
               nets in the past. The first site lies close to the port warehouse at the Municipal Pier; the second is just
               south of Bayfront Auditorium; the third lies south of the old sailing loft island at the entrance of Baylen
               Street slip; and the fourth site is located near the southwest corner of old Muscogee Wharf. By using
               a magnetorneter, the staff was able to detect a magnetic anomaly at each of these locations.

                       On June 26, 1992, the site off the port warehouse was visually investigated. Capt. Clopton reported
               pulling up boards from this site with his shrimp net. Ground-truthing of the site with a hand-held probe
               failed to locate a wreck. On July 28, 1992, the staff used the magnetometer at this site, hoping that it
               would produce the original anomaly. After scanning the area for several hours, no anomalies were found
               and the search was called off.

                        During the field season Capt. Clopton continually provided the Survey with wreck locations and
               information about past maritime activities in Pensacola Bay. Capt. Clopton's vast knowledge of the snags
               in the bay was quite useful and helped locate several wreck sites.

                                                                                                                               65

                  Mr. Ray Manuel
                          On August 6, 1992, Williamson and Spirek interviewed Mr. Ray Manuel at his residence in
                  Pensacola. Mr. Manuel has been part of the diving community of Pensacola since the mid- 1950s. He
                  once worked for the late Joe Kingry at Skipper's Dive Shop in downtown Pensacola. In the mid-1960s,
                  Ray left Skipper's to open his own dive shop, called Ray Manuel's Diving.

                          During a phone conversation with Mr. Manuel two days prior to the interview he informed the
                  staff that he did not have much information on wreck locations; however, he could pinpoint modern
                  metal debris sites in the bay. Mr. Manuel obtained this information while working for many years as
                  a commercial diver, retrieving objects and materials lost during construction and dredging projects
                  throughout the bay.

                          Several sites of modern debris in the bay were pointed out by Mr. Manuel. The first site lies
                  on the bottom of the bay, about two city blocks from the southeast end of the Port of Pensacola. The
                  site consists of three to four joints of thirty-inch drain pipe with bell housings. The second site is a
                  sunken aircraft located two hundred yards south of the east corner of Bayfront Auditorium. The third
                  site lies between Muscogee Wharf and the center of the Bay Bridge and consists of a forty-foot steel
                  hull. The fourth site, in the middle of the bay in the shipping channel, consists of hundreds of steel
                  drums linked together and used during a dredging operation. Mr. Manuel also noted that on one occasion,
                  while working in this area, shaped timbers were found. The fifth and last modern debris site Mr. Manuel
                  pointed out is located two hundred yards west of the second hump of the Bay Bridge heading into Gulf
                  Breeze. This site consists of a huge I-beam with a large metal ball on the end.

                          Mr. Manuel informed the staff of several wreck site locations in the bay. He was not able to
                  pinpoint their exact locations; however, he was able to point out their general locations and give the names
                  of other divers who would know more about these sites.

                          The first possible wreck site lies offshore from the power plant on Pensacola Naval Air Station.
                  The site, a popular dive with sport divers, is called the "steam pipes." Mr. Manuel claims this area has
                  been a hot spot for treasure hunters for years. Mr. Manuel stated that west of the steam pipes and parallel
                  with the shore, a bank exists where the water changes depth from twenty-four feet to eighteen feet.
                  Several large anchors and many artifacts are scattered on the bottom in this area. He was not positive
                  that a wreck is associated with this debris, but he does recommend checking the area.

                          The second site was a barge containing lead that sank in Perdido Bay. Mr. Manuel did not know
                  the exact location of this site; however, he did mention that another man found this wreck in the 1960s
                  and would know more about its location.

                          The third site is prehistoric and is located in Pensacola Pass, offshore from the steel jetties at
                  Fort McRee. The site consists of a group of huge tree stumps extending up from the bottom. Ray
                  mentioned that several people have dove this site many times in the past and should be contacted for
                  a more exact location.

                          The fourth site also lies in the pass. Mr. Manuel called this site the "boiler wreck." It has been
                  a local hot spot for flounder for years. He also mentioned he heard there are three other wrecks within
                  swimming distance from this site.

                          The fifth site is in the bay off Mustin Beach on NAS. Mr. Manuel mentioned he heard divers
                  talking about two different wrecks in this area. A precise location for these wrecks was not given.

                          The sixth site mentioned was a ballast pile in the Gulf on Caucus Shoal. The site lies on the shoal
                  halfway between the Pass and the USS Massachusetts. Divers allegedly retrieved large pieces of lead
                  from this site in the 1970s.

                          The seventh site lies in the Gulf on the second sandbar, in an area called "the slabs," offshore
                  from the bank on Pensacola Beach. This wreck is in approximately fifteen feet of water. A local story
                  concerning the wreck is that two cannons were taken from the site in the early 1970s and placed in a

                                                                                                                                         0
           66
               creek in Alabama to preserve them. These cannons were later found by someone else and removed from
               the creek. Mr. Manuel also mentioned this site was blown using a prop-wash deflector, or mail box.
               He said that while this operation was going on, several crystal items were removed from the ballast.

                        The eighth site is located off Gulf Breeze near the mouth of Gilmore Bayou. Mr. Manuel
               mentioned that a diver found a set of brass doors and a scupper valve on this site.

                        The ninth and last site, the "cannon wreck," is in Butcherpen Cove. According to Mr. Manuel,
               local shrimpers mentioned seeing two bronze cannons from their boats there in the early 1960s.

                        The most valuable information obtained from Mr. Manuel during the interview were the names
               of other divers who have actually been on the sites he discussed. Contacting these divers might shed
               light on the exact locations of these sites.

               Captain Morris Bagleo
                        On August 11, 1992, Williamson interviewed Capt. Morris Bagleo. Capt. Bagleo has been an avid
               diver and fisherman for the past thirty years. As a captain licensed by the Coast Guard, Capt. Bagleo
               has owned and operated several charter boats over the years. On the evening of this interview, Mr. David
               Pilkenton, another local diver, was at the residence of Capt. Bagleo and also shared some information
               on shipwreck locations.

                        The first wreck location noted by Mr. Pilkenton is between one-quarter and one-half mile
               southeast of the mouth of Bayou Grande. Mr. Pilkenton has dived this site several times and stated that
               the area has a mud bottom with low visibility. There are large, shaped timbers associated with the site.
               Mr. Pilkenton is not positive that this site is a shipwreck; however, he did say the area has many ballast
               stones.

                        The second site reported is located on the Fort Pickens side of Pensacola Pass. The site is a ballast
               pile in twenty-five feet of water. This site is located in the same area Ray Manual pointed out during
               a previous interview. According to Mr. Manuel, this site is a barge found by George Moodey in the
               1960s. Capt. Bagleo said he has not dived the site since the last dredging of the Pass, and that he was
               not certain the site was still there after the dredging.

                        The next possible wreck site pointed out is off Johnson's Beach in the Gulf. The site is a ballast
               pile lying inside the second sandbar. This site, when not covered by sand, is visible from the surface.

                        The fourth site was another ballast pile in seventeen feet of water. This site is in line with the
               picnic grounds on the Bay side of Fort Pickens.

                        The next site described by Capt. Bagleo appears to be the same site discussed by Ray Manual
               in connection with the "great cannon caper." According to Capt. Bagleo, this wreck lies within the second
               sandbar on Pensacola Beach. Before Hurricane Frederick struck in 1979, Capt. Bagleo used the end of
               the fishing pier and the Holiday Inn on Fort Pickens Road as land ranges to locate the wreck. The wreck
               is said to be almost in line with the Holiday Inn. Capt. Bagleo reported that the wreck has been covered
               since 1979, but is certain a magnetometer will find it.

                        The last wreck pointed out is in the Bay off Fort Pickens. This wreck is in forty feet of water
               near Fort Pickens and across the Bay from the USS Forrestal berthing. Capt. Bagleo has dived on this
               wreck for the past ten years and reported seeing many old bottles. On one occasion he saw something
               that resembled a cannon sticking out of the bank by the site. Capt. Bagleo also said he heard stories
               about a wood-stock anchor being removed from the site in the 1980s. In August of 1992, the staff of
               the Shipwreck Survey dived the site. During the ground-truthing of this area, several old bottles and
               a pile of coal were found. The area also contained several large piles of modern metal debris used as
               an artificial reef for fishing. An extensive search of this area failed to locate a shipwreck. In September
               this area was surveyed with a side-scan sonar, but to date, no shipwreck has been found in association
               with the site.

                                                                                                                              67
                          The information obtained from Capt. Bagleo produced several possible new sites to check. The
                  information also confirmed the locations of some sites given by other people during previous interviews.

                  Mr. Ray Smith
                          On August 24, 1992, Spirek interviewed Mr. Ray Smith at the water training school at Pensacola
                  Naval Air Station where Mr. Smith is an instructor. Mr. Smith also operates a dive charter operation
                  called Dot's Divers. Mr. Smith admitted that his main interest in the bay is to find fishing spots, but
                  over the years while looking for these spots he has found many artifacts in various parts of the bay. One
                  of the more significant artifacts Mr. Smith found was an inkwell that dated from the 1700s.

                          Mr. Smith mentioned that during the 1980s he conducted several major expeditions to locate
                  fishing sites along Santa Rosa Island near Fort Pickens. The most intensive effort involved use of three
                  boats and several divers to search this area. While searching, the divers found scattered artifacts and
                  a couple of shipwrecks.

                          The first wreck Mr. Smith pointed out was found during his big fishing site expedition. The
                  inkwell he retrieved came from this area. The site lies on the north side of Santa Rosa Island in about
                  thirty feet of water near Fort Pickens. The second site is in the northwest corner of the turning basin.
                  Mr. Smith stated that a rock pile and three possible wreck sites are in this area. He mentioned that one
                  of these wrecks contained a couple of cannon several years ago.

                          The third site is very close to the wreck of the Rhoda. Mr. Smith stated that this site contains
                  a ballast pile with fragments of copper sheathing lying on the bottom. Mr. Smith also mentioned that
                  an anchor is present on this site.

                          The majority of the sites Mr. Smith mentioned during the interview have not been surveyed to
                  date. In September, while using a side-scan sonar to survey the north side of Santa Rosa Island, a shipwreck
                  site was found in the same general vicinity where Mr. Smith reported finding the inkwell.

                  Mr. Robert Duncan
                          On June 2, 1992, Robert Duncan, a life-long resident of Gulf Breeze, was interviewed by James
                  Spirek and Charles Hughson. Mr. Duncan's family was one of the original land grant holders of the area
                  between Fair Point and the present-day Pensacola Bay Bridge. Mr. Duncan comes from a long line of
                  fisherman, and spent a large part of his life fishing the Gulf Breeze peninsula. The first site to which
                  MT. Duncan took the staff consisted of two rock piles on the sandy flats at the west end of Old Navy
                  Cove. One rock pile consisted of river cobble, and the other of large slabs of concrete. Divers probed
                  both sites looking for wood and fasteners; neither were found. These sites are in approximately four
                  feet of water. The second site was a barge that was discovered while looking for the previously mentioned
                  rock pile. The barge was sixty feet long, thirty-six feet wide, and heavily constructed with longitudinal
                  exterior strakes and perpendicular frames. It appeared similar to other barges found in this area that were
                  built in the early 1900s. (See Chapter 7 for a full discussion of the site.)

                          The third site was another barge site called the "Cuban Barges." This wreck was not found on
                  that day. Mr. Duncan also reported two other barges sunk in the 1940s near this location, but was not
                  able to pinpoint their exact location.

                  Dr. William Bennett
                          On October 26, 1992, an interview was conducted by Michael Williamson with Dr. William
                  Bennett. Dr. Bennett is professor of biology and botany at Pensacola Junior College. Over the years
                  Dr. Bennett led several expeditions looking for submerged prehistoric tree sites, and he mentioned two
                  items of interest. The first was a pig tooth found in the Kennacer River almost twenty years ago. The
                  second item of interest was a rock pile located between the jetties and the fishing pier at Fort Pickens.
                  Dr. Bennett reported finding several prehistoric projectile points in this rock pile in the early 1970s. He
                  said this rock pile was easy to find because it caused turbulence in the currents and formed what he

           68
               described as a small whirlpool over the site. The area containing the rock pile mentioned by Dr. Bennett
               was not surveyed. If time permits this area will be ground-truthed.

               Captain Fred Kelly
                       In August of 1992, Capt. Fred Kelly was interviewed by James Spirek and Dr. Roger Smith. After
               the interview, Capt. Kelly invited the staff of the Shipwreck Survey onboard his boat, Nancy B, to show
               the locations of two wreck sites explored by local divers over the years.

                      The first wreck site is said to be the wreck of the Northern Lights. Capt. Kelly did not have
               any information about this wreck other than its location. Ground-truthing of the site revealed a large
               ballast pile and a section of keel. Capt. Kelly also showed the staff another wreck site consisting of a
               composite-built wooden barge. Both of these sites were in twenty feet of water on the north side of
               Caucus Shoal, to the west of Pensacola Pass.

                       The information provided by Capt. Kelly was very useful. Not only did he provide the staff
               with the locations of two previously undocumented wreck sites, but he was also able to provide
               information about salvage activities on the USS Massachusetts during the 1950s and 1960s.

               Conclusions

                      Recording oral history from the public was quite productive during the course of the 1992 field
               season. Many previously unknown wreck sites and ballast piles were located and documented because
               of the information obtained during these interviews. Response by the public was good, and showed that
               members of the Pensacola community were interested in finding and preserving their submerged cultural
               resources.

                                                                                                                                 69

                                        CHAPTER 7. WRECK INVENTORY AND DESCRIPTIONS

                          The following chapter discusses the various wrecks investigated by the Survey throughout the
                  bay (Figure 16). Most sites were identified through interviews, and two of the sites were discovered
                  by magnetic and acoustic devices during the remote sensing survey. These two may possibly represent
                  colonial shipwrecks, as yet undated, while the rest are associated with the maritime expansion period
                  in the mid to late 1800s.

                  PSS Site Number-                T-7-3
                  Site Name:                      Emanuel Point Wreck
                  Florida Site File Number        8ES1980

                  Site Location
                          The site is located off Emanuel Point in Escambia Bay in approximately 10 feet of water. Orange
                  quartz sand surrounds shell hash around the exposed ballast rock. About 0.6 feet below this layer is a
                  compact lens of shell hash and darker sediments. Among the ballast rock, the sediment consists of shell
                  hash and a gray sand deposit. The ballast consists of light gray river cobble, ranging in size from several
                  inches to about a foot and a half, and other miscellaneous lithics.

                  Site Description
                          A baseline was set along the longitudinal axis of the vessel. Exposed ballast rock extended for
                  a distance of some 40 feet, and at its widest point was 23 feet broad on a northwest to southeast orientation.
                  The rock was heavily encrusted with living oysters. No artifacts were found lying on or around the pile,
                  to identify the site as a shipwreck. Three test pits, designated A, B, and C, were dug in the central region
                  of the ballast pile.

                          In test pit A, the surface layer consisted of large rocks overlying slightly smaller rocks. With
                  increasing depth, different kinds and shapes of stones were encountered, including quartz and chalk,
                  and some large flat rocks. Around the latter were very small, flat, river cobbles. Also, in and below
                  this layer was woody detritus, or dunnage. The layer of dunnage rested on the timbers, which were a
                  ceiling plank and a foot wale. Also in this layer were pottery sherds of both unglazed and glazed coarse
                  earthenware and an animal rib fragment. Under these timbers were two frames.

                          The test pit was approximately 4 feet in diameter and about 2 feet deep. The sediment profile
                  consisted of a shell hash mixed with dark sediment extending down to about a foot or so, then a very
                  compact layer of gray sand and silt.

                          All the timbers were measured. The foot wale measured 0.5 feet sided and 0.6 feet molded, with
                  two beveled edges on either side. The foot wale rose above the ceiling plank by 0.3 feet. Between the
                  ceiling plank and foot wale was some caulking, a white hard substance that broke apart when squeezed.
                  Measuring I feet sided and 0.2 feet molded, the ceiling plank exhibited two sets of fastener holes, but
                  no evidence of trunnels or iron. The fasteners were arranged with a probable treenail and spike almost
                  in-line. They were 0.3 feet apart, and I foot from the next set. Trunnel diameter measured 0.1 foot.
                  Below the ceiling plank, the fasteners did not line up with frames. The frames were 0.6 feet sided and
                  molded, on I foot centers. Room and space measured 0.6 feet. A lap joint connected the next set of
                  futtocks, most likely the second futtock, which had a concretion near the top near the ceiling plank. The
                  foot wale was let into the frame by 0.3 feet.

                          In test pit B, the same ballast profile was encountered, except that the depth was about 1.5 feet
                  before the top of the foot wale was reached, where excavation was halted. Again, coarse earthenware
                  sherds were located nearby and on the footwale. In addition to the ceramics, a leather sole and an animal
                  vertebrae were collected for analysis.

                          Discovery of the two foot wales allowed prediction of the main mast step's location. Removal
                  of the ballast lens in test pit C revealed the interchange between mast step and keelson. The keelson
                  measured 1. 1 foot wide, while the mast step area flared out to 1.5 feet. On the keelson was a rectangular

           70
               incision 0.35 feet by 0.25 feet and 0.05 feet deep. Approximately 0.5 feet away was a disarticulated wood
               piece, possibly representing a buttress. The piece was 0.2 feet sided and 0.5 feet wide. Next, about 1.9
               feet away from the incision, the mast step rose above the normal plane. A concavity for the bilge pump
               shaft, located on the south side, was carved into the mast step starting at 1.9 feet and terminating at 3.1
               feet from the rectangle. Diameter of the bilge pump shaft was estimated to have been 1.4 feet. There
               was no other evidence of pump parts, although one piece of iron was discovered nearby. Probing inside
               the bilge pump area and soupy sediments, and between the floors, revealed the exterior strakes, a host
               of coarse earthenware sherds, and bilge scum. Additionally, the limber holes were discovered; they
               measured 0.2 feet long and 0.05 feet high.

                       Next to the pump well was a timber that may have been a buttress. The eroded nature of the
               transition between the two parts precluded determining if the arrangement comprised floor, ceiling, and
               then buttress, or just floor to buttress. Also, the mast step section of the keelson was let in over the
               floors. The mast step was notched 0.3 feet over the 0.9 feet molded floor, and was 1.2 feet thick. From
               top of the mast step to the exterior strakes measured 2 feet.

                       Ceiling planks on the south side of the mast step and keelson were I foot wide. The plank
               extending westwards was carved around the mast step flare. Also, a ceiling joint.6 feet from the rectangle
               was discerned, and next to that another plank run.

                       Samples for analysis were taken from each of the exposed wooden timbers: keelson/mast step,
               buttress, chock, ceiling, and foot wale. The faunal remains, shoe fragment, caulking, bilge scum, and
               dunnage were retrieved for examination as well. Additionally, foreign material inside two earthenware
               sherds was scraped and sent for study.

               Artifacts
                       Categories of artifacts recovered included ceramic, faunal, metal, and leather remains. Coarse
               earthenware, both glazed and unglazed, was the most common artifact.

                       The majority of the earthenware sherds were recovered on the timbers, although two sherds were
               found in the ballast column, and one on top of the pile. Many of the unglazed sherds exhibited a bluish-
               gray slip. The glazed sherds were mostly black and primarily glazed on the inside, although several were
               glazed on both sides. One sherd had an oily bluish glaze on one side. No refined earthenware or table
               ware was discovered. The recovered sherds are probably the remnants of olive jars. The style ranges
               from early to middle. One unidentified piece of coarse earthenware is quite thick and has a fragment
               of foot protruding from the side. It is thought to be a fragment of a cooking brazier.

                       Faunal remains include one vertebra and two rib fragments. Two of the bones, the vertebra and
               one rib, are tentatively identified as coming from either a pig or goat, while the other larger bone might
               have come from a cow or horse. These will be examined by a specialist.

                       Shoe leather representing the sole around the heel of a shoe or boot was also recovered. The
               fragment exhibits signs of being stitched around the exterior.

                       The metal recovered is a piece of wrought iron. The fragment measured approximately 05 feet
               by 03 feet; its function is not known. Relatively free of corrosion, the fragment suggests that iron on
               the site is well preserved.

               Threats to Site
                       Presently, only a few people know the site is a shipwreck. Others know it as a fishing spot, as
               evidenced by the presence of fishing line and tackle. Thus, the site is unknown to the public and
               apparently has not been salvaged in modern times. An indiscreet disclosure could jeopardize further
               study of the ship's architecture and contents. Unfortunately, the threat to this site is high. Some local
               residents have already shown that attention drawn to a valuable archaeological shipwreck site will lead
               to pilfering and molestation.

                                                                                                                                     71

                  Assessment
                           The site represents a previously undetected shipwreck in Pensacola Bay. Based on the lack of
                  artifacts on top of the ballast pile, the wreck was most likely salvaged shortly after its demise. The
                  misaligned trunnel and spike locations and the absence of exterior strakes under the frames in test pit
                  A suggest the sinking was likely catastrophic. In the bay this could only mean a hurricane.

                           The presence of only coarse earthenware suggests the ship was a merchantman or possibly a
                  transport ship. As for nationality or time period, further research and analysis are necessary. For now,
                  the shipwreck is identified as a colonial in age.

                  Recommendations
                           The site is an ideal candidate for restricted access status regardless of its relationship to Pensacola's
                  development. In any event, the exact location should not be released until an intensive archaeological
                  survey can begin. Additional archaeological investigation could be undertaken by a group of sport divers
                  with permission of the Bureau, through a university field school, or by a graduate student for requirements
                  of a master's or doctoral degree.

                  PSS Site Number                   T-1-4
                  Site Name:                        Wayside Park Site
                  Florida Site File Number:         8ES1902

                  Site location
                           Located in 4 feet of water, the site is approximately 50 yards offshore of the Gulf Breeze Wayside
                  Park. The outline of the site can be seen from the shore. Bottom sediments at the site consist of a layer
                  of soft fine silt on top of granular quartz sand. Under the quartz sand is fine gray sand mixed with white
                  ash-colored deposit.

                  General Site Description
                           A large ballast pile and two timbers make up the site. The ballast pile extends 35 feet east to
                  west and 50 feet north to south. The ballast is small river cobbles, generally hand size, although some
                  larger stones are interspersed throughout the pile. Encrusted on the ballast stones are very large oyster
                  shells. The timbers are approximately 12 feet west of the main ballast pile (Figure 17).

                           The larger of the two parallel timbers measured 14.8 feet long by 1.2 feet in width. On the topside
                  of the timber are four bolt holes 0.1 feet in diameter. The smaller timber is 3.3 feet in length and 1.2
                  feet in width. Copper cladding is fastened to the timbers with bronze sheathing tacks 0.1 feet in length.
                  The exposed area of the timbers appeared burned. Fifteen feet west of the timbers was a scatter of
                  concreted metal. Some of the objects are fasteners, but it is not known if they are associated with the
                  ballast pile and timbers.

                           A 100-foot circle search revealed no additional timbers or structure associated with the site. One
                  test pit was dug to search for ship structure under the ballast pile. Several pottery sherds were encountered,
                  but no wood was found.

                  Artifacts
                           Pottery sherds, pipe stems, chert, and broken glass were recovered from the ballast pile for
                  analysis. The pottery consisted of stoneware, feathered annular-banded whiteware, and a sherd of tin-
                  glazed coarse earthenware, possibly Delft, dating to around the early nineteenth century.

                  Assessment
                           The Wayside Park Site contains fasteners, timbers, and ballast suggesting that it could be a wreck
                  site. Or, the site could represent an old ballast dumping site or possibly a docking site from the late 19th
                  century.

           72

               Recommendations
                       Additional survey work is needed to determine whether the site is a shipwreck or a ballast dump.
               Several test pits dug in strategic locations might reveal ship timbers. If no wood is found in the test
               pits, the site is probably a ballast dump area and needs no further investigation. Wood structure, however,
               would confirm the existence of a ship dating to no later than the early nineteenth century. Further
               investigations could reveal the nature, integrity, artifactual content, and type of vessel lying under the
               ballast rock.

               PSS Site Number                 T- 11-2
               Site Name:                      Old Navy Cove Barge
               Florida Site File Number        8SR1249

               General Location
                       This vessel is located in four feet of water at the western end of Old Navy Cove on the north
               side of Gulf Breeze. Bottom sediment is quartz sand.

               General Site Description
                       The remains probably represent a barge. Most of the structure is covered by sand. Portions of
               timbers that are above sand level are eroded and worm eaten. The longitudinal axis extends 55.8 feet,
               the transverse axis extends 31.4 feet. All exposed timbers were mapped (Figure 18).                                     AU

                       Thirteen transverse beams are visible on the north side of the vessel. Presumably, others are
               covered by sand. Each exposed beam measured either 0.4 or 0.5 feet. Construction techniques were
               noted at the exposed northwest corner of the barge. A triangular chock or knee is fitted into the corner.
               This piece extends 1.4 feet and 2.0 feet along the outside transverse beam and the outside longitudinal
               beam, respectively. A second brace is fitted under the triangular chock and extends to 2.4 feet along
               the transverse beam and 2.5 feet along the longitudinal beam, where it meets the first inner transverse
               beam. This brace may be triangular in shape also, but because it extends under the upper chock, this
               is not known. No fasteners were noted. The interior of the barge is littered with corroded metal items,
               some identifiable as fasteners. Two items that appear to be ladders were noted and measured. They
               measure 2 feet long and just over I foot wide. Both have flanges at the ends of the uprights. One ladder
               has two rungs, while the other has only one. Other noted metal items include two L-shaped pieces and
               two circular "donut" pieces, one between the second and third inner transverse beams.

               Threats to Site
                       This site is threatened by erosion caused by wave action. It is located in a very dynamic area
               of Old Navy Cove and will suffer from the continuous pounding of the waves. Beach construction and
               the proposed dredging of a channel into Bayou Gilmore may have adverse effects on this site. Presently,
               the site appears to periodically uncover and cover depending on the season.

               Assessment
                       This site is probably the remains of a barge dating to the turn of the century. Like many of the
               many vessels in Old Navy Cove, the barge may have been abandoned after reaching the end of its
               usefulness.

               Recommendations
                       Additional investigations could reveal the past function of the barge and offer the chance to
               compare construction details with the other barges in Pensacola Bay.

               PSS Site Number-                T141E
               Site Name:                      B Street Schooner
               Florida Site File Number        8ES1903

                                                                                           I'r

                                                                                 Bayou Texar

                                                            Bayou Chico

                                                                                 PENSACOLA BAY
                          Bayou Grande

                                                                                                 Gulf B

                       IV
                           Pass
                              '@@ata         .. @sl a,

                                                   Figure 16. Map of Wreck Locations.

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                  General Location
                          The site lies off the foot of B Street, east of Bayou Chico, in about 3 to 5 feet of water. Bottom
                  sediments consist of a soft yellow sand lightly covered with silt.

                  General Site Description
                          A baseline was set along the center of the hull and all measurements are in reference to it. The
                  large wooden hull measuring 149.6 feet in length and 34 feet in beam lay on a north to south axis, with
                  the bow at the south (Figure 19). Exposed features consisted of the gripe and stempost, stern post and
                  possibly the rudder, the frameline of the hull, exterior and ceiling planks, bronze fasteners, and
                  miscellaneous concreted metal objects. Positive identification of several exposed features was hampered
                  by heavy oyster encrustation. Several scour areas along the eastern section of the wreck revealed that
                  the hull was copper sheathed. The wreck also showed some evidence of fire.

                          The bow consisted of the eroded and oyster- encrusted tops of the gripe and the stempost. At
                  the northern end of the wreck, sand and oyster overburden hindered identification of the stern assembly.
                  The two exposed pieces represented either the stern knee and stern post, or the stern post and the rudder.
                  No gudgeon straps or pintles were discovered to aid in the identification.

                          Room and space measurements varied throughout the wreck. In the northeast section at 20 feet
                  on the baseline, room measured approximately I foot and space of 0.1 feet. Elsewhere in the wreck,
                  room measured I foot and space 0.4 to 0.5 feet. Frames generally had a molded dimension of I foot
                  and a sided dimension of 1.5 feet. Futtocks were single and butt-joined to form the frames. Between
                  one pair of frames on the western side of the wreck, two thin bronze pieces curved upward along and
                  inside the space between two frames from the bilge, and between the exterior and ceiling planks. Too
                  thin to represent structural straps, they may have some association with the bilge pump or may have acted
                  as an air vent to the keelson and floor area of the ship. Exterior strakes had a molded dimension of
                  0.8 feet and a sided dimension of 0.3 feet. Ceiling planks measured 0.9 feet wide and 0.3 feet thick.

                          Throughout the site, brass fasteners were encountered lying on the sand surface. Two fasteners,
                  a hand-forged spike and a ball-peened through-bolt, were retrieved. The square-shanked spike measured
                  0.7 feet long with a blunt wedge tip. Measuring 1.7 feet, the through-bolt had one rounded end and
                  a ball-peened end with a rove. The rove was 0.1 foot in diameter. Spikes and through-bolts were also
                  noted fastening the frames, exterior and ceiling strakes. One set of through-bolts was exposed showing
                  a spacing of 2.1 feet along a frame.

                          In addition to the readily identified spikes and through-bolts, various unidentified concreted
                  metal objects, metal cable, and wood pieces littered the interior of the wreck. At the 13@ foot mark
                  along the baseline, some large ballast stones and small pieces of worn rock were exposed. For the most
                  part, however, the wreck's sandy interior remained free of debris.

                  Threats to Site
                          The site apparently is not well known and is in an area removed from active boat traffic and
                  diving activities. Widespread knowledge of the site could cause those interested in obtaining brass
                  fasteners to destroy the wreck to get the metal. However, this is an unlikely event due to its relatively
                  obscure location in the bay. No environmental threats such as erosion are anticipated in the near future.

                  Assessment
                          The hull of the vessel is sturdily built, fastened with bronze spikes and through-bolts. Hull
                  remains probably survive to the turn of the bilge. The vessel, tentatively identified as a schooner, probably
                  dates to the middle or late nineteenth-century. A previous assessment suggested the site could represent
                  a drydock associated with the Ollinger & Bruce Shipyard which was located nearby. The recent
                  investigation confirmed that the site is a sunken ship. It may be a victim of one of the several hurricanes
                  which struck Pensacola in the early twentieth-century (Franklin, 1991: 215-216).

           76

               Recommendations
                       Additional work on the site could reveal the nature and previous use of the vessel, artifactual
               detail, and provide more details of the lower hull construction.

               PSS Site Number                  T- 1-9
               Site Name:                       B Street Barge
               Florida Site File Number.        8ES] 904

               General Location
                       This vessel is in 10 feet of water lying on a white quartz sand bottom. It is located in the bay
               at the foot of B Street near the city fish houses.

               General Site Description
                       The remains above sand level were mapped (Figure 20). The vessel appears to be a wooden barge
               with a flat bottom and with forward frames that are canted upwards. Maximum length is 77.3 feet and
               the beam is 28.8 feet. All exposed timbers are extremely eroded and encrusted with oysters.

                       The stern transom beam is one continuous timber 0.7 feet wide. Nine longitudinal stringers extend
               from the extreme bow, where the beam ends are canted upwards to form a breakwater, to the transom
               beam. Each stringer measures 0.5 feet wide. Twenty-eight frame ends along the outside strakes are
               spaced between 2 and 3 feet apart. Two 0.5 foot transverse beams are evident at 50 to 54 feet along
               'the north longitudinal section of the barge. Ceiling planks lie at right angles on these beams. The ceiling
               planks measure 0.4 to 0.5 feet and are attached with iron fasteners. The fasteners are arranged diagonally
               where the planks extend across the beams, and are in pairs where butt ends join.

                       Hand fanning along the south bow section revealed the presence of compacted mud and wood
               chips.  The wood chips suggest the wreck may have been a lumber barge.

               Threats  to Site
                       None.

               Assessment
                       The vessel appears to be a barge abandoned near the turn of the century. Possibly associated
               with the timber industry, the barge, like the schooner described above may have wrecked as a result of
               a hurricane or been abandoned.

               Recommendations
                       Several barges abandoned in Bayou Chico and assessed in the 1991 report have similar construction
               details. Further investigations may reveal a typology of barges used in Pensacola Bay.

               PSS Site Number                  T-I 11-7
               Site Name:                       Santa Rosa Island Wreck
               Florida Site File Number         8ES1905

               Site Location
                       This site is located on the north shore of Santa Rosa Island in the Fort Pickens Aquatic Preserve.
               The water is between 14 and 22 feet deep. The natural bottom is quartz sand with a periodic silt cover
               dependent on the tides. Overburden at the site consists of fine shell hash, quartz sand and a fine silt cover.

               General Site Description
                       The site consists of a large stone ballast pile and exposed ship timbers. For the purposes of
               recording, the baseline was run along the longitudinal axis of the vessel east to west. No excavations

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                                                                         Figure 18. Site Plan of Old Navy Cove Barge.

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                                                                                 Figure 19. Site plan of B Street Schooner.

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                                                                   Figure 20. Site Plan of B Street Barge.

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                                                            Figure 21. Site Plan of Santa Rosa Island Wreck.

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                                                                                                                                87
                 were conducted and all elements were drawn in place. The largest concentration of ballast extends 30
                 feet to the north and 50 feet to the east. The ballast slopes northward from 10 feet to 22 feet in depth.
                 The ballast is hand size river cobble mostly uniform in size and is not indigenous to Pensacola.

                         The timbers consisted of ceiling planks, framing, and exterior planks (Figure 2 1). Exposed timbers
                 measured 8.6 feet in length and 5.8 feet in width. Frames were 0.9 feet wide. The exterior planks measured
                 0.9 feet in width, and the ceiling planks were I foot wide. At the twenty foot mark on the baseline lies
                 an exposed section of timbers below concreted ballast stones. Underneath the exterior strakes is what
                 appeared to be horse hair braided into rope and thin pieces of wood. Their presence suggests that the
                 ship is wooden sheathed, although this is tentative as no pitch or cloth was observed.

                 Artilacts
                         No artifacts were retrieved from the site, and none were seen. Several concreted objects, however,
                 were noted around the periphery of the site.

                 Threats to Site
                         The site is threatened primarily by erosion, tidal action, and wind and wave effects. It is currently
                 uncovered, but will probably cover and uncover as storms pass over. Beachcombers and pot hunters are
                 a potential hazard should the site's location become known. Further dredging in the pass could possibly
                 alter the shape of the beach thus exposing the vessel to more direct tidal and current action.

                 Assessment
                         The vessel at Santa Rosa Island is probably a colonial-period vessel. So far, historical research
                 has not revealed a possible nationality for the wreck. According to old French maps of the 18th century
                 this area was a careenage site; therefore, this wreck may represent an abandoned vessel, like the Deadman's
                 Wreck in Old Navy Cove. Or perhaps the vessel was either driven ashore by storm or by navigational
                 error.

                 Recommendations
                         The site represents a potentially significant discovery worth further investigation. Additional
                 investigations could answer several questions, such as extent of site, artifactual content, and construction
                 pattern, among others. The site lies in the jurisdiction of two governmental agencies, the Florida Division
                 of Historical Resources and National Park Service. Subsequent archaeological research can occur only
                 with permission of both agencies.

                                                                                              I

               I I                   I I                   I I                  ( I                    t I                   I I                  I I                    I I

                                                                                                                            89

                                                      CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONS

                         Between March and December 1992 the second phase of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey
                 accomplished many goals specified in the Coastal Zone Management grant. These objectives included
                 the initiation of the fourth Florida underwater archaeological preserve; lecturing at public functions to
                 increase awareness of Pensacola's maritime history and submerged cultural resources; and conducting
                 remote sensing surveys to locate, identify, and assess shipwrecks in Pensacola Bay. The survey's two
                 distinct and separate areas of generating public awareness and remote sensing operations complemented
                 each other. One result of the two endeavors working jointly together was that with increased public
                 involvement, more individuals familiar with the bay shared their extensive knowledge. This helped the
                 Survey plan which areas of the bay to investigate.

                 Public Awareness and Education

                         The program of public education and awareness was extremely successful in generating interest
                 and concern among the residents of Pensacola and Gulf Breeze in the submerged cultural resources of
                 Pensacola Bay. The format called for organizing the Conference on Maritime History and Underwater
                 Archaeology, generating media attention, giving lectures and programs, utilizing volunteers, and
                 presenting sport diver workshops.

                         The Conference on Maritime History and Archaeology offered the citizens of Pensacola and Gulf
                 Breeze a means of learning about the historically important artifacts on the bottom of their bay, and also
                 about the equally important historical resources in other parts of the state and country and what is being
                 done to protect them. The Conference was successful, attended by more than one hundred people.

                         During the Conference the nomination of the USS Massachusetts as an underwater archaeological
                 preserve was presented and the goals of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey were outlined. In this way the
                 Conference was used as a means to begin the public education and awareness campaign. The efforts
                 of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey became well-known through the year as the staff informed Pensacola
                 area citizens of the important historical resources under the waters of Pensacola Bay. Public response
                 to the nomination of the USS Massachusetts as Florida's fourth underwater archaeological preserve
                 indicated the Survey's efforts were reaching the intended audience. The support of Pensacola citizens,
                 organizations, and businesses will combine to make the "Old Mass" an important addition to Florida's
                 inventory of protected shipwrecks.

                         Media attention from television, radio, and local newspapers kept the peopje of Pensacola aware
                 of the progress of the Survey. Citizens read or heard about the project and were informed of results
                 and aspects of the project they could become involved with. In this way the Friends of the USS
                 Massachusetts was formed from a group of concerned citizens and businesses. Also, potential volunteers
                 contacted the Survey to offer their time and services to help the project. These volunteers helped with
                 remote sensing and ground-truthing operations and contributed much to the work of the Survey.

                         Local organizations learned of the Shipwreck Survey and invited staff members to give lectures
                 and presentations. This, in turn, afforded the Survey another way to generate interest in the important
                 submerged cultural resources in Pensacola Bay. Often, people from the audience would offer information
                 about a wreck site. In this way, the public education efforts tied together. That is, one means of making
                 the public aware often lead to another way to bring information to people and, sometimes, these efforts
                 resulted in learning of possible shipwrecks.

                         One other method promoted appreciation and preservation of sunken historic resources. The
                 method focused on people who often find wrecks and who often unknowingly disturb these resources-
                 -sport divers. The Orientation to Underwater Archaeology for Sport Divers workshop was organized
                 by the Survey staff and presented to any interested diver who signed up. The rudiments of theory and
                 non-disturbance technique were taught and the divers were encouraged to promote preservation of
                 shipwrecks. The hope of the Survey is that these divers will form the nucleus from which a cadre of
                 divers will grow who are dedicated to preserving submerged cultural resources and who will inform the
                 proper authorities of locations of new sites as well as any destruction or disturbance of known sites.

           90
                       One conclusion that can be drawn from the public education and awareness efforts Survey is that
               people are interested in their local history and will help protect scarce historic resources. Programs
               initiated and events sponsored by state agencies provide citizens the opportunity to become involved in
               historic preservation.

                       Once involved, local organizations will often take the initiative and continue the process of
               preservation without involvement from the state, thus allowing the state to repeat its programs elsewhere.
               An example of this is the community involvement in Florida's underwater archaeological preserve system.
               The support and donations of money and materials from private individuals and businesses enabled the
               state to create preserves around the wrecks of the San Pedro and Urca de Lima. Even in areas that have
               little money for parks enough appreciation for historical resources exists to develop a preserve, as is the
               case for the City of Hawkinsville. This tradition is continuing today in Pensacola as another underwater
               preserve is created around the wreck of the USS Massachuselts.

                       Additionally, the sport diving industry's new attitude of "ecological consciousness" can be used
               to promote preservation of historical, as well as natural, resources. To foster this growing attitude, state-
               sponsored classes, such as the sport diver workshops, should be offered in as many areas as possible.
               Professional archaeologists can teach students about proper techniques, reporting procedures, and
               methods of preservation better than the average dive instructor can, though instructors can aid in teaching
               and certifying. Furthermore, once dive instructors understand the importance of preserving historical
               resources, they will deliver this message to their students and promote preservation and appreciation of
               the resources among new sport divers.

               Remote Sensing Surveys

                       The mission of the remote sensing survey was to locate shipwrecks from the two periods
               unrepresented in the 1991 report, the First and Second Spanish Periods. If no shipwrecks of these specific
               periods could be found, the Survey at least hoped to locate shipwrecks from either the British or French
               colonial periods. Two possible colonial wrecks were discovered: the Santa Rosa Island Wreck and the
               Emanuel Point Wreck. To date they have not been assigned to a particular period; further archaeological
               investigations are necessary before a firm date can be arrived at. Several other shipwrecks were recorded
               dating to approximately the middle nineteenth-century and later. While it was hoped that more older
               sites would be located and recorded, the Survey managed to find several previously unknown sites by
               remote sensing devices and record them.

                       The electronic survey resulted in    an extensive coverage of Pensacola Bay. Major survey areas
               included the west side of Gulf Breeze, Old Navy Cove, Emanuel Point, the northwest side of Santa Rosa
               Island, and along Pensacola Naval Air Station's south waterfront. By using archaeological prospecting
               tools such as magnetometry and side-scan sonar, hundreds of magnetic and acoustic anomalies
               representing potential submerged historical resources were discovered during the course of the survey.

                       Of these, fifty-two were ground-truthed. Following identification and evaluation, the targets
               were classified into several descriptive categories: Disposal- Intentional and Accidental, with sub-
               headings of fishing, dredging, military, construction; Natural Feature; Geological Feature; Buried Object;
               Ballast Dump; Shipwreck; Historic Material; Anchorage; and Active Structure. Some of the anomalies
               could be considered under several headings, but are primarily classified by their outstanding feature.

                       The predominant category of ground-truthed anomalies was accidental or intentional disposal
               of more recent material. Forty-eight percent of the ground-truthed anomalies were considered to be
               disposal refuse of no historical or archaeological significance. Most represented attempts by fishermen
               to create private artificial reefs. The next largest category was natural features, at twenty-three percent.
               The percentages of the other ground-truthed categories were as follows: Buried objects, ten percent;
               Ballast Dump, six percent; Shipwrecks, four percent; Geologic, four percent; and two percent each for
               Anchorages, Historic Materials, and Active Structures.

                       By understanding the cause of magnetic or acoustic anomalies through ground-truthing combined

                                                                                                                                91
                  with knowledge of the surrounding man-influenced environment, one can make certain assumptions
                  develop or hypothesis of expected output generated by a remote sensing survey in a water body like
                  Pensacola Bay. In the case of Pensacola Bay, seventy-seven percent of the ground-truthed anomalies
                  proved of no historic significance. Only four percent were actual shipwreck sites, and another four
                  percent of varying significance, while the Test were natural features of unknown origin. The high
                  percentage of insignificant material would be expected in a highly active bay such as Pensacola Bay.

                          Analysis of the locations of over 4,000 shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico (Garrison 1989) reveals
                  that seventy-five percent occurred along the coastline in shallow water, while the rest are in deeper waters.
                  These results can be extrapolated to the expected findings of a remote sensing survey conducted in a
                  bay used as a port and harbor.

                          If the Gulf coastline can be expected to contain many ship losses and related anomalies, then a
                  Port or harbor with an active maritime industry can be presumed to contain many ships and related
                  artifacts along its shoreline. Given that the geographical parallel between the Gulf coastline and the bay
                  is the bay's shoreline. And this indeed is where many of Pensacola Bay's wrecks are, in the transition
                  zone between shallow and deeper water, as shown by the Santa Rosa Island and Emanuel Point Wrecks,
                  and most of the wrecks investigated in 1991. In Pensacola Bay, the percentage of identified and assessed
                  wrecks along the shoreline is approximately eighty-seven percent compared to thirteen percent in deeper
                  water.

                          While wrecks can be expected along the shoreline in the bay, there are other mitigating factors
                  in the  bay (unlike the Gulf or other less populated bounded water bodies) that preclude assuming
                  electronically induced anomalies are indeed ships or associated debris. Demographics, and how long the
                  population has been there, industry, and other factors influence how many and what kind of acoustic
                  and magnetic anomalies are to be expected. In the remote sensing survey conducted in Pensacola Bay,
                  many more anomalies proved to be intentionally or accidentally disposed objects with no historical
                  significance. Activities such as dredging, fishing, and dumping contributed to the bottom make up and
                  represented potential magnetic and acoustic anomalies. There could even be instances of significant
                  material covered or masked by these debris. Such deposits are often in the same zones as shipwrecks,
                  in shallow water and above the shoreline.

                          Another important factor in assessing anomalies was the geological nature of the bottom. In
                  Pensacola Bay, the bottom sediments consist of two main components, sand and mud. Of the fifty-two
                  magnetic and acoustic ground-truthed anomalies, sixty-three percent of the anomalies were located on
                  a sand bottom, thirty-three percent in mud, and the remainder in a combination of sand and mud. Mud
                  proved a hindrance in locating anomalies, especially magnetic anomalies, while a sand bottom gave more
                  false readings, especially while on sonar. Thus, bottom consistency can also contribute to the discovery
                  and identification of anomalies depending on the equipment used. Part of the reason of bringing the
                  side-scan sonar was to identify anomalies that were capable of being located by visual means only, rather
                  than spending time on probing and digging.

                          Geological features, such as sand ridges, gullies, channels, etc., also contribute to the ability to
                  identify remote sensing anomalies. Primarily, in areas of sandy bottoms, currents do not bury objects
                  under sediments, and do cause objects to be exposed by scouring. Farther from this area, like in the
                  middle of the bay and protected areas such as Old Navy Cove, currents are weaker and mud readily
                  accumulates, eventually burying objects quite deeply, deeper than a probe can reach. Sand bottoms
                  revealed more potential anomalies for visual inspection, while mud bottoms lessened the chance of a
                  successful visual inspection, and required probing operations to determine the character of the anomaly.

                          Recent dredging activities in the ship channel have influenced the western area of Pensacola Bay,
                  especially the region near Big Lagoon. Here, the dredge spoil island between the cut and Intracoastal
                  Waterway is beginning to build up along its southern base and threatens to close the cut. An accretion
                  of sand along the western-most area could threaten to obscure and bury material culture. The dredging
                  activity has also reportedly caused an increase of currents in this area of the bay. Bottom make-up here,
                  of large sand ridges, would cause these currents to move more rapidly along the bottom. A target found
                  one year could well be buried by a sand ridge the next year.

           92
                       Thus, identifying remote sensing anomalies depends on several variables, namely demographics,
               maritime and related activities, bottom type, and the equipment used. Each affects the ability to
               determine the exact nature of the source causing the anomaly and its location. The magnetometer proves
               more useful for conducting surveys in mud bottoms, where the likelihood of exposed features that could
               be detected acoustically is diminished. Probing is then necessary to locate and identify the object causing
               the anomaly, although it is sometimes difficult to determine the source. The side-scan sonar proved more
               useful for identifying anomalies above and slightly below the bottom, for immediate visual inspection.

                       Survey goals dictated that the priority be in the location and identification of First and Second
               Period Spanish shipwrecks, and Colonial shipwrecks. Assuming that ships of this period will have little
               surface expression, except possibly some ballast, low-lying and geographical anomalies were the only
               means in detecting a cultural resource of this age by the side-scan sonar. While the remote sensing survey
               did not result in an abundance of historical resources, those found do represent potentially significant
               sites requiring additional archaeological investigations. These sites include the Santa Rosa Island Wreck,
               Emanuel Point, and possibly the Wayside Park Ballast pile.

                                                                                                                               93

                                                   CHAPTER 9. RECOMMENDATIONS

                          Results of this year's survey helped increase public awareness of the importance of maritime
                  endeavors in the bay. Some efforts must be undertaken to continue the interest generated during the brief
                  two-year existence of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey. Recommendations include involving the public
                  through conferences and workshops, and to encourage organization of a group to conduct underwater
                  archaeological activities like survey and recording, among others, to keep interest from flagging.

                  Public Awareness and Education

                          A Conference on Underwater Archaeology and Maritime History should be held annually to
                  continue exchange of information and keep public interest high in the submerged cultural resources of
                  Pensacola Bay. Some good candidates for the planning and implementation of the Conference are the
                  historical societies of Pensacola and Gulf Breeze. These groups were instrumental in the planning and
                  execution of the first and second Conferences and expressed interest in continuing the tradition. The
                  large number of attendees at the 1989 and 1992 conferences indicates that future conferences would draw
                  at least as many people. Future conferences should also continue the public education and awareness
                  program begun by the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey.

                          The Orientation to Underwater Archaeology for Sport Divers workshop should be continued in
                  Pensacola and begun in other regions of the state. Results of the first workshop and interest generated
                  by the class indicate more workshops would be useful in creating a cadre of concerned sport divers who
                  would protect submerged resources in the area. When the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey is no longer in
                  operation, these divers would be invaluable in protecting historic shipwrecks in Pensacola Bay. By
                  encouraging other sport diving instructors to continue teaching the class, the process of educating the
                  sport diving public can be continued. The program should also be started in other areas of Florida to
                  promote public education and awareness of the submerged cultural resources in that area.

                          It is imperative that the process of public education and awareness be continued to promote
                  protection and proper archaeological investigation of the historic shipwrecks in Pensacola Bay. By
                  encouraging the media to feature archaeological projects in the Bay, as well as in the city, public interest
                  will not wane. A well-informed public will demand the protection and conservation of their
                  archaeological resources will be inclined to notify the proper state authorities when an undocumented
                  wreck is discovered.

                  Remote Sensing Survey

                          The remote sensing survey resulted in a large and extensive coverage of Pensacola Bay. Several
                  areas, however, should receive future survey, namely, Butcherpen Cove, Garcon Point and White Point,
                  Magnolia Bluff, and along the Scenic Highway Bluffs. In addition, submerged obstructions and snags
                  reported by fishermen and shrimpers to the Survey remain to be either visually or investigated
                  electronically.

                          Several of the wrecks identified could be more thoroughly investigated to answer specific research
                  questions. These include the Santa Rosa Island Wreck and the Emanuel Point Wreck. Further work on
                  the Santa Rosa island Wreck would require cooperation between the National Park Service and the Florida
                  Bureau of Archaeological Research as the site lies in overlapping jurisdictions. A test trench dug in a
                  strategic location, either the bow, stern, or main mast step area, could be useful in determining origin,
                  nationality, and artifactual content. Undue attention to the site could jeopardize its fragile nature and
                  well-preserved state, as it presently seems to be eroding out of the sand bank. The Emanuel Point Wreck,
                  tentatively identified as a colonial wreck of uncertain nationality, is an excellent candidate for further
                  scientific investigation Research questions would hopefully answer such questions as origin, date, last
                  port of call, among other pertinent inquiries.

                          To locate early colonial shipwrecks a more sophisticated remote sensing package would be helpful.

           94
              The ensemble would include not only side-scan sonar and magnetometry, but also a sub-bottom profiler
              and a more accurate positioning system. Archival research would also be beneficial. Knowledge of
              possible site locations gained from primary source documents could save time and money, by narrowing
              the search areas.

                      In conclusion, there is still plenty of work to be done in Pensacola Bay, ranging from public
              education to underwater archaeology pursuits. Continuing effort in Pensacola Bay will help keep the
              work done by the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey from becoming a mere memory. Some effort must be
              expended to make Pensacola a model that is evolving in its concern about submerged historical resources.

                                                                                             95

                                 APPENDIX 1. MARITIME CONFERENCE FLYER

             I

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                                            PENSACOLA
                                   SHIPWRECK SURVEY

                 Maritime History and Archaeology Conference
                                                           Programi

                  Morning Session                                     2:45-3:30 Captain Robert Rasmussen, National
                                                                      Museum of Naval Aviation: "Sunken Aircraft
                  10:00-10:15 Della Scott, Pensacola Shipwreck        Recovery: Effects of Prolonged Underwater Ex-
                  Survey: Welcome and Introduction                    posure"

                  10:15-11:00 Dr. Roger C. Smith, Florida Divi-       3:304:00 Kevin Freeland, Gulf Coast Pro Dive
                  sion of Historical Resources: "The Pensacola        Shop: "The Role of the Sport Diver in Preserving
                  Shipwreck Survey"                                   Submerged History"

                  11:00-11:30 James Spirek, Pensacola Shipwreck       4:004:15 Eilene Beard, Pensacola Charter Boat
                  Survey: "Exploring the USS Massachusetts"           Association: "Shipwrecks as Artificial Reefs"

                  11:30-12:15 Dr. William Still, East Carolina        4:15-4:35 Tom Muir, Historic Pensacola Preser-
                  University: "Confederate Ironclads"                 vationBoard: "Historic Preservation in Pensacola
                                                                      Today"
                  12:15-1:00     Dr. Keith Holland, St. Johns Ar-
                  chaeological Expeditions: "The Mystery of the       4:354:55 Sandra Johnson, Pensacola Historical
                  Maple Leaf                                          Museum: "Maritime Historical Resources in the
                                                                      Pensacola Collections"
                  Lunch Break
                                                                      4:55-5:15 Pat D'Asaro, Santa Rosa Historical
                  Afternoon Session                                   Society: "The Importance of Keeping History
                                                                      Public
                  2:00-2:45 Dr. Judy Bense, UWF: "Ott Land and
                  Under Water: AStory ofPensacola Archaeology,,       Final Remarks

                                 Refteshments provided by the GulfBreeze Historical Society

                      Sponsored by: The Florida Division of Historical Resources, Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, Gulf Breeze
                     Historical Society, Pensacola Historical Society, Santa Rosa Historical Society, Pensacola Archaeological Society,
                L-ti-

                    University of West Florida, Bayou Chico Business Association, Port of Pensacola, Scuba Shack, Gulf Coast Pro Dive,
                                        Gulf Breeze Pro Dive, Southwind Dive Shop, P.S.I. Diving Company.

    I
                                                                                  97

                      APPENDIX 2. UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY CLASS WORKBOOK

                                    Orientation to
                       Underwater Archaeoloorv
                                 for Sport Divers

                       a workshop to acquaint divers with the essentials
                             of underwater archaeology as practiced
                              on submerged historic sites in Florida

                                            wk.

                      Developed by the staff of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey,
                          a project of the Bureau of Archaeological Research,
                     Division of Historical Resources, Florida Department of State;
                                     Jim Smith, Secretary of State
                                            November 1992

                Acknowledgments

                In developing this workshop, we drew from the following resources:

                Beeker, Charles and KC Smith. "Sport Diver Orientation to Underwater Archaeology,"
                     (1986). Available from: Scuba Research and Development Group, Department of
                     Physical Education, HPER Building, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.

                Douglass, Darren. "Underwater Archaeology Specialty Course Instructor Outline," (1991).
                     Available from: National Association of Underwater Instructors, NAUI Training
                     Department, P 0 Box 14650, Montclair, CA 91763.

                Harris, Lynn. "Underwater Archaeology Field School Information," (1992). Available
                     from: Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina,
                     1321 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29208-0071.

                Nautical Archaeology Society. "Archaeology Underwater: Training and Education,"
                     (n.d.). Available from: National Archaeology Society Certification Scheme, Insti-
                     tute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, England WC1H OPY

                Professional Association of Diving Instructors, Inc. Adventures in Diving PADI Ad-
                     vanced Manual and Wreck Diver Specialty Course Instructor Outline, (1991). Avail-
                     able from: Professional Association of Diving Instructors, Education Department,
                     1251 East Dyer Road, #100, Santa Ana, CA 92705-5605.

                Smith, Roger C., Marianne Franklin, and Robert Finegold. "Underwater Archaeology
                     Field School Workbook,"' (1989). Available from: Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, 212
                     E.. Church St., Pensacola, Fl, 32501.

                Smith, Sheli 0. "'Educational Standards for Specialty Courses in Underwater Archaeol-
                     ogy,"' (1991). Available from: Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology, Los
                     Angeles Maritime Museum, Berth 84, San Pedro, CA 90731.

                Young Men's Christian Association. "Archaeological Diver Specialty Program Instructory
                     Outline," (n.d.). National YMCA Center for Underwater Activities, Key West, Fl,
                     33040

              Table of Contents

              Acknowledgments        ......................................             iii
              1.     Introduction: What is Underwater Archaeology?              ......    1
              II.    Sport Diving and Underwater Archaeology             ............     3
              IEII.  Session 1: Classroom      ................................           5
              IV.    Laws Protecting Florida Shipwrecks          .................        7
              V.     Session 2: Classroom      ...............................          11
              VI.    Session 3:  Confined Water       ..........................        13
              VII.   Session 4:  Open water #1       ...........................        15
              VIII.  Session 5:  Open water #2       ...........................        17
              IX.    Session 6:  Open water #3 and #4       .....................       19
              X.     Session 7:  Classroom     ...............................          21
              XI.    Wreck Diving Etiquette       .............................         23
              XII.   Pensacola History by Periods       ........................        25
              XIII.  Resource Organizations       .............................         27
              XIV.   Archaeological Glossary       .............................        31
              XV.    Nautical Glossary      ...................................         37
              XVI.   Further Reading      ....................................          39

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         iv

                I. Introduction:
                     What is Underwater Archaeology?

                As sport divers, we all have a vested interest in preserving things in the environment that
                we have spent time and money to visit. Our realm of "inner space" includes not only coral
                reefs and the manatee--of which there are precious few in Florida, much less in Pensacola-
                but also, the remains of wrecked or abandoned ships. Those who have dived the waters off
                Pensacola know about shipwrecks. Most divers who learned the sport in Pensacola were
                certified on the Three Barges-wrecks of coal barges sunk especially for us to dive. Our
                precious weekends are spent on the Russian freighter, the tugs Sylvia and Tessie, the dredge
                Avocet, and the Liberty Ships, to name a few. But how many Pensacolans are familiar with
                the historical wrecks that litter the bottom of the Bay and surrounding Gulf? Would you
                know a historic wreck if you found one? Would you know what to do with it?

                This course is designed for the Sport Diver. This is not an archaeological field school, nor
                will the course make you an underwater archaeologist. However, it will give you the
                training and knowledge to participate in underwater archaeological projects and to help
                preserve submerged cultural heritage by knowing what to do if you find a historic wreck.

                Shipwrecks are non-renewable resources. They are time capsules of history, and once they
                are disturbed or destroyed, they are gone forever. Coral reefs and manatees will grow back
                (although without our protection and concern, we may loose them before they have a
                chance to regenerate). Shipwrecks ,,All never grow back. New wrecks may be made, but
                there will never be another wrecked 16th-century galleon or sunken Civil War gunboat.
                The study of these "microcosms" of history is vital to our understanding of the people who
                used these waters before us. But why should we even try to understand the past?
                Santayana said itbestwhen he said,    Those who refuse to learn from the mistakes of history
                are doomed to repeat them."

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                H. Sport Diving and
                       Underwater Archaeology

                The diving public is encouraged to visit Florida's unique historical and archaeological sites,
                which include many shipwrecks around coastal regions and in the rivers of the state. These
                sites are protected by legislation that prohibits any disturbance or removal of objects from
                archaeological or historical sites on state-owned lands or submerged bottomlands without
                written authorization from the Division of Historical Resources. As with Florida's natural
                resources, such as live coral, manatees, and other marine life, sport divers are learning the
                importance of conserving and protecting cultural resources. Unlike natural resources;
                however, cultural resources do not grow back again once they are damaged or destroyed.

                Florida's Division of Historical Resources includes the Bureau of Archaeological Research,
                which employs a state underwater archaeologist. Personnel from this office routinely work
                with the public, the sport diving industry, universities, colleges, and museums to examine
                and interpret underwater sites. Working with groups of volunteer divers, they have
                conducted surveys and excavations on both prehistoric and historic sites located offshore
                and in rivers and sinkholes-from submerged Indian middens and habitation sites to the
                remains of sunken steamboats and schooners. Since Florida has one of the longest
                continuous coastlines in the country, not to mention its river and cavern systems, the range
                of underwater archaeological sites is broad and covers thousands of years. Since the advent
                of scuba diving in the 1950s, man i sites have been discovered by sport divers and amateur
                                                  y
                archaeologists; but, there are hundreds more about which we know very little.

                When divers discover a submerged historical or archaeological site, it may be one that has
                already been reported, recorded, and studied. On the other hand, it may be a previously
                undiscovered time capsule. Before disturbing or removing anything frorn'the site, divers
                should contact the State Underwater Archaeologist at the Division of Historical Resources,
                R.A. Gray Building, 500 South Bronough Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250, or call
                (904) 487-2299 for assistance. This office can help divers to assess and to date underwater
                discoveries, as well as offer advice on how best to proceed in researching the nature of the
                site. Many important historical and archaeological sites in Florida have been named after
                their discoverers, who had promptly reported what they had found to seek the help of
                professionals. Often these individuals have participated in the resulting research and
                recovery of information from the site they first discovered. On the other hand, many
                unique sites have been permanently damaged or destroyed by well-meaning but unin-
                formed persons, who did not realize the consequences of their actions.

                                                                Dr. Roger C. Smith
                                                               Florida State Underwater Archaeologist

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               III. Session 1: Classroom

               1.    Introduction to course
                     * Administration
                     9 Distribution of texts and other related materials
                     * Discussion of equipment requirements
                     * Review of course schedule and objectives

       (WS     2.    Fundamentals of scientific exploration
                     9 Study of submerged sites
                                                                              "SAX
                     o Study of shipwrecks

               3.    Interdisciplinary nature of underwater archaeology
                     o Anthropology, biology, geology, conservation, history, geography

               4.    Definition of archaeology, brief introduction, and definition of basic terms
                                      LO \S
               5.    Responsibilities and ethics in archaeology
                       Distinction between archaeology, salvage, treasure hunting

               6.    Qualifications for becoming an archaeologist
                       Higher education, professional organizations (SOPA)

               7.    Conservation and historic preservation
                     o Preservation of historic sites
                     o Conservation of excavated materials

       pS      8.    Phases of an archaeological investigation
                       Archival and historical research, field research, survey, excavation, conservation,
                       interpretation, reporting, exhibition

               9.    Introduction to underwater archaeological sites in Florida
                     o Ships, careenages, docks, inundated Native American sites

               10.   Brief overview of underwater archaeological research
                     * Florida, United States, abroad

               11.   Federal laws, state laws, and related topics
                       Abandoned Shipwreck Act, admiralty laws

               12.   Underwater Archaeological Preserves
                       United States, Florida, Pensacola

               13.' Marine Sanctuaries and National Parks
                        United States, Florida, Pensacola

               14.   Overview of Pensacola maritime history and ship losses
                     9 De Luna to present

               15.   Videotape: Deadnwn's Shipwreck, The Movie
                     Slides: underwater projects

               Notes

                IV. Laws Protecting Florida Shipwrecks

                With the passing of the National Preservation Act in 1966 came a way to protect our cultural
                resources backed by the Federal goverrunent. Florida passed its own Historical Resources
                Act in 1967 to protect the cultural resources in the state. This act established various
                programs and agencies to preserve these resources and encourage public interest while
                protecting the limited historical and archaeological sites. The Division of Historical
                Resources was created within the Department of State to administer these policies.

                The Florida Historical Resources Act states that the title of all treasure trove, artifacts, and
                such objects having historical or archaeological value abandoned on submerged, state-
                owned lands belong to the State of Florida. Furthermore, there are two rules within the
                Historical Resources Act that have direct bearing on historic shipwrecks. These are:

                      * Chapter 1A - 31, F.A.C., provides that no person may conduct operations to
                explore, excavate, or salvage archaeological material from shipwrecks without a written
                agreement with the Division of Historical Resources. The Division may not enter into such
                an agreement unless it determines that the applicant seeking the agreement is profession-
                ally qualified through demonstration of archaeological ability to conduct such salvage
                activities. The rule also states that all archaeological property salvaged is the property of
                the state. Generally, however, the terms have permitted salvors to retain up to 80 percent
                of all the artifacts salvaged. The Division must also supervise the salvage activities and
                document all artifacts salvaged. The Division is required to limit the number of salvage
                contracts to a number which the Division can properly supervise.

                        Chapter 1A - 32, F.A.C., establishes criteria that must be met by institutions seek-
                ing research permits. Only institutions and archaeologists meeting these criteria may
                conduct archaeological research on state-managed sites, and all artifacts remain-in the
                custody of the state.

                Violations of these rules are punishable by penalties provided for in accordance with Ch.
                267, F.S. Persons must obtain written permission from the Division to explore, salvage, or
                excavate sites located on sovereignty submerged lands. Any person who violates the
                provisions of the Historic Resources Act is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not
                exceeding $500, or by imprisorunent in a county jail for a term not to exceed 6 months or
                both. The act further provides that the Division may impose an administrative fine of not
                more than $500 a day on any person or business organization that, without written
                permission of the Division, explores, salvages, or excavates treasure trove, artifacts, or
                sunken or abandoned ships located on state-owned or controlled lands, or on state
                sovereignty submerged lands (Florida Statues, Chapter 267-13).

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                Beginning 1979, claims were filed in federal courts in Florida regarding ownership of
                historic shipwrecks. These claims were based on federal admiralty law, which traditionally
                provides incentives for vessels to come to the aid of distressed vessels in marine peril. These
                incentives were usually portions of the cargo saved as a result of the assistance. This law
                was based on several hundred years of cases and was designed to save lives and cargo and
                then return that cargo to commerce circles. Prior to 1979, admiralty law had generally not
                been applied to historic shipwrecks.

                In 1987, the Abandoned Shipwreck Act was passed by Congress. This federal act awarded
                title of all historic shipwrecks to the federal government; this title was then immediately
                transferred to the state in which the shipwreck resides. This act clearly exempts the federal
                government from the management of historic shipwrecks and overrides any federal
                admiralty law previously pertaining to those wrecks. In conjunction with this act, the
                National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior issued guidelines to assist the
                states in developing programs to manage historic shipwrecks.

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                V. Session 2: Classroom

                1.    Archaeological excavation equals controlled destruction
                      * Nondestructive investigation techniques

                2.    Locating sites *
                      9 Research: historic documents, newspaper articles and photos, local informants
                      9 Maritimeclues: ship traps, shoals, reefs; waterfront industry sites, careening sites,
                         shipyards, abandoned vessels; sunken piers, docks, landings, refuse areas

                3.    Survey methods
                      9 Visual: towboarding, aerial photography, controlled swimlines. (Look for intru-
                         sive objects, e.g., straight lines, ballast stones, fragments of wreckage.)
                      * Electronic: magnetometer, sonar, sub-bottom profiler, metal detector, ROVs.
                         (Positioning systems, e.g., Loran, fathometer, GPS, Sat NAV.)

                4.    Recording methods
                      9  Importance of scrutiny, written notes, diagrams, photography, video
                      9  Basic equipment: pencil, slate, mylar, nylon tape, compass, plastic ruler, camera,
                         video, underwater communication gear, baseline on reel, clothespins
                      o  Measuring: scales, feet vs. metric
                      9  Mapping methods: baseline, datum points, triangulation, offsets, additive and
                         running measurements, diameters, profiles, bubble level, trilateration, grid sys-
                         tem, direct survey method, photomosaics, SHARPS
                      *  Essentials of recording: site form, site plan, site photos, site videos, site reports

                5.    Phases of investigation
                      �  Phase one: preliminary historical research, site reconnaissance, pre-disturbance
                         site survey, analysis and interpretation, report
                      �  Phase two: minor test excavations to answer specific research questions, includ-
                         ing intensive mapping, minimal artifact retrieval, artifact recording, analysis, con-
                         servation, site interpretation, report, publication
                      �  Phase three: site excavation for mitigation or research, artifactual study, conser-
                         vation, curation, complete report, publication

                6.    Shipwrecks and Ship Construction
                      9 Ship remains and site formation
                      o Types of ship construction (wood, composite, metal)
                      o Ship systems (hull, hardware, rigging, cargo, arms, etc.)
                      o How to build a ship

                7.    Artifacts                                       * Glass
                      o Artifacts as clues                            o Metals
                      o Artifact typology and identification             Organics
                      o Ceramics                                        Conservation of artifacts

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              VI. Session 3: Confined Water

              1.    Review of basic skills
                    * Buoyancy and body control, equipment control and recovery

              2.    Archaeological diving techniques
                    e Anti-silting techniques, when to be negative

              3.    Mock shipwreck mapping
                    * Datum points, baseline offsets, triangulation
                    9 Video and photo work
                    * Site plan
                    * Site analysis and interpretation discussion

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              VII. Session 4: Open Water #1

              1.     Dive boat charter to local shipweck site - Sport
                     � Pre-dive briefing
                     � Gear and buddy check

              2.     Phase One shipwreck investigation
                     9 Objectives
                       * Measure the above-sand remains of the wreck
                       * Triangulate remains for accurate positioning
                     * Products
                       9 A complete site plan of the wreck
                     9 Methodology
                       * Divide divers into teams and assign an area of the wreck to each team
                       - Each team will accurately measure their area for inclusion in the site plan
                     9 Questions to be answered by each team:
                       e  What is the overall length of the wreck?
                       9  What is the maximum breadth of the wreck?
                       9  What materials were used in the construction of the vessel?
                       *  Are there any visible artifacts associated with the wreck? If so, what are they
                          and where are they located?
                       9  What intrusive materials are associated with the wreck? Why do you think they
                          are intrusive?        a
                       9  What steps could you take to determine the vessel's name, where she was built,
                          what she was used for, how she sank?

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               VIII. Session 5: Open Water #2
    dak

               1.     Dive boat charter to local shipwreck site - Rhoda
                      � Pre-dive briefing
                      � Gear and buddy check

               2.     Site form preparation
                      �  Objectives
                         0 1 o reconnoiter the site and to complete the State of Florida Shipwreck Site Form
                      �  Products
                         * A complete and correct site form for the Rhoda
                      �  Methodology
                         � Dive teams will swim the site taking notes on slates to complete the site form
                         � Once dive teams are back on the boat, they will fill out the site form (one per
                            team)
    Ohl
                         * The class will go over the site forms and complete a master site form from all
                            data compiled

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               IX. Sesslion 6: Open Water #3 and #4
    Oak

               1.    Dive boat charter to local shipwreck site - USS Massachusetts
                     � Pre-dive briefing
                     � Gear and buddy check

               2.    Dive #1- site orientation and sketch maps
                     � Identification and analysis of major archaeological features
                     � Identification and analysis of marine life and biological creatures

               3.    Dive #2 - site documentation
                     � Photo and video documentation of major features
                     � Location of possible sites for mooring buoys

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               X. Session 7: Classroom

               1.    Compile and arrange field data
                     9 Prepare final site reports and maps

               2.    Discussion of methods of allowing the class to continue to network together and share
                     future results
                     * Start a "Pensacola Historic Shipwreck Club"
                     e Discussion of offering another specialty course that consists of more advanced cur-
                        riculum and theory

               3.    Certification ceremony and graduation celebration
                        C-cards, State of Florida participation certificates

    10

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                XL Wreck Diving Etiquette

                1.    Take o@ly pictures, leave only bubbles!

                2.    Refrain from disturbing existing features, such as timbers and ballast piles.

                3.    Do not grab or hold onto the. fragile timbers of wooden wrecks; do not stand or kneel
                      on the wreck; be careful where you kick.

                4.    Do not expose more of the wreck; leave sand, stones, coral, silt in place to protect what
                      is left of the site.

                5.    If you believe the wreck to be undocumented, contact one of the following:
                      e  Dr. Roger C. Smith, State Underwater Archaeologist, Bureau of Archaeological
                         Research, Division of Historical Resources, Florida Department of State, Tallahas-
                         see, FL 32399-0250; (904) 482-2299
                      9  Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, 212 E. Church St., Pensacola, FL 32501; (904) 444-
                         9405
                      *  Dr. Judith Bense, University of West Florida, Archaeological Research Facility,
                         Building 80, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 3251;, (904) 474-3015
                      -  Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, 120 E. Church St., Pensacola, FL 32501;
                         (904) 444-8905
                      *  Sandra Johnson, Pensacola Historical Museum, 405 S. Adams St., Pensacola, FL
                         32501; (904) 433-1559
                      *  Nancy Van Epps, Pensacola Archaeological Society, PO Box 13251, Pensacola, FL
                         32591
                      *  Pat D'Asaro, Santa Rosa Historical Society, PO Box 3825, Milton, FL 32572

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              XIL Pensacola History by Periods

                                          First Spanish, 1513 - 1763
                                             British, 1763 - 1783
                                         Second Spanish, 1783 - 1821
                                         Early American, 1821 - 1861
                                            Civil War, 1861 - 1865
                                  Maritime Industrial Expansion, 1865 - 1906
                                       Early 20th Century, 1906 - 1945
                                      Late 20th Century, 1945 - present

              First Spanish Period, 1513 - 1763
              1513   Ponce de Leon lands in northeast Florida; beginning of Spanish interest in
                     Florida
              1520s  Miruelo expedition into Pensacola Bay, reported by Cabeza de Vaca
              1539   De Soto's lieutenant, Diego de Maldonado, waits in the harbor of Ochuse
                     (Pensacola Bay)
              1559   Expedition of Don Tristan de Luna y Arellano anchors on August 14 in
                     Bahia de Santa Maria Filipina (Pensacola Bay). Expedition destroyed on August 18
                     by a hurricane while at anchor
              1561   Settlement at Pensacola abandoned by settlers and soldiers
              1693   Spanish reconnaissance of Pensacola Bay
              1698   Pensacola occupied as a Spanish trade center by Juan Jordan de Reina
              1718-1721   French occupation of Pensacola
              1722   Spanish retake Pensacola, move settlement to Santa Rosa Island

              British Period, 1763 - 1783
              1763   British take over Pensacola at end of Seven Years' War
                     Pensacola named capital of new province of West Florida in October
              1779   Spain declares war on Britain as a result of American Revolution; Pensacola
                     considered a key position
              1781   Spanish general Bernardo de Galvez takes Pensacola; British warship Men-
                     tor sunk in Blackwater River
              1783   Florida, and Pensacola, returned to Spain at end of Revolution

              Second Spanish Period, 1783 - 1821
              1812   President Madison claims for the U.S. West Florida east to the Perdido
                     River
              1815   End of War of 1812 sees Spain with tenuous hold on Pensacola
              1819   Spain renounces all claims to West Florida and Pensacola

                                                                                          25

                1821             Florida officially becomes U.S. possession
                1825             Congress authorizes construction of Navy Yard at Pensacola
                1830s            Pensacola becomes major port; lumber and bricks are largest exports
                1829-1859        Forts Pickens, McRee, and Barrancas constructed to fortify the harbor

                Civil War Period, 1861 - 1865
                1861             Florida secedes from the Union; start of Civil War; Confederates seize Ft.
                                 McRee and Ft. Barrancas; Ft.Pickens held by the Union
                1862             Southern forces abandon the city and Union forces occupy; steam and gun-
                                 boats burned by Confederates as part of scorched earth policy
                Maritime Industrial Expansion Period, 1865 - 1906
                1885             Army Corps of Engineers declares Pensacola to be the most important port
                                 between Philadelphia and the Rio Grande
                1896             Red snapper industry in Pensacola exceeds one million pounds of fish
                1899             More than $14 million in exports passes through the Port of Pensacola
                Early 20th Century Period, 1906 - 1945
                1906             A major hurricane destroys the waterfront, Navy Yard, and the Gulf Mar-
                                 ine Railway
                1914             "Aeronautic center" established at Navy Yard; first flight made from Pen-
                                 sacola Naval Air Station
                1920s            Port of Mobile surpasses Pensacola in significance
                1930s            The Great Depression causes decline in red snapper industry
                1940             World War II demand for aviators causes economy to boom in Pensacola
                Late 20th Century Period, 1945 - present
                1970             Port of Pensacola completes new terminal; imports increase
                1980-present Shrimp replaces snapper as principal seafood export; U.S..Navy aircraft
                                 carrier homeport at Pensacola

                26

                XIII. Resource Organizations

                Florida and Pensacola
                State Underwater Archaeologist, Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Histori-
                cal Resources, Florida Department of State, Tallahassee 32399; (904) 482-2299

                Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, 212 E. Church St., Pensacola 32501; (904) 444-8405

                Archaeological Research Facility, Building 80, University of West Florida, 11000 Univer-
                sity Parkway, Pensacola 32514; (904) 474-3015

                Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, 120 E. Church St., Pensacola 32501; (904) 444-8905

                Pensacola Historical Museum, 405 S. Adams St., Pensacola 32501; (904) 433-1559

                Pensacola Archaeological Society, PO Box 13251, Pensacola 32591

                Santa Rosa Historical Society, PO Box 3825, Milton 32572
                Academic programs
                Graduate degrees in maritime history and/or nautical archaeology are offered by the
                following universities; information about their programs may be acquired by writing to the
                institutions. In addition, there are many maritime education organizations in the United
                States which, while not providing formal academic programs or degrees, do offer oppor-
                tunities for training and participation in activities related to maritime and archaeological
                preservation. A list of these may be found in the "Directory of Maritime Heritage
                Resources," published by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

                East Carolina University, Department of History, Underwater Archaeology and Maritime
                History Program, Greenville, NC 27834

                Scottish Institute of Marine Studies, St. Andrews College, Fife, Scotland KY1 69AJ

                Texas A&M University, Department of Anthropology, Nautical Archaeology Program,
                College Station, TX 77843

                University of Western Australia, Program in Maritime History and Archaeology, Fre-
                mantle, Western Australia

                In Florida, undergraduate courses in underwater archaeology are offered by the following
                universities: Florida State University, University of Miami, and the University of West
                Florida.
                                                                                                         27

                Historical societies
                Many states have historical societies that work to preserve maritime cultural resources; that
                foster public information programs; and that often sponsor research projects. A compre-
                hensive list of such associations may be found in the National Trust for Historic Preserva-
                tion "Directory of Maritime Heritage Resources." A few well-known national and
                international resources are cited below.

                Champlain Maritime Society, PO Box 745, Burlington, VT 05402

                Classic Yacht Restoration Guild, Inc., 683 Pond Neck Rd., Earleville, MD 21219

                National Maritime Historical Society, 132 Maple St., Croton-on-Hudson, NY 10520

                National Trust for Historic Preservation, Department of Maritime Preservation, 1785
                Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036

                Nautical Archaeology Society, 303 Brantley Harbor Dr., Longwood, FL 32779

                Nautical Archaeology Trust, 24-28 Oval Rd., London, England NW1 7DX

                Nautical Research Guild, 6413 Dahlonega Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816

                Shipcraft Guild, 11 College Dr., Jersey City, NJ 07305

                The Steamship Historical Society of America, 345 Blackstone Blvd., H.C. Hall Building,
                Providence, RI 02906

                Wisconsin Marine Historical Society, 814 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53233

                Museums
                Nearly 200 maritime museums in the United States are dedicated to the preservation of the
                nation's seafaring heritage. In addition to maintaining artifactual and literary collections
                for public display and research, many also sponsor research projects and public education
                programs, and have trained staff members to assist the public. A small sample of these
                museums is provided below.

                Baltimore Seaport and Baltimore Maritime Museum, Pier Four, Pratt St., Baltimore, MD
                21202

                Confederate Naval Museum, PO Box 1022, Columbus, GA 31902

                Great Lakes Naval and Maritime Museum, PO Box A-3785, Chicago, IL 60690

                28

               Maine Maritime Museum, 963 Washington St., Bath, ME 04530

               Mariner's Museum, Newport News, VA 23606

               Mystic Seaport Museum, Greenmanville Ave., Mystic, CT 06355

               Naval Historical Center, Building 57, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. 20374

               New Bedford Whaling Museum, 18 Johnny Cake Hill, New Bedford, MA 02740

               Peabody Museum, Maritime History Department, East India Square, Salem, MA 01970

               Philadelphia Maritime Museum, 321 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19010

               Ships of the Sea Museum, 503 E. River St., Savannah, GA 31401

               Smithsonian Institution, Museum of American History, 12th and Constitution Ave.,
               Washington, DC 20560

               South Street Seaport Museum, 207 Front St., New York, NY 10038
               Professional organizations
               Several nonprofit associations foster research or public awareness about maritime cultural
               resources and underwater archaeology. With the exception of the ACUA, one may join
               these groups for a nominal annual fee. Membership usually entitles one to receive periodic
               publications or newsletters of the organization, as well as other benefits.

               Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology [ACUA1, 3610 Crowncrest Dr., Austin, TX
               78759

               CEDAM International, Department A, One Fox Rd., Croton-on-Hudson, NY 10520

               Institute of Nautical Archaeology [INA], PO Drawer H, College Station, TX 77840

               Maritime Archaeological and Historical Research Institute [MAHRI], 224 Route 130,
               Bristol, ME 14539

               Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society, 200 Greene St., Key West, FL 33040

               Society for Historical Archaeology [SHA], PO Box 241, Glassboro, NJ 08028

               Underwater Society of America [USA], Box 513, Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI 00820

                                                                                                         9

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                             30
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                 XIV. Archaeological Glossary

                 analysis: the stage of archaeological research that involves the description and classifica-
                 tion of archaeological data.

                 anthropology: the study of humans, including the variety and distribution of physical,
                 cultural and social characteristics.

                 archaeological data: materials recognized as significant evidence and collected by an
                 archaeologist to enable interpretation of a site. There are many classes of archaeological
                 data including artifacts, features, structures, food remains, historic documents and records,
                 ecofacts and environmental information.

                 archaeological documentation: the body of data about a site, gathered through various
                 scientific means including measurements, written records, photography, graphic illustra-
                 tions, artifact analysis, and historic documents, which will enable interpretation of a site.

                 archaeological reconnaissance: a systematic attempt to locate, identify and record the
                 distributuion of an archaeological site against its natural geographical and environmental
                 background.

                 archaeological site: a place where humanly manufactured or modified objects, features, or
                 ecofacts are found.

                 archaeologist: a trained individual who studies the past using scientific methods, with the
                 motive of recording and interpreting previous human activity rather than collecting
                 artifacts for profit or personal possession.

                 archaeology: the branch of anthropology which studies past human societies based on the
                 material remains of their behaviors. The objectives of archaeology are to construct culture
                 history, to reconstruct past lifeways, and to study cultural process.

                 archives: a place where public records and documents are kept; also, a specific body of
                 records and documents.

                 articulation: the state of archaeological materials when they lie in the relationship to each
                 other that they had in life or construction.

                 artifact: an object manufactured or modified by humans.

                 assemblage: all of the artifacts foiind at a site; also, the set of a particular type of artifact,
                 such as a "ceramic assemblage."
                                                                                                               31

                 association: the relationship between an artifact and other archaeological finds in a
                 particular context, suggesting simultaneous deposition. Associations between objects are
                 the basis for relative dating and cross dating.

                 attribute: a well-defined characteristic of an artifact which cannot be further subdivided,
                 such as form, style, or technology of manufacture, and which is used to classify and to
                 interpret an artifact.

                 casting: a technique in archaeological conservation used to restore or to replicate deterio-
                 rated metal artifacts. An exact copy of the original item is made, usually from epoxy resin
                 or latex rubber, from the mold formed by an external marine concretion.

                 ceramics: objects of fired clay.

                 class: a general group of artifacts, such as "weapons," which can be further ordered into
                 specific types.

                 classification: the ordering of archaeological data into groups with similar characteristics
                 to enable descriptions and comparisons to be made.

                 concretion: a composite crust of marine minerals, corrosion products, sediments, and
                 natural life that eventually coats most metal artifacts and some organic items deposited in
                 the sea.

                 conservation: the treatment given to archaeological materials by proven means to restore
                 their original likenesses, to insure their future survival, and to prepare them for museum
                 displays or study collections.

                 conservator: a trained individual who uses scientific methods to preserve and to stabilize
                 artifacts, and who also is responsible for recovering archaeological information through
                 analysis of objects being conserved.

                 consolidation: conservation techniques for an artifact that is so badly deteriorated that its
                 original likeness cannot be restored; the object thus is to stabilize the artifact against further
                 deterioration.

                 context: the position of an archaeological find in time and space, established by measure-
                 ments and the assessment of its associations, matrix and provenience.

                 corrosion: in underwater archaeology, a decomposition process that affects metals-
                 excluding gold and, to a small extent, lead-when they are subjected to a marine environ-
                 ment. The effect contributes to the formation of a concretion around the artifact.

                 32

                cross dating: a relative dating technique based on other objects or artifact associations of
                known age.

                cultural resource: an archaeological site viewed as a non-renewable resource of informa-
                tion about past human activity.

                cultural resource management: the conservation and management of archaeological sites
                and artifacts as a means of preserving the past.

                culture: in anthropology, culture refers to a set of designs for living that helps to mold one's
                responses to different situations and which is the primary means for adapting to the
                environment. In archaeology, the term is applied to complexes of archaeological data
                found at several sites that can be defined and compared in a context of time and space.

                datum point: a location on a site from which all measurements are made and which is tied
                into known, local geographical data.

                diagnostic artifact: an artifact which, because of its attributes, can be associated with other
                materials of known age and origin, thereby helping to date it relatively or absolutely.

                distribution: a description of the spatial location of artifacts, features, or structures over
                a landscape.

                ecofact: a natural archaeological find that helps to describe a population's environment-
                such as faunal or floral remains, or behavior-such as ballast-but which was not humanly
                made or changed.

                electrolysis: a conservation technique applied to metal artifacts to remove corrosion
                products, stabilize remaining metal, and reconvert corroded metal into stable compounds.

                encrustatiow. same as a concretion.

                excavation: the process of uncovering an archaeological site scientifically, in uniform
                layers, by removing the matrix, observing the provenience and context of finds therein, and
                recording them in a three-dimensional way.

                feature: a unique, interrelated area of a site, containing identifiable archaeological or
                environmental evidence. The remains may be very clearcut-such as a skeleton or a ship's
                hull-or rather subtle-such as iron stains in the matrix.

                grid method: a technique of archaeological excavation in which a scaffold with uniform
                units, conventionally two-by-two meters in size, is placed over a site to aid in mapping,
                recording and provenience identification.

                                                                                                               3

                 historical archaeology: the study of material remains from cultures that had writing and
                 that left documentary evidence. In American archaeology, it refers to events post-dating
                 1492.

                 history: the study of the past through written records.

                 hypothesis: an unproven theory or proposition that is tentatively accepted to explain
                 certain facts or to form the guidelines of further investigation.

                 magnetometer: a remote-sensing device used to locate archaeological sites and materials
                 by measuring variations (anomalies) in the natural magnetic field of an area that may be
                 caused by intrusive iron objects.

                 material culture: pertaining to the technology and artifacts of a population.

                 matrix: the deposit in which an archaeological find is situated. Sand usually forms a
                 shipwreck's matrix.

                 photomosaic: a composite illustration of a site made of smaller photographs of adjoining
                 areas pasted together; used to aid site recording and mapping.

                 prehistory: the millenia of human history that preceded the development of written
                 records.

                 primary context: an undisturbed association, matrix and provenience.

                 provenience: the documented position of an archaeological find in time and space,                              Am
                 recorded three-dimensionally.

                 radiocarbon dating: an absolute dating technique based on measurement of the decay rate
                 of the carbon isotope, Carbon 14, into stable nitrogen (E12). The resulting dates are
                 calibrated from radiocarbon ages into calendar years using tree-ring chronologies (dendro-
                 chronology).

                 relative dating: the dating of sites or artifacts based on their sequential relationship to other
                 known examples, but not tied to calendar years. Relationships commonly are established
                 through stratigraphy, assemblages, or stylistic or technological characteristics and evolu-
                 tions.

                 remote sensing: archaeological reconnaissance techniques using tools that detect the
                 presence of features or materials which may be buried or camouflaged. Magnetometry,
                 sonar, metal detection, resistivity, and aerial and infrared photography are examples of
                 remote-sensing devices.
                 34

                research design: a systematic and well-formulated plan for conducting scientific research.

                sampling: the process of selecting part of the evidence from a field of study as a basis for
                generalizing about the whole. Since it usually is infeasible to collect or to analyze all
                possible data, sampling is abasic archaeological technique, and maybe "systematic," based
                on a need to gather evidence for specific questions, or "'random" based on the presumption
                that all data are absolutely equal, uninfluenced by external variables, and therefore maybe
                selected for study entirely randomly.

                scientific method: the operational method of science used for observing and testing
                phenomena, based on the construction of hypotheses, the gathering of data in scientific
                means, and the possibility of replicating any results.

                secondary context: a context of archaeological material that has been disturbed by
                subsequent human activity or natural phenomena.

                selective excavation:      archaeological excavation of parts of a site, intended to give a
                systematic sampling of the entire area.

                seriatiow. a process in which artifacts are placed in a chronological order based on
                similarities and evolutions in such aspects as form, technology or association.

                site plan: a map illustrating the relationship of components of an archaeological site.
                Usually a single, horizontal representation of primary features, structures or artifacts, a site
                plan also can reflect vertical relationships through the use of overlays of various strata.

                site survey: reconnaissance of a potential or obvious archaeological site, including
                recovery of diagnostic artifacts and basic recording, to enable evaluation of its archaeologi-
                cal significance.

                sonar an acoustic device which transmits sound waves through water, then registers and
                records the reflections vibrated back from any object encountered. In underwater archae-
                ology, the sub-bottom profiler and the side-scan sonar are the tools most commonly used
                in this type of remote sensing.

                small finds: the ten-n applied to artifacts that can be picked up and transported from a site,
                as opposed to features or structures; also, on sites which have abundant artifacts, it can refer
                to particularly unique or unclassifiable object.

                stratigraphy: the term applied to the superimposed layers of matrix in an archaeological
                site. The "theory of superposition" of such layers is fundamental in archaeology, suggest-
                ing that objects found in deeper sediments are older, thus establishing a relative, chrono-
                logical relationship among materials in the vertical column.
                                                                                                            35

                 surface survey: the collection of diagnostic evidence from an archaeological site without
                 excavation, by sampling only what is on the surface.

                 test pit: a small, local excavation made at a site, either to sample or to probe the whole, or
                 to help to determine where large-scale excavation should be undertaken.

                 total excavation: the complete excavation of an archaeological site, including all compo-
                 nents. Sites with large features, such as structures or a shipwreck hull, often are not
                 excavated totally, but rather, the features are recorded in situ.

                 triangulation: a technique of mapping whereby an object is located relative to its measured
                 distance from two other fixed and geographically known points.

                 typology: the process of grouping artifacts with similar attributes into "types" to compare
                 them with other groups. The types established by an archaeologist may or may not coincide
                 with the "typology" that was perceived by the original maker or user.

                 36

                XV. NaWical Glossary

                after: relating to the part of a ship that lies in or toward the stem.

                amidships: the middle of a ship, either along her length or across her breadth.

                anchorage: an area where the holding ground is good and water depths are suitable for
                ships to anchor. An "open anchorage" is one where there is little or no shelter.

                ballast: heavy material such as iron, stone, or gravel placed low in a vessel's holds to lower
                her center of gravity andprovide increased stability when she is carrying little or no cargo.

                bow: the forward end of a vessel.

                bulkhead: a vertical partition between two decks of a ship, running either lengthwise or
                across, forming and separating different compartrnents.

                caulking: material driven into the seams of a wooden ship's decks or outer planking to
                make themwatertight; usuallya fibrous material which is coated with melted pitchorresin.

                ceiling planks: the internal planking of a ship.

                chainwales, or channels: broad, thick planks projecting horizontally from the side of a
                ship, used to spread the shrouds and thus to provide better support for the masts.

                drift bolt: a large iron or copper pin which fastens the keelson to the keel; a common
                shipwreck artifact.

                fastener. a term applied to the various nails, bolts, or tacks used in ship construction.

                fore: relating to the forward part of a vessel, toward the stem.

                frame: one of the curved, transverse members of a ship's structure, branching outward and
                upward from the keel, that determines the ship's shape and strength, and that provides the
                framework for the planking; also called a "rib" or a "timber." Each frame has several
                components, including floor timbers, futtocks and top timbers.

                gunwale, or gunnel: the uppermost strake or run of planking; also a ship's sides.

                keel: the principal length of timber in a ship, running fore and aft, which supports and
                unites the whole structure. Usually the first element laid down during construction, the
                keel often is made up of several sections scarfed together.
                                                                                                           37

                keelson: an internal keel mounted over the floor timbers, immediately above the main keel,
                to provide additional structural strength.

                mast step: a wood or metal, socket-like fitting mounted in the keelson which holds the heel
                of the mast.

                ordnance: the weaponry, including cannons, artillery and ammunition, found on a ship.

                plank: another word for strake.

                planking nail: an iron or copper fastener used to join hull or deck planks to the frames or
                deck beams.

                port: the left side of the ship, looking forward.

                rigging: a general term for the ropes and wires of a vessel, including those which support
                the masts and yards (standing rigging) and those used in working the sails (running
                rigging).

                sheathing: a covering, usually of copper, nailed (,,,Ath a sheathing tack) over the outside
                of ship's hull below the waterline to protect it against marine animals and fouling.

                shipworm: any of a number of small marine mollusks (e.g., Teredo iiavalis) which burrow
                into and damage submerged wood.

                starboard: the right side of a ship, looking forward.

                stempost: an upright member on a ship that rises from the keel and unites the sides of the
                vessel at the foreward end.

                stem: the rear end of a vessel.

                stempost: a vertical component mounted on the after end of the keel, terminating the hull
                and holding the rudder.

                strake: a continuous range of planking running fore and aft along a ship's sides.

                treenail: a cylindrical wooden pin used to fix a ship's planks to its frames.

                wales: a number of strong planks extending the length of a ship's side at different heights,
                reinforcing the decks and helping to form the distinctive curve of the ship.

                yard: a large spar mounted across a mast to carry sails.
                38

                XVI. Further Reading

                The following is a selection of basic books and periodicals related to underwater archaeol-
                ogy and maritime history. Far from comprehensive, this bibliography can be augmented
                by reading lists included in most of the publications cited below.
                Archaeology - general
                Fagan, Brian. In the Beginning. An Introduction to Archaeology. Boston: Little, Brown and
                        Company, 1981.
                Fagan, Brian, ed. The Adventure of Archaeology. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic
                        Society, 1985.
                Hester, Thomas, Robert Heizer, and John Graham. Field Methods in Archaeology (6th ed.).
                        Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1975.
                Hume, Ivor No6l. Historical Archaeology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.
                - - --------- A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.
                Robbins, Maurice and Mary Irving. The Amateur Archaeologist's Handbook. NewYork: Har-
                        per & Row, 1981.
                United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The Conservation of Cul-
                        tural Property. Paris: UNESCO, 1968.
                Underwater archaeology - general
                Arnold, J. Barto, III. An Underwater Archaeological Magnetometer Survey and Site Test Exca-
                        vation Project off Padre Island. Austin, TX: Texas Antiquities Committee, 1976.
                Arnold, J. Barto, III and Robert S. Weddle. The Nautical Archaeology of Padre Island. The
                        Spanish Shipwrecks of 1554. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
                Bass, George F. Archaeology Under Water. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966.
                         Archaeology beneath the Sea. New York: Walker and Company, 1975.
                Bass, George F., ed. A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology. New York:
                        Walker and Company, 1972.
                         Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1988.
                Gould, Richard A., ed. Shipwreck Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico
                        Press, 1983.
                Green, Jeremy. Maritime Archaeology. New York: Academic Press, 1990.
                Hamilton,D.L. Conservation of Metal Objects from Underwater Sites: A Study in Methods.
                        Austin, TX: Texas Memorial Museum and the Texas Antiquities Committee, 1976.
                Marx, Robert F. The Underwater Dig. An Introduction to Marine Archaeology. New York:
                        Henry Z. Walck, Inc, 1975.
                McGrail, Sean. Sources and Techniques in Boat Archaeology. Oxford: British Archaeological
                        Reports No. 29,1975.
                Muckelroy, Keith. Maritime Archaeology. London: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
                Muckelroy, Keith, ed. Archaeology Under Water: An Atlas of the World's Submerged Sites.
                        New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

                 Peterson, Mendel. History under the Sea. A Handbookfor Underwater Explora tion. Alexandria,
                         VA: by the author, 1973.
                 Throckmorton, Peter. Shipwrecks and Archaeology: The Unharvested Sea. London: Victor
                         Gollancz, 1970.
                 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Underwater Archaeology:
                         A Nascent Discipline. Paris: UNESCO, 1972.
                 Wilkes, Bill St. John. Nautical Archaeology-A Handbook. Newton Abbot, England: David
                         & Charles, Ltd., 1971.

                 Maritime history
                 Andrews, Kenneth R. The Spanish Caribbean. Trade and Plunder, 1530-1630. New Haven:
                         Yale University Press, 1978.
                 Boxer, Charles R. Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800. London: Hutchinson, 1965.
                 --------  The Portuguese Seaborne Empire: 1415-1825. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.
                 Casson, Lionel. The Ancient Mariners. London: Victor Gollancz, 1959.
                 Haring, Clarence H. Trade and Navigation Between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the
                         Hapsburgs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1918.
                 McCarthy, Kevin. Thirty Florida Shipwrecks. Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1992.
                 Morison, Samuel E. The European Discovery of America. 2 Vols. New York: Oxford
                         University Press, 1971.
                 Parry, John H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.
                 Peterson, Mendel. The Funnel of Cold. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1975.
                 Singer, Steven D. Shiupwrecks of Florida. Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1992.
                 Time-Life, Inc. The Seafarers. 10 Vols. Chicago: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1978.
                 Weddle, Robert S. Spanish Sea. The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery, 1500-1685.
                         College Station, TX: The Texas A&M University Press, 1985.
                 Ships and ship systems
                 Anderson, Romola and R.C. Anderso. The Sailing Ship. Six Thousand Years of History     New
                         York: Bonanza Books, 1963.
                 Casson, Lionel. Illustrated History of Ships and Boats. Garden City, NY: Doubleday &
                         Company, Inc., 1964.
                 Chapelle, H.I. A History of American Sailing Ships. New York: Bonanza Books, 1936.
                 Cipolla, C.M. Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion, 1400-1700. London:
                         Collins, 1965.
                 Colledge, John. Ships of the Royal Navy: An Historical Index. 2 Vols. Newton Abbot, Eng-
                         land: David and Charles, Ltd, 1969.
                 Franzen, Anders. The Warship Wasa. Stockholm: Norstedts, 1966.
                 Goldenburg, Joseph A. Shipbuilding in Colonial America. Charlottesville: University of
                         Virginia Press, 1976.
                 Greenhill, Basil. Archaeology of the Boat. London: A&C Black, 1976.
                 Guilmartin,john F.,Jr. Gunpowerand Galleys; Mediterranean Warfare in the Sixteenth Century.
                         London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
                 40

                Horner, David. The Treasure Galleons. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1971.
                Howard, Frank. Sailing Ships of War, 1400-1860. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979.
                Johnstone, Paul. The Archaeology of Ships. London: Bodley Head, 1974.
                Landstr6m, Bj6rn. The Ship. An Illustrated History. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Com-
                        pany, Inc., 1961.
                Marsden, Peter. The Wreck of the Amsterdam. London: Hutchinson, 1974.
                Martin, Colin. Full Fathom Five: The Wrecks of the Spanish Armada. London: Chatto and
                        Windus, 1975.
                Manucy, Albert. Artillery Through The Ages. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
                        Office, National Parks Service Interpretive History Series #3, 1949.
                Pears, Randolph. British Battle Ships, 1827-1957. Chatham, England: N&J MacKay and Co.,
                        Ltd., 1957.

                Comprehensive References
                Bathe, Basil W. The Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms Under Sail. New York: Crown
                        Publishers, Inc., 1978.
                Champion, Sara. Dictionary of Terms and Techniques in Archeology. New York: Facts on File,
                        Inc., 1980.
                Kemp, Peter, ed. The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. San Francisco: Oceanic Society
                        Press, 1976.
                McEwen, W.A. and A.H. Lewis. Encyclopedia of Nautical Knowledge. Cambridge, MD:
                        Cornell Maritime Press, 1953.
                National Trust for Historic Preservation. "Directory of Maritime Heritage Resources."
                        Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1984.
                Uden, Grant and Richard Cooper. A Dictionary of British Ships and Seamen. New York: St.
                        Martin's Press, 1980.

                Periodicals
                Archaeology Magazine
                American Journal of Archaeology
                International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
                Journal of Field Archaeology
                Mariner's Mirror
                Newsletter, Institute of Nautical Archaeology
                Newsletter, Society for Historical Archaeology
                Sea History
                Underwater USA

                Pensacola
                Baumer,DavidR. Bethune Blackwater Schooner Report. Florida Archaeological Resports.No.
                        21, Tallahassee: Bureau of Archaeological Research, 1990.
                Bowden, Jesse Earl, Sandra L. Johnson, and Norman Simons. Pensacola, Florida's First Place
                        City. Norfolk: The Donning Company, 1989.

                 Dibble, Earnest W. and Earle W. Newton. In Search of Gulf Coast History. Pensacola: His-
                         toric Pensacola, Preservation Board, 1970.
                 Ellsworth, Lucius and Linda Ellsworth. Pensacola: The Deep Water City. Tulsa.: Contin-
                         ental Heritage Press, 1982.
                 Franklin, Marianne, John W. Morris, and Roger C. Smith. Submerged Historical Resources of
                         Pensacola Bay, Florida. Florida Archaeological Reports No. 25, Tallahassee: Bureau
                         of Archaeological Research, 1992.
                 McGovern, James R. Colonial Pensacola, Volume L Pensacola: University of West Florida,
                         Department of History, 1974.
                 Muir, Thomas Jr. and David P. Ogden. The Fort Pickens Story. Pensacola: Pensacola His-
                         torical Society, 1989.
                 Parks, Virginia. Pensacola : Spaniards to Space Age. Pensacola, Fla.: Pensacola Historical
                          Society, 1986.
                 Parks, Virginia, ed. Siege! Spain and Britain : The Battle of Pensacola. Pensacola.: Pensacola
                         Historical Society, 1981.
                 Rush, Orwin N. The Battle of Pensacola. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1966.
                 Simons, Norman and Dr. James D. McGovern. Pensacola in Pictures and Prints, Volume IV.
                         Pensacola: University of West Florida, Department of History, 1974.

                 42

                                                                                                                                   01.01
                                                                                                     THE SHIP - BASIC TERMS

                upper deck                                                                                       plank sheer
            gun deck                                                                                                 upper wale
                                                                         NA
                                                                                                                       spirketting

                                                                                                                         main wale
            orlop deck
              ceiling                                                                                                standard knee

                                                                                                                    clamp
             Sccondjuttock
                                                                                                                   hold pillars

                      scarf                                                                                  hold stringers
                           mber                                                           keelson
                   -floor timber          rider
                                                          I mbers                       keel
                                         futtock plank        garboard strake false keel

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                              poop deck                                  wherl            companion ladder         mainjccr lopstarl                                                                        Jofe,Mlle drik
                                                  skylight                                             kel-el block             shot garlatid          Aver hilt$                   fiere.irer (apowt                                             (him"ry                     hills    splatd; block
                                                                                                                                          p4rim r@
                                                                                                             slogho'"                                                                                   glitirort                                                                                                hou-sprit
                                                                                                                                                                               .air, hatth                                                              boil -r                               standard knee
                                                                                                                                        hills                                                                                    riding hills

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                                                                   Reprinted from EARLY MAN ~I~AA~GA~Z~J~N~i~:, ~F.~qU. b~QX 1499, ~tvans~t~~o~n, ~IL ~bU~Z~U4
                                                             M~6qe~8qf~8qtW~-ho S~6qt~8qo~6ql~2q@ ~.~0q@~4qie Stars
                                      ~qWh~c I looked into the sky that night.                                 By George IF. Bass                                             catch ~a~n~d sell stars. There am millions
                                                                                                                                                                           of stars in the heavens. as any ~sc~ho~o~qT~-~7
                                  ~qi thou~qg~ql~i~t at f~qir~qu~-~t~h~at a cloud covered                                                                                                  boy ~qk~no~v~a~. You can't two s~e~c some or
                                  part of the Big Dipper. _~qf~lut the                 ~;crisp       Early shipwrecks are being looted a~qi an                                   them they am so dim. ~7b~e~m can~r~O~4 ~b~e
                                  ..night air had not ~i~t trace of moisture.                                                                                                any rational reason to keep them all up
                                                                                                 alarming -rate around the wor~id. There
                                  After -cleaning my glasses and looking                                                                                                   theft. Especially when them am bol-
                                  again, I realized that.Mizar simply w~qis ~.                      ts no public outcry~. The public; in fact,                                 lions of dollars ~to be made by private
                                                                                                 usually applauds the loo~ter~qi. intelligent                                 investors. Stand up for your eights as an
                                  not there any longer. I called t~qhe obser-                                                                                                                                      ~s~c
                                  vatory   Iof the university nearest me.                        people who would stoutly defend land                                      American. Stand up for free ~c~n~t~c~rp~n
                                      'There's   ~.  a star missing.- I said.                     monuments such as Mount Vernon                                      By then the night sky was beginning
                                  ~"Mi~7~ar isn't there any more.-                                  from being di~sman~t~ql~edfor private gain,                           ~to look a-bit faded. Investors were after
                                      "We have no comm~en~t~.at this time,                          by the 'sale of bricks and stones as                             the really bright. sparkling stars first. so
                                                                                                 ~sou~q@en~qir~s, feet that shipwrecks are re-
                                  was the reply.                                                                                                                  the first-~"m~a~gn~i~tude stars were disappear-
                                                                                                 sources to be mined in the name o~qffree
                                      The next issue of T~empus, our leading                      enterprise. I have failed'so often in                            ~ing at an alarming rate.
                                  news magazine, provided an ~explana-                                                                                                Astronomers made joint and private
                                                                                                 making a case for the protection of
                                  tion. Under the "Science- heading was a                                                                                         outcries about what was happening.
                                  brief item:                                                    shipwrecks that I have almost given up.                          "Precious knowledge about the creation
                                                                                                 The story here is a true one, based on                           of th~e universe is being lost forever. It
                                           Astronomer Claude Blakely. after                      actual events, newspaper ~c~r~id~in~ag~azine
                                        Ile                                                                                                                       doesn't do me any good to see Be-
                                        , ~-~ar~s of research and c~xp~er~i~n~i~cn~tat~;~on.                 articles and editorials, photographs
                                        has at ~qW developed a method                                                                                               telg~e~t~ise in the cavern of some Austrian
                                                                            of ~c~a~r~)~-             and co~qme~sp~o~nde~nce. I have changed
                                        ~turin~g stars. F~q~r an undisclosed pri ~'                                                                                    duke." one wrote.          It's been t~6qV~en out of
                                                                               m~o~c~u~e~qs            ship
                                        ~b~e has sold M~i~i~ir to a~n a~n~any                                   wrecks into s~l~a~r~v and archeologists                       context."
                                        dealer in G~er~i~evi~t. The dealer. through a                into astronomers in hopes ~-~q6~qf~. making
     ~2p~                                                                                                                                                          A senator f~[om a -rather ~qfo~O ~qy State-
                                        N~ew York spokesman. assures ~l~h~c~'pu~b~-                     MY point.                                                                                                   ~0~q9
                                        lic that the star will be put on display in                                                                               submitted a piece to a fam~qi~qly~-w~c~ck~ly:
                                        a private planetarium within the next
                                        ~two years. and that hundreds ~o~f~e~e~l~i~z~ens                                                                                            At last astronomy is making ~r~n~o~n~c~y.
                                        will be able ~to see it there.                            had sold rights to his star~-s~icalin~qg device                               not simply spending it; Millions o~fd~q@~l-
                                                                                                 ~to a number of partners.                                                  lar~s of National Science Foundation
                                      I began a flood of outraged letters to                         -The clammy hands of bi~,o~-brother                                     grants will now be saved that would
                                           ~F                                                                                                                               otherwise have been wasted on larger
                                  magazines. syndicated editorial writers                        government arc trying to take away the
                                      ~0                                                                                                                                    telescopes and more radio telescopes.
                                  and politicians. The stars. I said. be-                        hard-won spoils of the last of the -real                                  Haw all the astronomers. spending all
                                  longed to everybody. Astronomers were                          inventors.- thundered the columnist.                                      that money for centuries. ever made ~a
                                      ~0
                                  supposed 10 ~qm~a~qp th~e Stars. measure them                        **Claude Blakely and his partners ~r~c~qp~r~c~-                                  dime for the public? T~I~ncy talk about
                                  and study them in th~e most minute de-                          sent the last frontier of free enterprise.-                               knowledge. Claude Blakely is the first
                                  tail. But. I added, astronomers were                               The night that I noticed Sirius was no                                one ever to show common sense!
                                  supposed to ~b~e after knGw~qI~ed~qg~e. They                           lon~.~-cr in the sky. I opened the ~Newslet-                           When Polaris was snatched. I was
                                  were not supposed to own ~th~e stars. I                          ter of Private Star Lovers that had ar-                          sure that th~e tide would turn in favor of
                                  didn't believe that Mr. Blakely should                         rived -in the afternoon mail. It had as a                        amateur star gazers and professional as-
                                  really be called an astronomer.                                logo a bald eagle holding a star in its ta-                      tronomers. But, except for a few
                                      **Your attitude strikes me as h~o~qi~ly-                       lons. flanked by wavin~g.Amer~qican fl~a~-s.                          yachtsm~e~n~. most people were watching
                                  ~toi~ty~,~" replied one ofthe best known col-                                Fellow citizens: Write to your con-                    their TV screens and couldn't be
                                  umnists. "Claude Blakely knows more                                   ~g~r~e~sm~en -about the communis~i~-in~.                          bothered about it.
                                  about astronomy than any PhD or he                                    spired plot to take away our rights to
                                                                                                                                                                     -Why didn't he use Loran to navi-
                                  couldn't have gone out and netted that                                                                                          gate?" my sister asked when she rc~id the
                                  star. And anyway, why should profes-                                                                                            article about the sailor who lost his way
                                  sional astronomers h~2~q;c all ~th~e stars?                                                                                          because of the disappearing stars and
                                  ~qT~he~re are enough to go around. You're                                                                                           ended on the rocks. "That's what all
                                  just jealous that you didn't make a buck                                                                                        those satellites are for. anyw~2~y. isn't
                                  out of it."                                                                                                                     it?"
                                      My response that the public as well as                                                                                         -They'll be snatching satellites next,-
                                  astronomers had a right to the stars, ~and                                                                                       I answered. I let the sharp photographs
                                  that future generations had a rig
                                  them, went unanswered.                 ~q*     ~q,ht to see-                                                                        of the   ~.sta~qny night sky drop on~qe at a time
                                                                                                                                                                  in a pile on ~8qthe floor between my feet.
                                      Some of the public did write to their                                                                                       "That's the way it used to be," I mum-
                                  congressmen. but since most lived in'                                                                                           bled.
                                  smoggy cities and never saw th~qe stars
                                  anyway. few letters were sent. A young                                                                                          George ~4qF. Bass is president ~qo~8qf~qthe h~qi~qs~qti~q-
                                  congressman from one of the states with                                                                                         ~qtu~qte of Nautical Archeology. base                  d- of
                                  an exceptionally clear sky did. ~qevcntu~q-                                                                                         Texas A ~4q& M University. 'The Men ~q%~q,ho
                                  ally. introduce legislation to ban star                                                                                         Stole ~qth~qe Stars" appeared originally in
                                  catching. By         then, how~qev~qe~0qi. Blakely                                                                                     Sea History magazine.
                                  The

                                          Discovery of a Shipwreck

          Examination of Site, Features, & Biology       Notify Local, State Archaeologists & Historians

            Site Survey and Recording, Site Plan                  Consult Local Research Facilities

        Complete and Submit Florida Shipwreck Site Form              F  Attempt to Identify Site

                                           Monitor and Protect Site

                                                   A Proposal
                                 to Establish the USS Massachusetts
                         as a State Underwater Archaeological Preserve

                                                     7-

                                                     Prepared by
                                        The Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                           Division of Historical Resources
                                              Florida Department of State
                                                      May 1992

                                                                      Abstract

                         Objective:
                                 To propose the establishment of a State Underwater Archaeological Preserve at the
                         sunken remains of the USS Massachusetts, the nation's oldest surviving battleship, which is
                         located in shallow water near the entrance to Pensacola Bay. The site was nominated by a local
                         diver in 1990 to be considered as a candidate for Florida's fourth shipwreck park. The
                         Massachusetts, a popular fishing and diving location, can be better interpreted and made more
                         accessible to the public for an increased appreciation of her role in national and regional
                         history. A cooperative endeavor between state, county, and city officials, as well as interested
                         organizations and individuals, is proposed to create a new historical attraction for Pensacola.
                                 Florida's program of shipwreck parks began in 1987, with the designation as a
                         Preserve of the Urca de Lima, a Spanish galleon that sank near Ft. Pierce during a hurricane in
                         1715. A second preserve was established in 1989 on the San Pedro, a galleon that grounded in
                         the Florida Keys during a hurricane in 1733. In 1991, the City of Hawkinsville, a sunken
                         steamboat in the Suwannee River, became the latest shipwreck park as a result of cooperative
                         action between government and the public. As important examples of our maritime heritage,
                         these sites are interpreted through widely distributed brochures and are made more acces-
                         sible by mooring systems and underwater maps. They attract many tourists each year.
                                 USS Massachusetts was one of three "Indiana" class warships that comprised the first
                         true battleships built for the new U.S. Steel Navy. Launched in 1893, Massachusetts was
                         designated BB-2'and was one of the most powerful ships of her time. She served in the
                         Spanish-American War and later as an artillery training ship in the North Atlantic Squadron.
                         Quickly superseded by larger and heavier battleships, Massachusetts was decommissioned
                         three times during almost thirty years of service. In 1920, she was struck from the Navy List
                         and loaned to the War Department as a target ship. The following year, she was towed to
                         Pensacola and scuttled for an experimental artillery test; later she was used for target practice
                         by naval aviation students. Returned to the Navy, the hulk was advertised for scrap but no
                         acceptable bids were received, and the wreck became a favorite fishing spot. In 1956, title to
                         the sunken vessel was awarded to the State of Florida by a court decision.
                                 Today, the oldest remaining American battleship lies in just 20 ft. of water at the entrance to
                         Pensacola Pass. Although worse for wear, the majority of the ship's remains are still recognizable; at
                         low tide her two huge gun turrets are awash, marking her grave. Resting under the sea for over 70 of
                         her 100 years, the Massachusetts has become home for many types of Gulf marine life, providing a
                         beautiful and intriguing adventure for underwater visitors. Yet, many who come to fish and dive have
                         forgotten Massachusetts'unique role in American naval history. Perhaps it is time for:her remains to be
                         interpreted and appreciated as she continues to serve her nation as a source of recreation and education.

                         Suggested Steps for the Establishment of a Preserve:
                                 This proposal is the result of months of historical research on the USS Massachusetts
                         and hundreds of hours exploring and recording her remains in response to her nomination as
                         an Underwater Preserve. The purpose of this document is to present a case for Preserve
                         designation, and to solicit input at all levels for a cooperative venture between government
                         and the public to establish a shipwreck park. The project will depend on community support
                         and participation, which have been key elements in the success of other shipwreck preserves
                         in Florida. Suggested steps in preparing the site for a preserve are: a biological assessment
                         of marine life on the wreck; installation of a mooring buoy system to aid fishing and diving
                         boats and to prevent the loss of anchors; installation of an underwater plaque designating the
                         site as a preserve; preparation of a brochure detailing the ship's history and present situation;
                         preparation of an interpretive map to orient diving and fishing visitors to the site in conjunc-
                         tion with the mooring system; and, hopefully, preparation of a shore-based museum exhibit.

                                                                                 USS Massachusetts Underwater Preserve Proposal

                                                                                                                    rV      T

                                                                                                     unken treasure, cannibalism, prison ships,
                                                                                                     Nazi submarines, the Bermuda Triangle-
                                                                                                    all are tied into the lore of shipwrecks along
                                                                                                    Florida's coasts. There are as many shipwreck
                                                                                                    stories as there are thousands of Florida ship-
                                                                                                    wrecks. This book offers the stories of thirty
                                                                                                    of the most interesting of them-from the
                                                                                                    story of young Fontaneda, who wrecked in
                                                                                                    1545 and was held captive by Indians for 17
                                                                                                    years, to the story of the Coast Guard cutter
                                                                                                    Bibb, which was sunk off Key Largo in 1987 to
                                                                                                    provide an artificial reef and diving site. In
                                                                                                    between there is the Atocha, flagship of a
                                                                                                    Spanish treasure fleet, which sank in a hurri-
                                                                                                    cane in September 1622 and was found, along
                                                                                                    with its $ 100 million worth of gold and silver,
                                                                                                    by Mel Fisher in July of 1985.
                                                       170!                                          Each shipwreck story has a map pinpoint-
                                                                                                    ing its location and is illustrated in a full-color
                                                                                                    painting, by renowned artist William L. Trot-
                                                                                                    ter. There is an extensive bibliography and a
                                                                                                    foreword by Florida state underwater archae
                                                                                                    ologist Roger Smith.

                                                                                                    KEVIN M. MCCARTHY teaches English at
                                                                               7!1
                                                                                                    the University of Florida in Gainesville and is
                                                                                                    a certified scuba diver. He researched this
                                                                                                    book mostly on land in the state's libraries and
                                                                                                    archives. He has written six other books.

                                                                                                    VVILLLAM L. TROTTER is a registered Coast
                                                                                                    Guard artist who has been involved in mari-
                                             wage

                                                                                                    t
                                                                                                    me painting for over 30 years. His paintings
                                                                                                    i
                                                                                                    have been used to illustrate several books.
     Front cover painting: The Urca de Lima, a
     - galleon of the Spanish treasure fleet,
     -,*'sank in 17 15 off Fort Pierce.
          cover painting: The Cecil Anne, a
          @- Arm), cargo boat converted to a                                                             ISBN 1-56164-007-7
       pleasure craft, sank in 1967, the six                                                                                      51795
       aboard saved by a U.S. Coast Guard
       helicopter.
     .4inted in Hong Kong            Published by Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota, Florida

                                                                                                        9

                                                         FoREwoRD

               W
                           ith one of the nation's longest continuous           Since the advent of scuba diving in the 1950s, many
                           coastlines and miles of rivers and lakes,         of Florida's shipwrecks have been discovered by sport
                           Florida has a unique and broad range of           divers and explored by both amateurs and profession-
               submerged historical and archaeological resources.            als. But over the years historic wreck sites have come
               From prehistoric dugout canoes to modem steel                 under increasing pressure by treasure hunters search-
               freighters, Florida's waters have accumulated a signif-       ing for gold and silver who view the remains of sunken
               icant number of sunken ships through storms, human            vessels'as opportunities for private, short-term profit.
               error, naval actions, and other causes. The exact             Too often, discovery of a colonial vessel starts a destruc-
               number of shipwrecks is, of course, unknown, but              tive cycle of speculation, investment, and exploitation,
               there are at least 2,000 documented ship losses in the        based on the hope of finding "treasure." Now, as more
               waters of Florida. Undoubtedly many more undocu-              and more of Florida's citizens and visitors enter its
               mented wrecks exist.                                          underwater world, they are recognizing the importance
                  Of course, many of these shipwrecks are relatively         of conserving and protecting our natural resources,
               modern and of limited historical and archaeological           such as coral, manatees, and other marine life. They also
               interest today. Yet they are routinely visited by divers      are learning to respect Florida's cultural resources since,
               and fishermen for their recreational value and the            unlike the natural environment of which they have
               marine life they harbor. Some, as you will learn from         become a part, the sites of shipwrecks do not grow back
               this book, have been purposely sunk for artificial            again once they are damaged or destroyed.
               reefs. Perhaps years in the future, they will have               The diving public is encouraged to visit Florida's
               historical and archaeological value as well. But the          sunken historical sites with the understanding that these
               most significant of Florida's shipwrecks are those that       sites are protected by legislation that prohibits any
               sank between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.          disturbance or removal of objects on publicly owned
               They represent the cultural remains of several colo-          submerged botton-Jands without written authorization.
               nial maritime nations, including the United States.           Adoption of the modern sport diving motto, "take or-Jy
               Florida was (and still is) a crossroads of the Americas,      pictures, leave only bubbles," will help to ensure that
               as well as the Atlantic Ocean, and a natural magnet           Florida's vast underwater storehouse of history is pre-
               for shipping.                                                 ser-,,ed for future generations to enjoy. _
                  These wreck sites are time capsules that were left            In the following pages, Pro'fessor McCarthy tells
               behind, however inadvertently, by those who came              the stories of thirty Florida shipwrecks of various
               before us. They contain the remnants of the cultures          nationalities spanning four hundred years. A color
               that shaped our past, and they constitute a priceless         illustration of each ship by William Trotter accompan-
               but extremely fragile record of more than three cen-          ies the narratives. Some shipwrecks, like San Pedro and
               turics of exploration, settlement, colonization, and          Duane have become popular diving destinations. Oth-
               commerce. Some of these cultural resources, like the          ers, like Reformation, have not yet been identified.
               Maple Leaf, are surprisingly well preserved in Florida's      Some, like City of Hawkinsville, were simply aban-
               warm, shallow waters. Others, like HNIS Loo, have             doned when they fell into disuse. Others, like SS
               deteriorated over the years, as nature took its toll.         Guyamerica, were victims of warfare resulting in tragic
               Only a small fraction contained cargoes of precious           loss of life. Each represents a fascinating chapter in
               metals or "treasure," yet media and public preoccu-           the continuing saga of Florida's maritime history.
               pation with those few Spanish galleons, like the                             Dr. Roger C. Smith
               Atocha, have overshadowed and distorted the real                             State Underwater Archaeologist
               picture of Florida's unique maritime heritage.                              Florida Division of Historical Resources

                                                                           4

                dir-

           L
           CHAPTER 22

                                    C/-VA SSA Cyl-IUSETTS, 1921
                                                                          F
                                                                                 lorida's Emerald Coast, so called because of the
                                                                                 color of the Gulf of Mexico there, attracts fewer
                                                                                 divers than the more glamorous Keys and east
                                                                          coast of the state, but one shipwreck off Pensacola
                                                                          deserves more visitors: the 350-foot-long USS Massa-
                                                                          chusetts. Its name honors a state, as do most battle-
                                                                          ships, a practice that has encouraged the respective
                                                                          states to furnish their naval namesakes with silver
                                                                          service, recruits, etc., in return for which the states
                               Pensaco a
                                                                          often received ownership of the battleships to be
                                                                                 -ve
               .L.7                                                                 d as memorials instead of being scrapped.
                                                                          preser
                                                                          Beginning in 1920, the Navy also gave its battleships
                                      M@i'sachusetts
                   ......                                                 letter designations and numbers; thus the Pensacola
                                      ..............                      ship was designated BB2 as the second battleship of
                   .. ..... .....
                                                                          its kind.
                                                                             The keel of the ship lying in shallow water near the
                  Gulf      Ot                                            entrance to Pensacola Bay was laid in Philadelphia in
                                                                          1891. Built at a cost of $3,000,000, it joined the
                                 ..........
                                                                          Indiana and the Oregon as the three members of the
                 ..............
                                                                          Indiana-class of battleship, all of them launched in
               .....................
                                                                          1893. Each displaced 10,000 tons of water and had
                                                                          formidable armaments of four 13-inch, eight 8-inch,
             Location:  The Massachusetts, easily locatedfrom the         and four 6-inch guns, along with a crew of between
             gun tumets rising above the water, lies in 20feet ofwater    473 and 636.
            just west of the pass that leads into Pen-sacola Bayfrom         These three battleships were the result of a U.S.
             the Gu@f ofMexico.                                           Navy policy board's recommendation in 1889 that the
                                                                          U.S. build 192 warships over 15 years at a cost of
                                                                          $281,550,000, including ten first-class battleships "of
                                                                          great endurance" with a range of 5,400 miles at 10
                                                                          knots; the board also recommended the building of

                                                                       93

              25 battleships for use primarily as coastal defense        8-inch guns because of improper safety procedures;
              ships. An anti-militarist attitude in the U.S. Congress    nine crew members were killed. After authorities
              that conjured up thoughts of imperialism and aggres-       tightened up the procedures, she served in 1904 as a
              sion greatly diminished the end results; the Act of        training ship for Naval Academy midshipmen off New
              June 30, 1890, authorized only three "sea-going, coast-    England. In 1909-10, workers added a cage mainmast
              line battleships." The resulting ships had very heavy      to the ship for a searchlight platform and for gunnery
              armaments and armor on a restricted displacement;          spotting. In World War I she served as a heavy-gun
              the crowded design led to low freeboard and only           target practice ship in Chesapeake Bay and in the
    W         moderate speed, characteristics that emphasized the        Atlantic. She was decommissioned in 1919, renamed
              Congressional mandate that the three battleships be        the Coast Battleship No. 2, struck from the Navy list in
              coastline defenders rather than offensive warships.        1920, and loaned to the War Department as a target
                  The Massachusetts, like the Indiana and Oregon, had    ship.
              twin turrets fore and aft on the centerline that housed       In the early 1920s, the Navy turned over the Mas-
              the ,four 13-inch guns. Eight 8-inch guns were in twin     sachusetts to the Army, after which a tugboat towed
              turrets, two on either beam at the upper-deck level,       her from Norfolk to shallow water near Pensacola,
              and four 6-inch guns were in casements amidships on        where engineers opened up the ship's sea valves,
              the main deck. The crowded placement of the big            flooded the compartments, and sank her south of
              guns on the decks resulted in the 13-inch guns' crews      Fort Pickens and east of the channel that led into
              being affected by the blast from the 8-inch and 6-inch     Pensacola Bay. Because too much superstructure pro-
              guns. All three ships in the Indiana-battleship class      truded from the water at that site, engineers pumped
              served in the Spanish-American War, but became             the water out of the compartments and moved the
              obsolete by World War I.                                   battleship to deeper water" on the west side of the
                  The Massachusetts operated along the Atlantic          channel. At the same time engineers were converting
              coast and participated in training maneuvers off Flor-     two unfinished battle cruisers, Saratoga and Lexington,
              ida. She helped blockade Cuba in 1898 during the           to aircraft carriers, the second of which arrived in
              Spanish-American War, warding off intruders with           Pensacola in 1928 to undergo several experiments
              her huge guns. After that she cruised along the Atlan-     involving carriers, including the use of airplanes
              tic coast and eastern Caribbean as part"of the North       launched from the carrier to bomb the partially sub-
              Atlantic Squadron. In 1900, the battleship steamed         merged Massachusetts. In order not to destroy the ship
              into Pensacola with the flagship Kearsarge for repairs     with a few well-placed bombs and therefore deprive
              and caused a great outpouring of welcome from the          future pilots of the chance to use her for target
              townspeople that reminded old-timers of the days           practice, military instructors had student pilots use
              when the West India Squadron frequented the har-           fake bombs that had blank shotgun shells with small
              bor. The local Pensacola Daily A7ews, reminding peo-       plungers in the nose of the bombs; when the bomb
              ple how profitable such visits could be to the town,       hit the ship, a little puff of smoke activated by the
              drummed up much support. After the Massachusetts           plunger would indicate how accurate the student
              left Pensacola and cruised the Gulf, she returned to       bomber was.
              Pensacola in 1901 but ran aground in the harbor. The          The Massachusetts also served as a target for large
              official navigational charts of the channel there indi-    army coastal guns. A flatcar in the freight yard at
              cated sufficient depth for the battleship, but shoaling    Brent outside Pensacola had a gun mounted on her
              reduced that depth in several places. Even though the      that would fire projectiles over the city onto the ship.
              local newspaper had a daily headline declaring that        In 1925, authorities returned her to the Navy, which
              the channel was 33 feet deep, the battleship ran           put her up for sale for scrap but received no accept-
              aground in water that was only 25 feet deep.               able bids.
                  In 1903, the Massachusetts had the first major casu-      Over the years fishermen discovered what a rich
              alty for an American battleship since the 1898 sinking     fishing ground the hulk provides, attracting schools
              of the Maine in Havana harbor. What happened               of small and large fish. In 1955, the Corps of Engi-
              aboard the Massachusetts was a misfiring of one of her     neers, ignoring the pleas of fishermen, gave the Mas-

                  94 THIRTY FLORIDA SHIPWRECKS

         sachusetts Company a permit to begin salvage opera-       eignty of the crown; since the Navy abandoned its
         tions on the ship. The company proceeded to fence         claim to the Massachusetts, the State of Florida could
         off the watery area of the Massachusetts with buoys,      claim it. Today the stately Massachvietts is a reminder
         which angered such groups as the Pensacola Anglers        of the days when battleships began to come into their
         and Hunters Club and the Sports Association. Groups       own. In spite of her bulky size and ungainly appear-
         like the Pensacola City Council and the Warrington        ance, she has served this country well and may con-
         Kiwanis Club passed resolutions urging authorities to     tinue to do so as an underwater park.
         save their favorite watery landmark.                                          REFERENCES                                     0
            A lower court ruled in favor of the salvage com-          Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia ofBattle-
         pany, but in 1956 the Florida Supreme Court reversed      ships. New York: Crescent Books, 1983: 134-35. pp.
         that ruling, citing English common law and ancient        113-15,174-79.
         British admiralty statutes adopted as Florida laws that      Pearce. US. Naty, pp. 113-15, 174-79.
         gave ownership of such ships to the state in its sover-      PensacolaJournal, Nov. 17, 1956: 1.
         eign capacity. The Supreme Court noted that under            Reilly,john C.jr. and Robert L. Scheina. Ame7ican
         old English law any shipwreck that remains unclaimed      Battleships, 18864923. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute
         by its owner for a year and a day becomes the property    Press, 1980: 50-69.
         of the crown. The State has succeeded to the sover-

                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                           MASSACHUSETFS, 1921 95

                                                                                                                                                                  I t                     I I I           .    .   I F
        Exploring                                                                                                                                   A Window to the Past...
                                                                                                                    Mak-e fiistory come ative: eVerience the mystique of the Spanish Main by viewing
                                                                                                                                                the remains of an 18th century sading ship.
                                                                                                                                             A Dynamic Living Ecosystem...
                                                                                                                   Observe firsthand how nature reclaims what humans construct:ftom brittfe stars to
                                                                                                                                             barracu&zs@ sea life thrives on the artificiaf reef.
                                                                                                        UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVE

                                                                                                                              7
                                                                                                                             -                                     PM

                                                                                                                                                                                  \777!@

                                                                                                                                                      4;

        18th Century Merchant Ship
        Designed to transport peoples and cargoes acros
                                                                   s vast
        oceans, the ship is a complex and highly organized
        expression of the technology of the time.
                                                                                                                                                                                               \\\\\\\ NMI
                                                                                                              A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      . . . ......

        Time of Wrecking
                                                                   cturc
        The impact of the wreck damages the ship's strt
        and scatters parts. Winds, waves, and currents frthcr
        scramble the remains.

                                                                                                                                                                    P-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     U3@
        One Hundredyears Later
        Nature has taken its toll on the exposed part of the wreck.                                     TOday        The wreck, shown here in a cutaway view, has become part of the seabed.                      Some parts are still preserved under the
        Shifting sands have covered much of the remains, and                                                          &Ind' and -.in artificial reef has developed on top of the remains.
        coral has begun to grow on the cxlx-)scd ballast stones.                                                                                                                                                            01992 Indiana University I Marine CAintinuum

                                                                                                                                                                  I I                   I Id                 -, I   -
                                                                                                                                                            EM4                                       30RAE
                 A Cutim .?fsource                                                                                                                                                                     80140'
                   The San Pedro departed Havana,                                   18th centunj anchor                                                                Liquintitat Kry
                 Cuba, on Friday, the 13th of July, 1733,
                 part of a Spanish treasure fleet bound for
                 Spain. The next day a huff icane .                                                                                                                                          Life 'BOMWAe
                 scattered the fleet over 30 miles of the                                                                                                                                                     %atable Kry
                 Florida Keys, and all but one of the                                      C12                                    Seagrass
                 three galleons and eighteen merchant                                                                                                                            101
                                                                                                                         Sand        \,                                       e
                 ships perished in the storm. The
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Indian *y
                 Spanish crown salvaged part of their                                                      0
                                                                                                              0
                 cargo of tanned hides, rare spices, silver,
                 gold, and jewels, in the 1730's.                                                                                                                                                 San Pedro                      24
                   Although the remaining treasure and
                 numerous artifacts were recovered in the                                                              0     Pkrpfica cannon                                        Noudedmile
                                                                                                                      00
                 1960's, the shipwrecks still have many                                                                                        e\1                                  I
                 features of historical interest. such as the                                                                                                                       0           1
                 ship's ballast, which were typically dense
                 stones from European river beds which
                 were stacked in the lower holds of the
                 sailing ship to increase stability.                                                               0
                   The San Pedro is representative of this                                                                                                                                            Location
                 era of Florida's maritime heritage, and                                          0                    0                     Baffast stones                             The San Pedro lies in 18 feet of water
                 offers visitors a vivid sense of history                                                                                                                                 approximately 1.25 nautical miles
                 while viewing anactual shipwreck site.                                           0          0                                                                                  south from Indian Key.
                 The park includes ship's remains, an
                 eighteenth century anchor, replica
                 cannons, and ballast stones encrusted                                                                                                                                            Mooring Buoys
                 with coral.                                                                                                                                                            Please tie up to the mooring buoys, to
                                                                                                0                                                                                         prevent anchor damage to the site.
                 A Ngtura(Ppource                                                                                                                      Coralhead          %It                     ProtectedArea
                   The San Pedro, one of Florida's oldest                                             0                                                  0
                 artificial reefs, offers visitors a unique                                            0                                         0        0                                  Please take only photographs
                 opportunity to observe the results of                                                    0                                                                                     and leave only bubbles.
                 over 250 years of activity by the marine
                 environment on the remains of a large                                                       0
                 wooden vessel. The shifting sea beds                                                                                      to
                 and seagrass in the area usually keep
                 coral reefs from forming, but the arrival
                 of this shipwreck has provided a place
                 for corals to grow.                                                                                                                            Plaque
                   Today, the San Pedro is a healthy reef
                 supporting hundreds of species of fish,                                                          vor'-
                 coral, and other sea life.
                   At night some of these marine
                 organisms venture from the protection                                                                                                                                               A joint Project of:
                 of the coral to graze upon the surround-                                                                                                                           FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
                 ing seagrass, creating a barren, sandy,                                                                                                                                        Division of Recreation and P8Fks
                 "halo" that surrounds the wrecksite.                                                                                                                                                      and
                                                                                                                     fo                                                                    FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF STATE
                                                                                                                                                                                                             rical Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                Division of Histo
                                                                                                         SHIPWRECK SITE PLAN                                 Ifathont                   01992 Indiana University / Marine Continuum
                                                                                                                                                                or
                                                                                                                                                              Six ftet

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SIAW DC$igFV JOSCph M. Dictes, Jr.

    7Explori'n-gTHE                                                                                                                                        A Window to the Past...
                                                                                                                                                                           nt era iij Florida by vietuing the rentains of a 19th
                                                                                                                 Make history come alive: experi icethestetimbo
                      CITY OF                                                                                                                              ceaury coastal steamboat.
                                                                                                                                         WATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVE

                                                                                                                   11 AN K
                                                                                                      % %

                                                                           % %
                                                                               %  %     %
                                                                                . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                                                           f1rall,kinsf-illf i- lise-liel it% sliallow %vater till lite %vesit-ril
                                                                                                                                                                                    o(
                                                                                                                                                                  Ilse railramd Irt-Ole at 01JI'miro. ALLess it) tile site is -11 only.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   by list,
                                                         YVA                                           SUWANNEE               RIVE R
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ------------

                      Ille City of
                                                                                                                                                         -iD-
                 The City of flawkinsville is 1 survivor of Ille 1911% century
            mistal steamism technology. Shewas the largest and the last steam- Mooring Bouys
            boat stationed on the Suwannee River, serving a route that included
            Branford, Clay's Landing Old Town, and Cedar Keys. The City of
            Italviinsuille was 141 It. Iong, with two decks, a single smoke stack,
            a Wte stem, and molded bow. Official records indicate that she was
            in service until May 19,1922, when her last captain abandoned tile                                                                                                   QD
            vessel ending the sleamiscialing era on the Suwannee liver.                                                                                                    Marker Bouys

                                                                                                                                                    by
                                                                             The City of Itatblinsville is marketl by a series of Injoys oil her starboard sideand Diving should not be allempted in tile 1141111-illsvilk when the river is abovi
                                                                         mooring boo s approximately.50 feel down%treini froin her %lern (seeal'ove). Visitors to lite 4 feet (In (he gauge at nearby Wilcox Station in Fanning Springs, or if water
                                                                         City of Hattlinsvitleareasked to observe lite following mles:                       visibility is k-,s that 3 feet.
                                                                             Tic to tile mooring buoys Ili prevcnianchor damage to [lie site.                Call Suwannee Rivtr Water Management N-trict weekdays at I-SOL16-IM
                                                                             Do not motor Over I lie 1111it'Linsville insideand shoreward of (lie buoys.     to retluest Wilcox gauge reading.
                                                                             Display a "divers down" [Lig while diving.                                      Call Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission 1-80342-8105 to report
                                                                             Divers should luive AdvanctxI 01vii-Waler Imining.                              darnige to site.
                                                                             Do not dive into or under the hull.                                                      This lblication rodMId by tile
                                                                   Vill
                                                                             Avoid sha ris edges, rough so rhicesa nd st ra y fish i ng lines llui I call lie encininlen: d oil the rLOr11DA DPARMENT OF STATE
                                                                             wreck.                                                                                   in coopera. lion with lite
                                                                                                                                                                      FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
                                                                             The minimum recommentled Ixim ment for a safe dive includes: (1) Full open
                                                                                                                                                                      and the GULF MARINE EDUCATION FOUNDATION
                                                                             water SCUBA equipm
                                                                                                 ent (2) Knire' (3) Gloves (4) Underwale, lights.

                                                                        THE VIEW FROM DOWN UNDER.
                      Today, the City of Hawkinsville looks like a story-book ghost ship. The hull of       side of the vessel is partially buried in tqhe river bank. Although the boat's steam
                   the sunken steamer is virtually intact with her bow pointing upriver. From the           boiler has been removed, most of the steam piping remains in place. The main
                   slempost, one can swim along the entire deck of the vessel to her stern paddlewheel,     propulsion system, consisting of two enormous horizontal piston engines,each of
                   exploring numerous deck fillings and steam machinery along the way. Inside dark-         which drove a long Pitman are connected to the paddlewheel, is easily recognizable
                   ened hatches, mudfish and catfish make their homes.                                      along with its rods and gears. Perhaps [lie most dramatic feature of the wreckage is
                      Tilling at an angle of 20 degrees to starboard, (right side) the steamboat rests on   the four iron sprockets and their wooden spokes from the large paddlewheel that
                   a series of limestone rocks that supports [lie hull above the river bed. The port (left) pushed the Hawkinsville up and down the Suwannee.
                          The Hawkinsville is a fragile piece of Florida's history. Do not stand on or hang onto wooden parts of the wreck.
                                       Please respect the underwater Preserve and leave the site as you found it for others to enjoy.

                                                                                                                                                     ............

                                                                                                                                                201

               1.Stempost                        6.Guard             11. Slide Valve           16.Shifting Linkage
               2.Bulkhead                        7.Stanchion         12. Condenser Pump        17.Pitman Arm
               3.Fairlead                        8.Bricks            13. Water Pump            18.Rudders
               4.Boiler Room                     9.Condenser Pipe    14. Shifting Lever        19.paddlewheel
               5.Front Boiler Bracket           10.Steam Engine      15. Steam Pipes           20.Hog Chain
                 with Fire Doors and Ash Pan                                                   21.Hawkinsville Plaque

            I
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                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                           Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1201

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                                                                                                                                                                                             99
                                         APPENDIX 3. REMOTE SENSING SURVEY GROUND-TRUTHED TARGETS

                          KEY-

                          WGB      ............... West side of Gulf Breeze
                          ONC      ................ Old Navy Cove
                          NSRI     ............... North side of Santa Rosa Island
                          SNAS       .............. South waterfront of Naval Air Station
                          EP   ................... Emanuel Point
                          BC   ................... Butcherpen Cove
                          SRS      ................. Santa Rosa Sound
                          PB   ................... Pensacola Bay

                          Target No:                          T-47-1
                          Location:                           WGB
                          Equipment                           Magnetometer
                          Bottom Conditions:                  Mud
                          Description:                        Dredge pipe
                          Assessment                          Intentional/accidental disposal, dredging
                          Historical/Archaeo-
                          logical Importance:                 None

                          Target No:                          T-530-1
                          Location:                           WGB
                          Equipment                           Magnetometer, sonar
                          Bottom Conditions:                  Sand, silt
                          Description:                        Fiberglass boat, tires, batteries, etc.
                          Assessment:                         Intentional disposal, fishing
                          Historical/Archaeo-
                          logical Importance:                 None

                          Target No:                          T-803-1
                          Location:                           WGB
                          Description:                        No material culture
                          Equipment:                          Sonar
                          Bottom Conditions:                  Sand
                          Assessment:                         Natural feature
                          Historical/Archaeo-
                          logical Importance:                 None

                          Target No:                          T-818-1
                          Location:                           WGB
                          Equipment                           Sonar
                          Bottom Conditions:                  Sand
                          Description:                        Large field of sponges
                          Assessment:                         Natural feature
                          Historical/Archaeo-
                          logical Importance:                 None

                          Target No:                          T-836-1
                          Location:                           WGB
                          Equipment                           Sonar
                          Bottom Conditions:                  Sand
                          Description:                        No material culture
                          Assessment:                         Natural feature
                          Historical/Archaeo-

            100

               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-841-1
               Location:              WGB
               Equipment              Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand
               Description:           Iron mesh, undulating bottom
               Assessment:            Intentional disposal, possible crab trap; natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-851 -1
               Location:              WGB
               Equipment              Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand
               Description:           Five rock piles
               Assessment:            Intentional disposal, construction
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-1-2
               Location:              ONC
               Equipment              Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Mud
               Description:           Concrete block
               Assessment:            Footer of Gulf Breeze marine railway
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    The footer reportedly rests on a shipwreck and a test pit could determine if it
                                      exists, and if so, that it antedates the marine railway.                                     Z

               Target No:             T-2-2
               Location:              ONC
               Equipment:             Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Mud
               Description:           No material culture located
               Assessment:            Buried ferric object causing magnetic anomaly
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Unknown

               Target No:             T-3-2
               Location:              ONC
               Equipment              Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Mud
               Description:           Tree stumps and logs
               Assessment:            Geological feature, or deeply buried man-made object
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Unknown

               Target No:             T-4-2
               Location:              ONC
               Equipment              Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Mud
               Description:           Rock pile of hewn and natural rocks.
               Assessment             Intentional disposal, construction or fishing
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

                                                                                                                            101

                  Target No:             T-5-2
                  Location:              ONC
                  Equipment              Magnetometer
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           Iron sheets and pipes
                  Assessment             Intentional disposal
                  HiStOTical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-6-2
                  Location:              ONC
                  Equipment:             Magnetometer/reported
                  Bottom Conditions:     Rock surrounded by mud
                  Description:           Rock pile, commodes, and shrimping net
                  Assessment             Intentional dumping, bottom enhancement- fishing
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    May at one time have represented some early cultural debris now buried under
                                         rock.

                  Target No:             T-7-2
                  Location:              ONC
                  Equipment:             Magnetometer
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           Discovered mud hole surrounded by hard sand
                  Assessment:            Geological feature, or a well with buried man-made objects
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    If site represents a well, could possibly contain disposed material culture.

                  Target No:             T-8-2
                  Location:              ONC
                  Equipment:             Magnetometer/Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           Pile of rocks, ballast, logs, tiles, some metal
                  Assessment-            Intentional disposal, construction; could be site of a reported barge
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    Could represent a previously unrecorded type of construction barge.

                  Target No:             T-9-2
                  Location:              ONC
                  Equipment:             Magnetometer
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           No material culture discovered
                  Assessment:            Buried man-made object
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    Unknown

                  Target No:             T- 10-2
                  Location:              ONC
                  Equipment              Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           Large pile of ballast rocks, and stones
                  Assessment             Ballast dump, shipping or construction
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-5-3
                  Location:              EP

            102                                                                                                                    41

               Equipment              Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Mud
               Description:           No material culture discovered
               Assessment:            Buried man-made object
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Unknown

               Target No:             T-7-3
               Location:              EP
               Equipment:             Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
               Description:           Ballast pile with ship remains
               Assessment:            Shipwreck site
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Colonial shipwreck, possibly first Spanish period.

               Target No:             T- 14-3
               Location:              EP
               Equipment              Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Shell hash, sand
               Description:           Metallic structure, possibly shrimping net assembly
               Assessment:            Intentional/accidental disposal
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-2-4
               Location:              BC
               Equipment:             Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Mud
               Description:           Rock pile, and wood
               Assessment:            Intentional disposal, construction, possible reported barge
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Site could represent a previously unrecorded construction- type barge.

               Target No:             T-1-4
               Location:              BC
               Equipment              Visual
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, silt
               Description:           Ballast, pottery, glass, pipe stems, copper-sheathed timbers
               Assessment:            Ballast dump, or shipwreck
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Pottery sherds date to early nineteenth-century, and if a shipwreck is located
                                      underneath ballast stones could represent a potentially significant site.

               Target No:             T- 1-5
               Location:              SRS
               Equipment              Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand
               Description:           Dredge pipe
               Assessment:            Intentional/accidental disposal, dredging
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-2-5
               Location:              SRS
               Equipment:             Magnetometer
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash, silt

                                                                                                                          103
                  Description:           Washing machine
                  Assessment:            Intentional disposal, fishing
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-3-5
                  Location:              SRS
                  Equipment              Magnetometer
                  Bottom Conditions:     Silt, sand
                  Description:           No material culture located
                  Assessment:            Deeply buried object
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    Unknown

                  Target No:             T-4-5
                  Location:              SRS
                  Equipment:             Magnetometer
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           No material culture located
                  Assessment:            Object buried deeply in mud
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    Unknown

                  Target No:             T-1-6
                  Location:              PB
                  Equipment:             Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud, silt
                  Description:           Wooden timbers
                  Assessment:            Remains of USS Preble
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    The site represents the possible location of the USS Preble sunk during the Civil
                                         War.

                  Target No:             T-30-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment.             Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
                  Description:           No material culture discovered
                  Assessment:            Natural feature
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-30A-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment:             Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
                  Description:           Rubbish pile consisting of car hood, boat steering wheel, tires, and metal cable.
                  Assessment             Intentional disposal, fishing
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-91-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment              Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
                  Description:           Cinder blocks and flanged iron/steel pipes
                  Assessment             Intentional disposal, fishing

             104
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:      None

               Target No:               T-91E-7
               Location:                NSRI
               Equipment:               Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:       Sand, shell hash
               Description:             Rubber tires, sand ridges and gullies
               Assessment               Intentional disposal, natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:      None

               Target No:               T-MB-7
               Location:                NSRI
               Equipment                Sonar, reported
               Bottom Conditions:       Sand, shell hash
               Description:             Coal, iron scraps, glass, ceramic, bottles, no evidence of ship timbers, and sand
                                        gullies and ridges.
               Assessment:              Anchorage debris, mid-19th century
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:      Moderate

               Target No:               T-111-7
               Location:                NSRI
               Equipment:               Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:       Sand, sea grass
               Description:             Ballast pile with exposed ship timbers
               Assessment:              Sailing ship-abandoned or wrecked
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:      Tentatively dated to late 18th century or early 19th century, and further research
                                        is necessary to determine its importance.

               Target No:               T- 114-7
               Location:                NSRI
               Equipment:               Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:       Sand, shell hash
               Description:             Sand ridges and gullies
               Assessment.              Natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:      None

               Target No:               T- 116-7
               Location:                NSRI
               Equipment                Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:       Sand, silt
               Description:             No material culture discovered
               Assessment               Natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:      None

               Target No:               T-207-7
               Location:                NSRI
               Equipment                Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:       Sand
               Description:             No material culture discovered
               Assessment               Natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-

                                                                                                                           105
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-214-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment              Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand
                  Description:           No material culture discovered
                  Assessment             Natural feature
                  Historical/ATchaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-233-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment              Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud, sea grass
                  Description:           Thin cocoon-shaped object wrapped in plastic
                  Assessment             Intentional disposal
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-234-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment              Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Mud
                  Description:           Two car bodies
                  Assessment             Intentional disposal, fishing
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-260-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment.             Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand, mud
                  Description:           Batteries and industrial air conditioner
                  Assessment:            Intentional disposal, fishing
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-307-7
                  Location:              NSRI
                  Equipment:             Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand, mud
                  Description:           Metal scraps and tires
                  Assessment             Intentional disposal, fishing
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    None

                  Target No:             T-464-8
                  Location:              SNAS
                  Equipment              Sonar
                  Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
                  Description:           Coal, brick, and airplane landing assembly with tire
                  Assessment             Accidental disposal, military; anchorage
                  Historical/Archaeo-
                  logical Importance:    Limited value, most likely represents debris discarded for several decades.

                  Target No:             T-470-8

            106

               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment              Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
               Description:           Intake pipes for steam plant
               Assessment             Active structure
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-511-8
               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment              Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
               Description:           Wire cable, coal, two cement mooring blocks
               Assessment:            Intentional disposal; Navy mooring blocks
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    Blocks probably used in the past, possibly for Navy PBY's.

               Target No:             T-554-8
               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment:             Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
               Description:           Shrimp net, metal cable, and miscellaneous debris
               Assessment:            Accidental disposal
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-558-8
               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment:             Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand,  shell hash
               Description:           Log
               Assessment:            Natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-565-8
               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment.             Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand,  shell hash
               Description:           No material culture located
               Assessment:            Natural feature
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-578-8
               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment:             Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash
               Description:           Refrigerator, small engine, and miscellaneous metal objects
               Assessment.            Intentional disposal, military and fishing
               Historical/Archaeo-
               logical Importance:    None

               Target No:             T-583-8
               Location:              SNAS
               Equipment:             Sonar
               Bottom Conditions:     Sand, shell hash

                                                                                                                          107
                 Description:            No material culture located
                 Assessment              Natural feature
                 Historical/Archaeo-
                 logical Importance:     None

                 Target No:              T-584-8
                 Location:               SNAS
                 Equipment               Sonar
                 Bottom Conditions:      Sand, shell hash
                 Description:            Metal cable
                 Assessment              Intentional/accidental disposal
                 Historical/Archaeo-
                 logical Importance:     None

                 Target No:              T-592-8
                 Location:               SNAS
                 Equipment               Sonar
                 Bottom Conditions:      Sand, shell hash
                 Description:            No material culture located
                 Assessment              Natural feature
                 Historical/Archaeo-
                 logical Importance:     None

                 Target No:              T-728-8
                 Location:               SNAS
                 Equipment               Sonar
                 Bottom Conditions:      Sand, shell hash
                 Description:            Large squared log, metal cable, tire, two ceramic bowls, glass fragments.
                 Assessment              Intentional/accidental disposal
                 Historical/Archaeo-
                 logical Importance:     The scattered effects of the site most likely are the results of dumping. The two
                                         ceramic bowls date around the late 19th century and had been discarded.

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