[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


                           F L 0 R I D A
                 ARCHAEOLOGICAL
                           R                 P 0 R T S



                                     SUBMERGED. HISTORICAL RESOURCES
                                         OF PENSACOLA BAY, FLORIDA

                                          The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey
                                                 Phase One, 1991

                             Submitted to Florida Department of Environ mental Regulation
                                  January 22, 1992 in fulfillment of Grant #CM-291





                           Bureau ofArchaeological Research


 lip                       Division of Historical Resources


                           R. A. Gray Building, 500 South Bronough
                           Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250
                                              (904) 487-2299-






                                                       0
                                                        IVE1


                           FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF STATE
                           Jim Smith, Secretary of State


























                                        SUBMERGED. HISTORICAL RESOURCES
                                            OF PENSACOLA BAY, FLORIDA

                                             The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey
                                                     Phase One, 1991

                               Submitted to Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
                                     January 22, 1992 in fulfillment of Grant #CM-291




                                                    Marianne Franklin
                                                  John William Morris III
                                                     Roger C. Smith



                                         Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                              Division of Historical Resources
                                                Florida Department of State
                                               Jim Smith, Secretary of State













                                                           MEW')*







                            Financial support for this project was provided by the Florida Department of
          r,\               Environmental Regulation, Office of Coastal Management, using funds made
                            available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under
          IV                          the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.








             W                                              L
                     qMEqNAT10
                 PAU

                       Submerged Historical REsources of Pensacola,               January, 1992
                       Florida. The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey,
                       Phase 1, 1991


                Marianne Franklin, William Morris III, Roger Q.  Smith         C4qM
                  Onpq kom &%d *AOqfqtq"
                Bureau of Archaeological R search
                Division of Historical Resources
                Florida Dq@partment of Sqatq@-
                                                                              "'NA90AA-H-CZ4q00q09
                Tallahassee, Florida 32399

          L SOWN60MqV Orraf test left ftat"s -W"                               I& Irqw a Smoot we"" cowqwq"
          U. S. Dept. of C6qo8q=2qea-ce/N8qO6qA6qA           Dept. 8qoqf   Env. Reg
          OCR2qM                                   Coastal Management.           Final
          1825  Co8qn2qnecticutA., N.W.             2600 Blair Stone 2qR2qa
          Washington D.C. 20235                  Tallahassee, 6qF6qL 323q;9

          6 960aqww"O"qMY ftOq"&
                to be published in Florida Archaeology Reports



                 Florida's coastal zone contains numerous significant historical and archaeological
            sites, including the submerged remains of wrecked or abandoned watercraft. These sites
            represent.non-renewable cultural resources that be being threatened statewide by
            beach erosion, coastal development, dredging, and slavage activities. In order to
            qAssemqb'le a long-term research and managmenqtplan for these resources, the Florida
            Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research developed a pilot
            study to inventory and assess a cross section of sites in the Pensacola bay and river
            system. The goal of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey was to assemble and test a regional
            management model for potential future application elsewhere in the state. Thirty-three
            significant sites were identified, asseqï¿½sed, and recorded over a period of six months.
            Data from the study sites were applied to a proposed Shipwreck Matrix model, which
            classified each qqite by age and'inteqgqrity. Within the matrix the sites were assigned a
            priority rating to determine the range.of proposed management options viable for each
            site. Recommendations for further fieldwork were proposed,,as well as specific 
            re commendations to other state and federal agencies.






          17. DONOnqOU Aq-Wtv" 6-







              Coastal zone mana44qge08qment72q/qcultural resource management/ shipwrecks /underwater
              archaeology/Pensacola/remote sensing/maritime history/




              qCq*qSqAq'qM qrqmqWqiqCqoqm2qa
                                                                is. qbq"qNq"q" cis" Me qfqtq"q_q"q)     of Pesos
                                                                                            1-255
                                                                  Unclassified
                                                               q1 q2qL q%0qWqw4qwqr qcqiqe4qf4qt Rq%qfqt qP6q"qeqj

                                                                                              FORM q:q7q2
                   qM                            See qOq"qWqwqwq"qPqwq" on                              q"qTqtqsq-q3q5)





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola I iii






                                                          EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



                                Florida's coastal zone contains some of the more significant historical and
                        archaeological sites in the United States. This zone, which includes offshore reefs, barrier
                        islands, river mouths, and bay estuaries, always has been favored for human settlement and
                        commerce supporting sustenance, trade, communication, and transportation. Within this
                        land-water interface, there are three broad categories of sites: prehistoric to early historic
                        Native American sites; European- American occupational and industrial sites; and historic
                        shipwrecks. The latter category is especially important to the understanding of Florida's
                        exploration, settlement, and commercial growth. As submerged "time capsules," the remains
                        of wrecked or abandoned watercraft often contain well-preserved assemblages of cultural
                        materials in use at the same moment in time, which can help to explain past lifeways and
                        historical events.

                                Due to Florida's peninsular configuration and marine orientation, and because of a
                        steady rise in the sea level in prehistoric times, there may be as many "wet" archaeological
                        sites in Florida as there are on dry land. These sites represent non-renewable cultural
                        resources that are fragile and finite, since unlike natural resources, they cannot be regenerated
                        once they are disturbed or destroyed. At present, many of these resources are being threatened
                        state wide by beach erosion, coastal development, dredging, and illegal collecting or salvage
                        activities.


                                Since the enactment   of the Florida Historical Resources Act in 1967, ownership and
                        management of archaeological and historical sites on state lands and submerged bottomlands
                        has been vested in the Division of Historical Resources, Florida Department of State. In recent
                        years, growing awareness of adverse impacts on these resources has resulted in increasing
                        concern for their protection and preservation. Consequently, the Interagency Management
                        Committee of the Florida Coastal Zone Management Program has designated the identifi-
                        cation and protection of cultural resources as an "issue of special focus." Basic objectives
                        of this focus are the need to understand the kinds of cultural resources within the coastal
                        zone; the identification of natural and human factors that influence resource preservation and
                        alteration; an examination of the legal and regulatory mechanisms for addressing preserva-
                        tion; and a determination of the effectiveness of existing research and management programs.

                                At present, the State of Florida lacks a comprehe  nsive research and management plan
                        for the large number of submerged cultural resources within its jurisdiction. Aside from
                        limited budget, staff, and equipment needed to locate, identify, and assess sites throughout
                        the state, lack of regional and site-specific data, poor inventories, outdated management
                        policies, and poor interagency coordination have restricted the state's ability to protect,
                        preserve, and promote its unique cultural resources for the public benefit. This issue has
                        become increasingly critical with the passage of the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, the
                        guidelines for which stress that the states should develop programs to survey, inventory, and
                        evaluate shipwrecks under their jurisdiction to establish appropriate management policies.

                                In order to assemble a long-term management plan for submerged cultural resources,
                        basic data on a cross-section of Florida sites are required. In 1990, the Division of Historical
                        Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research, prepared a proposal to develop a pilot study
                        for such a management plan by undertaking an inventory and assessment of sites in a key
                        area of the state known to contain significant resources. The Pensacola bay and river system






                                       Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             ivl Florida Archaeological Reports                        Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               was chosen as an ideal location to assemble and test a regional management model because
               it contains an abundance of shipwreck sites of various ages in a broad range of underwater
               environments. The proposal was submitted to the Florida Department of Environmental
               Regulation, Office of Coastal Zone Management, and a research grant was awarded with
               funds made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

                       The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, as the project came to be called, established its
               headquarters in the Pensacola Historic District in January 1991. Core staff included Dr. Roger
               C. Smith, Billy Ray Morris, and Marianne Franklin, working with a number of other local
               volunteers and students. The survey's research design called for a public-oriented program
               with a broad scope of work to include a review of all previous investigations, collection of
               archival and oral information on potential sites, underwater field investigations with local
               divers and fishermen, electronic remote sensing to detect new sites, development of an
               inventory and assessment system for targets and verified sites, establishment of a
               classification scheme for sites studied, and proposals for appropriate management options for
               groups of sites according to category.

                       Fieldwork began in February 1991 and continued until September, when the writing
               of this report commenced. Throughout the project, overwhelming cooperation and support
               were offered by numerous agencies, organizations, and individuals, resulting in a large
               variety of information useful to the survey. from archival and published materials, oral
               interviews, and preliminary remote sensing using sonar and magnetometry, 162 possible
               target sites were gathered into a computer data base and filing system. The chronological
               range of possible sites in Pensacola was divided into eight time periods: The First Spanish
               Period (1513-1763)i The British Period (1763-1783), The Second Spanish Period (1783-1821),
               The Early American Period (1821-1861), The Civil War (1861-1865), The Maritime
               Expansion Period (1865-1906), The Early 20th Century Period (1906-1945), and The Later
               20th Century Period (1945-Present). These periods generally follow the historical develop-
               ment of Florida, but are refined to reflect maritime phases of Pensacola's past.

                       Research strategy focussed on four geographical areas known to be associated with
               past maritime activities, and thought to contain accumulations of significant sites; the bay
               itself, the Gulf Breeze peninsula, the bayous, and Blackwater River. Within these areas, 33
               significant sites were identified, assessed, and recorded. Each site was evaluated on arbitrary
               criteria established for the sole purpose of the survey. Considerations included the condition
               and extent of structural remains, hull type and construction methods, historical significance
               relative to Pensacola and the broader background of the period, as well as environmental and
               cultural impacts to the site. The sites that were studied ranged in size from a 16-foot punt
               to the 350-foot-long remains of an American steel battleship, and in age from the second
               half of the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century. The conditions of sites also varied
               from extremely well-preserved to badly deteriorated and disturbed.

                       The majority of the studied sites were associated with the Maritime Expansion and
               Early 20th Century Periods, as was expected due to the preponderance of maritime activities
               in Pensacola during those periods. No sites were identified from the First and Second Spanish
               Periods, although there were well-documented ship losses in each. In addition, no sites from
               the Late 20th Century Period were studied during the survey. Thus, the sample base of sites
               did not include examples from three of the eight periods of Pensacola's maritime chronology,
               and many of the sites were found to be of the same age and function, and were located in
               similar environments. Examples of these include a cluster of four lumber vessels at Shield's






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola I v






                         Point in the Blackwater River, and several barges in Bayou Chico.

                                 Hence, the chronological and environmental spread of the 33-site sample base was
                         limited, representing only a small part of the great variety of vessels expected to be
                         encountered in Pensacola's waters. Over 20 of the sites recorded by the survey show evidence
                         that they were abandoned vessels, rather than "shipwrecked" vessels. As such, these vessels
                         were the most accessible, and are associated with the locations of historic maritime activities,
                         such as careenages, shipyards, mills, and wharves. Their present accessibility depended
                         largely on having been abandoned, rather than having been damaged or lost by wrecking or
                         storms. And their accessibility is also a result of their situations in relatively calm and
                         protected environments conducive to good organic preservation.

                                 The first phase of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey produced a number of significant
                         sites; however, the limited sample base offers only partial conclusions regarding historic
                         shipwrecks contained in the Pensacola Bay system. Data from the recorded sites were applied
                         to a proposed matrix, along with recommendations for proposed management options. As a
                         tentative model, the Pensacola Shipwreck Matrix initially separated sites by the period to
                         which they date, age being one criterion for assessing implied historical and archaeological
                         significance. They were.also separated by site integrity: the amount and condition of hull
                         remains and associated cultural materials, serving as an additional means for determining
                         significance. Within the matrix, the sites are assigned a priority rating to determine the range
                         of proposed management options viable for each site. The management options range from
                         restricted public access to a site to commercial salvage for the sale of artifacts at the other
                         end of the spectrum, although these two options probably are not appropriate for Pensacola
                         shipwrecks. More suitable are options such as Archaeological Preserve status, or Research
                         Project Permitting within acceptable professional guidelines. 'The matrix thus combines a
                         classification of individual sites by age and integrity with proposed appropriate management
                         options for each.

                                 Recommendations are offered for further fieldwork to broaden the sample base for
                         a more  complete model for regional management. Further recommendations are addressed
                         to, specific agencies. The Bureau of Archaeological Research is urged to establish an
                         Underwater Archaeological Preserve in Pensacola, similar to three that exist elsewhere in
                         Florida. The nomination of USS Massachusetts by a local diver is an excellent one. It is f urther
                         recommended that the Bureau develop an amateur underwater archaeology workshop,
 0                       incorporating local diving enthusiasts into a structured network of trained recorders and
                         reporters to preserve Pensacola's submerged cultural resources. The Bureau is also urged to
                         create the means by which amateur groups that are preservation -oriented can be issued
                         permits for exploration and recording of new sites. Another recommendation is the
                         establishment of a new Landmark status for submerged sites that may not meet the
                         accessibility and recreational criteria for Preserve status, but are significant to Florida history
                         and thus deserve recognition and interpretation. A final recommendation to the Bureau is
                         the creation of a new site form specifically for shipwrecks to be listed in the Florida Master
                         Site File.

                                 Recommendations to outside organizations and agencies include the proposed
                         erection of signage at Deadman's Island by the City of Gulf Breeze to better inform the public
                         of local ordinances protecting the natural and cultural resources of that unique location.
                         Continued cooperation with the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board is encouraged to
                         incorporate a permanent maritime display component into existing exhibits in the Historic
                         District. Following a proposed Florida Department of Natural Resources management plan






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            vil Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





              for the Ft. Pickens Aquatic Preserve, incorporation of the submerged lands around Deadman's
              Island into the Preserve is recommended. Close interaction with District I I of the Florida
              Marine Patrol throughout the survey pointed to the need for a broader cooperation between
              the Division of Historical Resources and law enforcement agencies throughout the state. It
              is recommended that the Florida Law Enforcement Academy include a teaching unit on
              historic preservation laws and policies, and that a brochure be developed as a teaching tool.

                      Cooperation with federal agencies also produced recommendations for future action.
              A more formalized information -sharing network with the National Ocean and Atmospheric
              Agency's Hydrographic Survey branch and the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
              Management is recommended to more efficiently compare and clarify data on submerged
              resources. Interpretation and promotion of the site of the Sport (8ES99) as a public attraction
              in shallow water off the Ft. Pickens part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore is
              recommended to the National Park Service.


                      Finally, increased educational interaction at the university level to encourage the
              participation of students in the preservation and interpretation of Florida's underwater sites
              is recommended. For the general public, the publication of an educational brochure to create
              a better awareness of submerged cultural resources is proposed.






                                                                           Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                       Florida Archaeological Reports                                           Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola                             3





                                                                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS



                                    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                            ..................................................................................................



                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS                          ...................................................................................................... 3



                                    LIST OF FIGURES                    .............................................................................................................. 7



                                    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                             .................................................................................................... 9



                                    CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION                               ......................................................................................... 13



                                    CHAPTER 2. MARITIME GEOGRAPHY OF PENSACOLA BAY                                                                .............................. 19
                                          Description of the Bay System                       .................................................................................... 19
                                          Early Exploration and Historical Descriptions of the Bay                                       ........................................ 19
                                          Early Coastal Fortifications                   .......................................................................................... 25
                                          The Gulf Breeze Peninsula                      .......................................................................................... 26
                                          The Bayous           .................................................................................................................... 29

                                    CHAPTER 3. NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY                                                              .................................. 33
                                          Introduction          .................................................................................................................... 33
                                          Geomorphology              ............................................................................................................... 33
                                          Ranges of Environments                    .............................................................................................. 34
                                          Climate, Hurricanes and Storms                        .................................................................................. 34
                                          Cultural Impact on the Environment                            ........................................................................... 40
                                                Pensacola Bay Waterfront                     ...................................................................................... 40
                                                The Naval Air Station                 ............................................................................................ 40
                                                Escambia Bay             .......................................................................................................... 40
                                                Blackwater River               .................................................................................................... 49
                                                Gulf Breeze Peninsula                 ............................................................................................ 49
                                          Sediment Deposition                ...................................................................................................... 49
                                          Pollution         ........................................................................................................................ 50
                                          Cultural Impact on Submerged Resources                             . .................................................................. 57

                                    CHAPTER 4. PENSACOLA'S MARITIME AND INDUSTRIAL HISTORY                                                                      ................ 59
                                          Introduction          .................................................................................................................... 59
                                          The First Spanish Period, 1513-1763                           .......................................................................... 59
                                          The British Period, 1763-1783                      ...................................................................................... 60
                                          The Second Spanish Period, 1783-1821                             ...................................................................... 66
                                          The Early American Period, 1821-1861                             ...................................................................... 69
                                          The Civil War, 1861-1865                    ............................................................................................ 73
                                          Maritime Industrial Expansion Period, 1865-1906                                   ...................................................... 74
                                          Early 20th Century Period, 1906-1945                            ......................................................................... 79
                                          Late 20th Century Period, 1945-Present                           ...................................................................... 83







                                                      Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       4 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                                              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                      CHAPTER 5. SUMMARIES OF PREVIOUS WORK                                                  ...................................................... 87
                            Introduction          .................................................................................................................... 87
                            1973 National Park Service Preliminary Reconnaissance                                      ............................................ 87
                            1973 Gulf Islands National Seashore                         ............................................................................ 87
                            1979 National Park Service Magnetometer Survey of Perdido Key                                               .......................... 89
                            1986 U.S. Army COE, Navy Homeport Remote Sensing Survey                                                  .............................. 89
                            1987 Tidewater Atlantic Research Investigation of Anomalies for U.S. Navy                                                     ........ 89
                            1988, 1989 Blackwater River, Bethune Schooner 8SR985                                         .......................................... 90
                            1988, 1989 Deadman's Shipwreck 8SR782                                 ................................................................... 93
                            1989 Blackwater River, Old Bagdad Lumber Mill                                     ...................................................... 94
                            1989 Investigation of Jack's Wreck, Gulf Islands National Seashore 8ES1900                                                  .......... 94
                            1990 Bronze Howitzer and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Survey                                                .......................... 97
                            1990-91 Navy Yard Caisson 8ES1897                             .......................................................................... 97

                      CHAPTER 6. SHIPWRECK ARCHAEOLOGY                                              .............................................................. 103
                            Introduction          .................................................................................................................. 103
                            Shipwreck Deposition and Preservation                           ...................................................................... 103
                            Pensacola as a Wreck Repository                        ................................................................................ 103
                            Laws Protecting Shipwrecks: Florida's Historic Preservation Laws and Policies                                                   .... 104
                            Florida's Underwater Archaeological Preserves                                 ........................................................ 107

                      CHAPTER 7. METHODOLOGY                                 ...................................................................................... III
                            Description of Tasks               .................................................................................................... III
                            Data Acquisition              .......................................................................................................... 112
                                  Sources of Background Information                           .................................................................... 112
                                       Archival Sources              .............................................................................................. 112
                                       Private Collections             ............................................................................................ 113
                                       Shipwreck Summary -Reports                       .......................................................................... 113
                                       Wreck and Obstruction Data Bases                         .................................................................. 113
                                       Sources of Local Information                     .......................................................................... 113
                            Field Work          .................................................................................................................... 113
                                  Positioning         .............................................................................................................. 113
                                  Remote Sensing Methods                     ...................................................................................... 114
                                  Areas Surveyed              ...................................................................................................... 114
                                  Hull Recording & Mapping                      .................................................................................. 115
                                  Artifact Sampling & Treatment                        ............................................................................ 115
                            Data Storage          .................................................................................................................. 115
                                  The Data Base             ........................................................................................................ 116
                                  Narrative Reports               .................................................................................................. 116
                                  Site Maps & Line Drawings                     .................................................................................. 116
                                  CAD Mapping               ........................................................................................................ 116
                                  Addition to the Florida Master Site File                          .............................................................. 117
                            Volunteer Participation                 ................................................................................................ 117
                            Public Education & Awareness                        .................................................................................. 117


                      CHAPTER 8. WRECK INVENTORY AND DESCRIPTIONS                                                           ...................................... 119
                            The First Spanish Period, 1559-1763                         .......................................................................... 120
                            The British Period, 1763-1783                      .................................................................................... 120
                                  Town Point Wreck (8SR983)                        ................................................................................ 120
                            The Second Spanish Period, 1783-1821                             ...................................................................... 131
                            The Early American Period, 1821-1861                               .................................................................... 131






                                                                           Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                       Florida Archaeological Reports                                           Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 5





                                                  Pickens Wreck (8ES1901)                 ...................................................................................... 131
                                           The Civil War, 1861-1865                   .......................................................................................... 137
                                                      Judah Site (8ES1904)              ........................................................................................ 138
                                                      Convoy (8ES1372)               ............................................................................................ 145
                                           The Maritime Industrial Expansion Period, 1865-1906                                     ............................................ 149
                                           The Early Twentieth Century Period, 1906-1945                                   .................................................... 149
                                                  Blackwater River             .................................................................................................. 151
                                                      Cedar Wreck (8SR1007)                   .................................................................................. 151
                                                      Snapper Wreck (8SR1001)                     ..................................  .............................................. 157
                                                      Shields Point # I (8SR997)                  .............................................................................. 163
                                                      Shields Point # 2 (8SR998)                  .............................................................................. 173
  0                                                   Shields Point # 3 (8SR 10 11)                 ............................................................................ 174
                                                      Shields Point # 4 (8SR1012)                   ............................................................................ 179
                                                      Milton RR Swingbridge Hull (8SR1008)                             ......................................................... 180
                                                      City of Tampa (8SR.1010)                    ................................................................................ 183
                                                      Barge off Sanborn's (8SR1013)                     ........................................................................ 184
                                                      Barge(s) off Dutchman's Cut (8SR1002)                            .......................................................... 185
                                                      Barge at #38 Marker (8SR1003)                       ...................................................................... 185
                                                      Barge south of Dutchman's Cut (8SR1004)                              .................................................... 185
                                                      Marquis Basin Barge (8SR1005)                       ...................................................................... 186
                                                      Quinn Basin Barge (8SR1006)                       ........................................................................ 186
                                                      Baypoint Barge (8SR1009)                    .............................................................................. 186
                                                  The Bayou Chico Barges                     .................................................................................... 188
                                                      Vessel at Runyan's Shipyard (8ES1896)                           .......................................................... 188
                                                      T137 Barge (Removed)                   .................................................................................... 191
                                                      Barge off Clopton's (8ES1905)                     ........................................................................ 191
                                                      West Leg Barge (8ES1902)                    .............................................................................. 192
                                                  Old Navy Cove            ...................................................................................................... 195
                                                      Deadman's Punt (8SR1014)                    .............................................................................. 195
                                                      Centerboard Schooner (8SR996)                       ...................................................................... 203
                                                      Composite Hull (8SR.1000)                   .............................................................................. 204
                                                      Cabadroca (8SR995)                 ........................................................................................ 207
                                                      Marine Railway Debris (8SR999)                        .................................................................... 208
                                                  Pensacola Bay, Sound, and Offshore                        .................................................................... 208
                                                      Rhoda (8ES1899)              .............................................................................................. 208
                                                      Sport (8ES99)          .................................................................................................... 212
                                                      Windlass Site (8SR994)                 .................................................................................... 215
                                                      Drydock? (8ES1903)                 ........................................................................................ 216
                                                      USS Massachusetts (8ES1898)                     .......................................................................... 216

                                     CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS                              ........................................................................................ 223
                                           Introduction         .................................................................................................................. 223
                                           Limitations of the Wreck Site Reports as a Sample Base                                      ........................................ 223
                                           The Pensacola Shipwreck Matrix                         ................................................................................ 224
                                                  Shipwreck Time Periods                   ...................................................................................... 224
                                                  Pensacola Shipreck Integrity Examples                        ...................I ............................................. 226
                                                  Shipwreck Management Options                        .......................................................................... 226
                                                  Management Options By Category                          ...................................................................... 227
                                                  Classification of Pensacola Shipwrecks                        ................................................................ 229
                                                  Analysis of Pensacola Shipwrecks in the Management Option Matrix                                                 ............ 232







                                                      Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       6 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                                              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                      CHAPTER 10. RECOMMENDATIONS                                       .......................................................................... 233
                            Introduction          .................................................................................................................. 233
                            Recommendations for Future Work                           ............................................................................ 233
                            Recommendations to the Bureau of Archaeological Research                                           .................................. 233
                            Recommendations for Interagency Cooperation                                  ........................................................ 239
                                  City of Gulf Breeze                .............................................................................................. 239
                                  Historic Pensacola Preservation Board                           ................................................................ 240
                                  Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Submerged Lands
                                    and Preserves            ...................................................................................................... 240
                                  Florida Marine Patrol                ............................................................................................ 241
                                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                                    ............................................ 243
                                  National Park Service                ............................................................................................ 243
                            University Level Education                     ........................................................................................ 244
                            Public Education and Awareness                         ................................................................................ 244


                      REFERENCES                .................................................................................................................... 247






                                                                           Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                       Florida Archaeological Reports                                              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola                           7





                                                                                            LIST OF FIGURES


                                     Figure     2.1.   Project Location Map                 ...................................................................................... 21
                                     Figure     2.2.   Map of Pensacola Bay System                       ........................................................................ 23
                                     Figure     2.3.   Siguenza's 1693 Chart of Pensacola Bay                            ........................................................ 27
                                     Figure     2.4.   Bellin's 1764 Chart of Pensacola Bay                        .............................................................. 31
                                     Figure     3.1.   Photo of Pensacola After an Early 20th Century Hurricane                                         ........................ 37
                                     Figure     3.2.   Photo of Pensacola After the 1906 Hurricane                                ................................................. 41
                                     Figure     3.3.   Bird's-eye View of Pensacola, circa 1896                            ...................................................... 43
                                     Figure     3.4.   Historic Marker Describing Pensacola Landfill Practices                                    .............................. 45
                                     Figure     3.5.   Port of Pensacola and Waterfront in 1929                            ...................................................... 47
                                     Figure     3.6.   Photo of Blackwater Lumber Mill, early 1900s                                  ............................................ 51
                                     Figure     3.7.   Photo of Blackwater Shipyard, early 1900s                             .................................................... 53
                                     Figure     3.8.   Current Map of the Blackwater River                           ............................................................ 55
                                     Figure     4.1.   Siguenza's 1693 Chart of Pensacola Bay                            ........................................................ 61
                                     Figure     4.2.   George Gauld's 1780 Survey of Pensacola Bay                                .............................................. 63
                                     Figure     4.3.   Paredes' 1782 Plan of Pensacola Bay                         .............................................................. 67
                                     Figure     4.4.   1835 Territorial Map of Pensacola Harbor                              .................................................... 71
                                     Figure     4.5.   Pensacola & Vicinity, February 1864                           ............................................................ 75
                                     Figure     4.6.   Pensacola in 1885             .............................................................................................. 77
                                     Figure     4.7.   1914 Geodetic Survey Map of Pensacola Bay                                  ................................................ 81
                                     Figure     4.8.   1945 Corps of Engineers Chart of Pensacola Bay                                  .......................................... 85
                                     Figure     5.1.   Plan Drawing of 8SR985, Bethune Blackwater Schooner                                        .............................. 91
                                     Figure     5.2.   Site Plan of 8SR782, Deadman's Island Shipwreck                                   ........................................ 95
                                     Figure     5.3.   Site Plan of 8ES1900, "Jack's" Wreck                          ............................................................ 99
                                     Figure     5.4.   Site Plan & Construction Detail of 8ES1897, Brodie's Wharf Caisson                                               ...... 101
                                     Figure     8.1.   Location Map of British Period Sites 1763-1783                                  ........................................ 121
                                     Figure     8.2.   Site Plan of 8SR.983, Town Point Wreck                            ..........................  ........................... 123
                                     Figure     8.3.   Oblique View of Mast Step Trench at Midships, 8SR983                                         .......................... 129
                                     Figure     8.4.   Location Map of Early American Period Sites, 1821-1861                                         ........................ 133
                                     Figure     8.5.   Site Plan of 8ES1901, Pickens Wreck                         ............................................................ 135
                                     Figure     8.6.   Location Map of Civil War Sites, 1861-1864                                 .............................................. 139
                                     Figure     8.7.   Line Drawing of Judah Burning                          .................................................................. 141
                                     Figure     8.8.   Magnetometer Chart of 8ESI904, "Judah" Site                                ............................................ 142
                                     Figure     8.9.   Photograph of USS Preble                   .............................................................................. 143
                                     Figure     8.10.    Site Plan of 8ES1902, Convoy                     ...................................................................... 147
                                     Figure     8.11.    Location Map of 19th & 20th Century Blackwater Sites                                        ........................... 153
                                     Figure     8.12.    Site Plan of 8SR1007, Cedar Wreck                         ............................................................ 155
                                     Figure     8.13.    Photo of Silas Stearns being Launched, 1897                                 .......................................... 159
                                     Figure     8.14.    Photo of Silas Stearns at Dock                       .................................................................. 161
                                     Figure     8.15.    Aerial View of the Shields Point Schooners                               .............................................. 165
                                     Figure     8.16.    Photograph of Palafox Under Construction                                 .............................................. 167
                                     Figure     8.17.    Photograph of Palafox Being Built                         ............................................................ 169
                                     Figure     8.18.    Site Plan of 8SR997, Shields Point # I                          ...................................................... 171
                                     Figure     8.19.    Site Plan of 8SR998, Shields Point # 2                          ...................................................... 175
                                     Figure     8.20.    Site Plan of 8SR101 1, Shields Point # 3                          .................................................... 177
                                     Figure     8.21.    Site Plan of 8SR1012, Shields Point # 4                           .................................................... 181
                                     Figure     8.22.    Location Map, 19th & 20th Century Bayou Chico Wrecks                                            ...................... 189
                                     Figure     8.23.    Site Plan of 8ES1902, Bayou Chico Barge                             .................................................. 193
                                     Figure     8.24.    Photograph of an Early 20th Century Coal Barge                                    .................................... 197
                                     Figure     8.25.    Location Map of 19th & 20th Century Old Navy Cove Sites                                             .................. 199







                                         Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                  8 1 Florida   Archaeological Reports                         Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                 Figure   8.26. Site Plan of 8SR1013, Deadman's Punt               ...................................................... 201
                 Figure   8.27. Site Plan of 8SR1000, Composite Hull             ........................................................ 205
                 Figure   8.28. Location    Map of 19th & 20th Century Bay, Sound, and Offshore Sites.. 209
                 Figure   8.29. Site Plan of 8ES99, Sport         ............................................................................ 213
                 Figure   8.30. Site Plan of 8SR994, Windlass Site           .............................................................. 217
                 Figure   8.31. Photo of 8ES1898, USS Massachusetts Under Fire                  .................................... 221

                                                             LIST OF TABLES


                 Table 9.1. Shipwreck Site Integrity          ................................................................................... 225
                 Table 9.2. Shipwreck Management Options               ...................................................................... 229
                 Table 9.3. Classification of Shipwrecks          ............................................................................ 230
                 Table 9.4. Classification of Pensacola Shipwrecks              .......................................................... 231







































                 Credits for Figures:
                 Figures 2.3, 2.4, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 8.24: Courtesy of Special Collections, John
                 C. Pace Library. Figures 3.1, 8.16, 8.17: Courtesy of Gorden Wells. Figure 3.5: U.S. War Dept., Port Series 1929
                 Supplement. Figure 5.1 from Baumer (1990;17). Figure 5.2 from Finegold (1990). Figure 5.3 from Williamson
                 (1991:8). Figure 5.4 from Mistovich, et al. (1991:13, 17). Figure 8.7, 8.13, 8.14, 8.31: Courtesy of Pensacola His-
                 torical Museum. Figure 8.8: From U.S. Army COE 1986, Chart No. 2. Figure 8.10 from TAR (1987:16). Figure
                 8.15: Photograph by Earl Caudell.







                                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 9





                                                           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                                The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey could not have been organized and carried out
                        without valuable assistance from a number of individual volunteers, organizations,
                        businesses, and government agencies. The amount of support received from the Pensacola
                        area residents was tremendous. The survey staff would like to thank everyone who offered
                        their information, time and interest. Special thanks should be afforded to a number of groups
                        and individuals. Any omissions are deeply regretted.

                        A&A Research: Alan Drouin and Amy Pothier donated their time, experience and the use
                        of their side-scan sonar unit to the survey.

                        Aerials by Caudell: Earl Caudell provided aerial reconnaissance of the area as well as
                        contributing his considerable skill as a photographer.

                        Area Boat Captains: Local Captains Tom Dawson and Bernie Kelley shared their knowledge
                        of the bay with the project staff. Jim Garrett worked with the staff, not only in his capacity
                        as a Florida Marine Patrol officer, but he contributed his own time and vessel to help us look
                        for offshore shipwreck sites. Pensacola fisherman Capt. Jeff Clopton went out of his way to
                        show the survey staff a number of well-known as well as newly -discovered wreck sites.

                        Dive Shops: Several local dive shops supplied the survey staff with information, equipment,
                        and volunteers. Kerry and Kevin Freeland, and the entire staff of Gulf Coast Pro Dive Shop,
                        were a pleasure to work with. Eileen Beard. and Gene Ferguson of Scuba Shack were always
                        ready to help.

                        Dolphin Bait & Tackle: Dale Minnick provided the project staff with marine supplies, local
                        information, lots of coffee, and many borrowed batteries.

                        East Carolina University: Professors Bill Still and Gordon P. Watts, Jr., and graduate students
                        Frank Cantelas,, Scott Moore, Martin Peebles, and Jim Spirek, and dive safety officer Steve
                        Sellars, worked on the project in the field for one long weekend in May. They helped with
                        ground-truth diving, remote sensing, and the test excavation of the Town Point site.
                        Tidewater Atlantic Research provided a magnetometer and side-scan sonar unit for our use
                        during this time.

                        Florida Bureau of -Archaeological Research: This project would not have been possible
                        without the logistical support of the Bureau office in Tallahassee. Special thanks to Jim Miller,
                        Carolyn Moore and Mable Revell for their patience and perseverance in coordinating our
                        ef forts.


                        Florida Department of Natural Resources: Elaine Martin of the Division of State Lands,
                        Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves, helped coordinate management plans for the Fort
                        Pickens Aquatic Preserve with the shipwreck survey.

                        Florida Marine Patrol, District 11: Major Calvin Dixon, Captain Thomas Bishop, and
                        Lieutenant David Bullard showed extreme professional courtesy, and went out of their way
                        to coordinate efforts between their agency and the survey project. Patrol Officers Jim Garret
                        and Wayne Williams shared their knowledge of local wrecks with the survey staff. Johnny
                        Floyd offered valuable advice on engine repairs in his free time.







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
               10  Florida Archaeological Reports                 Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




               Florida Museum of Natural History: Thanks to Lee Newsom, who provided analysis of wood
               samples.

               Gulf Breeze: Citizens of the City of Gulf Breeze, Mayor Ed Gray and the City Council
               demonstrated their support for the protection of submerged cultural resources at every
               opportunity, offering a combined monetary reward for information leading to the
               apprehension of those responsible for vandalizing a local colonial shipwreck. Members of the
               Gulf Breeze Historical Society have volunteered their time and energy to gather historic data
               and local information useful to the survey project.

               Harbour Village at Pitt Slip Marina: The marina provided the project with free dock space
               for survey boats and use of office equipment. Special thanks to Bill Carson, Fulton Hampton
               III, and Heidi Hippensteele. Dockmaster Jeff Miller not only took good care of the boats,
               but often lent a hand in the field.


               Historic Pensacola Preservation Board: Special thanks to John Daniels, Tom Muir and the
               Preservation Board staff, who provided the survey with a project headquarters and helped
               to integrate maritime archaeology into the Historical District.

               Indiana University: Charles Beeker of the Office of Underwater Sciences and Educational
               Resources helped to secure a seaworthy vessel that was indispensable for much of the survey
               work.


               John Appleyard & Associates: John Appleyard contributed his published research works on
               Gulf Coast history to the survey.

               Killinger Marine: Gene Killinger donated supplies and boat repairs to the survey.

               National Park Service: The staff at Gulf Islands National Seashore, especially Jeff Parsons
               and David Ogden, helped the project staff with archival information. Dr. George Smith of
               the Southeastern Archaeological Center in Tallahassee helped the project staff to assemble
               reports of previous work done in Pensacola. Larry Murphy of the Submerged Cultural
               Resources Unit, Santa Fe, NM, helped to secure the loan of a magnetometer from the National
               Park Service and provided inspiration for the writing of this report.

               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Mark Friese, of the National Ocean
               Service Hydrographic Survey Branch, provided access to reported obstructions in the NOAA
               Pensacola data base. The crew of the survey vessel Heck, which was stationed in Pensacola
               for three months, volunteered their time and remote sensing expertise. Archaeologist Bruce
               Terrell of the Marine Management Division provided background information, reports, and
               his unique insight.

               Pensacola: The City Council demonstrated a great commitment to preserving Pensacola's
               heritage, by contributing to a reward fund in an effort to apprehend shipwreck vandals. The
               News Journal staff, led by editor Earl Bowden, encouraged and publicized the survey of
               Pensacola's submerged resources from the start of the project. Members of the Pensacola
               Archaeological Society, the Pensacola Historical Society, and the Pensacola Rotary Club all
               offered volunteer support and demonstrated continuing interest in the shipwreck survey.
               Caleb Curren, of the Pensacola Archaeological Lab, supported our efforts and supplied the
               survey with his historical and archaeological research. The Pensacola Historical Museum in
               Old Christ Church provided valuable archival information on Pensacola's maritime past.






                                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                           Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola         I I





                         Special thanks to Sandra Johnson, Peg Krohn, and the rest of the staff for their assistance.

                         Santa Rosa County: In the Blackwater communities of Milton and Bagdad, Pat D'Asaro and
                         Kay Clayton, of the Santa Rosa Historical Society, helped to gather local information. Dr.
                         Brian Rucker, Kirk Sanborn, and Nathan Woolsey shared their considerable knowledge of
                         the area's history. Gordon and Linda Wells graciously made their property and dock at Shields
                         Point available, and provided considerable background information and enthusiasm, as well
                         as logistica'I and moral support. A large portion of this survey could not have taken place
                         without their help.

                         Texas A&M University: Sheila Clifford contributed her skills in field recording, computer
                         mapping, drafting and report writing. Her unfailing patience and perseverance is greatly
                         appreciated.

                         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Dottie Gibbens, Mobile District Corps Archaeologist,
                         provided records and assistance in determining the extent of previous work done in Pensacola.

                         University of West Florida: Dr. Judy Bense, Mary Anne Fabbro, Donna Lazio, John Phillips,
                         and Peg Smith of the West Florida Institute of Archaeology provided enthusiasm, support and
                         local expertise. UWF archaeology students Ken Abernathy and Rich Jenkins supplied
                         valuable volunteer assistance. History graduate student Gordon Blaker helped out with
                         research, and in the field, when the Army didn't keep him in Korea. Mike Williamson
                         provided logistical support and enthusiasm in the field and the office throughout the entire
                         project. Dr. Steve Bortone of the Department of Biology, Dr. Bill Coker of the Department
                         of History, Tom Cook of the Office of Government Relations, and Dr. Charles Wentz of the
                         Department of Technical and Vocational Studies, all contributed their professional advice and
                         expertise. Dean Debolt and the staff of the John C. Pace Library Special Collections
                         Department provided many of the promary source graphics that appear in this report.

                         U& Navy: Coop Mine Unit 2211, a reserve unit which operates out of NAS, Pensacola, spent
                         time checking areas with side-scan sonar for the survey. Special thanks to LCDR Bill Walker,
                         for his time and interest. Dr. John Lathrop of the Coastal Systems Lab in Panama City shared
                         his considerable expertise in remote sensing technology.

                         Volunteers: GiGi Bertsch and Brittany, Kate and Jeff Naggatz donated their time, energy,
                         and moral support towards the completion of this project. Larry Broussard contributed his
                         compilation of area shipwrecks, based on years of work, to serve as the foundation for this
                         survey. Richard M. Everett III helped out in the field, contributed the use of marine
                         equipment, and shared his knowledge and boat repair skills. Wayne Farrior, an avid collector,
                         continually kept the survey up to date on the condition of sites at Deadman's Island. It was
                         he who directed survey staff to a second British Colonial vessel, and first discovered and
                         reported vandalism to the Deadman's Island wreck. Bill Mills Jr. contributed his time and
                         energy, both in the field and in the archives. Della Scott was a valuable asset as a volunteer
                         in the field. Background research on Deadman's Island by Dave Schurger was appreciated.
                         Capt. Laney Rinehart contributed his work on area shipwrecks. Greg Waldren was always
                         ready to provide a helping hand in the field.







                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             12  Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 0





                                                      CHAPTER     1. INTRODUCTION


                               Among the more significant historical and archaeological sites in the United States
                       are those located in Florida along a coastal zone that includes river mouths, bay estuaries,
                       barrier. islands, and offshore reefs. Within this region, there are three broad categories of
                       sites: prehistoric to early historic Native American sites; European- American occupational
                       and industrial sites; and historic shipwrecks. Then, as now, human settlement and commerce
                       have favored the coastal areas of the Florida peninsula, at the land-water interface that
                       supports sustenance, commerce, communication, and transportation.

                               Prehistoric and historic Native American sites include coastal village middens,
 0                     ceremonial complexes, hunting and fishing camps, and quarries. While many of these sites
                       have been found in coastal hammocks, other sites are submerged as a result of a rising sea
                       level over the past 8,000 years. Drowned terrestrial sites are only just beginning to be
                       discovered in'many nearshore areas and may represent a significant portion of the sites in
                       this category.

                               Historically important European - American coastal settlements and industrial areas
                       are concentrated along the shores and bays of the Florida coast with concentrations in
                       Pensacola, Apalachicola, Tampa, Key West, and St. Augustine. Sites in these areas range from
                       colonial outposts and f ishing communities to early American port towns and maritime
                       facilities.


                               Florida's waters also contain a large number of historic shipwrecks of many
                       nationalities and periods. As a result of human error, storms, or warfare, the remains of
                       historic watercraft are found all over the state. Some are surprisingly well-preserved; others
                       have deteriorated over time. Many -have yet to be discovered and identified. To understand
                       the exploration, settlement, and commercial growth of Florida, shipwrecks provide a unique
                       source of valuable information. As submerged "time capsules," wrecksites often contain
                       well-preserved assemblages of cultural materials in use at the same moment in time, which
                       can help to explain past lifeways and historical events.

                               Submerged archaeological and historical sites are a non-renewable cultural resource.
                       They represent tangible but irreplaceable elements of Florida's past, but many of these sites
                       are being threatened statewide by beach erosion, coastal development, dredging, and illegal
                       collecting or salvage activities. They are fragile and finite, and, unlike natural resources,
                       they cannot be regenerated once they are disturbed or destroyed.

                               Since the enactment of the Florida Historical Resources Act in 1967 as Chapter 267
                       of the Florida Statutes, ownership and management of archaeological and historical sites
                       located on sovereign state lands has been vested in the Division of Historical Resources,
                       Florida Department of State. In recent years, growing awareness of adverse impacts to these
                       historical resources has resulted in increasing concern for their protection and preservation
                       on the part of the scientific community and the public. Consequently, the Interagency
                       Management Committee of the Florida Coastal Zone Management Program has designated
                       the identification and protection of cultural resources as an "issue of special focus." A basic
                       objective of this special focus is to understand the scope of the resource and the causes and
                       effects of forces that threaten its preservation. Critical questions concerning the prudent
                       management of cultural resources in Florida's coastal region were raised at least ten years
                       ago (Tesar 198 1):







                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             14 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                      1. What are the kinds of cultural resources and their distribution within the
                      coastal zone, both known and expected?

                      2. What factors, both natural and human, influence cultural resource
                      preservation and alteration?

                      3. What are the legal and regulatory mechanisms for addressing site
                      preservation?

                      4. What is the effectiveness of existing research and management programs?

                      In the past, certain aspects of these questions have been partially addressed by
              government agencies engaged in short-term, project-oriented research studies, and by
              universities engaged in independent, uncoordinated projects. However, neither approach has
              provided sufficient scope to answer any of the questions. Long-term, multidisciplinary
              research and management studies are needed to provide data that can help answer these
              questions.

                      At present, the State of Florida lacks a comprehensive research and management plan
              for the vast number of submerged cultural resources within its jurisdiction. The absence of
              a comprehensive plan has been partially due to limited staff and equipment needed to identify
              and assess sites in various regions throughout the state. While the Division of Historical
              Resources has continued to enter into exploration and salvage contracts on shipwreck sites,
              this has mainly been in response to the demands of treasure hunters whose ability to record
              and report data about sites, is at best, limited. And, while staff of the Division's Bureau of
              Archaeological Research receive reports of submerged sites from sport divers and fishermen,
              site investigations have been conducted on an occasional and informal basis. Lack of regional
              and site-specific data, poor inventories, outdated management policies, and limited
              interagency coordination has restricted the state's ability to protect, preserve, and promote
              its unique cultural resources for the public benefit.

                      This issue has become increasingly critical since the passage of the federal Abandoned
              Shipwreck Act of 1987, which affirms the states' ownership of historic shipwrecks and the
              management responsibilities inherent in that ownership. The U. S. Secretary of the Interior's
              guidelines for implementation of the act have stressed the need for states to develop programs
              to survey, inventory, and evaluate shipwrecks under their care to establish appropriate
              management policies.

                      In order to assemble a long-term management plan for submerged cultural resources,
              basic data on a cross-section of Florida sites are required. In 1990, the Bureau of
              Archaeological Research prepared a proposal to develop a draft of such a management plan
              by undertaking an inventory and assessment of sites in a key area of the state known to contain
              significant resources. Pensacola Bay was chosen as an ideal location for the development and
              testing of a statewide model on a regional basis, since it contains an abundance of sites of
              differing ages in fresh and salt water, riverine and estuarine, as well as inshore and offshore
              locations providing a broad range of site environments. The proposal was submitted to the
              Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Office of Coastal Zone Management, and
              a research grant was awarded with funds made available through the National Oceanic and
              Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith.' Pensacola 1 15





                                Pensacola Bay was chosen as a regional model for several reasons. The original
                        concept of an underwater survey of the bay was expressed by the late G. Norman Simons,
                        former curator of the Pensacola Historical (Society) Museum. For years, Mr. Simons carefully
                        collected and collated records of ship losses, old charts and maps, reports of wrecksites, oral
                        histories, and artifacts recovered by divers, to form a body of data which has served as a
                        departure point for all previous survey work as well as the present project. Under Simons,
                        the Museum became a repository for all kinds of information, a meeting place for those
                        interested in local history and archaeology, and a neutral ground for artifact seekers and
                        collectors to share their discoveries.


                                Simons was instrumental in organizing Pensacola's first Conference on Maritime
                        History and Marine Archaeology in May 1988, bringing together research professionals and
                        amateurs, governmental officials and recreational divers, conservators and collectors, in a
                        formal manner for the first time. . The conference was the result of informal meetings,
                        negotiated by Simons, between a young diver from Louisiana and Florida's state underwater
                        archaeologist regarding a large assemblage of artifacts collected from a local shipwreck site.
                        The materials subsequently were returned to Pensacola, where they formed the basis for an
                        exhibit which opened at the Historical Museum concurrent with the conference.

                                The 1988 conference, jointly sponsored by the Pensacola Historical Society, the
                        Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, the University of West Florida, the Florida Division
                        of Historical Resources, and other groups including local dive shops, revealed several key
                        issues. First, the meeting emphasized Pensacola's long and continuous history of maritime
                        activities and its important role in the naval and commercial development of the Gulf of
                        Mexico. Written records, as well as reports by fishermen and sport divers, indicate that
                        Pensacola's waters contain a broad range of historic shipwreck sites from the 1500s to the
                        present.

                                A notable example of these historical resources had turned up earlier in 1988 with
                        the discovery and investigation of a well-preserved two-masted coastal schooner abandoned
                        in a back bayou of the Blackwater River, near Milton. The submerged 19th-century vessel
                        is almost a hundred feet in length, and is intact f rom the rails to the keel, with her pump
                        and deck windlass still in place (see Previous Work below).

                                Second, the conference demonstrated a great interest on the part of Pensacola's
                        residents in their maritime history. Aside from an informal network of amateur historians
                        and archaeologists, there are large and active memberships in the Pensacola Historical Society
                        and the Pensacola Archaeological Society, both of which helped to sponsor the 1988
                        conference. In addition, a growing network of recreational divers, as well as commercial and
                        sport fishermen, manifested itself during the conference and at the shipwreck exhibit.
                        Although relatively uninformed about marine archaeology, these groups expressed both
                        curiosity and enthusiasm for Pensacola's prospects, since local shipwrecks represent good
                        diving and fishing sites. And, recent efforts in public-oriented terrestrial excavations,
                        conducted by the University of West Florida at locations in the downtown Historic District,
                        had caused 'archaeology' to become a household word in Pensacola. The potential for public
                        involvement in similar marine archaeology projects had already encouraged a few determined
                        sport divers to seek professional advice and assistance to identify and document their finds.

                                Third, as one of the sponsors of the conference, the University of West Florida also
                        acknowledged an awareness of the potential significance of the area's submerged cultural
                        resources, but admittedly lacked the knowledge and expertise to pursue research and training







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             16 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               in this direction as it had with terrestrial resources. However, the situation changed within
               months after the conference when UWF archaeologists conducting a survey of Deadman's
               Island for the City of Gulf Breeze encountered the remains of a small colonial ship in eroding
               from the beach in shallow water. Dr. Judy Bense, who had represented UWF as a speaker
               at the conference, contacted state underwater archaeologist Dr. Roger C. Smith at the Division
               of Historical Resources in Tallahassee, and he helped to organize a preliminary investigation
               with students and volunteers (see Previous Work below). Bense and Smith subsequently
               organized a class in underwater archaeology, which was taught at UWF in the spring semester
               of 1989 and included field investigations of a fishing smack buried under the sand at Perdido
               Key (Williamson 1991). The University then co-sponsored, with the Division of Historical
               Resources and the City of Gulf Breeze, a summer field school to excavate the colonial ship
               at Deadman's Island, resulting in the training of ten undergraduates and the creation of a
               permanent exhibit at the local recreation center. Classes have continued, and in 1991 UWF
               established a graduate program in Historical Archaeology, which includes a nautical
               component.

                      The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, as the project came to be called, established its
               headquarters in the Pensacola Historic District in January 1991 at the Tivoli House, which
               was generously made available by the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board. Boat slips were
               kindly provided nearby at Pitt Slip Marina. Survey staff consisted of Dr. Roger C. Smith,
               Billy Ray Morris, and Marianne Franklin. Smith is the state underwater archaeologist for
               Florida; Morris- is a graduate of East Carolina University's program in maritime history and
               underwater archaeology; and Franklin is a student at Texas A&M University's program in
               nautical archaeology. The staff was joined for three months by Sheila Clifford, also a student
               at Texas A&M University, who helped with the field survey, writing and drawing, and with
               computer drafting. Her stay in Pensacola was made possible by financial support from the
               Santa Rosa Historical Society.

                      The survey's research design called for a public-oriented program with a broad scope
               of work that included the following components:

               1. Collection of archival and oral information on potential sites;
               2. Underwater field investigations in conjunction with local divers and fishermen;
               3. Deployment of electronic remote sensing instruments to detect previously unknown sites,
               and development of a computer-based inventory of targets and verified sites;
               4. Assessments, evaluations, and recommendations for individual sites;
               5. Establishment of a classification scheme of sites according to age, integrity, and
               environment; and
               6. Development of appropriate management options for groups of sites.


                       The scope of work was divided into specific tasks with overlapping schedules. Actual
               fieldwork commenced in February 1991 and continued until September, when the present
               report was begun. Throughout the project, overwhelming cooperation and support was
               offered by numerous agencies, organizations, a       'nd individuals.   As a result of public
               interaction through formal and informal meetings and talks, tremendous amounts of local
               information about a variety of sites were collected. Archival materials and results of historical
               research were compiled to create a vivid background picture of Pensacola's maritime heritage.
               This information, along with archaeological data recovered from a variety of shipwreck sites
               recorded, collectively form the base of the research conducted during the Pensacola
               Shipwreck Survey.






                                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 17





                               Interpretation and dissemination of carefully acquired information is the foundation
                       of a maritime archaeology project. This report contains the following sections: Chapters 2,
                       3, and 4 provide background information for the reader from a variety of perspectives.
                       Chapter 2 presents the maritime geography of the Pensacola Bay System, focusing on physical
                       descriptions and initial impressions of Pensacola waters by early explorers and settlers.
                       Chapter 3 describes Pensacola's natural and environmental history, including its geomorphol-
                       ogy, climate and weather, and the influence of these natural factors upon the people. Chapter
                       4 presents a chronology and descriptive narratives of the eight designated periods of
                       Pensacola's maritime and industrial history. Chapter 5 contains summaries of previous marine
                       archaeological work conducted in Pensacola. Chapter 6 provides a brief background
                       description of shipwreck archaeology, and cites the current laws that pertain to shipwrecks
                       in Florida waters. Chapter 7 outlines the methodology of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey.,
                       Chapter 8 contains the descriptive narratives, site plans, and individual analyses of the
                       underwater sites recorded during the eight-month field season. The conclusions of this report
                       are offered in Chapter 9, in which the data are examined for broader implications, and a
                       collective analysis of the recorded wreck sites are placed into the form of a schematic matrix
                       to aid in assessing Pensacola's submerged cultural resources and in proposing management
                       options. The final section of this report, Chapter 10, presents recommended actions based
                       on the information gathered during the course of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey.

                               By utilizing Pensacola Bay as a regional model for the survey and evaluation of sites
                       in varying environments, a management plan can be developed for statewide implementation.
                       The plan will be based on a classification of sites by type, condition, location, age, and
                       significance. These factors will help to determine which kinds of management policies are
                       best suited to certain kinds of sites. Coordination with other agencies, such as the Division
                       of State Lands, Bureau of Aquatic Preserves, Coastal Zone Management Program, Historic
                       Pensacola Preservation Board, and Gulf Islands National Seashore, will help to identify
                       specific resource needs and how they can be met through public-oriented programs. In
                       addition to increasing public knowledge and appreciation for Florida's underwater resources,
                       the management plan may also be useful to other state and federal programs as they relate
                       to submerged historic sites.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            18  Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 19





                                    CHAPTER 2. MARITIME GEOGRAPHY OF PENSACOLA BAY



                       Description of the Bay System

                               Located in the northwest Florida Panhandle (Figure 2.1), Pensacola Bay, which is an
                       arm of the Gulf of Mexico, is approximately 12.5 miles long and 2.5 miles wide (U.S. War
                       Department 1929:1). The eastern end of Pensacola Bay is joined by Escambia Bay, which
                       drains the Escambia River, and by East Bay, which drains the Blackwater River (Figure 2.2).
                       Both tributary bays extend in a northerly direction, with average depths of 7 to 12 feet. The
                       interior of Pensacola Bay is deeper, averaging 32 feet in depth. Santa Rosa Sound is a narrow
                       body of water extending eastward from the southeastern part of Pensacola Bay for a distance
                       of 24 miles to connect with Choctawhatchee Bay. The Sound is protected from the Gulf by
                       Santa Rosa Island, a thin, low, sandy barrier island.         The size of Pensacola Bay is
                       approximately 64 square miles (U.S. Army COE 1912:593). Three shallow bayous empty into
                       the harbor. The largest, Bayou Grande, is situated on the western side; Bayou Chico is on
                       the northern side, and Bayou Texar is on the northeast.

                               These waters and their tributaries form routes that connected Pensacola Bay with
                       interior resources to support its commercial development as a major port. However, the
                       sheltered geography of the bay itself and its natural access to and from the Gulf of Mexico
                       were of primary importance to early mariners who charted its features.


                       Early Exploration and Historical Descriptions of the Bay

                               On the western en& of Santa Rosa Island, the entrance to the bay is formed by a wide
                       navigable channel, through which currents flood and ebb depending on tidal conditions and
                       the force and direction of winds. The outside approaches to the channel are flanked by shoals
                       of hard, shifting sand. Prior to modern dredging, there was a submerged bar at the entrance;
                       but, it was of sufficient depth to allow safe passage into the bay in most weather conditions.
                       Navigational directions issued in 1763 for entering Pensacola harbor noted that:

                               The depth of water over the bar, at the entrance to the road, in the middle
                               of the channel, is never less than twenty-one feet. A ship that is going in,
                               before she comes upon this bar, must bring the fort of Pensacola to bear
                               between N. and 1/4 N.N.E. from her. She must then haul up a little towards
                               the main land on the west, keeping at much the same distance between that
                               and the island, in order to avoid the point, from which a little bank stretches
                               out pretty far towards the west northwest. (Universal Magazine 1763)

                               The "little bank" today is called Caucus Shoal, which has been periodically dredged
                       since 1895 due to the encroachment of another sandy shoal, called Middle Ground (U.S. Army
                       COE 1912:592-593). Another offshore shoal, called East Bank, extends to the east and south,
                       but has not obstructed navigation in modern times.

                               The maritime geography of Pensacola Bay has always been appreciated from a
                       strategic naval perspective. A former commandant of the Navy Yard put this perspective
                       into succinct words:







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             20 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                       Pensacola Bay forms one of the important harbors of the United States and
                       may be regarded as next to that of San Francisco. It is very extensive, is
                       landlocked, deep, safe and commodious and is clear of obstructions to
                       navigation over most of its area ... This includes an area of seven and a half
                       square miles off the Navy Yard in which the average depth is thirty three to
                       thirty five feet, in all of which the bottom is a blue marl affording a fine
                       anchorage and good holding ground. (Young n.d.:8)

                       The first European vessels to sound the entrance approaches and to come to       anchor
               in Pensacola Bay were on a strategic naval mission for conquistador Hernan de Soto. After
               arriving at Apalachee (near modern-day Tallahassee) in 1539, Soto ordered captain Francisco
               Maldonado and pilot G6mez Arias to sail west in two small vessels along the -coast to
               investigate the entrance of every creek and river, and to find a suitable harbor where Soto
               expected to march his army (Biedma 1922:8,9). Sixty leagues distant in the winter of 1539-
               40, they reached a province called Ochuse with a sheltered, deep harbor believed to be
               Pensacola Bay (Swanton 1985:163, 169). According to Garcilaso de la Vega, the bay was
               sheltered from all winds, was capable of harboring many ships, and had such good depth even
               up to shore that Maldonado could bring his ships close to land and disembark "without putting
               out a gangplank" (Vega 1951:247,248). The reconnaissance party returned to report their
               discovery, bringing with them an Indian chief of a village they found on the shore of the
               bay. Although Maldonado probably drew a map of his soundings, it has not survived. Soto's
               army marched elsewhere into history.

                       The magnificent harbor called Ochuse, having been registered in the growing bank
               of Spanish navigational knowledge, became a strategic candidate for a colonial port from
               which to conquer and pacify the territory called La Florida. A major settlement attempt was
               planned by the Viceroy of New Spain, who sent pilot Gonzalo Gay6n in 1558 to reconnoiter
               Florida's ports in advance of an occupational expedition to be led by Tristdn de Luna y
               Arellano. In a single vessel captained by Juan de Renteria, Gay6n sailed counter-clockwise
               along the Gulf Coast, discovering "the port of Polonza [the name given to Pensacola Bay],
               the port of Filipina [Mobile], the coast of Apalachee, and the Costa de M6danos [Padre
               Island]" (Weddle 1985:259-260). This voyage decided the choice of landing sites for the Luna
               expedition in favor of Polonza (Ochuse).

                       Luna's fleet of twelve vessels entered the bay of Ochuse on August 14, 1559, renaming
               it Bahia Filipina del Puerto de Santa Maria (August 15 was the day of the Ascension of the
               Queen of Angels, Mother Mary, into Heaven; Filipina was added to pay homage to King
               Philip 11). Luna considered Pensacola Bay one of the best harbors yet discovered, "so secure
               that no wind could ever do any damage whatsoever." He described the bay in a letter to Philip:

                       Seamen say that it is the best port in the Indies, the town and the site which
                       has been selected for founding is no less good, for it is a high point of land
                       which slopes down to the bay where the ships come to anchor. (Priestly 1928
                       Vol 11:213)

                       No one knows exactly where Luna's ships landed. Speculation has centered on the high
               ground near present-day Fort Barrancas, or on the bluffs near the entrance to Bayou Texar
               (Parks 1986:10). Another possible location is modern-day Gulf Breeze. Priestly wrote that
               "it was three leagues wide at the spot where Luna landed, the entrance over the bar being
               half a league wide, with a minimum depth of eleven cubits. Its landfall was marked by a
               reddish bluff which divided the eastern side of the bay" (Priestly 1928 Vol I:xxxv). Within







                                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                 Florida Archaeological Reports                                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola                      21









                                                                                                z




                                                                                                                                                      C4

















                                    C.0%

                                    2C


                                    40%





                                    C02
                                    C=
                                    L"









                                                                                                                                                                     00





                                    Uj







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            22  Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




























                                                                                                    MIL VON






                                                                                                       BAGDAD












                                                                                  -SCAMBIA BAY           I ACKWA I I-R BAY
                                                               0



                                                                  BAYOU
                             pfRDID0                              TFXAR
                               BAY
                                                                                                                FASI BAY


                                                  HAYOt
                                                 CHICO
                            BAYOU GRANDE                        V'TASf, 'Ot                   %JVIF%l
                                                                                           OSA  sok)t4l)
                                                                                   S^,4j  irk


                                  00               'ANI     $A                                                                                L I I I L- I
                   @
                             PERDIDO
                                  Y
                           @.A















                           O%G                                                                                                                0        5000
                                                                                            GULF OF MEXICO



                                                                           Figure 2.2. Map of Pensacola Bay System.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            24  Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 125





                       a week of Luna's landing, eight of the ships in his fleet were destroyed in a hurricane on
                       August 19, dooming the first Spanish attempt to colonize Florida from the Gulf. In 1565,
                       St. Augustine was founded, and strategic maritime focus turned away from Pensacola.

                               Over a century later, Spanish response to the French explorations of La Salle around
                       the Mississippi River prompted an expedition to the northern Gulf under Juan Enriques de
                       Barroto and pilot Antonio de Ramirez. An officer on the voyage, Juan Jorddn de Reina, kept
                       a log in which he described the Spanish rediscovery of Pensacola Bay in 1686:

                               I turned west-northwest and saw a bay, the best I have ever seen in my life.
                               We put into it, finding a depth of eight, nine, and ten fathoms in its mouth
                               which is not very wide. After steering northeast, north and northeast inside
                               the bay, I anchored in seven fathoms. Its opening lies on an almost straight
                               north and south line. The Indians call this bay Panzacola .... With the Indian
                               pilot we went in the longboat to the village of the Panzacola . . . (Leonard
                               1939:13).

                               The Barroto voyage, and continued French and English rivalry for colonial
                       possessions, caused the King in 1692 to order the Viceroy of New Spain, Cond6 de Galve,
                       to implement a plan to investigate Pensacola as a possible site for a new colony and
                       fortification. Two vessels were sent in 1693, under Admiral Andres de Pez. The expedition
                       noted the interior features of the bay, sounded the depths of its bayous and rivers, and
                       investigated local Indian villages. Once again, Pensacola Bay was given a new name, Bahia
                       de Santa Maria de Galve, after the Viceroy.

                               Dr. Carlos de Sigilenza y G6ngora, a geographer and mathematician who accompanied
                       the exploration party, prepared a report, which included a detailed map of the bay and its
                       landmarks (Figure 2.3). Its title, "nueva demarcaci6n de la Bahia de Santa Maria de Galve,"
                       suggests that earlier Spanish charts of the bay existed and were probably in use by pilots.
                       Perhaps such a chart accompanied Juan Jorddn de Reina's account of the Barroto voyage,
                       since on Sigbenza's map, East Bay River on the extreme eastern shore of the bay is. designated
                       as Rio Jorddn. This river may have been in the vicinity of the village of Panzacola visited
                       by Barroto's party. Sigilenza and his companions visited two Indian encampments on the
                       shore of East Bay. One they called Robledal, for the oak grove there, and the other Baratillo,
                       for the odds and ends left by retreating inhabitants. Blackwater River they called Rio del
                       Almirante, probably after Admiral Pez, and Escambia Bay was denoted as Golfo de
                       Villafranca.   Of importance is the detailed recording of Pensacola Bay's depths and
                       promontories. The strategic western end of Santa Rosa Island was named Punta Sigilenza,
                       and the reddish bluffs on the mainland heights, Barrancas de Santo Tome.


                       Early Coastal Fortifications

                               In his report, Sigilenza was extremely enthusiastic about the advantages of the bay
                       and the surrounding territory. He and Pez favored immediate settlement of the area, but it
                       was not until 1698 that their recommendations were acted upon. In November a military
                       expedition under Andres de Arriola landed at Barrancas and established gun emplacements
                       at the crest of the heights.    Named San Carlos de Austria, this was the first Spanish
                       fortification in Pensacola (Manucy 1959:230). Sig0enza's original suggestion for a fortifica-
                       tion on the western end of Santa Rosa Island in defense of the entrance to the bay was not
                       acted upon; early Spanish commandants realized that gun installations at this point could not







                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             26 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




              adequately control the wide entrance channel. Later, in 1718, commandant Matamoros de
              Isla decided to fortify Point Sigfienza, because Spain was at war with France. The stockade
              mounting three 12-pound guns was barely completed when a small French fleet sailed into
              the bay and attacked Point Sigdenza on May 13, 1719 (Coleman and Coleman 1982: 10). Both
              the island and mainland forts were captured by the French, who took control of Pensacola
              from the Spanish.

                      With peace restored, Pensacola was returned to Spain in 1722; under the direction of
              Alejandro Wauchope, a new presidio, Santa Rosa Punta de Sigoenza, was built three-quarters
              of a mile east of the old fortification. It was never called upon to defend the bay. The low,
              sandy island was vulnerable to storms; a 1752 hurricane prompted the fort to be moved a
              quarter mile east to higher ground, where it fell into disrepair. With the British occupation
              of Pensacola in 1763, new fortifications were concentrated on protecting the town, rather than
              the channel entrance. During the years 1779-178 1, the impending Spanish invasion prompted
              British attempts to increase the defenses of Pensacola. General John Campbell intended to
              fortif y the western end of Santa Rosa Island, but lacked additional tools, manpower, and guns.
              He did, however, refortify the red cliffs of Barrancas overlooking the channel. The small
              fort was named the Royal Navy Redoubt because sailors had completed much of the
              construction and were expected to man the fort in an emergency (Coleman and Coleman
              1982:22).

                      Thus the strategic entrance to the bay was poorly defended by the British, who relied
              mainly on Fort George at Pensacola and the redoubts surrounding the town. In March 178 1,
              the Spanish invasion fleet under Bernando de Gdlvez sailed through the channel and
              established its f irst camp on Santa Rosa Island. Although the batteries at Barrancas had fired
              numerous salvos, they did little damage to the Spanish fleet, and Gdlvez eventually bypassed
              the Navy Redoubt to attack the town. During the second Spanish period, the former British
              forts were renamed and reinforced, and new military plans were drawn up to protect the
              colony. Based on the previous failure of the British to prevent an invasion fleet from entering
              the bay, the new Spanish plan again recognized the importance of Punta Sigoenza and
              Barrancas. A new battery was constructed on the western tip of Santa Rosa Island, and San
              Carlos de Barrancas was reinforced by a new battery called San Antonio. Ultimately, these
              two locations became an important part of the seacoast defenses of the new American nation,
              with the construction of the large masonry Forts Pickens and Barrancas in the early 19th
              century. In addition, Pensacola's entrance was further reinforced with the construction of
              Fort McRee on the western side of the channel.



              The Gulf Breeze Peninsula


                      The peninsula of Gulf Breeze was recognized early by European mariners as a safe
              anchoring ground with seasonal protection from wind and weather. In addition, its strategic
              location in the middle of the bay, where deep water came close to shore, made Gulf Breeze
              an ideal place and refit seagoing vessels. Consequently, the peninsula was prominantly
              pictured on early charts and maps of Pensacola gay. The northernmost projection of the
              peninsula, known today as Town Point or Deadman's Island, was originally called Punto
              Guzman on Sigoenza's chart. Later the English called it Sandy Point, due to the shallow bar
              that extends offshore. The western point of the peninsula was called Deer Point in the British
              Colonial Period, a name that was handed down from the earlier Spanish (Punto de Vanados),
              and French (Pointe au Chevreuil) designations. Its original Spanish name was Punta de
              Pescadores (Fishermen's Point). Today it is called Fair Point. Sometime in the 19th century,







                                            Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                      Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 127











                                                                k

                                                              J, j












                                                                      Z4











                                                                                                               CN







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            28  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 29





                        the name Deer Point was shifted to the southernmost point of land in Gulf Breeze. Formerly
                        it was called Punta de Cadena (Chain Point) by the Spaniards and Fan Point by the British.

                                At least two indentations in the shoreline were used throughout centuries of maritime
                        traffic as careening places, on which ships could be hauled over, have their hulls cleaned,
                        and be made seaworthy again. Old Navy Cove, on the northwestern tip of the peninsula,
                        offered an ideal careenage during the summer months. On the opposite and southern side
                        of Gulf Breeze, the English Navy Cove became known for its shelter from winter
                        northwesterly weather. These names reflect the strategic naval use of the peninsula during
                        the English colonial period, when at least two careening wharves were built to help in this
                        process. In the late 19th century, the peninsula became the site of one of the largest marine
                        repair facilities on the Gulf Coast, constructed in 1889. Town Point, familiar to mariners since
                        the colonial period, was chosen due to its deep water access. Ships were pulled from the water
                        on dollies that ran along iron rails up to the shore. But the disastrous 1906 hurricane caused
                        the railway to fall on hard times. The site became a glue factory, and then a fish fertilizer
                        factory.

                                The geographical and hydrographical benefits of the peninsula allowed it to play an
                        integral role in Pensacola's maritime past. Shipwrights found in the interior of the peninsula
                        an abundance of native live oaks suitable for their shipbuilding needs. Eventually, trees were
                        cultivated especially for this purpose on a parcel of land some 25 miles long and between
                        one and three miles wide that was purchased in 1828 by the Department of the Navy for a
                        live oak plantation--the nation's first experimental tree farm.

                                Aside from timber, fresh water was als   o available on the peninsula. The French map
                        of Belliti (Figure 2.4) shows a Petit Etang (small pond) on the south side of Gulf Breeze that
                        represented an important source of potable water. The peninsula's central geographical
                        location also played a role in the area's development. An 18th-century Spanish chart shows
                        a dashed line running across the peninsula from north to south, indicating an early trail for
                        the transportation of people and goods between Pensacola and Santa Rosa Island. In 1822,
                        the peninsula was chosen by the U.S. Army as the beginning point of the first American road
                        in Florida, which followed old trails to St. Augustine. During the Civil War, Gulf Breeze
                        became the location of a Confederate hospital for yellow fever victims. The epidemic disease
                        required that ships and their crews be quarantined, and the ships fumigated with sulfur,
                        before proceeding to port. In 1876 the quarantine station was moved from the northern part
                        of the Gulf Breeze peninsula to the southern shore, which was considered more isolated.
                        Eventually, in 18 8 1, quarantine operations were transferred to Sabine Island, just off of Santa
                        Rosa Island in the Sound, and where many ballast stones can be seen today along the shoreline.

                                Until the opening of Pensacola Bay Bridge in 1931, the only communication between
                        Pensacola and the small settlement of Town Point was by watercraft. With access by road,
                        the peninsula grew in population and was incorporated as the City of Gulf Breeze in 1961.
                        A temporary closing of the bridge due to a barge accident in 1989 halted traff ic between
                        Pensacola, Gulf Breeze, and Santa Rosa Island, daily reminding residents of the maritime
                        geography of Pensacola Bay when many were forced to travel by water.


                        The Bayous

                                Of the three bayous, Grande, Chico, and Texar, Bayou Chico has played an important
                        role in the maritime geography of Pensacola Bay. As the deepest and most accessible of the







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             30 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




              three, Chico was chosen by the Spanish invasion forces in 1781 as a staging area for the attack
              on British Pensacola (Rush 1966:62-83). Watered by a fresh spring, the bayou (known at the
              time as West Lagoon) occupied a central location deep in the harbor from which the soldiers
              of Bernardo de Gdlvez were deployed to attack the British defenses above the town. Bayou
              Grande (known as Cox's Lagoon) has always been shallower, its entrance blocked by a rocky
              shoal. Texar (known as East Lagoon), also relatively shallow, is situated in a swampy area
              with a narrow, winding entrance restricting navigation. The accessible, but protected,
              situation of Bayou Chico caused the lagoon to be developed into a center for maritime
              industries along with the Pensacola waterfront port facilities. Over a mile of its eastern
              shoreline was bulkheaded and filled with dredge spoil to make a wooden pier for the Pensacola
              Shipbuilding Company in 1918. Timber companies, such as the Weis-Fricker Mahogany
              Company, used the bayou for floating log 'rafts' (Port of Pensacola 1981:26,39). Currently,
              Bayou Chico is home to a variety of maritime related industries and facilities, including some
              of the largest shipyards and tugboat companies in the region. It is also home to the Pensacola
              Yacht Club, and several recreational marinas.







                                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 31




                                                                                                Twi,    N'    2













                                                                                                  ;U'E
                                   T

















                                                                                        1, x I    I- E







                                                             t 17,11 /ev


                                              j

                                41 '1 A N1) E L A I iA N F.-`%
                                1) k' PF -NS,,",-('O LA
                                  dIms  la I'iorale



                                          4-4








                                           Figure 2.4. Bellin's 1764 Chart of Pensacola Bay.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           32   Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola       33





                                      CHAPTER 3. NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY



                        Introduction


                                Several environmental variables affect the location and condition of historical
                        resources in a region. Geomorphology, or the natural configuration of an area's land masses,
                        influences the placement and development of cultural and historical processes. Human
                        settlement, means of subsistence, economic development, and access to trade depend upon
                        and are affected by geographical factors. Along the coast, one of the most important factors
                        is access to navigable water (Terrell 1990).

                                The shores of Pensacola Bay were settled because of the bay's coastal configuration,
                        forming a protected harbor closely connected to navigable rivers and the Gulf of Mexico.
                        As a natural haven for maritime activity, Pensacola drew settlers and trade, both brought by
                        ships, some of which were lost or abandoned in its waterways. Geornorphological factors also
                        determined where and why ships are lost, as well as influencing the underwater conditions
                        that affect the preservation of sunken wrecksites.

                                Another environmental variable is the pattern of weather, including local climate as
                        well as regional storms and hurricanes that have periodically affected Pensacola. Weather
                        conditions influenced the seasonal pattern of marine commerce, and at times drastically
                        interrupted development of the city and the port. Weather conditions also influence the
                        deposition and distribution of wrecksites, and the underwater environment that determines
                        the degree to which shipwreck sites are preserved.

                                Human impact on the natural environment is an additional variable that affects the
                        preservation of submerged archaeological resources. Development, construction, dredging,
                        pollution, and other man-made changes to the Pensacola Bay system have impacted sites that
                        previously were stabilized within bottom sediments until disturbed. Shipwreck salvage and
                        obstruction removal have also affected the integrity of several sites.


                        Geomorphology

                                Pensacola Bay is located within the Gulf Coastal Plain. The plain lies atop Tertiar   y
                        sediments of limestone, clay, sand, and silt that slope gradually into the Gulf of Mexico. This
                        deposit has accumulated for more than 100 million years, with significant alterations caused
                        by a number of geologic factors, including the settling of the continental shelf and rising sea
                        levels (Cooke 1945).

                                One of the most significant influences on the area of study occurred during the
                        Wisconsin stage of the Pleistocene. Polar ice cap expansion lowered the sea level. Newly
                        exposed landforms were sculpted, redefining the shapes of continents.            An estuarine
                        environment developed as global warming caused the level of the sea to rise again. A basin
                        formed by the erosion of the Perdido and Escambia river drainages flooded to create the bay
                        system. As the Coastal Plain submerged, forests disappeared, wetlands grew, and a bank of
                        steadily eroding sediments formed the gradual slope of shallow water just off of the coast
                        (Marsh 1966).







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             34 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




                      The sediments in the bay are mostly soft silt and sand lying over a hard clay surface.
               Nearer to shore, coarser sands are deposited, and, the coastline is continuously reshaped by
               storms and tidal erosion. The Gulf Breeze peninsula was originally formed as a barrier island
               some 75,000 years ago. Santa Rosa Island first appeared approximately 5,000 years ago. Both
               barrier islands were created during interglacial periods when excesses of sand were shaped
               by tidal forces (Joy 1988). The formation of these islands, along with Perdido Key, created
               the protected, deep-water harbor of Pensacola.

                      Interglacial periods also caused the formation of two high, flat marine terraces that
               define the topography of modern day Pensacola. The Pamlico terrace was formed
               approximately 38,000 years ago. It sh  'apes the shoreline, rising between ten and twenty feet
               above sea level. The Penholloway terrace, just up from the waterfront, was created between
               73,000 and 88,000 years ago. The residential areas known today as East Hill and North Hill,
               as well as the bluffs that run along the Escambia Bay to the north, are all situated on the
               Penholloway terrace (Horvath 1968).


               Ranges of Environments

                      Today the shores of Santa Rosa Island and Perdido Key are still changing. Seasonal
               storms and shifting currents continually reshape the islands. Shipwrecks on the Gulf side of
               the islands are repeatedly buried and exposed. The narrow pass into the harbor is constantly
               shifting and filling up with sand, necessitating periodic dredging to maintain an open channel.

                      In addition to the coastal barrier islands, a number of other environments are located
               within the bay area. Along the inner shores of the barrier islands, around Gulf Breeze
               peninsula, inside. the bayous, and along the rim of the harbor, the sediments are a mixture
               of sand and soft silt. These areas also are affected by tidal erosion, but not to such an extent
               as the area offshore. Important factors here are sediment deposition f rorn tributaries and
               runoff from rainfall in increasingly developed areas which drain into the bay. The bottom
               of the bay itself is characterized by deep deposits of silt..

                      Above the bay, the Blackwater River bisects an area characterized by low-lying
               coastal plains subject to flooding on one side, and flanked by rolling hills on the other. This
               creates four basic kinds of soil runoff, all variations of sand or loam, and most areas are
               predominantly unsuited for cultivation other than timber (Weeks et al. 1980, Phillips 1989).
               The Escambia River flows southward from Alabama, draining into Escambia Bay, an area
               characterized by recent industrial and residential development. The basic types of sediments
               in Escambia Bay also are sand near the shore and mud near the center of the bay (Olinger
               et al. 1975).


               Climate, Hurricanes and Storms

                      Pensacola is situated along the 30th parallel of latitude above the equator. Its climate
               since historic settlement has remained relatively unchanged. Warm temperatures and high
               humidity characterize the summer months. Winters are short and very mild. An average
               temperature of 80 degrees Fahrenheit is recorded for the summer, with the winter
               temperature averaging in the mid-50s range. Recent rainfall averages 65 inches per year, with
               almost half of precipitation reported occurring during the months of summer (Phillips 1989).







                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 35'




                                Located in an area known as the "Prevailing Westerlies," almost all weather fronts
                        and storms move across the state from west to east. Pensacola summers are characterized by
                        short, violent thunderstorms and a prevailing sea breeze from the south or southwest. In the
                        fall and winter, low pressure systems and cold fronts cause the wind to come out of the north,
                        northeast, and northwest. Only hurricanes and tropical storms, creating their own momentum,
                        can break this pattern. Hurricanes that hit Pensacola generally travel over one of two routes,
                        entering the Gulf of Mexico from the south past the Florida Keys or moving along the
                        southwest coast of the Gulf, up from the western Caribbean Sea.

                                The hurricane season occurs from June through November. Storms are designated as
                        hurricanes when they are of tropical origin and their wind speed exceeds 64 knots. Pensacola
                        has been continuously threatened by hurricanes throughout its history. Although no official
                        records were kept of hurricanes until the mid-nineteenth century, descriptions of such storms
                        and their impact on Pensacola's settlements can be found in historical accounts (Muir 1983).
                        These storms have greatly affected Pensacola's development (Figure 3.1). Brief summaries
                        of the most significant storms are reported, chronologically, as follows:

                        1559    Don Tristdn de Luna y Arellano led a settlement expedition to the shores of Pensacola,
                                then Ochuse. Within a week of their arrival, "there came up from the north a fierce
                                tempest, which blowing for twenty-four hours from all directions until the same hour
                                as it began, without stopping but increasing continuously, did irreparable damage to
                                the ships of the fleet. [There was] great loss by many seamen and passengers, both
                                of their lives as well as of their property. All the ships which were in this port went
                                aground (although it is one of the best ports there are in the Indies), save only one
                                caravel and two barks, which escaped" (Priestley 1928 Vol 11:245). With his supply
                                ship destroyed, Luna faced the hard task of finding sustenance for the settlers.
                                Though they struggled to establish a small settlement, it was abandoned in less than
                                three years.

                        1722    In September a hurricane is recorded as having hit New Orleans; the Mississippi River
                                rose eight feet, and at least one ship was reported lost to the east in Bay St. Louis
                                (Ludlum 1963:60-61). The Spanish, preparing to take back Pensacola from the
                                French, arrived in November to find only a dilapidated hut still standing on Santa
                                Rosa Island. The French may have demolished their settlement before leaving it, yet
                                it seems likely that there was not much left after the hurricane's destruction (Muir
                                1983:2).

                        1752    The rebuilt Spanish settlement on Santa Rosa Island was destroyed, except for the
                                storehouse and hospital, when it was directly hit by a November hurricane. "The
                                village, fort, and dunes were all swept away" (Muir 1983:3). Finally, Spanish officials
                                decided to move the settlement from the barrier island to the mainland.

                        1763    The new mainland settlement was hit by a storm in August, tearing the roofs from
                                all of the houses and knocking down the stockade (Muir 1983:3).

                        1766    British Pensacola, established in 1763, was hit by a storm which tore the roofs off
                                huts and wrecked several vessels in the bay. A dispatch by a Captain Henderson,
                                reported in the South Carolina Gazette, stated that "only four vessels rode it out
                                without receiving some damage; and all the rest were driven ashore           ."(Ludlum
                                1963:62).







                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             36 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




              1772    A hurricane lasting five days hit the Gulf Coast at the end of August, flooding Mobile
                      and doing much damage westward. Bernard Romans described the storm in A Concise
                      Natural History of East and West Florida published in 1776. He stated that the storm
                      "destroyed the woods for about 30 miles from the sea coast in a terrible manner,"
                      yet in "Pensacola it did little or no mischief except the breaking down of all the
                      wharves but one" (Ludlum 1963:63).

              1778    Governor Peter Chester's description of the hurricane in Pensacola was written in the
                      margin of the minutes of the assembly dated 9 October 1778.

                                   "The severest hurricane ever felt or known in this part of the world since
                                   West Florida has belonged to the crown of Great Britain happened on the
                                   9th with such iresistible [sic] fury and violence as entirely to sweep away
                                   all the wharfs, stores and houses contiguous to the Water Side, with part
                                   of the front batteries of the Garrison, besides destroying several houses
                                   and making general havock of the ferries (fences) in the town of
                                   Pensacola all of the ships and vessels in the harbor were either lost or
                                   driven ashore except his Majesty's Sloop of War Sylph, which with
                                   difficulty rode out the gale. The great loss of property by this general
                                   calamity affected the whole community             (Ludlum 1963:64, Muir
                                   1983:4).

              1779    A hurricane in August was reported to have demolished all the boats and stores
                      amassed by Bernardo de Gdlvez, delaying a planned attack on the British forces in
                      nearby Manchac and Baton Rouge (Muir 1983:3-4).

              1780    Eight storms were recorded in the waters of America and the West Indies during the
                      year 1780, especially noted for their size and tremendous force (Ludlum 1963:66).
                      While most of the storms did not hit West Florida directly, they greatly influenced
                      the history of the area. In August, storms caused damage to crops that supplied the
                      area, as well as destroying a British fleet off Cuba. In October, a fleet of 64 ships
                      left Havana under the military command of Bernardo de Gdlvez. En route to attack
                      British Pensacola, Gdlvez's armada was damaged and scattered throughout the Gulf,
                      thus delaying the attack on Pensacola until the following year (Ludlum 1963:72, Muir
                      1983:4).

              1819    A storm hit in November, damaging Mobile and West Florida. The extent of the
                      damage is unreported. (Ludlum 1963:137).


              1821    The Pensacola Floridian reported that on the 15th of September "it commenced
                      blowing quite fresh, and continued with increased and increasing violence until in
                      a few hours it raged a most destructive storm." While no lives were lost or buildings
                      damaged, "shipping suffered very severely [of thirteen brigs, schooners and sloops
                      in the harbor: 6 were driven high ashore, five were able to get off after beaching,
                      and others rode it out]" (Ludlum 1963:140).


              1852    The Pensacola Gazette of August 28 described the local effect of an August hurricane
                      that made landfall in Mobile in the following account: "two-thirds to three-quarters
                      of the main wharf was carried away, leaving only the outer end remaining. All the
                      bathing houses have been swept away. We have not heard of much damage done to






























                                                                                                                                                   0








                                                                                                                                                   0












                                                                                                                     4,


                                                                                              A






                                                                                                                                                   Cn




                                                                                                                                                   E3







                                          Figure 3.1. Photo of Pensacola After an Early 20th Century Hurricane.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            38  Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 39




                                shipping, but fear that we may yet hear of many wrecks upon our coast" (Ludlum
                                1963:160).

                        1882    Newspaper accounts reported that high winds from a storm occurring on September
                                9 drove several vessels ashore, while storm surge destroyed a wharf. One vessel,
                                Rhoda, was reported sunk near Santa Rosa Island after being driven across the bay
                                (Pensacola Historical Museum Hurricane file).

                        1887    No one was killed in the storm of October 19, but the wharf at the Pensacola Fish
                                & Ice Co. was destroyed (Pensacola Historical Museum Hurricane file).

                        1894    Two storms were reported for this year. High winds reportedly drove the sailing vessel
                                Catherine ashore on Santa Rosa Island on August 7. An October 8 storm drove several
                                vessels ashore and swept away the pier at the Life Saving Station on Santa Rosa Island
                                (Pensacola Historical Museum Hurricane file).

                        1896    There was no loss of life but "immense loss of property" caused by a July 7 storm.
                                The Pensacola News reported that the wind blew off "nearly every tin roof in the
                                city," flooded the downtown area, sank at least nine vessels and damaged and drove
                                ashore countless others. Damage also occurred at the Quarantine Station and several
                                wharves were destroyed (Pensacola Historical Museum Hurricane file).

                        1906    This September storm was called the "Big Six" by local residents who survived it. The
                                Pensacola Journal reported that the storm completely washed away a two-mile mid-
                                section of Santa Rosa Island. The Hospital, located at the Quarantine Station there,
                                as well as the Life Saving Station, were swept away. Fort Pickens was awash, and men
                                were seen lashed to the heavy guns before being washed away. At the Navy Yard,
                                buildings were destroyed, and several vessels were driven far ashore. Tides eight and
                                a half feet above normal flooded the inland area (Figure 3.2). Downtown at the
                                waterfront, "every foot of the beach from Tarragona Street to Muscogee Wharf is one
                                continuous mass of debris--the roofs and sides of dwellings; household furnishings
                                of every description; wreckage from seagoing craft of every kind and rig; lumber,
                                timber, unbroken bundles of shingles; merchandise of every ki     nd; uprooted trees,
                                trunks and branches- -everything in fact that could go to make up a scene of
                                destitution and desolation is piled pell-mell, helter-skelter on that stretch of
                                waterfront" (Pensacola News Journal, Ju    ly 9, 1967).


                        1916    Winds were clocked above 104 miles per hour in the hurricane that hit Pensacola on
                                July 5. Newspaper accounts stated that at least one million dollars worth of damage
                                occurred in this storm, approximately $150,000 at the Naval Air Station (Pensacola
                                Historical Museum Hurricane file).

                        1926    The Air Station News of October 5 stated that "oldtimers" said that other storms had
                                cost many more lives, "but for widespread destruction of property the recent
                                hurricane has never been equalled." Wind speeds reached 152 miles per hour before
                                the indicator broke. Tides were ten feet above normal in town, and fourteen feet
                                higher than usual up the river in Bagdad. Wreckage in the downtown area was great;
                                piers, wharves and structures along the waterfront were destroyed. Many vessels were
                                wrecked or driven ashore (Pensacola Historical Museum Hurricane file).







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             40 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




                      Other storms continued to hit the Gulf Coast throughout the twentieth century, but
              with storm warnings now in established, loss of life was not so great. Flooding and damage
              to property, especially on the barrier islands, continues today. Storms of some consequence
              were reported in 1929, 1932, 1947, 1956, and 1969. "Frederic" hit Pensacola directly in 1979.
              "Elena" doubled back and struck the area in 1985, sinking at least ten boats (Pensacola
              Historical Museum Hurricane file).


              Cultural Impact on the Environment

              Pensacola Bay Waterfront
                      Since the area of present-day Pensacola was first settled, the landscape has been
              steadily altered to suit changing needs. A rise in population was followed by an increase in
              trade, necessitating the building of more wharves and piers for loading and unloading cargos.
              Careening grounds, marine ways, shipyards and railroad wharves were built to service
              incoming vessels. These events changed the face of the waterfront. Figure 3.3 shows the
              downtown waterfront in the 1890s.


                      The city artificially extended the natural shoreline approximately 3000 feet
              southward, reclaiming the bay, between present-day 8th Avenue and A Street. Most of the
              landfill activity took place between 1900 and the 1930s (Bense 1989a:17). Figure 3.4 shows
              the previous location of the original waterfront, near modern Main Street.

                      The configuration of Bayou Chico was altered in 1918. Pensacola Shipbuilding
              Company built a seawall over a mile long extending from the bayou mouth to Garden Street.
              The area behind the wall was filled, a lift bridge was installed, and a new channel entrance
              was dug (Bense 1989a:17-18). Figure 3.5 shows the extent of these changes and the detail of
              the port and downtown area waterfront as of 1929. Today the shape of the waterfront looks
              much the same as in the chart of 1929. The port of Pensacola and the freight railroads are
              still in operation. A number of the piers are gone; in many cases, their places are filled with
              pleasure boat marinas or small boatyards for working vessels. Muscogee Wharf was destroyed
              in a hurricane but the area still serves as a barge terminal. Four small commercial shipyards,
              operate out of Bayou Chico, and the rest of the bayou is filled with rental spaces for
              recreational boaters. In -most protected waterfront areas not developed commercially, the
              construction of seawalls, docks and piers has been undertaken by private residents.



              The Naval Air Station
                      The establishment of the Navy Yard in the 1820s prompted the need to dredge and
              to maintain the pass into the harbor, as well as navigation channels, at certain depths. This
              remains an ongoing process. Maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers, the channel was
              recently deepened to a depth of 45 feet to allow for the homeport docking of a larger aircraft
              carrier at the Naval Air Station.



              Escambia Bay
                      The red bluffs lining the shore of Escambia Bay were first mined to produce red clay
              for Pensacola's nineteenth century brick-making industry. In the 1880s the cliffs became the
              site of the burgeoning railroad. Built below the cliff along the shoreline, the tracks have acted
              as a buffer zone, now vegetated, that prevents erosion (Bense 1989a:17). Today, along with
              the rail line, the shores of Escambia Bay house a number of private residences and modern
              industries, such as Westinghouse.








                                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 41











                                                                     N








                                                     41
                                                                                                    Ile

















                                    @'A                           -------









                                                                                                            --dW
                                                                                                        7


                                                                                          . .....         NWO


                             f7






                                                                                                    40W.
                                                   016,
                                                           jo



                                                                                                        ?


                                        Figure 3.2. Photo of Pensacola After the 1906 Hurricane.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            42  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Florida Bureau of Ar haeological Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Florida Archaeological Reports                                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 143



                                                                                                              z

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           . . . Z .... . .. . .
                                                                                                                                                                                                          ..... .....                ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       fn.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  n7T:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ;Y:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          @,A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Iz N.,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           _A   wf,                                                                           77-
                                                                                                                                    g
                                                                                                                                       4Z
                                                                                                                                                        ,k@                 -e-@,                                                    -1 P,  _qp_
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         @LN5@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         14
                                                                                              id


                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0     .-M-1
                                                                                                                                                                                   t    'ga @"v
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Z, f@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                EQ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Me   VWA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          mv-5.
                                                                                                                                                                                       g
                                                                                                                                                                                         @@ @,OA
                                                                                                                                                                                       v
                                                                                                                                                                                        M,   ..'ev                     R    VT


                                                                                                                                                                                                               'M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                n
                                                                                                                                                                                          @v
                                                                                                                                                                                           W.-
                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                  ..... ......

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     . ........ .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  K"
                                                                                                                                    C

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ...... . .. .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   -z.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ....   . ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 "U.
                                                                                                                                                                                          . ... .......



                                                                                                                                                            N,              . ......
                                                                                                                                                                                           . ........
                                                                                                                                                  '77S",
                                                                                                                                                                    IL ,                       ", @ 7
                                                                                                                                                                 w-AN-           "V!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 My. ti-@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        '4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4,
                                                                                                                                     4v                                   A.                                                                                                                               77
                                                                                                                       A





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        e
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                t @,4
                                                                                                                                                                                                           7A
                                                                                                                                                          ..... -------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         t                                        al#ez,@;x @..A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       wa;M 4.4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     N
                                                                                                                                                                                        vik                                     w
                                                                                                                                                                                     A
                                                                                                          Wo
                                                                                                                                                                                             b40 .4,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -4s


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      FT
                                                                                                                                                                            N4.
                                                                                                                                                                                                      lab, A-@-Nig
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .07
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  U-M
                                                                                 N                                                                                                                                                   5@vc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             vl.- IRN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       *X
                                                                                                                                              06




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   4-Mr-

                                                                                                                                                                                            Q17%,*,
                                                                                                                                                                            ;o      . . . .....



                                                                                                                                                                               P r N 5 A C 0 L-A    BAY.
                                                                                                                                                                         31o PAIL@cs L.0 P40 & 4T  .5MILISWi*0Z
                                                                                                                                                                              TINCLV k.AND-(_OCK9D A@ WITH
                                                                                                                                                                                    OOOD




                                                                                                                                d
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       CL





                                                                                                                            @@46-

                                                                                                                                                 Y1-.i`1   ztl.@t=*ii@@'
                                                                                                                      Ito
                                                                                                                                                              MW




                                                                                                                                                                                                                           "NXIVU 1    1,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -s@
























                                                                                                                                                                                              7701                                                                                                                           T

                                                                                                                                                                                    Figure    3.3. Bird's-eye View of Pensacola,                    circa 1896.


















                                                                                                                                                            ITI
                                                                                                                                                            0



                                                                                                                                                            >



                                                                                                                                                            CD
                                                                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                                                            Cro
                                                               MADEIAND....
                                                                                                .4
                                                                A     for     5, blockg,
                                          --Made           Ian
                                                                                                                                                               tz
                                                                                     r        ciran e:
                                         A56timat
                                                          ed 60 A.            Of-
                                          ..Sweden;            'broken           tile      fro;in@
                                           chalk         from        Wales'.         blue       stone-,'
                                           Ital            dredgings,             from         the
                                                   Yt.                                                                                                      -M
                                                                  es;         blue         granite, V
                                           and         Tham
                                   3y,.@
                                                                                          rO
                                                                                                            : p    ee-'.
                                                                    Ica,      lava f M              We
                                         .,South Amer
                                           material            came                 ballast         In      sailing,
                                                                                                                                                            0 M
                                                                                              U    S.    G
                                                                                                                                                               CD
                                                             Mong           lumber.                         over
                                                                                                         6rfront:
                                                                                                   wat
                                                                                 blished
                                          @,;ment,       fl,      ly.:. tsta
                                                                                  ierhead line
                                                      nation ah d p                                                                                         CA
                                                 Sig

                                                                               At,





                                            Figure 3.4.  Historic Marker Describing Pensacola Landfill Practices.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           46   Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola








                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Florida Arch













                         'WAR XPAR7MENT
                            rVISCO LK TO ST LQU02
                                                                                                                                  LEGEND                                                               N
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   '4v
                                                                                                                TOM                                                Sr
                                                                                                         PM CUS      HOUSE                          Carm" vmrd@m--S
                                                                                                             GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS                COMIN COAPRESSES
                                                                                                             FOREIGN TRAM
                                                                                                             GE                                     __L STORES
                                                                                                             W, IRA
                                                                                                             GOAL HANDLING PLANTS                   FlWrL=R PLANT
                                                                                                             BUNKER'CQAL.                           DAY DOCKS
                                                                                                             OIL HANDLING PLANTS                *.[ME RAILWAYS
                                41i                                                                          BUNKER OIL                             NAAME REPAIR PLANTS
                                                                                                             LUMBER HANDLING                    13 SHIPBUILDING PLANTS
                                                                                                             STORAGE, %Am4ousEs                     RmL%A-f AkSSENGER STATION
                                                                                                             COLD STORAGE WARD-K=rS





                                                                                                                        F"'SCO

                                                                                                                                                                                   L                 GARDEr@

                                                                                                                                                                                   7
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Lj

                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                              F7    1







                                                                                                                                                                             TAM FAW
                                                                                                                                                                              00
                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                              00




                                                                                                                                                                                       m2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   n6

                                                                                                                                                                                                          4
                                                                                                                                                                                                              5







                                                                                                                                                Figure 3.5. Port of Pensacola             and Waterfront        in 1929.
                                                                                                                                                                          Q,
                                                                                                                                                                         L -/0







                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 149





                        The Blackwater River
                                Harvesting of timber caused the configuration of the shores of the bays and rivers
                        to change. As lumber production increased, more mills were built on the Blackwater River.
                        Several of the basins along the river were used as storage ponds, and numerous- pilings were
                        sunk, both in the basins and along the river tributaries, to hold both logs and cut timber. At
                        least two shipyards were in operation in Milton and Bagdad on the Blackwater River at the
                        time of the Civil War (Woolsey 1989). The yard in Bagdad was still in operation through the
                        1920s. Figures 3.6 and 3.7 show the mill and shipyard in operation. Little evidence of this
                        activity is visible above water level today, except protruding edges of.driven pilings and piles
                        of cut timber, which can be seen all along the river's bank at low tide. Figure 3.8 shows-the
                        configuration of the Blackwater River today.
 0
                                During the latter part of the present century, and especially in the last decade,
                        residential developments have begun to crop up along the shores of the Blackwater River,
                        many with private piers built for pleasure boats. In at least two areas, homeowners on the
                        river have shipped in loads of sand to create beaches, only to have them washed out when
                        the river floods periodically (Wayne Williams, personal communication). Development along
                        the northern reaches of the Blackwater River is limited by the boundaries of the Blackwater
                        River State Forest, but rapid development has been noted in the Pond Creek watershed area,
                        near Milton and Bagdad (Florida DNR 1991:96).



                        Gulf Breeze Peninsula and Santa Rosa Island
                                The peninsula and island reflect the same human impact upon the landscape. The
                        major source of environmental alteration is modern development. Dredging of channels,
                        building of seawalls, and construction of docks and piers have occurred all along the
                        waterfront, to serve both commercial marinas and private residences. The areas that have
                        remained undeveloped are for the most part those that have been designated as preserves.
                        This includes The Gulf Islands National Seashore on Santa Rosa Island and Perdido Key, and
                        The Naval Live Oaks Reservation on the southern shore of Gulf Breeze peninsula, both
                        managed by the National Park Service. Deadman's Island was purchased to preserve its natural
                        state by the city of Gulf Breeze in 1988.

                                When comparing developed and undeveloped shorelines, the differences in the
                        resulting environments become apparent. In the preserves, the sandy shores are coated with
                        dune vegetation which allows the sand to catch and pile up, shifting with wind and tidal flow.
                        In the developed areas, the sand tends to scour and wash out near shore, especially where
                        seawalls and piers have been constructed, leaving a muddier bottom. In both areas, deep
                        pockets of sediment begin to be seen as water depth increases, usually around 8 to 10 feet.


                        Sediment Deposition

                                No doubt silt and sediment deposition into the bay system began to increase as shores
                        lined with timber were harvested, accelerating first with agricultural cultivation, and then
                        again with large scale residential development. A 1968 sediment survey reported that "bottom
                        profiles indicate generally soft and fine sediments occurring in the middle of the bays, and
                        harder and coarser sediments in the nearshore areas" (Horvath 1968:54). The study also
                        reported the average percentages of sand and silt in the bay system, based upon bottom
                        samples.







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             50 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                 Average t)ercentages of sand and silt in the bay system.


                                                            Silt %                     Sand %
                            Pensacola Bay                   17.14                      57.47
                            Escambia Bay                    21.99                      48.37
                            East Ba'y                       17.13                      59.28

                            Santa Rosa Sound                 6.0                       389.49

               (Source: Horvath 1968:35,38).



                       Horvath's study noted that two environments can be distinguished in the bay system
               on the basis of sediment characteristics, inland lagoonal and a marine barrier island zone. In
               addition, Santa Rosa Sound appeared to be different from the other bodies of water, with
               most of its sediments derived from offshore rather than from fluvial origin (Horvath 1968:66).

                       Increased population and development has continued to add to the amount of silt
               washed out into the rivers and bays and accreted in all areas under study. While the Florida
               Rivers Assessment, published in 199 1, reported water quality to be good, it cited future threats
               of erosion from agricultural fields and accelerating development occurring within the
               watershed of Pond Creek, a Blackwater tributary, both of which may cause extreme
               sedimentation (Florida DNR 1991:95).



               Pollution


                       Accelerating development of the region has increased water pollution inside the bay,
               sound and rivers. Pollution sources are defined as either point (industrial and wastewater
               treatment runoffs) or non-point (agricultural and urban stormwater runoff) sources. A 1975
               study reported a decrease of point source waste disposal into the bay system from four major
               industrial producers that has occurred between 1955 and 1964 due to legislated limitations.
               However, the study reported a significant increase in non-point source pollution, measured
               in both phosphorous and nitrogen load (Olinger, et al. 1975:2-1).

                       Yet, due to heavy bottom sedimentation, the report cited the presence of seven heavy                           41
               metals trapped in the finer sediments of both East Bay and Escambia Bay. Lead, zinc,
               chromium, manganese, nickel, aluminum, and iron were detected. Cadmium, copper, cobalt,
               and vanadium were found in higher concentrations in Escambia Bay than in East Bay.
               Titanium was distributed equally throughout all the bays of the system regardless of sediment
               type (Olinger et al. 1975:2-5).

                       The effect of pollution on shipwreck preservation should be noted, but its extent is
               unknown at this point. The presence of heavy metals in some of the deeper sediments of the
               bay should be taken into account when specifying dive safety procedures for work in these
               areas.




























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            *A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        NAM                                                                                                                                                            >


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         . ........ . .
                                                                         . ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Woo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    AR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0     fD
                                                                                                                        411111011111pw
                                                                                                                                                  IF


                                                                     '41


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Z



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 *31*0
                                                                          .. ...      .....
                                                                                                                                                                                                               "I rI.






                                                                                                                                                                      Figure 1.6.                           Photo of Blackwater Lumber Mill, early 1900S.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            52  Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





















                                                                                                                                                           >



                                                                                                                                                           CD








                                                                                                                                                           U) tz
                                                                                                                                                              c









                                                                                                                                                           'TJ
                                                                                                                                                              fp








                                            =.; " @M-

                             !.'4QM'




                                                        Figure 3.7. Photo of  Blackwater Shipyard, early 1900s.
                                                    6k           00




                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research                                             0
            54 1 Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola



                                                                                                                     0






                                                                                                                     0





                                                                                                                     0





                                                                                                                     0





                                                                                                                     0






                                                                                                                     0





                                                                  -                                                  0





                                                                                                                     0






                                                                                                                     0





                                                                                                                     0







                                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 55













                                                                           MORT      BASI







                                                           QUINN BASIN
                                                                                 RI   T BASIN

                                                 MILTON




                                                                  M   QUIS BASIN









                                                       BAGDAD


                                                       -4 P,

                                                                           C+1



                                                               SHIELDS    IN




                                                                        BAY  POINT



















                                                             BLACKWATER BAY








                                                                                           C      0.5

                                                                                                                       YARDS
                                                                                                0     1000  2000   30M




                                                Figure 3.8. Current Map of the Blackwater River.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            56  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola







                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 57





                       Cultural Impact on Submerged Resources

                               Human changes in the coastal environment affect both the discovery and preservation
                       of underwater archaeological sites. Those sites near shore may be discovered and damaged
                       upon modification of the coastline during construction and development. However, modern
                       development along the bay and up the river has also caused increasingly greater deposits of
                       sediment inside the bay system.

                               Sediment accretion impacts underwater sites on two levels. Increasing depths of
                       bottom sediments may bury historic resources ever deeper. On the other hand, these same
                       sediments form a stable environment that may help to preserve a shipwreck's structure, by
                       protecting it from marine borers, disintegration, and salvage.

                               Sediment grain size is the primary factor in the Reoxygenation Discontinuity
                       Potential, or Redox. This is simply the amount of sediment required to prevent oxygen
                       penetration. In the context of wreck preservation, sedimentation determines how well a site
                       will be protected, depending on sediment type and rate of deposition. A sediment with small
                       grain size will require less sediment and therefore protect a site sooner. This is quantifiable
                       according to grain size and depositional rates. Based on Horvath's 1968 study, preservation.
                       can be expected to be greater in the deeper, finer sediments at the bay's center, than near
                       shore where. sediments tend to be shallow and coarse-grained.







                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            58  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola







                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 59





                                CHAPTER 4. PENSACOLA'S MARITIME AND INDUSTRIAL HISTORY



                        Introduction


                                Pensacola Bay was discovered, lost, rediscovered, and eventually colonized by the
                        Spanish Empire in its constant quest for riches and land. Located on the northern rim of the
                        Gulf of Mexico, the so-called "Spanish Sea," Pensacola was long sought as the gateway to
                        a perceived land of limitless wealth. Eventually every major colonial power influenced the
                        settlement and development of Pensacola as a port and a center for maritime intercourse.

                                Although the gold, turquoise and silver so desperately desired by the Spanish proved
                        to be ephemeral dreams of the explorers, Pensacola eventually yielded riches of another sort.
                        Vast tracts of timber, a sea of fish, and an ideal harbor made Pensacola a prize that was fought
                        over time and time again. With the decline of European influence in Florida, Pensacola
                        became a center of American maritime activity. It also became the home of a naval base that
                        evolved into the "cradle of naval aviation."



                        The First Spanish Period, 1513-1763 (Figure 4.1)

                                By the beginning of the 16th century, the Spanish were deeply involved in the
                        reconnaissance and exploitation of the Gulf of Mexico. Constantly in search of new lands
                        and new sources  'of revenue, expeditions large and small probed the periphery of the New
                        World. Although Florida's First Spanish Period officially begins with the recorded landing
                        of Ponce de Leon in northeast Florida, the first European contact in the Pensacola region
                        was somewhat later.


                                In the 1520s two Spaniards, a nephew and uncle named Miruelo, claimed to have
                        viewed an inlet into a large bay on the northern rim of the Gulf. A later exploration was made
                        by the nephew, who purported to have entered the bay and encountered hostile natives
                        (McGovern 1974:7-8). This first European penetration of Pensacola Bay was reported by a
                        survivor of the ill-fated expedition, Cabeza de Vaca, after he wandered for four years in the
                        Florida wilderness.


                                In 1539 Hernando de Soto's explorations of Florida and the lower Mississippi Valley
                        placed one of his subordinates, Diego de Maldonado, in a bay he called Ochuse. Although
                        Maldonado praised the exquisite nature of Ochuse as a harbor, Soto did not visit the area due
                        to dissension within his ranks (McGovern 1974:9). However, the description of the bay by
                        Maldonado and Vaca raised the interest of the Spanish authorities sufficiently to authorize
                        a colonizing expedition to Ochuse under the command of Don Tristdn de Luna y Arrellano.
                        On August 14, 1559, Luna's vessels dropped anchor in Pensacola Bay with the intent of
                        creating a settlement. This would not come to pass. Four days later, on August 18, a hurricane
                        destroyed Luna's fleet while it rode at anchor. Luna lost eight of his vessels (Priestley 1928,
                        Vol 11:245). Although the survivors struggled on for another year, the first attempt at Spanish
                        settlement in Florida was a failure.


                                The western portion of Florida, including Pensacola, lapsed back into obscurity in
                        the minds of the Spanish for over a century. It was not until a French expedition under LaSalle
                        began to explore the Mississippi in 1682 that Spanish interest in the area was again piqued.
                        Fear of French intervention prompted a recommendation in 1689, by Captain Andres de Pez,







                                    Florida Bureau   of Archaeological Research
              60 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               that Pensacola Bay should be colonized because of its harbor (Tebeau 1971:60, McGovern
               1974-12).

                       In 1693 the Spanish made a detailed reconnaissance of Pensacola Bay. Five years later,
               by Royal Cedula, Pensacola was occupied and fortified as a trade center. The leader of this
               expedition, Juan Jorddn de Reina, had been captain of a sloop on the mapping expedition
               of 1693 (McGovern- 1974:13). In November 1698, Reina, joined shortly by Don Andres de
               Ariolla, established a permanent Spanish settlement in Pensacola (McGovern 1974:14). The
               Spanish garrison at Pensacola was small and ill-equipped and depended almost entirely on
               supplies brought in from the outside. Although there was abundant timber available, only
               small amounts were harvested and exported for use by the Spanish Navy (Griffen 1959:247).

                       In 1699, a French expedition of five vessels under Pierre le Moyre d'Iberville arrived
               off Pensacola. Noting the Spanish presence, they continued west to Mobile (Tesar 1973:28).
               Despite their differences, the French in Mobile conducted fairly extensive trade with the
               Spanish in Pensacola, probably because a Bourbon sat on the Spanish throne. This trade
               continued until 1718, when war broke out between France and Spain. A combined French
               and Indian force, supported by four warships, seized Pensacola and occupied it for four years
               (Hamilton 1910:101). There was a brief naval skirmish between the Spanish vessels at
               Pensacola and the French fleet. Although the French won the engagement and held Pensacola,
               they lost two ships during this period. One frigate was burned and scuttled by its crew during
               the battle. The second, a ship named Dauphine, was reported as sunk near the entrance to
               Pensacola Bay in 1719, set afire by her crew's carelessness (Tesar 1973:38,163). The French
               fleet reportedly sank five Spanish ships in the bay during this conflict (Tesar 1973:39,40,167).
               This was the first naval engagement in Pensacola Bay. When the war ended in 172 1, the French
               returned to Mobile and, ironically, trade resumed (Surrey 1916:419-421, Gold 1969:10).

                       By 1722 the Spanish had moved their settlement to Santa Rosa Island, believing that
               this location offered a better position to control the entrance of the bay. The settlement lasted
               for 30 years, when it was annihilated by a hurricane. During this time trade with the French
               continued, despite official approbation (Surrey 1916:423, McGovern 1974:39). With the
               destruction of Santa Rosa, the settlement was moved to the mainland. Enduring hurricanes
               and official indifference, the settlement was handed over to the British in 1763 as a result
               of the Treaty of Paris which concluded the Seven Years War (McGovern 1974:3).


               The British Period 1763-1783 (Figure 4.2)

                       The Seven Years War was a disaster     for the Spanish Empire throughout the world.
               British forces had captured Manila in the Philippines as well as Havana in Cuba. In.the
               negotiations that followed the war, Cuba was returned to Spain. In exchange, Spain ceded
               Florida to the victorious British (McGovern 1974:57).

                       The British occupied Pensacola on August 6, 1762, but it was not until September that
               the Spanish garrison completed its evacuation. In"addition to the garrison, almost all the
               Spanish inhabitants of Pensacola departed (Gold 1969:35,100-101, McGovern 1974:57-58).
               The town itself was in a state of disrepair and was considered squalid and primitive by the
               occupying British troops. Despite the low esteem in which the British held their new
               possession, in October 1763 Pensacola was named the capitol of the new province of West
               Florida (Johnson 1959:263-264, McGovern 1974).







                                             F10'rida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 61














                                          /go @1:






                                                                                                                U
                                                                                                                C4')








                                                                                                                 00







                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            62  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Mdrris, and Smith, Pensacola







                                                                                             Y7,`.;d



                                                                         z   i-,





                                                  "R,
                                                                                                                    A
                                                  ZZ                                                                                                                W4,611'rown
                                                                                                            gm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     71


                                                                                                                                                                                    in, Awd
                                                                                                                                                V   --------
                                                                                                                                                          T -





                                                                                                                                  4W                                                                                       _r
                                                                                                                                                                                         /hind



                                                                     0'                                                         _30
                                                                                                                                JIM


                                                                                                                                       V_L*m,4 op,


                                                   'A
                                                                                                       4r









                                                                     jw
                                                                                                                                                 PI N S.@



                                                                                                                              TA






                                                                                                                                                     A 1@,j



                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Y'I@
                                                                                                                                                                        @A,




                                                                                                   r

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          IN


                                                                          4
                                                                                                                                                     If
                                                                           41                                                                                          C


                                                                                                it
                                                                                                                             7
                                                        4





                                                                                                                                                          Figure 4.2. George Gauld's                1780 Survey of Pensacola Bay.







                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 165





                                Pensacola never became the center of trade hoped for by the British Crown. English
                        navigation laws allowed English vessels to trade with Spain, but Spanish law insisted on the
                        use of Spanish ships. British merchants were understandably reluctant to risk losing their
                        vessels to the Spanish. Some commercial intercourse did occur between the Spanish and the
                        British in Pensacola but this was sporadic and limited in scale (Surrey 1916). British naval
                        units often turned back Spanish vessels attempting to enter Pensacola since this violated the
                        English Navigation Laws against foreign bottoms carrying trade goods into British ports. The
                        only trade with other English colonies was conductedby a single packet that ran between
                        Pensacola, Jamaica and Charleston (McGovern 1974:70, Wright 1974:9).

                                West Florida had no trading commodities to offer except for deer hides acquired from
                        the local Indians (Wright 1974:24). Timber in the area was ignored, as was any attempt to
                        cultivate the hard scrabble soil surrounding the port. Although the Governor of West Florida
                        praised both the harbor and the location of Pensacola at length, the city remained a
                        dilapidated village, outside of the commercial arteries of the British Empire.

                                When the Revolutionary War broke out in the northeastern colonies, Pensacola
                        remained relatively unaffected. However, in 1779, Spain declared war on England and
                        Pensacola was suddenly considered a key position again. By this time the British were
                        involved in fighting not only the northern colonies, but were planning to open a campaign
                        in the south, at Charleston, South Carolina. The demands of these operations precluded any
                        hope of reinforcements for Pensacola. General John Campbell was put in command of the
                        defense of West Florida. He naturally centered this defense around Pensacola (Parks 198 1:20).

                                Buttressing the land fortifications were several small warships, detached from the
                        squadron under the command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker. In 1778, Parker sent Sylph, Hound,
                        and Stork to Pensacola. These were all designated "sloops" and carried fourteen guns apiece.
                        Unfortunately for the British, a severe hurricane struck on October 9, 1778. All vessels then
                        in "harbour were either lost or driven ashore, except His Majesty's sloope of war Sylph."
                        (Starr 1976:124). There is no record of the number of merchant vessels lost or of any salvage
                        attempts. In 1780, a small convoy arrived from Jamaica, consisting of four supply vessels and
                        two warships; Hound and Port Royal. Whether this Hound was the same vessel present during
                        the hurricane is not clear. The sloop Stork is also mentioned as having sunk by this time,
                        indicating that she may have been salvaged after the October storm (Servies 1982:3). Several
                        of the armed merchant vessels present were pressed into service to guard the entrance to the
                        bay. These merchantmen, probably under contract to the Crown, were used at the discretion
                        of the local commander. This was a standard practice that the British employed throughout
                        the war (Morris 1990:23,37).

                                By 1780, the naval defense of Pensacola was limited, at best. Although the British
                        defenders were hoping for additional naval forces, only one vessel, HMS Mentor, arrived in
                        Pensacola. Mentor had been purchased in Jamaica to augment Parker's command, and he had
                        sent the 24-gun warship to West Florida (Servies 1982:34). Thus Pensacola was defended by
                        a scratch naval force and a small land force, comprised of the 60th Regiment of Foot, loyalist
                        units, and German mercenaries. General Campbell built fortifications around the town and
                        positioned some of his troops and artillery in outlying redoubts. Following British defensive
                        tactics of the day, he supported his land fortifications with warships holding station near
                        shore to provide fire support (Morris 1990:37).

                                The Spanish governor in Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, was given orders to attack
                        West Florida within a few weeks of the declaration of war. Striking first at British settlements







                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
               66 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




               along the Mississippi, Gdlvez then seized Mobile and made preparations to assault Pensacola.
               Although a Spanish naval contingent sailed to Pensacola to support the assault, the attack
               never materialized. It would be delayed by storms and logistics until February, 1781 (Johnson
               1981:27).

                     . At that time Gdlvez sailed from Havana with 7,000 troops and 38 ships (Servies
               1982:21). Arriving off Pensacola, Gdlvez landed his troops despite intense. shell fire from
               Mentor and Port Royal. Nine days later his fleet forced an entry into the bay, driving the
               small, under-gunned British force up the bay. Mentor, having given several of her guns to
               the land fortifications, sailed up the Blackwater River where she capsized in a sudden squall
               (Servies 1982:23). With the bay side of his defenses exposed, Campbell was in dire straits.
               An explosion in a powder magazine on March 8 signalled the end for the British. The
               following day the town and garrison surrendered to the Spanish (Rush 1966:83).

                       1n 1783, with the Revolution over and the treaty ratified, Florida was returned to
               Spain. The British departed from Pensacola, citizens and soldiers alike. The Spanish reclaimed
               the port and planned to make it a military trading post. Until this time the splendid natural
               harbor had been ignored and the promise of a major trading center went begging. The only
               maritime activity beyond limited trade was the use of present-day Gulf Breeze as a careenage.
               Both the Spanish and the British had used this small cove to careen and refit vessels, since
               deep water ran almost all the way up to the beach. Beyond this, however, the other physical
               characteristics of the bay had been overlooked and underutilized.


               The Second Spanish Period 1783-1821 (Figure 4.3)

                       After 1783 the Spanish garrison consisted of a mere 460 soldiers; town residents
               numbered less than 300 (Tebeau 1971:99). By 1805, the population had risen to slightly over
               1,000 residents (McGovern 1974:92-93). Surprisingly, given the nature of Spain's trade
               policies, British merchants were allowed to trade in Pensacola. The Spanish government was
               quite relaxed in its attitude towards trade practices in West Florida. Not only were the British
               allowed into Pensacola, but, by Royal C6dula, trade was permitted with the French as well
               (Clark 1970: 224-225; McGovern 1974:103).

                       Through Pensacola, British merchants gradually established a steady trade with local
               Indians, who provided both meat and hides in return for English goods. Timber and naval
               stores were still ignored, perhaps due to a lack of manpower to harvest these products. Fishing
               continued to be for local consumption only, and agriculture was almost nonexistent. The
               Spanish continued to treat Pensacola as a minor outpost, and during the period of their second
               occupation the town and port never realized their potential.

                       France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, effectively ending French
               influence in the continental United States. Although Florida was not mentioned specifically
               in the treaty, President Jefferson endorsed the view that the purchase included the land from
               the Mississippi River to the Perdido River. In 1810, Americans seized Baton Rouge from the
               Spanish. In 1812 President Madison claimed possession of West Florida, east to the Perdido.
               By 1812 war was again about to impact Pensacola.

                       With the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and the United States, Spain was
               placed in a difficult position. Although technically neutral in this conflict, Spain was an ally
               of Britain against Napoleonic France. Andrew Jackson, the U.S. Commander in the Gulf, had







                                            Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                      Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 67



                                                      7 Z.-








            v

















              71"W





                                                                                                                 CL
                                                                                                                 C14
                                                                                                                 00
                                                                                    Q





                                                                                                                 C1















                                                                                    Of




                                                                                    AA;






                               tz

                      A'I
                         NV6







                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            68   Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 169




                          the str'ategic goal of seizing all of Florida (Tebeau 1971:104). This was a popular sentiment
                          at the time, and Jackson planned to be the battlefield executor of this desire.

                                  In August of 1814, in cooperation with the neutral Spanish, the British landed Royal
                          Marines at Pensacola. Jackson forced these troops out by November, but did not stay in
                          Pensacola, concentrating his forces in Mobile and New Orleans. When the war ended in 1815,
                          the Spanish were still in Pensacola. This would quickly change. The Spanish Empire was
                          crumbling, and Spain's army could not meet the demands made on it. There were armed
                          revolts against the Spanish crown in Latin America, and troops could not be maintained in
                          Florida to guard the border with the United States.

                                  In 1819, the Adams-Onis Treaty was concluded. Spain renounced all claims to West
                          Florida and ceded East Florida to the United States. When the treaty was ratified three years
                          later, the United States officially took possession of Florida as a whole (Tebeau 1971:114-
                          115, 117).


                          The Early American Period 18214861 (Figure 4.4)

                                  With the ratification of the Adams-Onis treaty, Pensacola became an American port.
                          Although seized by Jackson in 1818, it was not officially made a United States possession
                          until July 17, 1821 (McGovern 1974:106). Pensacola was by 1821 still only a backwoods port;
                          the few existing buildings were in disrepair.

                                  The 1820 Spanish census had listed 800 residents in or around Pensacola. By 1830 that
                          number exceeded 1,000 (Tebeau 1971:134). When the. U.S. took possession, port facilities
                          were non-existent. Vessels stood off the town and off loaded into lighters, which was a time-
                          consuming and inefficient method. Soon after U.S. occupation, a 1000-foot wharf was
                          completed, allowing deep draft vessels to offload directly (Doherty 1959:339,343).

                                  Commercial ventures were slow in comingto Pensacola. Cotton never really became
                          as big an export as the locals had hoped, and other commercial endeavors were unspectacular.
                          Pensacola lacked a major waterway connecting it to the interior (Thurston 1972:106-107).
                          Upland products, however, could still be brought down the myriad small rivers and bayous
                          that branched off into the hinterland. The lack of a major river artery was not as damaging
                          as it would first appear. Neither is it accurate to say that the lack of river connections left
                          Pensacola without a back country. The Escambia River connected with the Alabama
                          cottonfields. An area stretching nearly one hundred miles eastward and extending far into
                          southern Alabama was accessible to Pensacola through the Escambia river, Choctawbatchee
                          River, Yellow River and a number of lesser streams (Thurston 1972:107). However,
                          contemporary sentiment was expressed by the Pensacola Gazette in 1835: .. . "we lacked what
                          was then infinitely more important, a navigable river to connect us with the interior. ".(Martin
                          1974:168).

                                  Grandiose plans to solve this problem included canals and railroads. Unfortunately,
                          these plans did not come to fruition for some time. An inland waterway system was over
                          a century away and a railroad did not become reality until after the Civil War (Pearce 1980:24).

                                  Despite the perception of being handicapped by the lack of a major river, Pensacola
                          slowly grew in the Territorial and Antebellum periods. Trade was primarily coastal; although
                          steam vessels were by 1822 a viable means of transportation, most commerce was conducted







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              70 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               by coastwise schooners. A single steamship, Fidelity, offered packet service to New Orleans.
               This packet service however was not economically sound and quickly disappeared. Although
               steam navigation reappeared in 1848, coastal schooners were the predominant vessels of the
               time. The only foreign trade recorded was an occasional trading voyage to Havana (Thurston
               1972:108,127-128).

                       Unquestionably, the predominant export from Pensacola was lumber. After being
               virtually ignored for two centuries, the lumber industry turned Pensacola into a major
               seaport. Western Florida was rich with yellow pine, live oak, and cedar. Neither the Spanish
               nor the British had harvested the timber that abounded around Pensacola, despite both being
               maritime powers in need of ship's timbers. By the 1830s, large quantities of timber were being
               sent down the rivers draining into the bay as log rafts, to be loaded aboard coastal and ocean-
               going merchant vessels.

                       The Blackwater River was also the site of an early industrial complex at Arcadia. A
               wooden railway, drawn by mules, was used to haul timber from Arcadia to Bagdad, below
               Milton, for river shipment to Pensacola (Phillips 1989:18). These towns were the most
               significant of the upland timber ports and continued to grow in importance. By 1842, between
               fifteen and twenty mills were operating on or near the Blackwater River (James 1989:13).

                       In addition to the lumber trade, brick making also became another commercial venue
               during  this period. Some eleven brick yards were in operation in the Pensacola Bay area
               during  the nineteenth century. The largest were the Bonifay (1807-60), Noriega (1810-30),
               Gonzalez (1838-77) and the Bacon & Abercrombie (1857-60) brick yards. Bacon &
               Abercrombie held important contracts with the government to provide bricks for coastal
               fortifications being constructed around the Gulf. Most of the bricks produced in Pensacola
               were consumed either by the local population or by the Army. Shipments were also made
               weekly to New Orleans (Lazarus 1965:76-79).

                       Lumber, however, was the staple. Not only was lumber shipped around the rim of
               the Gulf, but it was also sent abroad (Eisterhold 1970: 147-148). The primary coastal carriers
               of this commodity were lumber schooners, design- dedicated for carrying timber. Usually
               fitted with bow hatches for *easy loading, these vessels delivered wood to ports on the eastern
               seaboard and worked the Gulf from Apalachicola to New Orleans. Larger vessels were
               employed in the transoceanic lumber trade. Of some 4,000 vessels cleared to carry lumber
               to foreign ports in the Antebellum period, not one was listed as a schooner (Eisterhold
               1970:151).

                       Along with timber produced by the forest tracts around Pensacola came huge
               quantities of naval stores, as well as shingles and staves. These items also were shipped both
               domestically and abroad. From 1821 through 1858, nearly 162 million feet of lumber was
               exported from Pensacola for domestic consumption (Eisterhold 1970:166). However, the
               biggest boost to the growth of Pensacola did not come from civilian industry.

                       On February 25, 1825, Congress passed a b   ill authorizing the construction of a navy
               yard at Pensacola (Pearce 1980:5). After an on-site inspection- by Captain W. Baimbridge,
               plans were drawn up to construct a new fort on the western end of Santa Rosa Island to protect
               the entrance to the bay (Pearce 1980:9). Construction of the yard had begun by 1826, when
               Commodore Lewis Warrington was named the first Commandant of the Pensacola Navy Yard
               (Parks  1986:54). From this point forward Pensacola's fortunes were tied to the military's
               presence in the port.








                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Florida Arc


                                                                                                                                                                       VS&CO 1,A

                                                                                                                                                                              LES,            Er  A    1FEE.4,

                                                                                                                                                               SVIRVAII-ED LN,


                                                                                                                                                SLAJOR



                                                                                                                                                 jie-atALThompxou.TnnJjid1 and fbitler 1'.11     Artillviy.

                                                                                                                                                         It


                                                                                                                                                           Reduced   from the Orwinal @d (iram-n bv.-

                                                                                                                                                         @A& J*xk ffvdz#el ffi@-h  S,31,allv V i@













                                                                                                                                               it









































                                                                                                                                                                                          ,41

                                                                                                                                                                                          . . ........
                                                                                                                                            it
                                                                                                                                                                       7v @\@-








                                                                                                                                                                                                   Figure 4.4. 1835 Territor






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 73





                                As the Navy's need for live oak for shipbuilding increased, the Secretary of the Navy
                        called for the "establishment of reservations in Florida and Louisiana for its [the live oaks']
                        protection and cultivation" (Keller 1972:12-23). The Naval Live Oaks Reservation, consisting
                        of some 340 acres of land on the Gulf Br@eze peninsula to be used solely to cultivate the live
                        oak tree, was purchased in 1828 (Parks 1986:54; Joy 1988:27).

                                By the 1830s, U.S. Naval presence was firmly established in Pensacola. From 1829
                        to 1859, the United States Army began constructing fortifications at three areas deemed
                        necessary to protect the harbor. Fort McRee and Fort Pickens were built on the points of
                        land flanking the entrance to the bay. Fort Barrancas was built to protect both the harbor
                        entrance and the Navy Yard (Coleman and Coleman 1982:33-34). When the channel entrance
                        was inspected by the Army Corps of Engineers, the Army pointed out the need to dredge
                        the bar at the pass to make Pensacola a truly useful navy base (Pearce 1980:26,30-31).

                                War with Mexico broke out in 1836; however, Pensacola did not play a major role
                        in this conflict. Although the harbor was excellent, facilities at the base could only effect
                        minimal repairs and reprovision ships blockading the Mexican ports. As a navy base it was
                        inadequate at this point in time.

                                In the years that followed, the yard was improved with a wet basin, a railway and
                        a floating dock. Two vessels, Pensacola and Seminole, were constructed at the yard between
                        1857 and 1859. By the time the Civil War broke out Pensacola had grown to be a fair-sized
                        port with a modest naval presence. The bar was still undredged and facilities at the base,
                        though improved, were still far from elaborate. In 1861, Florida seceded from the Union.
                        and war came again to Pensacola.


                        The Civil War, 1861-1865 (Figure 4.5)

                                When the Confederates seized the Navy Yard and Forts McRee and Barrancas, the
                        Union forces in Pensacola fell back to Ft. Pickens on Santa Rosa Island. All of this transpired
                        without bloodshed.

                                However, Pensacola became the site of the first Civil War casualties in Florida. On
                        September 13, 1861, a raiding party of marines and sailors from the Colorado attacked and
                        burned the blockade runner William H. Judah, which was tied up at the Navy Yard. The
                        schooner was being armed as a raider, but was cut out and destroyed before she could be
                        completely armed (Woodstock Papers 1887). In this action, three U.S. Marines and one
                        Confederate sentry were killed, as the first blood spilled in Civil-War era Florida (Bonney
                        Letter 1861, Woodstock Papers 1887).

                                In October, the Confederates attempted to storm Ft. Pickens. Elements of the Ist
                        Florida and 10th Mississippi Regiments were ferried to Santa Rosa, but were repulsed (Pearce
                        1980:75). This was the last southern attempt to gain control of the entrance of the bay. Union
                        shell fire from Pickens and a small blockading squadron damaged vessels and facilities at the
                        Confederate -held yard.

                                In February 1862, Southern forces, under General Braxton Bragg, abandoned the city.
                        .What they could not take with them they burned, including the steamer Fulton which was
                        still on the ways for repairs. This scorched earth policy was not confined to Pensacola. On
                        the Blackwater River, at Milton, two gunboats were under construction. One was being built







                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              74 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               at the Howard yard, and the other at the Ollinger & Bruce yard. Both of these vessels were
               burned, as was a drydock at the Ollinger & Bruce Yard (Woolsey 1989:14-30). Both yards
               were also put to the torch, along with most of the useable timber and equipment at the nearby
               lumber yard. The operation was completed by May, and the Confederates quit the area.

                       Union forces immediately occupied the Navy Yard and were greeted by almost total
               devastation. None the less, Commodore David Porter pointed out that Pensacola still offered
               66 more facilities for repairs than could be found anywhere else [on the Gulf Coast]" (Pearce
               1980:80). Although never a major yard, by September 1862, Pensacola was serving as home
               port and supply center for Admiral David Farragut's West Coast Blockading Squadron. While
               no more actual combat took place in Pensacola, the Union did lose the frigate Preble when
               a careless corporal started a fire aboard her in 1863, resulting in her complete loss (OR Series
               I Vol 20:162-163).


               Maritime Industrial Expansion, 1865-1906 (Figure 4.6)

                       Pensacola's maritime activities had increased during the Civil War due to its role as
               a supply depot. Following the war, however, the port experienced a decline as military
               budgets were cut back, and the port and yard fell into disrepair. By 1870, even the drinking
               water was unfit at the yard, and vessels could not resupply (Pearce 1980:95).

                       Despite stagnation at the yard, the port proper slowly began to revive, once again on
               the strength of the lumber industry. In addition, several railroads were constructed to bring
               the timber to Pensacola. By 1875, lumber being shipped to foreign and domestic ports was
               generating over two million dollars per annum (Thurston 1972:214-215). For one three-year
               period, 1875-1877, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers listed over 590 vessels carrying lumber
               to foreign ports (U.S. Army COE 1877:411). Schooners still bore the brunt of the coastal trade
               and were able to go f urther inland to load. Deeper, ocean going vessels still loaded at the
               port. Lumber for these massive vessels came by railroad, log raft, and barge. Eventually
               the barge trade became the primary means of getting lumber to market. Barges were often
               converted schooners or square riggers.        As the viability of using available schooners
               diminished, barges would be design -dedicated for this task. As steam navigation improved,
               it became economically sound to tow several barges with a steam tug rather than to use
               schooners. Barges were employed in the coastwise trade and to bring large quantities of timber
               to port for transoceanic vessels (Hutchins 1969:564-565).

                       Although other commodities were shipped from Pensacola during this time, they were
               insignificant in amount when compared to the timber industry. By 1885, the Army Corps
               of Engineers reported that Pensacola was the most significant port on either the Gulf or
               Atlantic coasts between Philadelphia and the Rio Grande (U.S. Army COE 1885:1322). Deep-
               draft vessels could be accommodated at one of several long piers built by the city.

                       Following the Civil War, Pensacola became the first city in Florida to develop a
               commercial fishery. Although the red snapper fishery had operated before the war, it was
               not until after the conflict that the industry really took on economic significance.

                       In the 1840s New England fishermen had begun to head south to fish the Gulf during
               the winter. They pursued snapper, a species known to local fishermen but not exploited to
               any great extent. Slowly, the popularity of the red fish grew. The industry was interrupted
               by the war but quickly resumed. Vessels fishing offshore for snapper used live wells to deliver







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Florida Ar






 49


                                                                                                                                                                           z








                                                                                                                                                                                                  -------------------










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Ve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              'yf.
                                                                                                                                                                                   -4`@       ev,."



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             41 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                        '50

                                                                                                                                                                                                   .Ate:










                                                                                                                                       j.   L6





                                                                                                                                                           Uf.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                   It                   --------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      :44 A


                                                                                                                      'B
                                                                                                                                           ro'l a


                                                                                                                                       17















                                                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 4.5. Pensacola & Vicinity, Fet








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      77






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           oo*-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   %
                                                                                                                                                              IZ      -1p, ,A.I@     e;@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2!17_@

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7:IM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        44'.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               i         L
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              .Ot    -  I    @ I.                          -    _     -.1 . -      ,--!1& -1,@ -*   -                ..- -    -,
                                                                                                                                                                              w                                X-1               -
                                                                                                                                                                                                               t.7                                                                                                                              T
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   %       "                                                                  _rw
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           LS
                                                                                                                                                                                     -*4
                                                                                                                                                6.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    N

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               kii




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             _Jk4%@j1q'   -.3.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              - V1.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 -W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Aw -,k
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        _4A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         C,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         no,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               A@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          J%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1L_

                                                                                                                                                                                                x
                                                                                                                                                                                                !tj
                                                                                                                                                                                              L
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             r _..4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4 rI\                                                                                                                                                                        ?JX4W         A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       @s                                                                                                                                                                                                              _4*
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1,      L
                                                                                                                                                                                     4t,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                IV
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ' -          .                         w    I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            W.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   11 4%,
                                                                                                                                                                                                           -s                                                 ft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             it-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               -e-31
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          41.1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     v,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  t_'f
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         N'i
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               *k
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                @114
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   cl

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ON
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            N -       f



                                                                                                                                                                                     Owl

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1@_7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   '.k

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     44.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   .4:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7t-10.,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        !r        I
                                                                                                                                                                                     _2L                                                                                                                                                                                             It - -     54 &A
                                                                                                                                                                                                             j
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   141 *A
                                                                                                                                                         A   v
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   t
                                                                                                                                       t        7. - -T,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                JW11
                                                                                                                                                7
                                                                                                                              ;7r.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    _j
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ?ECK                T-M 11,
                                                                                                                                                                                                    NENTAL                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .14 0 f E L.
                                                                                                                                                                                               T
                                                                                                                                                                                       COM
                                                                                                                                                                                E VV                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  gfty        Ft    P R 0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 H 0 T E L
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                MERCHA

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -4r.1v-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       V%t
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 too,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       J            I t I


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    HIM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    X
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Z NAV                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7=
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             lump
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Nj
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          z        -I. A                                           SEAT                                                                                                                    . . ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     COUNTY                 of ESCAM BIA- COUNTY.:,"
                                                                                                                                                                                            A R. 1.-                                                                                                                                                          1885.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 4.6. Pensacola in 1885.






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeologicai Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 79





                         the catch to market alive. As the only port facility with wharves located in salt water, even
                         boats from New Orleans and Mobile brought their catch into the port of Pensacola for landing
                         (McNeil 1977:7). These vessels reflected a Yankee heritage of design and function; their hull
                         plans influenced subsequent designs built in Pensacola and the surrounding area for years
                         afterward.


                                 In 1896, over a million pounds of snapper passed through Pensacola. Of the 42 vessels
                         in the fleet at this time, 35 were locally owned (McNeil 1977:14,25). The key to the success
                         of the snapper industry was to ship the catch to other markets by railroad. Although some
                         fish went north by ship, packed in ice, the railroads allowed the fishery to flourish as it never
                         had before.

                                 The expansion of the fishing fleet also prompted a need for newer an            d larger
                         shipyards. The Pensacola Marine Railway Company constructed a facility in 1889 to repair
                         and refit the snapper fleet. The marine railway was located in Old Navy Cove on the Gulf
                         Breeze peninsula, a protected area of deep water once used by both the colonial Spanish and
                         British vessels as a careening ground (Joy 1988:23-28).

                                 Old Navy Cove was also the site of a yellow fever Quarantine Station in the last quarter
                         of the century. During declared epidemic seasons, all vessels entering Pensacola Bay were
                         required to stop, offload ballast and cargo, and to be fumigated with sulfur fumes before
                         heading into port (Davison 1876, Joy 1988:27).

                                 Toward the latter part of the 19th century, coal became a major cargo. Carried by
                         rail from mines in Alabama, coal was shipped from Pensacola to other Gulf ports. By 1872,
                         Pensacola was connected by rail to several major cities in the north (McNeil 1977:7). Short
                         haul railroads not only brought lumber to port, but allowed goods coming into port to reach
                         a large inland market cheaply. Eventually, the Louisville & Nashville Rail Road established
                         a coal terminal in Pensacola (Tebeau 1971:282-283).

                                 In addition to the contributio   n of railroads to Pensacola's growth, the federal
                         government made several improvements to the harbor. In 1877, the Corps contracted with
                         George Legallis to remove four wrecks from the entrance to the harbor: Convoy, William
                         Miles, Ada, and Nettie (U.S. Army COE 1877:409-412). The shoal at the entrance to the pass,
                         which was a primary obstruction to navigation, was finally dredged in 1882. Maintenance
                         dredging was required in subsequent years to keep the channel clear; this is an ongoing process
                         that still occurs on a regular basis.

                                 The combined effects of the rail system and harbor improvements finally made
                         Pensacola the major port its discoverers had always envisioned. By 1899, more than $14
                         million in exports passed through the port (Thurston 1972:216).


                         Early 20th Century Period, 1906-1945 (Figure 4.7)

                                 Pensacola's period of economic growth was interrupted by a major hurricane in 1906
                         that totally destroyed the waterfront and the Navy Yard. Numerous vessels were sunk and
  0                      driven ashore, and it was over a year before the port was back in full operation. The Gulf
                         Marine Railway in Old Navy Cove was destroyed and never rebuilt. Among the vessels that
                         succumbed to the disastrous storm was the famous Cutty Sark, which was then Portuguese
                         owned and named Ferreira. She was refloated and repaired. Despite this setback, in 1911 the







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
               80 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris.- and Smith, Pensacola




                                                                                                                                   Oft
               Pensacola Journal stated that Pensacola was the premier port on the Gulf, based on exports
               and vessel visitation. However, this distinction was not to last.

                      Along with natural catastrophe came a slow demise of the timber trade. Forests that
               had fallen to the woodsman's axe had not been replanted, and the seemingly inexhaustible
               supply of timber was suddenly looking very scarce. Although there were still acres of
               untouched woodland above Pensacola, the distances involved in getting the lumber to port
               made harvesting these tracts economically prohibitive.

                      By 1911, the Naval Yard had ceased operations. After a brief resurgence during the
               Spanish American War, the Yard slid back into decline. In 1914, however, the Secretary of
               the Navy announced that Pensacola was the site chosen for a new "aeronautic center,"           a
               decision that ultimately turned Pensacola into a major naval base and'training facility (Pearce
               1980:132).

                      On February 2, 1914, Lieutenant John Towers and Ensign G. de C. Chevalier made
               the first flight from the Pensacola Naval Air Station. By 1916, there were approximately 900
               employees staffing the base, 400 civilians and 500 military personnel (Ellsworth 1982:92).
               Pensacola gained a new importance as the entire nation focused its attention on a new era
               in naval history, the birth of naval aviation.

                      World War I served to stimulate Pensacola's- economy and the'demand for naval
               aviators. The Pensacola Shipbuilding Company hired more than 4,000 new employees and
               held government contracts valued at over $15 million dollars. Local shipbuilding was
               primarily for the merchant marine service, which was federally subsidized (Ellsworth
               1982:96). Although immediately after the war a recession took hold, by the mid-twenties the
               port and air station again recovered, on a somewhat limited basis (McGovern 1976:30).

                      In 1921, USS Massachusetts was brought to Pensacola for an army artillery
               experiment. Sunk outside the channel entrance, she was shelled by a variety of guns mounted
               on railroad cars as part of a new coastal defense testing program. The first aircraft carrier,
               USS Langley, was stationed at Pensacola from 1923-1924. As the importance of naval aviation
               grew,.the port slipped in significance and the level of trade dwindled.

                      Although the lumber industry experienced a mild resurgence during the war, it
               declined again when the war ended. Through the 1920s, the Pensacola waterfront wharves
               were still privately owned. The City of Mobile began to construct public docks and develop
               a system of interior freight connections. While Pensacola authorities struggled with financial
               difficulties, Mobile quietly outpaced Pensacola in gaining trade (Ellsworth 1982:108,109).

                      After World War I, the local fishing industry suffered; as catch prices fell, more
               fishermen quit their trade to take advantage of higher wages offered by the merchant marine
               (McNeil 1977:36-37). Depletion of red snapper resources and fishing restrictions also
               hampered the commercial fishery (McGovern 1976:30). Snapper were pursued farther and
               farther offshore. Eventually, fishing vessels went as far as the Campeche Banks to fill their
               wells. This long voyage necessitated building faster-, more seaworthy boats that were heavily
               influenced by Gloucester - built vessels brought from New England.

                      Snapper fishing peaked in 1923; contemporary newspaper accounts called Pensacola
               both the "snapper capital of the world" and the "Gloucester of the South." But, as the Great
               Depression caused a decrease in the market for expensive seafood, the industry declined in








                                                                                                                                                                               Florida Ar







                                                                                                                                                                               Z::


                                                                                                                      p V, N S A C    f A B A Y

                                                                                                                                1. It I DA






















                                                                                                                                                                                       ...... . ...












                                                                                                                               7-





































                                                                                                       LN






                                                                                                                                                          Figure 4.7. 1914 Geodetic Su






                                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 83




                       the 1930s. Hampered by over-fishing and greater production costs, the final blow to the
                       snapper industry came when available manpower was significantly reduced by the onset of
                       World War 11 (McNeil 1977:40-46).

                               During World War 11, Pensacola's economy boomed as the demand for aviators soared.
                       As in the early part of the century, world war stimulated the city's economy. Pensacola's
                       contributions to the war were as a major Gulf petroleum port, and as the center of naval
                       aviation training. To a lesser extent, Pensacola's shipyards flourished during the war
                       (McGovern 1976:157). In 1943, a port authority was finally commissioned in Pensacola (Port
                       of Pensacola 1981:28).


                       Late 20th Century Period, 1945-Present (Figure 4.8)

                               The economy slowed after World War 11, but has been steadily rebuilding. By 1957
                       the Port Authority had acquired existing docks and was planning the construction of new
                       ones. Fire, and the loss of a prime cargo source in Cuba, due to Castro's revolution, slowed
                       progress. In 1969-1970 the City of Pensacola took over port operations. By 1970 a new
                       terminal was completed (Port of Pensacola 1981:39-51). Ironically, the port began to import
                       South American hardwood. Petroleum products, including liquid sulphur, provided the
                       mainstay of its exports. Currently, Pensacola functions as a barge port for coastwise and
                       waterway trade with limited deep-water visitation. The Port of Pensacola is again operating
                       in the black.


                               The snapper industry, suffering from depleted stocks offshore, is now a recreational
                       fishery with only a limited commercial season. Shrimp have replaced redfish as the principal
                       seafood export. Almost all of the shrimp that come through Pensacola go out by rail.

                               The Naval Air Station is the backbone of the city's economy, and until this year was
                       the homeport for the USS Lexington, the oldest aircraft carrier still on active duty. The
                       Lexington has been decommissioned, and will be replaced by another carrier, USS Forrestal,
                       as Pensacola becomes one of the principal strategic home ports for the U.S. Navy.







                                Florida Bureau of Archaeqlogical Research
             84  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola









                                                                                                                                                                      WAR DEPARTMENT



                                                                                                                                                                                 87*25'                                                                                     87*20'                                                                                    87' 15'
                                                                                                                                                                           30*301




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ESCAMBIA COUNT



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            IN 194,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            C.,




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     6





                                                                                                                                                                                                  ALAB,\,\IA



                                                                                                                                                                                                B
                                                                                                                                                                                                  ALDWIN COUNTY
                                                                                                                                                                                                          5         F,
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sy Pt
                                                                                                                                                                                        @Oras                                                                                                                                                                                 PENSAC,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Millview
                                                                                                                                                                            30'25'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Double P1.
                                                                                                                                                                                                  9                                                                                                                           *AERO
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  FL EV 10 SE@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        B#,$C3L"' IA                            F

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 to


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               rrington



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                F
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            10     13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Illy

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            NAVAL AIR TRAINING 6ASE        'I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            TWIM-T@@,y                                   FL W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            8.".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Ft.               ricas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           AER'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PENSA         A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           TOWER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       FIL EV 20 SEC 191 FT V11           m                            0       1@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            :77  LOOK LT,,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0,                                                                TOWER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   @F     ?@LW I-,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      23              2'          .0
                                                                                                                                                                            30-20-1                                                                                                                                         INTRA COA STA L                        WATERWAIr
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   FR                                                                       '21"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          w                 4)FL R,    4-'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Fl. Wj.jq-@FIL W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ELL                            BELL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            I PiCkenS                                         27
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          FR                0                                                                   2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2,     20                                                            F
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            !a                                              N.'O
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C                                            S
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    FL R'l 4@                                                                                                                                                                   A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6-                                                                           L R-'S'                        LOOKOUTC-)TOWE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          It,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   a      A@ BELL                                                                  '0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    175       ...... ..13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          "P\ A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               9                                                                            %
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    16                                                                                                      , \ N e,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3 .                                2,                 2                                                                25                   ij                    31
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CHANNEL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                              FLW                    20                                                                                     N,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       22                2.                        2.7                      32 X 500
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    a                                                                                     12                21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -\A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            %,'\
                                                                                                                                                                                                     20                       .75            2.                26                                         .78                   J,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            C., BELL

                                                                                                                                                                                         24                     26                   is              J1                 32                         j                        J2                                48



                                                                                                                                                                                                     J.                       .72                                                                                               ,e                                       5                -35
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           OF
                                                                                                                                                                                                       AUTHORITIES:                                                                 G tj                  L F               @IFLWItLIA'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            WHIS It
                                                                                                                                                                                         32            U. S. C. & G. S. Coast Chart No. 1265                                                                                .1           5.                    35                 .5
                                                                                                                                                                                                       U. S. E. D. Surveys                                                                  NOTE:
                                                                                                                                                                                                    40                        id          43                                                       Lighted beacons          M3rked "S" have a spar buoy                                         64
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           placed abreast of beacon on the 12 ft. contour.

                                                                                                                                                                                 37*2W                                                                                      87*20'


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Figure 4.8. 1945 Corps of Engineers Char






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola        87






                                            CHAPTER 5. SUMMARIES OF PREVIOUS WORK



                        Introduction


                                Until recently, there has been little formal investigation of the submerged cultural
                        resources in the Pensacola Bay area. In the past, most studies were conducted to satisfy
                        government agency requirements for investigation of areas about to be dredged, constructed
                        upon, or established as National Seashore land. A few underwater sites were located and
                        reported. Since 1987, five sites have been located, documented, and studied to varying
                        degrees. Two sites were mapped by contract firms, and three vessels were recorded by
                        students and professional archaeologists acting under the direction of the Florida Bureau of
                        Archaeological Research. One of these sites, a British Colonial vessel (8SR782), underwent
                        complete excavation. The following chapter will summarize, in chronological order, the
                        previous work conducted in and around the Pensacola Bay area.


                        1973 National Park Service Preliminary Reconnaissance

                                The National Park Service conducted a preliminary reconnaissance survey of the Gulf
                        Islands National Seashore in the vicinity of Santa Rosa Island and Perdido Key in 1973. The
                        survey was initiated to "generate data tosupport management, protection, and utilization of
                        shipwreck sites threatened by increasing public use of submerged park lands." A proton
                        magnetometer was employed to conduct remote sensing in offshore areas of the park where
                        public use was the most frequent. The survey recorded "18 potential submerged cultural
                        resources," but most of the material generating the magnetic signatures was determined to
                        be buried under bottom sediments. A few targets were located and investigated; most proved
                        to be 19th century in origin. One of the targets was thought to be associated with an l8th-
                        century Spanish wreck shown on a mid- 19th century chart, but was not investigated further
                        (Lenihan 1974).



                        1973 Gulf Islands National Seashore


                                Pursuant to the establishment of the Gulf Islands National Seashore in 1971, the
                        Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, was contracted to conduct an
                        archaeological survey of the National Park Service holdings along the Gulf coast between
                        Mississippi and Pensacola. Part I of the ensuing report by Louis Tesar dealt with the Florida
                        portion of the survey, primarily the Naval Live Oaks Reservation on Gulf Breeze peninsula,
                        Santa Rosa Island, and the area around Ft. Barrancas (Tesar 1973). Tesar described the
                        following shipwreck sites on land and in shallow water:

                                8ES99 Tugboat Sport Wreck: The tugboat Sport, which was wrecked during
                                the 1906 hurricane, is located 3.9 miles west of the Entrance Gate [to Ft.
                                Pickens] in the shallow water just off Santa Rosa Island on the bay side. The
                                remains of this metalhull are exposed above the water level near the beach
                                (Tesar 1973:126).

                                8ES100 Wreck Scatter: The wreck scatter which represents 8ES100 is located
                                near the shore in the area SSW of the concession stand. This site is represented
                                by three concentrations of ship's timbers. The most intact section was shown







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              88  Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                       to the field investigator by Norm Simons who had located it some time ago.
                       It is located about 150 yards from the beach and 50 yards from the fence.
                       There is the possibility that this site represents scatter from the breaking up
                       of the Norwegian bark, Catherine, which was wrecked on August 7, 1894 on
                       the Gulf side of the Island near the old Life Saving Station (Tesar 1973:126).

                       8ESI 0 1 E. W. Fowler Wreck: The wreck of the E. W. Fowler (8ES 10 1), which
                       is located in the nearshore tidal area due south of Fort Pickens, represents a
                       snapper smack owned by E. E. Saunders and Co. of Pensacola, Florida. It was
                       fully loaded with red snapper when it sank in 1961-62. Portions of this wreck
                       are exposed above the waterline (Tesar 9173:127).

                       8ES24 Shio Keel Site: shipwreck located 6.6 miles east of the Pensacola Beach
                       water tower . . . first described by Simons and Lazarus, who reported it to
                       be "about 60 yards south of S.R. 399, about 200 yards west of ES5 between
                       first and second row of dunes back from Gulf. Keel structure with ribs but
                       planking missing, square spikes, some bronze, small brass nails. Ship is 50
                       ft. long and inverted. Revisited by Simons and Tesar, all that remained was
                       part of the rail and decking exposed in the wave washed area of the eroded
                       beach embankment. Vessel was decked with 4 inch cypress and burnt to the
                       deck line, evidence of amateur excavation (Tesar 1973:133).

                       8ES50 Pura Pendeiada Site remains of a shipwreck located 10.3 miles east of
                       the Pensacola Beach water tower, wreckage on top of a small dune located 20
                       feet north of S.R. 399, scattered over an area which extended some 80 feet
                       WNW of this dune. In April of 1973, the site was totally excavated and
                       removed by unknown persons, who apparently used a one-ton truck. The
                       wreck was fastened with brass and iron spikes, and assumed to date sometime
                       between the late 1800s and early 1900s (Tesar 1973:134).

                       8ES52 The Isabelle Wreck Site: located on the Gulf side of Santa Rosa Island,
                       10.2 miles east of the Pensacola Beach water tower, 0.1 miles WSW of ES50,
                       and 0.1 miles E of ES53. Part of the deck, side, mast, and iron pintles were
                       exposed. Timber appears to be yellow pine, and charred wood of the deck
                       and mast give impression that the vessel met disaster by fire. Amateur
                       excavation noted. Identified as Isabelle by Sandra Stairs, Pensacola News-
                       Journal Staff Writer ("Ghosts of 'Isabelle' Haunt Navarre Beaches," Sec. C
                       of Pensacola News-Journal, April 2?(ask Tesar), 1973), built 1892 in East
                       Boothbay, Me., wrecked January 5, 1946 (Tesar 1973:135).

                       8ES53 Fichtner's Shiv Ballast Site: located 10.1 miles east of Pensacola Beach
                       water tower, represents granite ballast rocks covering an area about 100- 120
                       feet NW-SE by 40 feet NE-SW in the nearshore area located due south of the
                       telephone pole with the three condensers.   ' Northwestern part of the site is
                       within 40 feet of the beach and in 4-5 feet of water. Likely ballast rocks are
                       from ES52 Isabelle site (Tesar 1973:137).

                       ES56 Wreck Scatter Site: most probably represents storm scatter from ES50,
                       52, and 53 sites; located between SR 399 and Sound and between 10.1 to 10.3
                       miles east of the water tower, 40-50 feet north of the outer ring of the bomb
                       target (Tesar 1973:138).






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 89





                                During the survey of these ship-related sites, Tesar gathered data on Pensacola
                        shipwrecks, which he incorporated into a chapter in his report (Tesar 1973:161-168). Data
                        came from the "File of Pensacola's Ship Wrecks" in the archives of the Pensacola Historical
                        (Society) Museum courtesy of G. Norman Simons. The list included 62 wrecks and I I
                        strandings. Tesar noted in his report that during the course of his survey he observed or heard
                        about much unauthorized wreck salvage from numerous sources. He recommended that som           e
                        consideration should be given to protection and management.


                        1979 National Park Service Magnetometer Survey of Perdido Key

                                In conjunction with the Mobile District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the National
                        Park Service carried out a second magnetometer survey in the vicinity of Perdido Key in 1979.
                        The purpose. of the survey was to relocate four potential submerged and buried targets
                        revealed during a previous reconnaissance in 1973. Over a period of two days, anomaly
                        clusters at three targets were relocated and buoyed, and their locations established using
                        transits from shore. Visual inspection by divers established that the targets were still buried
                        (Deren 1979; Floyd 1979).


                        1986 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Navy Homeport Remote Sensing Survey

                                In March 1986, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, conducted a
                        remote sensing survey of the Pensacola Harbor channel and turning basin in front of the Navy
                        Yard during a two-week period. A total of 173 magnetic anomalies were located. Fifty-six
                        of these anomalies were associated with side-scan sonar targets. Upon evaluation, twelve of
                        these targets were selected for additional investigation and further identification (U.S. Army
                        COE 1986).


                        1987 Tidewater Atlantic Research Inv    estigation of Anomalies for U.S. Navy

                                In 1987, Tidewater Atlantic Research (TAR) was subcontracted by Turner, Collie and
                        Braden, Inc. to identify and assess sonar and magnetic targets acquired by the Mobile District,
                        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, during a remote sensing survey of the Pensacola Harbor
                        channel alignments in 1986 for the U.S. Navy Strategic Homeporting Project. Twelve target
                        sites had been recommended for investigation by archaeologists of the' Mobile District.
                        Investigation of the targets was carried out by U.S. Navy personnel from the Experimental
                        Diving Unit, based in Panama City, and archaeological supervision was provided by TAR
                        staff.


                                Seven targets relocated by the Corps, and two targets identified by local divers, were
                        examined. Of these targets, four proved to be modern debris and navigational reference
                        buoys, two were identified as iron anchors unassociated with additional cultural material, and
                        two targets produced no evidence of cultural material. Only a site identified by a sport diver,
                        and thought to be the remains of the Convoy, proved to be a shipwreck. A preliminary site
                        plan, video tape, and still photographs, were made to document the site, which had been
                        extensively disturbed in the 19th century, according to both historical and archaeological
                        evidence.






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research                                                          0
              90 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris,-and Smith, Pensacola



                        Tidewater Atlantic Research recommended that no further investigations of the                                   0
                identified targets were necessary, except for considerations of future impact to the Convoy
                site. The Convoy site was revisited and evaluated by the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey staff
                in 1991. Excerpts from the TAR report on the Convoy, including a reproduction of the site
                map, are included in Chapter 8 of this report. The TAR report also included a well-researched
                historical narrative of activities in Pensacola Bay, as well as a list of ship losses compiled from                     0
                archival sources (TAR 1987).



                1988, 1989 Blackwater River Bethune Schooner 8SR985

                        In February 1988, Mr. Warren Weeks of Milton directed staff of the Florida Bureau
                of Archaeological Research (BAR) to the site of an abandoned and submerged vessel in
                Morton's Basin on the Blackwater River. Preliminary investigation determined the vessel to
                be a well-preserved 19th-century schooner of significant- historical and archaeological value.
                In April, BAR personnel and local volunteers conducted further exploration of the site to
                obtain data on basic features and their dimensions, and to document these with video. After
                removing vegetation and silt from the main deck, they discovered an articulated hull with
                two sets of standing rigging remains, a large wooden windlass in the bow, and a bilge pump
                in the stern. The site was assigned a Florida Master Site File number (8SR985) and named
                after the upland property owners, Mr. and Mrs. John Bethune.

                        A thorough documentation of the schooner took place in July 1989 under the direction
                of David R. Baumer, a graduate student in East Carolina University's Maritime History and
                Underwater Archaeology Program, with the assistance of local volunteers.                   Detailed
                measurements of hull dimensions and associated features allowed Baumer to produce a scaled
                plan of the vessel and its hardware (Figure 5.1). The overall length of the schooner was found
                to be 96 feet;_her extreme beam, 25 feet I I -inches; and her draft was estimated to have been
                6 feet 9 inches. Based on the survey data, Baumer gauged the vessel's tonnage to have been
                93.2 tons.


                        Oral and written histories were collected during the project; these helped to
                reconstruct the crucial role of the Blackwater River in West Florida's industrial boom,
                especi ally in lumber and brickmaking.         They failed, however, to provide a positive
                identification for the vessel, which Baumer characterized as a light-draft, bluff-bowed, two-
                masted, coastal centerboard schooner, dating from the period between the 1830s and the
                1870s. A possible candidate, Hornet, was recorded in 1866 as having been sunk in the
                Blackwater River. This identification is questionable, since that vessel's registered dimensions
                and tonnage were slightly less than those of the Bethune Schooner. Baumer concluded that
                the schooner is approximately 90 percent intact, readily available for study, and represents
                an extinct watercraft type once common in North American river and coastal commerce. He
                recommended that archaeological investigation of the hull be continued. Baumer also
                recommended that the Bethune Blackwater Schooner be nominated to the National Register
                of Historic Places.


                        Based.on his report, the nomination was prepared by Barbara Mattick of the Florida
                Bureau of Historic Preservation, and submitted to the National Register Advisory Council,
                which voted for its placement on the Register in May 1991.














                                                   1          2             3                 4                        6       7                            9                                                      13     14                   17
                                                                                                                                                                               to                           12                         16
                                                                                                                                                                                                k                                                                                                  >

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   =r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   9)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (D
                                                        ----------------------                                                                                                                                        --------
                                                                                                                                        ------------------------             -------                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   9                                               TO
                                                   23                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              W
                                                                                                                                                              21
                                                                                                                                                                             :    20
                                                           ---------------------                                                              - --------------                 ----------------------        - --------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                            ----------------------- - -- --------------- ---                          ----------------- ----------------------                                                                                     (1)
                                                                                                             22
                                                           SHEER PLAN                                                                                     -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0    9M.
                                                                                                                           35                          30                   60                70
                                                                                                                  30


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     13


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        P-9
                                          3                                                                                                                                                                  12
                                                                                                 6            7                                             9                           10          1 1                                          ,.-14
                                                           4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ft)
                                          2                       -------
                                                                F                   5
                                                                                                                                                                               F    -/ I
                                                                                                                                             -----------------



                                                                  ----------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                .18

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -15

                                                         DFCK PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 CL
                                                                                          17                                                                                                                                                                                                       CA
                                                                                                                                                      16
                                Shecr Fl..
                                      I.  1,og rail                                 13. Pawl post                                 13-1, pun
                                      I   Ruddcr stock                              14. flow chock rad                                  1. Transom fra@mc heads                     11. Fore mast hole                         DRAWN BY DAVID R. BAUX![LB
                                      3.  Cabin trurik (rer.-t-cted)                15. Cathcad                                         1 Transcm planking (outsldc)                12. ltatch--y                               AUGUST 1989
                                      4-  Bllg@ PumP                                16. W-,prit (reconmr@uctedl                         1 Transom planking (Inside)                 13. Windia-
                                      &   Ey'b""                                    17. Bulls eye                                       4 Rudder sLock                              14. Pa.1 p-t
                                      r.  sm" chn lale                              I&  Haws,c pipe                                     5. Cabin -k treconsLructedl                 15. C.Sthead
                                      7.  Deadeyes                                  19. Gammon Lron                                     a Bilge p    p                              f6. St-bo-d -1 p,d                                                                                             C`@
                                      &   Main rrmst (mconsu-uCted)                 20, Ch@ln pl..ts                                    7. Mam Matchway                             17. Staboa,d    -11
                                      9.  Rail pad                                  21. Centerboard (rcconsi-ructedl                    a Main rm@st hole                           18. Q-ner knee
                                      to. Eyeballs                                  22  Bottom of keel (rtcons(.@Ctcdl                  9. Centerboard umk (mconsLructed)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            12



                                          _    V,4





                                      it. Fore rn@t (-con.I-Cledl                   23. RLxldcr (reconstructed)                         to. Forc hatchway
                                      12. Windlass


                                                                                        Figure 5. 1. Plan Drawing                       of 8SR985, Bethune Blackwater Schooner.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            92  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morrisi and Smith, Pensacola 1 93



 0                       1988, 1989 Deadman's Shipwreck 8SR782

                                In 1988, the Institute of West Florida Archaeology at the University of West Florida
                         (UWF) contracted with the City of Gulf Breeze to conduct a survey of Deadman's Island.
                         This work revealed, among other discoveries, the remains of a late 19th-century marine
 0                       railway, and, nearby, evidence of the well-preserved hull of a wooden sailing ship eroding
                         from the beach in shallow water (Joy 1988). Dr. Judy Bense contacted the Florida Bureau
                         of Archaeological Research (BAR) in Tallahassee, and a joint investigation of the site was
                         conducted in August 1988 with the help of students and local volunteers. Initial mapping
                         indicated that a large portion of one side of the vessel, from the keel to the turn of the bilge,
                         was present under the sand in barely three feet of water. Its construction appeared to be
 0                       colonial, with ceiling planking fastened by treenails to hand-hewn frames. The absence of
                         ballast and a mast step assembly suggested that the vessel had been stripped and abandoned.
                         A small test excavation unearthed English wine bottle glass, gunflints, lead pistol shot, and
                         cast-iron swivel gun shot. From beneath the inner planking came a pewter uniform button
                         with the insignia of the 60th Regiment of Foot. These clues suggested that the ship was
                         British, had been armed as a naval vessel, and was associated with an infantry regiment
                         stationed at Pensacola between 1776 and 1781 (Bense 1988b).

                                The findings caused a stir in the Pensacola area, since they represented the earliest
                         remains of a ship to be documented in West Florida. Due to the threat of further erosion and
                         the site's accessibility and articulated nature, it was decided that further investigation of the
                         vessel would be an ideal opportunity to train students in underwater excavation and naval
 0                       architecture, while at the same time developing public appreciation for the maritime
                         resources of Pensacola. Accordingly, a field school was planned for the summer of 1989 to
                         accomplish three objectives: excavation and recovery of data from the site; field and
                         laboratory training of college students; and public involvement in marine archaeology. The
                         project was sponsored by BAR, UWF, and the City of Gulf Breeze.

 0                       .-     The field school attracted ten undergraduate students from the Universities of West
                         Florida, Florida, Miami, and Alabama, as well as from Trinity University. Instruction and
                         supervision were shared by Dr. Roger C. Smith of the Bureau of Archaeological Research,
                         Robert Finegold of East Carolina University, and Marianne Franklin of Texas A&M
                         University. The, instructional portion of the school was divided into formal classroom
                         lectures, field workshops, and laboratory classes.       A vacant waterfront restaurant was
 0                       transformed by students into a headquarters and laboratory, and at Deadman's Beach, they
                         established a base camp adjacent to the site. Daily routine divided students into two groups,
                         field and laboratory; the groups were switched at noon, so that activitiesand training were
                         equally divided between the two work areas, which operated simultaneously each day. In
                         addition, students were given weekly research assignments to combine field and archival data
                         in a written form, which could be used in the final excavation report (Smith in press). From
 0                       the beachhead, students surveyed in primary datums on the wrecksite, which was overlain
                         with an underwater grid for excavation. Each 5-foot square of the grid was assigned a two-
                         student team, within which they were assigned the responsibility to record its artifactual and
                         architectural contents. An initial loose layer of sand overburden was found to contain
                         intrusive materials associated with 19th-century activities; a second layer within the vessel
                         itself, consisting of consolidated sand, shell, and silt, contained a variety of materials
 0                       associated with the vessel's function and the activities of her crew. Aside from additional
                         military paraphernalia, glass and ceramics, organic materials, such as plant remains, rope,
                         wood, and leather, were surprisingly well represented on the shallow-water site. The contents
                         of each square were recorded, bagged, tagged, sorted, drawn, and conserved by the students.



 0






                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             94 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





              A mosaic of the shipwreck's surviving structural components was pieced together from
              measured grid drawings to form a site plan. An additional structural plan was drawn as a
              basis for a digitized computer-drawn sketch of the timbers in two dimensions (Figure 5.2).
              Curvatures of surviving hull frames were recorded to experiment with co mputer- generated
              shapes that might supply a three-dimensional image of the original vessel.

                      During excavation and recording, it soon became apparent that the ship had been in
              the process of careening on her port side before she was abandoned. An organic deposit of
              peat, leaves, branches, cut wooden slats, and tar and pitch surrounded the hull. Tarred hemp
              rope was found along portions of the outboard edge of the keel, and may have aided in the
              operation.

                      The exact identity of the Deadman's Shipwreck remains inconclusive; at least two
              likely candidates, HMS Florida and HMS Stork, are recorded as having been abandoned at
              Gulf Breeze in 1778 and 1779 respectively. At the conclusion of the project, the site was
              backfilled and sandbagged in an attempt to slow natural erosion. A 30-minute video
              documentary was produced for local viewing by volunteers from footage obtained during the
              field school. The City of Gulf Breeze received a brochure and permanent public exhibit,
              which was opened in the local community center in April 1990. The site was also the topic
              of a University of St. Andrews masters thesis by Robert Finegold.


              1989 Blackwater River, Old Bagdad Lumber Mill

                      In October of 1989, Stephen R. James, Jr. and James Duff of The Underwater
              Archaeological Consortium, Memphis, Tennessee conducted a reconnaissance- phase sub-
              merged cultural resources survey at the site of a proposed pier at the confluence of the
              Blackwater River and Pond Creek, adjacent to the site of the old Bagdad Saw Mill. The
              investigations were conducted at the request of Blackwater Prestressed Concrete Company
              in accordance with permit compliance requirements associated with the proposed constru'c-
              tion. The investigation, which included a magnetometer survey, underwater visual inspection,
              and archival research, concluded that the area within the proposed project boundaries did
              not contain any significant historical cultural resources. Four magnetic anomalies were
              encountered, but only one of these was located within the project area boundaries.
              Underwater investigations of the targets revealed that three were composed of ferrous
              fasteners associated with the saw mill, while the source for the fourth was undetermined. This
              unidentified anomaly was from a single point source and, like the other three, was considered
              nonsignificant (James 1989).


              1989 Investigation of Jack's Wreck (8ES1900), Gulf Islands National Seashore

                      A shipwreck site located under the sands of Johnson's Beach, in the Perdido Key
              portion of the Gulf Islands National Seashore, was investigated in March, 1989, by students
              of the University of West Florida's first underwater archaeology class. Locally known as the
              "Snapper Wreck," the site lay buried under six feet of sand, about fifteen yards above the
              high water mark. The wreck had periodically been uncovered during winter storms, and the
              wreck's location had been marked by park rangers with a metal stake.

                      The Park Service contacted the University to suggest that investigation and recording
              of the site might be an appropriate teaching tool, and might also result in collection of data








                         DEADMAN'S tSLAND
                         'v RED                  'S'l-TE OSR782 Gulf Breeze, FL,
                                 1                    3          4         5          6          7         8          9          10         11        It,                                         >

                                                                                                                                                                                                  CD
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                  ILO

                                                                                                                                                                                 F


                                                                                                                                                                                                  CD








                                                                                                                                                                                 D




                                                                                                                                                                                 C                -Tj Do
                                                                                                                                                                                                    CD







                                                                                                                                                                                                  0 fo
                                                                                                                                                                                                    fu




                                                                                                                                                                                                  06


                                                                             E Ci L N D                                                                                                           TO
                                     LI                                                                                                                                                           (10
                                                                                Meto( Vastener                                                                                                    z

                         tc)l A
                              @,Sof ore cc-,tesy of                             Metol Concretion
                                                                                                            --------------









                                                                                                                                    A





















                                                                                                                                      Dra.mg Uy R@ Fme,oto
                                Inc Susoleto. CA.
                                                                          0    Wooden rostener                                        AUG 11, 1989


                                                           Figure 5.2. Site Plan of 8SR782, Deadman's Isl             and Shipwreck.






                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           96 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 97





                         useful to the Seashore. On a Saturday in March, a team of 46 students under the direction
                         of Roger C. Smith, commenced to excavate a trench over 50 feet in length and 10 feet in.
                         width, uncovering a heavy longitudinal structural component with two riders, fifteen paired
                         frames, and sections of outer hull and ceiling planking. Students were divided into four
                         groups to complete the following tasks: measuring and recording; sketching a site plan and
                         ship sections; video recording and photography; and recording artifacts and collecting wood
                         samples. During examination of the hull timbers, students noticed the name "Jack" had been
                         carved into one of the ship's frames, prompting the site to be given a new name.

                                  The work was summarized, including a site plan drawing, in a 1991 report by
                         University of West Florida student Michael Hoyt Williamson (Figure 5.3). The site was added
                         to the Florida Master Site File and assigned the number 8ES1900. Archival research and oral
                         histories'produced one likely candidate for the ship's identity: Lucky Strike, a 77 -ton fishing
                         vessel built in 1924 and abandoned in the vicinity of Johnson's Beach in March, 1958. Further
                         investigation of the site and additional constructional data on local fishing craft might help
                         to substantiate this identity (Williamson 1991).


                         1990 Bronze Howitzer and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Survey
                                                              I

                                  On February 27, 1990, during dredging operations to deepen the entrance channel
                         to Pensacola Bay for the Navy Homeport Project, a bronze artillery piece became lodged in
                         the pump of the dredge Carolina. It was removed from the pump and dredging resumed.
                         Recognizing the historical importance of the piece and its potential association with an
                         unrecorded shipwreck site in the path of the dredging operations, one of the dredge crewmen
                         immediately sought to inform the local media of the discovery. He subsequently appeared
                         on evening television news broadcasts with photos he had taken of the artillery piece (his
                         identity was disguised, since he feared termination by the Great Lakes Dredge Co.).

                                  On March 1, Mobile District Corps of Engineers archaeologist Dottie Gibbens and
                         Florida state underwater archaeologist Roger C. Smith boarded Carolina (which had been
                         moved to another dredging location) to examine the piece. They identified it as a mid- to
                         late- I 8th-century howitzer. A broken anchor of undetermined age was also noted on the
                         dredge, as was a trash dumpster filled with broken ship's timbers. The howitzer and anchor
                         were transferred to the Corps Panama City office for safekeeping, and later released to the
                         Florida Division of Historical Resources to begin conservation treatment. Meanwhile, the
                         State Historic Preservation Office, at Smith's recommendation, requested that the Corps
                         relocate the area of the seabed from which the howitzer was removed and resurvey the
                         location with magnetometry and sonar to determine if any additional artillery or ship-related
                         materials were present. It was also requested that the Corps assemble a diving team to assist
                         in the search. The Corps responded by contracting with Geddes Diving Service, and a four-
                         day visual and magnetic search of the seabed location provided by the dredge contractor was
                         conducted in late March. Modern materials, such as chain, a piece of wood with galvanized
                         screws, a metal engine plate, and the top from a Cheese Whiz container were encountered,
                         but no ship fittings, planking, ballast, or ordnance was found. The Corps concluded that the
                         bronze howitzer was an isolated occurrence (U.S. Army COE 1990a, U.S. Army COE 1990b).


                         1990-91 Navy Yard Caisson (8ES1897)

                                  During renovation in 1990 of the principal pier at the Pensacola Naval Air Station






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             98 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               to accommodate a larger aircraft carrier for the Navy's Strategic Homeport Program, a large
               submerged object was encountered by dredging activities to deepen the slip. The dredge
               operator, after pulling up several copper-sheathed timbers, made a dive on the site and
               requested the assistance of divers from the Navy, who reported that the object was over a
               120 feet in length and 50 feet wide. The dredging contractor, PCL Civil Constructors, Inc.,
               contacted the Navy, which called the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, who
               had surveyed the area prior to the dredging operation. Dottie Gibbens of the Corps contacted
               state underwater archaeologist Roger C. Smith, who made a dive on the site and confirmed
               the presence of a potentially significant historical resource. On his recommendation, the State
               Historic Preservation Office requested that dredging cease and an archaeological investiga-
               tion site be conducted to determine its identity and significance.

                       PCL contracted with Panamerican Consultants, Inc. of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, which
               conducted a Phase One assessment of the submerged structure in December, 1990 (Mistovich
               et al. 1991). Archaeologists quickly located the timbers exposed by the dredge, as well as
               a large mound of pedestaled ballast or rip-rap type rock. Hydraulic probing encountered
               a dense clay that precluded planned test excavation with conventional tools, however the
               southwestern side of the coppered structure with 90-degree corners at both ends was exposed.
               Copper sheathing was removed for examination, but contained no manufacturer's markings.
               Samples of recovered rock were identified as furnace slag. Hydraulic jetting and removal
               of stones by hand revealed that the interior of the structure was filled with clay and sand
               concreted into an impenetrable mass. The southwestern side of the structure was composed
               of 35-foot long, handhewn timbers, edge-fastened one atop another with iron drift pins. The
               interior was lined with 15-inch wide by 3-inch thick vertical planks. To-expose the opposite
               end of the structure, the dredge was brought in to remove heavy rocks on the northeastern
               side. Similar timbers were encountered, confirming the length of the structure to be 150 feet.

                       In conjunction with the field work, Panamerican consulted various archival sources,
               offering hypotheses that the structure in question might represent either a dry dock door,
               a ship lift-section of a dry dock, a section of a floating dry dock, or a ship camel. An 1853                       0
               map of the Navy Yard also showed the remains of a sunken caisson at the same location in
               question.   The possibility that the structure might be vessel-related was eliminated.
               Government records concerning the Navy Yard revealed details of a caisson constructed and
               sunk intentionally during a wharf-building program in the early 1830s. Panamerican
               archaeologists felt that the structure most likely was the remains of this caisson. Based on
               the dimensions of the caisson and the composition of its fill, they observed that the structure
               could not be removed in a way that would not result in substantial adverse impact. At the
               conclusion of the Phase One investigations, they recommended that several options be
               pursued.

                   .   After review and consultation by the Navy, Corps of Engineers, and the State, Phase
               Two investigations consisting of more in-water    evaluation and intensive historical research
               were approved. It was also agreed that, after sufficient documentation, the structure would
               be removed while monitored and recorded by a marine archaeologist. Production of a scale
               model and accompanying interpretive brochure also were approved as components in a
               mitigation plan for the site. Phase Two was conducted early in 1991, and involved further
               excavation to document construction details (Figure 5.4), monitoring and recording of the
               caisson's removal, collection and conservation of artifacts, and the construction of a scale
               model for exhibition. Additional detailed archival material was collected relating to the
               history of this early naval experiment in wharf -building, involving construction of a unique
               caisson/cofferdam (Mistovich et al. 1991).



































                                                                                                                                                                             ITI



                                                                                                                                                                           0





                                                                                                           cg:@   cl@ Grg                         cl,                         >






                                                                                                                                                                           0
                                                                         JACK'5    WRECK


                                                                    0    2 3 4 5               101t



                                                                                                                                                                          EI


                                                            Figure 5.3. Site Plan of 8ES1900, "Jack's" Wreck.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           100  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola























                                                         BM4


                                                         PIER "C

                                                  Z10

                                                         CAISS01V                                                                                                       js

                                                                                        PENSACOLA                                                                    ... .....
                                                                                               BAY






                                                                                                                                                                   ..E .  .1 C I I
                                                                                                                                                                          PL A HK S







                                                                                                                                                                        Top v(cw
                                                                                                                                                                      OUT ER CORNER




















                                                                                                                                                                        SIDE vIEW
                                                                                                                                                                     OUTER CORNER


                                                                                                                                                 CunaLrucLiorl DeLail, Suuthwe.te- L:r
                                                             lo


























                                                           Figure 5.4. Site Plan & Construction Detail of 8ES1897, Brodie's Wharf Caisson.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           102  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 103






                                               CHAPTER 6. SHIPWRECK ARCHAEOLOGY



                        Introduction


                                The  study of shipwrecks is part of a growing discipline variously called maritime
                        archaeology, marine archaeology, or nautical archaeology. These specialized terms refer to
                        the scientific investigation of wrecked or abandoned watercraft and their cargoes in an effort
                        to better understand human activities in the past. Shipwreck sites offer insights into the
                        history of technology (the evolution of shipbuilding and nautical technology), the history of
                        commerce (the study of shipping and maritime enterprises), social and cultural history
                        (examination of personal possessions and shipboard items), as well as many other clues to life
                        on board a floating microcosm that represented a larger society in a maritime context.

                                Archaeologists view shipwreck sites as sudden and cataclysmic events frozen in time;
                        as single accumulations of associated cultural material in a closed context, wrecksites often
                        are compared to time capsules containing hidden relics of past lifeways. Given an ideal set
                        of depositional factors, i. e., underwater burial in soft and stable sediments, preservation of
                        even organic objects is often quite good. Hence, from whatever theoretical approach, it can
                        be agreed that historic shipwrecks represent significant irreplaceable cultural resources, if
                        properly protected, managed, studied, and interpreted.


                        Shipwreck Deposition and Preservation

                                Both the location of a shipwreck and its degree of preservation are dependent upon
                        environment. Tides, currents, winds and weather must be taken into consideration. Ships
                        may wreck in rough or calm weather, on the shore or on reefs, and in shallow or deep water.

                                Ships may be abandoned due to irreparable damage or lack of upkeep. The reason
                        for wrecking will determine the orientation of the vessel and associated material upon the
                        bottom. Whatever the environment, there are certain factors that govern the distribution of
                        materials that comprise the shipwreck. Generally, heavier material such as ballast, cargo and
                        machinery will weigh down the hull it rests upon. In soft sediments this will cause this section
                        of the wreck to sink down, and cover up with sediments, protecting the hull against further
                        deterioration. Even in areas with harder bottoms, these heavily weighted areas will be less
                        likely to float away upon breaking up, and may eventually produce a buildup of trapped sand
                        or sediment carried by the current. Lef t uncovered, upper structural areas usually deteriorate,
                        either collapsing or being swept away. A scatter pattern may have been caused during or after
                        a ship wrecks, and may be interpreted to determine more information about the wrecking
                        process.

                                Differing chemical and biological underwater environments cause different reactions.
                        In warm salt water, exposed wood will be- eaten by marine borers (Teredo navalis). In salt
                        water, metal will encrust with calcareous marine growth, which can produce a perfect mold
                        of the deteriorated metal object. Metal near wood generally preserves the wood adjacent to
                        it. In some fresh water environments, metal fasteners deteriorate and the hull may
                        disarticulate. Tannic acid in fresh water tends to preserve wood and organic material.
                        Sediment grain size and deposition affects the hull protection, and therefore, the degree of
                        preservation. Varying combinations of these factors will affect the deposition and
                        preservation of a wrecked vessel, and these processes must be recognized for better






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             104 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               understanding of a shipwreck as an archaeological site.

                       One other factor that may influence the deposition of a wrecked ship should be
               recognized: salvage. Valuable and necessary objects are often retrieved from ships
               immediately upon their sinking. Teams of free divers -were sent out on expeditions to recover
               lost property since the earliest times. With the invention of the diving bell in the seventeenth
               century came the technology to perform extended underwater salvage work. Any type of
               attempted salvage wilt affect a shipwreck to different degrees, whether it may be a number
               of missing bronze fasteners taken home by a sport diver, or a whole hull blown apart, either
               in search of treasure or to clear a navigational channel.


               Pensacola as a Wreck Repository

                       All of the influences cited above have come into play in Pensacola. Wrecks are situated
               in a variety of environments, both fresh and salt water, on bottoms of coarse grained sand
               and in deep soft silt. The reason that ships sought Pensacola's deep and protected Pensacola
               Harbor is to some extent the same reason that a number of wrecks have been well preserved.
               In addition, the history of salvage in Pensacola Bay has been limited. Distant from the
               documented trade route of the treasure ships, Pensacola has been spared attempts at salvage
               work by treasure hunters. Yet salvage has impacted the shipwrecks. in the area on three
               different levels.


                       Since the construction of the Navy Yard in the early 1820s, the harbor entrance
               channel was cleared and maintenance dredging was performed. Contractors were hired by
               the government to remove wrecked ships noted as obstructions. In 1877 and 1879 George W.
               LeGallis of Warrenton, Florida removed portions of four hulls that impeded navigation (U.S.
               Army COE 1879; TAR 1987:3 1). In the 1960s Navy divers removed the mast from the Preble,
               lost in the bay in 1863, because local fishermen kept reporting that it snagged their nets (Capt.
               Jeff Clopton 1991, personal communication). Today NOAA notes channel obstructions on
               navigational charts, and the Corps of Engineers continues to have the channel cleared.

                       Since Scuba gear became easily accessible, salvage on a smaller scale has also affected
               ships wrecked near Pensacola. Sport divers have often located and frequently revisited known
               shipwrecks, often taking home parts of these wrecks for their collections. A number of the
               more recent wrecks offshore, including the Massachusetts, have been impacted by local divers
               who made their living collecting brass and bronze fitting to resell in the 1940s and 1950S
               (Various local residents, personal communication). Until the recent past, this was an accepted,
               if not entirely legal, practice. Today legislation protects these wrecks. In Pensacola, an
               increasing public knowledge about the importance of historic shipwreck sites, has led sport
               divers to better respect the integrity of these sites.


               Laws Protecting Shipwrecks: Florida's Historic Preservation Laws and Policies

                       Since the passage of the National Preservation Act of 1966, the State of Florida has
               placed increasing importance on preserving the state's limited historical and archaeological
               resources. The Florida Historical Resources Act, enacted in 1967 as Chapter 267 of the
               Florida Statutes, establishes various programs and policies to encourage public and private
               entities to protect and preserve historic resources for the public welfare and for future
               generations.






                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 105






                                 The Division of Historical Resources was created within the Department of State to
                         administer Florida's historic preservation policy.          Major goals of the state's historic
                         preservation program are to identify, register, protect, and preserve the significant historic
                         resources of the state. These include prehistoric and historic archaeological sites, historic
                         shipwrecks and related artifacts, historic buildings, and other structures and objects.

                                 The Florida Histo   rical Resources Act states that all treasure trove, artifacts, and such
                         objects having historical or archaeological value which have been abandoned on state@owned
                         submerged lands belong to the state. The title to such property is vested in the Division of
                         Historical Resources of the Department of State for purposes of management and protection.

                                 Florida has numerous significant shipwreck sites dating from the early 16th century
                         onwards. The approximately 300 shipwreck sites which have been identified and are recorded
                         by the state are believed to represent only about 10 percent of the total number of shipwrecks
                         in Florida's waters. Of those, the small percentage of shipwrecks from between the 1500s
                         and the mid- 1800s are considered to have historical significance. An even smaller percentage
                         of these, mainly from Spanish fleet disasters, have been found to contain treasure trove in
                         the form of gold and silver bullion and specie. Commercial salvage, both with and without
                         the permission of the state, has taken place on a number of Spanish "treasure" galleon sites.
                         This has led to the false public perception that most shipwrecks in Florida contain objects
                         of high monetary value, and that commercial returns justify their salvage.

                                 In the absence of law to the contrary, Florida, like most states, historically assumed
                         jurisdiction of the management of shipwrecks submerged in the state's waters. Since the
                         1930s, the state has permitted shipwrecks to be salvaged or explored under contracts with
                         the state. Since 1967, this program has been administered by the Department of State,
                         Division of Historical Resources. Two rules in state law have direct bearing on historic
                         shipwrecks and other archaeological sites.

                                 Chapter IA-31, F.A.C., establishes procedures for the exploration and salvage of
                         historic shipwreck sites under contractual agreements with private parties under certain
                         guidelines. The rule provides that no person may conduct operations to explore, excavate,
                         or salvage archaeological materials from shipwrecks without a written agreement with the
                         Division of Historical Resources. The Division may not enter into such an agreements unless
                         it determines that the applicant seeking the agreement is professionally qualified through
                         demonstration of archaeological ability, to conduct such salvage activities.

                                 The rule also states that all archaeological property salvaged is the property of the
                         Division. The Division may pay for the salvage in accordance with the terms of the contract.
                         Generally, the terms have permitted salvors to retain 75 to 80 percent of the ar    ,tifacts salvaged.
                         The Division is also required to supervise the salvage through proper documentation of all
                         salvaged artifacts. To protect the interests of the state, the Division is to limit the number
                         of contracts for salvage to a number which the Division can properly supervise.

                                 Chapter IA-32, F.A.C., provides procedures for archaeological research of state-
                         owned or state-managed archaeological sites. Any archaeological research of such sites must
                         be permitted by the Division in accordance with the rule. The rule establishes criteria
                         imposed by the Division for institutions seeking research permits. Only institutions and
                         archaeologists meeting the criteria may conduct archaeological research on state-managed
                         sites, and all artifacts remain in the custody of the state.






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             106 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                        Penalties are provided for violations of the rules in accordance with Ch. 267, F.S.
                Persons must obtain written permission from the Division to explore, salvage, or excavate
                sites located on sovereignty submerged lands. Any person who violates the provisions of the
                Historic Resources Act is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not exceeding $500
                or by imprisonment in a county jail for a term not to exceed 6 months or both. The act further
                provides that the Division may institute an administrative proceeding to impose an
                administrative fine of not more than $500 a day on any person or business organization that,
                without written permission of the Division, explores, salvages, or excavates treasure trove,
                artifacts, or sunken or abandoned shipklocated on state-owned or controlled lands, or on state
                sovereignty submerged lands (F.S., Chapt. 267.13).

                        Controversy regarding the Florida's management of historic shipwrecks resulted in
                court decisions that had national implications. Beginning in 1979, a series of federal
                admiralty actions to claim historic shipwrecks were filed in federal courts in Florida. Federal
                admiralty law, a product of several hundred years of maritime cases, traditionally provides
                incentives for vessels to come to the aid of distressed vessels by awarding part of the cargos
                saved as a result of the.assistance. The law was designed to save lives and merchandise in
                marine peril, and to return salvaged goods to commerce.

                        Prior to 1979, admiralty law had not generally been applied to historic shipwrecks.
                In that year, a treasure salvage company, Cobb Coin, filed an admiralty action in federal court
                in which it sought ownership of a Spanish galleon that wrecked in 1715 in'Florida's sovereign
                waters. The state filed a counterclaim, and lengthy litigation ensued in which the original
                admiralty action was extended to include other shipwreck sites in state-owned waters. In
                1983, the litigation was concluded by an out-of -court settlement in which the state agreed
                to recognize admiralty claims on certain wrecksites. Cobb Coin agreed to conduct salvage
                of these sites under certain archaeological guidelines drafted by both parties.

                        As a result of this case, the state's ability to manage its shipwrecks was undermined
                by salvors continuing to file admiralty actions in federal courts. This occurred not only in
                Florida; the Florida case affected every state's claim of title to historic shipwrecks. After
                several attempts to enact law clarifying state jurisdiction over these resources, Congress
                finally passed the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987. The federal act awarded title to historic
                shipwrecks to the United States, then immediately transferred that title to the individual states
                in whose waters the shipwrecks are submerged. The act clearly exempted the management
                of historic shipwrecks from federal admiralty law, and granted ownership and regulation to
                the states. In accordance with the act, the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of
                the Interior issued guidelines in 1990 to assist the states in developing programs to manage
                historic shipwrecks.

                        It should be noted, however, that Florida has one of the longest - standing programs
                of underwater archaeology and historic shipwrecks in the country. In fact, several of the
                Abandoned Shipwreck Act guidelines are based on management policies that have been
                explored in Florida. These include the establishment of a shipwreck advisory board (no
                longer in operation); the designation of shipwreck reserve areas in which no salvage is allowed
                (there are four in Florida); the creation of underwater shipwreck parks (three such parks have
                been developed, see below); cooperation with recreational divers and fishermen; encourage-
                ment of research projects (there have been three university field schools); private sector
                recovery of shipwrecks consistent with historic preservation standards; and a program of
                inventory and assessment of underwater resources (which has been limited by funding and
                personnel).






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola        107





                                In 1990, Florida Secretary of State Jim Smith appointed a Reserve Area Task Force
                        to address certain issues regarding historic shipwrecks. The task force, composed of persons
                        representing the state, commercial salvors, sport divers, and historians, was charged with
                        considering the future status of shipwreck reserve areas that were established by the Governor
                        and Cabinet in 1968 for protection from commercial salvage. The task force's consideration
                        of how shipwrecks should be handled in reserve areas, however, led to issues reflecting on
                        the state's historic shipwreck program in general. Thus, the task force is currently considering
                        the criteria and procedures for making future decisions about commercial salvage in state
                        waters.



                        Florida's Underwater Archaeological Preserves

                                The establishment of underwater shipwreck parks is a relatively new management too]
                        for state archaeologists, who must combine a preservationist approach to historic sites with
                        the benefits of public use and public interpretation. Only three other states, Michigan,
                        Vermont, and now North Carolina, have similar preserve programs. Aside from a strong
                        interest among the sport diving community and waterfront charter industry for shipwreck
                        preserves, there is a growing awareness in Florida that the sites of sunken ships are historical
                        landmarks that reflect the state's long maritime heritage.

                                Similar to parks on land, the underwater preserves are open to the public free of
                        charge, and are accompanied by interpretive literature that explains the sites' historical
                        context and archaeological features. The first preserve was opened in September 1987 on
                        the site of the Urca de Lima, one of the ships of a Spanish Plate Fleet that wrecked on the
                        east coast of Florida in 1715. Situated in 12 feet of water north of the Ft. Pierce Inlet, the
                        shipwreck park allows snorkeling and diving visitors to view part of the sunken remains of
                        one of Florida's most famous maritime disasters.


                                The site was recommended by the St. Lucie Historical Commission to become a park
                        because it is the most intact and easily accessible of the 1715 fleet shipwrecks. Lower hull
                        planking of the ship still protrudes from the sand where part of the vessel came to res-t between
                        two shallow reefs, some 200 yards offshore. The ship's remains are partially camouflaged
                        by submarine growth, revealing a subtle outline of what once was a large sailing ship. To
                        mark the location of the Urca's grave, a mooring buoy attached to a large cement block was
                        placed on the site with the assistance of a local marine contractor. Embedded in the cement
                        mooring clump is a bronze plaque donated by an area dive shop, which designates the wreck
                        as a State Underwater Preserve, in conjunction An illustrated brochure, relating the history
                        of the 1715 fleet and the Urca de Lima, is distributed by the Department of State to provide
                        visitors with an interpretation of the site.

                                The first underwater preserve was a successful experiment. By placing the wrecksite
                        in the public's trust and encouraging its responsible use by local diving charter groups, an
                        awareness of shipwrecks as historic sites rather than salvage opportunities began to prevail.
                        A second preserve was proposed from among the shipwreck sites of another Spanish convoy
                        disaster, the New Spain fleet that wrecked in a 1733 hurricane along the Florida Keys.

                                As early as 1964 the state officials had heard arguments from the Monroe County
                        Advertising Commission and the Florida Keys Underwater Guides Association that measures
                        needed to be taken to preserve the 1733 shipwreck sites from salvage for use as diving
                        attractions. But at that time, recommendations for historic preservation of the sites were not






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             108 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               acted upon. In 1988,  'a survey of the 1733 wrecksites using university students in cooperation
               with local waterfront organizations was devised to study potential candidates for a second
               underwater preserve. Eleven sites were studied for their ability to meet criteria for a
               recreational park. The wreck of the San Pedro near Islamorada was chosen for its accessibility
               (in 18 ft. of water), underwater features, and proximity to state parks on Indian and
               Lignumvitae Keys. The wrecksite consists of a large pile of ballast stones which covers
               portions of the ships lower hull timbers. Natural resources are abundant on the site, and
               include a vast variety of corals, crustaceans, mollusc, and many types of fish. This
               combination represents one of the oldest artificial reefs in Florida's waters.

                       From this research was generated a proposal for a new park, which included
               recommendations for a cooperative effort between government, private industry, and the
               public. The proposal generated tremendous local response in the Islamorada area. A "San
               Pedro Trust" was organized through the Chamber of Commerce to act as a non-profit support
               organization to oversee cooperative projects which included enhancement of the site by
               replacing cannons and an anchor; an underwater plaque to mark the site and acknowledge
               sponsors of the park; placement of moorings on the seabed to protect the site and surrounding
               grass from anchors; a brochure directing the public to the site; and production of an annotated
               site plan to guide visitors through the cultural features and marine biology of the site.

                       The San Pedro preserve, which opened in April 1989, proved to become an extremely
               popular destination in the Florida Keys among tourists, youth programs, educational
               organizations, and local divers. The site is passively managed in cooperation with the
               Department of Natural Resources; little maintenance is required other than monitoring of the
               mooring buoys and periodic cleanup, both accomplished through assistance from local charter
               operators. By placing a historic shipwreck in public view, in public trust, and by explaining
               its archaeological value to the public, the site becomes important for everyone to preserve.
               Thus, the San Pedro probably is the best protected shipwreck site in Florida today.

                       To solicit nominations for candidates for a third state underwater archaeological
               preserve, the Division conducted an intensive mailing campaign during the winter of 1989-
               1990 to hundreds of dive shops, clubs, and related organizations throughout the state. The
               resulting input produced several nominations in various parts of the state. These were
               investigated and ranked, according to criteria similar to those used on the 1733 sites. The
               most promising candidate proved to be the well-preserved remains of a coastal steamboat,
               named the City Of Hawkinsville, in the Suwannee River. During the fall of 1990, the site
               was studied, mapped, and researched.

                       Lying in shallow water on the west bank of the river near Old Town, the hull of the
               sunken steamer is virtually intact with her bow pointing upriver. From the stempost, one can
               swim along the entire deck of the vessel to her stern paddlewheel, exploring numerous deck
               fittings and steam machinery along the way. The main propulsion system, consisting of two
               enormous horizontal piston engines, each of which drove a long Pitman arm connected to the
               paddlewheel, is easily recognizable along with its rods and gears. Perhaps the most dramatic
               features of the wreckage are the four iron sprocket's and their wooden spokes that comprised
               the large paddlewheel that pushed the Hawkinsville up and down the Suwannee.

                       The City of Hawkinsville is a surprisingly intact survivor of late 19th-century coastal
               steamboat technology. She was the largest and the last steamboat to be stationed on the
               Suwannee River. Originally built in Georgia in 1896, the City of Hawkinsville was 141 feet
               long, with two decks, a single smoke stack, a square stern, and a molded bow. She was a post-






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 109





                       hurricane newcomer, brought into the river to assist a booming lumber industry. Official
                       registry records indicate that she was in service until May, 1922, when she was abandoned.

                               As with previous preserves, a formal proposal for the Hawkinsville was prepared for
                       public distribution, and was submitted to the commissions of Dixie, Gilchrist and Suwannee
                       counties. Citizen support groups were formed to assist in preparing the site with mooring
                       buoys, an official plaque, and brochures. The third preserve is scheduled to open to the public
                       in the Spring of 1992.

                               The use of the designation of a historic shipwreck as an underwater park, is one
                       method of insuring its preservation. This option, and many others, may be utilized as part
                       of a comprehensive, submerged resource management plan designed for Pensacola (see
                       Conclusions, Chapter 9).






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            110  Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola I I I I






                                                      CHAPTER 7. METHODOLOGY



                       Description of Tasks

                               Eight tasks were outlined in the original Coastal Zone Management proposal. These
                       tasks were described as follows:


                               Task 1. Assemble background research on Pensacola ship losses, hurricane activity,
                       geographical, hydrographic, and environmental changes, locations of maritime and industrial
                       activities, regional oral histories, etc. This will be accomplished by a search of literature,
                       charts and maps, aerial photos, etc. in conjunction with local volunteers. Input from other
                       state and federal agencies will be solicited to help gather information.

                               Task 2. Locate and record sites reported by fishermen and sport divers. This will
                       involve field investigations using local volunteer divers to relocate and extract data from
                       reported sites and to plot their locations.

                               Task 3. Develop computer data base files of information on individual sites and site
                       complexes based on Tasks I and 2. This data will be tied to a master chart of the Pensacola
                       Bay system showing known sites in conjunction with historic activity areas to develop a
                       predictive model of site patterning in the region.

                               Task 4. Based on the results of Task 3, conduct remote'sensing of selected areas in
                       the bay and rivers to locate anomalies that may represent previously unrecorded cultural
                       resources.   This will involve the use of electronic instrumentation, such as sonar or
                       magnetometry, in conjunction with a computerized positioning and plotting system to
                       produce a systematic and controlled survey.

                               Task 5. Interpret remote sensing survey data and investigate selected anomalies to
                       determine their nature. Subsurface anomalies will be tested by limited coring with min      imal
                       site or environmental disturbances.


                               Task 6. Arrange inventory of sites into a classification scheme according to factors
                       such as condition, age, nationality, historic significance, environmental situation, etc.

                               Task 7. Develop management options from classification scheme. These options will
                       closely follow Abandoned Shipwreck Act guidelines, as well as existing management policies
                       of other federal and state agencies. They will take into account public access for recreational
                       exploration; public interpretation through publications and museums; public education
                       through volunteer training programs and amateur research permits; establishment of
                       underwater parks, preserves, and other archaeological designations; and access to certain sites
                       for commercial salvage.

                               Task 8 ' Improve public knowledge and recognition of submerged cultural resources
                       through lectures, presentations, popular publications, media cooperation, etc., in conjunction
                       with existing local organizations. Prepare and distribute final report and management plan
                       to Department of State, Department of Environmental regulation, Coastal Zone Management
                       Program, and other agencies.






                                    Fl'orida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            112 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               Data Acquisition

                       The first step in establishing the shipwreck survey was to assemble and organize into
               .a manageable resource the many sources of information about Pensacola's maritime past. This
               included compiling information on area shipwrecks from both historical accounts and
               descriptions of previous work. These sources served as a cornerstone for the data base that
               was created. Additional information was acquired through historical accounts, archival
               sources, private collections, shipwreck summary reports, and navigational wreck and
               obstruction data bases. Information on wrecks that were reported by local informants, as well
               as shipwrecks that were discovered using remote sensing technology were added, and the data
               base was updated throughout the project.


               Sources of Background Information


               Archival Sources
                       A number of public and private archival sources of information contain charts, maps,
               photographs and primary documents describing Pensacola and the vessels that plied her
               waters. Preliminary research on specific vessels and vessel plans took place in the National
               Archives in Washington, D. C. Additional information was gleaned from a number of
               repositories, listed as follows:

                       The Environmental Protection Agency, located on Sabine Island at Pensacola Beach,
               has a small research library which contains valuable information. In addition to reports on
               Pensacola, the bays, the barrier islands and the Gulf, the library also contains some very
               interesting primary documents such as William Henry Davison's 1876 diary of life as the port
               inspector at the Quarantine Station in present-day Gulf Breeze.

                       The Escambia County Archives are located in the Clerk of the Circuit Court's Office
               in the Escambia County Judicial Building. The archives contain the record of any and every
               vessel ever involved in litigation since the American occupation of Pensacola (1821 -present).

                       The Fort Pickens Library, administered by the National Park Service, is located at
               the Gulf Islands National Seashore. The library houses a number of documents relating to
               the Fort, its construction, and its occupation from 1834-1947. These documents often
               mention vessels that were observed and lost during this period.

                       The John C. Pace Library at the University of West Florida has three sections that
               provide a wealth of background material. The Reference section contains a large collection
               of maps and charts of Pensacola and the bay area. The Special Collections Department
               contains personal papers and business records of a number of families that were instrumental
               in Pensacola's growth and the development of a maritime economy, including the lumber,
               fishing, shipbuilding and shipping industries. This department also houses the Official
               Record of the Union and the Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, the Woodstock
               Papers, and several other sources on the Civil War years in Pensacola. Special Collections also
               includes maps and charts of the region drawn as early as the 16th century, and photographs
               of the area dating from the 1850s to the present. The U.S. Documents section contains the
               1877 and 1879 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers which
               describes the salvage work of George Legallis who removed wrecks and obstructions from
               the Pensacola Harbor entrance.





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 113





                                 The Pensacola Historical Museum, currently located in         Old Christ Church in
                        downtown Pensacola, has a research library section. The museum collection contains maps,
                        charts, manuscripts, photographs and newspaper clippings depicting historic Pensacola and
                        its maritime heritage. The library staff has also created a shipwreck file that lists most of
                        the previously known wrecks to have been reported in and around Pensacola.
 0

                        Private Collections
                                 Several area residents allowed the survey staff to study their family documents and
                        photographs. These documents include a Captain's logbook and a collection of shipyard
                        records. Copies of turn-of -the -century photographs show ships during their operating
 0                      careers that were later recorded by the Pensacola survey staff as wrecks.


                        Shipwreck Summary Reports
                                 In addition to summaries of local shipwrecks published in previous archaeological
                        reports, two other sources were used to create and update the data base of ships reported as
                        lost in Pensacola. A manuscript in progress by local maritime historian William Mills Jr.
                        contains historical research as well as listings of wrecks discovered in the area. Another wreck
                        list compiled by Mr. Larry Broussard, an amateur historian and sport diving enthusiast, is
                        on file at the Pensacola Historical Museum.



                        Wreck and Obstruction Data Bases
                                 Hard copies of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Automated
                        Wreck and Obstruction Information System and the United States Coast Guard's data bases
                        on wrecks and navigational obstructions were checked for any information contained on
                        historic shipwrecks in the Pensacola area.



                        Sources of Local Information
                                 A great deal of information on Pensacola area shipwrecks was obtained from local
                        residents, charter boat captains, sport divers, fishermen and personnel of the Florida Marine
                        Patrol. At the project's inception, a form was printed up that explained the survey goals and
                        solicited information from the general public. This form was distributed to local dive shops,
                        bait & tackle stores and marinas. As the project began to take shape, local newspapers printed
                        articles *and staff members gave public talks at area historical and archaeological society
                        meetings. Often at these meetings, area residents would share their stories and discoveries
                        with survey staff members. All shipwrecks that were reported were added to the data base,
                        and investigated and evaluated on a priority basis.



                        Field Work


                                 The field season took place between February and September of 1991. Sites were
                        located, assessed, and evaluated on a priority basis dependant upon several logistical factors,
                        including the weather, equipment availability, and volunteer participation.


                        Positioning
                                 The position of all shipwrecks located both inside and outside of the bay were






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research                                                          OF
             114 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               recorded using a SI-TEX LORAN C EZ-97 receiver. LORAN, an acronym for long range
               navigation, is a government maintained system used for coastal navigation. A series of land
               base stations transmit low frequency (100 Khz) pulses. A group of at least three base stations
               makes up a chain. These chains send out pulses at measured intervals that are then received
               by a shipboard transceiver. The transceiver analyzes the time differences of the pulses
               received from the different base stations, and locates the ship and its receiver relative to these
               stations. Geographical positions derived with LORAN C are called lines of position (LOP)
               and are measured in microseconds. Some navigational charts show LORAN LOPs in addition
               to latitude and longitude. LORAN C units do convert LOPs to latitude and longitude, but
               this is simply an electronic conversion using a mathematical equation within the LORAN
               C receiver unit. This equation does not completely compensate for land based interruptions
               of the base station signals. For this reason when using LORAN, latitude and longitude
               positioning is not as accurate as the use of LOPs. While LORAN C positions are known as
               accurate to within .1 to .25 nautical miles offshore when using LORAN charts, inshore
               positioning suffers due to irregular pulse signal transmittal over land and water, instead of
               just land. While LORAN C positioning is not always accurate for determining geographical
               position, it is considered excellent for repeatability, or the ability to return to a site. Lines
               of Position were used for recording the position of all wrecks investigated by the survey staff.


               Remote Sensing Methods
                       Two methods of remote sensing technology were used to survey submerged areas
               likely to yield shipwrecks within the Pensacola Bay system: magnetometry and side scan sonar.
               A proton precession magnetometer is used to search for differences, reflecting the presence
               of metal, in the earth's magnetic field. Ships built with metal fasteners, or carrying ballast,
               anchors, or armament all produce recognizable magnetic "signatures." Side scan sonar sends
               out acoustical signals that reflect at different intervals depending upon the location and
               composition of the materials that they encounter. This reproduces an image of the seafloor
               called a sonograph. High frequency pulses reflect off of the sea bottom and lower frequency
               signals tend to penetrate softer bottom sediments. An experienced side scan sonar operator
               can recognize bottom type, locate anomalies on the sea bottom, and often locate partially
               buried wrecks by recognizing the acoustic signal patterns produced.


               Areas Surveyed
                       The purchase or rental of remote sensing equipment is relatively expensive and the
               survey staff had to rely on limited access to borrowed equipment. By necessity, all positioning
               for survey work was done using LORAN C LOPs. The description of areas surveyed and the
               survey equipment used is listed as follows:


               Old English Cove Side-Scan Sonar Survey
                        On March 10 and I I a side-scan sonar survey was completed in Old English Cove
               on the southern shore of the Gulf Breeze peninsula. The use of a Klein 591 sonar unit was
               donated by A&A Enterprises, Inc. of Noank, Ct. The unit is particularly useful since it
               transmits at two frequencies, both 100 kHz and 500 kHz, and allows the operator to view
               both channel's sonar records simultaneously. This aids in interpretation of the record,
               particularly when encountering partially buried objects, since the lower frequency signal
               often detected objects buried in soft sediment. The sonar records were evaluated and
               promising targets were checked or "ground truthed."






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 115






                        Old Navy Cove Side Scan Sonar Survey
                                On April 4-9 a side-scan sonar survey was completed in Old Navy Cove on the
                        northwest coast of the Gulf Breeze peninsula, a known anchorage and careenage. The use
                        of a Klein 591 unit was again donated by A& A Enterprises, Inc.. Targets were located,
                        buoyed and ground truthed.        Several of the targets were probably buried under the
                        accumulated sediment.



                        Bayou Grande Magnetometer Survey
                                On May 18 and 19 a magnetometer survey was completed in Bayou Grande. The use
                        of a Littlemore Scientific proton precession magnetometer was donated by Tidewater Atlantic
                        Research.



                        Blackwater River Mapnetometer Survey
                                On July 9-12 a magnetometer survey was conducted in the Blackwater River where
                        Pond Creek drains into the main river, just off of the nineteenth century location of the
                        Ollinger & Bruce Shipyard. The magnetometer used was an EG&G G-866 proton precession
                        magnetometer loaned by the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit of the National Park
                        Service.



                        Hull Recording & Mapping
                                Site mapping and hull recording were predicated on the significance of the site and
                        the extent of hull remains visible. Hulls were recorded using a centerline baseline and all
                        points were taken from this datum. Triangulation was used to record points on the hull to
                        provide the basic hull shape. Construction details were recorded in measured sketches and
                        then placed in context of the hull proper using the baseline datum. All sites were recorded
                        with a minimal amount of disturbance. One exception was site 8SR983, which was cleared
                        of overburden in four test trench areas to determine the extent of the buried remains of the
                        hull, which was considered very significant because of its age and unique construction
                        features. Sites with little to no visible remains were recorded with features drawn relative
                        to one another. Buried remains were probed with three foot stainless steel rods to ascertain
                        the extent and parameters of the site.



                        Artifact Sampling & Treatment
                                The shipwreck survey field procedures were designed to record and assess hull
                        remains in a non-disturbance mode. Artifacts were only recovered for one reason. Diagnostic
                        artifacts discovered that would have lost their contextual provenance or been threatened by
                        erosion or salvage were recovered. All recovered artifacts were given provenance in reference
                        to the site map, hull features or baseline. Simple procedures for the conservation and
                        stabilization of recovered artifacts took place at the survey headquarters.


                        Data Storage

                                Incoming information and data generated by the survey were stored in the computer
                        data base. All possible sites were assigned a PSS target number that was then used as the
                        computer file name. A master list was kept and continually updated as to site status. Hard
                        copies of any information pertaining to the site were filed by target number. In addition to







                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            116 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               the data base, narrative reports were prepared on each site the survey staff located. Sites were
               plotted onto a computer -generated master site map, and also plotted by hand onto a set of
               geodetic survey maps.



               The Data Base
                       The data base program used was dBASE III Plus. Each data base record contained
               fields designed to store information on the site name, an assigned PSS target number, a general
               location description, and a specific location using latitude, longitude and LORAN C lines of
               position. Since the records contained in the data base could be either historical accounts,
               locally reported sites, or sites discovered by remote sensing, each record was assigned a status
               field so that sources of information could be differentiated. Arbitrary zones were also
               assigned to different portions of the bay and offshore so that records could be sorted by their
               location. Each record contained information on bottom type, water depth and whether or not
               a site had been ground truthed, and/or surveyed with a magnetometer or side scan sonar. Data
               records contained a number of fields designed to be filled in with brief answers that could
               later be manipulated to sort the data base; these fields included LOA, Breadth, Type, Rig,
               Nation and Time Period. If a shipwreck site had two different types of status, such as a
               historical wreck report and an as yet unidentified vessel hull, it was assigned two different
               data base records that were then cross referenced.



               Narrative Reports
                       A descriptive narrative report was prepared for every site located and investigated.
               These files were written in a word processing format, stored in the computer, and named
               by target number to avoid confusion. In these reports, sites were both described and
               evaluated. Each report contained the following sections: Site Number, Site Name, General
               Location, Specific Location, General Site description, Features, Artifacts, Illustrations,
               Threats to Site, Assessment, Recommendations, Reporters, and Sources.



               Site Maps & Litte Drawings
                       Rough mylar site maps and sketches were prepared for all shipwreck sites located.
               These sketches were filed in the hard copy site file by target number. When a site was,recorded
               in detail, scale site maps were drawn onto graph paper. When ships lines were recorded they
               were reproduced in scale drawings, in both pencil and ink. All scale drawings were labeled
               and stored by name and target number, and cross referenced through the Illustrations section
               in the target's narrative report.


               CAD Mapping
                       A master file of the Pensacola Bay area was generated in AutoCAD version 10 and
               stored in the computer. All sites located were plotted onto this chart and identified by target
               number. Sites can be plotted using either latitude and longitude, or UTM coordinates from
               geodetic survey maps. Because of the inherent problems previously mentioned when using
               converted LORAN C latitude and longitude coordinates for positioning, the sites mapped on
               the computer generated chart are considered as inexact for navigation or relocation. The chart
               is a record keeping tool and site relocation is dependant upon the LORAN C LOPs listed in
               each target's data record.






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 117






                         Addition to the Florida Master Site File
                                 All sites that were located by the shipwreck survey staff were reported and assigned
                         numbers to become part of the Florida Master Site File of archaeological sites. All Florida
                         Master Site File Numbers begin with the number 8, followed by two letters used to designate
                         the county. The following numbers are then assigned sequentially within each county as the
                         sites are reported. The Florida Master Site File presently uses a separate form for the reporting
                         of underwater archaeological sites. This form however, differentiates only slightly from the
                         master form, and contains little information on what was found other than the designation
                         "historic shipwreck" (see Chapter 10, Recommendations).


                         Volunteer Participation

                                 The shipwreck survey utilized volunteer participation in several areas. Local
                         volunteers assisted the survey staff by helping with research, fieldwork, and office work. In
                         addition to the time volunteered by area residents, the survey staff was supplemented by both
                         graduate and undergraduate archaeology students throughout the year. Area businesses also
                         supported the shipwreck survey by providing both supplies and services.



                         Public Education & Awareness


                                 One of the goals emphasized from the survey's outset was to increase awareness about
                         the archaeological importance of historic shipwrecks in West Florida, while at the same time
                         making the information obtained accessible to the general public. Towards this end,
                         dissemination of information about the project and its goals and discoveries, took place in
                         several venues. Newspaper and local magazines articles were written about the survey and
                         its progress, interviews were given periodically on both radio and television stations, and talks
                         were given updating the information about sites located and recorded throughout the year
                         to several local organizations. A quarterly newsletter was produced which outlined the survey
                         status. The newsletter was sent out to an extensive mailing list and distributed at local talks.
                         The shipwreck survey headquarters was located downtown in the Pensacola Historic
                         Preservation District and was open for the public to visit.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           118  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 119






                                        CHAPTER 8. WRECK INVENTORY AND DESCRIPTIONS



                         Introduction


                                 The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey data base contained 162 possible target sites. During
                         the course of the project field season, 33 of the sites were located,. assessed, and recorded.
                         Each site was evaluated on arbitrary criteria established solely for the purpose of this survey.
                         The following points were considered for each site's evaluation:

                                 1. The condition and extent of the hull remains at the site.

                                 2. The hull type and construction methods relative to known contemporary naval
                         architecture practices.

                                 3. The historical significance of the vessel relative to Pensacola7s maritime history and
                         the historical significance of the site to the broader historical background of the period.

                                 4. Environmental effects on the site; bo      th threats to the present remains and
                         environmental factors that caused the current state of preservation.

                                 5. Cultural impact on the site; i.e. dredging, construction, looting and recreational
                         diving.

                                 The maritime history of Pensacola has been divided into eight time periods.

                                 1. The First Spanish Period, 1513-1763

                                 2. The British Period, 1763-1783

                                 3. The Second Spanish Period,     1783-1821

                                 4. The Early American Period, 1821-1861

                                 5. The Civil War, 1861-1865

                                 6. The Maritime Expansion Period, 1865-1906

                                 7. The Early Twentieth Century Period, 1906-1945

                                 8. The Late Twentieth Century Period, 1945-Present
                                 These periods generally follow the accepted format of the historical development of
                         Florida. Within the context of these chronological periods the sites located are described and
                         evaluated on the above criteria. Individual analysis of each wreck is contained within each
                         narrative. Broader analyses are addressed in the following chapter.






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             120 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               1. First Spanish Period, 1559-1763

                       No sites were located from this period. This is the result of several influencing factors.
               Sites from this period may be under a heavy layer of accumulated sediment. Also, the small
               amounts of iron likely to be present on these sites would generate a very subtle magnetometer
               signature, easily lost in the cluttered background of the areas surveyed. Although numerous
               vessels from this period are known to have been lost in Pensacola, a more intense survey
               methodology, perhaps with bottom -penetrating sonar, may be required to locate these targets.

                       Sites from this period would be among the most significant of those in the bay. They
               include at least eight vessels lost by Luna in 1559, two French ships and five Spanish ships
               lost in 1719, and a Spanish felucca lost in 1722. These wrecks all are historically documented
               and would be significant in terms of hull construction, their importance to Pensacola's
               history, and their relationship to the colonization of the Gulf of Mexico. A thorough survey
               with the appropriate equipment is highly recommended.


               2. The British Period, 1763-1783

                       Two vessels were recorded from this period (Figure 8. 1). Deadman's Island Shipwreck
               (8SR782) was recorded prior to this survey, having been the subject of a University of West
               Florida field school in 1989 and the topic of a thesis by Robert Finegold (see Previous Work).
               The second site, 8SR983, was recorded in detail by the PSS staff. 8SR983 was originally found
               by a local resident, Wayne  Farrior, who notified the survey staff. Two additional sites known
               to have been lost in this period, HMS Stork and HMS Mentor, were not located. The Mentor,
               reported lost near present-day Milton in the Blackwater River, warrants systematic search.

                                        PSS Site Number: - T123SR
                                        Site Name:              Town Point Wreck
                                        Master Site File:       8SR983


               General Location
                       The site is located in approximately     3 feet of water near Town Point. The bottom
               sediment was coarse quartzite sand. Underlying this sand lens was a fine gray clay. This layer
               is located directly beneath the vessel remains.

                       General Site descrigtion. The remains at the Town Point site are those of an l8th-
               century cutter or sloop. See Figure 8.2 for the site plan drawing and construction details.
               Vessel remains at the site are 35.7 ft. in length with maximum exposed breadth of 8.5 ft. Most
               of the starboard side of the vessel is present to slightly above the turn of the bilge. Excavation
               on site was confined to four trenches, one at the stem, one at the stern, one at the mast step
               and a longitudinal trench along the port side of the keel. A baseline was attached along the
               centerline of the vessel remains. The zero point on the baseline was at the stem on the
               forwardmost preserved surface. The bow trench extended from 0 to 6.1 ft., the step assembly
               trench was from 16.8 ft. to 19.0 ft., and the stern excavation was from 23.0 ft. to 35.7 ft.
               The entire starboard frame line was exposed to assess room and space, planking thickness
               and fastener type. Maximum excavated depth was 2.75 feet. Excavation was carried out with
               an induction dredge. All major structural members were sampled for wood type identifica-
               tion. The still-articulated remains were keel, stem post assembly, floors, first futtocks, second
               futtocks, bilge ceiling, exterior planking, deadwood, the knee of the head, the stern post and
               the mast step. The navigable keel was broken off and lying to port. The vessel remains listed








                                                                                                    13
                                                                                    CU







                                                             SR983,,

                                                             SR782-                        GULF BREEZE


                                                                                                         WATE         A
                                                                                          ,OASrAL




                                                                               ROSA,



                                               Figure 8. 1. Location Map of British Period Sites, 1763- 1783.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           122   Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                                                                                                             Florida Bureau of Arc aeological Research
                                                                                                            Florida Archaeological Reports    ranklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 123


















                                     H04DK SCAR@ IN EXTFRIOR PILA-ING




                                                                            7.
                                                                                                            .4

                                                                                                                                  -17
                                                                                                                                  17,
                                                        NIP-                                                                    n
                                                                                                                                07


                                                                                                                                                     7@









                                                                                           _71








                                .7








             STEV ASSEVSLY
                                                                                                                                                                    of To

                                                                                                                                                           PROPOSED STERN ASSEMBLY ------
                                                                                                                         G1
                     TIN
                                                                                                                         A.HCI.-O I% AN.' Toool
                                                                                                                                        KI"a
                                                                                                                                                           IST
                            1. o(H             1... 11 w


                                                                                                                                                         $ARFIOARD PtA-K
                                 -,:7 OF
                                                                                                                                                          OF ADWO65
                                      C:.. AD                                        8SR983 TOWN POINT WRECK

                                                                                                                                c"o %cfl@, ciNTERIlm
                                                                                                                                F ss
                                                                                                                                A I I ooKIfto FORWARD
                                                                                    0    1    2    3   4FEET
                                                                                                                                                      FOR
                                                                                                                             ,T_




















                                                                                                                             Figure 8.2. Site Plan of ESR983, Town Point Wreck.





                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 125






                         to starboard approximately 24 degrees.

                                 The preserved length of 35.7 feet includes the concreted gudgeon assembly. The vessel
                         would have had a beam of 14.66 feet. Floors are through-pinned to the keel and are forward
                         of the first futtock in the bow and aft of the first futtock in the stern and amidships. Where
                         the keelson is present, the pins run through the keelson, floors and then into the keel. First
                         futtocks are spiked longitudinally to the floors and do not butt the keel/keelson assembly.
                         Second futtocks are not butted to the head of the floors nor are they spiked on to the first
                         futtock in the two examples uncovered.

                                 The stem assembly is complex and unusual. A cutwater and stem post are scarphed
                         to a two-piece keel assembly backed by the knee of the head. Three frames are also present
                         in the bow on the centerline. The single mast step is a mortise and tenon arrangement and
                         the ceiling and exterior planking is secured with both treenails and iron spikes.

                                 Hull shape is indicative of a square transom and a fairly slack bilge. The stern post
                         assembly is similar to the stem with the keel assembly forming the base for the scarph
                         arrangement with the stern post. Room and space varies from .90 ft. to .60 ft. The average
                         moulded thickness of the frames is .33 feet. The average sided dimension of the frames is
                         .30 feet. In addition to the intact keel assembly, broken off and lying to port, the remains
                         of a full navigable keel were discovered.


                         Features
                                 Keel: The sprung keel is made of two pieces, K I and K2. K I rides atop K2 to form
                         the sprung keel assembly. K I is a continuous timber from bow to stern and rises at either
                         end to form the base of the stem and stern assemblies. KI is 34 feet in length. In the bow
                         there is a mortise on the port side. This mortise is .15 ft. deep, .25 ft. wide on the lower edge
                         and .40 ft. wide at the top. A single .0 1 ft. spike hole is present and heavy iron residue covers
                         the mortise. K I forms the upper portion of the stem post scarph. In the stern K I rises to form
                         the lower portion of the outer post. K I is .75 -ft. square in the midships run. K2 is 35.4 ft.
                         in length. Its sided thickness measures .75 ft. with a .50 ft. moulded height. In the bow this
                         forms the lower portion of the stem post scarph. In the stern K2 ends below K I with a slight
                         rake. Two iron straps were used in the bow to secure these two pieces together. These straps
                         are let into the wood and are secured by a single iron spike (.02 ft. square shank) into each
                         timber. Two of these straps were recorded in the bow and one in the stern.

                                 The rabbet is formed between KI and a hogging piece in the bow and midships and
                         between KI and the deadwood in the stern. The hogging piece is .20 ft. by .75 ft. The rabbet
                         in the bow is .15 ft. deep. In the stern the rabbet is deeper and more acute. The lower edge
                         of the rabbet is .15 ft. wide and .25 ft. wide on the rising edge. It is .20 ft. deep.

                                 Deadwood: The deadwood is present only in the stern and ended at 24 feet on the
                         baseline. It is fayed directly onto the keel and was notched slightly to accept the floors. It
                         ends in a flat surface .50 ft. higher than the top of the keel. The five aftermost floors are
                         fastened through the deadwood to the keel assembly.

                                 Keelson: The keelson was badly eroded. It was only uncovered at the mast step over
                         floors 3 and 4. In the stern it was exposed from floor 5 and ended on floor 6. It has a sided
                         dimension of .75 ft. Due to deterioration, no molded dimension could be taken. Where the
                         keelson crossed the floors a through-pin fastened the keelson, floor, and keel.






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              126 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                         Stem gost assembly The stem post/cutwater is fayed to the keel in a bird's mouth
                scarph arrangement. K2 extends all the way forward and forms the base of the scarph. The
                heels of the cutwater and stem rest on this portion of the scarph. The after edge of the scarph
                is formed by KI and K2, The scarph is worked into K2 to form the lower angle and is
                continued by the forward edge of K1. This angle is approximately 60 degrees. The length
                of the scarph on the lower edge is 1.75 ft. The stem post is held to K2 by an iron strap, .40
                ft. by .20 ft., with a single spike into each timber. A single through-pin apparently runs
                through the cutwater and the stem longitudinally into K2. The rabbet is formed by the
                hogging piece and KI. A knee rests atop this assembly with three frames vertically pinned
                into the keel. The knee extends from 1.6 feet to 5.2 feet on the baseline, giving a preserved
                length of 3.6 ft. The frames atop the knee are at 1.0, 3.0 and 4.5 ft. on the baseline.

                         Framinp, In the forward section of the vessel, the floors are placed forward of the
                first futtock. Floor I is .30 ft. sided and is centered at 4.65 ft. on the baseline. It is slightly
                notched over the longitudinal timber beneath it, which is probably the keel, but could
                conceivably be a section of rising (dead) wood. The first futtock is offset from the starboard
                keel edge by .10 ft. at the extreme heel. The first futtock is also .30 ft. sided and is spiked
                longitudinally to the floor.

                         Floor 2 is centered at 5.9 feet on the centerline baseline. This floor is also .30 ft. sided.
                Both of these floors are center pinned with drift pins LI ft. in diameter. Both floors are also
                missing on the port side within 1.0 ft. of the centerline. Neither of these floors show any sign
                of the keelson or upper molded surface. Space between floors is 1.1 feet.

                         Floor 3 is centered at 17.3 feet on the baseline and is .35 ft. sided. This member is
                at the forward end of the mortise for the vessel's single mast.

                         Floor 4 is centered at 18.7 feet on the baseline and is .35 ft. sided. This floor is pinned
                below the mortise which has its aft end at 18.8 feet on the baseline. The keelson is present
                on this floor. The keelson, floor 4 and the keel are pinned together at the forward end of
                the mortise.


                         Floor 5 is centered at 23.15 feet on the baseline. Space between frames is 1.1 feet.
                Floor 6 is centered at 24.6 feet and is .35 ft. sided. The keelson ends here and is through
                pinned. Floor 7 is centered at 26.1 feet and is .30 ft. sided. Floor length from the centerline
                is 2.9 ft. The first futtock is forward of the floor and its heel is offset from the keel by .10
                ft. it is .30 ft. sided and is longitudinally spiked to the floor.

                         Floor 8 is centered at 27.7 ft. and is .30 ft. sided. Length from the centerline is 2.95
                ft. The first futtock is forward of the floor, offset .10 ft. and longitudinally fastened to the
                floor. The first futtock is .40 ft. sided and is a repair part added at some time during the
                vessel's career. The first futtock is 6.0 ft. in length, and extends to the edge of the preserved
                hull. The second futtock is not affixed to the head of the first futtock and is .30 ft. sided.


                         Floor 9 is centered at 29.1 ft and is .30 feet sided. Length from centerline is 3.1 feet.
                The first futtock is forward of the floor and is offset 10 ft. at the heel and is .33 ft. sided.
                The preserved length of the first futtock is 5.8 ft. It extends to the preserved edge of the
                hull remains.


                         .Floor 10 is the last floor in the vessel and is centered at 30.6 ft. It is .33 ft. sided and
                2.6 ft. in length off of the centerline. The first futtock is forward of the floor offset by .10






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 127





                         ft. from the keel. It is longitudinally fastened to the floor by iron spikes and is 4.0 ft. in
                         preserved length.

                                 Stern Post Assembly: This is the most complex assembly on the vessel. KI and K2,
                         in conjunction with the deadwood form the base for the post arrangement. Due to the limits
                         of the excavation, thorough examination of this structure was not possible.

                                 Full (Navigable) Keel: Remains of this feature are lying directly to port of the vessel.
                         Iron pins were recorded extending from the bottom of K2., The extensive artifactual material
                         uncovered along with this feature precluded any further examination. Cordage, intact bottles
                         and -rigging items were all in the material matrix around the keel.

                                 Mast stev: The mast step is a simple mortise located through the keelson (Figure 8.3).
                         Its forward edge is at 17.4 ft. on the baseline and is located over the aft edge of Floor 3. The
                         after edge of the mortise is at 18.8 ft. on the baseline and is over the aft edge of Floor 4.
                         Overall length of the mortise is 1.4 ft. Floor 4 is pinned through to the keel below the mortise.
                         A single support for the mast step is located to starboard of the mortise and is spiked directly
                         to the bilge ceiling. The step support is secured by 4 iron spikes, .10 ft. in diameter. It is 2.5
                         ft. in length, .5 ft. wide, and .5 ft. in thickness at the inboard edge. The outboard edge is
                         .10 ft. in thickness. This piece runs athwartships. The inboard spike is into the limber strake.
                         At this point a repair plank has been spiked to the limber board. The forward edge of this
                         plank is at 17.9 ft. and it extends aft to 27.45 feet on the baseline.

                                 Planking The vessel is planked with .15 ft. thick exterior planking and .10 ft. thick
                         bilge ceiling. Planks are affixed with square shank iron spikes (.02 ft. by 2 ft.). Trunnels are
                         also present securing the exterior planking. Eight strakes of the exterior planking are visible
                         in the stern. The seams are payed with oakum. The average plank width is approximately
                         .73 ft. Width varies from .90 ft. to .65 ft. Amidships, there are I I strakes remaining. The
                         limber strake has been covered with the repair plank mentioned above. The tenth plank
                         outboard from the keel has been displaced upward. Width varies from .85 ft. to .50 ft. The
                         last strake is badly deteriorated and is only .30 ft. wide. A hook scarph is present between
                         two of the uppermost exterior strakes.

                         Wood Samnle Analysis
                                 Eight wood samples were sent to Lee Newsom of the Florida Museum of Natural
                         History for   analysis. They were identified as fol  lows:

                                       Knee of the head-Quercus sp., white oak group
                                       Keelson-white oak, same as above.
                                       Bilge ceiling plank-white oak, same as above.
                                       Floor-white oak, same as above with very narrow rings.
                                       Ist futtock-white oak, same as above but with wider rings in more typical
                                               growth.
                                       Stem-Pinus sp., section diploxylon. Hard pine group, specifically Taeda pines,
                                               a group composed solely of New World members, including longleaf
                                               (Pinus palustris) and the other southern hard or yellow pines.
                                       Outer hull planking-Morus (rubra), mulberry, probably North American red
                                               mulberry.
                                       Deadwood-white oak, same as above.
                                       Trunnel-Chamaecyparis (thyoides), white cedar, probably Atlantic white cedar.






                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research                                                      41
            128   Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                      Artifacts


                      The following artifacts were found associated with the hull remains.

                      123/01-green bottle base, broken (Hume 1980:68, style dates to 1783)
                      123/02-wooden parrel
                      123/03 -sheathing tack
                      123/04-Fe fastener-drawn only (Hume 1980:253, most like #6, T-headed
                         wrought iron, "Colonial")
                      123/05-barrel cask head-drawn & photographed only
                      123/06-applied string green glass bottle neck (Hume 1980:67, style dates to 1761)
                      123/07-green glass bottle base (Hume 1980:67, style dates to 1770)
                      123/08-delft base sherd (Bense 1989a:2, 1600-1800)
                      123/09-amber glass bottle stopper (Hume 1980:197, resembles 1755-70 type)
                      123/10-Cu 'horseshoe' button
                      123/11 -ring-metal?-encrusted- very light
                      123/12-brass/Cu strip
                      123/13-green glass wine bottle base (Hume 1980:67, style dates to 1767)
                      123/14-wooden parrel
                      123/15-wooden brush head & portion of handle (pegged)
                      123/16-mahogany or cherry yoke/carrying handle

              Threats to Site


                      The site is threatened primarily by erosion, tidal action, and wind and wave effects.
              It is currently reburied, but will probably uncover and recover as storms pass through the
              cove. Beachcombers and pot hunters are a potential hazard, should the site's location become
              known.


              Assessment
                      The vessel at Town Point is a mid to late 18th-century sloop or, more likely a cutter.
              She is fairly slack in the turn of the bilge and probably had a square transom. The stem
              assembly is complex and relatively heavy, given the vessel's overall dimensions. The three
              frames on the knee of the head are interesting, in that they are probably floor members for
              the bow cants, a somewhat unusual framing arrangement. The first f uttock is aft of the floor
              in the-bow. Amidships and in the stern the first futtock is forward of the floor. This is a
              variation of the accepted convention of first futtock forward of the floor forward of the
              master frame and after the floor after the master frame. The repair of the limber strake and
              the replacement of a futtock indicates a well-used vessel. She shows no other sign of repair
              work.


                      Hull shape and garboard angle are indicative of a fairly fine bow and a sharp
              downward turn towards the centerline. The remains of the full keel and the arrangement of



                                                0         0










                                                                                                                CL
                                                                                                                W






                                                                                                                0
                                              8SR983 TOWN POINT WRECK                                           0





                                                                                                                  CL
                               c,








                                                                                                                  >



                                                eX







                                                                                                                  ID
                                                                                                                  fA



                                               OBLIOUE VIEW OF MAST STEP





                                Figure 8.3. Oblique View of Mast Step Trench at Midships, 8SR983.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           130  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 131






                        K I and K2 are very complex. Since no major excavation was carried out, the details of these
                        features and the stern assembly are still relatively unknown. Both trunnels and spikes are used
                        in planking as well as hook scarps. The mast step is relatively simple, and the mast heel would
                        have rested on floors 3 and 4, or would have been fitted between them and rested on the keel.

                                This vessel was rigged as a sloop or possibly as a cutter. Artifactual material and
                        construction features indicate the 18th century date ascribed to the site. The construction
                        techniques and design are English, suggesting that the vessel was built by the English or
                        American colonists in the New World. Although Old Navy Cove was a well used careenage
                        during  the vessel's period of operation, the presence of the full (navigable) keel on the vessel
                        suggests that she would not have been taken intentionally into such shallow water. Perhaps
                        the vessel was either accidentally driven ashore by storm or by navigational error, or
                        abandoned in deeper water and later driven ashore.



                        Recommendations
                                This site should be examined in further detail and completely documented. Due to
                        the fragile nature of the hull remains, it should be protected and access restricted. The site
                        is historically and archaeologically significant, and offers valuable information on small craft
                        construction from the colonial period. Provisions for recording and conservation of artifacts
                        should be made prior to further investigation of the site, due to the large amount of artifactual
                        material encountered among the vessel's remains. Full excavation is recommended.



                        3. The Second Spanish Period, 1783-1821

                                No sites were located from this period. Spanish record keeping from this time is
                        sketchy at best. Only two vessels, the Intrepido and the Volador, are mentioned as lost during
                        this period although undoubtedly there were others (Pensacola Historical Museum Shipwreck
                        File).


                        4. The Early American Period, 1821-1861

                                Two sites were recorded from this period (Figure 8.4). 8ES1897 was a caisson, sunk
                        in the 1830s in conjunction with a wharf building project at the new navy yard. The site was
                        documented in 1990 by Panamerican Consultants (see Previous Work). The second site,
                        8ES1901, is located off of Fort Pickens on the Gulf side of south Santa Rosa Island. 8ES1901
                        is a heavily constructed merchant vessel.


                                                 PSS Site Number:        T136E
                                                 Site Name:              Pickens Wreck
                                                 Master Site File:       8ES1901


                        General Location
                                The wreck is located on the southwestern coast of Santa Rosa Island, in the surf zone,
                        approximately 100.feet offshore. The bottom sediment is white sand and the water depth
                        varies from 2-5 feet depending on tide and wave conditions.






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            132   Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






               General Site Description
                       The remains of the Pickens wreck are believed to be those of a 19th-century
               commercial vessel. Visible remains run 81.8 ft. in length and 28.4 ft. in breadth. Figure 8.5
               is a site plan drawing of the exposed remains. The extant portion of the stem assembly
               protrudes about 2 feet above the sand bottom. Two layers of planking (exterior and interior)
               survive, both approximately .25-.30 ft. thick. The wreck is oriented along an approximate
               north/south axis with the bow facing towards shore. A baseline/centerline was stretched from
               inside the stempost assembly running aft (or south), and all subsequent measurements were
               made in reference to the baseline. No test trenches were excavated and only the remains that
               were naturally exposed were mapped. The stem assembly still retains the rabbet cut to receive
               the exterior hull planks. The tops of sixteen frame pairs are visible to port, along with one
               cant frame near the stem. The tops of 27 frame pairs are visible on the starboard side, with
               an 8-foot interruption occurring 17 ft. from the stem.

                       Remnants of heavily reinforced deckbeams are visible along the starboard side. These
               deckbeams, spaced about 5 ft. apart, are supported by lodging as well as hanging knees and
               rest upon the deckclamp. Encrusted remains of chain plates were present along the starboard
               side of the wreck, beginning 26 ft. from the stem and ending 42 ft. from the stem. Two round
               timbers protrude from the sand along the vessel's centerline. The first, probably a samson
               post, is located about 7.4 ft. from the stem. A mast, severely raked, is 26.2 ft. from the stem.
               Bricks, both yellow and red, were lying just within the hull on the starboard side of the hull,
               concreted to the remains of the chainplates. Copper sheathing was detected beneath the
               sediment on the outer hull planking, along with a copper tack.


               Features
                       Fasteners: The hull was fastened with trunnels through the frames to the outer hull
               planking. The trunnel diameter is .15 ft. Sand cast bronze spikes were used to fasten the outer
               hull planking to the stem post. A square-shanked, flat-headed copper tack fastened copper
               sheathing to the outer hull.

                       Frames: The molded dimension of the frames is about .65 ft. while the sided dimension
               of each frame averages .6 ft. The frames are in pairs and room and space between pairs
               averages 2.5 f t.

                       Wood Sample One treenail was sent to Lee Newsom of the Florida Museum of natural
               History for analysis. It was identified as black locust, a common choice for trunnels in the
               New World.


                       Brick Samt)les Four bricks were removed from the site and shown to David Dodson,
               a local brick expert. He reported that the bricks were hand cut and fit the size and shape
               patterns of two early nineteenth century Pensacola brick manufacturers, Bonifay (M. or
               Emmanuel) or J. Noriega. Both yellow and red brick fragments were found on the wrecked
               vessel.



               Threats to Site
                       This site is threatened by the extremely dynamic nature of the portion of coastline
               where the wreck is located. An unusually long period of southwesterly winds caused a
               washout of the coastline and recently exposed this wreck for the first time in many years.
               Given the changing nature of this area, the wreck could either be largely uncovered, or






                                             Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 133


















                                                                                                                00












                                                                                                                E
                                                                                                                <



                                                                                                                CIS




                                                                                                                06




                                                                                                                0



                                                                                                   LJ


                                                                                                                06
                                                                                                                ID










                                                    0

                                                     Id






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           134 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola



















                  STFM ASSEMBLY







                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                                                                          4r





                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0  916




















                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                      L
                                                                                                          A
                                                                                      rtri C-r] t 10 LE



                                                                                                                                                                                                                               CL
                                                                                                                                                                                  8ES1901                                      C41
                                                                                                                                                                                  PICKENS WRECK



                                                                                                                                                                                                        10  till





                                                                                Figure 8.5. Site Plan of           8ES1901, Pickens Wreck.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research                                             19
           136 1 Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola









                                                                                                                     (D





                                                                            -                                        0





                                                                                                                     0






                                                                                                                     0






                                                                                                                     0






                                                                                                                     0





                                                                                                                     a

                                                                                                            I




                                                                                                                     0





                                                                                                                     a






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 137





                         quickly reburied by natural forces. It is currently being reburied. The wood is in good
                         condition, but will probably erode quickly if left exposed. Also, its proximity to shore,
                         especially at low tide make it easy prey for wreck hunters. Many areas where outer hull planks
                         were fastened to frames show that fasteners, probably bronze, were freshly removed. It should
                         be noted that this site is located within Park Service jurisdiction.



                         Assessment
                                 The bricks located on the deck could either be part of a hearth or the remains of a
                         cargo. Without further investigation no firm conclusions may be drawn. The sturdy deck
                         construction, suggests that this vessel was built to transport heavy cargo. There is some
                         possibility that this vessel may have been associated with the shipping of bricks crafted in
                         Pensacola. The exposed remains represent the weatherdeck level of the vessel, and the lower
                         hull structure, ballast and perhaps some cargo may remain beneath the sand. The vessel's
                         shape and the use of sandcast bronze spikes suggest that it may have been built in the early
                         19th century.



                         Recommendations
                                 The site is in a disturbed zone, and should be recorded in more detail before further
                         erosion occurs if it remains exposed. It is relatively stable when covered. A water induction
                         dredge could be used to test the area and delineate the vessel's actual size and the extant of
                         the remains. Because of its possibly early construction date, the probability that the hull is
                         complete, and because of its location within Park Service jurisdiction, more work on this site
                         is recommended. Also, if the vessel was carrying bricks, it is of interest in relation to
                         Pensacola's early industrial trade history, especially of interest to Park Service archaeologists
                         working on Ft. Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas, which was built with bricks shipped from
                         antebellum Pensacola (See Murphy 1991:596-611 on FOJE 29 "Brick Wreck").


                         5. The Civil War, 1861-1865

                                 Two sites located in Pensacola bay were recorded from this period (Figure 8.6).
                         Several vessels are known to have been lost in and around Pensacola during the War between
                         the States. The Judah, a Confederate privateer, was lost in the first clash of arms in the state
                         (Figure 8.7). This site has not been positively identified, although an excellent magnetometer
                         signature (Figure 8.8) and extensive buried remains are present at the vessel's reported
                         location of loss. This site has been designated 8ES1904.

                                 Immediately adjacent to the site believed to be Judah are the remains of the steamer
                         Convoy (8ES 1372). The Convoy was documented in 1987 by Tidewater Atlantic Research. The
                         site was also re-examined and evaluated by Pensacola Shipwreck Survey staff, and is included
                         in this discussion. Although lost after the war, Convoy had served as a Union transport and
                         is therefore included in this section.


                                 Also lost by the Union was the frigate Preble, which was part of Admiral David
                         Farragut's West Coast Blockading Squadron. Figure 8.9 is an illustration of the Preble. She
                         was lost to accidental fire while at anchor in 1863. U.S. Navy divers recovered the mast from
                         the Preble, considered to be a navigational hazard, in 1964. The site is currently reported to
                         be completely buried by recent channel dredging and has not been verified by PSS
                         archaeologists.






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            138 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                       Other vessels lost in Pensacola at this time include two steam tugs and four vessels
               used by the Confederates to block the channel entrance. None of these vessels were located
               during this survey. Reports also frequently mention two gunboats that were being constructed
               on the Blackwater river at Bagdad and Milton, but were destroyed by the Confederates before
               they fled Pensacola. Conflicting historical accounts and intensive magnetic interference
               prevented the location of the remains of either of the vessels. A more systematic survey for
               these vessels should be conducted due to their importance to Civil War ship design and to
               Pensacola's maritime history.

                                       PSS Site Number:        T162E
                                       Site Name:              Groundtruth of Judah Site
                                       Master Site File:       8ES1904


               General Location:
                       The site is located just to the north of the harbor entrance channel, in 15-20 feet of
               water. An indigenous clay bottom is covered with an intrusive sandy layer.


               General Site Descrir)tion
                       The only material remains observed at this site were a wooden timber and a stoneware
               jug (recovered). Probing with stainless rods indicated structure buried beneath the sand in
               an area at least 25 feet by 50 feet. The entire site area was a large sand mound rising
               approximately 2-3 feet from the bottom surface.


               Artifacts

                    T162-01
                       One artifact was recovered by PSS staff while diving this site. North and west of where
               the timber structure was found, a stoneware jug T162-01 was recovered. It measures 1.0 ft.
               tall by .6-ft. wide at the base, which is flat and plain cut. The neck is straight and rimless
               and measures.14 ft. wide and .1 ft. high. The square shoulders of the jug are tooled. The
               handle is .2 ft. high. The inside and bottom portion of the jug are glazed with a cream colored
               bristol slip. Above the shoulders the jug is a dark brown albany slip. Glazing and the squared
               shape of the jug suggest a date of the first decade of the twentieth century (Greer 1991:76-
               77).

                       Also reported are numerous artifacts recovered from the site by local sport divers.
               Mr. Dick Pace recovered several cast bronze spikes from the site which he allowed PSS staff
               to record. Two of these spikes measured 7.5 inches long, with square shanks measuring .5
               inches at the top and tapering to .25 inches at the tip, with squared heads measuring .75 inches
               by .30 inches. Another copper spike exhibits the same characteristics, but measures 6 inches
               long with a .35 inch square shank.      Another copper spike is 5.5 inches long with a.35 inch
               shank. A copper drift pin is some 14 inches long, with an average diameter of .65 inches.

                       Larry Broussard, a local diver and wreck historian has recovered several artifacts from
               the site. The artifacts recovered by Broussard include pipes and stems, British Pankhurst
               china, mini balls and a cannonball. These items have been accessioned and catalogued by the
               Pensacola Historical Museum.




















                                                                                                           enport
                                                                                                       Bayou
                                                                        13ct0%L      ran de








                                                                             ES1372


                                                                       S1904




                                        RW I
                            TAI,  W             1'CLgOOTL
                   fZACO 'As
                                         /7)
                                                                                    Santa Rosa                 Isla
                  13'
             A









                                                Figure 8.6. Location Map of Civil War Sites, 1861-1864.







                          Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
     140  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                            Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                      Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola  141
























































                                            Figure 8.7. Line Drawing of Judah Burning.







                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            142  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola


















         ?0














         00
         M


         C@





                               +1
                  00

         5D




                  00

























                                                                                                         <






















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CL






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CD

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                TO
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                C)





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0   I=

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    W



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    C



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    >








                                                                         71@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                o
                                                                                                                                                        41i A@l I i I                                                                               eD

                                                                                                                                                                                                     V
                                                                                                             Aft 4,1@
                                                                                                                                                                                   MWMWAMW




                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -A



                                                                                                                                                                                                   Is

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  W,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         L4



                                                                                                         U.S. PRACTI C E           SHIP      PREBLE





                                                                                                     Figure 8.9. Drawing of USS Preble.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           144  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                 Florida Bureau  of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 145






                         Threats to Site
                                 Any future dredging to widen and deepen the shipping channel could impact this site.
                         Although looting has taken place at this site, the depth of depositional sand covering the site
                         will probably protect the site from future collectors.


                             Assessment
                                 This site has been researched and documented by amateur diver Larry Broussard who
                         has recovered numerous artifacts from the site. He has written articles for both academic and
                         the popular press on the "discovery" of the Judah. The artifacts he has retrieved are all Civil
                         War era and have been donated to the Pensacola Historical Museum.


                                 In addition to Broussard's work, a Corps of Engineers survey in 1986 generated an
                         excellent magnetometer signature at the precise location of this site. This site was not
                         investigated by the Corps in subsequent field work since it was outside of the area designated
                         for channel dredging (Figure 8.8) (U.S. Army COE 1986, Supplemental Chart No. 2).

                                 The depositional sand covering this site is similar to the sand covering the Convoy
                         (ES 1372) site. The distance between the Convoy site and the buried remains at this site is over
                         1,100 feet, making it unlikely that artifacts and structure present at this site are part of the
                         Convoy site. Both sites are contemporary, but given the fact that the Convoy sank in either
                         1864 or 1867, it may not have contained the quantity of arms and munitions recovered here
                         by Broussard.

                                 Similarities in depositional accretion suggest two separate structures trapping
                         transported sand carried in the outflow water column emptying into the Gulf. At this time
                         there is insufficient data to either confirm or deny that the buried structure at this site are
                         those of the William H. Judah.


                         Recommendations
                                 The magnetometer signature, the extent of buried structure and the Civil War
                         munitions found at this site all make a strong case for this being the William H. Judah. The
                         Judah, a Confederate privateer, was burned and sunk on Sept. 13, 1861 by a raiding party
                         from the USS Colorado (Bonney 1861; Woodstock Papers 1887). This cutting-out action was
                         the first mortal combat between Union and Confederate forces in Florida (Bearss 1957 and
                         1961). The Judah had been hired by the Confederates to run the Union blockade and bring
                         supplies into Pensacola. Once in port, she was armed on the orders of the Confederate
                         General, Braxton Bragg with the intention of using her as a raider. However, the raiding party
                         from the Colorado destroyed the Judah before her new career could begin.

                                 The significance of the Judah to both the history of Pensacola and the Civil War is
                         enormous. Given the magnetometer signature, the extent of buried material and artifacts
                         previously recovered, the potential for this site to be Judah is high. These two factors would
                         more than warrant test excavations to positively identify the site.

                                                 PSS Site Number:        T024E
                                                 Site name:              Convoy
                                                 Master Site File:       8ES1372


                         General Site Location:
                                 This site is located to the north of the entrance channel to Pensacola Harbor (Figure






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              146  Florida Archaeological Reports                        Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                 8.10). The water depth is approximately 25 feet. The natural bottom is an indigenous clay,
                 but areas surrounding the wreckage have built up deep pockets of intrusive sand, almost 5
                 feet high in some areas.


                 General Site Descrimion
                         The remains of this site are totally disarticulated and widely scattered. The remains
                 observed were charred planks, stud link chain, iron fasteners, copper sheathing, sheathing
                 tacks, coal, iron beams and a portion of the hull. The exposed hull section is probably the
                 remains of the bilge, which supported the machinery space and the coal bunker.


                 Threats to Site
                         The only potential threat to this site would be additional dredging to widen and
                 deepen the channel. Although known as a local sport diving location, high currents and poor
                 visibility limit the'number of recreational divers visiting the site.


                 Assessment
                         This site was extensively recorded in 1987 by Tidewater Atlantic Research (TAR) for
                 the Army Corps of Engineers in connection with the Navy's Home Porting Project. Figure
                 8.10 is a reproduction of the TAR site map. TAR's assessment was as follows:

                         This site consists of the remains of a 19th century steam vessel. The area was
                         searched thoroughly and fragments of hull structure, a paddle wheel, and a
                         variety of scattered artifacts were found. The major concentration of
                         wreckage included a section of hull approximately 50 feet in length and 25
                         feet in width. Although only partially exposed, the hull section appears to
                         consist of the section between the turn of the bilge that supported coal bunker
                         and the engineering space roughly amidships. Exposed machinery included
                         the remains of a steam windlass, fragments of a boiler, studlink anchor chain,
                         and small fragments of the vessel's steam cylinder or cylinders. Material from
                         the site exhibited evidence of fire on both the hull and associated fastenings.
                         Material associated with the wreck included coal, brass tacks, sheathing, green
                         glass, ironstone fragments, and iron spikes. Mapping confirmed that material
                         associated with the wreck is scattered over a broad area, approximately 140
                         feet by 50 feet. Closed circuit underwater television was employed to
                         document the wreck and provide details for the site map.

                         Historical research provides some additional insight into the Convoy. According to
                 Steam Enrollment No. 172 filed in New York on September 19, 1862, the vessel was
                 constructed and launched at Williams borough, New York, earlier that same year by master
                 builder Thomas Stack. According to J.L. Benedict, Deputy Surveyor of the Port of New York,
                 the Convoy was built 127 feet in length, 28 feet in breadth, and nine feet in depth with one
                 deck and two masts. The hull was square-sterned with a round tuck, no galleries and no head.
                 The enrollment listed the Convoy's tonnage at 410 and identified William P. Buck as master.

                         A listing of "Vessels Bo   ught, Sold, and Chartered by the United States" published
                 as Executive Document No. 337 by the 40th Congress of the United States, lists a steamer
                 Convoy of 425 and 410 tons as having been employed by the Quartermaster's Department on                                     0
                 two occasions. The first contract engaged a 425 ton Convoy from 12 January 1863 through
                 17 May of the same year at a cost of $450.00 per day. C.K. Garrison was listed as the vessel's









                                           SCALE                                                                                   IRONfV 106
                                    u u                                                                                                     RECTANGULS
                                  o    5     lo   a    to
                                           FEET                                                                                               LINKS

                                                                                     IRON BEAM
                                                                                                                    TIRE
                                                                                                                                        IRON BOILER PIECE

                                                                                     ED

                                                 ED                                                                    HULL STRUCTURE
                             WINDLASS


                                                                            PLANKING
                                                                                                                        Q)
                  WOOD PLAWS            v,                                                                           DO                                       ED
                                                                                                                                                         IRON
                                    SKYLIGHT                                               ELEVATED                                                      STRAP
                                      HATCH          IRON                                 PLANK                                       ED

                 CKAINPLATE STRAP                                                                                                                            WOOD
                                                       EO                   r                                                            \1CLC.T@SGULAR        Z
                                                                                 OCINDER                                 WOOD

                                                                                 WOODEN       K
                                                                                                                                IRON     ED       IRON







             CONVOY SITE MAP
                                                                                                                                                           4,00
                                                                                     I 7EN P@@ K@






                                                                       Figure 8.10. Site Plan of 8ESI902, the Convo.v.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           148  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola       149






                        owner of agent. The second contract engaged a 410 ton Co     nvoy from 28 May 1863 until 26
                        June 1863. This contract was for $300.00 per day and was negotiated with Otto Lachenney.

                                In 1867, a paddle wheel steamer Convoy of 375 tons was listed in American Lloyds
                        Register of Shipping. That vessel was also constructed in 1862, in New York and was listed
                        as owned or consigned to the U.S. Government. The ship was surveyed in 1862, in New York
                        and was built of iron and copper fastened white oak. In 1863, the Convoy had been sheathed
                        in copper for protection against fouling and teredo worms. The American Lloyds register
                        listed the ship as 180 feet in length, 26 feet in breadth, and 9 feet in depth. The draft was
                        listed as 5 feet. A single deck had been enclosed for river navigation and the steam machinery
                        consisted of a walking beam engine with a 40 inch diameter cylinder and 10 foot stroke. By
                        1870 the Convoy was no longer listed with American Lloyds.

                                The disappearance of the Convoy from the American Lloyds Register was likely
                        related to the loss of the vessel. On 19 December 1876, the United States Engineer Office
                        reported on the "cost and practicality of removing obstructions at the entrance of the harbor
                        of Pensacola, Fla. (U.S. Corps of Engineers, 1877). The steamer Convoy was listed as one of
                        four wrecks under consideration. according to the Chief of Engineers, the vessel "burned
                        about the year 1868, and sunk in 12 feet of water one-half mile south of the light-house,
                        with part of her machinery still above water" (U.S. Corps of Engineers, 1877). In a 24 July,
                        1877 follow up letter from Captain A.N. Darnrell to the United States Engineer Office, the
                        Convoy was listed as having been lost in 1864. In 1879, the published "Report of the Chief
                        of Engineers" related that a contract for the complete removal of the bark Ada, the ship Miles,
                        the steamer Convoy, and the pilot-boat Nettle" had been issued to Mr. George W. Legallis
                        of Warrenton, Florida (Chief Engineer Report, 1877). According to the report:

                                On the I I th of November the contractor commenced operations breaking up
                                the hulls and sides by blasting with powder and dualin, and removed pieces
                                to Santa Rosa Island. The engine and machinery and one-half of the hull of
                                the Convoy were taken up and removed to Fort Pickens wharf and broken up.

                                There still remains to be removed nearly all of the ship Miles and the boiler
                                and one-half the hull of the steamer Convoy, which it is expected will be
                                accomplished on or before the 15th of August next. (Report of the Chief
                                Engineer, 1879)

                                Additional work at the site is recommended to document the wreck structure and
                        recover associated artifacts should the proposed dredging impact the site (TAR 1987:23-31).


                        Recommendations
                                PSS assessment is in complete agreement with the analysis, conclusions and
                        recommendations made by TAR. Not much of the wreckage seems to have deteriorated in
                        the four years since TAR recorded the site, other than the fact that the depositional sand
                        seems to have increased in depth and covered more of the site.


                        6. The Maritime Industrial Expansion Period, 1865-19.06, and       7. The Early Twentieth
                        Century Period, 1906-1945

                                For the purpose of describing the remaining sites, chronological periods 6 and 7 are
                        combined, since an exact date for each site is not possible. Characteristics of many vessels






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            150 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries were quite similar. Also, the longevity of
               some vessels' service careers carries them from one period into the next.

                       A total of 29 sites fall into these periods. Four of these sites are lumber schooners
               and there are eleven wooden barges. The remaining sites include fishing vessels, a punt, a
               windlass, a section of drydock, a steel battleship, a steam tug, and possibly, a transoceanic
               merchant vessel. These sites are located in every type of environment encountered on the
               survey. For these two periods, sites are grouped by location.
                                                   I

               The sites are described in the following order:


               Blackwater River
                       8SR1007     T157  Cedar Wreck
                       8SRIOOI     T145  Snapper Wreck
                       8SR997      T121  Shields Pt #1
                       8SR998      T122  Shields Pt #2
                       8SRIOII     T133  Shields Pt #3
                       8SR1012     T134  Shields Pt #4                                                                           0
                       8SR1008     T159 Milton RR Swingbridge Hull
                       8SRIOIO     T148  City of Tampa
                       SSR1013     T144  Barge off Sanborn's
                       8SR 1002    T149  Barge(s) off Dutchman's Cut
                       8SR1003     T153  Barge at #38 Marker
                       8SR1004     T154  Barge off Dutchman's Cut
                       8SR1005     T155  Marquis Basin Barge
                       8SR1006     T156 Quinn Basin Barge
                       8SR1009     T161  Baypoint Barge

               Bayou   Chico
                       8ES1896     T138  Vessel at Runyan's Shipyard
                                   T137  Barge (Removed)
                       8ES1905     T139  Barge off Clopton's
                       8ES1902     T140  West Leg Barge

               Old Navy Cove
                       8SR1014     T135  Deadman's Punt
                       8SR996      T104  Centerboard Schooner
                       8SRIOOO     T131 Composite Hull
                       8SR995      T104  Cabadroca
                       8SR999      T128, T129, T130 Marine Railway Debris

               Pensacola Bay, Sound, and Offshore
                       8ES1899     T072 Rhoda
                       8ES99       T077 Sport
                       8SR994      TOOI Windlass Site
                       8ES1903     T141 Drydock?
                       8ES1898     T003 Massachusetts






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 151






                        The Blackwater River


                                 A total of fifteen sites were located and recorded in the Blackwater River. Figure 8.11
                        shows their general location. Sites in the Blackwater River were located for the most part on
                        the advice of area residents. For this reason, most are shallow water sites that protrude from
                        the water. All sites in the river share the same environment; exposure to water with a high
                        tannic acid content and low salinity, which are two factors that help to preserve wood.

                                                 PSS Site Number:        T1 57SR
                                                 Site name:              Cedar Wreck
                                                 Master Site File:       8SR1007


                        General Location:
                                 The vessel is buried about ten feet from the southeastern shore of Wright Basin on
                        the Blackwater River. At low tide the remains are exposed; at high tide the water depth is
                        almost 3 feet. The bottom sediment is sand with no overburden.

                        General Site dewrimion:
                                 A wooden vessel, built largely of cedar, was found lying parallel to the shore with
                        her bow to the east and stern to the west. Relatively little of the vessel is exposed, except
                        for a portion of the port side, extending approximately 27 feet from the stem. A baseline
                        was attached with the zero point at-the stem. All measurements were made relative to the
                        baseline. See-Figure 8.12 for a site plan drawing of the exposed remains. Only 7 feet of
                        starboard hull structure is exposed. Probing along the vessel's centerline indicated solid wood
                        remains extending at least 70 feet to the west, buried beneath .6 ft. to 2 ft. of sediment.

                                 The vessel appears to have been built like a bateau and may have been poled through
                        the water. No weather deck was evident. It appears that walk planks were laid across the
                        vessel's floors for the crew to walk upon, in place of a fixed deck.



                        Features
                                 Stem: Several components of the stem structure are partially exposed, these being the
                        cutwater, gripe and stempost. These three components were fastened together with an iron
                        driftpin I inch in diameter which had been driven from the interior face of the stempost.
                        The interior of this stem structure is butted on either side by hawsepieces, each of which
                        had an average molded thickness of .7 ft. and a sided dimension of .5 ft. These hawsepieces
                        were fastened to the stem construction with iron pins I inch in diameter.

                                 Frames: To starboard, a pair of frames immediately followed the hawsepiece. Each
                        frame had a molded thickness and sided dimension of .5 ft. A space of 1.6 ft. separated this
                        frame pair from the next. While these next frames exhibited the same dimensions as the
                        previous pair, they are separated from each other by.5 ft. The edge of the third and last visible
                        frame on the port side was also spaced a distance of 1.6 f t. f rom the second pair.

                                 To port, no frames were exposed until a point 19 feet along the baseline. Instead 16
                        transverse timbers (i.e. running perpendicular to the baseline) were noted. These timbers had
                        a sided dimension of .5 ft.; a molded thickness was unobtainable. These timbers were spaced
                        fairly irregularly along the baseline though they were on the average approximately I ft.
                        apart. The port ends of several of these timbers were cut at an angle in order to butt smoothly
                        against curving interior planking.






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             152 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                        Five frames were noted on the port side, beginning 19 feet from the stem and
                continuing to about 26.5 feet along the baseline. These frames averaged .5 ft. square, molded
                thickness and sided dimension. The frames butted against the forward surface of
                corresponding transverse timbers.

                        Planking The interior and exterior planking was fastened to these frames by means
                of .5 inch square iron nails. At the stem on the starboard side the exterior hull planking
                was .15 ft. thick while the interior planking was .18 ft. thick. Exterior hull planking was
                noted along the exterior surface of the frames and transverse fimbers on the port side
                measuring .3 ft. in thickness.

                        Walk Planks: Three timbers running parallel to the baseline were noted on the port
                side. Two of these appear to have been deck planks approximately 8 ft. long and .8 ft. across.
                These planks began about 8 ft. along the baseline and rested beside one another. The third
                timber was notched to fit over the transverse timbers and notched to fit around the frames.
                Measuring .6 ft. in both the molded and sided dimensions, it ran from about 14 feet on the
                baseline to about 25.4 ft. where it became buried. These timbers probably were walk planks
                traversed by the vessel's crew. Also, another timber was noted which began near the stem
                structure and seemed to run parallel to the outer edge of the hull. The timber was about
                4.7 ft. long and .8 ft. across and had a notch running across its aft end approximately I inch
                wide. It is not clear whether this timber was a deck plank or a component of some bulkhead
                arrangement.

                        Keelson: A portion of the keelson was encountered approximately 7.25 ft. from the
                inside of the stem structure. The keelson had a molded thickness of .6 ft. and a sided
                thickness of .5 ft.



                Threats to Site
                        As this site is directly off the bank, it is threatened by any development along the
                water, specifically the construction of a dock or pier. Also, it is believed that this site
                becomes completely exposed, and therefore vulnerable, during winter low tides. However,
                most of the hull is protected by a sand bottom, and the wood is in good condition. The vessel
                should remain stable if undisturbed. Because of its location, this site is not a likely candidate
                for vandalism or sport diver disturbance.



                Assessment
                        Because of its relatively sturdy construction, the presence of walk planks, and the
                hull's construction of cedar, this vessel seems to be a locally built working craft, probably
                of the late 19th or early twentieth century. It is located in Wright Basin, once used as a storage
                pond for lumber being transported down the Blackwater River. The vessel may have been
                used in connection with the lumber industry. Its placement along the basin bank seems to
                suggest that it was abandoned at the end of its working career. Further investigation of this
                vessel could provide valuable information on indigenous water craft.


                Recommendations
                        Given the relative uniqueness of this site, a full excavation of the vessel would yield
                valuable information concerning bateau-like craft. A water dredge would be needed to
                uncover the remainder of the hull.






                                           Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                      Florida Archaeological Reports             Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 153











                                                                             7R985
                                                                            AI










                                                                             R 0 0 7
                                  SR1006





                                                         SR1005
                                      SR1008








                                                               SR1003
                                          S R 10 0 1               R1002
                                            SR1013                -\-S R 10 0 4
                                                      \'Bagdad-@\



                                                                      S R 99

                                                                              -SR513-3


                                                                                  SRI 0 12
                                                                                  S:R  0 0 C3

                                                                                      S'IR 0 10/
                                                               S R





















                               Figure 8.11, Location Map of 19th & 20th Century Blackwater Sites,






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           154 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola















































                                               iNo





                                                                                   @-A





                                                                                                                  U,   jr@7
                                                                                               r-                                                             SSRIDOI CEDAR WRECK











                                                                              Figure 8.12. Site Plan of 8SR 1007, Cedar Wreck.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           156 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola




                                                                                                                         00-






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 157






                                                 PSS Site Number:        T145SR
                                                 Site name:              "Snapper Wreck" at Ollinger & Bruce Yard in
                                                                            Bagdad
                                                 Master Site File:       8SR1001


                         General Location
                                 The vessel lies above Shipyard Point on the Blackwater River in approximately 15-
                         20 feet of water. The vessel was apparently abandoned near the wharf at the old Ollinger
                         & Bruce Shipyard in Bagdad.



                         General Site Description
                                 The vessel remains at this site are extensive. The hull lies over on the starboard side
                         with the port side at the chainplates just above the water surface. The hull is 68.0 ft. preserved
                         LOA with approximately a 22 ft. beam amidships. Almost the entire hull is present, from
                         the keel to the weather deck. However the stern is badly damaged. There is no evidence of
                         the transom, stern post or rudder at the site.



                         Features
                                 The ship is full-keeled and double-framed. Room and space varies from 2.2 ft.
                         amidships to 1.7 ft. towards the bow and stern. Frames are fastened to both interior planking
                         (bilge ceiling) and exterior planking with .10 ft. diameter pins. The bilge ceiling is thicker
                         than the exterior planking.

                                 A single set of mast partners is present, 38.0 ft. forward from the aftermost preserved
                         surface. The partners are in two pieces, split on the centerline. A pump well is slightly forward
                         of the partners. The mast position is located through a raised midships deck. This deck section
                         is approximately 1.5 ft. above the main deck, which starts 13.0 ft. forward of the stern
                         (preserved surface) and ends at 43.0 ft. Deck beams and carlings are present and are
                         articulated on both decks, as is almost all of the deck planking. Deck beams are .70 ft. by
                         .50 ft. The deck planking is spiked to the beam with iron square shanked fasteners. The deck
                         beams are mortised into the deck clamp and held in place with lodging knees that are radially
                         through-pinned.

                                 Three chainplates are present on the port side. They are at 32.5 ft., 36.9 ft. and 39.1
                         ft. from the stern (preserved). They are simple flat iron straps pinned through the planking
                         into the frames.


                                 Two athwartships bulkheads are present forward of the raised deck, as are two
                         ventilators. A hatch, with its coaming and head pieces still. articulated, provides access to the
                         hold created by these two bulkheads. A pair of samson%posts or riding bitts are forward of
                         the fore bulkhead. Forward of these, a single vertical timber pierces the deck on the
                         centerline. This piece would have supported the heel of the missing bowsprit. The stem
                         assembly, still fully articulated is comprised of three timbers. The heads of all three of these
                         timbers have been shaped to support the (missing) bowsprit.

                                 In the stern, on the main deck are the remains of an iron square box with a central
                         iron spindle. Attached to this spindle are two articulated iron arms. This piece of hardware
                         could either be associated with the vessel's steering gear or could have been a mechanism used
                         for net handling. Below this feature is the badly distorted and disarticulated stern. Several






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             158 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                pieces of deadwood, tying into the keel structure, are visible. There are mortises in the
                uppermost section of the deadwood to accept the deck beams. A single heavy timber is present
                at the weather deck level on the centerline of the vessel.



                Threats tQ the Site
                        This site is primarily threatened by erosion due to river current and decomposition
                of the iron fasteners. Laying hard over, the vessel's timbers will gradually disarticulate and
                fall into the channel. This process is already underway and is evident in the collapse of the
                deck planks. In addition, the weight of the hull is being borne on the starboard side. This
                will eventually distort the hull and cause the complete collapse of the vessel structure. This
                is a slow process and wood will remain in good condition for some time to come due to the
                environment of the Blackwater River. Low salinity and a high tannic acid content will
                preserve the wood but the iron will rapidly disintegrate. Due to the low visibility and hostile
                environment (for'diving) little danger exists for vandalism.



                Assessment
                        The vessel at this site is modern. She lies adjacent to the old Ollinger & Bruce Shipyard
                wharf, south of the old lumber mill, where Pond Creek cut runs into the Blackwater River.
                Both the shipyard and the mill were active until the yard was moved to downtown Pensacola
                in the 1920s. It can be assumed that the vessel was not left in a working waterway until after
                the yard and mill traffic had ceased.

                        Local information refers to the ship as a "snapper ketch." If this is true, the vessel
                was probably associated with the Pensacola snapper fleet. Only one mast position was
                observed, but the position of this mast does not exclude the possibility of a second mast.
                However, it seems most likely that this vessel was rigged as either a cutter or a sloop. Certainly
                the evidence of a bowsprit is indicative of a large sail area.

                        The hull shape exhibits a fine bow and a full midships section running to a broad
                stern. Due to the destruction of the stern assembly no additional observations were possible
                on the shape of the after portion of the hull.

                        The vessel is full-keeled and heavily constructed relative to her overall size,
                suggesting she was built for work rather than pleasure. The      large hold and raised deck are
                two other features that suggest this wreck was a fishing craft. Figure 8.13 is a photograph
                of a fishing vessel launched in Milton in 1897, Her lines are remarkably similar to those of
                8SR1001. Figure 8.14 shows the Silas Stearns at a pier in downtown Pensacola.

                        This vessel was probably abandoned at the end of a useful service career, post 1920.
                Her well-preserved hull makes this site significant in terms of naval architecture. The vessel
                design characteristics are also significant in terms of features incorporated for fishing vessels
                offshore. Historically, this site is significant to Pensacola's history due to the importance of
                the snapper industry to Pensacola.



                Recommendations
                        This site should be recorded in detail before any additional deterioration takes place.
                No excavation is necessary. No artifactual material is likely to be present at the site since the
                vessel appears to be abandoned.



















                                                                                                                                                                                                                       IT1


















                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0








                                                                              to@






















                                                      0
                                                                                                                                                                  , @' " W5--


                                                                              Figure 8.13. Photo of Silas            Slearns    being Launched,          1897.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           160 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola

























                                                                                                                                                          02.




                                                                                                                                                          0



                                          Ail







                                                                                                                                                           CD

                                                                                                  IA%M
                                          A 5 ST   A k












                                                            Figure 8,14. Photo of Silas Stearns at Dock.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            162 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola        163





                                 Due to the significance of the Snapper fleet to Pensacola's maritime economy, the
                         documentation of this hull should be undertaken. This would be a relatively easy and straight-
                         forward task and could be accomplished in two days or less.



                         The Shields Point Vessels


                                 Four vessels lie just off of Shields Point in the Blackwater River. Originally schooners,
                         these vessels were stripped and converted to barges. Serving the Aiken Lumber Co., they were
                         abandoned at the end of their service careers. The General Location is the same for all four
                         vessels. Descriptions of the individual hulls will be followed by shared sections on Threats
                         to Site, Assessment, and Recommendations. Figure 8.15 is an aerial photograph of the area.
                         For easy identification survey staff gave each vessel a number. Shields Point #1 is closest
                         to the western river bank, #4 is the farthest east.



                         General Location
                                 The four vessels at Shields Point, 8SR997, 8SR998, 8SR 10 11 and 8SR 10 12, are lying
                         side by side on a sand bar in 8-11 feet of water. The water is clear, but has a high tannic
                         acid content and low salinity. River current speed is I knot or less. These vessels lie to the
                         west of the main channel, with their bows pointed towards the shore. Bottom sediment is
                         depositional silt.

                                                 PSS Site Number:         T121SR
                                                 Site Name:               Shields Point #1, probably the Palafox
                                                 Master Site File:                8SR997
                                 Local resident Gordon Wells identifies this hull as the Palafox, a schooner built in
                         Bayou Chico in 1918 for the Aiken Lumber Company. Figures 8.16 and 8.17 are photographs
                         taken of the Palafox and her construction.



                         General Site Descrivtion
                                 The hull remains are preserved about 3 feet above the keelson; the weather deck is
                         missing. Stem assembly, transom, rudder, frames, ceiling, foremast & step, mainmast step,
                         mizzenmastand step, exterior planking, and several deck stanchions are still articulated. These
                         remains are in good condition.

                                 The hull is 152 feet preserved LOA with a maximum preserved breadth of 37.9 feet.
                         A centerline/baseline (CL) was established with zero at the stem. All measurements are taken
                         relative to this datum. Figure 8.18 shows the site plan recorded from the hull.


                         Features
                                 Stem Assembly: The stem was constructed of three pieces; a gripe was forward of the
                         stempost which was backed by an apron. The apron was buttressed by the knee of the head
                         which was overlaid by the forward end of the keelson at 2.5 ft. The stem assembly was
                         longitudinally through pinned with A I ft. diameter drift bolts. The keelson was secured with
                         a vertical pin. The rabbet was formed by the seam between the gripe and the stem. The gripe
                         was 1.0 ft. molded and .95 ft. sided on the aft surface. The rabbet was inlet here at .25 ft.
                         The keelson was 1.25 ft. sided on average but somewhat narrower at the forward end;
                         approximately 1.1 ft. (This could be a function of design or erosion.)






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
               164  Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                         Stem pos t: The square transom was set up in the following manner. A vertical member,
                 possibly the upper arm of the stem knee, was at 149 feet on the baseline. It was 1.0 ft. in
                 thick and 1.25 ft. sided. Aft of this, the stern planking was sandwiched between this member
                 and the stern post. The stern post assembly was constructed of an inner and outer post. A
                 four piece rudder was hung at 152 feet. The outer post was 1.25 ft. by .85 ft. The inner post
                 was 1.25 ft. by 1.1 ft. This assembly was all pinned through the planking into the (assumed)
                 vertical knee arm.

                         Keelson The keelson was present from 2.5 ft. on the CL to 148 feet. LOA for this
                 piece was 145.5 ft. The sided dimension varied from 1.1 ft. to 1.25 ft. Deck stanchions were
                 morticed into the keelson on the centerline. There were 25 stanchions and/or stanchion
                 mortises along the keelson. There were three mast steps also present on the keelson, with the
                 heel of the fore and mizzen mast still stepped.

                         Mast stevs The foremast was centered at 37.5 feet. The step was a mortise and tenon.
                 The step was let into a rider on the keelson. This rider started at 34.4 ft. and ended at 39.8
                 ft. This component was 1.25 ft. sided and .80 ft. molded. It had a stanchion inlet into either
                 end. The forward edge of the mast was secured by a 1.2 ft. chock. The chock and both
                 stanchions were horizontally pinned athwartships with .11 ft. in diameter drift pins. It was
                 vertically pinned to the keelson with four pins offset from the CL aft of the mast and two
                 pins forward of the mast. The mast had an iron retaining ring at the bottom approximately
                 .80 ft. above the top of the step/rider.

                         The main mast was missing. The rider and step, however were still articulated. This
                 mast was saddle stepped. The main mast would have been centered at 75 feet on the baseline.
                 The step rider began at 72.9 ft. and ended at 78.2 ft. It was .90 ft. molded. The saddle notch
                 began at 74.4 ft. and ended at 75.9 ft. It was inlet .35 ft. on either side. The notches were
                 .52 ft. deep. There was a stanchion present in either end of this structure. Both stanchions
                 were pinned horizontally athwartships. The step/rider was pinned to the keelson with three
                 pins aft, one in the center of the step, and four pins forward. All were I I ft. in diameter,
                 peened over roves.

                         The mizzen mast step was centered at 113.8 feet on the baseline. It was saddle stepped.
                 The rider began at 109.9 ft. and ended at 116.9 ft. The sided dimension is 1.25 ft., molded
                 thickness is .80 ft. A stanchion was inlet into either end. These were horizontally through-
                 pinned. The saddle notch began at 113.0 ft. and ended at 114.15 f t. Three vertical pins secured
                 the aft side of the step/rider and four pins secured the forward half. The mast stump carried
                 no retaining band.

                         Framing: The vessel is dobble-framed, moderately spaced. There were 120 futtocks
                 to starboard and I 10 f uttocks on the port side. The difference in frame counts between port
                 and starboard sides is probably due to missing upper futtocks on several frame assemblies.
                 Average room and space is 2.92 ft. Room and space was assessed at transect lines at 30 ft.,
                 50 ft., 70 ft. and I 10 ft.. At 30 ft. the room was 1.7 ft. for a double frame (.85 ft. per futtock)
                 with space at 1.3 ft. At 50 ft. room on the single measured futtock was .7 ft. and the space
                 was 1.3 ft. At 70 ft. a single futtock was .90 ft. and space was 1.5 ft. At I 10 ft. the room
                 for a double frame was 1.5 ft. (.75 ft. per futtock) and space was 1.0 ft. All pins were peened
                 over roves. Pin diameter was .11 ft., roves were .125 ft. Futtocks showed numerous examples
                 of longitudinal through pins. Futtocks were in-line, butt scarphed with even/odd number
                 overlap.






                                             Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports              Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola   165







                                                    be.,





















                                                                                                "77





































                                      Figure 8.15. Aerial View of the Shields Point Schooners.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            166 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






























                                                                         0



                                                                         0





                                                                         0












                                                                         oil






                                         A
                                         M I-M                           0

                                        71.


                  ORV-









                        Figure 8.16. Photograph of the Palafox Under Construction.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            168 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola









                                                                                                                                                                                                                   AV

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I     I L


                                                                                                        y aw.-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .-r -if I - wave No                                f I                CL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -,Fx I         oil my WIM


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2                CD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4@


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       . . . ........ .




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   tv

                                                                                                                                                   I








                                                                                                                                                                                                        7


                                                                                                                                                                      Ow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ....... . .. .

















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Low-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               -VIVO                                                                                                                                          7",
                                                                                                                                             Aft



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       "Ne
                                                                                                                                                                      Figure               8.17.           Photograph                         of the Palafox Being Built.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           170  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                                                                                                                                                                                Florida Bureau of rchaeological Research
                                                                                                                                                                                    Florida Archaeological Reports                        Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola            171


















                                                                                                - - -------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          STE. RA


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          @WE



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -1 To SCALE









                       FE                                         .... . ..                                                                                                             ---- --- - --------                                                                      - ------
                                                                                 Z@n                                                      co E::3
                                                                                                                      ----------            - ------ E.                                                           ---- - --
                                                                                                               -.7n-





















                                                                                                                                                                   @51 STEP
                                                                                             SAIM I                                                                SAaOt
                              IER. A-F QI                                                                                                                                                                                               I
                      Fl@l
                 @IER IrT
                                              NA-                                                                                                                                                                                                             8SR997'

                              NOT TO SCALE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              SHIELDS POINT #1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            @.'m CHOCK                        "PALAFOX"
                                                                                                                                                              z: .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      L
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    7;


                                                   @01 To SC.11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0      5        10       is      20   FEET













                                                                                                                                                                                                              Figure 8.18. Site Plan )f 8SR.997, Shields Point






                                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola         173





                                   Planking: Ceiling and exterior planking were spiked to the frames as well as through-
                          pinned as an assembly. This technique was evident in numerous places. Exterior planking was
                          between .15 and .20 ft. Transom planks were .20 to .25 ft. thick. Planks were laid in straight
                          strakes with butt scarphs. Diminishing str.akes were evident in the run of the planking in both
                          the bow and the stern.

                                   Hull Shape: The vessel has a modestly fine entry with a very full midships section.
                          Maximum breadth is 37.9 feet. Breadth at the square transom is 31 feet. (Photographic
                          evidence of the Palafox reveals only a moderate sheer.)

                                                   PSS Site Number:         T122SR
                                                   Site Name:               Shields Point #2, probably the Dinty Moore.
                                                   Master Site File:        8SR998
                                   Local resident  Gordon Wells identifies this vessel as the Dinly Moore.



                          General Site Descrimion
                                   The visibility on the day the site was recorded (3/23/91) was good, over 10 feet. The
                          preserved LOA of the hull is 131 feet. The preserved maximum breadth is 30.6 ft. The depth
                          of preservation above the river bottom varies between 6.5 feet and 8.0 feet; the weather deck
                          is missing.

                                   A baseline was extended from the stern post along the centerline, with zero at the
                          stern. All measurements are taken relative to this datum. To record the hull's shape, breadth
                          measurements were recorded at 10 ft. intervals near midships, 5 ft. intervals at the stern and
                          2.5 ft. increments to measure the bow curve. Figure 8.19 shows the site plan drawn.



                          Features
                                   Mast stei)s: Three mast step riders were located; the mizzen rider ran at 34 ft. to 41
                          ft. along the baseline, the main mast rider at 70 ft. to 76 ft. along the baseline, and the foremast
                          rider at 106 ft. to 112 ft. along the baseline. All were mortise and tenon mast steps.

                                   Bulkhead: A bulkhead ran athwartships at 81.0 ft. on the baseline.

                                   Vraming: There were approximately 54 pairs of frames recorded, 109 futtocks on the
                          port side, 110 futtocks on the starboard side. The frame room was a constant.8 ft. The frames
                          measured were for the most part through-pinned in pairs, and a third structural member
                          probably fit into the spaces, but could not be seen due to the planking remains. The space
                          between pairs varied between areas of .8 ft. and areas of 1.0 ft. in the bow and well past
                          midships. Frame spacing became irregular in the stern (15 ft. on the baseline), averaging
                          between 1.2 ft. and 1.4 ft., probably due to deterioration of the hull.

                                   Planking: Ceiling planking thickness averaged .2 ft., although at one point near 15
                          ft. on the baseline, the inner hull planking was .35 ft. thick. Outer hull planking was .20 ft.
                          thick on the average. The hull was fastened with iron spikes (.05 ft. square shanks). Iron
                          driftpins were also used, peened over roves, the top diameter measured approximately .2 ft.
                          with the outer diameter of the rove being .15 ft.

                                   Stem Assembly: The stem construction area consisted of four timbers, all through-
                          pinned together with long pins spaced at 1.1 ft. intervals. The outer timber, probably the






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research                                                          41
             174 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                gripe, was missing near the waterline, but remains were found almost 4 feet beneath the water
                surface. Its molded dimension was 1.0 ft. and sided was near 1.0 ft. The second timber aft
                was probably the stem. Its molded dimension was .5 ft. and it was sided 1.2 ft. After a .3
                ft. space (due to deterioration), a third timber was probably the apron. Its molded thickness
                was .6 ft. and it was 1.0 ft. sided. After another .3 ft. space, the inner timber may have been
                the knee of the head. Its molded dimension was .8 ft. and it was 1.0 ft. sided. Three
                breasthooks butt up against the stem assembly. They were noted in preliminary sketches, but
                no measurements were taken.

                        Stern t)ost No drawings were made of the stern construction, which was fairly
                deteriorated. It should be noted that there was a large round stern post (approximately 1.4
                ft. in diameter, at zero on the baseline) outside of the transom, and another large structural
                timber similar to a stern post inside of the transom. The rudder was found lying on the bottom
                behind the stern post.

                                        PSS Site Number:        T133SR
                                        Site Name:              Shields Point #3, probably the George T.
                                                                   Locke
                                        Master Site File:        8SR1011
                        Local resident Gordon Wells identifies this vessel as the George T. Locke. A newspaper
                account describes the Locke as a "schooner- barge, gross tonnage 801, built in West Lake, La.
                in 1916. This vessel also had four masts and with sails carried freight before conversion to
                a, barge" (Pensacola News Journal, August 9, 1964).


                General Site Descrit)tion
                        The hull lies just to port.of Shields Point #4 on an axis bearing 056 degrees magnetic.
                LOA is 189.5 feet. The maximum breadth recorded at midships is 37.4 feet. The hull remains
                are complete from the stem to the sternpost. Inner and outer hull planking and frames are
                visible on both port and starboard sides of the hull. A longitudinal bulkhead runs the length
                of the hull along the vessel's centerline. No deck planking remains. Because of a large number
                of protruding fasteners and wooden components, only basic hull measurements were taken
                from the outside of the hull and a cursory site plan was drawn (Figure 8.20). A baseline was
                attached with the zero point at the vessel's bow and all measurements were recorded relative
                to the baseline.



                Features
                        Wales: The bilge ceiling plank and the outer hull plank visible at the waterline
                measured .5 ft. and .6 ft. thick, respectively. These were probably wales and planking
                thicknesses below this level would have been smaller.


                        Frames: The hull is framed in pairs. Each timber in a pair is sided .5 ft. and molded
                .8 ft. The pairs were spaced one foot apart.

                        Fasteners: The outer hull planking is held on with iron roved drift pins, The drift pin
                heads in the stem and stern assemblies were also roved. The diameter of the drift pin head
                in the stem was .22 ft. (concreted) and the pin itself measured .1 ft. in diameter.

                        Stem Assembly The stem assembly consisted of three wooden pieces 1.0 ft. molded
                by 1.4 ft. sided, .8 ft. molded by .7 ft. sided, and .7 ft. molded by .7 ft. sided, moving inward.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Florida Archaeological Reports                                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 175





















                                                                                                                                                                          BULKHEAD










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  MIZZENMAST RIDER
                                                                                                          FOREMAST                                                                    MAIN MAST RIDER
                                                                                                          RIDER









                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      HACH Y Of TfRIORATfl) TO STFRN



                                      STEM ASSEMBLY





                                                               f                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              8SR"A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              SHIELDS POINT 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              IDINTY MOORE'


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         10          IS FEET














                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Figure 8.19. Site Plan of 8SR998, S                    hields Point          2.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Florida Bureau @,of Archaeological Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Florida Archaeological Reports                               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola                  177
























                               STEM ASSEMBLY



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ra




                                         NOT TO SCALE
























                                                                                                                                                   -rv-= in-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        j:b7




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          8SR 1011

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          SHIELDS POINT #3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          "GEORGE T. LOCKE"





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0      5       10       15      20       25     FEET






                                                                                                                                                      Figure 8.20. Site Plan of 8SR 10 11, Shields Point                   3.






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 179





                         These timbers were through-pinned together. An iron cutwater .4 ft. wide by .06 ft. thick
                         is attached to the outside of the stem assembly approximately I ft. beneath     the water level.
                         The longitudinal bulkhead butts directly against the stem assembly.

                                 Longitudinal Bulkhead: This bulkhead runs the entire length of the      hull. It is .5 ft.
                         sided. Drift pins run through it both vertically and athwartships where it is supported by
                         additional longitudinal timbers, one on either side measuring .4 ft. across.

                                 Wood Types Two samples of wood were removed from the vessel and sent to Lee
                         Newsom of the Florida Museum of Natural History for identification.

                                 The frame wood sample was identified as

                                 "Pinus sp. section diploxylon, hard group pine. Of the three major hard pine
                                 groups, this specimen by anatomy most closely fits the Taeda group which
                                 is composed solely of New World members including longleaf (Pinus palustris)
                                 and the other southern hard or yellow pines."

                                 The exterior hull plank sample was identified as Pinus, same as above.


                                                 PSS Site Number:        T134SR
                                                 Site Name: ,            Shields Point #4, probably the Guanacastle
                                                 Master Site File:       8SR1012
                                 Local resident Gordon Wells identifies this hull as the Guanacastle. The Guanacastle
                          was a  schooner-barge. She was at one time a four-masted schooner that plied the ocean
                         routes with freight. She was later converted two [sic] work. Her gross tonnage was 609. She
                         was built in 1917 in Portland, Ore." (Pensacola News Journal, August 9, 1964).


                         General Site Description
                                 The vessel is preserved from stem to stern, up to and including the weather deck. The
                         LOA is 160 feet. The maximum breadth is 32.5 ft. Due to the danger of protruding fasteners
                         and a weakened deck, only cursory measurements were taken from the outside of the hull.
                         These measurements along with an aerial photo were used to produce a site plan, with the
                         hull shape and a deck plan showing hatch size and hatch locations sketched to approximate
                         scale (Figure 8.21).

                                 A longitudinal bulkhead, similar to that found on Shields Point #3, may lie beneath
                         the deck.



                         Wood samr)le Analysis
                                 Two samples of wood, one from one of the vessel's frames and one from the exterior
                         hull planking were sent to Lee Newsom of the Florida Museum of Natural History for
                         analysis. The frame sample was identified as follows:

                                 "Pinus sp. section diploxylon, hard group pine. Of the three major hard pine
                                 groups, this specimen by anatomy most closely fits the Taeda group which
                                 is composed solely of new world members including longleaf (Pinus palustris)
                                 and the other southern hard or yellow pines."




 9






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             180 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                        "The growth rings of this specimen match so closely those of SP3 (8SRIOI 1)
                        frame [above] that it is possible the two fragments could have come from the
                        same tree or population of trees."

                        The exterior hull planking sample was identified as Pinus, same as above.



                Threats to the Sites
                        Threats to these four sites are continued degradation of exposed surfaces and
                deterioration of iron fasteners. As these fasteners decompose, the integrity of the hull's will
                gradually decrease. Other potential hazards are barge and tug traffic and wake disturbance.



                Assessment
                        These vessels represent a valuable thematic study group. All were involved in the
                lumber trade, and all are contemporaneous. Three were built on the Gulf Coast and one in
                Oregon. Comparative analysis of hull shape, design theory and construction methods may
                offer valuable insight into early twentieth-century wooden sailing ship construction. These
                vessels are also tangible representatives of the rise and fall of the lumber trade, and its
                significance to Pensacola's history.



                Recommendations
                        No immediate action seems to be required to protect these sites. Steps toward making
                positive identification should be taken. These vessels should be documented as a group and
                compared. One possible way to accomplish this would be to encourage a graduate student to
                use these as a thesis topic. The complete documentation of these sites should be undertaken
                when personnel and funding is available. This site also meets criteria for nomination to the
                National Register of Historic Places, and steps should be taken to begin this procedure.

                                       PSS Site Number:        T159SR
                                       Site Name:              Milton RR Swingbridge Wreck
                                       Master Site File:       SSR1008


                General Location
                        The wreck is southeast of the railroad swingbridge located in downtown Milton.
                Depth of the water near the bow is 3 feet or less, with the depth of water at the stern being
                almost 30 feet. The bottom sediment is a mixture of soft silt on top of sand.


                General Site Descrit)tion
                        The remains of a wooden vessel, approximately 61 feet long lie along the southeastern
                side of the channel's edge. The vessel lists radically to port, at an estimated 65 to 70 degree
                angle. The port side of the vessel is smashed down into the mud, flattened and disarticulated.
                The starboard side of the vessel is intact. The vessel may have been dragged to its current
                position and probably has also been damaged during the dredging of the channel. In addition,
                as the current runs swiftly along the bottom of the channel, debris builds up on top of the
                vessel. No detailed recording or assessment of the vessel was undertaken. The following
                observations were noted:




                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                                                                                                                                                                      Florida Archaeological Reports                         Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola            181






















                                                                                                                                               ..............                                                       .. .....



























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         JJ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   V
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6Z      -rtrj@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -----------






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              aSR1012
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              SHIELDS POINT #4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               "GUANACASTLE"


                                                                                                                                                              @11: HAICH LMAI@           A.1 -0.1-1-
                                                                                                                                                                              0 $W.,.                                                                                                                   25 I'M















                                                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 8.21. Site Plan of       SR1012, Shields Point         4.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0=           T i





                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 183






                         Features
                                  The weather deck of the vessel is constructed of pine. Hatches in the deck measure
                         an estimated 4 ft. by 5 ft. Iron fasteners were used. Caulking was noted between planks. A
                         baseline was attached with the zero point at the bow or eastern end. At 31 feet on the baseline,
                         a hole 1.5 ft. in diameter was observed in the deck. At 32 ft. on the baseline an iron concretion,
                         unidentified, was observed behind the hole running through the deck. Frames were measured
                         at .4 ft. by .6 ft. The steering station was present, located at 52 ft. on the baseline. Due to
                         the disarticulation of the hull the wheel is 90 degrees off center, and faces the port side of
                         the vessel. The steering wheel is made of iron, held on with a bronze nut.



                         Threats to Site
                                  The site is threatened by continuing erosion due to the river current, as well as by
                         navigational traffic and any future dredging of the channel.



                         Assessment
                                  No assessment was made as to vessel age or type, other than that it is probably 19th
                         or 20th century.



                         Recommendations
                                  The site should be measured and cursory construction features noted and identified.

                                                  PSS Site Number:        T148SR
                                                  Site Name:              Proposed City Of Tampa
                                                  Master Site File:       8SR1010


                         General Location
                                  The site is located in almost 7 feet of water, north of the red daymark that is east
                         of Bay Point where the Blackwater River empties into the Blackwater Bay. The bottom is
                         sand and sof t silt.



                         Site Description
                                  The only structure visible above the sediment was an iron boiler. No probing was
                         undertaken to determine, what if any, of the vessel remains are located under the sediment.



                         Features
                                  Boiler: Iron plates, riveted together, form a long cylindrical shape measuring 14 ft.
                         long, by 6 ft. wide, by 6 ft. high. Some of the boiler is buried in the sediment. One end is
                         inverted in a cone shape. A stack 2 ft. long by 2 ft. wide is situated on the top of the boiler
                         near the eastern end. An oblong hole was also observed.



                         Threats to Site
                                  The parts of the boiler that are exposed above the sediment will continue to erode
                         in the river. Whatever structure remains beneath the sediment is probably relatively stable.
                         The wreck reportedly used to break water, and is now just beneath the surface where the
                         stack rises up. A hazard to navigation; the boiler has been located by NOAA, and is reported






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             184  Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                on navigational charts of the area. Since no structure is visible other than the boiler, the site
                is probably in no further danger of being looted or salvaged by sport divers.



                Assessment
                       Only the exposed portion of the site has been observed. Local residents Gordon Wells
                and Wayne Williams have reported that the boiler is the remains of the City of Tampa, a vessel
                that caught fire and was pushed away from the Bay Point Mill docks in the 1920s. Historically,
                this site is potentially significant in terms of coastal steamship construction and machinery.
                It is also significant in terms of Pensacola's history as the vessel was used to carry workers
                and passengers to and from work in the lumber yards.



                Recommendations
                       Further attempts should be made to a) delineate the boundaries of the site under the
                sediment and b) determine if she is the City of Tampa. Because of her relatively recent use,
                sinking and abandonment, no further work is recommended at this time.


                The Blackwater River Barges

                       Seven barges, at six sites along the Blackwater River, were located and assessed by
                the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey. Since their conditions are all similar, a brief description of
                the environment, will be followed by individual hull reports and collective sections on threats
                to the sites, assessment, and recommendations,



                Environment
                       All of the barges under discussion were located in a shallow water environment. The
                water has low salinity and a high tannic acid content. Visibility varied between 0 and 3 ft.
                All vessels were partially exposed at low water. Detrital growth and marsh growth is present
                at all sites in the area.


                                       PSS Site Number:         T144SR
                                       Site name:               Barge off Sanborn's
                                       Master Site File:        8SR1013                                                               is

                General Location
                       The vessel structure lies in I ft.to 3 ft. of water on a soft silt bottom covered with
                marine grasses and detritus to the west of the south shore of Shipyard Point.


                General Site Description
                       The wreckage is probably the remains of a barge; most of the structure is covered
                with reeds. Some 31.5 ft. of timbers, running on an east-west axis, probably are the
                longitudinal components of the structure. About 22.3 ft. of the breadth is exposed before
                being covered with sea grass. One floor, and what is believed to be longitudinal outer hull
                planking, were noted. The wreckage is fastened with iron fasteners. Various bits of timber
                fragments lay both inside and outside of the hull. This area was once a storage pond for the
                Ollinger & Bruce Yard according to property tenant Kirk Sanborn. The entire body of water
                is littered with timbers and stumps.






                                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 185






                                                   PSS Site Number:         T149SR
                                                   Site Name:               Barge off Dutchman's Cut
                                                   Master Site File:        8SR1002


                          General Location
                                  In the Blackwater River, when leaving Dutchman's Cut and heading west, the wreck
                          lies in 8 ft. of water against the marsh island to the southwest. At low tide timbers, are
                          exposed.



                          General Site Descrimion
                                  The site extends for some 100 ft. running east to west and some 50 ft. north to south.
                          The presence of two lines of vertical uprights running east to west, with planking fastened
                          both inside and out suggest that this site is another barge. The structure was fastened with
                          iron nails. No evidence of ballast or conventional frames was seen. The exposed wood was
                          extremely eroded while that protected by silt seemed to be in good condition. Some wood
                          was charred. Inside of the structure an iron concretion was noted, as well as some chocks of
                          wood, bricks, and modern intrusive bottles and cans. Much of the wreckage is covered with
                          trees, stumps and accumulated debris that washes down the river. There is a second set of
                          uprights to the south of the f irst, lying at a right angle, that may or may not have been attached
                          at some time. This site is probably two barges.

                                                   PSS Site Number:         T153SR
                                                   Site name:               Barge at    38 marker
                                                   Master Site File:        8SR1003

                          General Location
                                  The wreckage lies in 3 to 10 ft. of water,.near the eastern bank of a mid-river island.
                          At low tide, some timbers break the surface. The bottom is soft sediment on top of mud.


                          General Site Descriotion
                                  The wreckage of a barge lies perpendicular to the shore. Four longitudinal structural
                          timbers, believed to be chinelogs.and stringers, are 71.9 ft. long with molded and sided
                          dimensions of .7 ft. by .7 ft. With a tape placed at a zero point on the southernmost timber,
                          the stringers run at 0 ft., I I ft., 14 ft. and 18 ft. Some floors are notched over the stringers.
                          The wreckage runs into the mud at the upriver or northern end, leaving a maximum exposed
                          beam of 22.6 ft. Outer hull planking is disarticulated and seems to be running north to south,
                          or parallel to the hull's floor timbers. Floors measure .7 ft. wide and .15 ft. thick. The
                          wreckage is covered with debris and obstructions snagged in the river.

                                                   PSS Site Number:         T154SR
                                                   Site Name:               Barge south of Dutchman's Cut
                                                   Master Site File:        8SR1004


                          General Location
                                  The vessel is eroding out of a marsh island bank that forms a small cove, south east
                          of Dutchman's Cut. The water adjacent to the vessel itself is deep (at least 4 ft.), but the
                          entrance to the little cove is blocked by a sandbar except immediately to the south and,west
                          of the barge. Bottom sediment is depositional silt and detrital matter. Water depth near the
                          hull ranges between I and 3 ft.






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological     Research
             186 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                General Site Descrimion
                        The vessel remains, a late l9th- or early 20th-century wooden barge fastened with
                iron, are eroding out of the bank. No detailed measurements were taken. Observed were four
                longitudinal timbers identified as one or two centerline stringers and two chine logs that
                delineate the hull's original breadth at some 30 ft. The exposed length of the wreckage was
                almost 40 ft. The chine logs were notched to receive the (missing) vertical uprights. Floor
                frames were.beneath the stringers and placed on approximate 2 ft. centers. Longitudinal outer
                hull planking was visible. The hull was fastened in places with iron pins with washers.

                                       PSS Site Number:        T155SR
                                       Site Name:              Marquis Basin Barge
                                       Master Site File:       SSR1005


                General Location
                        The vessel juts out of the bank  in Marquis Basin. The bottom sediment is soft silt.
                Water depth is approximately 2 feet.                                                       -


                General Site description
                        The remains of a barge, some 53 ft. long, run parallel to the bank, protruding 2 to
                3 ft. above the water near shore, and sinking down into the mud away from the bank. The
                remains of what may be the bow point to the east. Some 17 ft. of the vessel's beam is exposed
                before being covered. with reeds and mud. One center stringer and outer chine log were
                observed and sketched. Outer hull, frames, and vertical uprights were present, as was
                transverse deck planking. Iron pins .75 inches in diameter were noted, as were bolts with roves
                protruding from the centerline stringers. Iron nails with square shanks measuring .30 inches
                by .30 inches, and brad heads (diameter .4 inches) were noted. Outer hull planking ran into
                the mud towards the basin center and is .15 ft. thick. Floors measured an average .2 ft. wide
                by .55 ft. high. Some floors were doubles, and room and space averaged 1.6 ft.

                                       PSS Site Number:        T156SR
                                       Site Name:              Quinn Basin Barge
                                       Master Site file:       SSR1006


                General Location
                        The vessel is submerged in 6 to 8 f t. of water, partially covered with vegetation, in
                Quinn Basin on the Blackwater River. The bottom appears to be mud and soft silt.


                General Site Description
                        The remains are probably that of a barge; most of the wreckage is covered with grass.
                No detailed measurements were taken. Observed were three longitudinal stringers, a line of
                vertical uprights, some paired, and some decking. The size of the wreckage is approximately
                75 ft. by 30 ft. It is fastened with iron.


                                       PSS Site Number:        T161SR
                                       Site Name:              Baypoint Barge
                                       Master Site File:       SSR1009


                General Location
                        The barge is located along the northern bank of Baypoint. The hull lies on a mud bank,





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 187





                        with a soft silt deposition. A portion of the vessel lies buried beneath the reeds. Water depth
                        is 2 to 3 feet.



                        General Site Descrir)tion
                                The remains of a barge lie parallel to the shore for some H 3 feet. A breadth of some
                        27 feet is exposed. Near the eastern end, one stringer .4 ft. wide by .9 ft. high runs for almost
                        20 ft. exposed near the eastern end of the wreck. Copper pins are backing out of its top
                        surface. Just next to the stringer is a second longitudinal timber measuring .9 ft. square. These
                        longitudinal timbers cover floor timbers (.6 ft. by .7 ft.) that are covered with at least three
                        planking strakes (.8 ft. by .2 ft.) fastened with iron nails on either side. Planking is missing
                        from most of the area that is not covered with reeds. There seem to be two different widths
                        of the hull, further east the hull runs to 17 ft. wide and ends in a series of vertical uprights
                        (.4 ft. by .3 ft.) spaced on 2.5 f t. centers for some 40 ft. Just west of this the exposed hull
                        is some 10 ft. wider and ends in a second series of vertical uprights. These are .7 ft. by .4
                        ft. Outer hull planking is fastened to the outside of these uprights with .04 ft. square shanked,
                        brad headed fasteners. A f ter this, the hull is mostly buried for some 40 ft. moving westward,
                        with only some 12 transverse timbers exposed. These timbers measure .6 ft. wide and are at
                        least .7 ft. high, exposed from the mud. They are all at least 25 ft. long. The last 18 ft. of
                        the exposed hull has another longitudinal timber with copper pins exposed, covering three
                        floor timbers with deck planking laid on top and fastened with peened pins with washers.
                        At this section, the hull appears to begin to curve in from what was formerly a straight line
                        of breadth. The end of the stringer is constructed and may be the beginning of -a stem
                        assembly. This may be the bow of the vessel. Its edge is then buried beneath the mud and
                        reeds.



                        .Threats to the Sitg-s
                                These seven sites are primarily threatened by erosion due to the river's current and
                        decomposition of the irl*.  fasteners. The unexposed wood will remain in good condition for
                        some time due to the en,@ironment of the Blackwater River. These sites will continue to be
                        covered with sediment as bottom accretion occurs. The sites are not threatened by sport divers
                        or salvagers. The sites that lie near the shore in areas that may be developed as residential
                        properties (8SR1005, 8SR1009), may be impacted by the construction of docks and piers.



                        Assessment
                                Due to the paucity of documented information on barge construction, all of these sites
                        offer valuable information to a greater or lesser extent, contingent on their state of
                        preservation. The most complete hulls are 8SR1005, 8SR1006 and 8SR1009. All of these
                        barges are significant in terms of Pensacola's maritime past due to their importance to the
                        lumber and/or brick industry. They are also important to the understanding of barge design
                        within a larger historical framework.



                        Recommendations
                                These sites should be documented completely. All construction details, hulls shapes,
                        and.designs should be recorded. The general state of preservation, due to the environment,
                        offers an ideal study collection of contemporaneous barge building and usage. During the
                        winter months, at low tide, most of these vessels are almost completely exposed. They could
                        each easily be recorded in less than a day at that time.






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             188 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                The Bayou Chico Barges

                        Four wooden barges were recorded in Bayou Chico. Only three vessels were assigned
                Master Site File numbers, since one barge has already been removed (Figure 8.22). The barges
                located in Bayou Chico share the same environment. The bayou has been a point source for
                several industrial dumps and consequently is a "dead" body of water. Accumulated heavy
                metals in the sediments pose a health hazard if disturbed during diving. Each of the barges
                in Bayou Chico is different and will be reported separately. To varying degrees, all however,
                are significant in terms of construction features and all offer valuable information on barge
                design, function and variation.

                                        PSS Site Number:        PSS T140E
                                        Site Name:              Vessel at Runyan's Shipyard
                                        Master Site File:       SES1896


                General Location
                        The timbers are eroding out of the northern bank of Bayou Chico, in 2 to 5 feet of
                water, just west of Runyan's Shipyard. Bottom sediment is accreted silt and sand over a mud
                bottom.



                General Site Descrivtion
                        Long timbers are eroding out of the bank and into the deeper water. An area
                approximately 45 ft. by 10 ft. parallel to the shore is exposed in the mud and visible beneath
                the shallow water's surface. No specific measurements were made. The vessel appears barge-
                like, but requires further examination.



                Threats to Site
                        This site is primarily threatened by erosion due to exposure (forn the water. The wood
                under the water and mud will remain in good condition for some time to come due to the
                environment of the bayou. Low salinity and a high toxic contamination due to industrial run-
                off prevent much deterioration. The iron fasteners may continue to disintegrate and the hull
                may begin to lose integrity. The site will continue to be covered with sediment as bottom
                accretion continues. The site is not threatened by sport divers or salvagers, but may be
                threatened by any construction along the shore. A proposed new bridge crossing the Bayou
                may impact this site.



                Assessment
                        The vessel remains are relatively modern. They may represent a barge abandoned near
                the turn of the century. Runyan's has been operating in this location since the beginning of
                the 20th century. No detailed recording of the timbers was undertaken.



                Recommendations
                        This site could be recorded in detail before any additional deterioration takes place.
                No excavation is necessary. No artifactual material is likely to be present at the site since the
                vessel appears to have been abandoned. At low water during the winter months a good deal
                more of the bayou's bottom is exposed above water. The remains at this site could easily be
                recorded and interpreted at that time. The site could provide more information on the diverse





                                                                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Researcb
                                       Florida Artbaeological Reports                                                Franklin,         Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 189



                                                                                                                                 LLJ
                                                                                                                                 N



                                                                                                                                  M



                                                                                                                                  :D















                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                       .2

                                                                                                                                                                                                       U

                                                                                                                                                                                                       0











                                                                                                                                                                                                       C14





                                                                                       Ld







                                                                                                                                                                                                       C1
                                                                                                                                                                                                       U
                                                                                                                  19 ;j                                                                                0
                                                                                 LIJ



                                                                                    CU



                                                                                                                                                                                                       LID
                                                                                                                                  Cr
                                                                                                                                  L








































                                                                                       LL




                                                                                                                                                                                    'S






                                      Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                 190 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 191





                        methods of barge construction used on inland waterways. It should be noted that because of
                        its toxicity, extreme caution should be used when diving (or swimming) in Bayou Chico.

                                                PSS Site number:        T137E
                                                Site Name:              Barge (removed) in Bayou Chico.
                                                Master Site File:       None


                        General Location
                                The vessel was located along the northern edge of Bayou Chico, in 2 to 5 feet of water,
                        just before and west of where the Bayou runs under the Railroad bridge. Wreckage was
                        removed by a local salvage operator and placed on a spoil island just across from the crane
                        at the Pensacola Shipyard.



                        General Site descriotion
                                The remains of a late 19th- or early 20-century wooden barge were dredged up as
                        the contractor was installing a dock. He immediately called the PSS office. The wreckage was
                        identified, and photographed. No specific measurements were taken.



                        Threats to Site: None


                        Assessment
                                The  vessel remains are relatively modern, belonging to a barge that was probably
                        abandoned    near the turn of the century. No detailed recording of the timbers has been
                        undertaken.



                        Recommendations
                                The timbers could be measured and recorded before any additional deterioration takes
                        place. No excavation is necessary. This could provide more information on the diverse
                        methods of barge construction used on inland waterways. It should be noted that because of
                        its toxicity, extreme caution should be used when diving (or swimming) in Bayou Chico.

                                                Site number:            T139E
                                                Site Name:              Barge off Clopton's dock
                                                Master Site File:       8ES1905

                        General Location
                                The remains of a barge are just to the east of Jeff Clopton's dock in Bayou Chico.
                        The water depth varies between 3 and 6 feet. The bottom sediment is deposition silt and sand
                        over mud. At low water, portions of the hull stick out above the water's surface.



                        General Site Descrivtion
                                The wreckage of a barge some 80 ft. by 30 ft. lies perpendicular to shore. The area
                        is marked by PVC poles. No detailed recording of the timbers was undertaken.



                        Threats to Site
                                It has been reported that the barge will probably be removed by the marina adjacent






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             192 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                to Clopton's property since it impedes navigation.



                Assessment
                       The site is reported to be a modern barge. No detailed recording of the site was made.
                This site could provide more information on the construction of vessels used for inland
                waterway navigation.


                Recommendations
                       Bayou Chico is extremely toxic and no diving inspection of this site should be made
                without adequate precautions being taken. At extreme 1ow water, in the winter, perhaps this
                site can be recorded without diving.

                                       PSS Site Number:        T140E
                                       Site name:               Barge in West Leg of Bayou Chico
                                       Master Site File:       SES1902


                General Location
                       The vessel is lying in approximately     4 feet of water, exposed at low tide, in the
                furthest western leg of Bayou Chico, behind    three marsh islands. Bottom sediment is a soft
                silt deposition mixed with sand on top of a mud bottom.



                General Site descrit)tion
                       The remains of a barge, some 76.5 ft. long and 28.3 ft. wide lie in 4 feet of water
                and rise almost 2 ft. higher for a total exposed preserved height of almost 6 ft. Basic
                measurements were taken and a site plan was drawn. Figure 8.23 is a rough site plan, it should
                be noted that while all timber dimensions are accurate, the timbers themselves were only
                sketched in relation to one another, not triangulated.



                Features
                       Three longitudinal stringers and two outer chine logs form the backbone of the hull.
                They angle up sharply near the eastern end or bow of the wreck and form a sort of "knee"
                for the hull planking of the vessel's flat end to be laid across (Figure 8.23). They are spaced
                at roughly 7 ft. intervals (0, 6.3, 13, 21.7 and 28.2 ft. on a transverse baseline). Transverse
                deckbeams (.55 ft. by .5 ft.) cross the hull at irregular intervals. Longitudinal deck planking
                was in place in a few instances. These planks averaged .5 ft. wide by .2 ft. thick. They were
                fastened with iron square-shanked nails and in some instances with roved iron pins to the
                transverse deck timbers. Vertical uprights were visible along both sides of the hull. These
                uprights measure .5 ft. square. Outer hull planking was .4 ft. thick. Interior hull planking
                was .3 ft. thick. The stern or western end of the hull was missing. It was not visible and could
                not be detected by probing.



                Threats to Site
                       This site is primarily threatened by erosion due to exposure from the water. The wood
                under the water will remain in good condition for some time to come due to the environment
                of the bayou. Low salinity and a high toxic contamination due to industrial run-off prevent
                much deterioration. The iron fasteners may continue to disintegrate and as they do the hull























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CL










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                10-


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CD


                                         tic


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    fo




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    >









                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                En
                                                                                                                          4_


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CL




                                  P,


                                                                                                                                                                 BAYOU CHICO BARGE


                                                                                                                                                                                         10           15 FEET




                                                                                          Figure 8.23. Site Plan of 8ES1902, Bayou Chico Barge.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           194  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                           Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 195






                           will begin to lose integrity. The site will continue to be covered with sediment as bottom
                           accretion continues. The site is not threatened by sport divers or salvagers.



                           Assessment
                                   The vessel remains are relatively modern; they probably represent a barge abandoned
                           near the turn of the century. A local informant who lived near the abandoned hull stated that
                           he heard it had come to rest there during the hurricane of 1926. This site is the most intact
                           of the Bayou Chico barges that were investigated.

                                   The NOAA Automated Wreck and Obstruction Information System lists a wreck
                           #7107 "observed" at almost this location. NOAA identifies the hull as "an old Government
                           DPC Fuel Barge which carried Bunker C prior to World War 11" according to "a local tugboat
                           captain." Figure 8.24 is the photo of a comparable early 20th-century coal barge at a local
                           shipyard. It shows the layout of decking and separate bunkers for stockpiling coal that may
                           have been present on 8ES1902..Good information on fuel barge construction could be
                           acquired from this site. Although fairly modern, the compartmentalization is an important
                           feature that should be examined.



                           Recommendations
                                   As the most intact vessel located in the Bayou, this site should be recorded in detail
                           before any additional deterioration takes place. No excavation is necessary.. No a         'rtifactual
                           material is likely to be present at the site since the vessel appears to have been abandoned.
                           At low water during the winter months a good deal more of the bayou's bottom is exposed
                           above water. The remains at this site could easily be recorded and interpreted at that time.
                           This could provide more information on the diverse methods of barge construction used on
                           inland waterways. It should be, noted that because of its toxicity, extreme caution should be
                           used when diving (or swimming) in Dayou Chico.


                           Old Navy Cove

                                   Five sites were located in the cove from this time period (Figure 8.25). At least two
                           other sites in this area were located with side scan sonar, but were buried under accreted
                           sediment and were not assessed. Near Deadman's Island the bottom sediment is coarse
                           quartzite sand, but as the water quickly deepens away from shore, the bottom becomes
                           covered with deep soft silt.

                                                    PSS Site Number:         T135SR
                                                    Site Name:               Deadman's Punt
                                                    Master Site File:        8SR1014


                           General Location
                                   The hull is partially buried under a coarse quartzite-sand bottom. Water depth varies
                           between I and 2 feet depending on wind, current and tidal flow.



                           General Site Descrintion
                                   A sturdy work vessel, a punt or small scow, is faintly discernible during both high
                           and low tides protruding from the sand. It has been noted that the hull tends to become






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             196 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                covered and uncovered during storms as the water breaks on Deadman's Island. For the
                purpose of recording, the inside of the hull was cleared off with an induction dredge. A
                baseline was set on the centerline and all measurements were made relative to the baseline.
                The zero point was at the bow, or western end of the hull. The vessel's preserved length is
                16.5 feet. Maximum beam is 5.5 feet. The maximum depth of preservation is 2.1 feet in the
                stern. Figure 8.26 is a drawing of the punt.



                Features
                        Planking: Outer hull planking, consisting of one or two side strakes, was .13 ft. thick.
                Bottom planking thickness was not recorded but a thicker king plank, running along the
                vessel's centerline was noted. Planking width varied between .4 and .9 ft. The seams were
                oakum payed.

                        Frames: The vessel was sturdily framed. Some floors and futtocks were disarticulated
                or missing, but it appears that some I I frame stations made up the hull. Floor timber
                dimensions varied between .18 ft. and .30 ft. molded, the average being about .22 ft. Sided
                dimensions varied between .34 ft. and .74 ft., with the average about .4 ft. Futtocks were
                forward of the floors in the stern, and past the 7 foot mark on the baseline at midships,
                switched to aft of the floors. (This is based on the eastern edge of the hull being the bow,
                the western edge the stern.) Futtock dimensions varied between being 1.5 ft. and 2.0 ft. long.
                Some showed evidence that they had been rough-cut knees, now eroded flat. Futtock molded
                and sided dimensions were on average .2 ft. Notches .3 ft. by .2 ft. were cut into the floors
                at 2.5 ft. on the baseline, 5.5 ft. on the baseline (two), and 14.42 ft. on the baseline.

                        51gLnj The stern was the most heavily framed area. Butting against a raked transom
                was a floor and futtock. On top of the floor, a knee (1.5 ft. by .45 ft.) supported a corner
                post (.35 ft. by .25 ft. by .18 ft.) on the starboard side (Figure 8.26).

                        Fasteners: The hull was fastened with iron, the head measured .1 by .1 ft., the shank
                .05 ft. square.

                        Wood Analysis Two wood samples were sent to Lee Newsom of the Florida Museum
                of Natural History for analysis. The futtock sample was identified as:

                            Pinus sp. section diploxylon, hard group pine. Of the three major hard pine
                            groups, this specimen by anatomy most closely fits the Taeda group which is
                            composed solely of New World members including longleaf (Pinus palustris) and
                            the other southern hard or yellow pines.

                    The sample of exterior hull planking was identified as Quercus virginiana, or live oak.

                Threats to Site
                        This site is easy to observe from shore and could be disturbed by snorkelers and
                waders on the beach. The prime threat to the site is erosion and wind and wave effects.
                Although the site was backfilled upon completion of recording, it continues to uncover under
                certain wind and sea conditions. Some frames are loose, and the hull will probably continue
                to disarticulate.






















                                                                                                                                                          0
















                                                                                                                                                         0  C6




                                                                                                                                                            it




                                                                                                                                                           >









                                                                                                                                                         0

                      loft&


                                                                                                                5,V P


                                                                                                                          71



                                                                                                                                                        C)



                                                         Figure 8.24. Photograph of Early 20th Century Coal Barge.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            198  Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola














                                                 \j

                                                                                                         0j




                                                          a







                                                       SR1000
                                              SR1014,0
                                          SR995                           GULF BREEZE
                                         SR996-



                                                                                                   AY
                                                                                STA
                                                                       J@Aco



                                                                                                         Ista
                                                                                              0S   Cb
                                                                           SaatcL

                                            Figure 8.25. Location Map of 19th & 20th Century Old Navy Cove Sites.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           200  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola



















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             IT1










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  C


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  C
                                                                                                                                                                                                   7-


                                                                                                                                                                                                         4

                                                                          J










                                                                                                                                                                                                                         OEADMAN'S PUNT




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1         2          3 FEFI


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             -3



                                                                                                          Figure 8.26. Site Plan of 8SR1013, Deadman's Punt.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             CD






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           202   Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris,,and Smith, Pensacola






                                                        Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                                Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1203






                                Assessment
                                        The Deadman's Punt- probably represents a vessel of the early 20th century. The
                                careful attention to detail in her construction design demonstrates that she was not hastily
                                built. This seems to alter initial conceptions that she was simply used as a working platform.
                                Her wood sample identifications, hard yellow pine frames and an outer hull plank of live
                                oak, are somewhat unusual. Although both materials are commonly used for vessel
                                .construction and indigenous to Pensacola, usually the harder live oak was used for frames
                                and the southern pine for planking. The reversal in this vessel may indicate that she was
                                constructed simply with local materials at hand (or that the wood analysis samples were
                                reversed; resampling could check this).


                                Recommendations
                                        The vessel has been. accurately recorded and no further actions are recommended. It
                                is suggested, however, that in order to prevent continuing erosion, the vessel could be easily
                                moved and reassembled if a proper place for her conservation and/or exhibit can be found.

                                                        PSS Site Number:        T107SR
                                                        Site Name:              Centerboard Schooner
                                                        Master Site File:       8SR996


                                General Location
                                        The vessel lies in Old Navy Cove, in 12 to 15 ft. of water. Sediment is quartzite sand
                                with a very slight overburden of gray silt and shell hash.


                                General   ite Description
                                        The remains at site 8SR996 appear to be those of a centerboard vessel. Although badly
                                eroded and disarticulated, the remains are preserved to a state allowing identification of
                                major structural features. The remains are approximately 85 feet in length and 20 feet in
                                width. The still -articulated features visible were the centerboard, the trunk, the floors, bilge
                                ceiling, exterior planking, copper sheathing and portions of the sister keelsons.



                                Features
                                        The remains of the trunk assembly were 32 feet in length and started approximately
                                3 ft. from the northernmost end of the vessel remains. The two lowermost members of the
                                trunk were .52 ft. in width (sided dimension) and were .75 ft. apart, this gap being the slot
                                for the centerboard. The trunk was secured with vertical pins .10 ft. in diameter and with
                                transverse pins of the same diameter to the sister keelsons. No pivot could be found for the
                                board due to the poor state of preservation and sediment accumulation. At one point the
                                board rises 2.5 ft. above the bottom surface and exhibits through-pin vertical fasteners.

                                        Floors are discernible on both sides of the trunk, approximately 3 ft. on either side.
                                The area immediately adjoining the trunk is still covered by bilge ceiling. The floors are
                                badly eroded and worm-eaten (Teredo navalis), and are entirely covered in sediment and shell
                                hash. Exterior planking was attached to the floors with iron pins .05 ft. in diameter. The
                                exterior planking was sheathed in copper and secured to the hull with copper tacks. Also
                                present at the site were numerous iron concretions and a curved iron shaft, possibly a davit.






                                         Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                  204 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                     Threats to Site
                             Environmental threats to the site are wave action, scouring and marine borers.
                     Cultural impact will remain minimal due to poor diving conditions and low interest within
                     the sport diving community.



                     Assessment
                             The vessel at site 8SR996 is a 19th-century centerboard schooner. She is fairly heavily
                     constructed. The vessel had flat floors and probably had a hard chine and would have
                     exhibited a deadrise cross section. Although badly deteriorated, enough of the structure
                     remains intact to offer important information. The site is significant and offers valuable data
                     on l9th-century centerboard schooners.



                     Recommendations
                             Although this site is poorly preserved, additional excavation and recording of this
                     vessel would offer worthwhile data on centerboard vessel construction. Due to the fragile
                     nature of the site, it should not be open to the general diving public. Poor visibility and
                     shallow depth will probably keep this site from becoming a popular dive site. Any further
                     work on this site should be carried out by a professional archaeologist.

                                             PSS Site Number:        T131SR
                                             Site Name:              Composite Hull
                                             Master Site File:       8SR1000


                     General Location
                             The vessel is locat'ed just past the drop off at Deadman's   Island in Old Navy Cove.
                     The water depth is 10 feet. Bottom sediment is sand and shell       hash with a soft gray silt
                     overburden.



                     General Site Descrimion
                             The hull remains extend over an area 49 ft. by 15 ft. A centerline/baseline was
                     established and all hull remains were drawn in situ relative to the baseline (Figure 8.27). The
                     zero point was located at the southern end of the keel. The remains represent a vessel of
                     composite construction, preserved along the centerline. A wooden keelson rests upon an iron
                     I-beam keel. Very little relief remains above a soft silty bottom. One iron frame is uncovered
                     at 25 feet on the baseline to the east. Some wooden planking was recorded to the west of the
                     baseline. Four strakes run from 5 ft.to 9 ft. Two strakes are uncovered from 2 ft. past 32
                     ft. Several concreted objects protrude from the sediment.



                     Features
                             KteL Iron, shaped like an I-beam, .5 ft. wide and .6 ft. high.

                             Keelson: Wooden, through-bolted to keel, .5 ft. square.

                             Frames: One frame, an iron I-beam was uncovered and recorded. It measured .6 ft.
                     high by .4 ft. wide on the ends and .2 ft. wide in the center.



























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       @r









                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       (D
                                                                                                                                                    f                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            c







                                                                                                      T.,









                                                                                                           ISRION COMPOSII[ HUtj


                                                                                                0       2                  6        8        10 FRI
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  V                                    CL





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rb



                                                                                                         Figure 8.27. Site Plan of                    8SRIOOO, Composite Hull.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           206  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 207






                        Threats to Site
                                The site seems to have stabilized underwater. There is no relief so the site is not
                        endangered by vessel traffic. There is little to interest the casual pot hunter or sport diver.


                        Assessment
                                Due.to her composite hull, this vessel may date from the 1850s onward, but a late
                        l9th-century date seems most appropriate. She probably was one of the numerous vessels
                        abandoned in Old Navy Cove when she became obsolete or irreparable. The composite
                        construction could provide some additional construction information, but the hull remains
                        are too deteriorated for any information on hull shape or size.


                        Recommendations
                                No further work is recommended.


                                                PSS Site Number:        T104SR
                                                Site Name:              Old Navy Cove     1-2, possibly the Cabadroca
                                                Master Site File:       8SR995


                        General Location
                                The vessel is located in Old Navy Cove in approximately 12 feet of water. Bottom
                        sediment is extremely soft, gray silt.



                        General Site Descrivtion
                                A wooden hull, in excess of 200 feet LOA,is lying on a gray silty bottom in 12 ft.
                        of water. The hull is fastened with iron bolts or pins. The entire hu         *11 is filled with
                        disarticulated debris including iron pipes, deck planks, a davit, iron rail stanchions and a
                        section of a boiler.



                        Threats to Site
                                Potential threats from wave or erosion at this site are minimized by the depth of silt
                        covering most of the hull. This is not a popular dive site and will not suffer from vandalism.



                        Assessment
                                The vessel remains at this site are extensive. The disarticulated structure and
                        machinery within the hull is well preserved and appears to be material associated with the
                        vessel.'No material was apparent on the bottom around the vessel. This is probably a result
                        of sediment depth and accumulation rather than a lack of disarticulated material outboard.
                        Local divers have identified this hull as the Cabadroca, a Portuguese ship scuttled in Old Navy
                        Cove in the early 1900s. The hull is also located on NOAA navigational charts.



                        Recommendations
                                This vessel appears fairly modern. Her upper works are in complete disarray. Future
                        work could be done to ascertain general hull shape and construction features. This
                        information could be compared to available information on the Cabadroca in order to
                        positively identify her, but this is a low priority site.






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            208 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                        PSS Site Numbers:      T128SR, T129SR, T130SR
                                        Site Name:             Bayou Gilmore Debris, Possible Marine Rail
                                                                way
                                        Master Site File:      8SR999


               General Location
                       Located ju5t west of the Bayou    Gilmore entrance in Old Navy Cove, this area of
               bottom debris is in approximately 10 feet of water. The bottom is sand and soft depositional
               silt.



               General Site descrimion
                       This debris was originally identified as three separate sites when located with side
               scan sonar. Ground truth diving revealed that the three areas were contiguous, a mixture of
               concrete slabs, wooden timbers and other structural components spread out for a distance of
               almost two square nautical miles.



               Threats to Site
                       The site is already highly disarticulated. No additional threats are perceived.



               Assessment
                       The site appears to be a second marine railway, in addition to the railway already
               identified, 8SR740, to the north of this one. Local resident W.W. Langford confirms that there
               was a railway at this location, owned and operated by his cousin during the early 20th century.



               Recommendations
                       Cursory measurements and a general site map should be made to delineate the site.
               Additional research into privately held records should also be undertaken.


               Pensacola Bay, Sound, and Offshore

                       Five additional  sites were recorded in a variety of locations and environments from
               this time period. Figure 8.28 shows their locations.

                                        PSS Site Number:       T072E
                                        Site Name:             Rhoda
                                        Master Site File:      8ES1899


               General Site Location
                       The wreck is located on the sound side of Santa Rosa Island in some 25 feet of water.
               The bottom surface is sand and shell hash. This pJaces the vessel within the jurisdiction of
               the National Park Service at Gulf Islands National Seashore if accessed by land.



               General Site Descrimion
                       The entire site is littered with material dumped by local fisherman to create an
               artificial reef. There are air conditioners, shopping carts, tires and several porcelain


















                                                                                        FS1903




                                                                  venpoil
                                                                CLYOU

                                    13        Grcmde












                                                                              ES1899
                                                                     ES9
                                                                     F



                                                                                           C)
                                                                                                 cc
              'ES1900                                              S CL 7-L


                                   FS1898





                                       Figure 8.28. Location Map of 19th & 20th Century Bay, Sound, and Offshore Sites.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           210  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 211





                        commodes strewn about the site. Exposed vessel remains consist of an 80 ft. run of wooden
                        frames, a large ballast pile, iron chain plates, chain, iron knees, and one exposed section of
                        deck clamp. There are several disarticulated wooden planks as well as two hawse pipes
                        towards the northwest end of the site. The hull remains are on an even keel on one side of
                        the wreckage, as indicated by the vertical articulated chain plates and upper futtocks. The
                        other side of the hull appears to have collapsed onto the seabed.



                        Features
                                Chain Plates: The iron chain plates are in some cases disarticulated. Seven are still
                        attached to frames. They are .40 ft. in width and 8.0 ft. in length and .04 ft. thick. Five
                        additional chain plates were found lying scattered inboard of the frame line.

                                Deck Clamv A section of deck clamp was exposed on the fourth frame on the
                        baseline. It was made of three pieces. The innermost piece was .35 ft. in width. The second
                        piece was .20 ft. wide, and the third piece was .70 ft. wide. The entire assembly was through-
                        pinned to the frame.

                                Frames: Frames were doubled and pinned. The chain plates that are still articulated
                        have flanges fitted into the seam between the paired futtocks. Though most frames are
                        excessively deteriorated, it seems that an average original dimension for the futtocks is .8
                        ft. sidedand.5 ft. molded thickness. A third wooden structural member was observed directly
                        outboard and adjacent to frame pairs FI 1, F13, F14 & F15. This timber could possibly be
                        the remains of a disarticulated top timber or futtock, or a wale which survived only where
                        connected to the frame pairs. The height of preservation of this third timber was in most cases
                        significantly less than the frame pairs to which it was adjacent.

                                Ballast Pile: The pile of large river cobble was present inboard of the frame line and
                        extended well beyond the run of frames. These rocks were heavily covered in marine growth
                        and are not indigenous to this area.



                        Threats to Site
                                Due to  the thoroughly disturbed nature of this site, no additional threats are worth
                        considering. It is likely that more hull structure is buried under the ballast pile and bottom
                        sediment but that fact alone insures protection of the unexposed remains.



                        Assessment
                                Local information about this site is conflicting. Divers and fishermen agree that this
                        is the Rhoda site, however some claim the vessel to have been a bark and some claim her
                        to have been a coastal steamer. Likewise, the vessel remains are equally ambiguous. Numerous
                        chainplates are present on the exposed frames. There is little evidence to argue for a steam
                        vessel with two exceptions. There is a large, partially buried iron box, possibly a steam chest.
                        Numerous pipes are in the vicinity of this feature. Due to the massive amount of intrusive
                        material on this site it has not been determined if this feature is a piece of the vessel's
                        machinery.

0                               Tesar states that

                                "On September 9, 1882, the English bark Rhoda drifted across the bay and






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             212 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                                                                                                                      0"
                        capsized about 7:00 prn near Santa Rosa Island during a hurricane. (NOTE:
                        This is probably the wreck located NE of the Life Saving Station in 24 feet
                        of water on the 1901 chart of Pensacola Bay)" (Tesar 1973:166).

                        Tesar's information is from the "File of Pensacola's Ship Wrecks" in the archives of
                the Pensacola Historical (Society) Museum.



                Recommendations
                        Due to the ambiguity presented by this site, further investigation is recommended.
                Test trenches and a complete site map, coupled with detailed recording of all possible
                machin  ery associated with the vessel (excluding air conditioners and commodes) would at
                least allow for identification of the vessel's means of propulsion.

                                        PSS Site Number:        T077
                                        Site Name:              Sport
                                        Master Site File:       8ES99

                General Location
                        The wreck is located on the sound side of Santa Rosa Island, just offshore in 2 to 3
                feet of water on a sandy bottom.



                General Site descrit)tion
                        LOA of the hull is 86 feet. Maximum preserved breadth of the hull is 19.8 feet. The
                preserved remains are riveted iron-on-iron construction. The height of wreckage above the
                bottom of the bay varies from 1.2 ft. in the stern to 4.3 ft. in the bow. The hull lies bow
                towards the beach, on an axis bearing 155 magnetic degrees. Almost the entire frame line
                on the starboard side is exposed. The port side of the hull is buried throughout the midships
                section. The hull lists to port at approximately a 30-degree angle. No excavation took place
                on this site. Only the exposed areas were mapped (Figure 8.29).

                        A baseline/centerline was stretched inside of the hull. The zero point on the baseline
                was in the bow, and all measurements were taken relative to the centerline. There was a
                wooden deck on iron beams and reinforcement plates, although at present only a small area
                of wood is attached to the hull at approximately 23 ft. on the baseline. Two iron bollards
                remain on the port side of the hull, at 8 ft. on the baseline. The bollards are I ft. high, their
                top diameter is .45 ft. and they are spaced .7 ft. apart. In the stern, a transverse bulkhead
                begins at 80 ft. on the baseline. This bulkhead lies at the forward edge of the base on which
                a rudder indicator sits. It is at this point that the frames end and four radial beams run into
                a rounded stern section. A longitudinal stringer runs from 29 ft. to 53.5 ft. on the baseline.
                This stringer is 5.9 ft. away from the centerline.



                Features


                      . Frames: The frames are iron I-beams .2 ft. by .5 ft. After 23 ft. on the baseline the
                beams are .3 ft. on 2 ft. centers. From this point 29 beams transverse the hull until the
                bulkhead begins at 80 ft. on the baseline.























                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CL





                                                                                                                                                                                                                              to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0






                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CD
                                                                                                                                  -7   "7y 77'T-T   -7   '@7
                                                                      7                                                @7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0
                                                                                               77
                                                                             71, 'd .7 J,(

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  CD



                                                                @4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  >



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  fo






                                                                                                                                                                             $IS"
                                                                                                                                                                             ]HE SPORI


                                                                                                                                                                            0          s          10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  :r





                                                                                 Figure 8.29. Site Plan of 8ES99, Spori.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           214  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola











































                                                                                                                       4D











                                                                                                                       40






                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 215






                         Threats to Site
                                 Early photos of the wreck make it evident that much more of the hull's superstructure
                         originally rose out of the water. The iron that remains is below water, except for the stem
                         at low tide, and seems to have stabilized.



                         Assessment
                                 This hull is in sound condition. No protection or action seems to be required at this
                         time. Local papers and informants all identify this hull as 'the Sport, an iron tug used to ferry
                         passengers to Santa Rosa Island that sank during a hurricane in the first part of the century,
                         This site offers -information on hull shape and iron vessel construction.



                         Recommendations
                                 This hull is in shallow water and not particularly vulnerable to further damage. A sand
                         bottom insures good visibility, and, the hull actually looks like a shipwreck. This vessel
                         provides an excellent opportunity for interpretation, and it could easily be developed as an
                         underwater park for snorkelers and waders. It should be noted that if accessed by land, this
                         wreck lies within the jurisdiction of the National Park Service at Ft. Pickens, Gulf Islands
                         National Seashore.


                                                  PSS Site Number:        TOOISR
                                                  Site Name:              Windlass Wreck
                                                  Master Site File:       8SR994


                         General Location
                                 The site is located in English Navy Cove in 15 feet of water. The bottom sediment
                         is soft silt and clay. The silt is accreted, it is not the indigenous sediment type.


                         General Site Descrit)tion
                                 The only object visible above the bottom is an iron windlass, approximately 14 ft.
                         long and 4 ft. high. See Figure 8.30 for a scale drawing. Also visible was some 2-inch thick
                         planking fastened with square-shanked nails. Any other hull structure is buried beneath the
                         silt and was not recorded.



                         Threats to Site
                                 The site has reached a point of stabilization beneath the accreted sediment, and the
                         exposed wood and iron appear to be in a stable condition also. No major threats are perceived.



                         Assessment
                                 The windlass may date to the late 19th or early 20th century. Its dimensions suggest
                         that the vessel beneath the sediment will be of some size. No systematic probing was
                         conducted to define the exact parameters of the site.



                         Recommendations
                                 Probing and a possible    test trench should be undertaken at this site. The remains
                         appear relatively modern. The    hull is buried, and under no threat. Until more information
                         is recovered, no assessment of    significance can be made.






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            216 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola                         op





                                       PSS Site Number:       T141E
                                       Site Name:             Clopton-Large Wreck-Possible Drydock?
                                       Master Site File:      SES1903


               General Location
                       The site is located in 3 to 5 feet of water. The site is located 'in the bay, near the                      AM
               downtown waterfront, just off the channel entrance to the Patti Seafood docks. Bottom
               sediment is sand and shell hash, with a soft sediment overburden.



               General Site Description
                       Visible is a large section of a copper-sheathed wooden structure. The run of the
               remains are relatively straight and the frames and planking sections visible are heavily
               constructed. No measurements were made, but the structure was estimated as at least 300 feet
               long.



               Threats to Site: None.


               Assessment
                       This wreckage is adjacent to the area where Ollinger & Bruce Shipyard operated a
               floating drydock in the 1920s. Description of the drydock. has it being 380 feet LOA. The
               long straight run of planking, sheathing, and the heavy construction could be indicative of
               drydock structure or some other association with the shipyard. This area was also the site of
               many shipwrecks during the 1906, 1916, and 1926 hurricanes in Pensacola.



               Recommendations
                       Additional work at the site is recommended. Test trenches could reveal whether this
               is indeed a portion of the Ollinger & Bruce drydock. The significance of the yard to Pensacola
               make this effort worthwhile, as would specific information on the construction method.

                                       PSS Site Number-       T003
                                       Site Name:             USS Massachusetts
                                       Master Site File:      8ES1898


               General Location
                       The site is located approximately one-and-a-quarter miles offshore in the Gulf of
               Mexico, just to the west of the harbor entrance channel. Water depth is between 18 and 20
               feet. Bottom sediment is very coarse, accreted quartzite sand and shell hash.



               General Site Description
                       A battered steel hulk of a late 19th century battleship partially ties buried under the
               sand on a flat bottom. The hull is oriented east-west, with the bow pointed to the east. Both
               13-inch gun turret barbettes are awash at low tide. The wreck is a popular sport fishing and
               diving location on the weekends.



               Features
                       Two 13-inch gun turret barbettes run along the central axis, both have been displaced





















                                                                                                                                  0








                                                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                                                  TO


                                                                                                                                  o"o
                                                                                                                                  (1)

                                                                                                                                  0

                                                                                             OSR994

                                                                                         WINDLASS     SIM


                        40



         r 7


                                                                                                      f
                                                        J   V

                                                                                           MAN I                    FEE I
                                                           LER

                                                                                           0                    3




                                                 1:1gure 8.30. Site Min ol'8SR994, Windlass Site.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           218 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1219





                         from their mounts. The 8-inch gun turrets have been displaced outboard on either side of
                         the hull. The stern steering quadrant and rudder shaft are visible above the sand. The bow
                         section was displaced by explosions, but still recognizable are the hawser pipe and torpedo
                         tube. The windlass house top is displaced from the windlass but still contains chain running
                         through four hawser pipes. The main windlass is still intact and is a prominent feature of
                         the forward portion of the site. The forward starboard section of the berthing deck is
                         accessible.to divers by swimming through the bulkheads. A portion of the port armor plate
                         along the waterline (18-inch thick nickel steel) has been displaced from the ship at a radical
                         angle.



                         Threats to Site: None.


                         Assessment
                                 The hull was blown apart by artillery tests in January 1921 and alleged torpedo
                         bomber drills before World War II, and/or depth charging (Figure 8.3 1). The site has abundant
                         marine life. Portions of the hull are recognizable and can be interpreted. Visibility and current
                         conditions vary depending on the tides. At least three or four points allow access to spaces
                         belowdecks and could be dangerous if divers were to explore them. The Massachusetts,
                         although not an easy dive, is significant for several reasons. She is important to Pensacola
                         history, and U.S. Naval history. See Figure 8.31.



                         Recommendations
                                 This site has been nominated by local divers to become a state underwater
                         archaeological preserve. See recommended steps for park establishment (see Chapter 10,
                         Recommendations).


                         8. The Late Twentieth Century, 1945 to Present
                                 Although modern sites from this period exist in Pensacola Bay, none were studied
                         during this phase of the survey. Several small recreational craft have been lost in recent years,
                         and remnants of derelict industrial craft are to be found; however, modern aids to navigation
                         and more efficient recovery of vessels in distress make it likely that fewer sites from this
                         .period exist compared to earlier periods.






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            220 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola









                                                                                          Lit.

            Wool
                                                                                                                                                              --go
                                                                                               MW


                                                                                            -%Or







                                                  i-igure 8.31. Photo of 8ES1898, USS   Mass"cilliwIlA         1, it'






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           222  Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith Pensacola 1 223





                                                        CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS



                         Introduction


                                 During an eight-month period, the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey compiled a data base
                         containing 162 entries, representing recorded ship losses, local site accounts, and recorded
                         sites. Project staff investigated over 40 sites, of which 33 were recorded as historically or
                         archaeological ly significant.

                                 In an attempt to develop a system for recommending possible management options
                         for the underwater resources of Pensacola Bay, these 33 sites are organized into a proposed
                         schematic matrix, arranged by age, integrity, and management options.


                         Limitations of the Wreck Site Reports as a Sample Base

                                 Many of the sites in the sample base were found to be of the same age and function,
                         and were located in similar environments. Examples of these are the cluster of four lumber
                         vessels at Shield's Point, and the barges in Bayou Chico. In addition, the sample base did not
                         include sites from three of the eight periods of Pensacola maritime chronology, namely the
                         First and Second Spanish Periods and the Late Twentieth Century. Hence, the chronological
                         and environmental spread of the sample base was limited, and serves as a pilot study that
                         produced only tentative conclusions regarding historic shipwrecks contained in Pensacola
                         Bay. Further fieldwork is needed to broaden the range of sites in an attempt to study a more
                         complete cross section of these resources.

                                 Sites recorded by the survey staff were, for the most part, those that were readily
                         accessible. Of the 33 sites described, 28 were previously known sites shown to the survey staff
                         by area residents, and five were discovered using remote sensing equipment. The survey had
                         limited access to remote sensing equipment; when instruments were available on short-term
                         loans, they were used to seek out more sites, rather than to gather additional data on existing
                         targets. Remote sensing surveys were completed in two areas thought to contain potentially
                         significant maritime sites. Old Navy Cove was surveyed with side-scan sonar, producing
                         several new sites, and Bayou Grande was surveyed with magnetometry with negative results.

                                 An inherent problem during the survey resulted from lack of a uniform survey
                         positioning system with which to accurately fix datum locations and control points. On
                         occasion, two different LORAN C instruments were used to record positions, resulting in
                         difficulties with the accurate relocation of previously detected targets, and in some cases,
                         inability to complete accurate and comprehensive surveys of designated areas. This problem
                         initially could have been prevented by utilizing only one LORAN instrument for all survey
                         work, or more ideally, by using a more sophisticated positioning system dedicated solely to
                         the survey project.

                                 In some instances, sites detected by low frequency sonar were completely buried
                         beneath the bottom sediments, and could not be assessed without some means of clearing away
                         overburden, an activity outside the designated scope of this project. Because of sediment
                         accretion on the bottom of the bay over the last centuries, older shipwrecks are more likely
                         to be buried and less likely to be as detectable or accessible as those that are more modern.
                         The oldest sites thus far encountered in Pensacola Bay are the remains of two colonial vessels






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             224 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                eroding from the beach in shallow water. Undoubtedly, there are older sites in the depths
                of the bay that are deeply buried under sediments. To locate examples of these, sub-bottom
                penetrating sonar could be employed, as well as probing and coring tools to investigate buried
                targets.

                        The 33-site sample base represents only a small part of the great variety of vessels
                expected to be encountered in Pensacola's waters. Over 20 of the sites recorded by the survey
                show evidence that they were abandoned vessels, rather than "shipwrecked" vessels. As such,
                these sites were the most accessible, and are associated with the locations of historic maritime
                activities, such as careenages, shipyards, mills, and wharves. Their present accessibility
                depended largely on having been abandoned, rather than having been damaged or lost by
                wrecking or storms. And their accessibility is also a result of their situation in a relatively
                calm and protected environment conducive to good organic preservation.

                        With these limitations noted, data from recorded sites is applied to a proposed matrix
                along with recommendations for proposed management options in the following section.


                The Pensacola Shipwreck Matrix

                        The sites are initially separated by the time period to which they date, age being one
                ,criterion for assessing implied historical and archaeological significance. They are reviewed
                for site integrity: the amount and condition of the hull remains and any associated material
                that is preserved for archaeological assessment, serving as an additional means for
                determining archaeological significance. Using these criteria the sites are assigned a priority
                rating of potential significance. The priority rating will determine -the range of proposed
                management options viable for each individual site. An additional factor that must be
                accounted for at this stage is site preservation. Is the site in danger of being disturbed through
                .environmental or human forces? Does it require full and immediate action to salvage
                archaeological information that may be lost at a later date? All of this information must be
                processed into the shipwreck matrix. The obvious factor is that the initial site identification
                and reconnaissance must be accomplished by either a professional or a trained amateur marine
                archaeologist. To determine the basic    'facts about a wreck site, including a vessel's possible
                age and nationality, as well as a balanced assessment of the hull's integrity and degree of
                preservation, some level of expertise and prior experience is necessary.


                Shipwreck Time Periods

                        The simplest way to initially categorize the sites and types of shipwrecks encountered
                is again the Pensacola maritime chronology. This will in most cases separate the wrecks by
                time period as well as nation of origin. The same time periods discussed in the previous
                chapters are used for the matrix. They are:

                        I .The  First Spanish Period, 1513-1763
                        2. The  British Period, 1763-1783
                        3. The  Second Spanish Period, 1783-1821
                        4. The  Early American Period, 1821-1861
                        5. The  Civil War, 1861-1865
                        6. The  Maritime Expansion Period, 1865-1906
                        7. The  Early Twentieth Century, 1906-1945
                        8. The  Late Twentieth Century, 1945-Present







                                                             Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                               Florida Archaeological Reports                              Franklin, Morris, and Smith Pensacola 1 225





                                         Most of these periods are based on war or a change in ruling nations, and can be
                               applied to the rest of Florida. Only the year 1906, between the sixth and seventh periods,
                               is site-specific to Pensacola, chosen to mark a major hurricane that changed the face of local
                               maritime industry and development.

                                         Wrecks will be termed as more significant when they are Identified as older or as
                               belonging to an important or previously undocumented historical or developmental period.
                               In this instance, sites are simply assigned a significance priority based on their time period
                               of operation in the order shown above. It should be understood that special considerations
                               can be made for more modern vessels, such as vessel types that have not received much
                               documentation or hulls that are associated with a large amount of significant artifactual
                               information.



                               Shipwreck Integrity

                                         A shipwreck site can be defined as a uniform archaeological assemblage of physical
                               remains associated with a vessel that has sunk or been abandoned. Artifacts found in
                               association with structural remains and/or archaeological features are considered to be part
                               of a site when they can be documented as being derived f rom a particular vessel. Unassociated
                               or intrusive artifacts are those that cannot be archaeologically documented as belonging to
                               a certain vessel.


                                         Site integrity will depend on certain variables, such as the cause of sinking, depth
                               of water, and nature of the environment, as. well as secondary adverse impact by natural or
                               human activities. For simplicity, site integrity can be divided into three categories: high,
                               moderate, and low.

                                         The range of integrity categories is described in two sections, 1) Hull Structure
                               Integrity, and 2) Associated Ballast, Hardware and Small Finds. Because a completely intact
                               hull may have been stripped and abandoned, or a disintegrated hull may still contain
                               important information in its remaining associated timbers and artifactual remains, the two
                               sections must be considered together and collectively weighed to determine a site's integrity
                               rating. Table 9.1 describes the integrity options.


                                                                    Table 9.1 Shir)wreck Site Integritv


                                                                                HULL STRUCTURE


                                             High                                     Moderate                                     Low

                                 intact and/or articulated            articulated timbers are associated.           remnants of the hull are present
                                 structure above the vessel's         including portions of the keel, keelson.      but unarticulated or scattered
                                 waterline or turn of the bilae       floors, and planking
                                                                   I                                             I


                                                                 BALLAST, HARDWARE AND SMALL FINDS

                                             High                                     Moderate                                     LOW

                                 in-situ primary deposits of          partially disturbed deposits of balla,@t      little or no secondary ballast
                                 baflast stone. anchors.              stone, associated anchors, armamem.           stone deposits. scattered
                                 armament, rigging, or                rigging, or artifactual materials ar',         hardware or rigging, no
                                 artifactual materials                present but scattered over a wide area        artifacts. only intrusive items







                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             226 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                       Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                Pensacola Shipwreck Integrity Examples

                        Sites in Pensacola survive in a variety of environments, although wrecks from five
                of the eight designated time periods were recorded in groups, each of which was restricted
                to a single environment. Since several wrecks overlapped between periods 6 and 7, they will
                again be treated as one unit. Integrity of the shipwreck sites will be rated, and examples
                assigned where available, for each of the time periods covered.

                2. The  British Period, 1763-1783
                        High: Town Point 8SR983 (Though hull integrity is moderate, several in situ small
                        finds were noted, making this an overall high level integrity site).

                4. The  Early American Period, 1821-1861
                        High: Pickens Wreck 8ES 1901 (Hull integrity is high, buried and preserved to the level
                        of the deck beams, additional material may be present in situ).

                5. The  Civil War, 1861-1865
                        Moderate: Convoy 8ES1372 (The hull integrity is low, and scattered associated
                        material remains are moderate).

                6. The  Maritime Expansion Period, 1865-1906,
                        and


                7. The  Early Twentieth Century, 1906-1945
                        High: The Shields Point Lumber Schooners 8SR997, 8SR998, 8SR101 1, and 8SR1012
                        (Though primarily stripped of associated hardware, rigging and artifactual material,
                        hull integrity is high on all four vessels).

                        Moderate: Sport 8ES99 (Though hull structure is still articulated, it exists only to the
                        turn of the bilge; the rest of the vessel has deteriorated. No additional material remains
                        are associated with this site).



                Shipwreck Management Options

                        The following management options will be discussed and applied to the prioritized
                sites on a sliding scale basis. All options presently exist in Florida's management program,
                except for the Landmark status and @Amateur permit, which in Pensacola's case are
                recommended. Salvage contracts are listed since they are a management option currently
                exercised by Florida, although they are probably not issues that will have to be addressed
                in Pensacola, due to the lack of any historically documented lost treasure fleets.

                        Restricted access to a shipwreck might be warranted on a temporary basis if a site
                is threatened by looting or other disturbances, or if it is the subject of an ongoing research
                project. This management option would only be considered for unusual circumstances.

                        Reserve status may be given to a site to protect and preserve its integrity. Sites with
                a reserve status would remain open to public visitation, but closed to exploration and salvage
                activities. Archaeological research permits may be granted for reserved status sites, but only
                to qualified organizations seeking to meet specific research goals.







                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith Pensacola 1 227





                                 Preserve status may be given to a site to protect, enhance, interpret, and promote it
                         for public use and appreciation. Historically significant and interesting wrecksites can be
                         nominated for designation as underwater archaeological preserves (parks) to be established
                         and managed through joint efforts at the local, county and state level.

                                 Landmark status may be given to a shipwreck site that has been identified as being
                         of state or national historic significance. Such status is considered for sites that may not meet
                         the criteria for a preserve, such as ease of public access or good underwater visibility, but
                         which deserve historic designation and public interpretation. Criteria for landmark sites
                         would be similar to those for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.

                                 Research i)roiects may be conducted on shipwreck sites for the purpose of recovering
                         knowledge about hull construction or artifacts that will result in increased understanding and
                         appreciation of Florida's historically and archaeologically significant wrecksites. Qualified
                         research organizations may apply to the State of Florida for permission and assistance, in the
                         form of grants or participation, to conduct projects that are in the public interest.

                                 Research permits may be granted to qualified institutions with trained personnel and
                         adequate equipment and facilities to perform archaeological research projects. The permit
                         requires the production of a professional and publishable report on the results of the project.
                         All materials recovered under the permit are to be conserved and curated, and will remain
                         in public ownership for further study or display.

                                 Amateur permits could be granted to amateur organizations whose members have
                         agreed to operate under a code of ethical standards similar to those accepted by professional
                         organizations. Such permits would be for conducting archaeological survey and sampling of
                         a site, with excavation limited to collection of diagnostic samples for further research. The
                         permit would require the preparation of a publishable report, and all materials collected
                         would be conserved and curated, and remain in public ownership.

                                 Exr)loration contracts may be entered into for the purpose of conducting electronic
                         survey work in a certain area of state bottomiands to locate historic shipwrecks. The contract
                         is not a lease of state lands or resources, but rather a work agreement that requires production
                         of a survey report which must be reviewed and signed by a qualified marine archaeologist.
                         With necessary permission from appropriate agencies, an exploration contract may be
                         amended to include limited test excavation of targets for the purpose of determining their
                         nature. Any material collected during sampling is to remain in public ownership.

                                 Salvage contracts may be entered into for the purpose of commercial recovery of
                         artifacts from a shipwreck site. Aside from demonstrating an acceptable justification for
                         salvage and a rational strategy of work, the contractor must also possess appropriate salvage
                         qualifications and obtain the services of a qualified marine archaeologist to supervise all
                         recoveries. The contract contains strict archaeological guidelines that include the preparation
                         of adetailed report by the archaeologist. After conservation, a portion of the salvage artifacts,
                         such as duplicate specie and bullion, may be awarded to the contractor for disposal. The
                         remaining collection of materials is to remain in public ownership.


                         Management Options by Category

                                 A - could possibly have access temporarily restricted; would warrant reserve status;






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             228 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                would not be eligible for underwater preserve; would be eligible for landmark status; could
                be subject of research project; would require a research permit; could possibly be subject
                of amateur permit under supervision of a qualified archaeologist, taking into account nature
                of site and abilities of permittee; would not be subject of exploration contract; would not
                be subject of salvage contract.

                        B - could possibly have access temporarily restricted; could warrant reserve status;
                could be eligible tor underwater preserve; could be eligible for landmark status; could be
                subject of research project; would require a research permit; could be subject of amateur
                permit; could be subject of exploration contract; could possibly be subject of salvage contract,
                under strict archaeological guidelines, taking into account nature of site and ability of salvor.

                        C - Access would never be restricted; could warrant reserve status; could be eligible
                for underwater preserve; could be eligible for landmark status; could be subject of research
                project; would require a research permit; could be subject of amateur permit; could be subject
                of exploration contract; could possibly be subject of salvage contract, under strict
                archaeological guidelines, taking into account nature of site and ability of salvor.

                        D - Access would never be restricted; reserve status not warranted; could possibly
                be eligible for underwater preserve; could be subject of research project; could possibly
                require a research permit; could be subject of amateur permit; could be subject of exploration
                contract; could possibly be subject. of salvage contract, under strict archaeological guidelines,
                taking into account nature of site and ability of salvor.

                        E - access would never be restricted; reserve status not warranted; would not be
                eligible for landmark status; could possibly be subject of research project; would not require
                a research permit; could be subject of amateur permit, could be subject of exploration
                contract; salvage contract not applicable.

                Table 9.2 outlines the management options in a table form for quick reference.






                                                         Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                             Florida Archaeological Reports                          Franklin, Morris, and Smith Pensacola 1 229





                                                          Table 9.2 Shipwreck Management Ogtions


                                                                                CATEGORY


                               OPTIONS                          A              B            C             D            E



                               access restricted             possible       possible          no          no            no


                               reserve status                   yes            yes           yes          no           no


                               preserve (park) status           no             yes            yes       possible       no


                               landmark status                  yes            yes       possible         no            no


                               research projects                yes            yes           yes          yes       possible


                               research permits                 yes            yes           yes        possible       no


                               amateur permits               possible          yes           yes         yes          yes


                               exploration contracts            no             yes           yes         yes           yes


                               salvage contracts                no          possible      possible      possible       n/a



                            Classification of Pensacola Shipwrecks

                                      Table 9.3 assigns a classification integrity to the possible combinations of the various
                            time periods and levels of integrity that may be encountered.






                                       Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              230 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                         Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                              Table 9.3 Classification of Shipwrecks



                                                                [IN7EGRITY


                                                  Hi2h                  Moderate
                        AGE                      (intact)               continuous)                scattered)



                   1. 1513-1763                     A                        A                       A



                   2. 1763-1781                     A                        A                       B



                   3. 1781-1821                     A                        B                       B



                   4. 1821-1861                     A                        B                       C



                   5. 1861-1865                     A                        B                       C



                   6. 1865-1906                     B                        C                       C



                   7. 1906-1945                     B                        C                       C



                   8. 1945-present                  C                        D                       E




                         Table 9.4 applies the shipwreck sites recorded during the course of           the Pensacola
                 Shipwreck Survey to the classification matrix. Three other Pensacola wrecksites discussed in
                 previous work will also be included. In the case of sites such as the "Vindlass Site, the Cit        '1,
                 of Tampa, or the possible Judah site, it will be assumed that more of the wreck.is present
                 beneath the sediment, since this has not been disproved. Again, the 1865-1906 and 1906-
                 1945 time periods are combined.







                                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith Pensacola 1 231







                                                 Table 9.4 Classification of Pensacola Shiowlecks



                                                                       INTEGRITY


                                                        High                       Moderate                      LOW
                                 AGE                   (intact)                   (associated)                (scattered)



                           1. 1513-1763                  A                            A                           A



                                               Town Pt. Wreck SR983
                           2. 1763-1781                  A                            A                           B
                                               Deadman's Wreck SR782



                           3. 1781-1821                  A                            B                           B



                                               Navy Caisson ES 1897
                           4. 1821-1861                  A                            B                           C
                                               Pickens Wreck ES1901



                                                 Convoy ES1372
                           5. 1861-1865-                 A                            B                           C
                                                 Judah   ES 1904 -



                           6. 1865-1906        Cedar Wreck SR1007          Massachusetts ES 1898          Marine Ways Debris
                                               Snapper Wreck SRIOOI             Sport ES99
                           7. 1906-1945                  B                            C                           C
                                               Shields Point Schooners        Rhoda ES1899
                                               SR997, 998, 1011, 1012      "Cabradroca" SR995
                                               Deadman's Punt SR1014      Centerboard Schooner SR996
                                                                           Composite Wreck SR 1000
                                                                            Jack's Wreck ES 1900
                                                                           "City of Tampa" SRIOIO
                                                                             Milton RR Hull SR1008
                                                                              Blackwater Barges
                                                                             Bayou Chico Barges


                           8. 1945-present               C                            D                           E







                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             232 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola








                Analysis of Pensacola Shipwrecks in the Management Option Matrix

                        The information entered into the matrix generally agrees with the results of the
                individual evaluations and assessments formed by survey staff and reported in the narrative
                wreck inventory descriptions. The single inconsistency is in the integrity rating; in some cases
                a higher integrity is assigned to a shipwreck such as the Cabadroca than the value suggested
                by the ground truth evaluation. In the later time periods this is negated in most cases by the
                fact that preservation options for all integrity levels differ only by small degrees. Wreck
                integrity and management classifications for earlier years are relatively untested due to lack
                of data. The data from early periods that was entered seems to be correct, yet more
                information will be required to truly test the effectiveness of the matrix. A major drawback
                is that data acquisition and entry are still relatively subjective. Entry and evaluation will
                differ depending upon an investigator's training, experience, and familiarity with compara-
                tive sites. The shipwreck classification matrix is only a tool, and will best be manipulated
                by those with an appropriate technical background.





                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                 Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 233






                                                   CHAPTER 10. RECOMMENDATIONS



                         Introduction


                                Four issues are addressed in the final chapter. The first section contains recommen-
                         dations for future work in the field in Pensacola, in order to broaden the range of historic
                         wrecksites discovered. The second section contains recommendations to the agency that
                         conducted this work, the Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological
                         Research. Specific recommendations for interaction between local, state and federal agencies
                         in order to better understand and preserve Florida's submerged cultural resources are
                         included in the third section. A final course of recommended action is continuing public
                         education and awareness, emphasizing communication and cooperation with the sport diving
                         public.



                         Recommendations for Future Work


                                The next phase of the shipwreck survey in Pensacola could benefit from a number
                         of suggestions. In addition to following up and assessing reported wreck sites, efforts should
                         be made to complete more remote sensing surveys. The use of a more accurate positioning
                         system designed for this purpose would greatly aid in this process. Efforts should also be made
                         to acquire the use of a sub-bottom profiling system to survey limited areas. Recent
                         developments in these systems have demonstrated the ability to find and identify wooden
                         wrecks buried beneath the sediment. Use of sub-bottom sonar would help to determine the
                         number of wrecks buried beneath the bay bottom, and the depth of sediment covering the
                         wrecks. Recommended areas to survey in the future include the western shore of the Gulf
                         Breeze peninsula, Bayou Chico, near Muscogee Wharf, and the deep-water central sections
                         of Pensacola Bay. Efforts should be made in the Blackwater River to locate the HMS Mentor
                         and the Civil-War era gunboat burned and abandoned by the Confederates off Bagdad. Winter
                         low tides should provide the opportunity to record exposed wrecks in the Blackwater River
                         and Bayou Chico. Recent storms have begun to uncover the remains of two wrecks located
                         just offshore of Gulf Islands National Seashore: Catherine, a Norwegian bark run aground
                         in 1894 and.E.W. Fowler, a snapper smack still working when it wrecked on the beach in 1960.
                         Both wrecks cover and uncover periodically. The sites were briefly described by Tesar in
                         1973, and should be rechecked and recorded to further understand how this environment
                         affects site preservation.


                         Recommendations to the Bureau of Archaeological Research



                         1. Establishment of an Underwater Preserve in Pensacola
                                The first phase of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey has demonstrated that there are
                         a number of easily accessible shipwreck sites within the Pensacola Bay system, and that there
                         exists a growing network of interested organizations and individuals who support
                         interpretation and preservation of their submerged cultural resources. The latter includes
                         sport divers and fishermen, who have taken an active part in ongoing field investigations.

                                Given the success of Florida's nascent program to establish Underwater Archaeologi-
                         cal Preserves on shipwrecks such as the Urca de Lima, San Pedro, and City of Hawkinsville






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            234 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               elsewhere in the state, Pensacola would appear to present a promising location for a new
               Preserve that would receive enthusiastic support. In fact, among the nominations received
               during the 1990 statewide solicitation that led to the establishment of the Cit'v of Hawkinsville
               preserve was the Pensacola nomination of the USS Massachusetts, by local diver Larry
               Broussard.


                       The sunken remains of the Massachusetts, a former U.S. Navy battleship, lie in 20
               feet of water on a sandy bottom 1.5 miles offshore of the Pensacola Bay channel entrance.
               The ship's two main gun turrets are awash at low tide, and the wreck is marked on nautical
               charts and by a bell buoy. The site attracts abundant marine life as an artificial reef, and
               is a popular destination for sport divers and fishermen since its location is readily apparent
               and does not require electronic instrumentation to find.

                       The wreck of the USS Massachusetts is a site of national significance. Designated
               BB-2, the vessel was one of the three initial battleships of the "New Steel Navy" created in
               the 1890s, and is the only one of her class still in existence. Launched in 1893, she served
               in the Spanish-American War and in World War 1, by which time her technology was obsolete.
               Stripped of her guns, the battleship was loaned to the Army and towed to Pensacola, where
               she was scuttled in 1921 to become a stationary target for strategic coastal artillery
               experiments. Afterwards, the hulk was abandoned when no bids for scrapping were received,
               and in 1956, title to her remains was awarded to the State of Florida by a Supreme Court
               decision. USS Massachusetts has spent 70 of her almost 100 years underwater off Pensacola;
               her present features and her past career have yet to be interpreted.



               Recommendation
                       In response to the 1990 nomination, the Bureau of Archaeological Research should
               survey and map the site of USS Massachusetts in order to prepare a formal public proposal
               for the establishment of the site as the state's fourth Underwater Archaeological Preserve.
               As with the other preserves, the proposal should be circulated at the state, county., and city
               levels, and among those organizations and waterfront businesses that might share in the
               development of the preserve.       Input received from the proposal would determine the
               preserve's feasibility and the degree of support for its establishment through a cooperative
               venture with the state.



               2. Establishment of an Amateur Underwater Archaeology Workshop
                       Positive public response to the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey was          demonstrated in
               several important ways, one of which was the large number of individuals        who approached
               survey staff to offer their assistance as diving volunteers. These individuals came from all
               walks of life; many with unrelated professional skills.         Staff limitations and schedule
               precluded working with many volunteers; most of those who actually assisted in the fieldwork
               were university students who had attended a UWF class in underwater archaeology. Had the
               majority of potential volunteers been familiar with the fundamental methodology and the
               goals of the project, much more fieldwork might have been conducted. In exchange, more
               volunteers would have had their desires to participate fulfilled.

                       However, of more overriding importance would have been the development of a local
               network of enthusiastic, amateur sport diving surveyors and mappers. An organized group,
               trained. in the basic non-disturbance methodology of recording and reporting, could greatly
               increase the inventory of underwater resources, as well as further raise public awareness





                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 235





                         about issues of protection and preservation. Based on the degree of interest shown by
                         potential volunteers, Pensacola could be an ideal location to attempt to foster the organization
                         of an amateur survey group.



                         Recommendation
                                 The Bureau of Archaeological Research should develop a workshop in basic
                         underwater archaeological recording and reporting to be conducted in cooperation with local
                         Pensacola diving clubs and dive shops. Elements of existing training programs, such as those
                         developed by the British Nautical Archaeology Society and Indiana University, should be
                         adapted for use in the Pensacola Bay environment. The workshop should consist of classroom
                         as well as field training activities, and upon completion, participants should be encouraged
                         to join an existing preservation -oriented organization, such as the Pensacola Historical
                         Society or the Pensacola Archaeological Society. Alternately, a new organization could be
                         established with similar goals and codes of ethics.

                                 Working with ongoing state or university projects, the amateur group should be
                         encouraged to hold periodic meetings to report on survey progress to the public and to foster
                         a fuller regional awareness of submerged cultural resources. In Pensacola, the impact of such
                         a trained group promises to be significant, perhaps serving as a model for the encouragement
                         of similar groups in other parts of the state.



                         3. Establishment of an Amateur Permit
                                 At present, under Florida law there are only two rules that govern. the manner in
                         which archaeological resources are investigated. These are Chapter IA-31, Florida
                         Administrative Code, under which contractual agreements may be entered into for the
                         exploration and salvage oi    toric shipwreck sites under certain guidelines, and Chapter I A -
                         32, F.A.C., under which archaeological research permits may be issued to qualified
                         professional archaeologists and institutions to conduct research -on state-owned sites.

                                 It may be argued that, from the time these rules were established, neither exploration/
                         salvage contracts nor research permits have added substantial knowledge to the state's
                         archaeological record with regards to shipwreck sites. While many exploration contracts have
                         been entered into over the years, they have mainly been for areas adjacent to known treasure
                         wrecks for the purpose of finding additional treasure, or in areas falsely thought to contain
                         treasure -bearing wrecks. Salvage contracts have produced some site-specific data, but
                         generally it is in the form of artifact accounting inventories for the purpose of dividing
                         recoveries with the state. Little or no provenance data, such as simple site plans, have been
                         generated by salvors; at best, the locations of holes dug are noted.        Few archaeological
                         research permits have been issued by the state for investigation of shipwreck sites; fewer
                         professional reports from these permits have been received in return.

                                 By far, the majority of shipwreck investigations in Florida are conducted informally
                         by recreational divers, who vastly outnumber salvors or archaeologists. This is especially true
                         in Pensacola, where many of the sites recorded by the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey were first
                         explored by local sport divers. Most of these divers lacked the knowledge or incentive to
                         record and report the sites they encountered in any formal way. Local knowledge about sites
                         was transmitted, at best, by word of mouth to other divers for the purposes of recreational
                         exploration, spearfishing, or artifact collecting. Other divers, out of curiosity, conducted
                         basic historical research on Pensacola's shipwrecks and shared knowledge of their finds with






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             236 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






               local historians. This information formed the nucleus of the Shipwreck File gathered over
               the years by the Pensacola Historical Museum.

                       At present there are no legal means by which to sanction the exploration of wrecksites
               in Florida by amateur sport divers. Technically, the law (F.S. 267) states that "any person
               who conducts field investigations on any land owned or controlled by the state, . . . without
               first obtaining a permit or having first received from the division a notice to proceed under
               procedures relating to accredited institutions. . . is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by
               a fine not exceeding $500 or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not to exceed
               6 months or both." Amateurs who wish to explore wrecksites, even in a non-disturbance
               mode,  ,clearly do not meet the professional qualifications required for a research permit, and
               most would not consider a salvage contract requiring a $1,200 fee and the services of an
               archaeologist. Thus, the majority of individuals who encounter and explore Florida's
               shipwrecks have no legal sanction to permit their activities, and, under strict interpretation
               of the statute, might be seen to be breaking the law.



               Recommendation
                       The Bureau of Archaeological Research should formulate a new rule to establish an
               amateur archaeological research permit, which would sanction amateur investigation of
               shipwreck sites, encourage non-disturbance recording, mapping, and reporting of sites, and
               guide organized groups of sport divers toward cooperative efforts in historic preservation.

                       It is recommended that such a permit should be granted to amateur organizations,
               rather than individuals, whose members have agreed to operate under a code of ethical
               standards similar to those accepted by professional organizations. The permit would be for
               the purpose of conducting archaeological survey and sampling of one or more sites, with
               excavation limited to collection of diagnostic samples for further research. The permit would
               require the preparation of a publishable report, and all materials collected would be
               conserved, curated, and remain in the public domain.



               4. Establishment of a Florida Landmark Status
                       Mechanisms for. assigning a special status to certain significant submerged cultural
               resources in Florida at present include designation as an Underwater Archaeological Preserve,
               and nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The first, as a preservation tool
               using the concept of "education through recreation," requires that sites meet certain criteria,
               such as ease of public access, good underwater visibility, etc. The second mechanism also
               requires that sites meet certain criteria of significance, and that lengthy detailed paperwork
               be completed for nomination to the National Register. While sites accepted to the Register
               receive some form of national recognition and extra consideration in relation to federal
               projects, it is not always clear how this recognition serves to enhance, preserve, or protect
               registered archaeological sites, especially at the local level where it counts.

                       There are many shipwreck sites that do not meet the criteria for a state Preserve, yet
               might deserve some form of special status because they are of state or national historical
               importance. While nomination to the National Register might be one method of granting
               special status, it is unclear how this status affects the local public perception of a site's
               historical importance and how it serves as a mechanism for local interpretation and protection
               of the site.





                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola       237






                          Recommendation
                                 The Bureau of Archaeological Research should devise a state Landmark Status for
                          certain shipwreck sites that are of regional and statewide significance. Such status would be
                          considered for sites that may not meet the criteria for a Preserve but deserve historical
                          designation and public interpretation.

                                 Examples of sites in Pensacola that might deserve distinction at state Landmarks are
                          the four lumber schooners at Shield's Point (Palafox, DintY Moore, George T. Locke, and
                          Guanacastle). These sites clearly are of regional and statewide historical distinction, since
                          they represent well preserved remains of extinct watercraft that supported the timber boom
                          of the Florida Panhandle.


                                 Criteria for Landmark Status could be similar to those for nomination to the National
                          Register, but the designation would be statewide, similar to the state Historical Marker
                          program. Sites would be nominated at the local level, assessed and interpreted by the Bureau,
                          and designated accordingly, perhaps with a marker, in a cooperative venture with local civic
                          organizations.

                                 The assigning of Landmark Status to certain shipwreck sites would bring to a region
                          an increased awareness of history, a broader appreciation for submerged cultural resources,
                          and an opportunity for local entities to participate in the celebration and preservation of their
                          unique underwater sites.



                          5. Florida Master Site File
                                 The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey involved collection of specific site information that
                          was arranged in three ways: a computer data base, written descriptive narratives, and a
                          geographical data base. These data were then assimilated into the Florida Master Site File
                          using the Underwater Archaeological Site Forms. However, these existing forms proved to
                          be inadequate for recording much of the specific information collected on shipwreck sites.
                          For instance, the existing form does not address vessel type and size, or site features such
                          as armament or machinery. In addition, portions of the existing form are inappropriate even
                          for general underwater sites, such as designations for "stone wall," or "temple mound." The
                          proper description and reporting of submerged resources within the Master Site File is
                          essential. When, construction or development permits are applied for, the Master Site File
                          is checked to determine whether culturally significant areas will be impacted.



                          Recommendation
                                 Creation of a new Florida Master Site File form is recommended specifically for
                          shipwrecks, since these represent the majority of underwater sites surveyed throughout
                          -the state. The new Shipwreck Form could be formatted with a combination of fields to
                          be checked off, as well as short written fields to allow for relatively simple computer
                          input.
                                 Suggested elements of the new form could include, but not be limited to, the following
                          parts, adapted from a successful shipwreck survey form used in British Columbia (Moore
                          1990):

                          Part I (Universal Data)
                          FMSF number
                          site name (geographical or local name, eg., Town Point Wreck)






                                          Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
              238 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                 vessel name (vessel's registered name, if known)

                 Part 2 (Site Location)
                 latitude and longitude
                 UTM coordinates
                 LORAN location numbers (LOPS)
                 major water body (p.g., Pensacola Bay)
                 minor water body (e.g., Gilmore Bayou)
                 site elevation (elevation Below Sea Level-BSL, Above Sea Level-ASL)

                 Part 3 (General Site Description)
                 site vegetation (floral growth)
                 bottom environment (sediment type, etc.)
                 site description
                 disturbances (factors affecting site)

                 Part 4 (Wreck Description)
                 site size (total extent of wreckage)
                 magnetic orientation (e.g., bow points 270 degrees)
                 vessel length (original & preserved)
                 vessel breadth (original & preserved)
                 features (anchor, rigging, hardware, fastenings, etc.)
                 hull material and type (iron, wood, composite)
                 machinery (engine, boiler, pump, propeller, etc.)
                 vessel type (schooner, barge, freighter, etc.)
                 cause of casualty (burned, wrecked, scuttled, etc.)
                 time period
                 nationality

                 Part 5 (Artifacts)
                 cargo artifacts
                 ship artifacts
                 artifacts removed

                 Part 6 (Recording)
                 site reporter (name and address)
                 reporting date
                 site  informant
                 site  collections (description, name, address)
                 site  photos
                 site  f ilm/video
                 site  remote sensing

                 Part 7 (Significance)
                 geographical significance (local, state, or national)
                 site historical significance (military, economic, technological, etc.)
                 site archaeological significance (addressing specific research questions)
                 site priority (overall importance, e.g., high, medium, low)
                 threats to site
                 protected status





                                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                         Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 239





                         Recommendations for Interagency Cooperation

                                 During the course of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey it became apparent that the
                         goals of the project could be greatly enhanced by cooperating with a variety of local, state
                         and federal agencies, in addition to private organizations. The following sections detail the
                         recommended actions for further cooperation in order to benefit the management of
                         submerged cultural resources in the state.


                         City of Gulf Breeze
                                 The peninsula of Gulf Breeze has been found to contain a significant portion of
                         Pensacola Bay's marine archaeological sites, due to its strategic location, maritime access, and
                         natural resources. Along the northwestern shore between Town Point and Deer Poiq, a
                         clustering of several sites has been investigated in the shallow waters off a section of
                         undeveloped shoreline locally called Deadman's Island. These include the remains of two
                         colonial naval vessels, a small wooden punt, three ballast piles, the remains of two marine
                         ways, a centerboard schooner, a steam vessel, and a composite-built sailing ship. In addition,
                         an important collection of historic artifacts has been unearthed by natural erosion along the
                         shore of Deadman's Island after winter storms, representing some of the earliest found in the
                         Pensacola area.


                                 The City of Gulf Breeze owns Deadman's Island, and has determined that the property
                         should remain undeveloped as a natural preserve. Although not a true island, Deadman's
                         Island is most accessible to the general public by boat. A narrow spit of land connects the
                         island to the main peninsula along its northern edge; public access by land is thus limited
                         to the immediate suburban neighborhood overlooking the island. Consequently visitors to
                         the island tend to be weekend picnickers who come by boat, or local residents who walk from
                         the neighboring houses to fish or explore the beach.

                                 Despite its protected status and limited accessibility, Deadman's Island and its
                         resources are threatened both by human and natural impacts. Sites such as the two colonial
                         vessels are actively eroding from the beach, as are the remains of other maritime features.
                         The natural erosion pattern is not well understood, but has disturbed sites that were previously
                         buried and well preserved. Fortunately, Wayne Farrior, a local resident and one of the
                         founders of the Gulf Breeze Historical Society, actively monitors the island to collect loose
                         artifacts before they are dispersed. It was he who discovered that one of the colonial
                         shipwrecks had been vandalized and seriously damaged during the summer of 1991. Since
                         that time, monitoring of the area by the Florida Marine Patrol has increased.

                                 Many Gulf Breeze residents are aware of their area's natural and historical value,
                         however, most have not visited Deadman's Island. Others who do visit the island, are not
                         well informed as to its protected status and historical significance. Boaters who come from
                         across the bay often.are unaware of the island's public ownership and of any ordinances that
                         apply to city lands. Consequently littering and beachcombing affect the natural and historical
                         resources of this unique place.



                         Recommendation
                                 To provide better public     awareness of the natural and historical sensitivity of
                         Deadman's Island's resources, it is  recommended that the City of Gulf Breeze erect signage
                         that reflects the local ordinances protecting the island. Signs could be effectively placed at






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             240 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                two locations--one to the east of Town Point at the land access, and another on the beach
                south of Town Point at the boat access. Wordage of the signs might declare the city's
                ownership of the island and its preserve status, and ask that visitors refrain from littering
                or collecting artifacts. A media release might accompany the placement of signage to widely
                inform the general public at large of the island's status. In this manner, the area's resources
                might be more fully appreciated and protected.



                Historic Pensacola Preservation Board
                        From the onset of the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, the Historic Pensacola
                Preservation Board provided encouragement and logistical support for the project. The Board
                generously allowed use of the Tivoli House in the Historic Village for the survey's
                headquarters, and helped in innumerable ways to orient and integrate the project into the
                current historic awareness that exists in Pensacola. Although the survey activities in the
                Tivoli House were not as accessible to the public as was originally planned, due to staff
                limitations and the pilot nature of the project, plans for a cooperative exhibit dealing with
                maritime history and archaeology were discussed.

                        Through the efforts of the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, tangible remains
                of the city's history are readily available to citizens and visitors in the form of historic
                buildings and museums that house interpretive displays and exhibits.           In the heart of
                downtown Pensacola are located the T. T. Wentworth Museum, the Museum of Industry, the
                Museum of Commerce, and the Old Christ Church Museum, which is operated by the
                Pensacola Historical Society. This Historic Village, adjacent to Seville Square is a magnet
                that attracts thousands of people to the district each year. In addition, the several square-
                block district is a natural location for civic events and festivals on a regular basis.
                Archaeological excavations, conducted in recent years by the University of West Florida,
                have resulted in public exhibits and displays that are incorporated into educational tours
                provided by the Preservation Board.



                Recommendation
                        Over the course of the first phase, the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey has collected
                graphic, historical, and artifactual materials that could represent the foundation for an exhibit
                on maritime history and archaeology to be incorporated into existing programs of the Historic
                Pensacola Preservation Board. Many of these materials surfaced through the efforts of local
                citizens with an interest in the interpretation and celebration of Pensacola's maritime heritage.
                Undoubtedly more materials will become available in the future, if this interest is galvanized
                into a public product such as an exhibit. It is therefore recommended that the Shipwreck
                Survey work together with the Preservation Board and other interested parties to create a
                permanent maritime component within the Historic District that will complement existing
                displays to provide a fuller picture of Pensacola's past.



                Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves
                        Expansion of Ft. Pickens Aquatic Preserve was proposed in a DNR Management Plan
                which was drafted by staff of the Northwest Florida Field Office in June 1991. Pensacola
                Shipwreck Survey staff were approached by DNR staff to provide data and input on local
                submerged cultural resources located in, or affected by, the Ft. Pickens Aquatic Preserve.
                This input included information on several affected sites, such as the USS Massachusetts, as
                well as other sites in waters adjacent to the Preserve.         As a result, DNR staff have





                                                  Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                          Florida Archaeological Reports                   Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 241





                          recommended expanding the Preserve to include submerged lands around Deadman's Island,
                          a natural upland preserve purchased by the City of Gulf Breeze to prevent development.

                                  The island, which forms the northwest tip of the peninsula of Gulf Breeze, has been
                          the site of historic maritime activities since the 1700s, and contains several significant
                          shipwreck sites (SR782, SR983, SR1014, etc.), as well as the remains of two marine railways
                          (SR740, SR999). Aside from these submerged sites, a significant collection of colonial
                          artifacts has been systematically recovered from the shoreline by local resident Wayne Farrior
                          after winter storms. These materials reflect the long and continuous use of Deadman's Island;
                          the area is considered of regional importance as a prime maritime archaeological repository.

                                  Officials and residents of the City of Gulf Breeze are concerned with the island's
                          preservation, as well as its offshore resources. This has been evidenced by the city's financial
                          and logistical support for the 1988 UWF archaeological survey of the island and the 1989
                          investigation of Deadman's Shipwreck (SR782). The concern also was manifested in June,
                          1991, upon the discovery that SR782 had been vandalized and badly damaged. Gulf Breeze
                          Mayor Ed Gray immediately offered $500 reward for information leading to the arrest of
                          the culprits; the sum quickly grew to $1,250 as Pensacola city officials and private citizens
                          also pledged their support.



                          Recommendation
                                  The expansion of Ft. Pickens Aquatic Preserve to include the submerged lands around
                          Deadman's Island would help to provide added protection to the cultural and natural resources
                          of this unique area. The DNR proposed management initiative states:

                                  As per the Rules of the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust
                                  Fund Chapter 18-20 Florida Aquatic Preserves, 18-20.009, pursue the
                                  expansion of the Fort Pickens Aquatic Preserve to include the submerged
                                  lands adjacent to Deadman's Island on the Gulf Breeze peninsula (DNR
                                  1991:58).

                                  This recommendation should be pursued by that agency with cooperative input from
                          the Division of.Historical Resources and the City of Gulf Breeze.



                          Florida Marine Patrol
                                  District I I of the Florida Marine Patrol assisted the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey on
                          numerous occasions. Major Calvin Dixon alerted survey staff to finds made by fishermen
                          in the waters off Gulf Breeze; Captain Thomas Bishop provided storage space for boats and
                          trailers in the Patrol compound; Lieutenant David Bullard helped to coordinate an
                          investigation of vandalism on SR782 in conjunction with the Gulf Breeze Police Department;
                          and Officers Wayne Williams and Jim Garret guided staff to several submerged sites in the
                          Blackwater River system.

                                  This close cooperation resulted from interaction between Patrol personnel and survey
                          staff from the onset of the project. Once the Patrol understood the mission and goals of the
                          Survey, its relevance to local marine affairs and to the community at large, Patrol personnel
                          became supportive of the project beyond the traditional role of law enforcement. While the
                          Patrol was quick to respond to the vandalism case, it went further to include in its televised






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
            242 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





               4th-of-July public safety message a reminder to divers about the state laws regarding
               disturbance of submerged sites. And while the Patrol passed along local waterfront
               information about sites to the Survey, more than one officer personally guided archaeologists
               to several sites in his patrol area. This degree of interaction between the Florida Marine Patrol
               and the Division of Historical Resources has been facilitated by knowledge and understanding
               on the part of the officers involved of the mission of DHR and of the state laws regarding
               archaeological and historical sites.

                       A recent review of Florida's historic preservation laws has concluded:

                            that the state owns and controls, through the ownership of state lands,
                       a significant number of archaeological sites, many of which are of national
                       importance. The major threat to these state-owned sites is looting of their
                       artifacts.  While there are laws providing penalties for such looting and
                       vandalism of historic sites, the laws are not well enforced. Many believe that
                       law enforcement agencies are not widely aware of the value of archaeological
                       sites, or the laws enacted to protect them (Florida Senate Committee on
                       Governmental Operations 1991:85).

                       The Committee staff recommended that the Florida Department of Law Enforcement
               incorporate a training program for officers in cooperation with the Department of State and
               the Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.



               Recommendation
                       The law enforcement training program proposed by the Senate Committee on
               Governmental Operations should also include the active participation of the Department of
               Natural Resources, Florida Marine Patrol.         The Patrol would benefit from increased
               understanding of the issues and laws regarding submerged cultural resources, as well as
               increased interaction with other agencies involved in historic preservation. Law enforcement
               officers of the Department's Division of Recreation and Parks would also benefit from
               participation in the training program, since their responsibilities often include protection of
               state-owned submerged lands within park boundaries.

                      .Ideally, curricula at the Florida Law Enforcement Academy could include a teaching
               unit on historic preservation laws and policies that developed jointly by the involved agencies.
               This unit could include written materials to be incorporated into the Academy's workbooks,
               and a short videotape as a teaching aid. In addition, the unit could include at least one lecture
               per semester by personnel from the Division of Historical Resources.

                       Aside from the training of recruits, law enforcement officers in the field could
               benefit from direct exposure to state historic preservation policies. The Pensacola example
               of interaction between the Marine Patrol and DHR archaeologists points to the need for
               similar interaction elsewhere in the state. At a regional level, a simple workshop might be
               conducted at District Patrol offices to inform both administrative and field personnel of
               current state laws and policies regarding historical and archaeological sites.

                       At the very least, Florida's law enforcement agencies should have access to a brochure
               on state historic preservation laws and policies that would be developed and distributed by
               the Division of Historical Resources. Distribution at the state level would include the Florida
               Department of Law Enforcement, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Florida





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 243






                        Marine Patrol, Florida Park Service, and other agencies. In addition, appropriate county and
                        city agencies would benefit from receipt of the brochure.


                        National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                During the course of the project the NOAA research vessel Heck was stationed in
                        Pensacola for three months. Obstruction surveys conducted in Pensacola Bay were informally
                        coordinated with The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey. The National Ocean Service, Hydro-
                        graphic Survey branch office supplied the shipwreck survey with a copy of its data base
                        relevant to Pensacola. Heck crew members reported the types of finds that were discovered
                        when ground truth diving detected anomalies. All'of the information shared between agencies
                        was the result of chance encounters between NOAA ship's officers and shipwreck survey
                        staff. Recognizing that remote sensing and g!ound truth diving is the main focus of NOAA
                        survey vessels, valuable amounts of information on submerged historic resources could be
                        recovered if data sharing channels were recogn-ized.



                        Recommendation
                                This cooperative interaction should be formalized to share information about historic
                        wrecksites and other related remains. The first step in satisfying such a recommendation again
                        depends upon education: NOAA personnel would need to be trained as to what constitutes
                        a historic wrecksite. In addition, NOAA crew would need to know who to report wrecksites
                        to. Since NOAA's office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management has begun to deal with
                        archaeological resources, perhaps this branch could serve as a liaison between NOAA and
                        state archaeological agencies.



                        National Park Service
                                The Fort Pickens portion of the Gulf Islands National Seashore is a popular
                        destination for tourists, campers, and beachgoers. Sport divers also frequent the north side
                        of the island, where an underwater trail has been created at the Fort Pickens Jetty by placing
                        miscellaneous objects on the seabed to attract marine life. This location is routinely used
                        by dive instructors to train students, since the waters generally are clear and protected, and
                        the bottom slopes off to varying depths. The trail consists of discarded cars, jeeps, aircraft,
                        and other objects ranging from 10 to 50 feet in depth. Divers from the Panhandle, Alabama,
                        and Georgia come to this location, since it is one of the few diving attractions in the region
                        accessible from the beach.


                                Some 2.5 nautical miles to the east of the Fort Pickens Jetty lie the remains of the
                        Sport (8ES99), an iron tugboat used to ferry passengers to Santa Rosa Island in the first part
                        of this century. The vessel sank close to shore in shallow water during a hurricane. Although
                        the superstructure is gone, the entire lower hull is partially exposed on a sandy bottom in
                        three feet of water.



                        Recommendation
                                The Sport is an ideal attraction for snorkelers and novice divers, since the vessel
                        actually looks like a "shipwreck," and can be explored with no adverse visitor impact to the
                        iron hull. The sandy, shallow bottom insures relatively good visibility and the protection of
                        the island normally provides calm conditions. The hull could be marked with a permanent
                        buoy attached to the stempost, which is the highest portion of the wreckage. The site could






                                    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             244 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                     Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                be made more accessible from shore and by boat. A sheet, describing the vessel's history
                and incorporating a plan of visible constructional features, could easily be developed at little
                cost. The Division of Historical Resources could assist in developing the site as part of its
                mission to protect and promote Florida's historic sites.


                University Level Education
                        Throughout Florida, programs are being established to teach underwater archaeology.
                Locally, the University of West Florida has recently begun to confer a masters degree in
                Historical Archaeology, and core classes on underwater archaeology are being taught at the
                undergraduate and graduate level. Currently two universities offer graduate level degrees in
                maritime archaeology: East Carolina University's Program in Maritime History and
                Underwater Research in Greenville, North Carolina and Texas A&M University's Nautical
                Archaeology program. Several of the sites investigated by the Pensacola S@ipwreck Survey
                merit further investigation, as reported in the individual wreck -descriptions in Chapter 8 (the
                Shields Point Lumber Schooners, Intracoastal Barge Construction). Such work could be
                undertaken on the graduate level, as field experience used for thesis topics. Investigation
                of 8SR782, the Deadman's Island Shipwreck, was conducted as a joint field school between
                the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research and the University of West Florida. The
                Bethune Blackwater Schooner was recorded with volunteer help by East Carolina graduate
                student David Baumer.



                Recommendation
                        Interaction between the Bureau of Archaeological Research and University- level
                students can benefit all involved. Currently, no formal method is available in Florida to
                suggest research topics. Any field work by graduate students is generally the result of an
                informal network of underwater archaeologists, usually at the initiative of the State
                Archaeologist. A means should be established to formally publicize the availability of
                archaeological research topics. As an inexpensive means to acquire professional level
                research, the state should make an effort solicit more help from graduate programs and
                continue to support interaction. At the very least, copies of this report should be delivered
                to university archaeology programs, to serve as a reference and to suggest some of the wide
                range of research topics available in Florida.



                Public Education and Awareness
                        Despite talks and media publicity, sport divers and the public in general are still not
                adequately informed of how their resources are managed and preserved. Unless designated
                as a state historic or archaeological site, resources on most public lands (whether terrestrial
                or submerged) generally are not actively monitored. These resources often are adversely
                impacted, whether intentionally or not, by a public that is not well informed of the law. It
                is incumbent on both regulatory and enforcement agencies to better educate the general
                public about the need to preserve these dwindling resources.



                Recommendation
                        A brochure should be developed by the Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of
                Archaeological Research for public distribution. Public outlets for the brochure could include





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research '
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1245





                        dive shops and marinas. State parks, museums, and preservation boards, as well as their
                        county and city counterparts could also distribute the brochure. In the f ield, law enforcement
                        officers could use the brochure as a reference tool, but also for distribution to members of
                        the public who are encountered on state owned-lands. For example, if a Marine Patrol or
                        Wildlife Officer checks a group of divers and suspects that they are disturbing a submerged
                        site, the officer can issue a warning and give a copy of the brochure to the group. Such a
                        brochure used locally to cite laws regulating fishing is widely available, and very successful.






                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
          246   Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola       247






                                                                REFERENCES


                        Baumer, David R.
                        1990    "Bethune Blackwater Schooner Report," Florida Archaeological Reports 21. Florida
                                Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee, Fl.

                        Bearss, Edwin C.
                        1957    "Civil War Operations in and Around Pensacola, Part I," Florida Historical Quarterly
                                XXXVI: 125-15 1.


                        1961    "Civil War Operations In and Around, Part III," Florida Historical Quarterly
                                XXXIX:330-353.


                        Bense,  Judith A.,
                        1988a   "Date Ranges for Historic Ceramics in Pensacola."           Unpublished manuscript,
                                University of West Florida, Pensacola.

                        1988b   "Deadman's Shipwreck, Gulf Breeze, Fla. Preliminary Investigation and Evaluation,"
                                Report of Investigation, No. 18. Office of Cultural and Archaeological Research,
                                University of West Florida, Pensacola.

                        1989a   "Pensacola Archaeological Survey and Summary of Archaeological Information in
                                Pensacola to 1988, Technical Report, Vol. I," Pensacola Archaeological Society
                                Publication 2. Pensacola Archaeological Society, Pensacola.

                        Biedma, Luys Hernandez de         1
                        1922    "Relation," in Buckingham Smith, trans., Edward Bourne, ed., Narratives of the
                                Career of Hernando de Soto, pp. 3-40. Allerton, New York.

                        Bonney, C. L.
                        1861    Letter from member of the 10th Mississippi Volunteers Regiment dated 14
                                September, 1861. On file at Ft. Pickens Library, Gulf Islands National Seashore,
                                Pensacola.


                        Clark, John G. '
                        1970 New Orleans    1718-1812: An Economic History. Louisiana State University Press, Baton
                                Rouge.

                        Coleman, James C. and     Irene S.
                        1982    Guardians of the Gulf, Pensacola Fortifications, 1698-1980. Pensacola Historical
                                Society, Pensacola.

                        Cooke,  Charles W.
                        1945    "Geology of Florida," Florida Geological Survey Bulletin No. 29. Tallahassee.

                        Cox, Isaac
                        1967 The West Florida Controversy, 1798-1813. Peter Smith Publisher, Gloucester, Mass.
                        Davison, William' Henry
                        1876    "Quarantine Station, Pensacola." Diary manuscript on file at Sabine Island Environ-
                                mental Protection Agency Library, Pensacola.






                                     Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             248 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                      Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                Deren, Ed
                1979    "A Magnetometer Survey for the Relocation of Underwater Shipwrecks on the
                        Eastern Tip of Perdido Key." Report prepared for the National Park Service,
                        Tallahassee.


                Doherty, Herbert J.
                1959    ."Ante-Bellum Pensacola: 1821-1860," The Florida Historical Quarterly XXXVII:337-
                        357.


                Eisterhold, John A.
                1970 "Lumber and      Trade in the Seaboard Cities od the Old South: 1607-1860." PhD
                        dissertation, University of Mississippi, Oxford.

                Faye, Stanley
                1941-2 "The Spanish and British Fortifications of Pensacola, 1698-1821," Florida Historical
                        Quarterly XX:277-292.

                Finegold, Robert J.
                1990    "The Deadman's Island Sloop: Excavations of a Colonial Careenage." Masters Thesis,
                        University of St. Andrews, Firth, Scotland.

                Florida Department of Natural Resources
                1991    Florida Rivers Assessment. Report prepared by the Florida Department of Natural
                        Resources, Division of Recreation and Parks, Bureau of Park Planning, Tallahassee.

                1991    "Fort Pickens Aquatic Preserve Management, (Draft)." Prepared by Division of State
                        Lands, Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves, Northwest Florida Field Office,
                        Pensacola.


                Florida Senate Committee on Governmental Operations
                1991    A Review of the Historic Preservation Laws and Policies of Florida. Report compiled
                        by the staff of the Senate Committee, Senator Jeanne Malchon, Chairman,
                        Tallahassee.


                Floyd,  R. J.
                1979    "Magnetometer Survey, Pensacola Bay - Perdido Key, Florida." Report prepared for
                        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District.

                Gold, Robert L.
                1969    Borderland Empires in Transition.- The Triple Nation Transfer of Florida. Southern
                        Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

                Greer,  Georgeanna H.
                1981    American Stonewares, The Art and Craft of Utilitarian Potters. Schiffer Publishing
                        Ltd., Exton, Pa.

                Griffen,.William B.
                1959    "Spanish Pensacola 1700-1763," Florida Historical QuarterlY XXVII(3-4):242-262.

                Hamilton, Peter J.
                1910    Colonial Mobile. Houghton Mifflin Co. New York.





                                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                 Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 249






                        Howard, C.N
                        1941    "Colonial Pensacola," Florida Historical Quarterly XIX(2):109-127, XIX(4):246-269.

                        Horvath, George J.
                        1968    "The Sedimentology of the Pensacola Bay System, Northwestern Florida." Masters
                                Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee.


                        Hume,   Ivor Noel
                        1980    A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

                        Hutchins, John G.
                        1969    The American Maritime Industries and Public Policy, 1789-1914. Russell & Russell,
                                New York.


                        James,  Stephen R., Jr.
                        1989    "Underwater Cultural Resources Investigations, Blackwater River, Bagdad, Florida."
                                The Underwater Archaeological Consortium, Memphis.

                        Johnson, Cecil
                        1943    British West Florida, 1763-1783. Yale University Press, New Haven.

                        1959    "Pensacola in the British Period: Summary and Significance," The Florida Historical
                                Quarterly. XXXVII(3-4):263-280.

                        Johnson, Sandra
                        1981    "Born to Destiny: Bernardo de Galvez," in Virginia Parks (ed.) Siege! Spain and
                                Britain: Battle of Pensacola March 9 - May 8, 1781. Pensacola Historical Society,
                                Pensacola.


                        Joy, Deborah,
                        1988    "Archaeological Evaluation of Deadman's Island, Gulf Breeze, Florida," Report of
                                Investigations 17. Institute of West Florida Archaeology, University of West Florida,
                                Pensacola.


                        Keller, William F.
                        1972    "Henry Marie Brackenridge, First United States Forester," Forest History. January
                                1972, pp. 12-23.

                        Lazarus, William C.
                        1965    "A Study of Dated Bricks in the Vicinity of Pensacola, Fla.," The Florida
                                Anthropologist. Papers of the 5th Annual Historic Sites Conference, 18 (3, part 2):69-
                                85.


                        Lenihan, Daniel
                        1974    "Preliminary  Archeological Survey of the Offshore Lands of Gulf Islands National
                                Seashore," in Underwater Archeology in the National Park Service. pp. 34-40. Santa
                                Fe.


                        Leonard, Irving A.
                        1939    Spanish Approach to Pensacola, 1689-1693. The Quivira Society, Albuquerque.




 0






                                 Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           250 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                  Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola






              Ludlum, David M.
              1963    Earlv American Hurricanes 1492-1870. American Meteorological Society, Boston.

              McGovern, James R.
              1974    Colonial Pensacola. The Pensacola Series Commemorating the American Revolution
                      Bicentennial, Vol. 1, Pensacola/Escambia Development Commission, Pensacola.

              1976    The Emergence of a City in the Modern South.- Pensacola 1900-1945. Painter, DeLeon
                      Springs, Florida.

              McNeil, Charles R.
              1977    "The Red Snapper Industry in Pensacola, 1845-1965: An Historical Perspective."
                      Masters Thesis, University of West Florida, Pensacola.

              Marsh, Owen T.
              1966    "Geology of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Western Florida Panhandle," Florida
                      Geological Survey Bulletin 46, Tallahassee.

              Martin, Sidney W.
              1974    Florida During the Territorial Days. Porcupine Press, Philadelphia.

              Manucy, Albert
              1959    "The Founding of Pensacola - Reason and Reality," Florida Historical Quarterly.
                      XXXVII (3-4):223-241.

              Mistovich, Tim S., Brina J. Agranat, and Stephen R. James, Jr.,
              1991    "Brodie's Wharf: Maritime Archaeological Investigation of an Early Nineteenth
                      Century Sunken Caisson at the Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida." Report
                      prepared by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

              Moore,  Charles
              1990    Guide to the British Columbia Shipwreck Survey Forms. Archaeology and Outdoor
                      Recreation Branch, Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Recreation and Culture, Victoria,
                      British Columbia.


              Morris, John William III
              1991    "Site 44YO88: The Archaeological Assessment of the Hull Remains at Yorktown,
                      Virginia." Masters Thesis, East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C.

              Muir, Thomas Jr.
              1983    "A History of Hurricanes in Eighteenth Century West Florida," Pensacola History
                      Illustrated l(l):1-8.

              Murphy, Larry E., ed.
              1991    Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment Fort Jefferson National Monument. Draft
                      Copy, Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, Southwest Region, National Park Service,
                      Santa Fe.


              NOAA
              1990    "Automated Wreck and Obstruction Information System." Database maintained by
                      National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington D.C.





                                              Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 251





                       Official Record of the Union and the Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
                       1894-1927      Series 1, Vol 20, pp. 162-163. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.

                       Olinger, L., R. Rogers, P.Fore, R. Todd, B. Mullins, F.T. Bisterfeld, L. Wise 11
                       1975    Environmental and Recovery Studies of Escambia Bay and the Pensacola Bay System,
                               Florida. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Atlanta.

                       Parks, Virginia
                       1981    Siege! Spain and Britain: Battle of Pensacola March 9 - May 8, 1781. Pensacola
                               Historical Society, Pensacola.

                       1986    Pensacola: Spaniards to Space Age. Pensacola Historical Society, Pensacola.

                       Pearce, George F.
                       1980    The U.S. Navy in Pensacola, From Sailing Ships to Naval Aviation 1825-1930.
                               University Presses of Florida, Pensacola.

                       Pensacola News Journal
                       1964    "Dead Ships Haunt Bay," by Jim Watley, August 9.

                       1967    "Big Six," by George Ellis, July 9.

                       1971    "Pensacola Becomes Snapper Capital of World," by W. B. Skinner, January 24.

                       Pensacola Historical Museum
                       Various Years Hurricane File, comprised of correspondence, memoirs and newspaper
                               articles.


                               Shipwreck File, comprised  of correspondence, memoirs and newspaper articles.

                       Personal Communication
                       1991    Captain Jeff Clopton

                               David Dodson


                               Lee Newsom, Florida Museum of Natural History

                               Gordon Wells, Shields Pt. Resident

                               Wayne Williams, Marine Patrol Officer

                       Phillips, John C.
                       1989    "Archaeology on the Blackwater: Phase Two," Report of Investigations 29. Institute
                               of West Florida Archaeology, University of West Florida, Pensacola.

                       Port of Pensacola
                       1981    Four Centuries... A Saga of Pensacola Port in Action. John Appleyard Agency, Inc.,
                               Pensacola.








 0






                                   Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
             252 1 Florida Archaeological Reports                    Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                Priestley, Herbert Ingram ed.
                1928    The Luna Papers. Vols I and II. Florida State Historical Society, Deland.

                Rush, N. Orwin
                1966    The Battle of Pensacola, March 9 to May 8, 1781. Florida State University, Tallahassee.

                Servies, James A. ed.
                1982    The Log of H.M.S. Mentor, 1780-1781. University Presses of Florida, Pensacola.

                Smith,  Roger C.
                1990a   "Marine Archaeology Comes of Age in Florida: Excavation of Deadman's Shipwreck,
                        a Careened British Warship in Pensacola Bay," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings,
                        23rd Annual Conference on Underwater Archaeology, Albuquerque.

                1990b   "Establishing an Underwater Archaeological Preserve in Florida Keys," Florida
                        Archaeological Reports 7. Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.

                In press "Excavation of Deadman's Island Shipwreck 8SR782," Florida Archaeological
                        Reports, Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.

                Starr, J. Barton
                1976    Tories, Dons and Rebels. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

                Surrey, N.M.
                1916    The Commerce of Louisiana During the French Regime, 1699-1763. Columbia
                        University, New York.

                Swanton, John R., ed.
                1985    Final Report of the United States De Soto Commission. Smithsonian Institution Press,
                        Washington, D.C.

                Tebeau, Charlton W.
                1971    History of Florida. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables.

                Terrell, Bruce G.
                1990    Louisiana Submerged Cultural Resource Management Plan. Department of Culture,
                        Recreation, and Tourism, Office of Cultural development, Division of Archaeology,
                        State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge.

                Tesar,  Louis D.
                1973    "Archaeological Survey and Testing of Gulf Islands National Seashore. Part 1:
                        Florida" (edited by Hale G. Smith.), Department of Anthropology, Florida State
                        University, Tallahassee.

                1981    "Special Issue Topic for Florida Coastal Zone Management Plan: Archaeological and
                        Historic Sites." Draft Proposal, Florida Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee.

                Thurston, William N.
                1972    "A Study of Maritime Activity in Florida in the Nineteenth Century." PhD
                        Dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.





                                               Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                        Florida Archaeological Reports                Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola 1 253






                        Tidewater Atlantic Research
                        1987    "Underwater Archaeological Investigations: Gulf of Mexico and Pensacola Bay,
                                Florida." Prepared for Southern Division Naval Facilities, Engineering Command,
                                Charleston, South Carolina.

                        U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
                        1877, 1879, 1885, 1912        Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. Government Printing
                                Office, Washington D.C.

                        1986    Underwater Remote Sensing Survey, U.S. Navy Homeport Site, Pensacola, Florida.
                                Prepared for U.S. Navy, Southern Division, Navy Facilities Engineering Command,
                                Charleston.


                        1990a   Trip reports, Magnetometer Survey and Divers Investigation of Pensacola Entrance
                                Channel in vicinity of cannon recovery 12-15 March and 19-20 March, Memoranda
                                submitted by Dottie Gibbens, 22 March 1990, Mobile District.

                        1990b   "Underwater Archaeological investigation, Pensacola Harbor Entrance Channel,
                                Pensacola, Florida." Report by Mobile District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, April,
                                1990.


                        U.S. War Department, Port Series
                        1929    The Ports of Mobile, Ala., and Pensacola, Fla., Port Series No. 3, Part 2. Government
                                Printing Office, Washington D.C.

                        Universal Magazine
                                1763 article on Pensacola reproduced in the Pensacola Evening News. Vol LIV, No.
                                .55, October 1, 1910. Copy on file, T. T. Wentworth Museum.

                        Vega, Garcilaso de la
                        1951    The Florida of the Inca, (John G. Varner and Jeanette J. Varner, trans.) University
                                of Texas Press, Austin.

                        Weddle, Robert S.
                        1985    Spanish Sea: The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery 1500-1685. Texas
                                A&M University Press, College Station..

                        Weeks,  H.H:, A.G. Hyde, A. Roberts, D. Lewis and C. Peters
                        1980    Soil Survey of Santa Rosa County. United States Department of Agriculture.

                        Williamson, Michael Hoyt, ed.
                        1991    "Jack's Wreck, Gulf Islands National Seashore, Perdido Key, Florida." Report on
                                file, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences,
                                University of West Florida, Pensacola.

                        Woodstock Papers
                        1887    "Letters From a Chaplain," Vol XVII. Springhill College Library, Spring Hill, N.J.

                        Woolsey, Nathan F.
                        1989    "An Ollinger Generation: An Immigrant Experience in Civil War, Reconstruction,






                                Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
           254 1 Florida Archaeological Reports               Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola





                     and Bourbon Era Santa Rosa." Masters Thesis Draft, University of West Florida,
                     Pensacola.


              Wright, J. Leitch, Jr.
              1974   Florida in the American Revolution. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

              Young, Lucien
              n. d.  A Brief History of the United States Navy Yard and Station, Pensacola, Florida and
                     Its Possibilities, by the Author.





                                            Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
                       Florida Archaeological Reports             Franklin, Morris, and Smith, Pensacola  255








                                                                                                                               NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY



                                                                                                                               3 6668 14111428 2