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% /zx/7- Zone 3oastal - COASTAL.'_;". Iniormation MFORIATiCi:@' CENTER center N THERMAL DOE/ET-0021 /1 ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) PROGRAM FY 1977 PROGRAM SUMMARY JANUARY 1978 a 0 T DIVISION OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY ES t-C7WASHINGTON., D.C. 20545 TK 1041 .0342 1978 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Available from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 Price: Printed copy: $9.25 Microfiche: $3.00 7X MCIASTAL DOE/ET-0021 /1 OCEAN THERMAL N 2 RWAT!iC) `-CEVER uc-CA ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) PROGRAM FY 1977 PROGRAM SUMMARY JANUARY 1978 a 0 T f-IN 4 ES PF@ARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA :NIVISION OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY c)'A-TA( SERVICES CENTER ISOUTH HOBSON AVENUE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20545 TON SC 29405-2413 -rlARLES Property of CSC Library 'z@ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Forsale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govermnent Printing Office *Wasllington, D.C. Stock Number 061-000-00143-3 Preface On October 26, 1974, the Solar Energy Research De- (1) Wind Energy Conversion. velopment and Demonstration Act (Public Law 93-473) (2) Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. was signed into law, authorizing a vigorous Federal-pro- (3) Solar Thermal Electric Conversion. gram of research, development and demonstration. Its (4) Ocean. Thermal,Energy Conversion (OTEC). goal was to provide the nation with the option of using (5) Solar Satellite Power Systems. Solar energy as a viable source for meeting future energy b. Fuels from Biomass requirements. In response to the mandates of this. act, (1) Production and Collection of Biomass. major efforts were conducted within the Division of Solar (2) Conversion of Biomass. Energy of the Energy Research and Development Ad- c. Technology Support and Utilization ministration (ERDA) to work with industry to develop (1) Technology Transfer. and introduce, at the earliest possible date, economically .(2) Environmental and Resource Assessment. competitive and environmentally acceptable solar energy d. Solar Heating and Cooling systems. (I ) Barriers and Incentives. These responsibilities were transferred to the new U.S. (2) Demonstration. Department of Energy (DOE) on October 1, 1977. (3) Research and Development. ERDA's Division of Solar Energy (SOLAR) was simul- (4) Agricultural and Industrial Process Heat. taneously reorganized into two distinct organizational A. Program Summary is issued for eac Ih program an- components.: nually. It isIan overview of the ongoing research, de- .0 The Division of Solar Technology (SOLAR/ET), velopment, and demonstration efforts of the preceding which functions as a part of the Office of the As- fiscal year. sistant Secretary for Energy Technology. This Program Summary describes each of the DOES The Division of Solar Applications (SOLAR/CS), Ocean Thermal, Energy Conversion projects funded during which functions as a part of the Office of the As- Fiscal year (FY) 1077 (October 1, 1976 through Sep- sistant Secretary for Conservation and Solar tember 30, 1977) and reflects their status as of Decem- Applications ber 31, 1977.* The accomplishments of the Ocean Ther- As a result of this reorganization, the Solar Heating and mal. Energy Conversion (OTEC) Program are high- Cooling Program, and the Technology Transfer Program, lighted, and plans for continued -activities in OTEC tech- were transferred into SOLAR/CS. An overview of the nology -development are summarized. This documentis a current DOE organization is shown in Figure 1. follow-up to the OTEC Program Summary. (ERDA 76- Program .planning continues under the guidelines estab- 142) published in October, 1976. Many projects sum- lished by PL 93-473 and by three other legislative acts marized there but omitted from this Fiscal Year 1977 passed by the 93rd Congress: the Solar Heating and Program Summary may still be -of, current interest. Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974 (PL 93-409), the (ERDA 76-142 can be ordered from the Superintend- Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (PL 93-438), the ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Washington, D.C. 20402,for the price of $1.70.) Cer- Act of 1974 (PL 93-577). Together these four laws tain OTEC projects r epbrted in the 1976 Prog iram Sum- grant DOE and other Federal agencies the authority to mary are repeated herein only when significant develop- pursue a research program aimed at effective solar ments.have occurred in the rheantime.. energy use. Under this authority, SOLAR/CS and The OTEC Program is also investigating three related SOLAR/ET will work to .promote a fully coordinated renewable ocean energy technologies: waves, currents, solar energy program and to complement efforts in the and. salinity gradients. These. technologies are . described private sector to develop solar energy resources. in Part II of this Program Summary. The major programs and subprograms of the Solar Energy Wherever funds of the Environmental and Resource Assess- Program during 1977 were: ment Branch (ERAB) of the Division of Solar Technology were utilized to support OTEC-related projects, the phrase "ERAB a. Solar Electric Systems Funds" is 'included on the project summary sheets. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY FEDERAL COMMITTEES ENERGY & BOARDS REGULATORY INSPECTOR GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMISSION GENERAL COUNSEL SECRETARIAT u.@ s . ..... The Sp@ ASSISTANT SECRETARY ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR ADMINISTRATOR CONSERVATION SECRETARY SECRETARY ECONOMIC ENERGY & SOLAR RESOURCE ENERGY REGULATORY INFORMATION APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION DIRECTOR ASSISTANT ASSISTANT OFFICE OF SECRETARY SECRETARY ENERGY DEFENSE ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH PROGRAMS ASSISTANT DIRECTOR DIRECTOR SECRETARY ASSISTANT ASSISTANT CONTROLLER PROCUREMENT& ADMINISTRATION INTER- SECRETARY SECRETARY CONTRACTS GOVERNMENTAL INTERNATIONAL POLICY A MANAGEMENT & INSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS EVALUATION RELATIONS Figure 1. DOE Organization Overview Table of Contents Page PREFACE -------------------------------------------------- i PART I-OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION --------- 1 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------- 3 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROGRAM ------ 7 ORGANIZATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES_ 17 PROGRAM FUNDING ------------------------------------- 19 FISCAL YEAR 1977 SUMMARY TABLES ------------------- 21 FISCAL YEAR 1977 PROJECT SUMMARIES ----------------- 41 * Program Support --------------------------------------- 43 -Support Services ------------------------------------- 45 -OTEC Workshop Organization ------------------------- 51 9 Definition Planning ------------------------------------- 55 -Test Program Requirements ---------------------------- 57 -Mission Analysis ------------------------------------- 59 -Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies ---------- 63 -Environmental --------------------------------------- 71 -Legal and Institutional Studies -------------------------- 77 * Engineering Development -------------------------------- 81 -Power System --------------------------------------- 83 -Ocean Systems --------------------------------------- 89 -Energy Utilization ------------------------------------ 93 * Engineering Test and Evaluation -------------------------- 97 -1 MWe Early Ocean Test Platform ----------------------- 99 -Modular Experiments --------------------------------- 110 9 Advanced Research and Technology ----------------------- 112 -Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials ------------------------- 113 -Heat Exchangers ------------------------------------- 133 -Power Systems --------------------------------------- 145 -Ocean Engineering ------------------------------------ 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY - PART I ------------------------------- 161 PART II-RELATED RENEWABLE OCEAN ENERGY TECH- NOLOGIES: WIND-WAVE ENERGY, OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY, SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY ------------------- 179 INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------ 181 PROGRAM ACTIVITIES ----------------------------------- 181 FISCAL YEAR 1977 SUMMARY TABLES -------------------- 183 FISCAL YEAR 1977 PROJECT SUMMARIES ----------------- 187 BIBLIOGRAPHY - PART II ------------------------------- 195 ADDITIONAL SELECTED BACKGROUND REFERENCES ------ 197 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTRACTORS ------------------ 198 PARTI -------------------------------------------------- 198 PARTII ------------------------------------------------- 199 APPENDIX: UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS ------- 200 Tables Table Page I Programmatic Issues Resolved or Clarified --------------------- 8 2 Major Programmatic IssuesRequiring Near Term Resolution ------ 9 3 OTEC Faciliites ------------------------------------------ 10 4 Program Element Funding ---------------------------------- 19 5 Support Services ----------------------------------------- 22 6 OTEC Workshop Organization ------------------------------ 24 7 Test Program Requirements -------------------------------- 24 8 Mission Analysis ----------------------------------------- 25 9 Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies -------------- 26 10 Environmental ------------------------------------------- 27 11 Legal and Institutional Studies ------------------------------ 28 12 Power System ------------------------------------------- 29 13 Ocean Systems ------------------------------------------- 30 14 Energy Utilization ---------------------------------------- 31 15 1 MWe Early Ocean Test Platform --------------------------- 32 16 Modular Experiments ------------------------------------- 33 17 Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials ---------------------------- 34 18 Heat Exchangers ----------------------------------------- 37 19 Power Systems ------------------------------------------- 38 20 Ocean Engineering ---------------------------------------- 39 Illustrations Figure Page I DOE Organization Overview -------------------------------- ii 2 OTEC Closed Cycle System Schematic ---------------------- 4 3 Overview of the Argonne Core Test Facility ------------------ 13 4 Carnegie-Mellon University Heat Exchangers Installed at the Argonne Core Test Facility -------------------------------------- 14 5 OTEC Data Buoy --------------------------------------- 15 6 OTEC Systems Development ------------------------------ 15 iv I PART I OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION I I I NTRODUCTION Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is one of about 3,000 feet). The condensed ammonia, once more eight solar energy technologies being developed by the a liquid, is pumped back to the evaporator, and the cycle United States Department of Energy. These technologies is repeated. The product baseload electricity can either were selected as potentially viable energy options that be transmitted ashore as AC electricity or be converted could provide substantial savings in the use of fossil fuels to DC electricity onboard the OTEC platform, trans- and contribute meaningful quantities of energy to the na- mitted ashore by submarine cable and converted back tion by the turn of the century. to AC. An alternative to transmission ashore is to manu- facture electrically intensive products on or near the BACKGROUND OTEC plant. The oceans are the earth's largest continuously operat- OVERALL PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ing solar energy collector. The energy collected is in the form of heat stored in the upper ocean layers. In tropi- The OTEC program goal is to stimulate the development cal and subtropical waters, the temperature differential of commercially viable OTEC technology that will con- between the warmed surface layer and deep cold water tribute substantial amounts of energy toward national is great enough to provide economic energy production needs and lessen demand for imported oil in accordance by offshore ocean thermal power plants. Thus, solar heat- with the goals of the President's National Energy Plan. ing of the ocean provides a continuous, renewable source In order to meet this goal, candidate technologies are of baseload OTEC electricity, since the heat absorbed being investigated and developed to establish those most by the surface water is sufficiently abundant to permit 24 suited to the economics of commercial application. Land hour operation at constant power output. Electrical and ocean testing and evaluation projects are examining energy generated on floating OTEC power plants can be several alternative technologies, configurations, and over- transmitted to land and be utilized for off-shore, energy- all systems. intensive processes, such as the manufacture of NH, (ammonia), hydrogen, and metals. NEAR-TERM OBJECTIVES (THROUGH 1985) are as follows: CURRENT TECHNOLOGY 0 To develop a technology for demonstrating the tech- The technology being developed for OTEC power sys- nical and economic feasibility of commercial offshore tems is based upon the "closed" Rankine thermodynamic OTEC power plants capable of economically con- cycle. The Rankine cycle utilizes a working fluid (e.g., verting ocean thermal energy into substantial quan- ammonia) capable of evaporating and condensing over tities of useage electrical energy by: small temperature ranges. This approach has been chosen a. Developing economically viable heat exchangers because it presents the best balance between economics and power systems through research and de- and technical risks to achieve commercial OTEC per- velopment, including bench scale (core) tests, formance goals in an early time-frame. Meanwhile, other ocean tests of large components, and modular candidate cycles-the "open" and "hybrid" cycles-are system experiments on large floating test fa- being examined in case they happen to prove more at- cilities. tractive in the future. b. Demonstrating by 1983 the technical operation The closed-cycle system is shown schematically in Fig- and performance of ocean thermal power plants ure 2. In the configuration illustrated, warm surface having sufficiently advanced power systems de- waters of the ocean are pumped into the OTEC plant signs to project economic viability. where ammonia is vaporized in a large evaporator. The c. Adapting and developing the technology of sub- expanding ammonia vapor drives a low-pressure gas marine electrical cables. turbine, which provides power for electrical generators. d. Assess the ocean thermal resource and possible The exhaust vapor then passes into a condenser which is environmental consequences of large-scale OTEC cooled by sea water (pumped from ocean depths of implementation. 3 WJW WATER' ELECTRICITY OUT COLD WATER- INTAKE OUTLET GENERATOR C::@@ PUMP TURBINE X CONDENSER ........... X X X EVAPORATOR ..... :j:X ... . .. ......... ................ . ............ CIRCULATING PUMP PUMP WARM WATER COLD N 'ER OUTLET INTAKE OTEC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC (FOR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION) Figure 2. OTEC Closed Cycle System Schematic tFor Electric Power Generation) LONG-TERM OBJECTIYES (THROUGH 2000) in various reports and publications, many of which are are as follows: cited in the bibliography of this document. In order to * To assist the private sector in the development of maintain a constant interchange of technical information technology leading to full commercialization of among all participants in the U.S. OTEC program, a OTEC systems. series of annual public workshops has been held. The Fourth OTEC Workshop was held at the University of 0 To evaluate candidate technologies developed in New Orleans in March 1977. Preparations are currently parallel to the closed-cycle, ammonia-vapor, first- underway for the 1978 workshop, to be held in February generation plants in order to establish the most 1978. economical and most reliable technology to trans- The principle of using ocean thermal gradients has been fer to the private sector. known for decades. Successful experiments [email protected]` been 0 To be cost-competitive. To achieve this objective, carried out in the laboratory and, at ocean sites..D6velop- several long-term, high-risk components and sub- ment of OTEC technology for- use in commercial plants systems require continued research and develop- was infeasible in a era of inexpensive electric4k 'derived ment: heat exchangers, biofouling and corrosion from oil, gas, and coal. control subsystems, cold water pipe, turbines, and The rise in energy costs since .1970 reestablished OTEC submarine power transmission cables. Of these, the as a potentially via .ble -candidate for the production of heat exchangers have highest priority because they electricity. A Federal OTEC development program be- represent more than half the total OTEC power gan in 1972 under the- auspices of the National Science plant cost and because large, highly efficient and Foundation's Resea@@h Applied to National Needs economical Rankine cycle systems operating under OTEC conditions have never been built before. (RANN) program.'In early 1975 the OTEC program Therefore, a major research effort is underway to was transferred to the Energy Research and Development investigate heat transfer technology and methods Administration which became the United States De- to improve performance and reduce cost. Shell-and- partment of Energy (DOE) on October 1., 1977. tube configurations, panel configurations, enhance- ment techniques, and biofouling and corrosion Summary of Document Content countermeasures are being explored and tested. The This Program Summary encompasses the ERDA and testing will be done on successively larger units DOE activities in the OTEC technical area since the pub- leading to large, modular heat exchangers. Potential lication of the October 1976 OTEC Prograrn' Summary environmental consequences will be mitigated (ERDA 76-142). It briefly describei the OT'Eq prin- through suggested design modifications. Work will ciple and the technologies under consideration @to con- continue on refining thermal resource assessments. vert that principle to commercial OTEC systems. It then Program History describes the OTEC program plan and the ongoing OTEC projects. The objectives and accomplishments to The history of the OTEC program in the United States, date of those projects are summarized. Projects are and of OTEC activities in foreign countries, is described grouped according to OTEC program elements. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Program The OTEC program is organized so that programmatic Engineering Test and Evaluation uses subscale experi- goals are achievable throug Ih basic management prin- mental units for subsystem proof-of-concept via integra- ciples. The OTEC Program Office is incorporating such tion, testing, and evaluation. Based on the engineering activities as work breakdown structuring, mission anal- development and advanced research and technology ac- ysis, and design-to-cost so that it can assess program tivities, suitable major integrated systems will be tested status and provide inputs to the policy and budget de- on an ocean-going engineering test facility (OTEC-1) velopment process. The following discussion of the OTEC and in OTEC modular system experiments. The accumu- program organization includes a description of OTEC lated test data will be utilized in system studies to de- test facilities. velop cost data for baseline designs of commercial OTEC The objectives of the OTEC program are accomplished systems to help determine optimum configurations for through activities organized into one or more areas de- OTEC demonstration efforts. Modular experiments will fined as program elements: provide for the building and operation of OTEC power 0 Program Support plants of about 10 MWe during the mid-1980's. The re- * Definition Planning sults of these modular experiments will be available to * Engineering Development interested utility and industrial-user groups, so that com- * Engineering Test and Evaluation mercialization can follow. * Advanced Research and Technology Advanced Research and Technology (AR&T) provides Program Support manages the activities of the OTEC for the development of components and subsystems that program with the participation of both Division of Solar require extensive scientific evaluation and testing before Technology (SOLAR/ET) personnel and contractors. the decision is made to begin concept component design Activities include the development of management sys- and development. AR&T will support all major elements tems, control systems, planning, programming, budgeting, of the program, but it is primarily directed toward the and review. heat exchangers, and biofouling and corrosion. In many Definition Planning identifies the baseline reference cases, AR&T is expected to advance the state-of-the-art OTEC plant in terms of functions and requirements. It in such areas as marine biofouling, corrosion, materials, establishes the design-to-cost goals of major subsystems, heat exchangers, power systems, and ocean engineering. and defines the overall economics of an integral OTEC Over the past year, candidate processes and configurations system. It provides a means for considering new O'fEC- that were not considered for first generation OTEC related ideas and evaluating them against existing con- plants have been undergoing evaluation. Some may be straints, such as OTEC missions and potential markets. able to effect greater efficiencies and economies in sec- Definition planning efforts also formulate guidelines on ond generation plants. The OTEC program as it evolves OTEC testing, health and safety, environmental impacts identifies problem areas of varying magnitudes. Some quality assurance, reliability, siting, legal, institutional: issues have been solved, others are under active investi- and financial questions. gation. Table I delineates the issues that have been re- Engineering Development provides the beyond-the-state- solved or clarified by OTEC activities to date, while of-the-art hardware susbsystems and components that re- Table 2 identifies programmatic issues requiring resolu- quire technical verification and testing. Included are sub- tion in the near term (through 1985). systems of the ocean systems, power cycle systems, con- trol and instrumentation systems, electrical systems, and OTEC FACILITIES electrical power transmission systems. Engineering de- velopment efforts integrate the developed hardware into Current OTEC engineering development activities have a recommended testing configuration and produce test identified requirements for essential OTEC facilities (re- articles for performance verification. Within this cate- fer to Table 3). These facilities will provide test beds gory are the heat exchangers for OTEC-1 and power for OTEC components in order to demonstrate OTEC plants for modular experiments. technical feasibility. 7 Analysis of these future requirements has established periments at about 10 MWe. Onshore sites will also be the need for early heat exchanger testing at large flow considered. rates of cold and warm water which can best be satisfied The primary goal of the modular experiments is to gen- by ocean testing. The urgency of completing a I MWe erate electricity at a sufficient scale to convince users that (40 MWt) test requires the use of a test platform (to large commercial OTEC power plants (of about 400-500 be known As OTEC-1) that can be immediately avail- MWe) are feasible, or that smaller units (40-50 Mwe) able from Government inventory or obtainable on lease. are then economically viable, especially for applications To this end 'the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB) has been obtained from the Navy and is being made available as at islands where baseload electricity is being derived from a candidate platform to be modified for use as OTEC-1. oil. On the basis of these tests, it is anticipated that the Other existing or newly constructed ocean platforms Government role can be limited to providing economic are being conside red,for conducting OTEC modular ex- incentives for OTEC commercialization. Table 1. Programmatic Issues Resolved or Clarified Issue Resolution Impact Applicati n of Ocean Thermal resource searches have indicated Several missions identified. Thermal',Energy sufficient thermal potential in two broad 1) island option regions in the Gulf of Mexico, around 2) baseload to U.S. electric grid Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and in tropical 3) grazing plant-ship waters to justify OTEC economic viability. Potential thermal resources near the contin- ental U.S. are at least 200 to 400 GWe of OTEC power. Power Cycle Concept Closed cycle ammonia plants were selected Reference system studies are on the basis of overall system costs and being done for the closed useability. Questions still remain on ammonia cycle. Alternate work- material compatibility. ing fluids, ammonia compatibility and open cycle systems are being studied. Evaluation of Components Heat exchangers were identified as the Extensive test program was gen- critical economic components. Heat erated to evaluate critical param- transfer enhancements, cleaning approaches, eters of heat exchangers: overall and heat exchanger configurations have heat transfer coefficient, ability been identified, and early test data to control biofouling, and selec- have been verified toward achieving eco- tion of materials. Cold water nomic viability. Cold water pipe has pipe studied extensively. Scaled several key technology issues: material, experiments are being conducted modulus, and deployment approaches. Sev- to verify cold water pipe perfor- eral approaches have been identified which mance for various materials. can reach design-to-cost goals. Platform size of 400 MWe was selected as the base- line, with 50 MWe power modules. 8' Table 2. Major Programmatic Issues Requiring Near-Term* Resolution Program Issue Significance Element Description of Activity Impact of Biofouling Biofouling and corrosion Advanced Significant tests on biofouling, corrosion, and Corrosion on can seriously impair the Research & and cleaning are underway. Several fouling System Performance efficiency of heat-exchanger Technology counter-measures are being studied. OTEC-1 components. Even minute will aid in ocean testing of biofouling coating of vital surfaces counter-measures. can seriously reduce heat exchanger effectiveness. Platform Configura- Size and configuration of Systems Platform design will be determined for tion power cycle components will Studies modular experiments. Several hull/platform determine basic payload designs appear promising. Floating and parameters for platform. semi-submerged options are being considered. Size, shape, cost, etc., must be determined. Environmental Environmental Development Definition The possible environmental effects of and on Impacts Plan anticipates environ- Planning subsystems must be evaluated and defined. mental issues. These will Measurements are being planned to aefine be addressed in concert currents, 0, content, pH, salinity gradients, with operational testing etc. on an engineering and environmental at OTEC test facilities. assessment basis. Biological parameters are being monitored. Alternative Power The closed-cycle, ammonia System The objective of the OTEC program is Cycles vapor power cycle has been Studies, to develop commercially viable OTEC selected because it offers Engineering plants. Alternative power cycles are the best solution on the Development presently being examined as part of the basis of thermal performance, shell-less heat exchanger activity. technical risk, availability of essentially "off-the-shelf" components, and the highest probability of early commer- cialization. Thermal Resources The initial candidate sites Definition Additional site, both contiguous to the for Site Selection were selected on the basis. Planning Southern USA, near major U.S. island and of potential for commerciali- in international waters, are being evaluate'd zation and contiguity to the over a number of years to provide statisti- U.S. mainland and to Hawaii cal engineering data. Measurements are and Puerto Rico. Additional being performed where required. sites require investigation. Industry Acceptance The reliability and economic Engineering Several heat exchanger configurations, of OTEC (Commercial- viability of OTEC must be Test and materials and cleaning approaches will be ization) assured through protoiype Evaluation tested in an ocean environment on OTEC-1 development before the utility Engineering to arrive at the most cost-effective solu6 industry can be expected to Development tions. Modular experiments will be con- invest in commercial plants. ducted to demonstrate system operation, Power cycle must be opti- reliability and economic viability. mized for commercial via- bility. Through 1985 Table 3. OTEC Facilities Nominal Power Start Date Facility Level For Tests Purpose or Description Core Test Facilities Up to I MWt November 1977 Facilities either exist or are being established for testing of contractor- fabricated development hardware and materials for critical components. Early Ocean Test I MWe CY 1980 The facility will use an existing Platform (OTEC-1) (40 MWt) platform (ship, barge, etc.) to provide a test-bed for heat exchanger tests. The OTEC-1 includes a complete heat exchanger system (cold water pipe, ammonia turbine, pumps) and will provide data on biofouling, cold water plume, fluid dynamics, cleaning, and environmental impact. Modular Experiments 10-20 MWe CY 1982 Plan to use either surface or semi-submerged hull option(s). Will include all OTEC components required for generation of electrical power. 10 Program Activities During the past five years many projects have contributed nology and to determine competitive OTEC applica- to the advancement of OTEC technology. Accomplish- tions in the marketplace. The impacts of current and ad- ments to date have helped to focus on resolving the issues vanced technology, as well as legal, political, institutional, identified in Table 1. The following description presents and environmental factors, are being addressed. Product in summary form the accomplishments of the major ele- mix' site-specific economics, and the definition of ap- ments of the program. propriate commercial power plant sizes are being ex- amined. Using cost modeling and analyses, the economics PROGRAM SUPPORT and production costs of several generations of OTEC plants are being investigated. Based on these and other Earlier, Program Support emphasized program planning related studies, system and subsystem design and environ- tradeoff analysis, contract monitoring, the development mental specifications and- performance will be defined. of recommendations for OTEC test programs, and pro- Studies are underway, both of OTEC systems that will vided position papers. Significant support is now re- provide on-shore electricity as an end-use, and of sys- quired to supervise major construction projects such as tems designed for offshore manufacture of energy-inten- OTEC-1 and the modular experiments. The OTEC pro- sive products. gram has established close working relationships with Siting analyses and environmental assessments are 'un- the Department of the Navy, which is providing assist- derway. Data are being obtained in areas such as the ance in program planning, coordination of Naval facili- Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Environmental stud- ties for use in OTEC testing, and technical direction in ies include efforts employing fluid dynamical computer OTEC research and development projects. In addition, modeling, and assessments of thermal resource and ocean national laboratories are providing technical management circulation. Laboratory modeling studies are continuing, for various OTEC program efforts. The Department of and the compilation and analysis of ocean data have Commerce, through its National Oceanic and Atmos- begun. Baseline assessments of physical, biological, and pheric Administration (NOAA) and Maritime Adminis- chemical oceanographic conditions at OTEC sites have' tration (MARAD), is participating in ocean engineer- commenced. Environmental studies began in 1977 with ing and other aspects of the OTEC program. the initiation of environmental impact assessment con- The OTEC program continues to retain the services of tracts for the initial OTEC facilities and environmental an architectural/engineering contractor to assist in formu- program definition for large OTEC facilities. An OTEC lating and refining program strategy and implementation Environmental Development Plan (EDP) was published plans to meet program objectives. Assistance from other in 1977 which presents the OTEC program strategy for Government agencies is also continuing. The combined meeting environmental requirements. Details of the FY talents of these support groups have provided consider- 1977 activity in OTEC environmental studies are pre- able technical expertise for the program in major de- sented in the January 1978 DOE Environmental Re- velopmental areas. source and Assessment Program Summary. Support services will continue to be sought from the most Studies are underway to select appropriate hull config- qualified sources. As in the past, Government agencies urations, a major cost component of OTEC systems. Im- will Play a significant role in acting as Government Tech- portant criteria in this selection are: ( 1 ) the best overall nical Representatives for various phases of hardware de- economics; (2) the ability to be built without major velopment. Support from all involved groups will in- modification to existing U.S. manufacturing facilities; clude program development, systems integration, pro- and (3) minimization of cold water pipe problems. Stud- gram planning, contract monitoring, and review. ies on hull fabrication and siting, which began in 1977, will provide data for selection of the appropriate size DEFINITION PLANNING and configuration. Independent studies of commercial OTEC platform con- Mission analyses started in 1976 are continuing to iden- cepTs were commenced in FY 1977 by three contractors. tify and evaluate commercial ventures using OTEC tech- These studies considered six candidate platform shapes so that each contractor could subsequently study the best neering requirements are considered as either state-of- two of those candidates. Two of the contractors are now the-art or requiring only application engineering. Sub- studying a floating and a detachable (external module) systems that have been identified as requiring extensive semi-submerged option. The third is evaluating a spar analysis and development testing are: buoy and tuned sphere. These studies will be completed -Hull/structure. in May 1978. --Cold water pipe and deployment system. Station keeping can be accomplished through mooring -Mooring/positioning (stationkeeping) system. or through dynamic positioning, both of which must con- A major technology effort is being implemented to de- sider the riser cable for electric power transmission. Cur- fine the cold water pipe design and methods for its de- rent studies are developing mooring concepts and con- ployment. Concrete is considered a leading candidate for ducting trade-off analyses for a range of hull shapes and the cold water pipe. Indications are that flexible joints, site conditions. lightweight concrete aggregates, and low bending mo- Major investigations are about to begin on additions or ments will be required. Other leading candidate materials alterations to baseload electrical power production. Eco- include steel and more compliant structures, such as nomical electrical power production depends on two fac- fiberglass and rubber. All of these will be the subject of tors: (1) the cost of producing the power at the OTEC a comparative evaluation in FY 1978. Test programs are plant; and (2) the cost of transmitting the power to shore being developed to define the strength, modulus, and via submarine cable. Onboard manufacturing of energy- porosity of lightweight concrete. Dynamic simulation pro- intensive products is being studied as a key option for grams are being developed, and model-basin tests are to utilizing OTEC electricity. be conducted. Tests of a large-scale pipe (5 feet in diameter and 1,500 feet long) are contemplated. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Several deployment approaches are being studied: verti- cal assembly, onsite manufacture, as well as float and For the baseline program development option considered, flip. the OTEC program is involved with three areas: -the power system 9 Energy Utilization -ocean systems 1) Electric Cable -energy utilization Present assessments of the OTEC electrical offshore ap- e The Power System plication indicate that the OTEC submarine cable (ex- To assess OTEC performance, and biofouling and cor- cept for island locations) will be high-voltage DC, with rosion in an ocean environment as early as possible, a 1 conversion subsystems at each terminal. Single or mul- MWe (40 MWt) component platform (OTEC-1) is tiple submarine cables must be capable of transmitting planned for ocean tests starting in early 1980. Heat ex- in the 500 MWe range. Submarine cable development for changers for the 1 MWe tests will be shell-and-tube de- OTEC was initiated in 1977 through competitive pro- sign (2 units) and plate design (3 units). curements, and the contractors are now in the early stages of their studies of the riser and bottom cables. Phase I A major system procurement to evaluate shell-and-tube of the cable development effort serves to identify and configurations was issued in FY 1977. A second procure- select the most promising cable systems from among ment, for plate heat exchangers, is planned for FY 1978. several alternatives for various plant sites. An objective of each procurement is the design of the Phase 11 of submarine cable development will entail de- ultimate module configuration to derive overall economics tailed design, fabrication, and testing of the selected for the power plant system. The contracts are for the cable systems. Phase III will involve the preparation of fabrication of test hardware for OTEC-1, and eventually final specifications for use with OTEC plants at various for modular experiments (10 MWe). sites. The ammonia turbine research includes selection of ma- terials for blades, selection of designs and non-corrosive 2) OTEC Industrial Complexes materials for seals, and demonstration of bearing life' Another option for using the energy produced by OTEC Turbine procurement to support a module test will be plants is the on-site manufacturing of energy-intensive initiated in FY 1980 products and materials. Surface transportation will be e Ocean Systems used to ship these energy-intensive products. Examples of products that may be obtained from offshore manu- Geared to the success of the heat exchanger program is facturing facilities are hydrogen and ammonia. Another the design and development of one or more OTEC option is to manufacture products that can be used as modular system experiments. The related ocean engi- an "electrical bridge" for generating electricity ashore. 12 pi LL* ml 'Tr -Uk 4t, 77T 'Agog Figure 3. Overview of the Argonne Core Test Facility -"OS, r! 7 J A TAW SSE= A It A Al 'k AN, Figure 4. Carnegie-Mellon University Heat Exchangers Installed at the Argonne Core Test Facility (Evaporator-left; Condenser-right) ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION Alternate heat exchanger configurations have been pro- posed: Shell-and-tube (horizontal tube/thin film, hori- Conceptual designs for the various OTEC-1 subsystems zontal tube/nucleate boiling, and vertical falling film), have also been developed during 1977. Several methods and panel concepts. Initial single or multi-tube laboratory of deploying the cold water pipe are currently under re- tests are being conducted to determine the heat transfer view and analysis. A solicitation has been released for performance of single tube features (surface enhance- the OTEC-1 engineering test facility. ment, grooves, flutes, inserts, etc.). Early results from An existing platform is to be modified to serve as an single tube tests and core test units (1 MWt) indicate engineering test facility (OTEC-1) for significant scaled that it is possible to achieve clean overall heat exchanger experiments at sea. Current plans call for five heat ex- coefficients two to three times those attainable with changer configurations to be tested on the OTEC-1: two standard smooth-tube technology. Economic tradeoffs shell-and-tube and three plate type units. These experi- are being developed on the basis of these technologies. ments will be provided through the power system de- Factors that reduce costs in the fabrication of shell-and- velopment contracts by December 1979. Several mate- tube heat exchangers have been identified. The industrial rials for heat exchangers and cleaning approaches will be base needed to supply the materials required to fabricate explored. A six-foot cold water pipe and warm water pip- OTEC power plants and OTEC industrial complexes is ing system will supply enough water to provide a total also being assessed. testing capability of 1 MWe (enough to operate the total Biofouling rate and cleaning experiments have provided equivalent of 10,000 heat exchanger tubes). By 1983, it results which indicate that several cleaning approaches will be possible to determine long-term cleaning char- can be used to keep biofouling resistance coefficients to acteristics, corrosion effects, performance, and materials less than 0.0003 (or a heat transfer coefficient of at least degradation for a wide number of candidate designs. 3300 BTU/hr ft2 'F). Aluminum alloy tubes are being The initial results from this facility could be used for qualified as candidates for OTEC exchangers by perform- selection of the units for the modular experiments. ing tests employing flowing seawater and constant re- Modular experiments of sufficient size to demonstrate moval of biofouling. overall feasibility of full-scale units and to be utilized di-- Several attractive plate heat exchanger approaches have rectly in an application mode are being considered. These been defined. Components based on plate heat exchanger experiments will include: two distinct platform candi- technologies will be fabricated and tested. dates with significantly different economics, operations, Core testing of 1 MWt units will be performed by the and risks; two distinct types of heat exchangers with fall of 1978 on three shell-and-tube and four plate heat different cleaning, material, and surface enhancement ap- exchanger configurations to determine the overall heat proaches; several cold water pipe materials and deploy- transfer performance. Complicating performance pheno- ment concepts; and two distinct mission possibilities. mena, such as uneven flow over the face of a large heat ex- Seawater systems and ocean platform sizes with total changer, will be evaluated by hydraulic modeling studies. carrying capacity of about 10 MWe are contemplated as On the basis of heat exchanger bench tests, cleaning being required to verify,OTEC feasibility. Unit power studies, and hydraulic modeling studies, data will be ac- modules of about 10 MWe size are being considered. cumulated for a programmatic decision point in early The design of these power plants modules will be pro- FY 1978. However, other major uncertainties still exist, vided through the power system development contracts. such as the cost of manufacturing large heat exchangers, Contractor teams will be asked to propose complete geometric effects on local flow conditions, and Nofouling OTEC plants. Competitions for these procurements are and corrosion in large assemblies. planned for early 1979. Single and multi-tube testing is being performed by sev- Multiple design awards for each platform approach are eral contractors. To date, experimental heat transfer rates anticipated. Single contractors for. integration and con- higher than those for standard commercial heat ex- struction will be selected after the design competition. changers have been achieved with modified designs. The Accelerated Core Test Facility (ACTF) constructed at ADVANCED RESEARCH AND Argonne National Laboratory in 1977 (see Figure 3) TECHNOLOGY (AR&T) will permit the testing of subscale (1 MWt) heat ex- changers. Figure 4 shows the Carnegie-Mellon University AR&T efforts have been directed primarily toward power heat exchangers (evaporator and condenser) installed at cycles, materials, heat transfer enhancement surfaces, the ACTF. working fluids, and open and hybrid cycles. These efforts Alternative power system cycles are being further in- have produced viable concepts that will lead to further vestigated. The open steam cycle, resulting in the reduc- analyses and tests. The biofouling, corrosion, and clean- tion of biofouling problems and the production of fresh ing activity is an important part of the AR&T effort. water as a by-product, has been recognized for many 13 years. The hybrid ammonia-steam cycle offers many of Biofouling and corrosion studies, laboratory tests, and the same advantages as the open steam cycle. Since that ocean surveys of potential sites will continue through latter is a somewhat newer concepl, it has not yet been i980. These efforts will provide early information to sup- the subjectoif extensive study.An engineering power sys- port: technologies developed in 1977 and 1978; major tem. study of both the open and hybrid cycles is being heat exchanger decisions; and overall program decisions. conducted to. produce'a system design and. comparative The initial phase of the biofouling program is designed to costs for each option. determine biofouling and corrosion rates for ocean regions Current research related to heat transfer on the working considered as likely OTEC sites and to evaluate candi- fluid side includes: (1) comparative investigation of the date countermeasures for a range of h .eat exchanger ma- mechanisms of nucleation and evaporation under thin- terials. The separate effects of biofouling and corrosion film flow conditions and (2)' comparative investigations will be quantified. Mechanical, chemical, and other avoid- of evaporation and condensation for fluted (or Gregorig) ance or control methods will be inclu Ided. Special instru- enhanced surfaces. For water-side heat transfer, informa- mentation will be used at various locations to test bio- tion is being obtained onsurface augmentations. bound- fouling potential and candidate control procedures. Bio ary layer disruption, and secondary flow generation. In fouling measurements in the ocean were initiated at sites addition, hydraulic "studies are underway to'determine off Hawaii and Saint Croix, Virgin Islands, and will be internal fluid distribution, seawater corrosion, and con- extended to other sites in the Caribbean, the Gulf of venient design algorithms. Mexico, and in the Gulf Stream (Florida Current). Data Biofoulin'g on the seawater side of the, heat transfer collection devices'such as the data buoy shown in Figure surfacesIrepresents a key technology issue. Permitting 5, are being used in this effort. the. growth of organisms or the deposition of inorganic By the end of 1978, information will be available regard- material on the heat exchanger surfaces will interfere ing biofouling rates as a function of local conditions, heat With their heat transfer properties and result in perform- exchanger configurations, materials, and internal flow ance degradation. Maintenance requirements must be conditions. In addition, biofouling countermeasures will defined for compatibility with operational duty cycle re- be defined to support the heat exchanger concept selec- quirements. tion schedule for late 1979. Plans For Implementation of a Test Program Ongoing and completed efforts have already allowed a ment and ocean engin .eering. Although other technological significant number of decisions to be made concerning activities are critical to program success, the two areas OTEC, in general, and the OTEC-1 Early Ocean Test cited are essentially the technological driving factors of Platform, in particular. Overall program priorities were the program. Figure 6 shows the plan for a simplified then established in support of these decisions: OTEC system development schedule, and the interre- lationships between ower cycle engineering and ocean The closed-cycle system will be the immediate thrust p of the development program directed toward an engineering. early demonstration plant. The research and development and program activties ,P Open-steam and hybrid ammonia-steam cycles will during FY 1977'have yielded- results that have exceeded remain under active investigation. the projected goals and expectations. The major issues � Ammonia has been selected as the working fluid in regarding deployment of OTEC systems have'been clari- the first generation of OTEC plants. Other working fled or resolved as indicated in Table 2. OTEC will pro- fluids will be considered. vide'data on system configurations of up to 1 MWe size � Large components will be @ tested at 1 MWe (40 in ocean environment. Since the objective of the OTEC MWt) in an ocean-going test facility (OTEC- I ) in pro-gram is to stimulate the development of a commercially a m 'anne environment, including. five candidate and economically acceptable OTEC system, fully inte- shell-and-tube and plate heat exchanger designs. grated OTEC systems of sufficient size must be demon- � Several conventional heat exchanger cleaning meth- strated in potential market applications to provide the ods will be t ested on OTEC-1. necessary operational performance and cost data. Such � A land-based facility will be used to test sub-scale operational experience in direct applications and in a (I MWj) heat exchanger concepts. commercial environment is essential before potential users 0 Initial siting assessments regarding environmental will adopt OTEC as a viable alternative. and thermal resource aspects are being completed. The modular experiments of about 10 MWe are, there- The success of the OTEC program requires concurrent fore, being plann ed as part of an integrated program developments in two major areas: power cycle develop- strategy to provide necessary operational experience. As- 14 sociated seawater systems and ocean,platform. sites of module tests conducted on'OTEC-1. Results of brigoing 10 MeW are contemplated. These power plant modules parallel R&D -efforts on various subsystems will d1so'be Will be provided from the power 'system development incorporated in the, power module design.- efforts, and will incorporate the results of 1 MWe scale 16 -A riv Figure 5. OTEC Data Buoy OTEC SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT FY 19TT 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1 CY 1977 1978 1979 Iwo 1981 1982 1983 DOE DECISIONS z & KEY EVENTS LEGEND RFP I A DMINISTRATOR'S PROGRAM REVIEW EARLY 3_ SELECTION OF NULL CONFIGURATIONS F R MODULAR EXPERIMENTIS) TEST I - AUMIONIISTRATOR'S PROGRAM REVIEW ARTICLE 5 - PROGRAM FEASIBILITY REVIEW POWER A DESIGN FABRICATE FABRICATE SYSTEM POWER PLANTS DEVELOPMENT - I POWER SYSTEM D SIGN FABRICATE DESIGN- FABRICATE v DEVELOPMENT- 11 DEVELOPMENT TESTS COLD WATER PIPE DESI DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITEST ELEC.CABLE Air- j J7 OTEC-1 K DESIGN ENGINEERING MODIFY TEST TEST FACILITIES SELECT DESIGN ESIGN CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS N 112@@ IL MODULAR EXPERIMENTS DESIGN ESIGN SELECT CONS RUCTION K lnl@@ (D OPERATIONS N PLATFORM STUDY A TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENTS BIOFOULING, CORROSION, CLEANING, & MATERIAL EXPERIMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL, I ---J\ RESOURCES, STUDIES, ASSESSMENT$,_ IMPACT STATEMENTS, A SURVEYS & SITING i D 7@& 01 Figure 6. Organizational and Functional Responsibilities Although the overall program management of the OTEC * The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- program is vested in the Department of Energy, the OTEC tion, U.S. Department of Commerce community includes many other Federal agencies, as well 0 The Naval Facilities Engineering Command, United as university and industry contractors. Contract support States Navy. to OTEC may be categorized into three major groups: program support, research and development, and archi- National Laboratories Support tectural and engineering contractors. U.S. Government-owned national laboratories run by private contractors are also contributing to the OTEC Other Federal Agencies program. Their specific functions are more fully described in the "Fiscal Year 1977 Project Summaries" section of Several Federal agencies are currently contributing to the this publication. OTEC program. In addition to other components of the Department of Energy and its predecessor agency, the Academic Support Energy Research and Development Administration, sup- Numerious academic institutions are conducting research port is being received from: and analysis programs in support of one or more of the The National Science Foundation elements of the OTEC program. These are decribed The Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of specifically in project summary sheets found in the "Fiscal Commerce Year 1977 Project Summaries" section of this publication. 17 Program Funding GENERAL trated in the definition planning program element in which a large number of technical alternatives were examined Program funding is informally divided into two major and evaluated. In 1975, the decision was made to pro- categories reflecting the organizational structure of the ceed with the development of the ammonia-vapor, closed- OTEC program. One category supports the thrust of En- cycle system. Once this decision was made, the power gineering Development, Component Testing, Pilot Plant, cycle became the pacing item, and advanced research and Demonstration Plant and Commercialization based on the technology addressed the two categories of activity de- ammonia-vapor, closed-cycle system, with a hull or plat- scribed in the previous paragraph. The increasing signifi- form configuration most suited to accommodate these cance of engineering development, and subsequently of components. Supporting research is directed toward opti- engineering test and development, is reflected in funding mum performance of an OTEC plant. using the afore- for these program elements in the period FY 1977 and mentioned power cycle. The second grouping of projects beyond. addresses a wide range of technical alternatives in the The services and goods utilized in the OTEC research power cycle, platform configuration, and systems and con- and development program are being obtained from various figurations for second generation plants.The second gen- sectors of society, including industry, universities, and eration plants are those that will survive commercial com- Government. The percentages of FY 1977 OTEC fund- petition from conventional power sources that may be ing distribution to prime contractors is as follows: expected to come on line during the 21st century. Industry 51.1% FUNDING BY PROGRAM ELEMENTS National Laboratories 28.3% Other Government Agencies 13.7% Table 4 presents a summary of funding by the major Universities 6.3% program elements. The bulk of the funding was concen- Other 0.6% Table 4. Program Element Funding (Budget Authority) ($ in Millions) Prior Program Element Years FY 76, FY 77 Program Development .......... 0.1 2.1 2.1 Definition Planning ............. 2.5 2.7 1.2 Systems Studies ................ ... 0.3 3.4 Engineering Test and Evaluation .............. ... ... 3.3 Advanced Research & Technology ................ 1.4 3.5 4.5 TOTAL ................. 4.0 8.6 14.5 'Includes Transition Quarter 19 FISCAL YEAR 1977 SUMMARY TABLES 21 Table 5 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element PROGRAM SUPPORT 0 Program Sub-Element SUPPORT SERVICES Organization Title Projected Contribution "J'; Argonne National Program Management Support: Management support is provided to ERDA Laboratory', Oceanographic and Climatic (DOE) on all hydrodynamical modelling Impacts efforts for OTEC. U.S. Naval 'Paci'lities Technical Management of a. Program management assistance and Engineering eorrimand OTEC Ocean Engineering consultation for assistance in the OTEC (NAVFAC) Program Activity program planning, preparation, and evaluation of program solicitations. b. Participation in overall program evaluation, and coordination with other agencies providing support to the DOE in other technology aspects of OTEC development. c. Management and technical coordination of facility access required for utilization of Navy test and fabrication facilities in support of the OTEC program, d. Technical evaluation of system, component, and technology development proposals. e. Monitoring and evaluation of DOE contractor work specifically assigned to NAVFAC for technical direction. f. Transfer of Navy technology to ERDA contractors, and participation in program technical reviews and workshops. g. Tech- nical direction, monitoring, and evaluation of specific research and development projects by DOE or Navy contractors as assigned. h. Coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of assigned DOE-funded research and development projects to be accom- plished in-house by Navy organizations and laboratories. Gilbert Associates, Inc. Architectural and Architect-engineering support services for Engineering Services in a variety of OTEC design, engineering, Support of the OTEC Program and programmatic tasks. National Oceanic and Ocean Engineering Program Ocean engineering support to ERDA Atmospheric Administration Support (DOE) in: (NOAA) a. Program planning and approval, b. Implementation of major OTEC activities, c. Participation in annual program reviews, d. Evaluation of program resources, and e. Determination of procurement policy. 22 Table 5 (cont.) FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element PROGRAM SUPPORT 0 Program Sub-Element SUPPORT SERVICES-(Cont.) Organization Title Projected Contribution Battelle Pacific Northwest Biofouling and Corrosion Subcontract and manage studies to define, Laboratories Studies for OTEC measure, and establish countermeasures for OTEC biofouling and corrosion problems. Lawrence Berkeley Program Management Support: Provision of program management support Laboratory Biological and Ecological to DOE on all biological/ ecological effects Effects of a 100 MWe OTEC of OTEC studies. Plant p 23 Table 6 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element PROGRAM SUPPORT 0 Program Sub-Element OTEC WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION Organization Title Projected Contribution Society of Na"va'l @rchitects Spring Meeting on Energy Thirty four papers were presented in and Marine Eh`g'ineers Research in the Oceans the following major areas: (1) Marine (SNAME) at San Francisco, CA transportation (machinery), (2) Offshore (May 1977) fixed platforms, (3) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, (4) Offshore mobile platforms, (5) Liquified Natural Gas (transportation and terminals), and (6) Marine transpor- tation (naval architecture). University of Fourth Annual Ocean The conference's proceedings consisted New Orleans Thermal Energy Conference of contributed papers, discussions and (March 1977) working groups summaries, conclusions, and recommendations. University ofl Miami Fifth Ocean Thermal Energy A continuing opportunity to present and Clean EnergyAnstitute Conversion (OTEC) Conference discuss the latest research results per- (Feb. 1.978) tinent to the conversion of ocean thermal energy. Subjects covered will include: heat exchangers, modeling and optimization, ocean engineering, biofouling and corrosion, total system design, environmental impact, and economic and legal aspects. Table 7 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element DEFINITION PLANNING 0 Program Sub-Element TEST PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS Organization Title Projected Contribution Lockheed Missiles and Space Test Facilities Requirements Alternative, non site-specific OTEC facili- Co., Inc. Definition ties and ocean platform requirements for an integrated OTEC. test program. TRW, Inc. Test Facilities Requirements Alternative, non site-specific OTEC facili- Definition ties and ocean platform requirements for an integrated OTEC test program and ocean test facilities. 24 Table 8 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element DEFINITION PLANNING 0 Program Sub-Element MISSION ANALYSIS Organization Title Projected Contribution Aerospace Corporation Mission Analysis and Support To study OTEC energy utilizat ion alterna- for OTEC Systems tives, markets and market penetrations, and to develop a system costing model. General Electric OTEC Mission Analysis Study Identify key OTEC missions and applica- Company/TEMPO tions, including markets and market penetrations Columbia University Marine Pastures: A By-Product Technical and economic feasibility of of Large (100 Megawatts or open-ocean mariculture. Urger) Floating Ocean Thermal Gradient Exchange Technology Stone & Webster Southeast Regional Assessment An appraisal by electric utilities of the Engineering Corporation Study market for solar energy products in the Southeast United States, including Puerto Rico. 25 Table 9 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element DEFINITION PLANNING 0 Program Sub-Element THERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND SITING STUDIES Organization Title Projected Contribution Ocean Data Systems, Inc. Ocean Thermal Structure An ocean thermal resource assessment Analysis and data base for the environmental assessment and siting of the OTEC demonstration plant. Woods Hole Oceanographic Oceanographic Data for OTEC Discrete site selection criteria based on Institution Design OTEC design, a plan and schedule for matching the ocean data base to design, construct, and test, and a plan for acquiring requisite oceanographic data. Bretschneider Consultants Design Current and Wave Provide data on design current and wave Criteria for Potential criteria for potential OTEC sites. OTEC Sites Research Triangle Institute Sea Surface Satellite Thermal An analytical toot for synoptic assessment Data of thermal resource variations at sites of probable OTEC locations via Infra-Red (IR) satellite imagery. Florida Institute of A Study of the Geographical An analysis of the geographical distribution Technology Distribution of the OTEC of the OTEC resource off the Florida Resource in the Florida Current coast. Florida Solar Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Selected researchers described data acquisi- Center Resource Assessment Workshop tion and reported on projects in support of OTEC siting as well as environmental, resource, and technological assessments. NOAA Environmental Data Oceanographic Data Base Provide as complete a statement as possible Service for OTEC of required oceanographic data. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic Ocean Currents and Thermal Provide detailed observational data of and Meteorological Lab Observations principal OTEC sites using OTEC specified oceanographic data. 26 Table 10 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element DEFINITION PLANNING 0 Program Sub-Element ENVIRONMENTAL Organization Title Projected Contribution Hydronautics, Inc. Experimental Study of Experimentally investigate the external flow Flow Problems Related problems unique to OTEC. to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Ocean Data Systems, Inc. Ocean Climatic Impacts Review of the modeling efforts of the Naval Model Reviews Research Laboratory, Hydronautics, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on flow problems and fluid mechanics. Massachusetts Institute of External Fluid Mechanics The simulation of the OTEC operation Technology of Ocean Thermal Power under schematic oceanographic and plant Plants design conditions. Naval Ocean Research and Theoretical Fluid Dynamical Studies of: (1) the near-field flow compu- Development Activity Studies of Resource Availability tations, that is adaption of existing (NORDA) and Environmental Impact of Ocean turbulent wake computer programs, produc- Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) tion runs for different design parameters and oceanic data parameters, (2) the far- field effects of a single power plant, development of I-D and 2-D ocean models, determination of optimal power plant size, and area] requirements, (3) the oceanic impact of large-scale operation, model temperature, salinity profiles, their time response for various ocean basins, and estimated power production potentials, and (4) the air-sea coupling, such as weather- induced thermocline modifications and recovery and regional sea breeze modifica- tion by sea-surface temperature changes. Interstate Electronic Environmental Impact Assess- Environmental Impact Assessment of the Corporation ment of Ocean Test Platforms 1 MWe (EOTP-1) and 5 MWe (ETOP-5) for OTEC OTEC floating test facilities. - Lockheed Center for Marine Biota Impact Establishment of a data base on exposure of Marine Research Assessment for OTEC marine biota to OTEC discharges for prep- aration of environmental impact assess- ments. 27 Table 11 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element DEFINITION PLANNING e Program Sub-Element LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES Organization Title Projected Contribution Southern California, Evaluation of Incentives for An investigation of the commercialization University of the Development of Ocean Thermal of new energy technologies and to analyze Gradient Exchange Technology the potential public policy incentives for accelerating to rate of commercialization of these technologies. American Society of Inter- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Identification of subjects of needed national Law Legal Considerations inquiry within five major areas: (1) Rights to emplace and maintain installations, (2) Rights to capture and remove the resource, (3) Sources and content of legal standards governing emplacement and operation; questions of responsibility and liability for the consequences of operation; and the juridical status of operators and installa- tions. American Socity of Inter- R&D in OTEC Institutional and Data input regarding institutional and legal national Law Legal Matters requirements for OTEC development and demonstration. Tefft, Kelly and Motley, R&D in Institutional and Legal Data input regarding institutional and legal Inc. Matters requirements for OTEC development and demonstration. 28 Table 12 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT 0 Program Sub-Element POWER SYSTEM Organization Title Projected Contribution 6 @ , TRW, Inc. OTEC Power System Development A preliminary design for the full-sized (25 MWe nominal), closed-cycle-ammonia power system module for 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. Lockheed Missiles and OTEC Power System Development A preliminary design for the full-sized Space Co.,Inc. (25 MWe nominal), closed-cycle ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. Westinghouse Electric OTEC Power System Development A preliminary design for the full-sized Corporation (25 MWe nominal), closed-cyle ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. Lockheed Missiles & OTEC Tube and Shell Heat Definition of the requirements; development Space Co., Inc. Exchanger Producibility Study of materials information, including the use of concrete, prerequisite to the conceptual and preliminary design of a shell and tube heat exchanger. Colorado School. of Mines An Evaluation of Open- Conduct a feasibility and costing study of cycle Thermocline Power any open cycle system that may be com- Systems petitive with the closed cycle concept. Westinghouse Electric OTEC 100 MWe Alternate Power A conceptual power system design for the Corporation System Study open-cycle power system addressing all major components and including sufficient information to allow hardware cost esti- mates to be made. 29 Table 13 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT 0 Program Sub-Element OCEAN SYSTEMS Organization Title Projected Contribution Johns Hopkins University Preliminary Engineering A preliminary engineering design of an Applied Physics Laboratory Design of a Modular Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) @r Experiment pilot plant. Rosenblatt, M., & Son, Inc. OTEC Platform Configuration The conceptual design of an operational, and Integration integrated OTEC commercial plant system. Lockheed Missiles and Space OTEC Platform Configuration A conceptual design of two leading inte- Company, Inc,.. and Integration grated OTEC system candidates will be developed. Each conceptual candidate sys- tem will be accomplished by a demon- stration system plan and cost schedule estimate for implementing the hardware application at sea. Gibbs & Cox, Inc. OTEC Platform Configuration Evaluation of six candidate hullforms as and Integration candidates for the OTEC commercial plant. 30 Table 14 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT 0 Program Sub-Element ENERGY UTELIZATION Organization Title Projected Contribution Institute of Gas Technology An Optimization Study Provide an engineering ari@ eco-riornic of Ocean Thermal Energy analysis of chemical energ@-ciirrier alter- Delivery Systems Based natives for transportation of energy from on Chemical Carriers large-scale floating OTEC @owei plants to wholesale energy markets. Institute of Gas Technology Alternative Energy Evaluate the feasibility and generate con- Transmission Systems ceptual designs of two concepts1for trans- from OTEC Plants porating ocean thermal energy to shore. Pirelli Cable Systems, Inc. Bottom Segment Design Develop designs for the bottom segment of for Underwater Cable the underwater electric power transmission Power Transmission cable system (Phase 1). System Simplex Wire and Cable Co. Riser Segment Design of Develop the designs for the riser'-segment of Underwater Electric Power the underwater electric power transmission Transmission Cable System cable system (Phase 1). 31 Table 15 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION 0 Program Sub-Element 1MWe (40MWt) EARLY OCEAN TEST PLATFORM Organization Title Projected Contribution Gilbert Associates, incorporated OTEC-1 Studies and Cold Water Provide systems integration and engineering Pipe Activity support for the development of OTEC-1. Lockheed Missiles and Space Maintenance of Redwood City Maintain and support the Hughes Mining Company Facility and OTEC Equipment Barge at the Redwood City Facility. TRW, Inc. IMWe Heat Exchangers for Design, fabricate, and deliver a seawater/ Ocean Thermal Energy Conver- ammonia evaporator and condenser for the sion OTEC-1 MWe heat exchanger system. W. M. Howerton Naval Architect and Ocean Provide naval architect and ocean engineer- Engineering Services ing services in support of the OTEC Program and Hughes Mining Barge. Morris Guralnick Associates HMB Conversion Preliminary Provide preliminary design drawings and Design Tasks studies relating to the Hughes Mining Barge conversion to OTEC-1. Morris Guralnick Associates Dredge Base Support Flota- Analyze the stability characteristics of the tion and Stability Analysis Hughes Mining Barge dredge base. U.S. Navy Dredge Base Removal and HMB Remove the dredge base from the Hughes Support Services Mining Barge. Interstate Electronics Corporation Marine Engineering Support Provide marine engineering and support Services services related to the Hughes Mining Barge and associated spare equipment. American Patrol Services Security of the Redwood Provide guard services for the Redwood Facility and the Hughes City Facility. Mining Barge U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Support for the Refit and Provide technical and administrative Center Mobilization of the HMB support for the mobilization of the HMB into the Early Ocean Test Platform. U.S. Navy HMB Modification /Fabrication Plan and provide all in-house and con- tract services for rework of the HMB. 32 Table 16 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION 0 Program Sub-Element MODULAR EXPERIMENTS Organization Title Projected Contribution Gilbert Associates, Incorporated Modular Experiment Provide system integration and engineering Studies studies to determine the appropriate configurations for Modular Experiments. Gilbert Associates, Incorporated Siting Studies for Develop site data to identify the most Modular Experiments satisfactory area for deploying the OTEC and Commercial OTEC plant. Plants 33 Table 17 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 0 Program Sub-Element BIOFOULING, CORROSION, MATERIALS Organization Title Projected Contribution Aluminum Company of America Catalog Information on Compile and critically evaluate existing the Performance of Alumi- data on the corrosion of aluminum alloys num in Seawater in seawater. University of Delaware Factors Affecting Pitting Study factors likely to affect the corrosion and Crevice Corrosion of of aluminum alloys. Aluminum Alloys for Seawater Heat Exchanger Tubing Lehigh University Reinforced Concrete Consti- Predict the constitutive (stress-strain) re- tutive Relations lations for reinforced concrete under general load conditions including hydro- static pressure. Sigma Research, Inc. Compatibility Studies for Identify the SCC tendency of titanium the System Water-Ammonia- under a range of ammonia environments, Titanium as Related to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion U.S. Naval Construction Antifouling Marine Concrete Develop a long-lasting, structurally strong, Battalion Center and environmentally safe antifoulin& marine concrete. University of Miarni Preparation of Catalogue of A catalogue of available oceanographic School of Marine and Oceanographic Data Parameters data from areas of potential OTEC siting, Atmospheric Sciences for Potential OTEC Sites and to identify gaps in the data base. Applied Equi@ment Company Fabricate /Manufacturing/ Manufacture 13 biofouling measurement Engineering of OTEC Bio- devices and develop fabrication techniques fouling Devices for quantity production of these devices in the future. Carnegie-Mellon University A Study of Fouling and Identify the effects of biofouling and cor- Corrosion Problems in a rosion on heat transfer surfaces at a poten- Solar Sea Power Plant. tial OTEC site. University of Hawaii OTEC Heat Exchanger Bio- Observe the biofouling rates in water fouling Experiment typical of a tropical ocean site having APL heat exchanger water flow conditions. Hydronautics, Inc. Investigation of OTEC Conduct a critical state-of-the-art study of Heat Exchanger Cleaning mechanical and chemical cleaning of low- Methods temperature marine heat exchangers. Lockheed Missiles and Develop an Apparatus for Design, manufacture, and proof test an Space Company, Inc. Use in Measuring the Ef- apparatus intended for use in establishing fects of Biofouling on the severity of the biofouling problem and the Performance of Heat its effect on heat transfer, measuring the Transfer Surfaces Exposed effectiveness of potential biofouling counter- to Ocean Environments measures, and obtaining accurate heat transfer data under a wide variety of oper- ating conditions. 34 Table 17 (cont.) FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 0 Program Sub-Element BIOFOULING, CORROSION, MATERIALS-Cont.) Organization Title Projected Contribution, National Oceanic and OTEC Studies in the Gulf Use a large discus-buoy hull equipped with Atmospheric Administration of Mexico on Biofouling a power source, test hardware, water National Space Technology and Corrosion quality indicator system, and data manage- Labs ment and telecommunications system to obtain open ocean heat transfer, biofouling, and corrosion data from the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Naval Air Development Measure the Effects of Conduct biofouling studies to determine the Center Biofouling and Corrosion effects of water velocity, time, rate of on the Performance of Heat fouling, preliminary corrosion rate on Transfer Surfaces Exposed aluminum at this location, and specific in the Ocean Near St. Croix oceanographic characteristics of the surface in the U.S. Virgin Islands water used in the experiments. ' U.S. Naval Construction A Critcal Review of the Research available literature to acquire a Battalion Center Design Factors Influencing background on the effects for both fouling Civil Engineering Lab Biofouling and Corrosion and corrosion, critically evaluate the data, of OTEC Surfaces and evaluate how optimal use of design can be employed in OTEC systems to avoid fouling and corrosion problems. U.S. Naval Postgraduate The Nature of Primary Review critical state-of-the-art literature School Organic Films in the of marine biofouling to establish what is Marine Environment and known of primary film formation and Their Significance for identify research needed to fill technological Ocean Thermal Energy gaps. Conversion (OTEC) Surfaces U.S. Navy, The David W. Methods for the Prevention Identify and evaluate the technological Taylor Naval Ship Research and Control of Corrosion feasibility, cost effectiveness, and en- and Development Center and Biofouling on Floating vironmental compatibility of different Platforms and Nonheat Ex- methods for the prevention and control changer Surfaces Exposed of corrosion and marine biofouling on all to Seawater for OTEC Power seawater-exposed material surfaces (ex- Plants cluding heat exchangers) of OTEC power plants. U.S. Navy, The David W. Mechanical Cleaning of Delineate problems associated with the re- Taylor Naval Ship Research OTEC Heat Exchanger Tubes moval of soft fouling on OTEC heat ex- and Development Center changer tubes. University of Miami A Study to Define the Establish the ranges of balance between Rosenstiel School of Marine Tolerable Ranges of Balance CO, and carbonates, nucleation sites, effect Science Between Dissolved CO, and of Mg @ + and other ions in seawater, etc., Carbonates in Seawater that which can cause depostion of calcareous Would Avoid Deposits of films on OTEC heat transfer surfaces. Calcareous Scales on Heat Transfer Surfaces within the Temperature Range of OTEC Heat Exchangers 35 Table 17 (cont.) FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Program Sub-Element Organization Title Projected Contribution Native American Manu- Manufacture of OTEC Dio- Manufacture ten biofouling measurement facturing, Inc. fouling Devices devices. Oak Ridge National Heat Exchanger Joinability Provide a technology review regarding Laboratory Study joinability state-of-the-art as it relates to OTEC heat exchangers. 36 Table 18 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES, Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 0 Program Sub-Element HEAT EXCHANGERS,: Organization Title Projected Contributio'n Carnegie-Mellon University Concurrent Studies of Investigate the feasibility of vertical Enhanced Heat Transfer shell-and-tube exchangers. and Materials for Ocean Thermal Exchangers Geoscience Ltd. Water Heat Transfer and Investigate several different meahs of en- Ammonia Nucleate Boiling hancing the heat transfer coefficient of Studies. water flowing through round tubes, promot- ing nucleation of ammonia vaporizing over submerged horizontal tubes, and for studing the thin film evaporation of ammonia over horizontal tubes. Johns Hopkins University Analytical Study of Two- Analyze the practicality and expected per- Applied Physics Laboratory phase Flow Heat Exchangers formance of the JHU-SPL concept for two- for OTEC Systems phase flow heat exchangers. Oklahoma State University Heat Exchanger System Identify areas of heat transfer technology, Evaluation for the OTEC develop procedures to ensure that systems Program analysts are supplied with pertinent heat exchanger design and operational param- eters; and perform quick-look analysis and evaluation on any variation in heat exchanger system configuration. Oak Ridge National Heat Transfer Enhancement Explore the means for enhancing the Laboratory for OTEC Systems. boiling and condensing performance of heat exchangers. Union Carbide Corporation Heat Exchangers for Investigate the thermal hydraulic perfor- Ocean Thermal Power mance of the heat exchanger with special Plants emphasis on the evaporator. Oregon State University Heat Exchanger Develop- Provide engineering services in the plan- ment for OTEC Plants ning and continued updating of the OTEC heat exchanger development program. DSS Engineers, Inc. Development of Plastic Provide an in-depth review of polymeric Heat Exchangers for OTEC materials and material composites that have been proposed for the plastic heat exchanger. Argonne National Laboratory OTEC Heat Exchanger Determine and evaluate the performance of Development Program several types of evaporators and condensers being considered for OTEC plants. California, Berkeley, Performance Improvement Conduct a literature search on the current University of for OTEC Systems state-of-the-art of helix-enhanced (spiro- lator) water (brine) side heat transfer in- side heat exchanger tubing University of Massachusetts A Continued Evaluation Provide analytical design of plate-fin heat of Compact Heat Exchangers exchangers and designs for a heater ex- for OTEC Applications changer program. Sea Solar Power, Inc. Compact Heat-Exchanger Evaluation of the possible applicability of Design for OTEC existing designs to OTEC requirements. Development of OTEC plate-fin core test unit design. 37 Table 19 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 0 Program Sub-Element POWER SYSTEMS Organization Title Projected Contribution University of Oklahoma Use of Mixtures as Working Upgrade previously developed OTEC mix- Fluids in OTEC Cycles ture cycle simulation, develop an optimiza- tion program for OTEC mixture cycle design, correlate the thermodynamic prop- erties of ammonia-water mixtures, and simulate the OTEC ammonia cycle with varying amounts of water in ammonia. University of California, Design of a Facility Analyze and design the experimental "mist- Los Angeles for Laboratory Experi- flow lift-tube" including engineering draw- ments on a Mist-flow ings and specifications, as required to Thermal Energy Process proceed with the construction and procure- ment of the equipment. Carnegie-Mellon University Foam Sea Solar Power Study a modification which would offer in- Plant creased efficiency of an open cycle solar sea power plant. R&D Associates Mist-flow Ocean Thermal Investigate a specific mechanism for ther- Energy Process mally lifting the warm surface water to drive a hydraulic turbine. 38 Table 20 F Y 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 0 Program Sub-Element OCEAN ENGINEERING Organization Title Projected Contribution Sea Solar Power, Inc. Design of a Cold Water Produced a report describing the prelimin- Pipe for Ocean Thermal ary analysis of design conditions for a long Power Plants cold water supply pipe. U.S.N. Construction Design, Fabrication, Study the design, fabrication, and installa- Battalion Center and Installation of tion of large-diameter submerged concerte Large Diameter Submerged structures Concrete Structures Westinghouse Electric Deep Water Pipe and Moor- Evaluate a cold water pipe, pump, and plant Corporation ing Design Study mooring concepts to determine the overall eviuation of the OTEC concept. Westinghouse Electric Seawater Pumps and Plat- Analyze a cold water pump preliminary de- Corporation form Stationkeeping sign, evaluate a warm water pump, and analyze platform stationkeeping. Tuned Sphere International Tuned Sphere Stable Prepare a geometric description of the Platform for OTEC Power tuned sphere concept of OTEC for output Plants sizes of 100, 500, and 1000 MWe that are satisfactory for calculation of hydrodynamic forces. Civil Engineering Laboratory Development of Anchor Extend the state-of-the-art in deep sea Systems for OTEC Power anchor systems to satisfy the anchor-design Plants requirements of large floating OTEC power plants. Oregon State University- Biological and Hydrodynamic Provide continuous supplies of clean, cold, influences on the Screens on and warm water to an OT'EC plant by ex- OTEC Intake Systems cluding debris and marine plants and animals. Hydronautics, Inc. Studies of Seaway Responses Evaluate seakeeping, junction loads, cold of OTEC Platform/Cold Water water pipe bending moments, and station- Pipe Configuration Effects keeping thrust requirements. of Pipe Elasticity and Model Tests Science Applications, Inc. Empirical Hydrodynamics Determination of definitive and valid values Studies to Produce Parameters of drag coefficients, lift coefficients, and for Determining the Drag and Strouhal numbers for long rigid cylinders Lift Forces on a Cylinder in in uniform flows at Reynolds numbers Supercritical Flow Regimes ranging from 106 to 107. for OTEC The second phase produced a developmental experimental design dealing with methods and apparatus for the acquisition of similar data in a Reynolds number range fromJ07 to 108. 39 Table 20 (cont.) FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Program Sub-Element OCEAN ENGINEERING-(Cont.) Organization Title Projected Contribution Hydronautics, Inc. Structural Analysis and Documents a methodology for OTEC cold Design Studies of OTEC water pipe structral analysis. Cold Water Pipe U.S. Naval Postgraduate Dynamic Response of Moored Provides computer programs describing the School OTEC Plants to Ocean Waves intpraction of ocean waves with floating structures; estimates dynamic response resulting from the wave/structure inter- action. 40 I i I I Fiscal Year 1977-Project Summaries 41 1. PROGRAM SUPPORT Support Services .. OTEC Workshop Organization 43 PROGRAM SUPPORT Support Services CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Argonne National Laboratory ANL 189-49553 9700 South Cass Avenue "60499 Argonne, IL PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 31, 1976--September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING' Wyman Harrison (312) 972-3784 $60,000 (ERAB funds) TITLE Program Management Support: Oceanographic and Climatic Impacts SUMMARY Management support was provided to ERDA on all hydrodynamical efforts for OTEC. The status and direction of ERDA contracts E(49-26) 1005, E(49-18) 2348, and E(11-1) 2909 were assessed and their results integrated into the overall OTEC framework. Existing and proposed projects were evaluated. Contact was maintained with the proj- ect contractors. In addition to the hydrodynamic modeling literature, draft reports to ERDA from the contractors were reviewed. Recommendations have been made on the improvement of the physical data base for model verification. Bibliography Reference No. 220 45 PROGRAM SUPPORT S.upport Services CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command E(49-26)-1000 (NAVFAC) 200 Stovall Street PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Alexandria, VA 22332 February 24, 1975 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING James H. Osborn (202) 325-0505 $394,800 TITLE Technical Management of OTEC Ocean Engineering ProgramActivity SUMMARY The object of this project was to perform the following services for ERDA: a. Program management assistance and consultation for assistance in the OTEC program planning, preparation, and evaluation of program solicitations. b. Participation in overall program evaluation, and coordination with other agencies providing support to ERDA in other technology aspects of OTEC development. c. Management and technical coordination of facility access required for utilization of Navy test and fabrication fa- cilities in support of the OTEC Program. d. Technical evaluation of system, component, and technology development proposals. e. Monitoring and evaluation of ERDA contractor work specifically assigned to NAVFAC for technical direction. f. Transfer of Navy technology to ERDA contractors, and participation in program technical reviews and work- shops. g. Technical direction, monitoring and evaluation of specific research and development projects by ERDA or Navy contractors as assigned. h. Coordination, monitoring and evaluation of assigned ERDA-funded research and development projects to be ac- complished in-house by Navy organizations and laboratories. Bibliography Reference No. 217, 222 46 PROGRAM SUPPORT Support Services CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Gilbert Associates, Inc. EY-76-C-02-2847 P.O. Box 1498 Reading, PA 19603 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE January 1, 1976 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977:FUNDING John van Summern (202) 331-0252 $772,872* TITLE Architectural and Engineering Services in Support of the OTEC Program SUMMARY, This project provides architect-engineering support services for a variety of OTEC design, engineering, and program- matic tasks. This work is carried out on a program-wide basis and includes such activities as technical review of pro- posals, projects and reports, systems analysis, conceptual design development, test program development, and integra- tion. These -five tasks relate to the above mentioned activities and cover a contract period of two years. Plans and procedures that coordinate program activities and ensure the best utilization of OTEC program resources were emphasized during the initial effort. Development of recommendations relating to all phases of design, construction, fabrication, and test of OTEC facilities were emphasized during the second year. Major subcontractors used on this project are identified below. SUB'CONTRACTORS: Frederic R. Harris, Inc. Ichthyological Associates-, Inc. Mechanics Research Inc. M. Rosenblatt and Son, Inc. Santa Fe International, Inc. Tetra Tech, Inc. The total 1977 funding to Gilbert Associates was $1,850,000. Bibliography Reference No. 2 47 PR OGRAM SUPPORT Support Services CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Office of Ocean Engineering EG-77-A-29-1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE 6010 Executive Bldg. April 19, 1977 to December 19, 1977 Rockville, MD 20852 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Joseph Vadus (301) 443-8385 $91,500 TITLE Ocean Engineering Program Support SUMMARY The contractor provided ocean engineering support to ERDA in the following areas: a. Program planning and approval. b. Implementation of major OTEC activities. c. Participation in annual program reviews. d. Contract monitoring. e. Determination of procurement policy. Bibliography Reference No. 218 48 PROGRAM SUPPORT Support Services CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories AT (45-1)-1830 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999 Richland, WA 99352 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 19, 1975 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Lyle D. Perrigo (509) 946-2113 $399,000* TITLE Biofouling and Corrosion Studies for OTEC SUMMARY Battelle subcontracted and managed a series of studies with the objective of defining, measuring, preventing, alleviat- ing, and controlling biofouling and corrosion problems associated with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems. This effort included the participation by the contractor, in conjunction with DOE Headquarters, in planning study objectives, milestones, and coordination with related areas of OTEC development, especially heat exchangers. The subcontracted studies include laboratory and ocean measurements and the instrumentation thereof. In the area of prevention, studies were conducted on materials, surface properties and coatings, electro-chemical techniques, and en- vironmental alteration. Alleviation techniques for controlling biofouling once it has occurred were investigated, includ- ing mechanical and chemical methods. Battelle organized a symposium held October 10-12, 1977 in Seattle, WA. Papers were presented on the importance of coping with OTEC biofouling and corrosion problems, results of completed OTEC relevant biofouling and corrosion projects, descriptions of projects currently underway or anticipated, and ideas or concepts for future OTEC biofouling and corrosion research. A proceedings of that symposium- is being prepared. Battelle also provided an assessment of the CMU data reduction program for evaluating heat transfer measurements and designed a backup date reduction capability for the OTEC biofouling and corrosion program. Does not include transfer of funds by Battelle to the following subcontractors: I . Native American Manufacturing, Inc. $ 18,750 2. Applied Equipment, Inc. $ 27,433 18,875 3. Alcoa, Inc. Alcoa Research Center $ 4,338 4. Carnegie-Mellon University, Subcontracted with the University of Hawaii $396,361 5. Dow Chemical Company $ 72,323 6. University of Miami $ 91,153 7. University of Delaware* (amount shown includes 1976 funding) $101,193 8. Hydronautics, Inc. $ 11,534 9. NOAA/National Data Buoy Office $448,000 10. Naval Ship R&D Center $210,000 11. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories $ 10,000 12. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories $ 15,000 Bibliography Reference No. 190 49 PROGRAM SUPPORT Support Services CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory LBL 189 No. 475-C Berkeley, CA 94720 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 19, 1977 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Pat Wilde (415) 843-2740 $30,000 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Program Management Support: Biological and Ecological Effects of a 100 MWe OTEC Plant SUMMARY The objective of this effort was to provide program management support to DOE on all biological/ecological effects of OTEC studies. The project implemented the following approaches: a. Assessing the present status and continually reviewing experience with the bio-ecological effects of large ocean engineering systems which are relevant to OTEC. b. Evaluating and integrating pertinent knowledge from completed and on-going projects. c. Eliciting bio-ecological concerns from OTEC contractors. d. Summarizing above points, identifying gaps in the knowledge, and recommending specific topics for further study. e. Assisting headquarters in the preparation of RFP's, then evaluating and integrating the products of the RFP's into the bio-ecologic program. f. Disseminating information such as reports and ensuring that appropriate OTEC groups are well-informed and have appropriate bio-ecologic data. g. Recommending ameliorating strategies during pre-100 MWe tests. h. Documenting bio-ecologic studies in proper form for eventual use in EA's. Bibliography Reference No. 213 50, PROGRAM SUPPORT OTEC Workshop Organization CONTRACTOR GRANT NO. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers EG-77-G-10-0025 (SNAME) Suite 1369, One World Trade Center PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE New York, NY 10048 October 30, 1976 to October 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977'FUNDING A.J. Haskell (212) 432-0310 $ 5,000 TITLE Spring Meeting on Energy Research in the Oceans at San Francisco, California, May 25 to 27, 1977 SUMMARY The theme of this meeting, "Energy Research in the Oceans," is a timely topic of major international significance. Thirty-four papers were presented covering the following major areas: a. Marine transportation (machinery). b. Offshore fixed platforms. c. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. d. Offshore mobile platforms. e. Marine transportation (naval architecture). f. Liquified Natural Gas (transportation and terminals). In addition to SNAME members from the United States and abroad, engineers from cooperating professional societies (the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, and the Marine Technol- ogy Society) participated. Bibliography Reference No. 212 51 PROGRAM SUPPORT OTEC Workshop Organization CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of New Orleans EG-77-G-05-5376 New Orleans, LA 70122 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE February 1, 1977 to July 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING David Mayer (504) 283-0331 $ 33,000 TITLE Fourth Annual Ocean Thermal Energy Conference SUMMARY A conference on OTEC was conducted by the contractor in New Orleans, LA, on March 21 through 23, 1977. The con- ference proceedings were edited by the contractor and published in September 1977. The proceedings consisted of contributed papers, discussions and summaries of conclusions, and recommendations of working groups. Bibliography Reference No. 204 52 PROGRAM SUPPORT OTEC Workshop Organization CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Clean Energy Research Institute EG-77-G-05-5550 University of Miami P.O. Box 248294 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Coral Gables, FL 33124 June 28, 1977 to June 27, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING T. Nejat Veziroglu (305) 284-2404 $ 11,000 TITLE Fifth Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Conference (Miami Beach, Fl., Feb. 20-22, 1978) SUMMARY The objective of this workshop, to be held in Miami Beach, FL, February 20-22, 1978, is to provide a public op- portunity to present and discuss the latest research results pertinent to the conversion of ocean thermal energy. Subjects covered will include: a. Heat -exchangers. b. Modeling and optimization. c. Ocean engineering. d. Biofouling and corrosion. e. Total system design. f. Environmental impact. g. Economic and legal aspects. A proceedings of the workshop will be compiled and published. Bibliography Reference No. None 53 11. DEFINITION PLANNING Test Program Requirements Mission Analysis Thermal Resource Assessment & Siting Studies Environmental Legal and Institutional Studies 55 DEFINITION PLANNING Test Program Requirements CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. EY-76-C-03-1156 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, CA 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 10, 1975 to January 17, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Lloyd C. Trimble (408) 742-5035 $0 TITLE Test Facilities Requirements Definition SUMMARY This study developed alternative non site-specific OTEC facilities and ocean platform requirements for an integrated OTEC test program that may include land and ocean test facilities. Alternative OTEC systems and equipment which must be developed and tested were defined and analyzed. The study included development of cost, schedule, and per- formance data for each of the alternative OTEC test facility requirements, and the performance of tradeoff analyses relative to these factors. The study results were documented in sufficient detail to enable DOE to identify and examine all data considered, and to perform an independent evaluation of and selection between the alternatives. Specific land sites and ocean test platforms were not considered in this study. The key objective of the study was to pro- vide and consider a spectrum of possible OTEC test facility requirements, both ocean-based and land-based, and to perform cost benefit-timing tradeoff analyses for those options. The project established system and component testing requirements by reviewing, updating, and utilizing existing con- ceptualized and analyzed alternative system test configurations. From those configurations, testing plans were prepared. Conceptualized testing requirements for advanced research and technology and energy utilization were prepared. Test fa- cilities support requirements, associated costs, and overall test facilities requirements (including space and resource re- quirements, scheduling, and cost) were established. Subcontractors: Bechtel Corporation Stanford Research Institute Bibliography Reference No. 74-78 57 DEFINITION PLAN"'NING Test Program. Requirements CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. TRW Inc., DSSG E(04-3)-1158 Building 81, Room 1538 1 Space Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Redondo Beach, CA 90278 December 16, 1975 to January 15, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Robert H. Douglass (213) 535-2246 $0 TITLE Test Facilities Requirements Definition SUMMARY This, study developed alternative, non site-specific OTEC facilities and ocean platform requirements for an integrated OTEC test program that may include land and ocean test facilities. Alternative OTEC systems and equipment which must be developed and tested were defined and analyzed. The 'study included development *of cost, schedule, and per- formance data for each of the alternative OTEC test facility requirements, and the performance of tradeoff analyses relative to these factors. The study results were documented in sufficient detail to enable DOE to identify and examine all data considered, and to perform an independent evaluation of and selection between the alternatives. Specific land sites and ocean test platforms were not considered in this study. The key objective of the study was to pro- vide and consider a spectrum of possible OTEC test facility requirements, both ocean-based and land-based, and to perform cost-benefit-timing tradeoff analyses for those options. Ile project established system and component requirements, by reviewing, updating and utilizing existing conceptual baseline design studies as the primary information source, and conceptualized and analyzed alternative system test con- figurations. From those configurations, testing plans were prepared. Conceptualized testing requirements for advanced research and technology and energy utilization were prepared. Test facilities support requirements, associated costs, and overall test facilities requirements, (including space and resource requirements, scheduling, and cost) were established. Subcontractor: Global Marine Development, Inc. Bibliography Reference No. 79-81 58 DEFINITION PLANNING .-Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Aerospace Corporation EC-76-C-03-1101, PA-9 P.O. Box 92957 Los Angeles, CA 90009 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 1, 1976 to June 1, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 107 FUNDING George C. McKoy (213) 648-6406 $100,000 TITLE Mission Analysis and Support for OTEC Systems SUMMARY Objective of this procurement is to provide mission analysis and support for OTEC. Activities include tasks in area definition and siting analysis, energy utilization alternatives, and marketability. The emphasis in FY 1977 was to docu- ment and upgrade the system costing model known as OTECOST. Bibliography Reference No. 8 59 DEFINITION PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. General Electric Company/TEMPO EX-76-C-01-2421 777 Fourteenth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005" PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 15, 1976 to February 29, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Edward J. Tschupp (202) 637-1507 $169,000 TITLE OTEC Mission Analysis Study SUMMARY This study provides a mission analysis of OTEC which supports governmental, institutional, and industrial decision- making with respect to the utilization of the ocean's thermal energy resources on a regional scale. An assessment of the potential for large-scale utilization of ocean thermal energy for various applications was provided. The major tasks were: a. Identification of high priority missions. b. Development of implementation for high priority mission applications. c. Development of an OTEC system deployment plan. d. Legal, institutional, and political analysis. e. Definition of the consequence of implementation of an OTEC system. Bibliography Reference No. 11, 12, 181 60 DEFINITION PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Columbia University AT(11-1)-2581 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Palisades, NY 10964 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE February 1, 1975 to January 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Oswald A. Roels* (512) 794-6757 $0 TITLE Marine Pastures: A By-Product of Large (100 Megawatts or Larger) Floating Ocean Thermal Power Plants SUMMARY The economic feasibility of large, floating ocean thermal power plants will depend upon both the costs of power pro- duction and the value of possible by-products. The question of technical and economic feasibility of one adjunct proc- ess, that of open-ocean mariculture, was approached through this study of how to utilize the nutrient-rich, cold-water effluents of OTEC power plants for that application. The project examined this possibility through four approaches: I ) Physical/Chemical-The fate of deep water discharge at the surface was determined experimentally, including its mixing rate with surface water and the vertical and horizontal migration of the resulting mixture of surface water and deepsea water. 2) Primary Production-The indigenous phytoplankton species best suited for this open ocean mariculture were de- termined, based upon measurements of comparative growth rates in differing mixtures of deep and surface water, efficiency of nutrient utilization and nutritional value for the second level. 3) Secondary Producers-Various species of shellfish (oysters, clams, and scallops) were grown in raft and case cul- tures suspended in the open sea. Simultaneous small-scale growth tests were conducted in shallow water near shore, using the same species of phytoplankton and shellfish. That water was enriched with a continuous flow of water from a depth of 870 meters. 4) Scale-Up-An engineering and economic feasibility study was conducted, based upon the earlier results, to deter- mine the possibility of producing commercially valuable filter-feeding shell-fish. Dr. Roels is now the Director of the Port Aransas Marine Laboratory, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, Port Aransas, Texas 78373. Bibliography Reference No. 82-84 61 DERNITION -PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation EG-77-C-06-1018 245 Summer Street, P.O. Box 2325 Boston, MA 02107 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 1977 to January 1979 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Donald Guild (617) 973-2501 $120,000 from OTEC Account TITLE Southeast Regional Assessment Study SUMMARY The objective of this study is to provide an assessment of the potential of the various solar energy technologies for pro- viding significant solar-electric and other forms of central and dispersed solar energy to the southeastern United States. The Southeast region is defined to include Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (Several of these states and Puerto Rico are likely to be primary recipients of OTEC power cables.)The study is designed to develop a siting and re- sources data base and analytical models that will be used to project the potential applications and market penetrations for solar energy options. It will commence by formulating technology characterizations of those options. User's future needs will be projected, along with analyzing and defining how users can integrate and utilize these potential new energy sources. A description and evaluation of deployment opportunities for each solar energy option will be established. Gov- ernmental, institutional, legislative, environmental, and socioeconomic factors will be evaluated by potential users, who will help define user-requirements for successful implementation of solar energy in this region. A Consumer Interest Advisory Panel and a State Government Advisory Panel will act as reviewers as the study proceeds. Subcontractors: Baltimore Gas and Electric Company Coca-Cola Company Duke Power Company Florida Power Corporation Florida Power & Light Company Florida Solar Energy Center Georgia Institute of Technology Institute of Gas Technology Jacksonville Electric Authority Jefferson Mills, Inc. Savannah Electric and Power Company Southern Company Tampa Electric Company Tennessee Valley Authority Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority Bibliography Reference No. None 62 DEFINITION @PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Ocean Data Systems, Inc. EG-77-C-01-4028* 6000 Executive Blvd. EG-77-C-01-4028 (Change Order)" Rockville, MD 20852 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE February 23, 1977 to November 23, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Paul Wolff (408) 649-1133 $ 77,43 8 (OTEC Funds)* $ 29,937 (ERAB Funds)" TITLE Site Specific Thermal Data* and Ocean Thermal Structure Analysis" SUMMARY The first phase of this two-part contract involved site specific thermal data. The objectives were to (I define the ocean thermal structure at four specific locations, with resolution of 1 'C, 10 m in depth, and 1 Km horizontal distance, and (2) conduct monthly archival data assessments. The historical data file was updated, and preliminary and final data summaries were prepared. The second part of this contract involved ocean thermal structure analysis. The objective of this phase was to provide a more useful ocean thermal resource assessment and data base for the environmental assessment and siting of the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. The approach was to (I) add Key West, FL data to the previous thermal data study, (2) develop most-proba6le temperature sounding and associated standard deviations for each I' square in the Gulf of Mexico, and near Hawaii and Puerto Rico as identified by DOE, (3) produce summary tables of temperature charac- teristics by I square, and (4) prepare a final report. Bibliography Reference No. 213 63 DEFINITION PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment'and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution EG-77-S-02-4293 Woods Hole, MA 02543 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 1, 1977 to April 1, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING James W. Mavor, Jr. (617) 548-1400 $136,370 TITLE Oceanographic Data for OTEC Design SUMMARY The objective of this effort is to provide: discrete site selection criteria based on OTEC design; a plan and schedule for matching the ocean data base to design, construction and test requirements; and a plan for acquiring requisite oceano- graphic data. This will be accomplished by: determining present OTEC design specifications using DOE direction and completed studies; determining available ocean data base for sites specified by DOE; reviewing and interpreting data bases for ap- plicability to OTEC; developing a plan/schedule for matching data bases to design and integrate into the OTEC sub- systems plan and schedule; determining what additional data are required; and develop a plan to acquire the data. Bibliography Reference No. 103, 183, 185, 213 64 DEFINITION PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Bretschneider Consultants EG-77-X-01-2849 2600 Pualani Way Honolulu, HI 96815 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 8, 1977 to July 8, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Charles Bretschneider (808) 948-8110 $ 9,980 TITLE Design Current and Wave Criteria for Potential OTEC Sites SUMMARY The objective of this study was to provide data on design current and wave criteria for potential OTEC plant sites. The data was accumulated by studying surface and profile currents and looking at the height, period, and spectra for southern swells around Hawaii. Also investigated were the spectra for two sea states and the hurrican parameters at all potential sites. The data is being used to provide engineering design and potential environmental impact information for the I MWe OTEC test platform and its cold water pipe. Bibliography Reference No. 88, 89, 93-96, 213 65 bt-'PINITION PLANNING ment tand Siting Studie's Ther'nid-I Re'sdu'r'c@ Assess CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Research Triangle Institute EG-77-C-05-5441 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 7, 1977 to June 7, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1477 FUNDING Fred M. Vukovich (919) 541-6000 $ 93,439 TITLE Sea Surface Satellite Thermal Data SUMMARY The 'objective dthis eff'ort is to provide an analytical tool for synoptic assessment of thermal resource variations at sites of probable OTEC locations via infra-red (IR) satellite imagery. The work includes: a. Determining OTEC thermal resource data requirements by the review of existing system and subsystems specifica- tions. b. Assessing the state of practice in thermal IR imagery via satellite and comparing it to OTEC requirements. c. Developing methodology for acquiring relevant data and applying it to OTEC resource assessment. d. Preparing schemes for OTEC operational usage of IR data. e. Analyzing existing IR data and including it in OTEC data summaries/atlas(es) Bibliography Reference No. 213 66 DEFIN-ITION -PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Florida Institute of Technology EG-77-G-05-5518 Department of Oceanography and Ocean Engineering Melbourne, FL 32901 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 1, 1977 to March 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Ross McCluney (305) 723-3701 $ 9,995 TITLE A Study of the Geographical Dis tribution of the OTEC Resource in the Florida Current SUMMARY The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of the geographical distribution of the OTEC resource in the Flor- ida current. The study will be accomplished through data acquisition and organization, development of an interpolation model, cal- culation and mapping of trend surfaces, and a thermocline analysis of maps.. Bibliography Reference No. None 67 DEFINITION 'PLA NNING Thermal Resource Assessment-,and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Florida Solar Energy Center EG-77-G-05-5547 300 State Road 501 Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 16, 1977 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING W. R. McCluney (305) 723-3701 $ 9,879 TITLE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resource Assessment Workshop SUMMARY The contractor organized this workshop which was held to discuss OTEC data acquisition and siting requirements, and environmental, resource, and technical assessments. The organizers invited knowledgeable oceanographic researchers familiar with the ocean data base at site of interest to DOE/OTEC, convened the workshop, and integrated the papers presented by the researchers into a proceedings. Bibliography Reference No. 213 68 : DEFINITION PLANNING Thermal, Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT National Oceanic and Atmospheric EX-76-A-29-1041 Administration Task Order T017 Environmental Data Service National Oceanographic Data Center PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE 300 Whitehaven Street, N.W. April 1, 1977-October 1, 1977 Washington, D.C. 20235 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING James Churgin (202) 634-7500 $ 44,800 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Oceanographic Data Base for OTEC SUMMARY The objective of this effort was to provide as complete a statement as possible of required oceanographic data from ex- isting and updated archives. The work was accomplished by determining OTEC system and subsystem specifications in terms of required oceano-' graphic data, establishing a common formula for displaying the data, and preparing the necessary atlas(es). Work for each OTEC area of interest included identification of available historical oceanographic and meteorological data, identification of those areas where data are scarce or lacking altogether, construction of a test oceanographic data base, and provision of data and data services to DOE and OTEC contractors. Bibliography Reference No. 213 69 D.EFINITION PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT National Oceanic and Atmospheric EX-76-A-29-1041 Administration Task Order T018 Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratories PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Miami, FL 33149 April 4, 1977-July 4, 1979 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Dr. Robert Molinari (305) 361-3361 X322 $250,000 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Ocean Currents and Thermal Observation SUMMARY This project is to provide necessary details of observational data over a 15-month period at sites of principal economic interest using requirements for oceanographic data as specified for OTEC. The approach will include the aspects of data as required for engineering design, as required for environmental issues, and as input to numerical models. After all previous archival data resources have been studied, a measurement program will be developed for critical data and sites as specified by DOE. An at-sea observation program of currents and temperatures will result in a report of the data acquired and an analysis of this data to meet OTEC requirements. Bibliography Reference No. 213, 214 70 DEFINITION PLANNING Environmental CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. EX-76-C-01-2348 (Change Order) 7210. Pindell School Road Laurel, MD 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 30, 1977 to December 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING T. R. Sundaram (301) 776-7454 $ 48,000 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Experimental Study of Flow Problems Related to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) SUMMARY The principal objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the external flow problems unique to OTEC with major emphasis on avoiding the recirculation problem. The work will define the conditions for recirculation by con- ducting: a. Recirculation experiments for different geometrical configurations. b. Experiments on the combined effects of current and stratification. c. Limited experiments in a 6-foot cube to verify and complement MIT's flow field schematization. Bibliography Reference No. 205, 221 71 DEFINITION PLANNING Environmental CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Ocean Data Systems, Inc. EG-77-X-01-1807 6000 Executive Blvd. Rockville, MD 20852 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE February 28, 1977 to March 28, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Paul Wolff (408) 649-1133 $ 4,952 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Ocean Climatic Impacts Model Reviews SUMMARY The objective of this effort was to review the modeling efforts under contracts E(49-26)1005, E(49-18)2348, E(11- 1) 2909 of the Naval Research Laboratory, Hydronautics, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on flow prob- lims and fluid mechanics. The approach was to state the problems in realistic terms, examine the methods used, evaluate assumptions used, and state the applicability of the restilts to OTEC. The deliverables were: (1) a draft analysis, critique, and report of the published results of the above contracts, and (2) a final analysis and report. Bibliography Reference No. 213 72 DEFINITION PLANNING Environmental CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Massachusetts Institute of Technology EY-76-S-02-2909 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE January 1, 1976 to June 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Gerhard H. Jirka* (607) 256-3438 $ 79,933 TITLE External Fluid Mechanics of Ocean Thermal Power Plants SUMMARY This research program on external fluid mechanics consisted of experimentation and mathematical modeling. The ex- perimental program was aimed at the simulation of the OTEC-operation under schematic oceanographic and plant de- sign conditions. The effect of the governing parameters on recirculation was investigated in a series of experiments con- ducted in a laboratory basin. The data collected in the testing program served for verification and calibration of mathematical (analytical or numerical) models of OTEC operation. Several major accomplishments resulted from this research program: (1) Detailed experimental data sets of the flow and temperature fields of OTEC plans operating under different de- sign and ambient conditions have been established. The data was used in the development of design formulas for the prevention of recirculation and is available for perusal by other OTEC research contractors. (2) The potential for OTEC recirculation is governed by the interaction of the jet discharge and a double sink flow (one sink being the evaporator onflow, the other being the jet entrainment). These processes occur within two to three mixed layer depths from the OTEC plant. The recirculation potential appears to be largely independ- ent of jet discharge geometry and of small ambient current speeds (up to 0.10 m/s). (3) An analytical model, in conjunction with experimental data, provides a design formula for the prevention of re- circulation at OTEC plants of the mixed discharge design, i.e., the condenser and evaporator flows are dis- charged jointly or close to each other at the approximate level of the ocean thermocline. (4) A standard 100 MW OTEC plant with the mixed mode design under typical OTEC candidate site conditions ap- pears to be able to operate without near field recirculation. Now at the Department of Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Bibliography Reference No. 97, 99 73 DEFINITION PLANNING Environmental CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT Naval Ocean Research and Development E(49-26)-1005 Activity (NORDA) Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39520 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 15, 1977 to February 15, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Steve A. Piacsek (601) 688-4835 $ 59,000 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Theoretical Fluid Dynamical Studies of Resource Availability and Environmental Impact of Ocean Thermal Energy Coversion (OTEC) SUMMARY This work completes the analysis (by fluid dynamical computer modeling) of local and far-field environmental impacts associated with OTEC operations. These include possible thermal, dynamic, and climatic impacts. The completion of this work provides a basis for additional investigation of the biological/ecological effects of OTEC. Subcontractors: Science Applications, Inc. Jaycor,Inc. Bibliography Reference No. 101, 102, 209, 225, 226 74 DEFINITION PLANNING Environmental CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Interstate Electronics Corporation. EG-77-C-06-1033 707 E. Vermont Avenue P.O. Box 3117 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Anaheim, CA 92803 September 1, 1977 to June 1, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING S.T. Kelly (714) 772-2811 $ 53,551 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Environmental Impact Assessment of Ocean Test Platforms for OTEC SUMMARY The objective of this project is to prepare environmental impact assessments of the I MWe and 5 MWe OTEC floating test facilities. This is being accomplished by: a. Reviewing existing system and subsystem specifications with the DOE/OTEC Program Manager and the desig- nated contractor. b. Identifying environmental issues and drawing up an OTEC environmental development plan. c. Assessing data requirements and availability and setting priorities on data acquisition. d. Recommending, as required, the development of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). e. Suggesting possible design modifications to mitigate unresolvable impacts. Bibliography Reference No. None 75 DEFINITION PLANNING Environmental CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Center for Marine Research EG-77-C-06-1032 6350 Yarrow Drive Carlsbad, CA 92008 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 15, 1977 to September 15, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Scott Robinson (714) 438-1253 $ 84,925 (ERAB Funds) TITLE Marine Biota Impact Assessment for OTEC SUMMARY The objective of this project is to establish a data base on exposure of marine biota to OTEC discharges for prepara- tion of environmental impact assessments. Consideration is being given to both closed- and open-cycle discharges. The approach being implemented is as follows: (1) Laboratory and/or in situ experiments are being designed to assess the effect of exposure to OTEC physical and chemical conditions on ocean flora and fauna, such as corrosion products, screening, and biocides. (2) A plan is being developed for subjecting specific species common to one or more OTEC candidate sites to chemical and physical environmental changes, simulating those anticipated during passage through heat ex- changers or in passing through the outflow of the plant. This plan specifies that: (a) the observed effects will be analyzed and extrapolated to estimate total impacts of OTEC commercial-size plant operation, (b) assessment will be made of the ecological effects of chernical releases from OTEC plants, (c) assessment will be made of the ecological impact of toxic effects of metallic ion releases from OTEC plants (i.e., corrosion products), and (d) assessment will be made of the effect on marine life of screening systems located at OTEC intake structures. Bibliography Reference No. None 76 DEFINITION PLANNING Legal and Institutional Studies CONTRACTOR NSF Grant ATR-7518279 University of Southern California University Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Los Angeles, CA 90007 July 1, 1975 to December 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Jack M. Nilles (213) 741-7464 $0 TITLE Evaluation of Incentives for the Development of Ocean Thermal Gradient Exchange Technology SUMMARY The objectives of the program were to investigate the present environment for commercialization of new energy tech- nologies and to analyze the potential public policy incentives for accelerating the rate of commercialization of these technologies. OTEC was used as the basis for developing the policy analysis framework. The research involved: (1) analysis of the present extent of technological innovation and the criteria for new technology acceptance in public'util- ities and in representative ocean energy industrial complexes for both U.S. and foreign markets; (2) modeling of the relative economic competitiveness of OTEC in comparison to nuclear and coal energy alternatives for markets studied under both existing and postulated incentive conditions; (3) examination of the number and extent of indirect effects (benefits and disadvantages to the public) accruing from successful development of OTEC technologies as they might relate to providing motivation for public policy actions; and (4) examination of. specific legal, institutional, administra- tive, tax, and economic incentives and disincentives appropriate or potentially applicable to OTEC technology. The net result of these investigations and analyses led the USC team to the general conclusion that, provided that OTEC technology is demonstrated to be feasible at the costs clairned by various organizations engaged in OTEC R&D, OTEC plants can become economically competitive with coal-fired energy plants in the 1990's and with nuclear plants shortly after the turn of the century under existing conditions and trends. If appropriate incentives are applied, or if costs of conventional energy plants escalate, the date of initial economic compprititiveness could be shortened by as much as 20 years. Estimates of dollar costs to the public for providing these incentives were broken down into those appropriate for the R&D, prototype, demonstration, construction, and operation phases. Bibliography Reference No. 40, 175 77 DEFINITION PLANNING Legal and Institutional Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. American Society of International Law E(49-26)-1039 2223 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20008 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Feb., 1975 to July, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Robert E. Stein (202) 265-4313 $0 TITLE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Legal Considerations SUMMARY This study identified subjects of needed inquiry within five major areas: a. Rights to emplace and maintain installations. b. Rights to capture and remove the resource. c. Sources and content of legal standards governing emplacement and operation. d. Questions of responsibility and liability for the consequences of operation. e. The juridical status of operators and installations. The project examined each of these areas in light of several key variable factors, including the features of the system in place, the environmental consequences of its operation, the likely locations and operators of installations, and the im- pact of the developing international law of the sea. An interdisciplinary panel was established to pursue these inquiries in the context of evolving technology for ocean thermal conversion. Its findings were communicated to investigators concerned with other aspects of the technology at a public workshop. Bibliography Reference No. 9, 10, 176 78 DEFINITION PLANNING Legal and Institutional Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. American Society of International Law EG-77-C-01-4118 2223 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 29, 1977 to April 29, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING J. L. Hargrove (202) 265-4313 $ 32,000 TITLE R&D in OTEC Institutional and Legal Matters SUMMARY The objective of this project is to perform a research and. development effort to provide data inputs regarding institu- tional and legal requirements for OTEC development and demonstration. (This project is complemented by a related coordinated study being performed by Tefft, Kelly and Motley, Inc.) This contractor is clarifying the international OTEC legal position under existing law, and studying what improvements to this situation would be desirable. Bibliography Reference No. None 79 DEFINITION PLANNING Legal and Institutional Studies CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Tefft, Kelly and Motley, Inc. EG-77-C-01-4119 1225 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 22, 1977 to April 21, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING R. Clark Tefft (202) 659-2650 $ 46,000 TITLE R&D in OTEC Institutional and Legal Matters SUMMARY The objective of this project is to perform a research and development effort to provide data inputs regarding institu- tional and legal requirements for OTEC development and demonstration. (This project is complemented by a related co- ordinated study being performed by the American Society of International Law.) This contractor is clarifying the do- mestic OTEC legal position under existing law, and studying what improvements to this situation would be desirable. Bibliography Reference No. None 80 Ill. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Power Systems Ocean Systems Energy Utilization 81 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Power System CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. TRW, Inc. EG-77-C-03-1570 Systems and Energy Group I Space Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Redondo Beach, CA 90278 August 1, 1977 to October 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING William Tallon (213) 536-2347 $270,546 TITLE OTEC Power System Development (Phase 1) SUMMARY The objective of the first phase of this project is to develop a preliminary design for the full-sized (25 MWe nominal), closed-cycle ammonia power system module for 100 MWe OTEC Demonstration Plant. This project will incorporate heat exchangers (evaporator and condenser) utilizing advanced high performance heat transfer techniques. Included in this effort is the conceptual and preliminary design of the following: a. The 25 MWe power system module. b. A scaled (5 MWe nominal) proof-of-concept 'power system. c. The I MWe heat exchangers (evaporator and condensers) representative of the 25 MWe design, for early test and design verification. Subcontractors: Union Carbide Corp., Linde Division Carnegie-Mellon University C.F. Braun & Co. Marston Excelsior Ltd. Bibliography Reference No. None 83 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Power System CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. EG-77-C-03-1568 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, CA 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 1, 1977 to October 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Lloyd C. Trimble (408) 742-5035 $403,697 TITLE OTEC Power System Development (Phase 1) SUMMARY The object of the first phase of this project is to develop a preliminary design for the full-sized (25 MWe nominal), closed-cycle ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC Demonstration Plant. This project will incor- porate heat exchangers (evaporation and condenser) utilizing state-of-the-art heat transfer techniques. Included in this effort is the conceptual and preliminary design of the following: a. The 25 MWe power system module. b. A scaled (5 MWe nominal) proof-of-concept power system. c. The 1 MWe heat exchangers (evaporator and condensers) representative of the 25 MWe design, for early test and design verification. Subcontractors: Bechtel Corp. Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Co. Lockheed Electronic Co. Bibliography Reference No. None 84 I ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT P'Ower System CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Westinghouse Electric Corporation EG-77-C-03-1569 Steam Turbine Division Lester, PA 19113 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 1, 1977 to October 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Eugene Barsness (215) 595-3124 $925,757 TITLE OTEC Power System Development (Phase 1) SUMMARY The objective of the first phase of this project is to develop a preliminary design for the full-sized (25 MWe nominal), closed-cycle ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC Demonstration Plant. This project will incor- porate heat exchangers (evaporator and condenser) utilizing state-of-the-art heat transfer techniques. Included in this effort is the conceptual and preliminary design of the following: a. The 25 MWe power system module. b. A scaled (5 MWe nominal) proof-of-concept power system. c. The I MWe heat exchangers (evaporator and condensors) representative of the 25 MWe design, for early test and design vertification. Subcontractors: Union Carbide Corp., Linde Division Carnegie-Mellon University Middle South Services, Inc. Gibbs & Hill, Inc. Bibliography Reference No. None 85 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Power Syste'm CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. EG-77-C-03-1291 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, CA 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 28, 1976 to December 23, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Lloyd C. Trimble (408) 742-5035 $ 0 TITLE OTEC Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger Producibility Study SUMMARY This project was a study of shell and tube heat exchangers for an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant. Its purpose was to define requirements and develop material information, including the use of concrete, prerequisite to the conceptual and preliminary design of a shell and tube heat exchanger. This study developed design requirements and prepared design concepts. Structural loads during operations were defined and considered. A construction analysis was made based upon its concepts through contracts and and discussions with three or more large scale heat ex- changer manufacturers. Also, design requirements were established for a maintenance and repair philosophy for its designs. The results of the study are available to interested parties Subcontractors: Bechtel Corporation T.Y. Lin International Wyatt Industries Aluminum Company of America Yuba Heat Transfer Corporation University of Denver Bibliography Reference No. 185 86 ENPINEERING DEVELOPMENT Power System CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Colorado School of Mines E(29-2)-3723 Engineering Physics Department Golden, CO 80401 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 1, 1976 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Frank Mathews (303) 279-0300 $13,213 TITLE An Evaluation of Open-cycle Thermocline Power Systems SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to conduct a feasibility and costing study of any open-cycle system that may be com- petitive with the closed-cycle concept. In this project the feasibility of using an open-cycle system for the production of electric power from ocean thermocline was determined. This was accomplished by: developing performance and cost relations in parametric form for the thermocline; developing a performance/costing program arriving at minimum cost per rated kWe output for system component combinations in the I to 100 megawatt range; developing preliminary engineering designs for the most cost-effective of the open-cycle systems considered; estimating installed capital and operating costs for the most cost-effective system; and determining cost estimates for electric energy. Subcontractors: Westinghouse Eelectric Corp.; Barber-Nichols Engineering Co. Bibliography Reference No. 202 87 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Power System CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Westinghouse Electric Corp. EG-77-C-03-1473 Steam Turbine Division Box 9175 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Philadelphia, PA 19119 June 01, 1977 to March 01, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING C. Sciubba (215) 595-2861 $100,000 TITLE OTEC 100 MWe Alternate Power System Study SUMMARY The objective of this contract is to develop a conceptual power system design for the open-cycle power system address- ing all major components and including sufficient information to allow hardware cost estimates to be made. Also, the contractor will develop a conceptual power system design based on the hybrid (water vapor/ammonia) cycle. Bibliography Reference No. None 88 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Ocean Systems CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS Johns Hopkins University EG-77-A-29-1076 Amend #1 Applied Physics Laboratory MARAD 400-79011 Laurel, MD 20810 VIA: Naval Sea Systems Command PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Arlington, VA 20,360 June 15, 1977 to September 30, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Jim George (301) 953-7100, ext. 7412 ERDA-$130,000 MARAD-$200,000 TITLE Preliminary Engineering Design of a ModularExperiment SUMMARY This project is for a preliminary engineering design of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) pilot plant. The concept for heat exchangers that employ large diameter, multipass aluminum tubes with the ammonia working fluid inside the tubes was developed by APL with ERDA funding. With MARAD-funded support, APL conducted an analysis of the maritime and construction aspects of OTEC plant ships for deployment in tropical oceans to pro- duce ammonia or other energy-intensive products. As a follow-on study, this DOE- and MARAD-funded project will result in the preliminary design of 5 MWe concrete barge type vessel with sufficient plans and specifications to solicit a price proposal from interested shipbuilders. Bibliography Reference No. None 89 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Oceadh Systems CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Rosenblatt, M., & Son, Inc. EG-77-C-01-4065 350 Broadway New York, NY 10013 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 18, 1977 to May 13, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING N. Basar (212) 431-6900 $366,778 TITLE OTEC Platform Configuration and Integration SUMMARY This project'is for the conceptual design of an operational, integrated OTEC commercial plant system. A set of specific evaluation criteria is being prepared to evaluate six candidate generic hull shap@s to develop systems requirements for commercial application integration with site-related requirements. Of six generic hull shapes, the tw, o most sati 'sfactory hull configurations that emerge from the evaluation will be integrated with the OTEC ocean systems and the power system. The nine specific studies in this project are: a. Data assembly and synthesis. b. Systems requirements and analysis with an evaluation plan. c. Technology review. d. Systems integration and evaluation. e. Conceptual design. f. Development plan for demonstration unit. g. Cost and time schedule. h. Site sensitivity. i. Facilities and equipment. Subcontractors: Burns & Roe, Inc. Columbia Research Corp. Bibliography Reference No. None .90 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Ocean, Systems CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc. EG-77-C-01-4063 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, CA 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 18, 1977 to May 13, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING R. L. Waid (408) 742-5000 $435,424 TITLE OTEC Platform Configuration and Integration SUMMARY The contractor is investigating candidate hull concepts, position control concepts, and seawater system concepts which have application to OTEC commercial plants. There are currently six candidate hull concepts and three possible sites being considered for OTEC plants. A conceptual design of the two leading integrated OTEC system candidates will be developed. Each conceptual candidate system will be accomplished by a demonstration system plan and cost schedule estimate for implementing the hardware application at sea. The study consists of the following technical goals: a. Data assembly and synthesis. b. Systems.and requirements analysis with an evaluation plan. c. Technology review. d. Systems integration and evaluation. e. Conceptual design. f. Facilities and equipment. g. Development plan for demonstration unit. h. Cost and time schedule. i. Site sensitivity. Subcontractors: Earl and Wright Morris Guralnick Associates, Inc. Hydronautics, Inc. Bechtel Corp. T.Y. Lin International Tuned Sphere International, Inc. Bibliography Reference No. None !91 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Ocean- Systems' CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Gibbs & Cox, Inc. EG-77-C-01-4064 40 Rector Street New York, NY 10006, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR P. H. Hadley, Jr. (212) 487-2800 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING July 18, 1977 to May 14, 1978 $316,900 TITLE OTEC Platform Configuration and Integration SUMMARY The purpose at this project is to evaluate six candidate hullforms as candidates for the OTEC commercial plant. The hullforms are being systematically evaluated to rank them in order to perference considering the factors of cost, schedule,. and risk. Conceptual designs of two of these plants will then be conducted and a plan for development of a demonstration plant will be prepared. This study consists of the following technical goals: a. Data assembly and synethesis. b. Systems evaluation and requirements. c. Plan evaluation. d. Technology review. e. Systems integration evaluation. f. Conceptual design. g. Facilities and equipment. h. Cost and schedules. i. Site sensitivity. Subcontractors: Santa Fe International Giannotti and Buck Associates Alan C. McClure Associates, Inc. Bibliography Reference No. None 92 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Institute of Gas Technology NSF AER-75-00033 Energy Systems Analysis 3424 S. State Street PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE ITT Center May 1, 1975 to May 15, 1976 Chicago, IL 60616 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Derek P. Gregory (312) 567-3893 $ 0 TITLE An optimization Study of Ocean Thermal Energy Delivery Systems Based on Chemical Carriers SUMMARY This study provided an engineering and economic analysis of chemical energy-carrier alternatives for transportation of energy from large-scale floating OTEC power plants to wholesale energy markets. The chemical energy carriers ana- lyzed in this study were hydrogen (both as a gas and as a liquid) and ammonia, since both are marketable fuels for industrial, commercial, and residential applications. The project focused on the following: a. Chemical energy production. b. Assessment of present chemical energy transmission technologies for hydrogen and ammonia. c. Projection for technological advancements in delivery system elements including cost goals for improving energy utilization efficiency, investment costs, and unit operations costs for the various elements. d. Synthesis of b. and c. e. Evaluation of land-based terminal facilities. f. Reconversion of chemical energy to electricity and onshore fertilizer production. g. Determination of the sensitivity of the systems to variations in operating parameters. h. Recommendations regarding future R&D. Bibliography Reference No. 162-164 93 DEVELOPMENT Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) ERDA E(49-18)-2426 3424 State Street Chicago, IL 60616 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 28, 1976 to July 15, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Nicholas Biederman (312) 567-3930 $ 0 TITLE Alternative Energy Transmission Systems from OTEC Plants SUMMARY The study evaluated the feasability and the generated conceptual designs of two concepts for transporting ocean thermal energy to shore. One concept dealt with an onboard electrical system to produce high temperature heat. In addition, a thermal storage medium would be used to store and ship this energy which subsequently would be used for electric generation at the shore facility. The other concept would take hydrogen, produced by water electrolysis, and react it with carbon dioxide aboard the OTEC platform to produce carbonaceous fuels and other "high energy" fuels. Two alternatives exist as the source of this carbon dioxide: a back-haul scheme that would bring carbon di- oxide from an onshore source to the OTEC platform, and the use of carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the cold seawater used by the OTEC plant. Methane, methanol, and conventional light fuels of the gasoline family were considered for synthesis at the OTEC plant. The possibility of producing high-energy fuels such as hydrazine onboard the OTEC plant were analyzed. Other high-energy fuels reviewed included unsymmetrical dimethy1hydrazine (UDMH); 1, 7-octadiyne; and tetrahydrodi- cyclopentadienes. Two other methods of moving OTEC-derived energy using "electrochemical bridges" were also evaluated. This study was conducted to allow a uniform comparison of these alternatives with the results of the previous OTEC analysis conducted by IGT. Bibliography Reference No. 165, 180 94 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Pirelli Cable Systems, Inc. EG-77-C-05-5360 245 Park Avenue New York, NY 10017 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 6, 1977 to September 6, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Giulio Viola (212) 661-5820 $70,000 TITLE Bottom Segment Design for Underwater Cable Power Transmission System SUMMARY This project involves the development of designs for the bottom segment of an OTEC underwater electric power trans- mission cable system (Phase 1). The work includes the following tasks: a. Delineate the conditions, circumstances, and environment to which the system is subjected during installation, operation, maintenance and repair. b. Assess the suitability of each candidate system in each situation defined in a. including any potential environ- mental impact. c. Development preliminary specifications. d. Perform a reliability analysis of the combined generator/transmission system. e. Perform a cost analysis. Bibliography Reference No. None 95 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Simplex Wire and Cable Co. EG-77-C-05-5359 P.O. Box 479 Portsmouth, NH 03801 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 28, 1977 to September 28, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Charles Pieroni (603) 436-6100 $130,000 TITLE Riser Segment Design of Underwater P-lectric Power Transmission Cable System SUMMARY This project is developing the designs for the riser segment of the underwater electric power transmission cable system (Phase 1). The system includes the submarine connector, connections to the submarine connector and the p1qnt, and the integral cable suspension system. The work includes the following tasks: a. Delineate the conditions, circumstances, and environment to which this system is subjected during installation, operation, maintenance, and repair. b. Assess the suitability of each candidate cable system in 'each of the situations defined in task "a," including any environmental impact. c. Develop preliminary specifications. d. Develop the submarine connector and the plant termination designs to make with the riser cable design. e. Perform a reliability analysis of the combined system. f. Perform a cost analysis. Bibliography Reference No. None 96 I IV. ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform Modular Experiments 97 ENG INEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Gilbert Associates, Inc. EY-76-C-02-2847 P.0 Box 1498 Reading, PA 19603 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE January 1, 1977 to October 1, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING John van Summern (202) 331-0252 $440,132* TITLE OTEC-1 Studies and Cold Water Pipe Activity 4 SUMMARY This project provided systems integration and engineering support for the development of the OTEC-1. System guid- ance and technical direction have been provided in the development of the RFP package for OTEC-1 heat exchangers. Design studies were made for the OTEC-1 power subsystems resulting in a set of design criteria. OTEC-1 system ob- jectives were formulated, mission profiles developed, and mission test objectives developed. Subcontractors: a. Mechanics Research, Inc.: Cost feasibility of converting HMB-1 to OTEC 1. b. M. Rosenblatt & Son, Inc.: OTEC-1 system requirements cold water pipe deployment and retrieval time line estimates, cold water systems design reviews, and review of OTEC-1 preliminary drawings. c. Santa Fe International: OTEC-1 prelimnary conversion cost estimate. d. Tetra Tech, Inc.: Review of cold water pipe dynamic models. e. Frederic R. Harris, Inc.: Sea water system design criteria, siting studies, analyses, and criteria development; cold water pipe dynamic modeling; and survey of state-of-the-art mooring techniques and dynamic positioning. The total 1977 funding for Gilbert Associates, Inc. was $1,850,000. Bibliography Reference No. 1, 3, 4, 5 99 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. EY-76-C-03-1248 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, CA 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 1, 1976 to October 21, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING W. D. Orr (408) 942-5000 $45,000 TITLE Maintenance of Redwood City Facility and OTEC Eqiupment SUMMARY This contract provided for the maintenance of the Redwood City Facility, where the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB) was berthed prior to its being moved to Hunters Point Shipyard. In addition, Lockheed Company provided for main-. tenance, security, and support related to the HMB equipment and spares located at Redwood City, California. Bibliography Reference No. None 100 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. TRW, Inc. EG-77-C-03-1361 Systems and Energy Group I Space Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Redondo Beach, CA 90278 May 16, 1977 to March 31, 1979 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Dr. J. E. Snyder (213) 536-3410 $308,110 TITLE 1 MWe Heat Exchangers for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SUMMARY The objective of this project is to design, fabricate., and deliver one seawater/ ammonia evaporator and one condenser for the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) I MW electric equivalent heat exchanger system to be installed on the Early Ocean Test Platform (OTEC-1). This system will be used to validate OTEC heat exchanger performance in the ocean environment. The ocean tests will provide data on overall heat transfer coefficients, biofouling, and operational feasibility in order to further the technology required for the development of larger, more efficient OTEC power systems. The contract work is divided into four sequential phases as follows: a. Phase 1: Conceptual and Preliminary Design. b. Phase 11: Detailed Design. c. Phase III: Fabrication, Test, and Inspection. d. Phase IV: Installation and Initial Operation. Subcontractors: Southwestern Engineering Co. C. F. Braun & Company Union Carbide Corp., Linde Division Bibliography Reference No. None 101 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION 1 MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. W. M. Howerton EX-77-X-03-0063 2311 Carroll Lane Escondido, CA 92025 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE January 29, 1977 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING W. M. Howerton (415) 273-7946 $44,250 TITLE Naval Architect and Ocean Engineering Services SUMMARY The objective of this contract was to provide naval architect and ocean engineering services. Additionally, the con- tractor was to support the OTEC Program and Hughes Mining Barge Conversion activities at the DOE's San Fran- cisco Operations Office. Bibliography Reference No. None 102 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Morris Guralnick Associates EG-77-C-03-1434 550 Kearny Street San Francisco, CA 94108 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE March 14, 1977 to November 15, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING N. Harris (415) 362-1092 $363,884 TITLE HMB Conversion Preliminary Design Tasks SUMMARY The objective of this contract was to provide certain preliminary design drawings and studies related to the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB) conversion to OTEC-1. This work was performed in support of the procurement of a System Integration Contractor to design, fabricate, deploy, support, and operate the OTEC-1 Platform. The results of this effort are being included as a reference information data package and will be available to potential OTEC-1 system integration contractor bidders. Subcontractors: Southwest Research Institute J. R. Paulling Bibliography Reference No. None 103 ENGINEERING TESTAND EVALUATION I MWe Early: Ocean. Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Morris Guralnick Associates EG-77-C-03-1388 550 Kearny Street San Francisco, CA 94108 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE March 1, 1977 to July 1, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Norman Harris (415) 362-1092 $9,200 TITLE Dredge Base Support Flotation and Stability Analysis SUMMARY This work involved analysis of the stability characteristics of the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB) dredge base using flotation devices to remove it from the HMB well deck while flooded. Also, a removal rigging system was designed.' Bibliography Reference No. None 104 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early'Ocean Te5t Platfo'rm CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. U.S. Navy EG-77-03-1376 Superintendent of Shipbuilding, Conversion, and Repair PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE San Francisco, CA 94135 December 15, 1976 to December 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Lt. Commander R. B. Bubeck (415) 641-3003 $850,000 TITLE Dredge Base Removal and HMB Support Services SUMMARY This interagency agreement provides for the removal of dredge base from the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB). It also provides for certain repairs, maintenance and support services related to the HMB including temporary berthing and security. Bibliography Reference No. None 105 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean',Te'st Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Interstate Electronics EG-77-C-03-1369 P.O. Box 3117 Anaheim, CA 92803 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 15, 1976 to August 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Sam Kelly (714) 772-2811 $107,259 TITLE Marine Engineering Support Services SUMMARY The objective of this activity was to provide marine engineering and support services related to the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB) and associated spare equipment. Activities included reviewing assessing, advising and supporting opera- tions on HMB equipment and spare parts, HMB drydocking, dredge base removal, equipment maintenance and facility security. Bibliography Reference No. None 106 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. American Patrol Services EG-77-C-03-1298 8105 Edgewater Oakland, CA 94621 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 1, 1976 to December 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Jack L. Mann (415) 568-6818 $22,500 TITLE Security of the Redwood Facility and the Hughes Mining Barge SUMMARY This work is to provide guard services for the Redwood City facility and the Hughes Mining Barge. Bibliography Reference No. None 107 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center EX-77-A-29-1070 Civil Engineering Laboratory Port Hueneme, CA 93403 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 1, 1976 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING L. W. Babby (805) 982-5336 $50,000 TITLE Support for the Refit and Mobilization of the HMB SUMMARY The objective of this contract was to provide technical and administrative support for the mobilization of the Hughes Mining Barge into the Early Ocean Test Platform (OTEC-1). Bibliography Reference No. None 108 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION I MWe Early Ocean Test Platform CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Navy EG-77-A-03-1376 Superintendent of Shipbuilding, Conver- sion, and Repair PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE San Francisco, CA 94135 December 15, 1976 to September 30, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Lt. Commander R. B. Bubeck (415) 641-3003 $850,000 TITLE HMB Modification/Fabrication SUMMARY The object of this work is to plan and provide all in-house and contract services for rework of the Hughes Mining Barge and other Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) related systems in accordance with requirements to be provided by DOE. The specific work to be performed is to be provided by separate Task Orders written under this agreement. This work may include, but it not limited to, design, specification and drawing effort, procurement services, contract administration, quality assurance, and inspection. Subcontractor: Triple A Shipyard, Inc. Bibliography Reference No. 4 109 ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION, Modular ExperiMents CONTRACTOR CONTRACYNO. Gilbert Associates, Inc. EY-76-C-02-2847 P.O. Box 1498 Reading, PA 19603 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 15, 1977 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING John van Surnmern (202) 331-0252 $475,814* TITLE Modular Experiment Studies SUMMARY This project was to provide the system integration and engineering studies to determine the feasibility of: a. Bulk carrier converted to an appropriate configuration with an integral 15-ft. diameter cold water pipe and a 30-ft diameter cold water pipe. b. An existing ship converted to an appropriate configuration with a detached cold water pipe of 15-ft. or 30-ft. diameter. c. A spar buoy with a 15-ft. and 30-ft. diameter cold water pipe. d. A concrete barge with an integral 30-ft. diameter cold water pipe configured for shell-less heat exchangers. The platforms were configured for a 5 MWe power plant module with provisions for an additional 5 MWe power plant module retrofit, and the site conditions at Puerto Rico. Subcontractors: a. M. Rosenblatt & Son, Inc.: Bulk carrier utilization studies and configuration recommendations. b. Santa Fe International: Spar buoy utilization studies and configuration recommendations, and concrete barge construction and cost estimate study. c. Tetra Tech, Inc.: Design analysis for spar buoy utilization studies in support of Santa Fe International. d. J. R. Paulling: Cold water pipe dynamic modeling in support of M. Rosenblatt & Son and Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). e. Hydronautics: Modeling of APL plant ship design with 15-, 30-, and 60-ft. diameter cold water pipes. f. Doty Associates, Inc.: Preparation of data which depicts parametric costs for each of the major OTEC Plat- form Configurations. The total 1977 funding for Gilbert Associates, Inc. was $1,850,000. Bibliography Reference No. 216 110 ENGINEER ING TEST AND EVALUATION Modular Experiments CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Gilbert Associates, Inc. EY-76-C-02-2847 P.O. Box 1498 Reading, PA 19603 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE January 1, 1976 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING John van Summern (202) 331-0252 $161,182* TITLE Siting Studies for Modular Experiments and Commercial OTEC Plants SUMMARY The object of this effort was to develop site data that would assist in identifying themost satisfactory area for de- ployment of the OTEC plant for base-load electrical generation. Site selection efforts were based on evaluating site data in terms of the possible systems that may be used for the OTEC commercial plant and for earlier test facilities. Data dealing with the site environment was gathered from archival sources and possibly from site specific measure- ments in the areas of the ocean near the continental U.S. and its possessions. This data was analyzed and catalogued for use by designers and other OTEC contractors. Subcontractors: Frederic R. Harris, Inc. Tetra Tech, Inc. Evans-Hamilton, Inc. The total 1977 funding for Gilbert Associates, Inc. was $1,850,000. V. ADVANCED RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials Heat Exchangers Power Systems Ocean Engineering 112 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Aluminum Company of America Battelle PNL AT (45-1)-1830 Alcoa Laboratories Alcoa Center, PA 15069 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 30, 1976 to April 19, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Robert A. Bonewitz (412) 339-6651 $34,975 TITLE Catalog Information on the Performance of Aluminum in Seawater SUMMARY The objective of this project was to compile and critically evaluate existing data on the corrosion of aluminum alloys in seawater as applicable to OTEC conditions, and to prepare a catalog for use by the OTEC Program Office. Bibliography Reference No. 108, 196, 197 113 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of Delaware EY-76-S-02-2957 College of Marine Studies Lewes, DE 19958 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 15, 1976 to June 14, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Stephen C. Dexter (302) 738-2841 $48,693 TITLE Factors Affecting Pitting and Crevice Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys for Seawater Heat Exchanger Tubing SUMMARY The objective of this project is to study the factors likely to affect the corrosion of aluminum alloys in OTEC sys- tems. The scope of these investigations include laboratory measurements on the effects of: a. Dissolved oxygen from 0.5 to 7 ppm. b. pH from 7.0 to 8.4. c. The combined effects of pH and DO. d. Mild abrasion and velocity on the seawater corrosion of aluminum alloy 5052 and 99.99% aluminum. It has been found that decreasing the dissolved oxygen concentration of unpolluted natural seawater from air satura- tion to 0,5 pprn does not decrease the length of time for pit initiation on either 99.99 percent aluminum or on alloy 5052. Neither does it increase the rate of pit growth of alloy 5052 as was previously believed. Decreasing the pH from 8.2 to 7.6, however, decreases the induction time for pit and crevice initiation, and increases the rate of pit and crevice growth on alloy 5052 in natural seawater. Pit and crevice growth rates are determined by measuring the cur- rent density of the aluminum electrode surface when under cathodic polarization either by a potentiostat or in a suit- able galvanic cell. Subcontractors: Woods. Hole Oceanographic Institution Bibliography Reference No. 195-198 114 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lehigh University E(11-1)2682 Dept. of Civil Engineering Bethlehem, PA 18015 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 1, 1975 to July 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Wai-Fah Chen* (317) 494-5733 $ 0 TITLE Reinforced Concrete Constitutive Relations SUMMARY Previous to this contract, the investigators had conducted research which enabled them to predict the constitutive (stress-strain) relations for concrete under general load conditions, including hydrostatic pressure. This project ex- tended that research to cover reinforced concrete. Hydrostatic pressure at the ocean de pths occupied by structural components of ocean thermal power plants is several atmospheres; hence, the behavior of materials such as concrete under such conditions could be substantially different from that normally experienced in an air environment. A computer program was developed in the form of a subroutine for incorporation into existing finite element analysis programs. This program can be made available to structural analysts. The constitutive relations developed are of a gen- eral nature in that the effects of hydrostatic pressure may be either included or neglected in defining the materials response. Thus, they are applicable both for the analysis of submerged ocean structures and on land for underground structures. Now located at the Department of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, 47907. Bibliography Reference No. 109-113 115 ADVANCED RESEARCH, AND.: TECHNOLOGY Bidouling, Corrosion, Materi.als CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Sigma Research, Inc. EY-77-C-06-2446 2952 George Washington Way Richland, WA 99352 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 30, 1976 to September 29, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Elric W. Saaski (509) 946-0663 $51,665 TITLE Compatibility Studies for the System Water-Ammonia-Titanium as Related to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SUMMARY Because of ari excellent performance record in marine environments, titanium is under consideration as the primary structural material for the evaporator and condenser components of the OTEC power plant concept. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC-) is a subtle phenomenon, and its potential influence on titanium under conceivable OTEC working conditions is not well known. 'The objective of this project was to identify the SCC tendency of titanium under a range of ammonia environments conceivably pertinent to OTEC heat exchangers using ammonia as the working fluid. Test environments included anhydrous ammonia with and without oxygen presence, corresponding to atmospheric exposure and ammonia plus distilled water contamination at various levels. The test procedure used the slow straining technique at a strain rate of I X 10-1 sec-1. Test temperature was 25.L5-'C. Rod specimens of 0.125 in. diameter were used. Various criteria, including percent elongation at fracture; percent reduction of area at fracture; -electrode potential as a function of plastic strain; and microscopic evidence of SCC were used to assess the SCC susceptibility of titanium under the relevant OTEC environments. Subcontractor: Electrochemical Technology Corporation Bibliography Reference No. 198 116 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center I.A.A EG-77-A-29-1104 Battelle Civil Engineering Laboratory Port Hueneme, CA 93043 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 12, 1976 to September 30, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING H. P. Vind (805) 982-5000 $100,000 TITLE Antifouling Marine Concrete, SUMMARY Since antifouling paints have life spans of about two years, they are not useful for preventing fouling on massive con- crete structures in the ocean, such as those proposed for OTEC plants. For prolonged protection, a reservoir of anti- fouling chemicals is needed.that is larger than can be stored in a thin layer of paint. For concrete structures, it may be possible to incorporate a sufficient quantity of an antifouling agent in the concrete itself to provide many years of antifouling protection. The objective of this study is to develop a long-lasting, structurally strong, and environmentally safe antifouling ma- rine concrete. It is intended that the concrete be used for lining the inner surface of the seawater intake ducts and forming the basic floating structure of an OTEC plant. Antifouling marine concrete will be made from portland cement, river sand, special admixtures, water, and ex- panded shale aggregate that is impregnated with antifouling chemicals. Studies will be conducted to determine com- pressive strength; antifouling persistency in the ocean and Port Hueneme (where biofouling accumulates on the sur- face) and at a tropical exposure site (,where pholads could bore into unprotected shale concrete); diffusion rates of antifouling chemicals from the concrete; the concentration of antifouling chemicals needed at the concrete surface to prevent biofouling and boring; corrosion rates of steel reinforcing rods in the concrete; and forces required to shear specimens of antifouling concrete from the surface to which they are bonded. Bibliography Reference No. None 117 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of Miami Battelle B-31928-A-E School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences 10 Rickenbacker Causeway PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Miami, FL 33149 June 15, 1976 to October 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING H. Lee Craig (305) 350-7472 $ 0 TITLE Preparation of Catalogue of Oceanographic Data Parameters for Potential OTEC Sites SUMMARY Thin biological and/or corrosion films may result in significant degradation of OTEC heat exchanger performance. Additionally, corrosion and biofouling will cause degradation of other OTEC surfaces and materials of construction. Oceanographic variables can significantly affect the rates of growth of biofouling organisms and rates of corrosion at OTEC sites. The goal of this project was to assemble, critically review, and catalogue available oceanographic data from areas of potential OTEC siting. Additionally, gaps in the data base were identified and recommendations made for future re- search. Data were obtained for the Gulf of Mexico, near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the Gulf Stream, Hawaii, and Guam. Oceanographic variables to be catalogued included surface currents, current profiles, turbidity, salinity, surface temperature, temperature profiles, dissolved carbon dioxide, pH, Eh, trace metals, and nutrient levels/microbial cell counts. Bibliography Reference No. 194 118 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Bi.ofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Applied Equipment Company EY-76-C-06-1830 15048 Celano Blvd. Special Agreement B-54345-A Van Nuys, CA Battelle PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 1977 to September 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING A. D. Walker (213) 989-3410 $17,500 + $27,800 TITLE Fabricate/Manufacturing Engineering of OTEC Biofbuling Devices SUMMARY This contract was directed toward the manufacture of 13 biofouling measurement devices and the development of fab- rication techniques for quantity production of these devices in the future. The devices being manufactured by the Applied Equipment Company were delivered to the NOAA Data Buoy Office (NDBO) for use on a large discus buoy which was deployed in the Gulf of Mexico in the fall of 1977; to the University of Hawaii for use at Keahole Point; and to other contractors to satisfy program requirements. The manufacturing engineering portion of this project was aimed at providing the necessary procedures for quantity production of the biofouling measurement device that was developed at Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU). Earlier efforts at CMU had been proof-pf-principle studies to show the validity of the concept. Bibliography Reference No. None 119 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY. Bio,fouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University EY-76-S-02-4041 Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 15213 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 15, 1975 to August 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING John G. Fetkovich (412) 612-2600 ext. 484 $252,000 TITLE A Study of Fouling and Corrosion Problems in a Solar Sea Power Plant SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to identify the effects of biofouling and corrosion on heat transfer surfaces at a potential OTEC site. The objectives were to install and proof test biofouling measuring devices in the sea at Keahole Point, Hawaii. In addition, the following tasks were accomplished: a. Tests were conducted. b. The proof testing of the biofouling monitoring devices for remote and subsurface operation and experimental methods was completed. c. A comprehensive report after proof testing, describing the design in detail, was compiled. d. The devices and auxiliary equipment were constructed, tested, and made operational. e. Studies of fouling rates on various types of heat exchanger materials were carried out. f. Other organizations were assisted using the devices in their construction, operation, and installation at various alternate OTEC sites. A program of laboratory research was carried out at Carnegie-Mellon University, including studies of the corrosion properties of heat exchanger tubing materials and techniques of laminar flow injection of chlorine and heavy-metal ions into the heat exchanger flow stream. Instrumentation was developed in the laboratory for installation in the ocean environment off Keahole Point, Hawaii. Subcontractor.- University of Hawaii Bibliography Reference No. 170, 171, 172, 193 120 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of Hawaii NOAA Office of Sea Grant 2565 The Mall 04-5-158-44026 Honolulu, HI 96822 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 20, 1976 to December 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING James H. Jones (808) 948-8745 $ 0 TITLE OTEC Heat Exchanger Biofouling Experiment SUMMARY This study observed the biofouling rates in water typical of of a tropical ocean site having APL heat exchanger water flow conditions. It measured the waterside heat transfer coefficients under hydrodynamic conditions duplicating those of the APL heat exchanger (V, @ 3 to 7 ft/sec) as a function of fouling time and after cleaning with a high pressure waterjet system. Observations were made on the effect of biofouling of a different tube arrangement (pitch/ratio). A determination was made of the magnitude of microbial fouling of the heat exchangers by direct microscopic exam- ination of materials accumulating on the pipe surface, by photographic recording of the material, by survey of the types of bacterial forms of culture techniques, and by quantification of microbial. fouling organisms. Subcontractor: Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University 121 ADVANCED RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY, Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. Battelle PNL AT (45-1)-1830 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, MD 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 19, 1976 to April 15, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING A.F. Conn (301) 776-7454 $ 9,000 TITLE Investigation of OTEC Heat Exchanger Cleaning Methods SUMMARY Because of the low thermodynamic efficiencies inherent in OTEC operation, primary biological fouling films must be avoided or periodically removed from heat transfer surfaces to maintain optimal operation. For the same reason, cal- careous and similar inorganic deposition must be controlled. This project conducted a critical state-of-the-art study of mechanical and chemical cleaning of low-temperature marine heat exchangers. Additionally, it related the results to the cleaning of OTEC heat exchangers, developed conceptual methods for cleaning OTEC heat exchangers, and completed two reports covering the results of these efforts. Bibliography Reference No. 192 122 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Bio,fouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc. Battelle B-07471-A-E Ocean Systems P.O. Box 504 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Sunnyvale, CA 94088 April 1, 1977 to December 20, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Joseph F. Rynewicz (408) 742-4052 $620,620 TITLE Develop an Apparatus for Use in Measuring the Effects of Biofouling on the Performance of Heat Transfer Surfaces Exposed to Ocean Environments SUMMARY The overall thermal resistance across heat exchanger surfaces is likely to increase substantially in the presence of very thin films of biofouling and related corrosion. Little information is available on biofouling in ocean environments suit- able for operation of OTEC power plants. Additional information is needed on the nature and behavior of biofouling organisms under conditions closely simulating the actual operating conditions for OTEC heat exchangers. The objectives of this project were to design, manufacture, and proof test an apparatus that was intended for use in (I establishing the severity of the biofouling problem and its effect on heat transfer, (2) measuring the effectiveness of po- tential biofouling countermeasures, and (3) obtaining accurate heat transfer data under a wide variety of operating conditions. The apparatus has both heating and cooling capability, and is adjustable to allow for simulating seawater-to- wall temperature gradients in the range anticipated for both OTEC evaporators and condensers. The work plan developed at the start of the contract was to design the apparatus by July 1977. The first task of com- pleting the design was accomplished on'schedule. There will be a report for each of the three major tasks. The design report was submitted on July 22, 1977. Subcontractor: Heat Transfer Research Incorporated Bibliography Reference No. None 123 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT National Oceanic and Atmospheric EG-77-A-06-1055 Administration National Space Technology Labs PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Bay St. Louis, MS 39520 May 1, 1977 to October 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING William T. Sheppard (601) 688-2822 $448,000 TITLE OTEC Studies in the Gulf of Mexico on Biofouling and Corrosion SUMMARY Heat exchangers in ocean environments are susceptible to fouling by organic and inorganic substances in seawater. Thin biological or corrosion film on heat transfer surfaces could cause intolerable increases in heat transfer resistance in OTEC heat exchangers. Quantitative information on biofouling and inorganic precipitates is currently not available for ocean environments where OTEC power plants will be operated. Data on effects of biofouling and corrosion of OTEC heat transfer surfaces must be obtained under conditions simulat- ing actual OTEC operation. Data should encompass a wide range of circumstances since the severity of biofouling is likely to vary with season, geographic location, and power plant operating conditions. The goals of this project were to use a large discus buoy hull equipped with a power source, test hardware, water qual- ity indicator system, and data management and telecommunications system to obtain open ocean heat transfer, biofoul- ing, and corrosion data from the Gulf of Mexico. Subcontractor: Magnavox Government Industrial Electronics Co. Southwest Research Institute U.S.N. Ocean Research and Development Activities (NORDA) U.S.N. Oceanographic Office University of Miami Bibliography Reference No. 209 124 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Air Development Center INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT Warminster, PA 18974 EG-77-A-29-1101 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 1, 1977 to October 1, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Jules Hirschman (305) 463-1211 $145,000 Tracor Marine, Inc. TITLE Measure the Effects of Biofouling and Corrosion. on the Performance of Heat Transfer Surfaces Exposed in the Ocean Near St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands SUMMARY Biofouling studies were conducted to determine the effects of the water velocity, time, rate of fouling, preliminary corro- sion rate on aluminum at this location, and specific oceanographic characteristics of the surface water used in the ex- periments. This short-term study was an effort to obtain information of the biofouling potential of the ocean in this oceanographic region, a potential OTEC site. The devices developed at Carnegie-Mellon University were used as the ex- perimental instruments, and two of these devices operated with water velocities of 3 ft/sec and 6 ft/sec flowing in the tubes. Subcontractor: Tracor Marine, Inc. University of Miami Bibliography Reference No. None 125 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Bidouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center Battelle PNL AT (45-1)-1830 Civil Engineering Lab. (CEL) Port Hueneme, CA 93043 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 12, 1976 to July 5, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING James F. Jenkins (805) 982-4797 $ 35,000 TITLE A Critical Reveiew of the Design Factors Influencing Biofouling and Corrosion of OTEC Surfaces SUMMARY Equipment and process design factors such as geometry, orientation, layout, velocity, and temperature are known to af- fect corrosion. Both macro- and micro-fouling may be influenced by some of these same design factors. This study was aimed at accomplishing the following: a. Researching available literature to acquire a background on these effects for both fouling and corrosion. b. Critically evaluating these data. c. Evaluating how optimal use of design can be employed in OTEC systems to avoid fouling and corrosion prob- lems. Bibliography Reference No. 199 126 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Naval Postgraduate School ERDA-RL-76-9670 Department of Oceanography Monterey, CA 93940 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 30, 1976 to October 1, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Eugene C. Haderlie (408) 464-2632 $ 9,000 TITLE The Nature of Primary Organic Films in the Marine Environment and Their Significance for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Surfaces SUMMARY Marine organisms and organic material form a film on any surface placed in the ocean. The presence of even a thin film of organic material on the seawater side of the OTEC heat exchanger will result in significant degradation of the unit's efficiency. The development of bacterial slime films on the heat exchanger surfaces of OTEC power plants is likely to be of critical importance in determining if OTEC closed cycle systems are technically and economically viable. The goal of this project was a critical state-of-the-art literature review of marine biofouling to establish what is known of primary film formation and to identify research needed to fill technological gaps. Biofouling experts throughout the world were contacted for input, and pertinent references including preprints of the 1977 literature were obtained. The final report surveyed the present state of knowledge concerning the nature and behavior of primary films in the ma- rine environment. Areas where further research is needed were indicated. The report included an extensive bibliography and is available through the Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Bibliography Reference No. 224 127 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Bio,fouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Navy ERDA-RL-76-9599 The David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Annapolis, MD 21.402 October 1, 1976 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Vincent J. Castelli (301) 267-2853 $ 75,000 TITLE Methods for the Prevention and Control of Corrosion and Biofouling on Floating Platforms and Nonheat Exchanger Surfaces Exposed to Seawater for OTEC Power Plants SUMMARY The purpose of this investigation was to identify and evaluate the technological feasibility, cost effectiveness, and en- vironmental compatibility of different methods for the prevention and control of corrosion and marine biofouling on all seawater-exposed material surfaces (excluding heat exchangers) of OTEC power plants. The major objectives were to accomplish the following: - a. Search and compile a bibliography on fouling and corrosion prevention of OTEC power plants. b. Determine general types and amounts of fouling that can be expected to be encountered and the dependence on location and the physical and chemical environment. c. Describe and technically evaluate the most applicable, existing fouling and corrosion prevention techniques for metal, plastic, and concrete piping and surface grooming. d. Analyze the cost effectivtft(:@ss and environmental compatibility of techniques for prevention of corrosion and foul- ing on metal, plastic, and concrete piping and surface grooming. e. Determine and technically evaluate future techniques for cleaning and preventing corrosion of metal, plastic, and concrete piping and other surfaces in seawater in anticipation of constructing OTEC plants. f. Complete environmental assessment of the most promising techniques using data from available bioassay experi- ments and available environmental impact statements of specific systems or chemicals. g Make recommendations as to techniques and areas of future research and development which will provide solu- tions to unusual problems generated by OTEC design. Bibliography Reference No. 195 128 ADVANCED. RESEARCKAND, TECHNOLOGY Bidouling, Corrositm, Materials CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT U.S. Navy ERDA-RL-76-9599 The David W. Taylor Ship Research and Development Center PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Annapolis, MID 21402 March 1, 1977 to February 28, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Vincent J. Castelli (301) 267-2853 $285,000 TITLE Mechanical Cleaning of OTEC Heat Exchanger Tubes SUMMARY This project is an experimental program to delineate problems associated with the removal of soft fouling on OTEC heat exchanger tubes. Aluminum is presently considered a primary candidate construction material for OTEC heat ex- changers due to cost, thermal transport properties, availability, and weight. Several experimental test units are being as- sembled and tested using existing cleaning techniques. Specific, cleaning systems being tested in the program during the early tests are the AMERTAP, M.A.N., and abrasive slurry system. There is also a control which will be allowed to foul for an extended period. These tests are now underway at the Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory in Panama City, Florida. The test instruments, which are in use elsewhere for determining the rate of biofouling at OTEC sites, are similar to those developed by Car- negie-Mellon University. Future tests will involve additional mechanical cleaning systems, different tube materials, and extended and enhanced surface tubes. Bibliography Reference No. None 129 ADVANCED' RESEARCH",. AND, TECHNOLOGY Bidouling,Corrosio'n, Materio'k CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of Miami EY-76-C-06-1830 Rosenstiel School of Marine Science Special Agreement B-07455-A-E 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 13, 1977 to July 12, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING John W. Morse (305) 350-7482 $ 90,153 TITLE A Study to Define the Tolerable Ranges of Balance Between Dissolved CO, and Carbonates in Seawater that Would Avoid Deposits of Calcareous Scales on Heat Transfer Surfaces within the Temperature Range of OTEC Heat Ex- changers SUMMARY A possible barrier to heat transfer, other than biofouling films, could be films of calcareous or other inorganic mate- rials that could be deposited from waters in whichran unfavorable balance between dissolved carbonates and CO, favor such a deposition. It is, therefore, necessary that the tolerable ranges of balance between dissolvedC02 and carbonates be defined to be able to predict the probability of disposition of calcareous films within the range of temperature (O'C to 300C) and pressure (surface to 1500 meter head). This would serve as a guide for designing and/or operating OTEC power plants to minimize calcareous film formation problems. The research effort is being directed toward establishing the ranges of balance between CO, and carbonates, nucleation sites, effect of Mg+ + and other ions in seawater, etc., which can cause deposition of calcareous films on OTEC heat transfer surfaces. Existing information is being assembled on the reactions in seawater between dissolvedC02 and car- bonates and instances where deposition of carbonates coulJ result or has resulted from such reactions. In addition, data related to the deposition of carbonates are included, and on the basis of such, the ranges of dissolvedC02 and carbonates, temperatures, pressures, ionic substances (Mg+ +, etc.), within which calcareous films might be expected to form in an OTEC heat exchanger or other OTEC surface exposed to the seawater environment. An experimental pro- gram is being conducted to confirm the literature data relative to the potential for deposition of inorganic scale from seawater onto appropriate heat transfer surfaces. Bibliography Reference No. None 130 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Native American Manufacturing, Inc. EY-06-C-06-C-06-1830 20241-84 Avenue So.' Special Agreement B-37989-A-H Kent, WA 98031 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 1977 to November 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING W.W. Armstrong (206) 852-0800 $ 18,800 TITLE Manufacture of OTEC Biofouling Devices SUMMARY This contract was directed toward the manufacture of ten biofouling measurement devices. The ten devices being man- ufactured by Native American Manufacturing Company were delivered to the OTEC Biofouling and Corrosion Activity Office for use at OTEC biofouling and corrosion experimental sites. The manufacturing was aimed at providing a quantity of biofouling measurement devices that were developed by Car- negie-Mellon University (CMU). Earlier efforts at CMU have been proof-in-principle studies to show the validity of the concepts. Bibliography Reference No. 199 131 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling, Corrosion, Materials CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) ERDA-W-7405-ENG-26 P.O. Box Y Oak Ridge, TN 37380 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 1, 1977 to December 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING G.M. Slaughter (615) 483-8611 $ 30,000 TITLE Heat Exchanger Joinabili.ty Study SUMMARY The objective of this project is to provide a technology review regarding the joinability state-of-the-art as it relates to OTEC heat exchangers. Shell and tube heat exchangers with aluminum, titanium, copper-nickel, and stainless steel tub- ing are being considered. Plate-fin heat exchangers are also being considered. Joints being considered employ welding, mechanical, brazing, soldering, adhesives, and other methods. Bibliography Reference No. 215 132 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University EY-76-S-02-2641 Dept. of Chemical Engineering Schenley Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Pittsburgh, PA 15213 April 7, 1975 to October 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Robert R. Rothfus (412) 578-2227 $226,000 TITLE Concurrent Studies of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Materials for Ocean Thermal Exchangers SUMMARY Experiments at CMU have investigated the feasibil'ity of vertical shell-and-tube exchangers with heat transfer enhanced by fine axial flutes on both the seawater and working fluids sides of the transfer surface. At the same time, analytical models of such exchangers and of the entire power cycle have been developed to predict the steady state and dynamic behavior of the prototype on the basis of the experimental results. Results indicate that waterside heat fluxes can be doubled by axial flutes at moderate velocities with only a comparable increase of friction. Data on Refrigerant-1 I and ammonia show that flutes enhance the heat flux three to five times. Overall heat transfer coefficients on clean, axially-fl ated tubes of 600 Btu/ (hr) (sq. ft.) ('F) in the condenser and 900 Btu/(hr) (sq. ft.) ('F) in the evaporator appear to be achievable when using ammonia as the working fluid. Preliminary data indicate that pressure losses in the shell-side vapor can be controlled by manifolding the tube bundle. Means have been developed for applying liquid working fluid to the tubes of the evaporator and experiments indicate favorable head-discharge relationships and no trouble with splashing. Waterside header maldistribution appears to have no significant effect on heat transfer but may lead to additional parasitic power loss. Tests made to date have largely supported previously untested hypotheses and projections. From the standpoint of heat transfer and fluid mechanics, the vertical shell-and-tube exchanger with extruded aluminum transfer surfaces, using am- monia as the working fluid, remains a viable base point for economic evaluation of full-scale heat exchanger designs. Subcontractors: Alcoa Technical Cener Foster-Wheeler, Corp. Bibliography Reference No. 114, 115, 171, 187 133 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Geoscience, Ltd. EG-77-C-03-1094 410 S. Cedros Avenue Solana Beach, CA 92075 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 1, 1975 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Cullen M. Sabin (714) 755-9396 $ 36,000 TITLE Water Heat Transfer and Ammonia Nucleate Boiling Studies SUMMARY The objective of this project was to investigate severa I means for enhancing the heat transfer coefficient of water flowing through round tubes, for promoting nucleation of ammonia vaporizing over submerged horizontal tubes, and for fun- damentally studying the thin film evaporation of ammonia over horizontal tubes. Results, thus far, have shown that there are a number of useful techniques for enhancing water heat transfer without recourse to generating random turbulence. In addition, at least one of these techniques, a system of wire rings adjacent to the tube wall, can enhance heat transfer significantly' (at its optimum Reynolds number) without modifying the pres- sure loss. The wire ring dimensions can be chosen so that this optimum Reynolds number falls within the Reynolds number range of interest to the OTEC plant. Data also indicate that sand grain-type roughness behaves in this same manner. These highly advantageous characteristics have been verified by analysis and by comparison with several sets of data from other laboratories. The nucleate boiling tests demonstrated that several surfaces can be made to nucleate readily, and that an easily con- structed double screen surface initiates nucleation at temperature differences below 0.2*F. Work was done on the dif- ferent geometries for waterside enhancements and in establishing the stability of boiling nucleation under multiple startup and long run conditions. The film evaporation work is directed toward measurement of the heat transfer conductance as a function of recircula- tion rate, saturation temperature, heat flux, and wetting and surface characteristics. Bibliography Reference No. 118-121 134 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY HeOt Exchangers CONTRACTOR INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT Johns Hopkins University E(49-26)-1030; Applied Physics Laboratory EG-77-A-29-1075, 1076 Laurel, MD 20810 VIA: Naval Sea System Command (NAVSEA) PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Arlington, VA 20360 June 27, 1975 to March 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Robert Makofski (301) 953-7100 ext. 7469 $163,000 TITLE Analytical Study of Two-phase Flow Heat Exchangers for OTEC Systems SUMMARY The first phase of this study was a detailed analysis of the practicality and expected performance of the JHU-SPL con- cept for two-phase flow heat exchangers for an OTEC power plant. In this concept, the working fluid would flow on the inside of large-diameter (3 in. to 9 in.) multipass tubes. The analytical model for the heat exchangers was based upon the latest two-phase flow theory and correlations. Parametric studies for producing heat exchanger designs (for the evaporator and condenser) were used to project minimum annual costs (including amortization and expected op- erating, maintenance, repair, and replacement costs.) over the equipment lifetime. The work included development of a power module design for use within an overall power plant concept incorporating manifolding/assembly/disassembly, as well as the design of an experiment that could provide engineering data on both evaporator and condenser performance. The second phase includes preliminary experiments on the flow and heat transfer of the two-phase flow heat exchangers using two models. The first, simulating a portion of an evaporator tube, is being used for internal flow experiments to (1) perform an evaluation of potential dry-out Froblems, (2) validate heat transfer coefficients, and (3) determine pressure losses in return bends. In addition, experiments have been conducted to determine the onset of nucleate boiling in the first pass of the tube. The second model is being used to determine circumferential distribution of the waterside heat transfer coefficient on one tube in a simulated tube arrangement. It is also to check water pressure drop and to evaluate the degree of water crossflow through the arrangement. Results to date indicate that dryout problems can be alleviated by tilting the horizontal tube a couple of degrees. Heat transfer measurements on the water and ammonia sides (80 percent liquid) confirm the analytical predictions. Finally, an experimental unit of I MWt is being designed which is to be built by TRANE Company for testing at the Argonne National Laboratory Core Test Facility. Subcontractor: Trane Manufacturing, Inc. Bibliography Reference No. 122, 123 135 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND, TEC,HNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Oklahoma State University EY-76-S-02-5092 School of Chemical Engineering Stillwater, OK 74074 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE November 21, 1975 to March 31, 1979 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Kenneth J. Bell (405) 624-2580 $ 30,410 TITLE Heat Exchanger System Evaluation for the OTEC Program SUMMARY The technical and economic feasibility of the OTEC concept is dependent upon the heat exchangers which dominate the cost, size, configuration and operational reliability of the plant. To update information on OTEC heat exchanger design, and to evaluate new concepts as quickly as possible, this project requires the following tasks: a. Help maintain the overall schedule for OTEC research, development, and deployment. b. Identify areas of heat transfer technology in which exchanger' system design methods and operating experience exist in large scale process plants and are applicable to ocean thermal power plants. c. Develop procedures to ensure that system analysts are supplied with pertinent heat exchanger design and opera- tional parameters. d. Perform "quick-look" analysis and evaluation on any variation in heat exchanger system configuration that seems to show promise for improvements in OTEC plant construction or operation. Bibliography Reference No. None 136 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) ERDA W-7405 ENG-26 P.O. Box X Oak Ridge, TN 37830 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 11, 1975 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING H.W. Hoffman (615) 483-8611 ext. 37715 $107,000 TITLE Heat Transfer Enhancement for OTEC Systems SUMMARY This study explored means for enhancing the boilling and condensing performance of heat exchangers for service in OTEC systems. Emphasis was placed on the study of ammonia condensation on Gregorig surfaces. The initial period of this study included design and assembly of laboratory-scale apparatus for condensing studies with ammonia, deter- mination of concept feasibility through scoping experiments, and design of a more flexible facility for characterization of optimum configurations. Early results confirmed the advantage of vertical fluted tube condensers over horizontal tubes. Heat transfer coefficients exceeding 5000 Btu/hr-ft2_ T have been obtained. In addition, ORNL investigated the feasibility of shell-less vertical tube heat exchangers with axial flutes on the tube side where ammonia evaporation and condensation take place. This project also provided technical planning input for the OTEC heat exchanger program activity, describing in some detail the organization, manning, and proposed methodology. In addition, ORNL monitored ongoing R&D con- tracts in various aspects of OTEC heat exchangers and provided consulting services to the various phases of the pro- gram. ORNL efforts were specifically directed towards consulting in advanced heat exchanger concepts, reviewing the current state-of-the-art, conducting a literature search, and developing optimization techniques for system evaluation. Bibliography Reference No. 120, 207 137 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Union Carbide Corporation EX-76-C-01-2448 Linde Division/Branch 4019451 P.O. Box 44 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Tonawanda, NY 14150 June 30, 1976 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Frank Notaro (716) 877-1600 ext. 8122 $189,000 TITLE Heat Exchangers for Ocean Thermal Power Plants SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal hydraulic performance of the heat exchanger, with special em- phasis on the evaporator. It was an extension of a previously completed NSF-funded effort. The study assessed the baseline design as proposed by Lockheed and further. evaluated the methods for reducing the overall cost of the heat exchanger via enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient. The study provided performance studies of a flooded evaporator using special enhanced surfaces, heat transfer studies, performance studies of a large spray-film evaporator, experimental demonstration of the thermal hydraulic performance of the heat exchanger, physical design and manufacturing cost determination,- prediction of life and reliability of the heat exchanger, and design of two evaporaiors and one condenser for testing at Argonne National Laboratory. Experiment on a flooded evaporator tube indicated that enhancement raises the heat transfer rate substantially. Results on spray-film evaporator hydraulics indicated that liquid entrapment of ammonia can be a serious problem in a large tube bundle if the vapor velocity approaches a critical valve. The contractor has provided a 4 MWt flooded bundle evaporator with specially enhanced surfaces. This unit will be tested at the Argonne National Laboratory Core Test Facility. In addition, a spray film evaporator and a horizontal tube condenser are being built for testing at Argonne. Bibliography Reference No. 70 138 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY W.0bat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Oregon State University EG-77-C-03-1370 Department of Mechanical Engineering Corvallis, OR 97331 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 1, 1976 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING James G. Knudsen (503) 754-2354 $ 22,000 TITLE Heat Exchanger Development for OTEC Plants SUMMARY The contractor performed engineering planning and updating for the OTEC heat exchanger development program. In this program, all promising heat exchanger concepts were assessed, and a development plan was implemented for a log- ical evolution from the conceptual stage to the final testing of prototype beat exchangers. Additional services included assisting in the formulation of background info:rmation to incorporate into Requests for Proposals regarding OTEC power-cycle development. Bibliography Reference No. 114-122 139 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. DSS Engineers, Inc. EY-76-C-05-5165 7483 Northwest 4th Street Fort Lauderdale, FL 33317 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 24, 1976 to October 23, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Geoffrey K. Hart (305) 792-6660 $ 0 TITLE Development of Plastic Heat Exchangers for OTEC SUMMARY As a continuation of an earlier study, this project provides an in-depth review of polymeric materials and material composites that have been proposed for the plastic heat exchangers. Test apparatus is being designed to achieve accur- ate and significant tests for predicting durability and performance of plastic heat exchangers in an OTEC environment. Properties to be evaluated are: a. Long term strength and service life. b. Thermal conductivity of plastic, incorporating thermally conductive filler materials. c. Permeability of the heat transfer surface to working fluid and seawater. d. Antifouling potential of plastics through polymer modification or additive incorporation. Experiments conducted by DSS indicate that a plastic for OTEC service with ammonia as a'working fluid is commer- cially available. Because of low thermal conductivity of plastic and the difficulty of distributing ammonia liquid in a fall- ing film evaporator, plastic condensers are likely to be practical earlier than evaporators. Based on results of materials tests in ammonia and seawater, a plate-type core test condenser is being designed for testing at Argonne National Lab- oratory. Subcontractor: Florida Atlantic University Bibliography Reference No. 116-117 140 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) W-31-109-ENG-38 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE December 7, 1976 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Norman Sather (312) 972-3732 $1,308,000 TITLE OTEC Heat Exchanger Development Prograrn SUMMARY The objective of the program was to determine and evaluate the performance of several types of evaporators and con- densers being considered for OTEC plants. The program included the design and construction of a test facility in which candidate heat exchanger units were tested at typical OTEC operating conditions. Off-design performance of the ex- perimental units was also determined. Analyses of local flow and heat transfer in OTEC evaporators and condensers were made to assist in resolving problems in their design and operation. During FY 1977, design and construction of the test facility were completed, and preparation of the facility for testing of the first evaporator, a pool boiler, was planned. The construction included procurement and installation of piping, pumps, and a 500-ton refrigeration unit, a stearii heater, flow meters and instrumentation for measurement and control of temperature and pressure for water loops to supply up to 4000 gpm of warm water and cold water to the evaporator and condenser under test. The principal activities in the analytical part of the program included review and evaluation of available convective heat transfer models for OTEC heat exchangers and development of improved design methods for evaporators of the pool-boiler and spray-filin types. In carrying out the design and construction of the test facility, ANL has had the support of three major subcontractors. Subcontractor: Lester B. Knight, Inc. ($81,000)-engineering design support Globe Engineering Co. ($68,000)-engineerijig design support Power Systems, Inc. ($150,000)--constructic,n Bibliography Reference No. 203 141 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of California, Berkeley EY-76--S--03-0034 College of Engineering Office of Research Services PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Berkeley, CA 94720 March 1, 1977 to September 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING H.H. Sephton (415) 642-6000 $ 60,000 TITLE Performance Improvement for OTEC Systems SUMMARY The contractor conducted a literature search on the current state-of-the-art of helix-enhanced (spirolator) water (brine) side heat transfer inside heat exchanger tubing. The project proposes to design, build, and test a heat transfer test rig capable of simulating OTEC conditions for conducting experiments with a rotating spiral. In addition, the proj- ect aimed to establish the design feasibility and to compare biofouling effects of a reference tube to those with the spiral inserts. Finally, the pressure drops and heat transfer in the water flow with and in the absence of the spiral in- serts for both vertical and horizontal tubes was measured. Bibliography Reference No. 219 142 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Massachusetts, University of EG-77-S-02-4238 Mechanical Engineering Department Amherst, MA 01003 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 1, 1977 to March 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Jon G. McGowan (413) 545-2756 $183,771 TITLE A Continued Evaluation of Compact Heat Exchangers for OTEC Applications SUMMARY The contractor is to provide analytical designs of plate-fin heat exchangers, designs for a heat exchanger test program, and the initiation of an industrial OTEC plate-fin heat exchanger cleanliness/maintenance manufacturing capability. The contractor is continuing analytical and experimental evaluation of the performance characteristics of compact heat exchangers using ammonia as the working fluid. This work is covering the entire range of OTEC operating conditions presently defined. In addition, the contractor is to evaluate applicable manufacturing process concepts for large plate- fin heat exchangers. Specific emphasis is being placed on the manufacturing processes that project design-to-cost capa- bilities. A subcontract was awarded to a manufacturer who is to conduct an in-depth investigation of compact heat exchanger manufacturing, headers, module assembly, and maintenance systems. Bibliography Reference No. 23, 33, 35-39, 124--126, 129-131 143 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Sea Solar Power, Inc. EG-77-C-02-4300 1615 Hillock Lane York, PA 17403 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 2, 1977 to July 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING J.H. Anderson (717) 741-0884 $144,500 TITLE Compact Heat Exchanger Design for OTEC SUMMARY Manufacturers of compact heat exchangers will be surveyed to evaluate the possible applicability of existing designs to OTEC requirements. A design of an OTEC plate-fin core test unit will be developed. This design must be manufactura- ble by an existing United States manufacturer. The study will consider the questions of cleaning on the water side, mod- ularization for scale-up, and operation with ammonia on one side and sea water on the other. Conceptual drawings will be prepared, and detailed performance calculations will be obtained for heat transfer, pressure drops, vapor qual- ity, and mechanical stress. Bibliography Reefrence No. 72, 73 144 ADVANCED RESEARC.H AND TECHNOLOGY Power Systems CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of Oklahoma E(40-1)-4918 School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE 202 W. Boyd, Room 23 May 1, 1975 to August 15, 1977 Norman, OK 73069 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Kenneth E. Starling (405) 325-5811 $ 0 TITLE Use of Mixtures as Working Fluids in OTEC Cycles SUMMARY The use of mixtures in ocean thermal power cycles was evaluated for hydrocarbon mixtures, ammonia-water mixtures, and possible halocarbon mixtures. The mixtures cycles, were compared with baseline pure fluid ocean thermal power cycles using propane, ammonia, and possible halocarbons as working fluids. This research project included: a. Upgrading a previously developed OTEC mixture cycle simulation (particularly the condenser design subroutine to include the effects of diffusive mass transfer). b. Developing an optimization program for CITEC mixture cycle optimized design. c. Correlating the thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures for ranges of conditions applicable to OTEC cycles. d. Simulating the OTEC ammonia cycle with varying amounts of water in the ammonia to provide information on the ammonia-water cycle and to determine the maximum tolerable water concentration for acceptable thermo- dynamic performance of the cycle. e. Evaluating alternative cycles using the optimization program developed in this research. Results indicated that the economic benefit of using a mixture of working fluids is marginal. The ammonia water mix- tures have the potential of lowering heat exchanger weight at the expense of reduced turbine efficiency. The overall eco- nomic benefit was also investigated. Bibliography Reference No. 132-135 145 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Power Systems CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. University of California EY-7.6-F-03-0034 Mechanics and Structures Department School of Engineering and Applied Science PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Los Angeles, CA 90024 July 15, 1977 to July 15, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING A.F. Charwat $ 12,913 TITLE Design of a Facility for Laboratory Experiments on a Mist-flow Thermal Energy Process SUMMARY The project's objective is to analyze and design the experimental "mistflow lift-tube," including engineering drawings and specifications as required to proceed with the construction and procurement of the equipment. The contractor is also to modify, as necessary, and shake down the support equipment, in particular the jet-ejector vacuum system in the UCLA Supersonic Tunnel Lab. During FY 1978, the contractor will carry out the construction of the experimental setup and will conduct experiments on the mist generation and lifting. This project is being conducted in cooperation with the analytical project of R&D Associates. Bibliography Reference No. 208 146 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Power Systems CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University G-02-77-2701 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 15, 1977 to July 15, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Clarence Zener (412) 578-2538 $ 45,000 TITLE Foam Sea Solar Power Plant SUMMARY An open cycle, solar sea power plant, which operates on the same principle as an air-lift pump with air being replaced by the vapor of the water itself, is being proposed by Beck*. In this program, a modification is being studied which of- fers promise of increasing the efficiency of such a plant and may make it less costly than a closed-cycle OTEC plant. The thermal energy stored in ocean water can be converted into potential energy by lifting the warm water from one level to another. The overall objective of this work is to investigate a specific mechanism for thermally lifting the warm surface water to a high enough level so that it can drive a hydraulic turbine as it falls. The lifting approach proposed is to use a foaming agent to provide a stable structure to entrap liquid, warm sea water and to carry this water as the foam travels upward from a high vapor pressure region (warm) to an artificially low-pressure region (cold) created by condensing the vapor at low temperature. E.J. Beck, Science, 189, 293 (1975) Bibliography Reference No. 51-55, 211 147 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Power Systems CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. R&D Associates EG-77-C-03-1684 P.O. Box 9695 Marina del Rey, CA 90291 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 1, 1977 to May 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Stewart L. Ridgway (213) 822-1715 $ 75,497 TITLE Mist-flow Ocean Thermal Energy Process SUMMARY The thermal energy stored in ocean water can be converted into potential energy by lifting the warm water from one level to another. The purpose of this project is to investigate a specific mechanism for thermally lifting the warm sur- face water to a high enough level so that it can drive a hydraulic turbine as it falls. The approach entails generating a mist of water droplets mixed with water vapor rising from a high pressure at the lower level to a lower pressure region at the top. The entrapped mist may be collected at the top and allowed to fall driving a hydraulic turbine. The compo- nents of the power system are to be arranged so that the warm surface water is first allowed to fall and do work on a hydraulic turbo generator and then lifted by the mist lift process. The vapor and mist are condensed in a spray con- denser receiving cold, deep ocean water. The cycle requires no separation of the mist from the vapor because the energy is first extracted by allowing the warm water to fall by means of artificially created quasi vacuum at the mist generator located in the bottom. Experimental work on the mist-flow lift concept will be conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, California, as described in their project summary. Bibliography Reference No. 208 148 i ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Sea Solar Power, Inc. E(11-1)-2691 1616 Hillock Lane York PA 17403 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 1, 1975 to February 29, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING J. Hilbert Anderson (717) 741-0884 $ 0 TITLE Design of a Cold Water Pipe for Ocean Thermal Power Plants SUMMARY This report described the preliminary analysis of design conditions for a 40 ft. diameter, 4000 ft. long cold water supply pipe for a 100 MW sea thermal power plant. The pipe was assumed to be freely suspended from a floating platform. The design was based on a circular row of tubes separated by spacers to form the pipe wall. Internal pressure conditions were calculated for maximum assumed flow rates in the pipe. External pressure distribution was calculated for maxi- mum assumed ocean current velocity. Drag and moment distributions were calculated for the pipe loaded with an as- sumed current velocity pr9file and buoyancy distribution. Collapse stability calculations were made for the pipe and for the individual tubes. Tube and spacer interaction stresses were calculated for the combined pressure, bending moment, and tensile loads imposed on the pipe. Preliminary analysis was performed on a flexible pipe support system capable of isolating the pipe from the platform during any sea state likely to be encountered by a sea thermal power plant. It was concluded that the basic design is feasible and justifies more precise analysis. Bibliography Reference No. 146, 147, 223 149 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. U.S.N. Construction Battalion Center ERDA E(949-26)-1023 Civil Engineering Laboratory Port Hueneme, CA 93043 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 6, 1975 to March 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977FUNDING Harvey H. Haynes (805) 982-5578 $ 0 TITLE Design, Fabrication, and Installation of Large Diameter Submerged Concrete Structures SUMMARY This was a feasibility study of the design, fabrication, and installation of large-diameter submerged concrete structures. The state-of-the-art related to these structures was summarized, feasible approaches for fabricating and installing the structures recommended, problem areas enumerated, and research and development areas outlined. The intent of this study. was to point out significant problem areas and to assess the feasibility of using large concrete -structures for ocean thermal power plants which would provide DOE with some decision criteria on which to focus research and de- velopment efforts. The continuation of this contract was directed toward studying fabrication methods to build massive floating concrete OTEC structures in relatively shallow waters. It was determined that OTEC structures of various configurations and sizes up to 500,000 tons or larger can be constructed in Puget Sound, Washington; OTEC structures of about 150,000 tons (about, 100 MWE power plant size) can be built of concrete using existing facilities. Techniques for reducing the draft of structures during construction and towout, such as temporary buoyancy and the use of lightweight concrete, were also discussed. Bibliography Reference No. 154-157 150 ADVANCED RESEARCH ANUTECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Westinghouse Electric Corporation E(11-1)-2642 Oceanic Division P.O. Box 1488 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Annapolis, MD 21404 May 1, 1975 to April 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Thomas E. Little (301) 765-5446 $ 0 TITLE Deep Water Pipe and Mooring Design Study SUMMARY The main thrust of the study was the preliminary evalu4tion of cold water pipe, pump@ and plant mooring concepts with a view toward judging their effect upon the overall evaluation of the ocean thermal energy conversion concept. The two principal goal criteria were the illumination of th-. impact of the cold water transport and mooring systems on the overall power plant concepts and delineation of critical development needs. The selection of the three subsystems (pipe, pump, and mooring) for combined study was based upon their mutual in- terrelationship and dependence on common environmental'and system parameters. The study identified a spectrum of possible design concepts, selected one or more alternatives for further evaluation, and assessed them in terms of such ,riteria as structural characteristics, feasibility of construction and deployment, operating efficiency implications, serv- iceability, research and development requirements, and cost. Salient conclusions distilled from the concept analyses and their overall plant-concept-evaluation implications were explored. Alternatives were described and their impacts and interactions as a function of parameters over ranges of interest were shown. Recommendations were made regarding technological directions that should be pursued. Bibliography Reference No. 158-161 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Westinghouse Electric Corp. EY-76-C-02-4071 P.O. Box 1488 Annapolis, MD 21404 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE November 1, 1976 to October 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING T.E. Little (301) 765-5446 $ 0 TITLE Seawater Pumps and Platform Stationkeeping SUMMARY This work involved the following three major tasks: a. Cold water pump preliminary design. b. Warm water pump evaluation. c. Platform stationkeeping. The cold water pump was analyzed based on operational requirements and designed in accordance with state-of-the-art characteristics. Pump drives and diffuser assembly designs were included in the preliminary design as well as in a cost and performance evaluation. The warm water pump was evaluated similarly to the cold water pump regarding performance requirements. The cold and warm water pumps were compared to determine if the warm water pump design can be the same as the cold water pump. The impact of the overall OTEC system was assessed as a result of this comparison. Platform stationkeeping involved the analysis of system requirements in regard to positioning an OTEC plant/platform. The primary considerations were drag loads and environmental effects. Two types of stationkeeping were studied: dy- namic positioning and mooring. Dynamic positioning involved. analyses of both effluent thrust and auxiliary thrusters. Dynamic positioning and mooring as a combination were also evaluated, and the impact on the overall system regard- ing cost and performance were assessed. This project was a continuation of a previously DOE-funded study "Deep Water Pipe and Mooring Design Study" E(11-1)-2692. Bibliography Reference No. 160 152 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Tuned Sphere International EG-77-C-01-4032 I Pine Street Nashua, NH 03060 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 26, 1977 to October 25, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Charles R. Fink (603) 889-5112 $ 95,976 TITLE Tuned Sphere Stable Platform for OTEC Power Plants SUMMARY The contractor was preparing a geometric description of the tuned sphere concept of OTEC for output sizes of 100, 500, and 1000 MWe that are satisfactory for calculation of hydrodynamic forces. The cold water pipe dimensions were to be 50, 110, and 156 feet diameters respectively, and 3000 feet in length. The project was utilizing the Tuned Sphere International's existing linear seakeeping program to determine the response of the three sizes for wave heights of 20, 40, and 80 feet, and vessel drafts of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 times the diameter. Seakeeping response was compared to that for five other competing candidate hull forms and was found generally su- perior thereto, with and without cold water pipes. Subcontractors: Hydronautics, Inc. Waller and Associates, Inc. Oceanic Development, Co. Bibliography Reference No. 2 10 153 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. U.S.N. Construction Battalion Center ERDA E(49-26)-1017 Civil Engineering Laboratory Port Hueneme, CA 93043 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 13, 1975 to March 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Philip Valent (805) 982-5780 $ 0 TITLE Development of Anchor Systems for OTEC Power Plants SUMMARY This project was aimed at extending the state-of-the-art in deep sea anchor systems to satisfy the anchor-design require- ments of large floating OTEC power plants. These new requirements result from the different combination of environ- mental conditions, water depth, and large power plant size. Performance characteristics of enlarged versions of exist- ing anchors were estimated and innovative anchoring concepts were devised and evaluated. This task was accomplished by utilizing the experience of the U.S. Navy and of private industry, particularly oil companies and drilling contractors. The capability of each anchor was defined for a series of seafloor sites that could be encountered at potential OTEC plant locations. (These site varieties account for the majority of possible seafloors where OTEC is regarded as practic- able.) This parametric study identified the deadweight anchor with base shear keys as the best choice for mooring the OTEC platforms, except for those platforms sited over hard (rock) seafloors. On hard seafloors, the pile group anchor is the more suitable and feasible anchor type. Installation techniques for these anchor concepts have been developed and their impact on anchor design evaluated. Concepts for controlled lowering of the deadweight anchor are unattractive due to their complexity and cost. A con- cept for free-f all lowering of the deadweight has been developed and partially evaluated using a 0.15 m (6 in.) diam- eter scaled model anchor. Complete evaluation of, the free-fall lowering concept has been proposed for FY '78. It is recommended that further development of the pile group anchor under the OTEC program be deferred. Those few potential OTEC sites where anchors would have to be placed on hard (rock) seafloors should be avoided if possible. If such a site must be considered, then an individual pile group anchor design can be undertaken. Bibliography Reference No. 148-152 154 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Oregon State University EY-76-S-06-2227 Department of Mechanical Engineering Corvallis, OR 97331 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September 15, 1976 to September 14, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING John H. Nath (503) 754-2354 $ 0 TITLE Biological and Hydrodynamic Influences on the Screens of OTEC Intake Systems SUMMARY The objective of this project was to provide continuous supplies of clean, cold and warm water to an OTEC plant; therefore, it was necessary to exclude debris and marine plants and animals for the protection of the plant equipment and the ocean environment. However, the exclusion of this material from the plant was to be accomplished with mini- mal increase in the parasitic hydraulic losses at the intakes. The basic problem was the lack of information on the biological and hydrodynamic factors that influence the design of the screens at the intake structures. This progrant proposed to: a. Gather, assess, and document the available knowledge of the biota of the ocean environment in the regions pro- posed for OTEC plant siting. b. Assess and document the hydraulic energy losses, and other costs of candidate screen designs which exclude cer- tain biota. c. Utilize the results to develop first-order design criteria for the configuration of cold and warm water intake screen. d. Design an experiment for sampling the biota at depths as deep as possible during second year extension of this -study. The results of this research are applicable to the design of an OTEC plant regardless of the final configuration of the prototype structure. Bibliography Reference No. 145 155 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. E(11-1)-2681 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, MD 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 1, 1975 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Roderick A. Barr (301) 776-7454 $ 0 TITLE Studies of Seaway Responses of OTEC Platform/Cold Water Pipe Configuration Effects of Pipe Elasticity and Model Tests SUMMARY This project, originally entitled "Evaluation of Platform Designs for Ocean Thermal Power Plants," consisted of an eval- uation of seakeeping (motions and accelerations), junction loads, cold water pipe bending moments, and stationkeep- ing thrust requirements for five generic platform types each with a cold water pipe or riser for ocean thermal power plants. The study was to indicate which platform types appear most attractive. The study developed a mathematical model of seakeeping response that employed linear wave theory with a Pierson- Maskowitz representative of the sea spectrum for three sea states. It was conducted in a parametric sense with respect to plant output (size), cold water pipe length, diameter and degree of fixity at the hull (the pipe itself was assumed infinitely stiff), and platform heading into oncoming waves. The platform shapes chosen for investigation were the semisubmersible, ship shape, disc, spar, and submersible. The continuation study determined in detail the probable effects of coldwater pipe stiffness on OTEC platform design. The study defined the elastic properties of typical pipe designs, developed methods for calculation of platform/pipe dy- namics and loads, and used these methods to calculate the dynamic seaway induced motions and loads. Using this data, two platform/pipe configurations were selected for hydraulic model testing, two models constructed and tested, and the test results compared with predicted responses from the earlier developed mathematical representa- tions. Bibliography Reference No. 138, 140-144 156 ADVANCED RESE.ARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean - Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Science Applications, Inc. EX-76-C-01-2331 (ERDA) One Continental Plaza, Suite 310 EG-77-A-19-1092 (NASA) 101 Continental Boulevard El Segundo, CA 90245 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 29, 1976 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Duane T. Hove (213) 640-0480 $ 0 TITLE Empirical Hydrodynamics Studies to Produce Parameters for Determining the Drag and Lift Forces on a Cylinder in Supercritical Flow Regimes for OTEC SUMMARY The first phase of this project was to determine definitive and valid values of drag coefficients, lift coefficients, and Strouhal numbers for long rigid cylinders in uniform flows at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1013 to 10". Data for smooth cylinders and cylinders with surface roughness were to be obtained, as was determination of the effect of low- angle inclination to the flow. The second phase was to produce a developmental experimental design dealing with methods and apparatus for the acquisition of similar data in a Reynolds number range from 107 to 10'. This was a design project, rather than labora- tory work because the experimental difficulties in this regime were considered to introduce much greater project risk than the work over the range 106 to 101. Bibliography Reference No. 184 157 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. EY-76-C-01-2424 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, MD 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 26, 1976 to January 25, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Pin Yu Chang (301) 776-7454 $ 0 TITLE Structural Analysis and Design Studies of OTEC Cold Water Pipe SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to document a methodology for OTEC cold water pipe structural analysis. Differential equations were developed which included factors neglected in simple beam theory, e.g., variable axial force, non- linearity, variable cross section, shear deflections, and load changes due to local deformations. Instability due to hy- droelastic: effects was also considered in addition to the effect of fatigue. Bibliography Reference No. 140, 206 158 ADVANCED RESE.ARCH -AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Postgraduate School E(49-26)-1044 Monterey, CA 93940 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 1, 1976 to December 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Clarence J. Garrison (408) 646-2632 $ 0 TITLE Dynamic Response of Moored OTEC Plants to Ocean Waves SUMMARY This project was a research effort to provide computer programs describing the interaction of ocean waves with large floating structures and to estimate dynamic response resulting from the wave/structure interaction. The work was not directed toward any particular proposed OTEC plant configuration but was general and inclusive of all OTEC can di- date designs. This project also addressed problerns peculiar to mooring very large structures in ocean waves. The research was particularly concerned with the development of solutions for determining the seaway response of large symmetrical bodies that do not meet the assumptions of classical strip theory. Numerical procedures that combine some of the features of the finite element method with the Green's function method were adapted to this problem. In addi- tion, the non-linear force which results in slowdrift oscillations was studied, and analytical methods for its evaluation were developed. The work also considered the behavior of the cold-water pipe as it attaches to the OTEC hull structure. Bibliography Reference No. 71, 182 159 BIBLIO,(*34RAPHY- PART I 1 161 I BIBLIOGRAPHY- PART I OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION This bibliography contains information pertinent to the projects described in this summary. The information dates back as far as useful references could be obtained and is current through December 1977. Reference entries may include any or all of the following: I ) author's name 2) "title of report" within a. larger publication 3) title of publication 4) publisher's name and address 5) publication date 6) number of pages in the report or page numbers of report found within a publication 7) (report or publication number/where it may be obtained* /price) A listing may contain one of the following abbreviations as to availability. If none are listed, the reports may be available from the author's organizational affiliation. GPO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. NTIS For sale by the Nafiional Technical Information Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, microfiche copy of each separately bound document can be purchased for $2.25. Reports issued by organizations outside the United States will be sold by NTIS only to purchasers within the United States. TIC Available from the DOE Technical Information Center, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tennesse-, 37830 NSF On file at the RANN Library, National Science Foundation, 1800 G Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20550. To obtain the Proceedings, Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; University of New Oreans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977 send $20 in check or money order, payable to the University of New Orleans, to: Professor George loup Department of Physics University of New Orleans New Orleans, LA 70122 163 BIBLIOGRAPHY- PART I 1. Definition of the Platform CWP Problem and an Assessment of Currently Available Analytical Models. Gilbert Associates Incorporated, Reading, PA 19603. July 15, 1977, 26 pp. 2. Imbriale, D. C. ERDA-OTEC Computer Plots in Accord with Input from Meeting of June 24, 1974 Frederic R. Harris, Inc., Lake Success, NY 11040. July 8, 1977. A Comparison Study. 3. A Computer Program that Determines a Time History of Floating Body Motions and Mooring Strut Force Responses to Varying Wave and Wind Conditions. F. R. Harris Inc., Lake Success, NY 11040. 37 pp. 4. Falconer, R. W., Clark, J. M., and Cannon, W. L. Feasibility of Using the Hughes Mining Barge as a Test Platform for Early Ocean Testing of OTEC Components. Mechanics Research Incorporated, Los Angeles, CA 90045. December 10, 1976. Volume I-System Descriptions, 135 pp.; Volume 11- EOTP Plan, 74 pp.; Volume III EOTP Cost Data, 278 pp.; Appendices A through L, 177 pp. (MRI-2906-01). 5. Design Calculations for EOTP Feasibility Study. Mechanics Research Incor- porated, Los Angeles, CA 90045. December 10, 1976, 93 pp. 6. Johnson, D. E., "Environmental Energy Sources: Their Use and Storage," Proceedings on Frontiers of Power Technology. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. Oct. 10, 1973. 7. Barr, R. A. and O'Dea, J. F. Theoretical Evaluation of the Seakeeping Per- formance of Five Candidate OTEC Platforms. The Society of Naval Ar- chitects and Marine Engineers, New York, NY 10048. Technical Paper presented at the Spring Meeting/Star Symposium, San Francisco, CA, May 25-27, 1977, pp. 233-255. (T7-1). 8. OTEC Mission Analysis, Volume 1, Summary Report (Phase 1) The Aero- space Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245. Preliminary Draft, January 1977, 234 pp. (Aerospace ATR77, 7601-1). 9. Knight, H. G., Nyhart, J. D., and Stein, R. E. "Legal Considerations of OTEC: Some Initial Views," Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas. John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel, MD 20910. May 8, 1975, pp. 179-181. (APL/JHU-SR-75-2). 10. Knight, H. G. Nyhart, J. D., and Stein, R. E. Ocean Thermal Energy Con- version: Legal, Political, and Institutional Aspects. American Society of In- ternational Law, Washington, D.C. 20008. 1977. 11. OTEC Mission Analysis Study Volume 1. General Electric Company, Tempo, 777-14th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Preliminary Draft, Final Report, November 1976, 136 pp. (GE76TMP-67). 12. Ocean Thermal Mission Analysis Study Phase 1. General Electric Company, Tempo, 777-14th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. June 1077. (ERDA Report No. ERHQ/2421-77-1). 13. Dugger, G. L. Olsen, H. L., Shippen, W. B., Francis, E. J., and Avery, W. H. "Tropical Ocean Thermal Power Plants Producing Ammonia or Other Products." Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas. Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD. 20910. May 8, 1975. pp. 106-115. (APL/JHU-75-2). 164 14. Dugger, G. L. Maritime and Construction Aspects of OTEC Plant-Ships. Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20810. April 1976. Executive Summary. (APL/JHU-SR-76-IA) (PB-255639- AS) (NTIS). 15. Dugger, G. L. Maritime and Construction Aspects of OTEC Plant-Ships. Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20810 April 1976. Detailed Report. (APL/JHU-SR-76-IB). 16. Potential of Accelerating Commercialization of Ocean Thermal Energy Con- version (OTEC). Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94088. October 1975. (LMSC/D458893). 17. Adams, C. R. and Johnson, B. A. On the Minimization of the Ocean Ther- mal Di#erences Machine Vehicle Sea Motions. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. August 1975. (PB-247176) (NSF/RANN/SE/Gl- 34979) (NTIS, $4.50). 18. Ambs, L. L. and Veenema, R. J., Jr. Design and Off-design Performance Analysis of Ocean Thermal Differences Power Plant Turbines. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002 May 1975 (PB-247152) (NSF/RA/ N-75-031) (NTIS, $5.25). 19. Anderson, J. H. Research Applied to Ocean Sited Power Plants Annual Progress Report January 1 to December 31, 1973. University of Massachu- setts, Amherst, MA 01002 January 25, 1974, 70 pp. (PB-228067) (NSF/ RA/N-74-002). (NTIS $3.75). 20. Boot, J. L. and McGowan, J. G. Feasibility Study of a 100 Megawatt Open Cycle Ocean Thermal Difference Power Plant. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. August 1974. 21. Cloutier, P. D. Analysis of the Cooling Water Pumping Power Require- ments of the Ocean The@,mal Gradient Electricity Generating System. Uni- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01001, July 1974, 209 pp. (NP- 20461). 22. Cloutier, P. D. Prelimina,,y Technology Assessment of Ocean Thermal Gra- dient Energy Generation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 0 1002, July 1974, 209 pp. (NP--120461) (NSF/RANN). 23. Connell, J. W. and McGowan, J. G. Condenser Requirements for an Ocean Thermal Gradient Power Plant. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 1973, 8 pp. (NSF/RA/N- 73-100) (NTIS). 24. Connell, J. W. and McGowan, J. G. Initial Investigation of Boiler and Con- denser Tube Designs. University of Massachusetts, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 1973, 35 pp. (NSF/RA/N-73-054) (NTIS). 25. Dzialo, F. J. and Heravi, 1:1. Mechanics and Structural Design of Large Diam- eter Immersed Reinforced Concrete Cylindrical Shells University of Mas- sachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. January 1975, 24 pp. (NSF/RANN; SE/ GI-34979/TR/75/1). 26. Dzialo, F. J. and Stoddard, F. S. Plane Strain Solutions For Thick Cylin- drical Submersible Shells. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. June 1973. 20 pp. (NSF,/RA/N-73-093) (NTIS). 27. Goss, W. P., Heronemus, W. E., Mangarella, P. A., and McGowan, J. G. "Summary of University of Massachusetts Research on Gulf Stream Based Thermal Power Plants," Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas; May 8, 1975. Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Labora- tory, Laurel, MD 20910. pp. 51-63. (APL/JHU-SR-75-2). 28. Heronemus, W. E. Proposed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems Program Plan (The OTEC Plan). University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002 March 1975, 36 pp. (PB-242248) (NSF/RA/N-75-030). 29. Heronemus, W. E. and McGowan J. G. "Some Views on Solar Sea Power Plants," Proceedings, Solar Sea Plant Conference and Workshop; June 27, 1973. pp. 21-59. (PB-228066) (NTIS, $6.95). 165 30. Heronemus, W. E. and Poole, T. A. Investigation of Competitive Arrange- ments, 400 MW Ocean Thermal Differences Power Plant for the U.S. South- east Coast Development Site. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. June 1975. (PB-246752) (NTIS $6.00). 31. Kirchhoff, R. H., Mangarella, P. A., and McGowan, J. G. Hydronautics of Gulf Stream Ocean Thermal Power Plants. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. September 1975. (PB-246951) (NSF/RANN/SE/ GI-34979/TR/75/10) (NTIS, $4.50). 32. Kirchhoff, R. H., McGowan, J. G., Connell, J. W., and Seluk, D. "riot Side Heat Exchanger for an Ocean Thermal Difference Power Plant," 9th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; San Francisco, CA. Aug. 26-30, 1974. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 354- 361. New York, NY. 33. Mangarella, P. A. Analysis of The Fluid Motion Into The Condenser In- take of a 400 MWe Ocean Thermal Diflerence Power Plant. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 0100. March 1975. 25 pp. (TID-26964) (NTIS@ $4.50). 34. Marshall, J. and Ambs, L. Evaluation of Ae Major and Support Fluid System Necessary for The Operation of a Rankine Cycle Ocean Thermal Diflerence Machine. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002. 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J., Zub, R. W., Goss, W. P., and McGowan, J. G. Thermo- physical and Physical Properties and Handling Characteristics of Ammonia for Application as a Working Fluid in OTEC Cycles, University of Massa- chusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. August 1977. (Technical Report No. COO- 4238-2). 132. lqbal, K. Z. and Starling, K. E. "Potential Advantages of Mixtures as Work- ing Fluids in the OTEC Cycles," Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas; May 8, 1975. Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20910. pp. 147-150 (APL/JHU-SR-75-2). 133. Starling, K. E., Fish, L. W., Christensen, J. H., lqbal, K. Z., Lawson, C. and Yieh, D. Use of Mixtures as Working Fluids in OTEC Cycles, Phase I. Quarterly Progress Report, May 1, 1975 to July 31 1975. University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73069. 1975 (ORO-4918-4) (NTIS, $3.50). 134. Starling, K. E., Fish, L. W., Lawson, C., and Yieh, D. 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Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20910. (APL/JHU-SR@75-2). 139. Brown, C. E. and Wechsler, L. "Engineering an Open Cycle Power Plant for Extracting Solar Energy from the Sea," Proceedings, the Seventh Annual O.Ushore Technology Conference, Houston, TX; May 5-8, 1975, Volume 2. pp. 111-126. 140. Barr, R. A. and Chang, P-Y. "Some Factors Affecting the Selection of OTEC Plant Platform/Cold Water Pipe Designs," Hydronautics, Inc., Laurel, MD 20810. Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. 12 pp. 141. Barr, R. A. et al. Evaiuation of OTEC-1 Motions and Cold Water Pipe Loads and Stresses. Hydronautics, Inc., Laurel, MD 20810 August 1977. (Technical Report 7513.3-2). 142. Barr, R. A. and O'Dea, J. F. Preliminary Evaluation of HMB Motions and CWP Loads for OTEC-1. Hydronautics, Inc., Laurel, MD 20810, 31 pp. (Technical Report 7513.3-1). 143. Sheldon, R. R. and Barr, R. A. Model Tests of OTEC-1 with Stiff (Ind Flexible Cold Water Pi,ve. Hydronautics, Inc., Laurel, MD 20810. August 1977 (Technical Report 7513.4-1). 144. Preliminary Model Test Data for OTEC-1. Hydronautics, Inc., Laurel, MD 20810. 1150 Scale Model Tests in the Hydronautics Ship Model Basin June 16, 1977 to June 22, 1977, 14 pp. 145. Nath, J. H., Ambler, J,, and Hansen, R. M. "Screens for OTEC Plants," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference: University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22--24 1977. 146. Anderson, J. H. and Anderson, J. H. Jr. "Cold-Water Pipe: A Design Fea- sibility Study," Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas; May 8, 1975. Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Lau- rel, MD 20910. 92 pp. ('APL/JHU-SR-75-2). 147. Anderson, J. H. Design of Cold-Water Pipe for Sea Thermal Power Plants. Progress Report, May 1, 1975-September 15, 1975. Sea Solar Power, Inc., York, PA. September 1975, 43 pp. (COO-2691-1). NTIS $4.00. 148. Valent, P. J., Taylor, R. J., Lee, H. J., and Rail, R. D. State of the Art in High Capacity, Deep Water Anchor Systems. U&N. Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, CA 93043. January 1976. (Technical Memorandum No. M-42-76-1). 149. Valent, P. J., Taylor, R. J., Atturio, J. M., and Beard, R. M. OTEC Single Anchor Holding Capacities in Typical Deep Sea Sediments. U.S.N. Con- struction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, CA 93043. December 1976. (Technical Note N-1463). 150. Atturio, J. M., Valent, P. J., and Taylor, R. J. Preliminary Selection of An- chor Systems for OTEC. U.S.N. Construction Battalion Center, Port Hue- neme, CA 93043. March 1977. (Technical Report R-853). 173 151. Valent, P. J. and Atturio, J. M. "Anchor Systems," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. 152. Valent, P. J. and Atturio, J. M. Anchor Systems for OTEC, Description and Plan for Development. U.S.N. 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"Dynamic Response of Moored Bodies to Wave Motion" Proceedings, Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans Univer- sity, New Orleans, LA March 22-24, 1977. pp. V-3-V-10. 183. Lewis, L. F. and Mavor, J. W., Jr. Interpretation of Oceanographic Data for the Design of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Wood Hole, MA 02354. October 20, 1977. 184. Hove, D. T. and Shih, W. C. L. "Hydrodynamic Loads on the Cold Water Pipe," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Or- leans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. V-23-V-39. 185. OTEC Heat Exchanger Design and Producibility Study Part A--Sections 1-5. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc., Sunnyvale, CA94088. Final Report, October 28, 1976. (LSMC #D507632). 186. Bergles, A. E. and Jensen, M. K. "Enhanced Single-Phase Heat Transfer for OTEC Systems," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VI-41 -VI-5 4. 187. Rothfus, R. R. and Neuman, C. P. "The OTEC Program at Carnegie-Mel- lon University-Heat Transfer Research and Power Cycle Transient Model- ing," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Or- leans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VI-55-VI-70. 188. Czikk, A. M., Fricke, H. D. and Ganic, E. N. "Enhanced Performance Heat Exchangers," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VI-71-VI-92. 189. Sabin, C. M. and Poppendiek, H. F. "Reply to Comments on Seawater Side Enhancement for OTEC Heat Exchangers," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. p. VI-110. 190. Perrigo, L. D. and Jensen, G. A. "The OTEC Biofouling and Corrosion Program," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-3-VII-10. 191. Manikowski, A. F. and Pfluger, A. R. "A Design and Producibility Study of Heat Exchangers for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VI-124-VI-137. 192, Conn, A. F., Rice, M. S. and Hagel, D. "Ultra Clean Heat Exchangers-A Critical OTEC Requirement," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VI-124-VI-137. 193. Fetkovich, J. G., Grannemann, G. N., Mahalingam, L. M., Meier, D. L. and Munchmeyer, F. C. "Studies of Biofouling in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-15-VII- 25. 194. Craig, H. L. and Munier, R. S.C. "Cataloguing of Oceanographic Param- eters of Interest to Biofouling and Corrosion," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-26-VII-33. 195. Castelli, V. J. "Corrosion and Biofouling on an Ocean Thermal Energy Con- version Power Plant," Proceedings, the Fourth OTEC Conference; New.Or- leans University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-34-VII- 40. 196. Bonewitz, R. A. "Application of Aluminum Alloys," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-37-VII-40. 176 197. Flodder, S. P. and Hartt, W. H. "Corrosion Fatigue of 5086-H34 Aluminum in Sea Water," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. V11-41- VII-46. 198. Saaski, E.W. and Owzarski, P. C. "Compatibility Studies for the Arnonia- Titanium--Seawater System as Related to OTEC," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-46-VII-55. 199. Jenkins, J. F. "Design Factors Influencing Biofouling and Corrosion of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Heat Exchangers," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans University, New Or- leans, LA; March 22-21, 1977. pp. VII-54-VII-55. 200. Tennant, J. S. and Wood, M. A. "Hydrodynamic Control of Biofouling in OTTEC Heat Exchangers," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VII-56-VII-60. 201. Hubel, E. D. "Automatic Tube Cleaning System-Brush and Cage Prin- ciple," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orleans University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp. VIII-3-VIII-11. 202. Watt, A. D., Mathews, IF. S., and Hathaway, R. E. "Potential of Open Cycle OTEC-A General Su@rvey," Proceedings, the Fourth Annual Conference on OTEC; New Orlean.-, University, New Orleans, LA; March 22-24, 1977. pp.VIII-3-VIII-1 1. 203. Sather, N. 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Science Applications, Inc.; McLean, VA. 178 PART I I RELATED RENEWABLE OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: WIND-WAVE ENERGY, OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY, SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY 179 PART I I RELATED RENEWABLE OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Introduction between brine and fresh water can be up to 250 atmospheres. The separation of solutions of dif- fering salt concentrations by a semipermeable A relatively small level of effort is being committed to in- membrane results in the forcing of fresh water vestigating the feasibility of extracting energy from the through the membrane by the osmotic pressure, ocean by technologies other than those which exploit thus, pressurizing the more saline solution. The temperature differences at different depths of the ocean. high pressure saline solution can be passed through Specifically, the energies of ocean waves and currents and a hydroturbine to produce electrical energy. the energy of salinity gradients have been judged to be (2) The second technique involves breaking down the exploitable in various regions adjacent to (or on) the salt molecules into sodium ions (Na+) and chlo- coasts of the United States. rine ions (Cl-) by using ion-selective membranes. These ions travel to opposite sides of a mem- WHAT MAKES THESE TECHNOLOGIES brane stack, thus charging two electrodes, as in a POSSIBLE? car battery. An electrical current will then be driven through a load connected between the elec- The energies of waves, ocean currents, and salinity gradi- trodes. ents are either totally or in part due to the sun; thus, they are considered to be special forms of solar energy. PRESENT TECHNOLOGICAL STATUS The sun causes thermal currents of air which, when also Each of the related ocean energy technologies is being affected by the rotation of the earth, result in winds. These investigated on a relatively modest scale. It is perhaps winds cause surface stresses on the ocean waters, resulting equally appropriate to refer to these pursuits as research in both waves and currents. The sun also evaporates fresh and development excursions to ensure that the bridge water from salt water and brines, leaving more saline sur- between understanding the science which defines a pheno- face ocean waters or salt pans on adjacent coasts. menon and the technology which allows the exploitation Wave energy is the most conspicuous of the three energy of that knowledge for practical purposes is appreciated. forms and, as such, attracts the most attention. The rising The existence of these energy sources, as well as effective and falling ocean surface can simultaneously raise and methods to convert them to measurable electrical energy lower large floating objects, such as 10,000-ton ships. This and concepts by which the conversion can be effected, are body motion can be converted to electrical en 'ergy or to now known. other usable forms by using electro-mechanical,, pneu- matic or hydraulic systems. Ocean current energy can be converted into electricity by Program Activities using large turbogenerators. These generators are powered by undersea "windmills," large ducted turbines, or a series Research is being pursued on the following technologies: of drogue chutes. 0 Wind-Wave Energy Conversion. The energy of salinity gradients can be converted by two * Ocean Current Energy Conversion. methods: 0 Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion. (1) The first method utilizes the osmatic pressure be- tween salt water and fresh water, or between brine WIND-WAVE ENERGY and fresh water. Since salt lowers the vapor pres- Status sure of water, the resulting osmotic pressure be- tween salt water and fresh water is large (usually Promising devices that generate electricity from the mo- about 25 atmospheres). ne osmotic pre@sure tion of ocean waves are being investigated. One is a buoy 181 which uses the up-and-down motion of waves to build up SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY air and water pressure in a storage tank. The pressurized water then drives a hydroturbine. This wave energy con- Status version technique is being investigated under a $10,000 A workshop was conducted in May, 1976 on Wave and DOE contract. Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion, and five specific Implementation studies on salinity gradients are being conducted in FY 1977. Additional understanding and techniques to exploit wave Implementation Plans energy phenomena will be encouraged. Close coordina- tion is being maintained with the British wave energy pro- Although an infant technology, the utilization of salinity gram, where about $5 million is being used for studies of gradients appears very promising. Two unsual concepts four wave energy conversion technologies. for obtaining energy from salt water are being explored by the Department of Energy. One energy conversion technology is based on the prin- OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY ciple of simple osmosis. The second technology is de- signed to exploit reverse electrodialysis. This second tech- Status nique uses specially designed membranes which are ion- permeable. Cation-permeable membranes allow positively A prototype engine to convert ocean currents, tidal cur- charged sodium ions to pass through, and anion-permeable rents, and river currents into electricity and other usable membranes allow negatively charged chloride ions to forms of mechanical power has produced a measured 300 penetrate. A "battery" could be built by stacking these watts electrical output in approximately a one knot cur- membranes, alternating the two types, and filling the space rent. These tests demonstrated that a WLEVC engine in between with either fresh water or salt water in an al- would develop greater power than that which is predicted ternating pattern. Both of these approaches will be en- mathematically. couraged since promising results are foreseen. FY 1977 studies concentrated on feasibility, membrane technology, Implementation Plan and conceptual design. FY 1978 studies are directed to- ward improvement of membrane characteristics, prelim- A new model will be designed and tested for sustained inary design of both osmotic and reverse electrodialytic operation with a higher degree of mechanical power con- energy converters, and definition of legal, political, and version efficiency. environmental aspects of the utilization of this resource. 182 FISCAL YEAR 1977 SUMMARY TABLES 183 Table 1 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 0 Program Sub-Element WIND-WAVE ENERGY Organization Title Projected Contribution University of California, San Ocean Wave Energy Data obtained from an empirical analysis Diego, Scripps Institution of Extraction Using the of the Scripps-FOR wave pump. These data Oceanography Scripps-FOR Wave Pump cover the wave spectra outside of the wave spectra that is found beneath the Trade Winds where the experimental data were obtained. Table 2 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 0 Program Sub-Element OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY Organization Title Projected Contribution WLVEC Technology Company Demonstration of the A WLVEC engine which converts ocean Mechanical 'Feasibility currents, tidal currents, and unconstrained of the WLVEC Engine fresh water river currents into electricity and other usable mechanical power forms. 185 Table 3 FY 1977 SUMMARY TABLES Program Element RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Program Sub-Element SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY Organization Title Projected Contribution Bend Research, Inc. Membranes Research for Membranes with high permeate flow rates. Salinity Gradient Energy Production Intertechnology Corp. Technological Problems A study of membrane problems such as of Osmo-Hydro Power high-pressure creep, polarization, and low- Systems thermal efficiency in conjunction with the osmotic energy conversion of salinity gradient energy. Intertechnology Corp. Feasibility and Concept An assessment of the economic and tech- Design of a Pressure-re- nical feasibility of pressure-related osmotic tarded Osmosis Convers- energy conversion. In addition, the re- ion System source of salinity gradient energy conver- sion is being assessed. Clarkson College of Technological Potential An assessment of the technological potential Technology of Osomotic Energy of osmotic energy conversion. 186 I I FISCAL YEAR 1977 PROJECT SUMMARIES 187 RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Wind Wave Energy CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. California, San Diego, University of Scripps U7700597 Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92093 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE March 1, 1977 to September 1, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Gerald L. Wick (714) 452-2869 $ 9,998 TITLE Ocean Wave Energy Extraction Using the Scripps-FOR Wave Pump SUMMARY The objective of this project was to provide data obtained from an empirical analysis of the Scripps-FOR wave pump. These data cover the wave spectra outside of the wave spectra that are found beneath the Trade Winds where the exper- imental data was obtained. A transfer function for the wave pump was developed based on the Trade Winds data. The analysis included the effects of the one-way valve and the efficiency of the turbo-generator. The analytical data were compared with the experimental data to prove the validity of the analysis. Presentation of these data were in both dimen- sional form and dimensionless form, the latter to be used for a prototype analysis. Bibliography Reference No. 1 189 RELATED OCEAN ENERGY, TECHNOLOGIES Ocean Current Energy CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. WLVEC Technology Company G-05-77-2266 3 10 South 11 th Street Adel, IA 50003 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 9, 1977 to November 9, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Gary Steelman (515) 993-3604 $ 9,990 TITLE Demonstration of the Mechanical Feasibility of the WLVEC Engine SUMMARY The objective of this project was to provide a WLVEC engine which converts ocean currents, tidal currents, and un- constrained fresh water river currents into electricity and other usable mechanical power forms. A prototype engine produced a measured 300 watts electrical output in approximately a one knot current. This wat- tage was produced by fifteen, 2-foot diameter working parachutes. These tests demonstrated that a WLVEC engine would develop greater power than the mathematical theory would predict. A new model has been designed and tested for sustained operation with a higher degree of mechanical power conver- sion efficiency. Bibliography Reference No. 2 190 RELATED'OC'EAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Salinity Gradient Energy CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Bend Research, Inc. EG-77-C-05-5525 Bend, OR 97701 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE March 1, 1977 to December 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING H. Lonsdale (503) 382-4100 $ 31,176 TITLE Membranes Research for Salinity Gradient Energy Production SUMMARY The energy of salinity gradients can be converted into useful forms by using a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure across the membrane can be used to drive a hydroturbine, thus creating electrical energy. The research effort is devoted to developing membranes with high permeate flow rates. Bibliography Reference No. 3 191 RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Salinity Gradient Energy CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Intertechnology Corp. EG-77-G-01-4066 1001 Main Street Warrenton, VA 22181 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE September, 1977 to March, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING Malcom D. Fraser (703) 347-7900 $ 49,933 TITLE Technological Problem of Osmo-Hydro Power Systems SUMMARY Membrane problems such as high-pressure creep, polarization, and low thermal efficiency are being studied in con- junction with the osmotic energy conversion of salinity gradient energy. These problems are analyzed and remedies are then recommended. The overall effects of the remedies on the energy conversion efficiency are also examined. Bibliography Reference No. None 192 RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Salinity Gradient Energy CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Intertechnology Corp. EG-05-77-2859 100 1 Main St. Warrenton, VA 22186 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 20, 1977 to January 20, 1978 FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Malcom D. Fraser (703) 347-7900 $ 57,273 TITLE Feasibility and Concept Design of a Pressure-r-.tarded Osmosis Conversion System SUMMARY The purpose of this study is to assess the economic and technical feasibility of pressure-retarded osmotic energy con- version. In addition, the resource of salinity gradient energy conversion is being assessed. A conceptual design of an osmotic power plant is being performed. Salt water/fresh water, brine/salt water, and brine/fresh water systems are be- ing analyzed. Bibliography Reference No. None 193 RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Salinity Gradient Energy CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NO. Clarkson College of Technology EG-77-S-05-5440 Potsdam, NY PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 1, 1977 to July 31, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FISCAL YEAR 1977 FUNDING H.H.G. Jellinek (315) 268-2394 $ 35,448 TITLE Technological Potential of Osomotic Energy Conversion SUMMARY The purpose of this study is to assess the technological potential of osmotic energy conversion. This is being accom- plished by designing, constructing, and testing a scale model of a pressure-retarded osmotic power plant. Several semi- permeable membranes are being tested to determine the effect of partial salt passing on flow rate. Measurements of salinity on both sides of the semipermeable membrane will be made to determine the decrease in the salinity gradient with time and position. Bibliography Reference No. 4 194 BIBILIOC)'RAPHY- PART 11 195 BIBILIOGRAPHY- PART 11 RELATED OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES I . Isaacs, J., Castel, D. and Wick, G., "Utilization of the Energy of Ocean Waves," Wave and Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion Workshop Proceed- ings (May 24-26, 1976). University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. ERDA Report COO-2946-1. Contact: Dr. R. G. Dean, Department of Civil En- igneering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19087. 2. Steelman, G. E., "An Invention Designed to Convert Ocean Currents into Useable Power," Proceedings of the MacArthur Workshop on the Feasibility of Extracting Usable Energy from the Florida Current (February 27-March. 1, 1974). Palm Beach Shores, Florida. Contact: Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr., Direc- tor, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, 75 Vir- ginia Beach Dr., Miami, Florida 33149. 3. Lonsdale, H. K., "Current Status of Membrane Technology," Wave and Salin- ity Gradient Energy Conversion Workshop Proceedings (May 24-26, 1976). University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. ERDA Report No. COO-2946-1. Contact: Dr. R. G. Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Dela- ware, Newark, Delaware 19081. 4. Jellinek, H.H.G., "I-Osmotic Work Energy Production from Osmosis of Fresh Water/Saline Water Systems; II-Direct Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work; 111-Power From Reverse Electrodialysis," Wave and Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion Workshop Proceedings (May 24-26, 1976). University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. ERDA Report No. COO-2946-1. Contact: Dr. R. G. Dean, Department of' Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19081. ADDITIONAL SELECTED BACKGROUND REFERENCES- PART 11 1. Loeb, S., "Production of Energy from Concentrated Brines by Pressure-Re- tarded Osmosis," Journal of Membrane Sciences, Vol. 1. 1976, pp. 49-63. 2. Panicker, N. N., "Power Resource Estimate of Ocean Surface Waves," Ocean Engineering (A Pergamon Journal) Vol. 3. No. 6. 1972, pp. 429-440. 3. Richards, A. F., "Extracting Energy from the Oceans: A Review," Journal of the Marine Technology Society, Feb.-March 1976, pp. 5-24. 4. Salter, S., Jeffrey, D. and Taylor, J., "The Architecture of Nodding Duck Wave Power Generators," The Naval Architect. January 1976, pp. 21-24. 5. Sheets, H.E., "Power Generation from Ocean Currents," Naval Engineers Journal. April 1975, pp. 47-56, 197 A LPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTRACTORS (PART 1) ORGANIZATION PAGE Aerospace Corporation ---- 7 ----------------------------------- 59 Aluminum Company of America --------------------------------- 113 American Patrol Services --------------------------------------- 107 American Society of International Law ---------------------------- 78,79 Applied Equipment Company ----------------------------------- 119 Argonne National Laboratory ----------------------------------- 45,141 Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories ---------------------------- 49 Bretschneider Consultants -------------------------------------- 65 California, Berkeley, Univ. of ---------------------------------- 142 California, Los Angeles, Univ. of -------------------------------- 146 Carnegie-Mellon University ------------------------------ 120,133,147 Clean Energy Research Institute --------------------------------- 53 Colorado School of Mines -------------------------------------- 87 Columbia University ------------------------------------------ 61 Delaware, Univ. of -------------------------------------------- 114 DSS Engineers, Inc - ------------------------------------------- 140 Florida Institute of Technology ---------------------------------- 67 Florida Solar Energy Center ------------------------------------ 68 General Electric Company -------------------------------------- 60 Geoscience, Ltd - --------------------------------------------- 134 Gibbs and Cox, Inc - ------------------------------------------ 92 Gilbert Associates, Inc - -------------------------------- 47,99,110,111 Guralnick, Morris, Associates --------------------------------- 103,104 Hawaii, Univ. of --------------------------------------------- 121 Howerton, W.M - --------------------------------------------- 102 Hydronautics, Inc - ----------------------------------- 71,122,156,158 Institute of Gas Technology ----------------------------------- 93,94 Interstate Electronics --------------------------------------- 75,106 Johns Hopkins University APL -------------------------------- 89,135 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ----------------------------------- 50 Lehigh University -------------------------------------------- 115 Lockheed Center for Marine Research ---------------------------- 76 Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. --. ----------- 57,84,86,91,100,123 Massachusetts, Univ. of ---------------------------------------- 143 Massachusetts Institute of Technology ---------------------------- 73 Miami, Univ. of ------------------------------------------- 118,130 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ------------ 48,69,70,124 Native American Manufacturing, Inc - ----------------------------- 131 Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity ------------------- 74 New Orleans, Univ. of --------------------------------------- 52 Oak Ridge National Laboratory ------------------------------ 132,137 Ocean Data Systems, Inc - -------------------------------------- 63,72 Oklahoma State University --------------------------------------- 136 Oklahoma, Univ. of ------------------------------------------ 145 198 ORGANIZATION PAGE Oregon State University -------------------------------------- 139,155 Pirelli Cable Systems, Inc ---------------------------------------- 95 R&D Associates ---------------------------------------------- 148 Research Triangle Institute -------------------------------------- 66 Rosenblatt, M. & Son, Inc - -------------------------------------- 90 Science Applications, Inc - --------------------------------------- 157 Sea Solar Power, Inc - --------------------------------------- 144,149 Sigma Research, Inc - ------------------------------------------- 116 Simplex Wire and Cable Co - ------------------------------------- 96 Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers ------------------ 51 Southern California, Univ. of ----------------------------------- 77 Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation -------------------------- 62 Tefft, Kelly and Motley, Inc - ----------------------------------- 80 TRW, Inc - ---------------------------------------------- 58,83,101 Tuned Sphere International ------------------------------------- 153 Union Carbide Corporation ------------------------------------ 138 U.S.N. Air Development Center -------------------------------- 125 U.S.N. Construction Battalion Center -------------- 108,117,126,150,154 U.S.N. Facilities Engineering Command -------------------------- 46 U.S.N. Postgraduate School --------------------------------- 127,159 U.S.N. Research Laboratory ----------------------------------- U.S.N. David Taylor Ship Research and Development Center ------- 128,129 U.S.N. Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion, and Repair -------- 105,109 Westinghouse Electric Corp - ---------------------------- 85,88,151,152 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution --------------------------- 64 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTRACTORS PART 11) ORGANIZATION PAGE Bend Research, Inc - ------------------------------------------- 191 California, San Diego, University of ----------------------------- 189 Clarkson College of Technology --------------------------------- 194 Intertechnology Corporation ---------------------------------- 192,193 WLVEC Technology Company ---------------------------------- 190 199 APPENDIX ON UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS SOLAR recognizes that the unsolicited proposal is a valuable means by which unique or innovative methods or approaches can be made available in developing energy technology. Unsolicited proposals are offered in the hope that SOLAR will enter into a contract with the offeror for researching, developing, or providing services indicated within the proposal. These proposals should not be merely an advance proposal for a specific requirement which would normally be procured by competitive methods. It is SOLAR's policy to encourage and foster the submission of unsolicited pro- posals. Since the preparation of an unsolicited proposal represents a substatitial investment of time and effort by the offeror, those organizations or individuals who are interested in submitting an unsolicited proposal are encouraged to utilize preliminary proposals to establish if they can relate to SOLAR's needs before ex- pending extensive effort in preparing a detailed unsolicited proposal. Favorable evaluation of an unsolicited proposal is not, in itself, sufficient justifica- tion for SOLAR to enter into contract with the offeror. Generally, any unsolicited proposal that (a) is available to Government without restriction from another source, (b) closely resembles that of a pending competitive solicitation, or (c) is not sufficiently unique to justify acceptance, is unacceptable and must be rejected. Individuals and organizations may submit unsolicited proposals at any time to SOLAR. Proposals related to solar energy programs may be submitted to: Office of Unsolicited Proposals U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20545 Since unsolicited proposals may form the basis for technical evaluation or contract negotiations, each should contain: detailed information on the purpose and ob- jective of the proposed work; an indication of the offeror's background and pre- vious experience; a concise statement of work; information relating to organiza- tion, facilities, and qualifications; other pertinent data; and a detailed cost estimate. Because of the greater degree of interest in solar energy programs and the similar- ities among many proposed concepts and research and development ideas (which preclude funding them on an unsolicited basis), most projects are supported as a result of solicitations. Solicitation mechanisms used by SOLAR include: a. Requests for Proposals. Requests for Proposals (RFP) are used to contract for a specific scope of work. b. Program Research and Development Announcements. The Program Re- search and Development Announcements (PRDA) are used to solicit pro- posals where a specific need is not sufficiently definable to use the traditional RFP process. c. Program Opportunity Notices. The Program Opportunity Notices (PON) are used for technological demonstrations where the objective is the accel- eration of commercial application of new energy technologies and systems. By their very nature, demonstration projects for solar energy technology do not lend themselves to consideration on an unsolicited basis, In addition, innovative 200 concepts submitted on an unsolicited basis should promise a clear benefit to the solar energy program by offering a potential for improvement in cost or perfor- mance over other approaches. Additional information on proposal preparation may be found in: a. Guide for the Submission of Research and Development Proposals by Indi- viduals and Organizations, available at no cost from DOE, Division of Procurement, Washington, D.C. 20545. b. Guide for the Submission cof Research Proposals from Educational Institu- tions, available at no cost from DOE, Office of University Programs, Wash- ington, D.C. 20545. c. Guide for the Preparation of Proposals for Special Projects in Energy Edu- cation and Training, available at no cost from DOE, Office of Public Af- fairs, Educational Programs Branch, Washington, D.C. 20545. Procurement regulations containing additional information concerning contracting policy and procedures are available at nominal costs from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 201 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1978 0-261-325 Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20545 1978 August 15 Dear Colleague, Your name appears on the mailling list for the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program of the U.S. Department of Energy. Accordingly, enclosed herewith is a copy of the OTEC Program Summary for Fiscal Year 1977. Please let me know if your address needs correction or if you no longer wish to be included on the OTEC mailing list. In addition to OTEC, the Ocean Systems Branch is developing technology for utilizing other ocean energy resources (waves, currents, and salinity gradients). If you want to receive information from LIS in any of those specific areas, please communicate which ones. Thank you. Sincerely, Robert Cohen Program Manager Ocean Systems Branch Division of Central Solar Technology DATE DUE GAYLORD No. 2333 PRINTEDINU.S.A, 3 6668 14105 9701