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oastal Zone nformation Center Ocean Thernmal Program Summary ERDA76-142 Energy Conversion October 1976 (OTEC) Division of Solar Energy Energy Research Et Development Administration Washington, D.C. 20545 .024 I 976 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Energy Research and Development Administration, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.70 There is a minimum charge of $1.00 for each mail order. Ocean Thermal Program Summary ERDA 76-142 En~~~~~~~~~~coerg 1976rio DISTRIBUTION Energy Conversion ctober 1976 CATEGORY (OTEC) Division of Solar Energy Energy Research Et Development Administration Washington, D.C. 20545 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COAS AL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 -LI4~~ ~Property of CSC Librag& � P'~_ FOREWORD Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is one of cussion, and reports of Working Groups. In addition to six solar technologies that constituted the original U.S. the public workshops, various specialized workshops on solar energy program. Those technologies were selected special facets of the OTEC program have been held in by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Research the past three years. Applied to National Needs (RANN) program as being Other renewable ocean energy resources (waves, options that could each potentially provide a substan- currents, tides, and salinity gradients) are also of interest tial energy contribution to the nation. When the U.S. to ERDA. Additional energy resources that could be Energy Research and Development Administration utilized at sea include winds over the ocean and biomass (ERDA) was established on January 19, 1975, the lead production. The Ocean Systems Branch is conducting role in solar energy was transferred from NSF to ERDA. technology assessments of the wave, salinity gradient, The history of the OTEC program in the United and ocean current options. Proceedings of a recent States is described in numerous reports and publications, ERDA-sponsored Workshop on Wave and Salinity Gradi- many of which are referenced in the Bibliography in this ent Energy Conversion may be obtained through TIC/ Program Summary, which was prepared by the Ocean NTIS (cf. page 88). Systems Branch, Division of Solar Energy, Energy The OTEC program contains areas of interest to Research and Development Administration, Washington, various Federal agencies, some of whom have partici- D.C. 20545. Three public OTEC workshops have been pated in funding OTEC projects and some who have held, beginning in 1973. The first OTEC Workshop was participated in planning and managing the OTEC pro- organized by Carnegie-Mellon University and held in gram. Forthcoming activities in the OTEC program are Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on June 27 and 28, 1973. summarized in the Program Summary commencing on The second was organized by the University of Miami page 1. OTEC funding by ERDA and NSF for Fiscal and held in Washington, D.C. on September 26 to 28, Years 1972 through 1976 is summarized on page 12. 1974. The third was organized by the Applied Physics OTEC projects that are presently being funded by Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University and held in Federal agencies, or that are already completed but are Houston, Texas, May 8 to 10, 1975. Proceedings of each still of current interest, are summarized commencing of these OTEC workshops have been published, and on page 13. contain the papers presented, transcriptions of dis- CONTENTS Foreword ...........................ii OTEC Program Summary ..1.................. OTEC Funding for Fiscal Years 1972 through 1976 ............12 Project Summaries Introduction........................ 13 Program Support.......................14 Definition and System Planning 0 Systems studies.....................19 0 Test program requirements.................28 0 Mission analysis.....................32 0 Energy utilization....................36 & Marine environment ...................40 * Possible environmental impacts ...............44 * Thermal resource assessment and siting studies ..........47 a Legal and institutional studies................50 Engineering Development 0 Heat exchangers ....................52 I ~~~~~~Advanced Research and Technology 0 Heat exchangers ....................53 . Exploratory power cycles .................66 0 Submarine electrical cables.................68 0 Biofouling and corrosion..................69 a Ocean engineering....................78 Bibliography..........................88 Index............................95 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROGRAM SUMMARY 1 Introduction ocean test platforms and land-based test facilities for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) offers early testing of OTEC components and systems, the the nation a new and renewable source of base-load former approach has been selected. This conclusion electric power. Estimates of ocean thermal energy con- resulted from cost, benefit and schedule considerations. tributions are forecast (Reference 1) as ,t least 20 GWe A land-based Engineering Test Facility is still being by the year 2000. considered. It may be implemented if the government's The principal applications of OTEC technology are role in OTEC development requires extensive testing of the production of electrical power and energy-intensive a large number of heat exchanger configurations. Critical products (chemicals, fuels, and metals). Additional programmatic issues that have been clarified and resolved applications include the promotion of aquaculture are summarized in Table 1. through the supply of nutrients (phosphates and nitrates) contained in the cold ocean water, and the production 2 Objectives and Goals of fresh water. Studies and proposals by private indus- Demonstrate by 1984 the operation and perform- tries (Reference 2) indicate that OTEC power plants in ance of an ocean thermal power plant having a suffi- the 100 to 1000 MWe range have commercial applica- ciently advanced heat exchanger design to project tions for electric transmission to shore and for chemical economic viability. process applications. Develop economically viable heat exchanger con- An OTEC plant can be operated in a "closed" or cepts through research and development, bench scale "open" cycle. In the closed cycle, a working fluid such (core) tests, ocean tests of large components, and pilot as ammonia or propane is utilized. In the open cycle, power plants on large floating test facilities. ocean water is used as the working fluid. Perform mission analysis and hull configuration The greater probability of achieving OTEC per- analysis for specific applications to define demonstra- formance goals with a closed cycle system led to its tion and commercial configuration(s). selection as the baseline power system for initial demon- Determine the impact of biofouling and corrosion stration. Although major emphasis is being given to the on long term performance capability of OTEC options. closed cycle system, the open cycle system is being Define test site environmental characteristics such as evaluated for possible second generation application, as temperature and current profiles, wind and wave forces warranted by technology developments (Reference 2). biota,etc. Similarly, ammonia was selected as the closed cycle Assess possible environmental impacts of OTEC on working fluid that would produce energy most economi-ratures, salinity, biota, local climate. cally (Reference 2). Evaluate industrial processes yielding energy-inten- The heat exchanger component of the OTEC power sive products to determine performance and reliability plant is the pacing item in achieving economic viability. in an ocean environment. Biofouling and corrosion can significantly impact the Adapt and develop the technology of submarine overall performance of the heat exchangers. These electrical cables and other submarine umbilicals. factors force an early ocean testing of heat exchangers. Several alternative heat exchanger concepts have been proposed, in both tube and shell and panel configura- 3 Program Approach tions. Tube and shell configurations have been selected Figure 1 illustrates the task flow between the three for initial offshore testing on the basis of prior industrial interacting program functions. The subtask elements of background and experience. the program are shown within each box. Concurrently, successive generations of OTEC heat The general approach is through technology develop- exchangers are being developed, leading to their early ment of critical components, demonstration of an ocean testing. The testing program will provide perform- economically viable Ocean Thermal system, research ance verification and evaluation of the control and and development of materials, evaluation of ocean effects of biofouling and corrosion. It also includes a environmental factors and assessments of potential pilot power plant to obtain data on the overall power markets to minimize the uncertainties in ocean ther- system. mal commercialization. Table 2 indicates the top-level Based upon an evaluation of tradeoffs between programmatic issues to be clarified or resolved. 2 TABLE 1. ISSUES CLARIFIED OR RESOLVED TABLE 2. PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES TO TO DATE - OTEC PROGRAM BE RESOLVED - OTEC PROGRAM Issue Program Impact Issue Program Phase The resource potential of OTEC clearly satisfies ERDA Product mix, marketability, Strategy and Definition ocean thermal energy has requirements for providing a thermal resource and siting Planning been established as sub- substantial source of energy assessments stantial, and abundant sites for supplying U.S. energy are available needs of electricity and Technical and economic Engineering Development energy-intensive products viability of OTEC heat and Demonstration exchangers 100 MWe Ocean Thermal Selection of a 100 MWe Technology Base System module size of 25 to demonstration plant size 40 MWe reference system (1984 time frame) and of a Impact of biofouling and Engineering Development for electrical application 25 MWe power plant module corrosion on system per- and Demonstration (1983 time frame) formance Technology Base Base-load application Energy utilization and mission analysis studies Interest of utility and Commercialization oriented toward base-load industrial user groups options (unlike other solar- electric applications) Hull/structure platform Strategy and Definition configuration Planning Closed cycle power plant The open cycle option and with ammonia as the work- on other closed cycle work- Engineering Development ing fluid ing fluids are being examined and Demonstration as exploratory technology under strategic alternatives Evaluate requirement for Strategy and Definition a land-based Engineering Planning category. Review Dec. 77. Test Facility Test Facility Emphasis on shell-tube and Permits development of heat Evaluate potential applica- Strategy and Definition tube heat exchangers for exchangers that are techno- tions of alternate cycles and Planning initial core tests and early logically closest to current demonstrate critical feasi- ocean testing state of the art, hence most bility Technology Base likely to operate successfully Possible impacts on biota, Strategy and Definition "Early" ocean test plat- Provide early component thermocline, and climate Planning forms and system testing, allowing an earlier opportunity for testing large-size heat ex- changers (compared to land- procedures; (3) on component groupings into sub- based facilities) systems that safeguard health, safety, welfare and con- venience of the operating crew, special maintenance or Pilot floating power plant Provide for an early system repair personnel, and visitors; and (4) on designs which of 5 MWe in a conventional test to obtain performance repair personnel, and visitors, and 4) o n designs which hull (no OTEC requirement verification and valuable provide a spare parts policy which is both economic and was established for a special- operational information prudent. ized OTEC hull at this stage) Environmental studies employing fluid dynamical computer modeling began in FY 75 and laboratory modeling studies have recently commenced. Further 3.1 Strategy and Definition Planning work on other OTEC environmental questions will be Mission analyses now underway are identifying and funded in FY 1977. evaluating commercial ventures using OTEC technology, Ocean engineering studies are underway to select and determining locations where and conditions under appropriate hull configurations, a major cost component which OTEC applications are competitive in the market- of OTEC systems. Important criteria in this selection are place. The impacts of current and advanced technology, (1) the most universal configuration, i.e., one compatible as well as legal, political, institutional and environmental with the maximum number of sites, (2) if it can be built factors are being addressed. Product mix, site-specific within existing U.S. facilities without major modifica- economics, and the definition of appropriate commercial tion and (3) the most economic approach and perform- power plant sizes are being examined. ance in all environmental conditions. Studies on hull Based on these and other related studies, system and constructibility and siting are being performed in FY 77 subsystem design and environmental specifications and and FY 78 to provide data for this evaluation. performance will be defined. These will depend (1) on A land-based Engineering Test Facility (ETF) is the nature and location of specific missions (commercial being considered as a program option. It would initially ventures); (2) on the selection of construction, deploy- be used for component testing, and subsequently for ment, operation, maintenance and repair policies and subsystem testing. Results of a preliminary tradeoff |STUDY OF CONSTRAIN TS ii SOLAR USE STRATEGY&DEFINITIONPLANNING * INSTITUTIONAL I NCETIVES * LEGAL-JURISDICTIONAL * SAFETY, STANDARDS . INDUSTRIAL I r 1 i ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ,,fl ~ ~ i ||DEVELOPMENT OF I COMPONENTS & SUBSYSTEMS MISSION AND SYSTEMS I HEAT EXCHANGERS 11 DMN MISO*N YTM * TURBINES PILOT DEO-COMMER- SYSTEMS S YSTE- � TURBINES -POWER PLANTLI STRATION ANALYSITS RE IMENTS � .PUMPS AND COLD WATER POWE S100ER CIALIZATION ANALYSIS MENTS A-I PIP IvlOWL PIPE I 5 ~MWeII _L _ _ .� _ �____ J I * ANCHORING/DYNAMIC J JI POSITIONING I * PLATFORM DESIGN . MATERIALS AND BIOFOULING . ENERGY UTILIZATION STANDADS AND STANDARDS AND TESTING ~~~~~~~~~~~~II DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND I OPERATION OF TEST FACILITIES . ENGINEERING TEST FACILITY (land based) . OCEAN TEST PLATFORMS I + I RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Figure 1-Ocean Thermal Energy Program StructureJ Figure I-Ocean Thermal Energy Program Structure 4 study comparing a 5 MWe ocean-based facility and a TABLE 3. OTEC HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 5 MWe land-based facility indicate that the land-based REQUIREMENTS facility is more costly, but more flexible in its use. Milestones relative to efforts in the Strategy and Category Component/Subsystem Planning phase of the program include: FY 1977 - Resolution of the marketability of 1. Requires extensive Evaporator OTEC electricity and energy-intensive research and technology Condenser products, including product-mix for testing viable industrial and electrical appli-ofoulng and Corroson cations 2. Requires subsystem Turbine FY 1977 - Decision on the need for a land based developmenttesting Cold Water Pipe test facility. Mooring/Dynamic Position- FY 1978 - Resolution of specialized OTEC hull ing requirements for the above applica- Power Cable tions, consistent with packaging of OTEC power cycle and energy con- 3. Application engineering Working Fluid (including version systems required charging and storage) - Determine siting for demonstrations Generator and OTEC utilization Cold Water Pump Warm Water Pump - Select test program and systems integration contractors Working Fluid Pump Debris Control and Screens 3.2 Engineering Development and Demonstration Hull and Structure Electrical Switchgear For the baseline program development option con-l sidered, the Ocean Thermal Program has three physical components, (a) the power system (closed cycle), (b) the 4. Standard Piping, Valves and Tanks platform (choice of six basic shapes), and (c) the prod- Warm Water Duct uct manufacturing and distribution system (electrical cable or ocean industrial complex). The associated Diesel generator) engineering development and demonstration milestones are given in Figure 2. pectancy of the heat exchanger remain a serious ques- Table 3 indicates the degree of development re- tion. The impact of biofouling on the maintenance of quired for OTEC components and subsystems. The heat the OTEC heat exchanger is of equal importance to the exchanger elements require significant conceptual defini- sysem economics tion, research and development of configurations. The Figure 3 shows the milestones of the heat exchanger heat exchanger represents about 55% of the cost of t .he development approach. Initial single or multitube labora- system. At the next level, several subsystems require tory tests are conducted to determine the heat transfer some development testing of specific design configura- performance of single tube features (i.e., surface en- tions but do not require exploratory evaluations. Other hancement, grooves, flutes, inserts, etc.). Core or bench subsystems can be designed without significant test testing will then be performed on configurations of 1600 requirements. one-inch tubes (approximately 8' long for the bundle diameter of 4'). The purpose of the tests will be to deter- Power Plant mine the overall heat transfer performance in a compli- The heat exchanger is the pacing development item cated geometric array. In this arrangement it is intended for an economically viable ocean thermal system. Several to assess the impact of vapor and liquid interactions on alternate shell and tube, and tube (horizontal tube thin heat transfer performance. Other complicating perform- film, horizontal tube nucleate boiling, vertical tube fall- ance phenomena, such as uneven flow over the face of a ing film and trombone) configurations have been pro- large heat exchanger, will be evaluated by hydraulic posed, as well as panel concepts. The economics of the modeling studies. It is anticipated on the basis of the heat exchanger is intimately related to ammonia-side and heat exchanger bench tests, cleaning studies, and hydrau- water-side heat transfer enhancement, producibility of lic modeling studies that the data can be accumulated in the heat exchanger, and the material from which it is October 1977 for a programmatic decision point that made. Current smooth-tube technology will produce can be reached in December of 1977. However, other overall values of 300 to 400 BTU/hr sq. ft. deg. F. Sev- major uncertainties still exist such as the cost of manu- eral surface enhancement and notching or fluting tech- facturing large heat exchangers, geometric effects on niques are considered capable of more than doubling local flow conditions, biofouling and corrosion. this rate. The initial cost of aluminum material is one- To assess these effects in an ocean environment as third that of titanium, but corrosion effects on life ex- early as possible, an early 1 MWe (40 MWt) component FISCAL YEAR 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 HEAT EXCHANGER R&D � Laboratory Tests � Bench Tests (Core) . .vL~. mm. T � Biofouling and Corrosion D � Early 1 MWe Ocean Test RFP FAB TE ST INST . Engineering Test Facility (opt) CONST_ SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION POWER CYCLE TEST . Procurement 1 ES/FAB 1MW (1/5/25 MW tube shell) TEST � Procurement 2 RFP A ADES/FAB 1W TEST (1/5/25 MW adv. design) HULL/OCEAN SYSTEMS . Pilot Power Plant (5 MWe) RFP DES/FAB TEST Surface Demonstration RFa2 DESIGN System 100 MW CONSTRUCT INST/TEST INST/TEST * Systems Integration REQUIRED EARLY STUDIES � Mission Analysis * Platform Constructibility/ RFP SPECS Configuration � EOTP-1 Platform Site(s) Select O Number on inside is referenced to on Table 4 Figure 2-Ocean Thermal Program Engineering Development and Demonstration Milestones FISCAL YEAR 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 HEATER EXCHANGER ACTIVITY . Laboratory Tests * Bench Scale (Core) Tests __ , _ . Hydraulic Modeling . Producibility Study Early 1 MWe Ocean Component Test * Material Studies and Tests CORROSION . Biofouling Tests _ * ~~~~~Multiple ~CD DESIGN FAB TEST * ~Multiple Mwe Heat Exchanger e Heat Exchanger 5 MWe CD DESIGN FAB TEST Developments 25 MWe PD DD 25 MWeClV3D CYCLE CD LPROGRAM PLANT V DECISION O Number inside is referenced to on Table 4 CD -Conceptual design PD - Preliminary design DD - Definitive design Figure 3-Heat Exchanger Milestones 7 test platform is planned for ocean tests starting in mid . Mooring/positioning FY 1979. Heat exchangers for the initial 1 MWe tests * Electrical cable will be of conservative shell and tube design. Hull shapes being considered include: ship, spar, Biofouling and corrosion studies, laboratory tests custom, semisubmersible, surface, and disk. A proto- and ocean surveys of potential sites will continue through type hull/structural subsystem is not required for the 1980, and provide early information to support the first 1 MWe and 5 MWe ocean test platforms, since existing (1977) and second (1978) generation technology, plus marine structures can satisfy these testing requirements. the 25 MWe programmatic decision (1979), and subse- The first specialized OTEC hull/structure will be re- quent heat exchanger (alternative) decisions. Meanwhile, quired for the OTEC 25 MWe power module. the cost reduction potential of advanced technology Key features of the cold-water pipe to be consid- concepts will be pursued. These concepts include hybrid ered are: (1) size of the pipe and fittings, (2) deploy- cycles, alternative working fluids, direct contact heat ment, (3) optimum matching of pump and pipe, (4) re- exchangers, and hydraulic power cycles. actions to forces and motions applied by the hull and As has been mentioned, there are several candidate the ocean environment, (5) effects of basic gravity and heat exchanger configurations, tube geometries and buoyancy forces, and (6) diagnostic instrumentation. materials. The program plan seeks to compare these Analysis of these items will require a hydraulic approaches in October 1977 and again review additional design of the entire cooling water system, a hydro- candidates in October 1978. It is planned to hold a dynamic analysis of the pipe, load analysis and structural competition among consortia of organizations to provide design. The first OTEC cold-water pipes will be designed conceptual heat exchanger design definition in October for the initial 1 MWe and 5 MWe ocean test platforms. 1977. The resulting candidate design studies will be Station keeping is accomplished through mooring or incrementally funded, but will permit the option to dynamic positioning. Mooring options include use of carry a successful 25 MWe heat exchanger design ap- single or multiple attachment points, and the dynamic proach through a sequence of tests, including a 1 MWe positioning issue includes power transmission. Current component test, a 5 MWe pilot power plant, and finally studies are developing mooring concepts and conducting fr a 25 MWe module. (Each module size is considered trade-off analyses for a range of hull shapes and over a nominal and may change somewhat on the basis of range of site conditions. An approach will be selected by future mission and system studies and test require- FY 78. In Octobmene or two concepts.) maybePresent assessments of the OTEC application indi- In October 1977, one or two concepts may be cate that for the offshore situation the OTEC submarine carried beyond conceptual design. Preliminary design of cable will be high-voltage DC cable with conversion sub- the 25 MWe module will establish design constraints for systems at each terminal. Single or multiple submarine the platform design. Twenty-five MWe module detailed cables must be capable of transmitting in the 10 to 500 design will start after the 1 MWe test article has been MWe range. The state of practice (1976) in DC trans- tested for three months. This will occur about one year mission is 250 KVDC, 250 MWe over distances up to after the early 1 MWe heat exchanger component tests 80 miles, at depths not exceeding a few thousand feet, (FY 79). Alternative heat exchanger concepts will be between stationary terminals (Reference 5). Submarine tested in system configuration in 1978. Production cost cable development for OTEC will be initiated in studies will be performed for the most promising candi- through a competitive procurement dates in 1979. This could lead to procurement of a 25 MWe module based on this advanced technology. 3.3 Technology Base The ammonia-turbine research areas include selec- tion of materials for blades, selection of noncorrosive Research and Technology materials and design for seals, and demonstration of bear- Research and technology activities are underway in ing life. The lead time for procurement of an ammonia- the areas of heat transfer technology (physics of evapo- turbine, with an estimated maximum efficiency of 85/90 ration, condensation and heat transfer at low tempera- percent, is three to four years. Turbine procurement to ture differences) and biofouling and corrosion tech- support a 25 MWe module test (1983) will be initiated nology. in FY 1979. Information on heat transfer in the low temperature Hull/Platform range of 80 degrees to 40 degrees F is not available in the literature and must be established by a test program. Geared to the success of the heat exchanger pro- Research underway related to heat transfer on the gram will be the design and development of a platform working fluid side includes (1) evaluations of thermo- suitable for OTEC demonstration. Mast of the ocean dynamic data, (2) comparative investigation of the engineering elements of this platform are considered as mechanisms of nucleation and evaporation under thin either standard, or requiring only application engineer- film flow conditions, (3) comparative investigations of ing. Several elements that will require analysis and sub- condensation for fluted or gregorig surfaces in two- system development testing are: phase flow with vapor shear. For water-side heat transfer, � Hull/structure information is being obtained on comparative investiga- * Cold water pipe tions of surface augmentations, boundary layer disrup- tion and secondary flow generation. In addition, hy- plexes - in number and mixes sufficient to meet the 20 draulic studies are underway to determine internal fluid GWe market penetration goals-will be assessed. Current distribution, to quantify sea water corrosion, and to studies, for example, indicate that proliferation of power develop convenient design algorithms. plants utilizing titanium heat exchangers may require an Biofouling on the seawater side of the evaporator expansion of titanium production. represents a key technology issue. Permitting the growth Analysis of OTEC development test requirements of organisms or the deposition of inorganic material on has established the need for early heat exchanger testing the evaporator surfaces will interfere with their heat at large flow rates of cold and warm water that can best transfer properties and hence result in performance be satisfied by using the ocean thermal resource. The degradation. Biofouling may also occur on the sea water program plan identifies three ocean tests: 1 MWe, 5 side of the condenser and on the hull. This will affect MWe, and a 25 MWe power module. The 5 MWe pilot the hull buoyancy and drag (sea keeping ability). Main- power plant platform will probably be different from tenance requirements must be defined for compatibility that used for the 1 MWe heat exchanger test. with operational duty cycle requirements. The 25 MWe power module test is planned to be Research in these areas will utilize biofouling conducted on a 100 MWe capacity demonstration hull potential, rate and control information already assem- configuration. Subsequently, one to four advanced bled by the Navy, NOAA, and the Coast Guard. generation heat exchanger configurations will then be The initial phase of the biofouling program is tested on that platform. This will lead to a 100 MWe designed to determine biofouling and corrosion rates demonstration in FY 1984. for ocean regions containing likely OTEC sites, and to evaluate candidate control methods for a range of heat exchanger materials (titanium, aluminum and plastic). Facilities The separate effects of fouling and corrosion will be A combination of (a) the current OTEC hardware quantified. Mechanical, chemical and other avoidance technology status and subsequent need for development or control methods will be included. testing, (b) the requirement for scaled facilities for sys- The water intake areas of the OTEC structure are tem test and demonstration and (c) the requirement favorable for the growth of fouling organisms. These (potential) for enlarged platform construction facilities organisms must be kept out of the evaporator and has defined the need for OTEC (test) facilities (Refer- condenser system. Intake screens will need to be cleaned ence 2). These facilities have been established as those of impinging nektonic and fouling organisms. Automatic required to provide the necessary "test bed" for OTEC cleaning systems may be needed to ensure that power components and then to demonstrate the feasibility of plant operation is continuous. an OTEC plant to provide useful electrical power for Special instrumentation will be used at various loca- connection to a utility grid or to supply power to an tions to test biofouling potential and candidate control energy intensive process. procedures. Biofouling measurements in the ocean were An analysis (Reference 2) of the OTEC develop- initiated at a site off Hawaii and will be extended to sites ment test requirements has established the need for early in the Caribbean, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the heat exchanger testing at large flow rates of cold and Florida Current. warm water that can be supplied by using the ocean By the end of FY 1978, appreciable information thermal resource. The Program Plan identifies three will be available regarding biofouling rates as a function ocean tests: One at 1 MWe, one at 5 MWe, and a 25 MWe of local conditions, heat exchanger configuration, module demonstration on a 100 MWe hull. materials and internal flow conditions. In addition, bio- The 25 MWe module test will be conducted using a fouling avoidance and control methods will be defined 100 MWe hull configuration. During subsequent tests, to support the heat exchanger concept selection sched- advanced generation (low cost) heat exchanger con- uled for late FY 1979. figurations will also be tested. This will be followed by a full 100 MWe demonstration in FY 1984/85. Technology/Manufacturing Development Milestones relative to efforts in the Technology Base Heat exchanger costs comprise over 50 percent of phase of the program include: OTEC power plant costs. Designs must be configured FY 1977, - Estimate influence of biofouling on that can be produced at minimum cost. Modular designs, FY 1978 heat exchanger performance and main- made of identical subassemblies, are most suitable for tenance automatic or semiautomatic production. Subassemblies, - Estimate influence of corrosion on configured so that multiple operations (tube forming, heat exchanger performance and life tube attachment) are performed simultaneously, are cycle desirable. A producibility study is being performed to identify factors that reduce costs in the fabrication of - Estimate projected performance and tube and shell heat exchangers. costs for various heat exchanger con- Other manufacturing development requirements cepts will be identified from mission analysis studies. The FY 1979 - Resolve uncertainties in working fluid industrial base needed to supply materials required to evaporation and condensation efficien- produce OTEC power plants and OTEC industrial com- cies at low temperature differences 4 Program Decisions to have a suitable platform available for the 1983 tests, it will be necessary to initiate design and development of There is an initial programmatic decision point the platform by FY 79. There is another major program (Figure 4 and Table 4) at the end of FY 77 based upon review point after one year of testing of the early 1 MWe the performance of bench scale tests of four heat ex- test article and 3 months of testing of a baseline I MWe changer configurations: horizontal tube - thin film, test article. These tests will provide data on biofouling horizontal tube - nucleate boiling, vertical tube - and corrosion in a large scale system, producing large I ~ ~falling film, and trombone. If the performance is un- heat exchangers, local heat transfer and erosion charac- satisfactory, then the program can be cancelled or teristics, and off-peak and transient performance be- continued at a research and development level. During havior. It will be a major verification test of whether the FY 78 is another major decision point. At this time, 25 MWe module will be a viable system. data an heat exchanger long term performance, heat Another programmatic decision will be made in exchanger size and performance, knowledge of advanced FY 77 on the need for a land-based test facility in the heat exchangers, hull configuration and applications will early 1980's. This decision will be heavily influenced by permit E'RDA to fully evaluate the probable economic the nature of the government role in that time frame. viability of OTEC. Secondly, platform configuration The issue is whether a government facility that provides and heat exchanger selection for the Ocean Thermal multiple heat exchanger tests capability is required for a demonstration system will be known. Lastly, in order successful commercialization scenario. 5 References i. Oean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Program Plan, pages 111-25 to 28 in ERDA 49, June 1975 2Proceedings, Third Workshop on Ocean Thermal Engery Conversion (OTEC), Gordon Dugger, ed., Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, May, 1975 3. Program Approval Document - Solar Energy Development, Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter - ERDA Report dated March 30, 1975 4. Proceedings, Workshop on Legal, Political and Institutional Aspects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, January 15-16, 1976, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C. 5. Proceedings, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Workshop on Energy Utilization, June 17, 1976, Chicago, Illinois. Gilbert/Commonwealth Report, July 1976 NSCALE -I SCALE � HEAT EXCHANGER t POWER PILOT SCALE TESTS TESTS OCEAN TEST PLANT I DEMONSTRATION HULL 3 CONFIGURA- ASSESSMENT HULL TION PLATFORM 1 MWe 5 MWe ENGINEERING TEST TEST TEST PLATFORM PLATFORM FACI LITY Figure 4-Decision Flow Diagram-Ocean Thermal Program - - - - - ~ - - - - - - -~ -W- -. - - I - - -- - - - -i TABLE 4. KEY DECISIONS - OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY PROGRAM Decision (Dates) Information Required Sources Impact Alternatives 1. Whether to proceed with de- Heat exchange and heat transfer Heat exchanger bench tests Performance and cost of entire NO GO velopment of heat exchanger performance Research and development on ocean thermal program (100s of Conduct further heat transfer R&D test article hardware Performance goal for 25 MWe surface enhancement millions of dollars) until performance is improved (FY 1978) module Design of heat exchanger Proceed with 1 MWe test article to User interest configurations gain ocean experience Preliminary biofouling Biofouling tests Provide incentives and let industry and cleaning data develop 2. Whether to proceed with de- Advanced heat exchanger Heat exchanger bench tests of Performance and cost of entire Conduct further heat transfer R&D velopments of ocean thermal performance advanced configurations ocean thermal program (100s of until performance is improved platform and heat exchanger 25 MWe module size, Preliminary design of 25 MWe millions of dollars) Provide incentives and let industry to demonstration (FY 1979) performance module develop Hull configuration System studies Heat exchanger long-term Corrosion and biofouling data performance Mission studies, siting Applications sites experiments User interest 2a. Whether to proceed with Performance and cost estimates R&D tests Second ocean thermal system Develop only NH3 closed cycle open cycle or alternative for alternatives development system Cycle Plant evaluation working fluids (FY 1978) Applications Redirect program to Mission studies alternate 3. Whether to proceed with Early 1 MWe test article data in 1 MWe tests Possible poor long-term heat Delay of program until satisfactory 25 MWe module detailed ocean environment exchanger performance solution is found design and construction Baseline 1 MWe test article data in ocean environment Long-term performance Biofouling and corrosion Effect on biota and thermal experiments gradient Analyses and experiments Cost of large heat exchanger 4. Whether to proceed with Test requirements in later portion Test requirement analysis Need for a land facility GO/NO GO on land facility land-based Engineering of program (-$50 million) Test Facility (FY 1977) Philosophy of Government role in the 1980s Cost and flexibility of land-based Facility study facility 12 OTEC FUNDING FOR FISCAL YEARS 1972 THROUGH 1976* (Budgetary obligations in thousands of dollars: ERDA and NSF combined) Fiscal Year Program Activity P 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976* I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Program Support ............................... 111 2,062 Definition and Systems Planning - Systems studies and workshops ............... 85 230 530 786 237 - Test program requirements .................. 1,091 - Mission analysis ...........................360 - Energy utilization ......................... 360 202 - Marine environment ....................... 36 312 - Environmental impacts ..................... 205 457 - Thermal resource assessment and siting studies... 50 172 - Legal and institutional studies ................ 61 145 Engineering Development - Heat exchangers .......................... 250 Advanced Research and Technology - Heat exchangers .......................... 150 435 1,669 - Exploratory power cycles ...................27 - Submarine electrical cables ..................50 - Biofouling and corrosion .................... 207 1,303 - Ocean engineering .........................505 497 TOTALS ...................................... 85 230 730 2,955 8,585* *Includes funding for Transition Period (July 1, 1976 to Sept. 30, 1976). 13 PROJECT SUMMARIES Introduction The following pages summarize both OTEC projects that are presently under contract and projects that have already been completed but are still of current interest. The projects listed are or were supported by various U.S. Government agencies interest in OTEC. Those agencies include the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ER DA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Maritime Administration (MARAD) of the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Office of Sea Grant of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Federal Energy Administration (FEA), and the U.S. Department of the Navy. 14 PROGRAM SUPPORT CONTRACTOR ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Gilbert Associates, Inc. ERDA E(11-1)-2847 1828 L Street, N.W., Suite 1201 Washington, D.C. 20036 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTOR: Frederic R. Harris, Inc. January 1, 1976 to December 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING John van Summern $1,062,014* (to September 30, 1976) (202) 331-0252 TITLE Architect-Engineering services in support of the OTEC program SUMMARY This project is to provide architect-engineering support services for a variety of OTEC technical, programmatic and design efforts. The work required to support the program includes the following activities: 1) technical monitoring and review of research projects, proposals, and system studies, 2) system integration tradeoff analysis, 3) recommendations for test programs, and 4) dissemination of information with regard to the program. To accomplish this work, the project is divided into five key tasks. These tasks relate directly to the above mentioned activities, and cover an initial period of one year. Procedures that help coordinate program activities and ensure optimum utilization of OTEC program resources are being emphasized during the initial effort. The contractor is also responsible for technical recommendation of ocean platform concepts for the initial test facilities and overseeing the technical anal- ysis of these facilities. *Not including a total of $212,000 subcontracted to Mechanics Research, Inc. and to Rosenblatt & Son, Inc. (cf. pp. 30 and 31) PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE PROGRAM SUPPORT CONTRACTOR a ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL) Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999 Richland, Washington 99352 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Dec. 10, 1975 to Sept. 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Lyle D. Perrigo $169,000* (509) 946-2113 TITLE Ocean thermal energy conversion biofouling and corrosion study SUMMARY This project in biofouling and corrosion development is providing 1) the necessary work to define, prevent, and alleviate biofouling and corrosion problems associated with OTEC systems, and 2) the proper management of various projects that should be undertaken in this area to achieve program objectives. Biofouling and corrosion of the heat transfer surfaces in OTEC systems are believed to be controlling factors in the potential success of the OTEC concept. Effort is being focused in this critical area. *This amount is for contract administration; an additional $1,303,000 has been provided to date for projects being subcontracted by PNL. Projects subcontracted to date and/or projects being managed by PNL are included in the Advanced Research and Technology section. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 16 PROGRAM SUPPORT CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. U. S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command ERDA E(49-26)-1000 200 Stovall Street Alexandria, Virginia 22332 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Feb. 24, 1975 to Sept. 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Lawrence K. Donovan $288,000 (202) 325-0505 TITLE Technical management of the OTEC ocean engineering program activity SUMMARY The object of this project is to perform the following services for ERDA: 1) program management assistance and consul- tation for assistance in the OTEC program planning, preparation and evaluation of program solicitations, participation in overall program evaluation, and coordination with other agencies providing support to the ERDA in other technology aspects of OTEC development, 2) management and technical coordination of all Navy facility access required for utiliza- tion of Navy test and fabrication facilities in support of OTEC Program, 3) technical evaluation of system, component, and technology development proposals, monitoring and evaluation of ERDA contractor work specifically assigned to NAVFAC for technical direction, transfer of Navy technology to ERDA contractors, and participation in program tech- nical reviews and workshops, 4) technical direction, monitoring, and evaluation of specific research and development projects by ERDA or Navy contractors as assigned, and 5) coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of ERDA-funded research and development projects to be accomplished in-house by Navy organization and laboratories. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 17 PROGRAM SUPPORT CONTRACTOR F' ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) ERDA W-7405-eng-26 Post Office Box Y Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Dec. 11, 1975 to Sept. 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING John Michel $107,000 (615) 483-8611, Ext. 35000 TITLE Program development for OTEC heat exchangers SUMMARY This project provides technical planning input for the OTEC heat exchanger program activity, describing in some detail the organization, manning, and proposed methodology. Currently, ORNL is monitoring ongoing R&D contracts in various aspects of OTEC heat exchangers and provides consulting services to the various phases of the program. ORN L efforts are specifically directed towards consulting in advanced heat exchanger concepts, reviewing the current state-of-the-art, con- ducting a literature search, and developing optimization techniques needed for system evaluation. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE PROGRAM SUPPORT CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Tefft, Kelly and Motley, Inc. ERDA E(49-18)-2311 1225 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20030 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 29, 1976 to September 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING R. Clark Tefft $53,000 (202) 659-2650 TITLE OTEC program support SUMMARY This project provides analysis and program support in accordance with specific task assignments. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING 1 Systems Studies CONTRACTOR ErADDRESS CONTRACT NO, Massachusetts, Univ. of, Civil Engineering Dept. NSF GI-34979 and AER-7510670 Amherst, Mass. 01002 SUBCONTRACTORS: United Aircraft Research Labs; SeaPEIDOPRFMAC Solar Power, Inc.; and Naval Underwater Systems Center ROOFEOMAC July, 1972 to December, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING William E. Heronemus $425,000 (413) 545-0215 TITLE Technical and economic feasibility of the ocean thermal differences process as a solar-driven energy process with potential for significant impact on the United States energy market SUMMARY This was an investigation into the technical and economic feasibility of generating significant amounts of energy for the U.S. market using an ocean thermal differences process. An initial concept was that such a system would be ocean-sited in the Gulf Stream. The work emphasized an analysis of power cycles, the cold water pumping problem, heat exchanger theory and design, hull design, siting, anchoring, and the energy umbilical to the market ashore. This led to the con- ceptualization of one total system. Several plans of action for the experimental phase and the production planning phase were prepared. The ultimate power potential of a 15 mile wide by 550 mile long area of the Gulf Stream resource (extending from Charleston, S.C. to the Florida Keys) was estimated to be of the order of 2 trillion kWh per year, and this power could be transmitted to shore by submarine cable. Critical subsystems and components were identified; and the technical basis for their design and selection was discussed. Plate-fin heat exchangers made of 90/10 Cu-Ni, with propane flowing up (for evaporators) or down (for condensers) through small passages in the plates, and seawater flowing horizontally between the plates, were selected for the power system analyzed. The platform design for that system concept was a submerged catamaran structure, with the evaporators staggered serially in height in six tiers spaced longitudinally above twin concrete hulls containing the condensers, pumps and turbine generators. The associated cold-water inlet pipe was 1500 feet in length, 87 feet in diameter, and hinged between the hulls using a joint of the gun-buckler variety. A potential assembly/deployment plan for this power plant was developed. PUBLICAT11ONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 19 20 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR Et ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University NSF GI-39114 Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 15213 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 01, 1973 to September 30, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Clarence Zener $360,500 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 229 TITLE Solar ocean-based power plants SUMMARY This study was an attempt to develop analytical cost and performance models for OTEC components and subsystems, integrate the models to form a complete OTEC power cycle, employ computer optimization for minimum cost design, examine environmental factors limiting plant size at typical sites, and conduct a preliminary assessment of OTEC technology. In a later phase, various energy utilization schemes were costed and the transient behavior of OTEC exchangers modeled analytically. The major findings of the study were: 1) Double-fluted surfaces shell-and-tube exchangers may reduce costs substantially. 2) Ammonia and aluminum are compatible materials for low cost heat exchangers. 3) Manifolding is required to reduce pressure drops on the ammonia side within the exchangers. 4) Analytical models for all OTEC components were derived as a means to estimate and optimize system per- formance through geometric programming. 5) OTEC plants, 200-400 MWe, can be sited 15 miles apart if ocean current is less than 0.1 ft./sec. 6) The Gulf of Mexico is a potential site for OTEC to produce electricity and chemicals for delivery to U.S. shores. 7) Electricity is the most economic product, followed by hydrogen. Ammonia production is not competitive at 1975 prices and cost estimates. 8) There are no known major environmental hazards resulting from OTEC deployment. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 20 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING 21 Systems Studies CONTRACTOR Ft ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University ER DA E (I1-1)-2895 College of Engineering Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 15213 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Jan. 1, 1976 to Sept. 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUINDING Abrahim Lavi $106,831 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 8712 Systems analysis and engineering studies for ocean thermal energy conversion SMMARY Thsstudy is to resolve key questions of system design, modeling and control, critical to the economic implementation of Three tasks are underway: 1) Development of analytical models for the study of transient behavior and control and instrumentation techniques of ocean thermal power plants. 2) The design of minimum cost shell and tube heat exchangers employing failing film. The design must meet specified water and vapor pressure loss and given heat flux throughout. The technique of geometric programming is being employed. 3) The design of minimum cost self-sufficient OTEC power plant. The objective is to determine the smallest OTEC plant at the lowest cost which can be operated year-round without auxiliary power. Results to date are: 1 ) The dynamic modeling indicates a strong need for experimental data. Theoretical information is inadequate. 2) Fluted vertical tube heat exchangers can reduce the cost of materials by as much as 50%. 3) A IO kWe output plant with a cold-water pipe not exceeding 1,000 ft. is feasible without added cost. 4) Pressure drop on the ammonia side can be reduced by more than 50% if the tubes are arranged to form tributaries and mains to distribute the vapor. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 22 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR E AOORESS CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. NSF C-937 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, California 94088 PERIOO OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTORS: Bechtel Corp., T.Y. Lin International June 21, 1974 to March 20, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNOING Lloyd C. Trimble $328,188 (408) 742-5035 TITLE Research on an engineering evaluation and test program SUMMARY The research team performed a system analysis and engineering evaluation of available concepts for ocean thermal energy conversion, including concepts described by Karig in ASME paper 72-WA/Oct. 12. The approach included evaluating prior analyses, establishing a baseline system design, determining component parametric costs, and optimizing an integrated ocean platform-mounted power plant. Test program requirements were studied and formulated, leading to the preparation of a test plan based upon components to be tested, test data requirements, and a test facilities plan. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 22 23 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR e ADORESS CONTRACT NO. TRW, Inc. ERDA E(04-3)-1089 Systems and Energy Group NSF C-958 1 Space Park 1 S p a c e Park ~~~~~~~~~~~PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278 SUBCONTRACTORS: Global Marine Development, Inc. July 30, 1974 to April 30, 1975 United Engineers & Constructors PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Robert H. Douglass $391,427 (213) 535-2446 TITLE OTEC: Research on an engineering evaluation and test program SUMMARY The research team performed a system study to evaluate concepts for ocean thermal energy conversion and to formulate a test program, including the conceptual design of test facilities. The initial state-of-the-art review evaluated existing analytical tools as well as concepts. A baseline concept was selected and costed. Test configurations for evaluation of systems, subsystems, components, and/or material levels were selected, and a test program plan created. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 23 24 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR f ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. National Academy of Sciences ERDA E(49-18)-2347 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 01, 1976 to March, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Marine Board, National Academy of Engineering $30,000 Denzil Pauli (202) 389-6602 Review of OTEC systems SUMMARY The purpose of this project is to provide a review of the technical and economic feasibility of OTEC systems. This effort includes an engineering assessment and analysis of, as well as guidance for, implementation and integration of existing systems studies and possible new areas requiring engineering research. To date, two review committee meetings have been held. The first meeting was held in Washington, D.C. in June 1976. The second review was held in Los Angeles in August, 1976. PUBSUCATlONS AVAILABLE 25 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Applied Physics Laboratory, ERDA E(49-26)-1001 Johns Hopkins University VIA: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Dept. of the Navy, Code: SEA 0253W Arlington, Virginia 20360 February 27, 1975 to Sept. 26, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Gordon L. Dugger (301) 953-7100, Ext. 7462 TITLE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Workshop (Houston, May 08-10, 1975) SUMMARY This project was for the organization, coordination, and documentation of the Third Workshop on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) held in Houston, Texas, May 08-10, 1975, following the 1975 Offshore Technology Conference. The status of OTEC programs was reviewed, and special emphasis given to Working Group discussions and reports on critical issues. A Workshop Proceedings volume was prepared and distributed following the Workshop. It contains (a) papers presented at the Workshop, (b) transcript of discussions; and (c) reports from the six assigned Working Groups. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 25 26 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Colorado School of Mines ERDA E(29-2)-3723 Golden, Colorado 80401 SUBCONTRACTOR: Westinghouse Electric Corp. PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 01, 1976 to May 30, 1977 PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATORS FUNDING Frank Mathews A.D. Watt (303) 279-0300, Ext. 844 (303) 856-3465 TITLE An evaluation of open-cycle thermocline power systems SUMMARY This project is a feasibility and costing study of an open cycle system that may be competitive with the closed cycle system. In this project the feasibility of using an open cycle system for the production of electric power from ocean thermocline is determined. This is accomplished by: 1) developing performance and cost relations in parametric form for the thermocline, 2) developing performance/costing program arriving at minimum cost per rated kWe output for system component combinations in the 1 to 100 megawatt range, 3) developing preliminary engineering designs for the most cost-effective of open cycle systems considered, and 4) estimating installed capital and operating costs for the most cost-effective system and determine cost estimates for electric energy. PUSUCATIONS AVAILABLE 27 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Systems Studies CONTRACTOR Ft ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Sea Solar Power, Inc. NFI -41 1615 Hillock Lane York, Pa. 17403PEiOPPRFMAC June 24, 1974 to March 23, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING J. Hilbert Anderson $31,100 (717) 741-0884 TITLE Design, construct, and test an operating model of a sea solar power plant SUMMARY Thsproject was for the design, construction and testing of a portable operating model of an ocean thermal energy con- vehIrsion plant. The operation of the plant shows that power can be generated with simulated warm ocean surface water together with simulated cold water from depth. The model utilizes a tank of warm water at room temperature (72'F) and a tank of cold water (320F), heat exchangers, a small turbine, and a belt-driven generator. A rotating light, powered P by electricity generated by the model, provides visualization of the system performance. The work included the design, construction and testing of the model. The costs of design and construction were shared by the principal investigator. Testing was undertaken utilizing several working fluids and varying operating conditions; these included using R-1 1 refrigerant and varying the output power with input temperature difference. Turbine output was measured, and turbine efficiency calculated. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 27 28 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Test Program Requirements CONTRACTOR it ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. ERDA E(04-3)-1 156 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, California 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTORS: Bechtel Corp. and Stanford Research Institute December 10, 1975 to August 26, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Lloyd C. Trimble $550,000 (408) 742-5035 TITLE4 SUMMARY This study was to develop alternative, non site-specific OTEC facilities and ocean platform requirements for an integrated OTEC test program that may include land and ocean test facilities. Alternative OTEC systems and equipment which must be developed and tested were defined and analyzed. The study included development of cost, schedule, and performance data for each of the alternative OTEC test facility requirements, and the performance of tradeoff analyses relative to these factors. The study results are to be documented in sufficient detail to enable ERDA to identify and examine all data con- sidered, and to perform an independent evaluation of and selection between the alternatives. Specific land sites and ocean test platforms were not to be considered in this study. The key objective of the study was to provide and consider a spectrum of possible OTEC test facility requirements, both ocean-based and land-based, and to per- form cost-benefit-timing tradeoff analyses for those options. Specific tasks under this contract were: I1) Establishment of system testing requirements, by reviewing, updating and utilizing existing conceptual baseline design studies as the primary information source, to conceptualize and analyze alternative system test configura- tions. From those configurations, to prepare testing plans. 2) Establishment of component testing requirements, proceeding similarly as in 1). 3) Definition of conceptualized testing requirements for Advanced Research and Technology. 4) Definition of conceptualized testing requirements for Energy Utilization technology. 5) Establishment of test facilities support requirements and associated costs. 6) Performance of a systems analysis of overall test facilities requirements, including space and resource requirements, scheduling and cost. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 29 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLAI-NNING Test Program Requirements CONTRACTOR E ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. TRW, Inc. ERDA E(04-3)-1158 Systems and Energy Group 1 Space Park Redondo Beach, California 90278 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTOR: Global Marine Development, Inc. Dec. 10, 1975 to August 26, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Robert H. Douglass $529,000 (213) 535-2446 TITLE Test facilities requirements definition SUMMARY This study was to develop alternative, non site-specific OTEC facilities and ocean platform requirements for an integrated OTEC test program that may include land and ocean test facilities. Alternative OTEC systems and equipment which must be developed and tested were defined and analyzed. The study included development of cost, schedule, and per- formance data for each of the alternative OTEC test facility requirements, and the performance of tradeoff analyses rel- ative to these factors. The study results are to be documented in sufficient detail to enable ERDA to identify and examine all data considered, and to perform an independent evaluation of and selection between the alternatives. Specific land sites and ocean test platforms were not to be considered in this study. The key objective of the study was to provide and consider a spectrum of possible OTEC test facility requirements, both ocean-based and land-based, and to perform cost-benefit-timing tradeoff analyses for those options. Specific tasks under this contract were: 1) Establishment of system testing requirements, by reviewing, updating and utilizing existing conceptual baseline design studies as the primary information source, to conceptualize and analyze alternative system test configura- tions. From those configurations, to prepare testing plans. 2) Establishment of component testing requirements, proceeding similarly as in 1). 3) Definition of conceptualized testing requirements for Advanced Research and Technology. 4) Definition of conceptualized testing requirements for Energy Utilization technology. 5) Establishment of test facilities support requirements and associated costs. 6) Performance of a systems analysis of overall test facilities requirements, including space and resource requirements, scheduling and cost. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE --II-- -----=- -- 30 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Test Program Requirements CONTRACTOR e ADDRESS Mechanics Research,'Incorporated Subcontract to Gilbert Associates Contract 9841 Airport Blvd. Mechanics Research, ~~~~ER DA e( 11-1 )-2847 Los Angeles,-California 90045 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 09, 1976 to November 15, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Robert Falconer $105,000 (213) 670-4650 TITLE Feasibility study: Hughes Mining Barge (HMB-1) for an Early Ocean Test Platform (EOTP) SUMMARY The technical and economic feasibility of converting the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB-1) to a test platform for 1 MWe (40 MWt) cycle components is being examined. The systems requirements are being analyzed and specifications are being drawn up to spell out the system and support requirements along with optimization of the systems and equipment. Conceptual designs are being prepared for situating the test articles, support facilities and mooring arrangements. Lists of equipment for deployment, operations and support are also being prepared. An overall plan for construction, acquisition of support elements and deployment is also being developed, and cost estimates and time schedules are being developed. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 31 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Test Program Requirements CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS Subcontract to Gilbert Associates Contract Rosenblatt, M., & Son, Inc. ERDA E(11-1)-2847 350 Broadway New York, New York 10013 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August 13, 1976 to December 5, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Naresh M. Maniar (212) 431-6900 $107,000 TITLE Vessel utilization assessment SUMMARY An assessment of potential candidate vessels for use as an Early Ocean Test Platform (1 MWe/40 MWt) is being performed. One objective of this study is to determine the most satisfactory vessel(s) that can serve as an Early Ocean Test Platform (EOTP) for testing OTEC hardware components at sea. A second objective is to identify the general classes of vessels which may serve as host for a 5 MWe EOTP OTEC system and for 25 MWe system tests. T he EOTP study involves development and costing of conceptual designs and layouts, and the identification of support facilities, mooring arrangements and of all equipment required for deployment, operation, and support. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 32 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACTNO. Aerospace Corporation ERDA E(04-3)-1101 P.O. Box 92957 Los Angeles, California 90009 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 01, 1976 to October 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING George C. McKoy $210,000 (213) 648-6406 TITLE Mission analysis for OTEC systems SUMMARY This study addresses the many interrelated factors (especially economics) which bear on the overall attractiveness of various ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) concepts. It provides a technical and economical rationale for the on- going OTEC program and identifies and compares viable program alternatives. The study consists of three basic tasks: 1) area definition and siting analyses that identify and describe the areas'potentially available and suitable for OTEC system siting, and to rank these in terms of various siting criteria that are being developed, 2) identification and prior- itization of a number of OTEC-related energy utilization concepts, including technical and economic analyses and risk assessments and comparison of this analysis with utilization of other energy alternatives, and 3) marketability and market penetration potential to evaluate marketability of products for preferred OTEC systems at various locations. Critical external issues will be identified and various OTEC market penetration scenarios and strategies will be examined. Energy savings and other impacts will be estimated for various scenarios and degrees of market penetration. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 33 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. General Electric Company/TEMPO ERDA E(49-18)-2421 777 Fourteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 15, 1976 to Dec. 14, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Edward J. Tschupp $150,000 (202) 637-4000 TITLE Mission analysis study SUMMARY This study provides a mission analysis of OTEC which supports governmental, institutional, and industrial decision-making with respect to the utilization of the ocean's thermal energy resources on a regional scale. An assessment of the potential for large-scale utilization of ocean thermal energy for various applications is being provided. The major tasks are: * Identification of high priority missions � Development of implementation scenarios for high priority mission applications � Development of an OTEC system deployment plan � Legal, institutional, and political analysis * Definition of the consequence of implementation and deployment of an OTEC system. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 34 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR & AOORESS CONTRACT NO. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Incorporated FEA P-05-76-1933-0 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, California 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE August to October, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Lloyd C. Trimble (408) 742-5035 TITLE Potential of accelerating commercialization of ocean thermal energy conversion SUMMARY This study was to compile and supply existing and available information pertinent to the potential accelerated production of OTEC power plants, and regarding the associated costs. The work was to include an analysis of the potential demand for OTEC electricity and OTEC energy-intensive products. Results included an analysis of accelerated OTEC power-plant production using four supply scenarios (20 GWe by 1990, 20 GWe by 1995, 20 GWe by 2000, and business-as-usual). Corresponding costs were derived, based upon a set of supply assumptions. Potential competitive markets and applications of 20 GWe of OTEC energy were identified, and a prelim- inary discussion of commercialization constraints and incentives was prepared. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 34 35 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Mission Analysis CONTRACTOR t ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Applied Physics Laboratory MARAD 5-38054 Johns Hopkins University Laurel, MD 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTORS: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and Hydronautics, Inc. April 1, 1975 to November 30, 1976 Institute and H ydronautics, Inc. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Gordon L. Dugger $235,000* (301) 953-7100, Ext. 7462 TITLE An analysis of the maritime and construction aspects of OTEC plant-ships SUMMARY The technical feasibility of a sea-going OTEC plant-ship based in tropical ocean waters and producing one of several energy-intensive products was examined. The analysis showed that such plant-ships can be built, i.e., are "technically feasible," and that they could be in operation circa 1986. Evidence was provided suggesting that OTEC plant ships can produce ammonia and other energy-intensive products such as aluminum at competitive costs. OTEC plant-ships were considered for the production of liquid hydrogen, and their components are discussed and costed. Sites are suggested and analyzed for sea conditions, temperature gradients, weather conditions, bottom condi- tions, and location. Materials are studied and evaluated with respect to corrosion, biofouling, and general performance. Locations of energy-intensive product production and distribution systems for continental USA are indicated. The im- pact on the U.S. merchant marine is ascertained. The legal aspects of operating an OTEC plant-ship are discussed. *Additional information and funding were contributed by the following institutions that were not under subcontract. The amounts, not included in FUNDING above, are: Sun Shipbuilding, Chester, PA, $125,000 effort; Avondale Shipyards, New Orleans, LA, $50,000 effort; Leboeuf, Lamb, Leiby, and MacRae, a study on the law; and Commercial Finance Co., expertise on financing ships. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 35 36 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR Ft AtDRESS CONTRACT NO. Institute of Gas Technology NSF C-1008 Energy System Research 3424 S. State Street ITT Center PERIOO OF PERFORMANCE Chicago, Illinois 60616 May 01, 1975 to April 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Derek P. Gregory $125,000 (312) 567-3893 TITLE An optimization study of ocean thermal energy delivery systems based on chemical energy carriers SUMMARY This study provided an engineering and economic analysis of chemical energy-carrier alternatives for transportation of energy from large-scale floating OTEC power plants to wholesale energy markets. The chemical energy carriers analyzed in this study are hydrogen (both as a gas and as a liquid) and ammonia, since both are marketable fuels for industrial, commercial, and residential applications. The project focused on 1) chemical energy production, 2) assessment of present chemical energy transmission technologies for hydrogen and ammonia, 3) projection of technological advancements in delivery system elements, including cost goals for improving energy utilization efficiency, investment costs, and unit op- erations costs for the various elements, 4) synthesis of 2 and 3 above, 5) evaluation of land-based terminal facilities, 5) reconversion of chemical energy to electricity and onshore fertilizer production, 7) determination of the sensitivity of the systems to variations in operating parameters, and 8) recommendationsregarding future R&D. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 36 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR B' ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Institute of Gas Technology ERDA E(49-18)-2426 3424 State Street Chicago, Illinois 60616 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 24, 1976 to June 23, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Nicholas Biederman $175355 (312) 567-3930 TITLE Alternative energy transmission systems from OTEC plants SUMMARY The study will concurrently evaluate the feasibility of and generate conceptual designs for two concepts for transporting ocean thermal energy to shore. One concept deals with an onboard electrical system to produce high temperature heat, and the use of a thermal storage medium to store and ship this energy and subsequently use this thermal energy for elec- tric generation at the shore facility. The other concept would take hydrogen produced by water electrolysis and react it with carbon dioxide aboard the OTEC platform to produce carbonaceous fuels. Two alternatives exist as the source of this carbon dioxide: a back-haul scheme that would bring carbon dioxide from an onshore source to the OTEC platform, and the use of carbon dioxide which is dissolved in the cold seawater used by the OTEC plant. This study will be conducted to allow a uniform comparison of these alternatives with the results of the previous OTEC analysis conducted by IGT. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 38 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Energy Utilization CONTRACTOR e ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. DSS Engineers, Inc. ERDA E(40-1)-4915 7483 Northwest 4th Street Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33317 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 22, 1975 to April 21, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Baldur Lindal $136,000 (305) 792-6660 TITLE Preliminary research on an Ocean Energy Industrial Complex (OEIC) SUMMARY The objective of this research was to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of developing an industrial complex producing prime products in conjunction with a floating ocean thermal energy power plant. It is desirable to make maxi- mum use of the ocean resources (energy and raw materials) at the site. Previous studies concerning the extraction of chemicals and minerals from seawater have shown that this is both logical and economic if the scale of operation, geograph- ical location, transportation, and markets are favorable. It appears that these conditions are favorable for an Ocean Energy Industrial Complex (OEIC). A preliminary market analysis covering 30 possible energy-intensive products classified 12 as high demand, high growth rate. Costs of shipping bulk solids and liquids to and from the ocean site will amount to 1-5% of the product sales price. Three possible sites are selected for OEIC's, with an area in the Caribbean about 200 miles north of Caracas considered best. Based on projected demands for products and economical plant sizes, production quantities are selected for two base-line complexes: a sea chemicals complex requiring 300 MWe and an organic chemicals complex requiring 400 MWe. A total of 25 individual plants or processes are analyzed. The main process selected for concentration and crystallization in the sea chemicals and plastic complex is the electric arc process. Ammonia can be produced from by-product hydrogen. The sur- face vessel concept proposed by TRW-Global Marine was adopted for the base-line complexes. A single vessel was selected to house the OTEC, process equipment and storage facilities. Layouts for a sea chemicals complex on such a vessel are presented. From an analysis of environmental considerations, it was concluded that OEIC's could be constructed and operated with no adverse environmental impact. Detailed capital and operating cost information has been developed and presented. It was concluded that producing energy-intensive products at integrated OEIC's is technically sound and economically viable. PUBLICATIONS AVAILA3LE See Bibliography Reference No. 38 39 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Energy Utilization/Open-Ocean Mariculture CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Columbia University ERDA AT(11-1)-2581 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Palisades, New York 10964 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 4, 1975 to July 1, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Oswald A. Roels* $126,000 TITLE Marine Pastures: A by-product of large (100 Megawatts or larger) floating ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY The economic feasibility of large, floating ocean thermal power plants will depend upon both the costs of power produc- tion and the value of possible by-products. The question of technical and economic feasibility of one adjunct process, that of open-ocean mariculture, was approached through this study of how to utilize the nutrient-rich cold-water effluents of OTEC power plants for that application. This project examined this possibility through four approaches: 1) Physical/Chemical-The fate of deep water discharged at the surface was determined experimentally, including its mixing rate with surface water and the vertical and horizontal migration of the resulting mixture of surface water and deepsea water. 2) Primary Production-The indigenous phytoplankton species best suited for this open-ocean mariculture were de- termined, based upon measurements of comparative growth rates in differing mixtures of deep and surface water, efficiency of nutrient utilization and nutritional value for the second trophic level. 3) Secondary Producers-Various species of shellfish (oysters, clams, and scallops) were grown in raft and case cultures suspended in the open sea. Simultaneous small-scale growth tests were conducted in shallow water near shore, using the same species of phytoplankton and shellfish. That water was enriched with a continuous flow of water from a depth of 870 meters. 4) Scale-Up-An engineering and economic feasibility study was conducted, based upon the results of 1), 2), and 3), to determine the possibility of producing commercially valuable filter-feeding (shell) fish. *Dr. Roels is now the Director of the Port Aransas Marine Laboratory, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, Port Aransas, Texas 78373. Teat: (512) 749-6757 PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 40 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Marine Environment The projects on Marine environment summarized on the following three pages are under the management of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) of the U.S. Department of the Navy. 41 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Marine Environment CONTRACTOR r2 ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Hawaii, University of ERDA E(04-3)-0235 Dept. of Ocean Engineering 2565 The Mall Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 21. 1975 to Sept. 1, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Charles L. Bretschneider$3,0 (808) 948-8110 300 TITLE Operational sea state and design wave criteria for OTEC projects SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to define the ocean environmental factors which determine the environment in which floating ocean thermal power plants operate, so as to enable the estimation of the environmental loads those plants will I'need to withstand. There are available considerable amounts of information on winds, waves, and currents enabling such a study for representative oceanic zones where the plants might be located. For each zone a study was conducted of the relevant environmental data, not including temperatures and salinities, which are being inventoried as part of other ocean thermal projects. This study included a literature survey, detailed review of the applicable information, classification of the degree of completeness of the available information, documentation of the available information by preparing cir- culars or pamphlets for zones and/or sub-zones, generation of additional information for certain locations, and the deter- mination of procedures for obtaining additional data for zones where data are not readily available. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 41 42 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Marine Environment CONTRACTOR t AOORESS CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Postgraduate School ERDA E(49-26)-1044 Monterey, California 39340 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 01, 1976 to Sept. 01, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Clarence J. Garrison (408) 646-2632 TITLE Dynamic response of moored OTEC plants to ocean waves SUMMARY This project is a research program on the interaction of ocean waves with large floating structures and to estimate dynamic response resulting from the wave/structure interaction. The work is not directed toward a particular proposed OTEC plant configuration, but is general and inclusive of several types of OTEC structures under study, and addresses the prob- lems peculiar to mooring large flexible structures in ocean waves. The research is particularly concerned with the development of a solution for the "fat body" problem of determining open seaway response for objects that do not meet the geometrical assumptions of classical strip theory. New numerical procedures which combine some of the features of the finite element method together with the Green's function method will be studied and adapted to the problem. In addition, the non-linear force which results in slow-drift oscillations is being studied, and analytical methods for its evaluation developed. The work also considers the behavior of the cold-water pipe as it attaches to the OTEC hull structure. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 43 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Marine Environment CONTRACTOR Et ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Science Applications, Inc. ERDA E(49-18)-2331 One Continental Plaza, Suite 310 101 Continental Boulevard El Segundo, California 90245 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE June 29, 1976 to Sept. 28, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Duane T. Hove $270,000 (213) 640-0480 TITLE Empirical hydrodynamics studies to produce parameters for determining the drag and lift forces on a cylinder in super- critical flow regimes for OTEC SUMMARY Section I: The first aim of this project is to determine definitive and valid values of drag coefficients, lift coefficients, and Strouhal numbers for long rigid cylinders in uniform flows at Reynolds numbers ranging from 106 to 107. Data for smooth cyl- inders and cylinders with surface roughness will be required, as will determination of the effect of low-angle inclination to the flow. Section II: Produce a Developmental Experimental Design dealing with methods and apparatus for the acquisition of similar data in a Reynolds number range from 107 to 108. This is a design project, rather than laboratory work, because the experi- mental difficulties in this regime are considered to introduce much greater project risk than the work over the range 106 to 107. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 44 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Possible Environmental Impacts CONTRACTOR E ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory ERDA E(49-26)-1005 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTORS: Science Applications, Inc. and Northwestern University March 06, 1975 to March 05, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Steve A. Piacsek $455200 (202) 767-3067 TITLE Theoretical fluid dynamical studies of resource availability and environmental impact of ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY Exploitation of ocean thermal energy conversion will involve the extraction of heat from the oceans through the circula- tion and redistribution of very large quantities of warm ocean water from near the surface and cold ocean water from depth. The need to circulate such large quantities of seawater results from the low cycle efficiency associated with the small temperature difference between the warm and cold waters. Local and widespread implementation of this tech- nology could create possible environmental impacts on the ocean and its surroundings. This project identifies such im- pacts, the availability and replenishment of the thermal resource, and possible climatic effects. Extensive numerical simulations will be made relying on a broad range of modeling techniques available from geophysical fluid dynamics. The work will be pursued somewhat concurrently by studying the following: 1) near-field flow computations, that is adaptation of existing turbulent wake computer programs, production runs for different design parameters, and oceanic data parameters, 2) far-field effects of a single power plant, development of 1-D and 2-D ocean models, determination of optimal power plant size, and areal requirements, 3) oceanic impact of large-scale operation, model temperature, salinity profiles, their time response for various ocean basins, and estimated power production potentials, and 4) air-sea coupling, such as weather-induced thermocline modifications and recovery, and regional sea breeze modifi- cation by sea-surface temperature changes. An important aspect of this study is to consider and avoid possible recirculation of spent seawater back to the warm water intakes. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference 44 45 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Possible Environmental Impacts CONTRACTOR & ADORESS CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. ERDA E(49-18)-2348 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, Maryland 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 26, 1976 to May 25, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING T. R. Sundaram $127,058 (301) 776-7454 TITLE Experimentally study flow problems related to an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power plant SUMMARY The principal objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the external flow problems unique to OTEC, with major emphasis on the recirculation problem. The work will define the conditions for recirculation. There are presently no accurate measurements of these complex flow phenomena to verify their mathematical representation. A secondary objective is to develop a data base of accurate measurements by which a mathematical model may be verified and its empirical coefficients gleaned. The experiments are designed to isolate each physical mechanism for ease of testing and simplicity of data analysis. A step-by-step testing procedure is followed in which flow parameters are adjusted to more or less isolate phenomena one at a time. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 46 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Possible Environmental Impacts CONTRACTOR E ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Massachusetts Institute of Technology ERDA E(11-1 )-2909 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Jan. 01, 1976 to March 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Gerhard H. Jirka $79,933 (617) 253-6595 TITLE External fluid mechanics of ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY Determination of the external fluid mechanism of ocean thermal power plants is important for ascertaining the availability of the thermal gradient resource and for the assessment of potential environmental effects. This research program on ex- ternal fluid mechanics consists of experimentation (70% of effort) and mathematical modeling (30% of effort). The ex- perimental program is aimed at the simulation of the OTEC operation under schematic oceanographic and plant design conditions. The effect of the governing parameters on recirculation is being investigated in a series of experiments con- ducted in a laboratory basin. The data collected in the testing program are serving for verification and calibration of mathematical (analytical or numerical) models of OTEC operation. The mathematical modeling consists of the develop- ment of "zone models" for the distinct hydrodynamic fluid regions which develop during OTEC operation. Combination of the "zone models" yield a predictive tool for engineering studies of the major design and oceanographic parameters, and provide a basis for the interpretation of the experimental data and their extrapolation beyond the parameter range simu- lated in the experimental program. This research is intended to complement the current research effort on "complete (numerical) modeling" at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory by providing data (both experimental data and predictions of "zone models") for the verification and calibration of computer codes. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 47 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR ft ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Hawaii, University of NSF Grant GI-43768 2565 The Mall Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 PERIODOFPERrORMANCE June 17, 1974 to Aug. 16, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Karl H. Bathen $48,600 (808) 948-8100 TITLE Near-shore application for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion pilot plant in Hawaii SUMMARY The purpose of this research is to assess potential sites in Hawaii for the near-shore application of ocean thermal energy conversion. The Hawaiian Islands are essentially a discrete economic group confronted by an increasingly critical electrical energy shortage. They have environmental, legal, government, and socio-economic characteristics that are amenable to interrelation studies. Two potentially excellent sites in Hawaii appear appropriate for proof-of-concept experiments in ocean thermal energy conversion. At those sites, an experimental ocean thermal power plant could be located either on the coast or on a near- shore floating platform within one mile of the coastline. An initial evaluation has been made of the available data and literature pertinent to the two sites, followed by selection of the favored or primary site. Next, the historical data per- tinent to the coastal near-shore oceanography, socio-economic, and environmental characteristics of this favored location has been comprehensively examined. A limited field effort was conducted to supplement existing data. Finally, the consequences of locating an experimental ocean thermal conversion plant in the chosen area were examined, and all historical, field, and other data were summarized. PUBUCATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 47 48 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR AOODRESS CONTRACT NO. Puerto Rico, University of NSF Grant AER-7500145 Dept. of Marine Sciences MayagQez, Puerto Rico 00708 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE April 25, 1975 to April 25, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Donald K. Atwood $79,000 (809) 892-2482 TITLE OTEC: Thermal assessment and environmental impact for a proposed Puerto Rico site SUMMARY A potential OTEC site should have the following: 1) a thick near-surface layer of warm water, 2) a rapid thermocline to provide cold water at not too great a depth. 3) year-round mild sea conditions, and 4) enough mass transport in the deeper cold water if warm water is cycled into it. Available data seem to indicate that a site off Puerto Rico meets these general requirements. Additional data needed to define more accurately the oceanographic conditions at the site were obtained principally from three ocean cruises on which Nansen bottle casts were used to measure temperature, salinity, and amounts of phosphate, silicate, and dissolved oxygen. A hydrographic survey was conducted. Finally, current meters were moored at two sites to be retrieved after two 3-month intervals. The resulting data defines the extent of the resource and the prevailing oceanographic conditions, as well as giving an indication of effects resulting from redistribution of salinity, temperature, and selected nutrients. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 48 49 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Thermal Resource Assessment and Siting Studies CONTRACTOR St ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Ocean Data Systems, Inc. NSF C-1020 6000 Executive Blvd. Rockville, Maryland 20852 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 27, 1975 to May 27, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Paul M. Wolff $93,000 (408) 649-1133 TITLE OTEC resource, ecological, and environmental studies SUMMARY The primary goal of this research was the assessment of the continental shelf areas of the United States for potential sites for installation of ocean thermal power plants. Ideally, such a site should possess the following: 1) a thick layer of near surface warm water, 2) an adequate thermocline to provide cold water at not too great a depth, 3) mild sea conditions, and 4) enough mass transfer at depth to handle input of warm water. Detailed temperature-salinity-hydrographic data were gathered to assist in the selection of these sites. This project was designed to use existing data on temperature and depth salinity and current to pick favorable sites and map in detail the temperature and current profiles for the sites. Both horizontal and vertical energy potentials were investigated. AllI de- tailed profiles were plotted for each of the four seasons of the year. In addition, the work involved a study of selected physical hazards (waves, swell, fog, and hurricanes) which may affect an energy-producing facility. Data for this project were collected primarily from the National Oceanographic Data Center and the Fleet Numerical Weather Central. From all the above considerations it was concluded that many open-ocean areas at lower latitudes have good potential from an environmental viewpoint, but are not easily accessible logistically. The study identifies the most favorable sites for prototype OTEC installation to be: 1) in the Florida Straits; 2) off the Island of Hawaii; 3) off Puerto Rico. The study suggests further work in the following areas: 1. Computation of the wave energy spectrum which will be encountered at each site. 2. Computation of the ocean current structure that can be expected around each site using hydrodynamic/numerical models with real bathymetry and tidal/atmospheric driving forces. 3. Refinement of the expected thermal structure, accompanied by engineering computations of environmental effects due to warm water intake, cold-water intake and modified water discharge. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 49 50 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Legal and Institutional Studies CONTRACTOR e AOORESS CONTRACTNO. American Society of International Law NSF Grant AER-7500280 2223 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. -20008 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Feb. 05, 1975 to July, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Robert E. Stein $83,700* (202) 265-4313 TITLE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Legal considerations SUMMARY This study identified subjects of needed inquiry within at least five broad areas: rights to emplace and maintain installa- tions; rights to capture and remove the resource; sources and content of legal standards governing emplacement and operation; questions of responsibility and liability for the consequences of operation; and the juridical status of operators and installations. The project examined each of these areas in light of several key variable factors, including the features of the system in place, the environmental consequences of its operation, the likely locations and operators of installations, and the impact of the developing international law of the sea. An interdisciplinary panel was established to pursue these inquiries in the context of evolving technology for ocean thermal conversion. Its findings were communicated to investigators concerned with other aspects of the technology at a public workshop. *This amount includes $23,000 provided to NSF by ERDA to support a workshop on "Legal, Political and Institutional Aspects of Ocean Thermal Conversion" held in Washington, D.C. on January 15-16, 1976. PUSUCATIONS AVAILABLE 51 DEFINITION AND SYSTEM PLANNING Legal and Institutional Studies CONTRACTOR ADOORESS CONTRACT NO. Southern California, University of NSF Grant AER-7518279 University Park Los Angeles, CA 90007 PERIOD OFPERFORMANCE July 01, 1975 to December 31, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Jack M. Nilles $122,000 (213) 746-7464 TITLE Evaluation of incentives for the development of ocean thermal gradient exchange technology SUMMARY This research is investigating the kinds and probable effectiveness of incentives to energy producers for the development of ocean thermal gradient exchange (OTGE) technology on a commercial scale. Where the OTGE technology fails to be competitive with fossil fuel energy production, analyses will be made to determine the conditions under which effective competition can occur. This analysis will include evaluations of both economic and non-economic costs and benefits. Alternative public policy options required for proper development of OTGE technology will then be formulated and evaluated. Emphasis will be placed on assessing the probable relative effectiveness of four types of incentives: subsidies, tax benefits, legal constraints and penalties. The purpose of the research is to identify and evaluate incentives that would directly assist in accelerating the commer- cialization of OTEC and over which there might be government influence. Included in the research tasks are an investiga- tion of the energy industries' decision-making criteria; an estimate of the economic competitiveness of OTEC with fossil fuel and nuclear power plants; an assessment of indirect benefits of OTEC; and development of policy recommendations for accelerated commercialization. Although OTEC technologies provide the focus of the research, the recommendations will be largely applicable to other alternative, capital-intensive sources of energy. Such technologies would include geothermal, photovoltaic, solar-thermal, and bioconversion plants. The final report of the project will be designed to provide public policy makers with specific recommendations which will describe and discuss the requirements for and the necessary extent of government participation in developing OTEC technology. PUSUCATIONS AVAILABLE 52 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR &e ADDRESS CONTRACTr NO. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. ERDA E(04-3)-1291 P.O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, California 94088 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTORS: *(cf. list in footnote) June 1, 1976 to October 1, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Lloyd C. Trimble $250,000 (408) 742-5035 TITLE OTEC tube and shell heat exchanger producibility study SUMMARY This project is to conduct a producibility study of shell and tube heat exchangers for an Ocean Thermal Energy Conver- sion (OTEC) plant. Its purpose is to design the requirements and develop materials information, including the use of concrete, prerequisite to the conceptual and preliminary design of a shell and tube heat exchanger. This study develops design requirements and prepares design concepts. Structural loads during operations are defined and considered. A construction analysis is to be made based upon its concepts through contracts and discussions with three or more large scale heat exchanger manufacturers. Also, design requirements are to be established for a maintenance and repair philos- opy for its designs. The results of the study will be made available to interested parties. *SUBCONTRACTORS: Bechtel Corporation, T. Y. Lin International, Wyatt Industries, Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA Research Center), Yuba Heat Transfer Corporation, University of Denver, Maxwell Laboratories. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 53 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR ft ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University ERDA E(11-1)-2641 Dept. of Chemical Engineering Schenley ParkPEIDOPRFMAC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213PEODFPRORAC SUBCONTRACTOR; Aluminum Company of America April 07, 1975 to June 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Robert R. Rothfus $165,915 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 325 TITLE Concurrent studies of enhanced heat transfer and materials for ocean thermal exchangers SUMMARY This project is a collaborative effort by Carnegie-Mellon University and the Aluminum Company of America aimed at re- ducing the potential costs of heat exchangers being designed for use in ocean thermal power plants and for comparable bottomning-cycle applications. The Carnegie-Mellon part of the study experimentally determines the feasibility of markedly augmenting heat transfer in vertical-tube evaporators and condensers by means of axially f luted surfaces. The ALCOA part experimentally examines the extent to which augmentation may be limited by practical materials problems in the marine environment. Heat transfer experiments at Carnegie-Mellon were directed toward establishing the level of enhancement and the condi- tions for peak efficiency in systems involving water and working fluids suech as ammonia and a substituted methane. Static and dynamic tests at ALCOA examined corrosion characteristics of aluminum alloys in relation to seawater and working fluids. Mutual reviews of potential heat exchanger designs and of attendant scaling problems were an integral part of the program. Results indicate that an overall heat transfer coefficient of 900 Btu/hr sq ft degree F can be obtained on a clean axial-fluted surface. Substantial increase in water side heat transfer coefficient can also be achieved in the range of low Reynolds number without additional penalty in pumping power. Untested projections of prior data indicated that especially large savings are possible if f lutes can be formed from ex- trudable material such as aluminum and if ammonia can be used as the working fluid. These experiments are for establishing whether that combination is a viable base point for economic evaluations of full-scale heat exchanger designs. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 53 54 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers II _ CONTRACTOR Et ADOORESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University ERDA E(11-1)-2641 -Continuation Dept. of Chemical Engineering Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE August 1, 1976 to July 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Robert R. Rothfus $399,829 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 325 TITLE Studies of enhanced heat transfer for ocean thermal exchangers SUMMARY This work is a continuation of previous experimental activities. The experiments will simulate certain critical conditions in the water and ammonia systems known to exist in an OTEC heat exchanger. The bulk of the effort is concerned with fluid management and manifolding problems associated with large volumetric flows of OTEC heat exchangers. The work will include conducting a literature search on the current state-of-the-art on vertical tube evaporator design, with emphasis on the following: a) Thermal hydraulic design method used b) Problem areas leading to malfunctioning c) Identification of problems for advancing the current state-of-the-art d) Recommendation of future heat exchanger studies to be undertaken by ERDA-OTEC The literature survey will focus on international heat transfer literature as published in various periodicals and journals as well as patent literature. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 55 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR ADDORESS CONTRACT NO. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) ERDA W-7405-eng-26 P.O. Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE May 01, 1976 to Sept. 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING H. W. Hoffman $192,000 (615) 483-8611, Ext. 37715 TITLE Heat transfer enhancement for OTEC systems SUMMARY This study explores means for enhancing the boiling and condensing performance of heat exchangers for service in OTEC systems. Emphasis is being placed on the study of ammonia condensation on Gregorig surfaces. The initial period of this study includes design and assembly of laboratory scale apparatus for condensing studies with ammonia, determination of concept feasibility through scoping experiments, and design of a more flexible facility for characterization of optimum configurations. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 56 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR S ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Geoscience, Ltd. ERDA E(04-3)-1094 410 S. Cedros Avenue Solana Beach, California 92075 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 01, 1975 to April 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Cullen M. Sabin $145,000 (714) 755-9396 TITLE Water heat transfer and ammonia nucleate studies SUMMARY The continuation of the project consists of two separate investigations: (1) Water-side heat transfer coefficient enhancement, and (2) Nucleate boiling Early results have shown that the water-side coefficient can be increased in the region of .low Reynolds number without increase in pumping power requirements. These results were obtained with different kinds of wire inserts inside the tube. Nucleate boiling studies with ammonia have shown that nucleation can be achieved with a temperature difference of 0.20F with wire mesh screens wrapped around the tubes. Work is being continued on optimizing the different geometries for the water-side enhancement and establishing the sta- bility of nucleation under multiple start-up conditions over a long time period. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 56 57 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNO LOGY Heat Exchangers CON4TRACTORI f ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Union Carbide Corporation NSF Grant GI-43441 Linde Division Oak R idge- National Laboratories PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE P.O. Box 4 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 June 25, 1974 to March 24, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Frank Notaro $93,'200 (716) 877-1600, Ext. 8122 TITLE Heat exchangers for ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY This study was to define cost performance characteristics of heat exchangers for use in OTEC systems. These cost per- formance characteristics are required as inputs to cost analysis and optimization studies. In this study, conceptual designs of both evaporators and condensers for ocean thermal power plants were developed. For each concept and therefore for each cost estimate, analytical data were generated indicating the amount of heat which the heat exchanger will transfer, the water pumping power required to produce the heat transfer, and thermodynamic penalties on the power cycle (work- ing fluid pressure drops). Heat exchanger concepts considered various geometries, several fluid arrangements (e.g., power fluid tube or shell side), state-of-the-art and innovative heat transfer technology in evaporating, condensing and water- side service, various materials of construction, and an assessment of the possible effects of biological fouling or erosion. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 57 58 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR Et ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Union Carbide Corporation ERDA E(49-18)-2448 Linde Division/Branch 4019451 P.O. Box 44 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Tonawanda, New York 14150 June 30, 1976 to June 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Frank Notaro $426,000 (716) 877-1600, Ext. 8122 TITLE Heat exchangers for ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY This study is to investigate the thermal hydraulic performance of the heat exchanger, with special emphasis on the evaporator. The study is being focused on assessing the baseline design as proposed by Lockheed and further evaluate the methods for reducing the overall cost of the heat exchanger via enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient. The study is divided into six main task categories: 1) performance studies of a flooded evaporator, 2) beat transfer study, 3) performance studies of a large spray film evaporator, 4) experimentally demonstrate the thermal hydraulic performance of the heat exchanger, 5) physical design and manufacturing cost, and 6) life and reliability of the heat exchanger. PUBIUCATIONS AVAILABLE 59 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR b ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Applied Physics Laboratory ERDA E(49-26)-1030 Johns Hopkins University (APL-JHU) VIA: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) PERIODOFPERFORMANCE Department of the Navy Code: SEA-0253W June 27, 1975 to Nov. 10, 1975 Arlington, Virginia 20360 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING H. Lowell Olsen $32,100 (301) 953-7100, Ext. 7469 TITLE Analytical study of two-phase-flow heat exchangers for OTEC systems SUMMARY This study was a detailed analysis of the practicality and expected performance of the APL-JHU concept for two-phase- flow heat exchangers for an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plant. In this concept, the working fluid would flow on the inside of large-diameter (3 in. to 9 in.) multipass tubes. The analytical model for the heat exchangers was based upon the latest two-phase-flow theory and correlations. Parametric studies for producing heat exchanger designs (for the evaporator and condenser) were used to project minimum annual costs (including amortization and ex- pected operating, maintenance, repair and replacement costs) over the equipment lifetime. The work included develop- ment of a power module design for use within an overall power plant concept incorporating manifolding/assembly/ disassembly, as well as the design of an experiment that could provide engineering data on both evaporator and con- denser performance. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 60 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR aE ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Applied Physics Laboratory ERDA E(49-26)-1030 Johns Hopkins University (APL-JHU) VIA: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Department of the Navy Code: SEA-0253W April 20, 1976 to February 20, 1977 Arlington, Virginia 20360 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNOING Robert Makofski $137,000 (301) 953-7100, Ext. 7494 TITLE Experimental studies of two-phase-flow heat exchangers for OTEC systems (Phase I) SUMMARY This study includes preliminary experiments on the flow and heat transfer in the two-phase-flow heat exchangers using two models. The first, simulating a portion of an evaporator tube, is being used for internal flow experiments to 1) perform an evaluation of potential dry-out problem, 2) validate heat transfer coefficients, and 3) determine pressure losses in return bends. The second model is being used to determine circumferential distribution of the water-side heat transfer coefficient on one tube in simulated tube arrangement and to check water pressure drop and evaluate the degree of water crossflow through the arrangement. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 61 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers/Biofouling CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Hawaii, University of NOAA Office of Sea Grant 2565 The Mall 04-5-158-44026 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTOR: Applied Physics Laboratory, May 20 1976 to December 31 1976 Johns Hopkins University PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING James H. Jones $53,591 (plus matching funds from the state of (808) 948-8745 Hawaii of $65,791) TITLE OTEC heat exchanger biofouling experiment SUMMARY 1. To observe the biofouling rate in tropical water typical of a tropical ocean site and APL heat exchanger water flow conditions. 2. To measure water side heat transfer coefficients under hydrodynamic conditions duplicating those of the APL heat exchanger (Vw = 3-7 ft/sec) a. As a function of fouling time and b. After cleaning with a high-pressure water-jet system. 3. Optionally, to observe the effect on biofouling of a different tube arrangement (pitch ratio) and/or darkness. 4. To determine the magnitude of microbial fouling of the heat exchangers a. By direct microscopic examination of materials accumulating on the pipe surface b. By photographic recording of the material for later, more convenient identification of larger forms. c. By survey of the types of facterial forms by culture techniques. 5. Quantification of microbial fouling organisms. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 62 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CNRC O CONTRACTOR Er ADDRESS DSS Engineers, Inc. NFGatG-34 7483 Northwest 4th Street Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33317 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 31, 1974 to Feb. 28, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING W. B. Su ratt $59,900 (305) 792-6660 Devlopen t of plastic-tubed heat exchangers for sea solar power plants SUMMARY The objective of the research was to investigate, in depth, the technical and economic feasibility of utilizing plastic-tubed heat exchangers in an ocean thermal power plant. Since heat exchangers may represent about one-half of the capital costs of such a plant, this study attempted to demonstrate that plastic-tubed heat exchangers are well suited for such an applica- tion, and that substantial cost savings can be achieved through their use. The investigation involved several tasks. The largest effort concentrated on the technical problems and economics of fabricating large plastic-tubed heat exchangers. Experimental work was conducted off the Florida coast, using samples of candidate plastic-tubing materials and of various metallic alloys to determine relative growth rates of marine organisms. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the compatibility of the plastic materials with proposed working fluids. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 62 63 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR ' ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. D0S Engineers, Inc. ERDA E(40-1)-5165 7483 Northwest 4th Street Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33317 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Aug. 1, 1976 to Sept. 30, 1978 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING William R. Suratt $320,241 (305) 792-6660 TITLE Development of plastic-tubed heat exchangers SYMMARY This continuation of the earlier study provides an in-depth review of polymeric materials and material composites that have been proposed for the plastic heat exchangers. Test apparatus is to be designed to achieve accurate and significant tests for predicting long-term durability of plastic heat exchangers in an OTEC environment. The polymer samples are to be given screening tests to 1) determine the complete set of tensile properties, 2) rank the various types of a given polymer with regard to susceptibility to environmental stress-cracking, 3) eliminate the most unsuitable materials or to indicate some degree of relative ranking of the materials to chemical resistance by using ammonia or other OTEC working fluids, and 4) evaluate the polymers selected by the screening tests under conditions simulating the OTEC heat exchanger. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 62 64 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Oklahoma, University of 1. NSF Grant AER-7500022 School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences 2. ERDA E(40-1)-4918 202 W. Boyd, Room 23 ~~~~~~~202 W. Boyd, Room 23 ~PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Norman, Oklahoma 73069 1. June 25, 1975 to June 24, 1976 2. Aug. 15, 1976 to Aug. 14, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Kenneth E. Starling 1. $49,814 (405) 325-5811 2. $54,159 TITLE Use of mixtures as working fluids in ocean thermal energy conversion cycles SUMMARY The NSF research project consisted of: 1) evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of mixtures as working fluids in ocean thermal energy conversion power cycles, 2) development of a computer program capable of simulating ocean thermal power cycles employing both mixtures and pure working fluids, 3) development of an accurate thermodynamic properties computer program package (applicable as a minimum to hydrocarbon mixtures and pure fluids), 4) comparison of mixture and pure fluid cycles including relative equipment sizing and economics, 5) comparison of boiling and condensing heat transfer for mixtures and pure fluids, and 6) evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of turbine expansion into the two-phase region. The use of mixtures in ocean thermal power cycles was evaluated for hydrocarbon mixtures, ammonia-water mixtures and possible halocarbon mixtures. The mixtures cycles were compared with baseline pure fluid ocean thermal power cycles using propane, ammonia, and possible halocarbons as working fluids. The ERDA research project of the overall research program includes the following elements: 1) upgrading of the Phase I OTEC mixture cycle simulator (particularly the condenser design subroutine to include the effects of diffusive mass transfer), 2) development of an optimization program for OTEC mixture cycle optimized design, 3) correlation of the thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures for ranges of conditions applicable to OTEC cycles, 4) simulation of the OTEC ammonia cycle with varying amounts of water in the ammonia to provide information on the ammonia-water cycle and determine the maximum tolerable water concentration for acceptable thermodynamic performance of the cycle, 5) evaluation of alternative cycles using the optimization program developed in this research. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 64 65 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Heat Exchangers CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Oklahoma State University ERDA E(40-1)-5092 School of Chemical Engineering NSF Grant AER-75-04480 Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Nov. 21, 1975 to Jan. 31, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Kenneth J. Bell 600 (405) 624-5280 TITLE Heat exchanger system evaluation for the OTEC program SUMMARY The technical and economic feasibility of the OTEC concept is dependent upon the heat exchangers which dominate the cost, size, configuration and operation reliability of the plant. To help bring current information to bear on OTEC heat exchanger design, and so that new concepts are evaluated as quickly as possible, this project undertakes the following: 1) helps maintain the overall schedule for OTEC research, development, and deployment, 2) identifies areas of heat transfer technology in which exchanger system design methods and operating experience exist in large scale process plants and are applicable to ocean thermal power plants, 3) develops procedures to ensure that system analysts be supplied with pertinent heat exchanger design and opera- tional parameters, and 4) performs "quick-look" analysis and evaluation on any variation in heat exchanger system configuration that seems to show promise for improvements in OTEC plant construction or operation. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 65 66 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Exploratory Power Cycles CONTRACTOR it ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University ERDA E(111)-2768 Dept. of Physics Schenley Park- PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 June 09, 1975 to February 29, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING John G. Fetkovich $27,178 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 484 TITLE Study of a foam closed-cycle solar sea power plant SUMMARY This project was to determine the feasibility of a foam ocean thermal power cycle. The study consisted of experiments to examine techniques for generating foam of sufficient stability. Methods of foam generation examined included nucleation of very small bubbles and injection of vapor into rising liquid. A principal experimental objective was to determine whether a stable foam can be raised at a rate within an order of magnitude of that corresponding to the theoretical maximum power calculated neglecting losses. Foam flow, stability and separation were studied experimentally. A working model of a com- plete foam system was constructed. Biological studies were conducted to explore the interactions between the biological environment, organic matter in sea water, and the foaming properties of sea water.j PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 66 67 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Exploratory Power Cycles CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center U.S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory Civil Engineering Lab. (CEL) internal research Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 01, 1975 to Dec. 30, 1975 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Earl J. Beck* $25,000 TITLE Nucleation of steam bubbles for a proposed ocean thermal gradient hydraulic power plant SUMMARY This effort was an experimental and analytical study into the feasibility of an OTEC power cycle utilizing the nucleation of steam bubbles. This idea provided the basis for a patent disclosure processed by the Office of Naval Research and re- sulting in Patent 3,967,449, which was abstracted in the July 6, 1976 Patent Gazette. The work was done in four steps: 1) Literature search; 2) Experiment design; 3) Construction and test; 4) Drafting of a report. The experiment was exploratory, to demonstrate the possibility of building a stream lift pump, analogous to an air lift pump. The pending report summarizing this project describes Mr. Beck's concept of the nature of nucleation (cavitation) of steam bubbles, the experimental results, and discusses the prospects for application of the steam lift pump to ocean thermal energy conversion. Besides the steam lift pump, an ocean thermal gradient hydraulic power plant would also include a spray or contact condenser and a Taylor air compressor. *Mr. Beck retired from the U.S. Civil Service at the end of 1975. He is currently pursuing this research under the auspices of Design Services, 998 Church Street #27, Ventura, California 93001, telephone (805) 643-7331. PUBUCATIONS AVAILABLE 68 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Submarine Electrical Cables CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Little, Arthur D., Inc. NSF C-1019 Physical Systems Section 28 Acorn Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Cambridge, Mass. 02140 May 01, 1975 to April 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING James Nicol $50,200 (617) 864-5770 TITLE A study of electrical energy transmission for ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY This study provides an analysis of the utilization of electrical power transmission as an alternative for transporting energy from large-scale floating ocean thermal energy conversion plants to wholesale energy markets. In particular, the study analyzes the technical and economical viability of electrical power transmission cables and systems in which both AC and DC power systems are considered. These systems are: (1) oil impregnated paper insulation cable, (2) synthetic paper insulated cable, (3) extruded dielectric cable, and (4) gas (SF6) insulated cable. The use of multiple circuits is also being considered for a more reliable operation. Transmission costs and the deliverable power as a function of a representative profile of the sea bottom are being calculated. Transmission costs are to be op- timized to determine the most economical system. Comparisons between electrical transmission systems and hydrogen transmission systems are being undertaken. The study also includes recommendations for needed R&D in the various subsystems. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 68 69 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling and Corrosion The proejcts in biofouling and corrosion summarized on the following eight pages are under the management of Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL). 70 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling and Corrosion CONTRACTOR a AOODRESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University NSF AER-7500025 Dept. of Physics Schenley Park PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Pittsburgh, Penn. 15213 SUBCONTRACTOR: University of Hawaii May 15,1975to May 14,1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING John G. Fetkovich $160,100 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 484 TITLE A study of fouling and corrosion problems in a solar sea power plant SUMMARY This project was aimed at establishing the limits within which scaling, biofouling, and corrosion can be held in check for the life of an OTEC power plant without adding excessively to capital or operating costs. The objectives were to deter- mine the best heat exchanger material, means for inhibiting biological growth, and to provide experimental data on bio- fouling and corrosion necessary for the design of a complete OTEC power plant. A program of laboratory research was carried out at Carnegie-Mellon University, including studies of the corrosion prop- erties of heat exchanger tubing materials and investigation of techniques for the laminar layer injection of chlorine and heavy-metal ions into the heat exchanger flow stream. Instrumentation was developed in the laboratory for installation in the ocean environment off Ke-Ahole Point, Hawaii. Field tests were conducted in cooperation with the University of Hawaii at a site in the open ocean off the windward coast of the island of Oahu at depths in the order of 100 feet. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 70 71 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling and Corrosion CONTRACTOR & ADODRESS CONTRACT NO. Carnegie-Mellon University Battelle PNL AT(45-1)-1830 Schenley Park Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTOR: University of Hawaii May 15, 1976 to February 14, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING John G. Fetkovich $191,217 + $40,324 (412) 621-2600, Ext. 484 TITLE A study of fouling and corrosion problems in a solar sea power plant SUMMARY The objectives of this project are: 1. Install the biofouling measuring device in the sea at Ke-Ahole Point and conduct tests. 2. Complete proof testing of the biofouling monitoring device and experimental methods. 3. Compile a comprehensive report, after proof testing, describing in detail the design, construction, testing and operation of the system. 4. Carry out studies of fouling rates in heat exchanger tubes of various materials. 5. Design, construct, test and evaluate a system for bulk chlorination (to be used with the biofouling device). PUBUCATIONS AVAILABLE 72 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Biofouling and Corrosion CONTRACTOR E AOORESS CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center Battelle PNL AT(45-1)-1830 Civil Engineering Lab. (CEL) Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043 PERIOO OF PERFORMANCE July 12,1976 to July 5,1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNOING James F. Jenkins $25,000 + $10,000 (805) 982-4797 TITLE A critical review of the design factors influencing biofouling and corrosion of OTEC system surfaces SUMMARY The objectives of this project are: 1. Conduct a literature survey on biofouling and corrosion design. 2. Critically evaluate data and prepare a report. PUBLICATIONS AVAILASLE 73 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Control of Biofouling CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. Battelle PNL AT(45-1)-1830 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, Maryland 20810 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE July 19,1976 to April 15, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING A. F. Conn $64,690 (301) 776-7454 TITLE Investigation of OTEC heat exchanger cleaning methods SUMMARY The objectives of this project are to: 1. Conduct a critical state-of-the-art study of mechanical and chemical cleaning of low-temperature marine heat exchangers. 2. Develop a conceptual method for applying an optional cleaning process to an OTEC heat exchanger. 3. Report on the results of these efforts. PUBLICATIONS AVAILASLE 74 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Prevention of Biofouling CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Allied Chemical Corporation ERDA E(11-1)-2692 Specialty Chemical Division P.O. Box 1069 ~~~~~~~~P.O~. Box 1069 ~PERIOD OFPERFORMANCE Buffalo, New York 14240 May 01, 1975 to June 30, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Phillip E. Jones $47,250 (716) 824-5000, Ext. 497 TITLE Prevention of biofouling on heat transfer surfaces of ocean thermal energy converters SUMMARY The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of developing an antibiofouling treatment consisting of monomo- lecular layers chemically affixed to the surfaces of metallic heat exchangers. This treatment is predicated on the formation of non-wettable, non-adherent, smooth surfaces that are unsuitable for the disposition and accretion of the slime layer that precedes the attachment and growth of fouling organisms and toxic surfaces that are lethal only to the fouling organisms that may adhere. To achieve this effect, the metal surface is modified with a monomolecular layer that is composed of specific hydrophobic fluorochemicals and certain tributyltin based toxicants and chemically affixed to the structural metal of a conversion coating. This research consists of: 1) preparation of the specific fluorochemicals, 2) treatment of selected metal specimens with various combinations of these fluorochemicals and certain tributyltin based toxicants and 3) exposure to these treated specimens along with the appropriate controls in a fouling-prone marine environment with periodic appraisal of their antifouling performance. The investigation is expected to generate the preliminary technology that is needed to develop a viable surface treatment aimed at eliminating biofouling on the heat transfer surfaces of ocean thermal power plants without adversely affecting their heat transfer characteristics. PUBUCATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 74 75 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Corrosion of Aluminum CONTRACTOR ft ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Delaware, University of ERDA E(11-1)-2957 College of Marine Studies Lewes, Delaware 19958 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE SUBCONTRACTOR: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute June 15, 1976 to June 14, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Stephen C. Dexter $52,193 (302) 738-2841 TITLE Effects of contamination of seawater on aluminum alloys for heat exchangers SUMMARY The rate of penetration of aluminum and aluminum alloys by pitting corrosion in the marine environment in the presence or absence of fouling organisms is known to be dependent on the dissolved oxygen content, the concentration of heavy metal contaminants, the temperature, and the velocity of the seawater. It is not possible, however, using existing data to quantitatively predict the lifetime with respect to perforation by pitting of aluminum alloys exposed to natural seawater as a function of the above environmental parameters. In order to fully evaluate the feasibility of using aluminum alloys, as opposed to titanium or polymers, for heat exchanger and condenser tubing in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plants, it is important to be able to make such predictions. The goal of this project is to develop-this predictive capability by using electrochemical techniques to measure the effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and of heavy metal contaminants in quiescent, sterile seawater both on the induction time for pit initiation and on pit growth rates in several commercial aluminum alloys of interest to the OTEC program. The effects of velocity and microfouling organisms are also being investigated. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 76 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Corrosion of Aluminum and Titanium CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Sigma Research, Inc. Battelle PNL E(45-1)-2446 2952 George Washington Way Richland, Washington 99352 PERIOO OF PERFORMANCE Sept. 30, 1976 to Sept. 29, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Elric W. Saaski $73,783 (509) 946-0663 TITLE Compatibility studies for the system water-ammonia-titanium as related to ocean thermal energy conversion SUMMARY The objectives of this project are: 1. Study the stress corrosion cracking behavior of titanium in ammonia contaminated with seawater. 2. Determine the electrochemical compatibility of titanium with mild steel in liquid ammonia environments. 3. Report the results of their experimental studies. PUBUCATIONS AVAILABLE 77 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Corrosion of Aluminum CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Aluminum Company of America Battelle PNL B-31942-A-E Alcoa Laboratories Alcoa Center, PA 15069 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Sept. 30, 1976 to April 29, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING D. G. Reininga $34,975 (412) 339-6651 TITLE Catalog information on the performance of aluminum in seawater SUMMARY The objectives of this project are: 1. Compile and critically evaluate existing data on the corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys in seawater. 2. Prepare a catalog of their data that can be used for OTEC purposes. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 78 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering The projects in ocean engineering summarized on the following nine pages are under the management of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), U.S. Department of the Navy. ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Concrete Structures CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Lehigh University ERDA E(11-1)-2682 Dept. of Civil Engineering Bethlehem, PA 18015 PERIOOOFPERFORMANCE April 25, 1975 to April 24, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Wai-Fah Chen* $82,730 TITLE Reinforced concrete constitutive relations SUMMARY The investigators had previously done theoretical research enabling them to predict reasonably well the constitutive (stress-strain) relations for concrete under general load conditions, including hydrostatic pressure. This project extended that research to cover reinforced concrete. Hydrostatic pressure at the ocean depths occupied by structural components of ocean thermal power plants is several atmospheres, hence the behavior of materials such as concrete under such con- ditions may be substantially different from that normally experienced in an air environment. A computer program was developed in the form of a subroutine for incorporating into existing finite element analysis programs, and this program can be made available to structural analysts. The constitutive relations developed are of a general nature, in that the effects of hydrostatic pressure may be either included or neglected in defining the materials response. Thus, they are applicable both for the analysis of submerged ocean structures and on land for underground structures. 'Dr. Chen is now located at the Department of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Telephone: (317) 494-5733. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 79 80 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Concrete Structures CONTRACTOR F AOODRESS CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center ERDA E(49-26)-1023 Civil Engineering Lab. (CEL) Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043 PERIOD O PERFORMANCE May 25, 1975 to Dec. 01, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Harvey H. Haynes $47,000 (805) 982-5578 TITLE Design, fabrication, and installation of large diameter submerged concrete structures SUMMARY This was a feasibility study of the design, fabrication, and installation of large diameter submerged concrete structures. The state-of-the-art related to these structures was summarized, feasible approaches for fabricating and installing the structures recommended, problem areas enumerated, and research and development areas outlined. The intent of this study was to point out significant problem areas and to assess the feasibility of using large concrete structures for ocean thermal power plants, so as to provide ERDA with some decision criteria on which to focus research and development efforts. The continuation of this contract is directed toward investigating the properties of lightweight concretes to determine their potential for consideration and utilization in the construction of OTEC hulls and/or structural components. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 80 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Anchor Systems CONTRACTOR F ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center ERDA E(49-26)-1017 Civil Engineering Lab. (CEL) Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE May 02, 1975 to Dec. 01, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS FUNDING Robert J. Taylor Philip Valent $139000 (805) 982-5419 (805) 982-5780 TITLE Studies of anchor systems for OTEC power plants SUMMARY This project was aimed at extending the state-of-the-art in deepsea anchor systems to satisfy the anchor-design require- ments of large floating ocean thermal energy conversion power plants. These new requirements result from the difficult combination of environmental conditions, water depth, and large power plant size. The actual performance character- istics of existing anchors were determined. Performance characteristics of enlarged versions of existing anchors were estimated, and innovative anchoring concepts devised and evaluated. This task was accomplished by utilizing experience of the U.S. Navy and of private industry, particularly oil companies and drilling contractors. The capability of each anchor, evaluated according to shear strength, was defined for a series of seafloor site varieties that could be encountered at potential ocean thermal power plant locations. (These site varieties account for the majority of possible seafloors where ocean thermal energy conversion is regarded as practicable.) Conceptual designs of high strength anchor systems were parametrically devised, by combining high capacity concepts to achieve high holding anchor systems, and by scaling up existing anchor designs. The continuation of this contract is directed toward technical refinement of the most promising anchor design concepts suited to OTEC and study of anchor fabrication deployment and installation techniques. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 81 82 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Cold-Water Pipe, Pumps, Mooring III~~~~~~~~n CONTRACTOR b AODORESS CONTRACT NO. Westinghouse Electric Corp. ERDA E(11-1)-2642 Oceanic Division P.O. Box 1488 P.O. Box-1488 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE Annapolis, Maryland 21404 April 07, 1975 to April 07, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Thomas E. Little 78,000 (301) 765-5446 TITLE Deep water pipe and mooring design study SUMMARY The main thrust of the study is the preliminary evaluation of cold water pipe, pump, and plant mooring concepts, with a view toward judging their effect upon the overall evaluation of the ocean thermal energy conversion concept. Two prin- cipal goal criteria guide the selection of areas of concentration: 1) to illuminate the impact of the cold-water transport and mooring systems on the overall power plant concepts, 2) to delineate critical development needs. The selection of the three subsystems (pipe, pump, and mooring) for combined study is based upon their mutual inter- relationship and dependence on common environmental and system parameters. The study identifies a spectrum of pos- sible design concepts, selects one or more alternatives for further evaluation, and assesses them in terms of such criteria as structural characteristics, feasibility of construction and deployment, operating efficiency implications, serviceability, research and development requirements, and cost. Salient conclusions distilled from the concept analyses and their overall plant-concept-evaluation implications are explored. Alternatives are described, and their impacts and interactions as a function of parameters over ranges of interest are shown. Recommendations are made regarding technological direc- tions that should be pursued. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 82 83 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Cold-Water Pumps CONTRACTOR & AODRESS CONTRACT NO. Westinghouse Electric Corp. ERDA E(11-1)-4071 P.O. Box 1488 Annapolis, Maryland 21404 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE July 1, 1976 to June 30, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING T. E. Little $199,901 (301) 765-5446 TITLE OTEC cold-water pump designs SUMMARY This work is to determine whether warm water pump designs can be the same as cold-water pump designs. This determina- tion will have a major bearing on OTEC pump design. It includes preliminary design of a cold-water pump. This is a con- tinuation of work done under a previous OTEC contract. Producibility realities will be introduced through collaboration of Westinghouse Marine Division. The work includes analyses of various available platform dynamic positioning methods and quantitative tradeoff studies to determine their relative costs and benefits. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE 84 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Platforms and Cold-Water Pipe CONTRACTOR E ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. ERDA E(11-1)-2681 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, Maryland 20810 PERIODOFPERFORMANCE April 25, 1975 to April 24, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Roderick A. Barr $226,000 (301) 776-7454 TITLE Studies of seaway responses of OTEC platform/cold-water pipe configuration-effects of pipe elasticity and model tests SUMMARY This project, originally entitled "Evaluation of Platform Designs for Ocean Thermal Power Plants," consisted of an eval- uation of sea keeping (motions and accelerations), junction loads, cold-water pipe bending moments, and stationkeeping thrust requirements for five unmoored candidate platform types each with a cold-water pipe or riser for ocean thermal power plants. The study is designed to provide information necessary to indicate which platform types appear most attractive. The study developed a mathematical model of sea keeping response that employed linear wave theory with a Piereon- Maskawitz representative of the sea spectrum for three sea states. It was conducted in a parametric sense with respect to plant output (size), cold-water pipe length, diameter and degree of fixity at the hull (the pipe itself was assumed in- finitely stiff), and platform heading into oncoming waves. The platform shapes chosen for investigation are: the semisubmersible, ship shape, disc, spar, and submersible. The continuation study will determine in detail the probable effects of cold-water pipe stiffness on OTEC platform design and develop design tools needed for optimum design on platforms/pipe configurations. The study will 1) define the elastic properties of typical pipe designs, 2) develop new methods for calculation of platforms/pipe dynamics and loads, and 3) use these methods to calculate the dynamic seaway induced motions and loads. Using this data, two platform/pipe configurations will be selected for hydraulic model testing, two models constructed and tested, and the test results compared with predicted responses from the earlier developed mathematical representation. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 84 85 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Platforms and Cold-Water Pipe CONTRACTOR O ADORESS CONTRACT NO. Hydronautics, Inc. ERDA E(49-18)-2424 7210 Pindell School Road Laurel, Maryland 20810 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 29, 1976 to October 28, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING Pin Yu Chang $35,000 (301) 776-7454 TITLE Structural analysis and design studies of OTEC cold-water pipe SUMMARY This study is developing a methodology for structural design of OTEC cold-water pipe. Differential equations are being developed including factors neglected in simple beam theory, e.g., variable axial force, non-linearity, variable cross section, shear deflections, and load changes due to local deformations in parametric fashion. The equations are being subjected to parametric analysis various loads, configurations, and materials. Instability due to hydroelastic instability is being studied and an analysis is being made of fatigue strength. The structural design of the cold-water pipe is heavily influenced by the seakeeping parameters detailed in Hydronautics' seaway response model. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Cold-Water Pipe CONTRACTOR EsADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Sea Solar Power, Inc. ERDA E(11-1)-2691 1615 Hillock Lane York, Pennsylvania 17403 PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE April 21, 1975 to February 21, 1976 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING J. Hilbert Anderson $39,100 (717) 741-0884 TITLE Design of a cold water pipe for ocean thermal power plants SUMMARY This project was to assess the feasibility of the stockade pipe concept for application to the cold-water intake requirements of floating ocean thermal power plants. A large diameter pipe (12 meters or greater) comprised of a "stockade wall" of standard steel pipe was considered. This basic design enables the use of standard fabricated elements that can be selected from a wide range of available sizes and wall thicknesses. The steps followed in this analysis were: Examine the Reynolds number and drag forces for flow around submerged smooth and roughened cylinders, survey available ocean data for information regarding ocean currents, model several typical depth distributions of ocean currents that the pipe might encounter, calculate static bending moments and examine dynamic character- istics and constraints, forces, moments, and deflection for various pipe models with locked and sliding members; calculate stress in a stockade pipe both with sliding members and with locked members, find buckling modes, examine possible failure mechanisms and instabilities, calculate stiffener requirements, heat transfer, and leakage flow; estimate effects of various buoyancy conditions of the pipe, propose a general hull juncture system, evaluate total pipe and installation costs, and describe installation procedures; examine the range of pipe sizes that are reasonable for ocean thermal power plants, suggest a continuing program to construct and test a geometric model, and/or develop a more sophisticated analytical model of the pipe. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE See Bibliography Reference No. 86I 87 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Ocean Engineering/Intake Screens CONTRACTOR & ADDRESS CONTRACT NO. Oregon State University ERDA E(45-1)-2227 Department of Mechanical Engineering Corvallis, Oregon 97331 PERIODOF PERFORMANCE Sept. 15, 1976 to Sept. 14, 1977 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FUNDING John H. Nath $55,400 (503) 754-2354 TITLE Biological and hydrodynamic influences on the screens of OTEC intake systems SUMMARY This study will provide basic information on biologic and hydrodynamic factors that will influence the design of screens at the intake structures of an OTEC plant. To accomplish this, the contractor will gather and summarize available knowl- edge of the biota of the ocean environments for proposed OTEC sitings, assess and document hydraulic energy losses and other costs of candidate designs of screens which will exclude certain biota, develop first order design criteria for the configuration of cold and warm water intake screens, and design an experiment for sampling the biota at deep depths. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE BIBLIOGRAPHY Introduction 19. Anderson, J.H., Heat Exchangers for Sea Solar Power Plants (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Sept. 1973, 45p. (NSF/RA/N-73-137). This bibliography contains information pertinent to the projects in this report. The information dates back as 19. Anderson, J.H., Turbine Design, Sea Solar Power far as useful references could be obtained, and is current Plants (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), June through March 1976. All references are listed under 1973, 22p. (NSF/RA/N-73-055) NTIS. 1) the page reference number of the project summarized, 19. Anderson, J.H.; Anderson, J.H., Jr., Summary of 2) author's name (if stated in reference), 3) title of TT article, 4) author's organizational affiliation, 5) title of Solar Power Process, 1964 to 1972 (Massachusetts Solar Power Process, 1964 to 1972 (Massachusetts publication, and 6) report number. A listing may con- Univ., Amherst, MA), March 1973, 81p. (NSF!RA/ tain one of the following abbreviations as to availability: N-73-091) NTIS. Dep. ERDA reports so designated are maintained in 19. Anderson, J.H., Working Fluids For The Sea Solar microform at the organizations listed on the Power Process (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), inside back cover. May 1973, 24p. (NSF/RA/N-73-092) NTIS. GPO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 19. Anderson, J.H., Research Applied to Ocean Sited U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, Power Plants. Annual Progress Report, Jan. I - D.C. 20402. Dec. 31, 1973 (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Jan. 25, 1974, 70p. (PB-228067) NTIS. $3.75; NTIS For sale by the National Technical Information $1.45 (mf). Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, S ervice (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, 19. Anderson, J.H., Research Applied to Ocean Sited 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia Power Plants. Semi-Annual Progress Report, Jan. 1 22161. Microfiche copy of each separately bound document can be purchased for $2.25. - June 30, 1973 (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), July 31, 1973, 66p. (PB-228070) NTIS. Reports issued by organizations outside the MA), July 31, 1973, 66p. (P-228070) NTIS. United States will be sold by NTIS only to purchasers within the United States. 19. Boot, J.; McGowan, J.G., Preliminary Investigation 19. Boot, J.; McGowan, J.G., Preliminary Investigation NSF On file at the RANN Library, National Science of an Open Cycle Open Thermal Difference Power Foundation, 1800 G Street, N.W., Washington, Plant Design (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), D.C. 20550. Aug. 1973, 45p. (NSF/RA/N-73-136). 19. Boot, J.L.; McGowan, J.G., Feasibility Study iof a 19. Adams, C.R., Preliminary Analysis of Ocean Ther- 100 Megawatt Open Cycle Ocean Thermal Differ- mal Power Plant Architecture and Statistics (Massa- ence Power Plant (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, chusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), June 1973, 16p. MA), Aug. 1974, 100p. (NP-20465) NSF/RANN. (NSF/RA/N-73-096) NTIS. 19. Boot, J.L.; McGowan, J.G., Feasibility Study of a 19. Ambs, L.L.; Marshall, J., Ocean ThermalDifference 100 Megawatt Open Cycle Ocean Thermal Differ- Power Plant Turbine Design (Massachusetts Univ., ence Power Plant (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, Amherst, MA), Nov. 1973, 32p. (NP-20462) NSF/ MA), Aug. 1974, Contract GI-34979, 67p. (NSF/ RANN. RA/N-74-109). 19. Cloutier, P.D., Analysis of the Cooling Water Pump- 19. Heronemus, W.E.; McGowan, J.G., Some Views on ing Power Requirements of the Ocean Thermal Solar Sea Power Plants. A Project Sponsored by Gradient Electricity Generating System (OTGEGS) NSF-RANN (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Dec. 1972, June 1975. Proceedings, Solar Sea Plant Conference 43p. (NP-20464) NSF/RANN. and Workshop; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (June 27, 1973). (PB-228066,. pp. 21-59) NTIS, $6.95. 19. Cloutier, P.D., Preliminary Technology Assessment of Ocean Thermal Gradient Energy Generation 19. Heronemus, W.E., Technical and Economic Feasi- (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), July 1974, bility of the Ocean Thermal Differences Process. 209p. (NP-20461) NSF/RANN. Third Quarter Progress Report, July 1, 1974 - September 30, 1974 (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, 19. Connell, J.W.; McGowan, J.G., Condenser Require- MA), Dec. 1, 1974, 108p. (NP-20463) NSF/RANN. ments for an Ocean Thermal Gradient Power Plant (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Dept. of 19. Heronemus, W.E., Technical and Economic Feasi- Mechanical Engineering, June 1973, 8p. (NSF/RA/ bility of the Ocean Thermal Differences Process as N-73-100) NTIS. a Solar-Driven Energy Process. Semi-Annual Progress Report, Jan. 1, 1974 - June 1974 (Massachusetts 19. Connell, J.W.; McGowan, J.G., Initial Investigation Univ., Amherst, MA) July 31, 1974, 52p. (PB- of Boiler and Condenser Tube Designs (Massachu- 236422) NTIS, $3.75. setts Univ., Amherst, MA, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering), June 1973, 35p. (NSF/RA/N-73- 19. Heronemus, W.E., Research Applied to Ocean Sited 054) NTIS. Power Plants. First Quarter Progress Report, Decem- ber 31, 1972 - March 31, 1973 (Massachusetts 19. Dzialo, F.J.; Stoddard, F.S., Plane Strain Solutions Univ., Amherst, MA), 1973, 61p. (NP-20475) NSF/ For Thick Cylindrical Submersible Shells (Massa- RANN. chusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), June 1973, 20p. (NSF/RA/N-73-093) NTIS. 19. Heronemus, W.E., Proposed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems Program Plan (The OTECS 19. Goss, W.P.; Heronemus, W.E.; Mangarella, P.A.; Plan) (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), March McGowan, J.G., Summary of University of Massa- 1975, 36p. (TID-26850) Dep. NTIS, $5.00. chusetts Research on Gulf Stream Based Thermal Power Plants (Univ. onf Massachusetts, Amherst 19. Kirchhoff, R.H.; McGowan, J.G.; Connell, J.W.; Power Plants (Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on Seluk, D., Hot Side Heat Exchanger For an Ocean MA), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- Engineering Department, University of Massachu- tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975), Engineering Department, University of Massachu- tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975), setts, Amherst, MA), pp. 354-361 of 9th Inter- setts, Amherst, MA), pp. 354-361 of 9th Inter- (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 51-63). society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; 19. Heronemus, W.E.; Adams, C.R.; Ambs, L.L.; Chajes, San Francisco, CA, Aug. 26-30, 1974. New York; A.; Dzialo, F.J.; Kirchloff, R.H.; Mangarella, P.A.; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1974). McGowan, J.G.; McKibbin, W.L.; Zoltners, A.; McGowan, RJ.G.; McKibbin, W.L.; Zoltners, A.; omic19. Mangarella, P.A., Analysis of The Fluid Motion Into Lessard, R.D., Technical and Economic Feasibility The Condenser Intake of a 400 MWe Ocean Thermal of the Ocean Thermal Differences Process as a Differen er Plant (Massachusetts Univ., Solar-Driven Energy Process. First Quarterly Prog- Amherst, MA), March 1975, 25p (TI 26964) ep ress Report, January 1, 1974 - March 31, 1974 NTIS, $4.50. (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), April 30, 1974, 57p. (NSF/RA/N-74-160) NTIS. 19. Marshall, J.; Ambs, L, Evaluation of The Major and Support Fluid System Necessary for The Operation 19. Heronemus, W.E.; McGowan, J.G., Ocean Thermal of a Rankine Cycle Ocean Thermal Difference Power and Windpower Systems: Natural Solar Machine (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Energy Conversion for Near-Term Impact on World Nov. 1974, 42p. (NP-20460) NSF/RANN. Energy Markets (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA). Adv. Astronaut. Sci.; 35: Suppl. 491-507 19. McGowan, J.G.; Heronemus, W.E.; Connell, J.W.; (1975). Energy Symposium of the 140th Annual Cloutier, P.D., Ocean Thermal Difference Power Meeting of the American Association for the Ad- Plant Design (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), vancement of Science; San Francisco, CA (Feb. 25, June 1973, 22p. (NSF/RA/N-73-094) NTIS. 1974). 19. McGowan, J.G.; Connell, J.W.; Braren, R., Varia- 19. Heronemus, W.E., Research Applied to Ocean Sited tions in Heat Exchanger Design for Ocean Thermal Power Plants. Annual Progress Report, Jan. I - Difference Power Plants (Massachusetts Univ., Dec. 31, 1973 (Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Amherst, MA), Aug. 1974, 49p. (NSF/RA/N-75- Jan. 25, 1975, 74p. (NSF/RA/N-74-002) NTIS. 110) NTIS. 90 19. Seluk, D.; Kirschhoff, R.H., Hot Water Hydraulics 20. Lavi, A.; Zener, C., Thermal Energy From Oceanic of The Gulf Stream Sited OTGM (Massachusetts Deepness (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA) Univ., Amherst, MA), March 1975, 75p. (TID- Electrotechnica; 61: No. 2,95-100 (February 1974). 26853) Dep. NTIS, $6.75. (In Italian). 19. Seluk, D.; Kirschhoff, R.H., Hot Water Hydraulics 20. Witaker, W.L.; Krokosky, E.M., Guyed Column of The Gulf Stream Sited OTGM (Massachusetts Structure for The Cold-Water Intake Pipe for Solar Univ., Amherst, MA), March 1975, 68p. (NSF/RA/ Sea Power Plants (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pitts- N-75-027) NTIS. burgh, PA), Oct. 1974, 66p. (NP-20467) NSF/ RANN. 19. VanDusen, E.; Mangarella, P.A., Analysis of The Thermal and Nutrient Properties of The Condenser 20. Zener, C.; Lavi, A.; Wu, C.C., Solar Sea Power. First Discharge Plume Created By an Ocean Thermal Quarterly Progress Report, June I - September Difference Power Plant (Massachusetts Univ., 1973 (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Amherst, MA), Oct. 1974, 60p. (NP-20474) NSF/ Oct. 11, 1973, 140p. (PB-228069) NTIS, $4.75. RANN. 20. Zener, C.; Rothfus, R.R.; McMichael, F.C.; Kriebel, 19. Technical and Economic Feasibility of The Ocean C.; Lavi, A.; Krokosky, E.; Wu, C.C., Solar Sea Thermal Differences Process. Progress Report for Power, Third Quarterly Progress Report, Febru- Period January 1, 1974 - January 1, 1975 (Massa- ary 1, 1974 - April 30, 1974 (Carnegie-Mellon chusetts Univ., Amherst, MA), Feb. 1, 1975, 106p. Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (USA)), Apr. 30, 1974, 83p. (TID-26790) Dep. NTIS, $8.50. (PB-235469) NTIS, $4.75. 20. Finzi, L.A., Major Electric Equipment Cost Figures 20. Zener, C., Soiar Sea Power (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., for Solar Sea Power Plants (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA). AIP (Am. Inst. Physc.) Topical Pittsburgh, PA), Oct. 1974, 46p. (NP-20466) NSF/ Conference on Energy; Chicago, Illinois (Feb. 4, RANN. 1974); No. 19, 412-426 (1974). 20. Kriebel, C.H., Preliminary Technology Assessment 20. Zener, C., Solar Sea Power. Fifth Quarterly Prog- of Solar Power Plants for Ocean Thermal Energy ress Report, July 1, 1974 - September 30, 1974 Conversion (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Oct. 31, PA), Nov. 1974, 72p. (NP-20458) NSF. 1974, 15p. (NP-20472) NSF/RANN. 20. Lavi, A., Solar Sea Power Plants, Cost and Econom- 20. Zener, C., Solar Sea Power. Annual Progress Report, ics (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Aug. April 1, 1974 - June 30, 1974 (Carnegie-Mellon 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), July 31, 1974, 138p. (NSF/ Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns RANN/SE/GI-39114/PR/74/4). Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR- 20. Zener, C.; Lavi, A., Drainage Systems for Conden- 75-2, pp. 64-71). sation (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), 20. Lavi, A., Solar Sea Power Project. Progress Report 1973, 38p. (PB-227967) NTIS, $3.25; $1.45 (mf). January 1, 1975 - August 31, 1975 (Carnegie- 20. Zener, C.; Lavi, A.; Rothfus, R.; McMichael, F.; Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Aug. 31, 1975, 176p. Wu, C.C., Solar Sea Power. Semiannual Progress (NSF/RANN/SE/GI-39114/PR/75/1) Dep. NTIS, Report, November 1, 1973 - January 31, 1974 $8.50. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Jan. 25, 20. Lavi, A., Solar Sea Power Project Final Report, 1974,113p. (PB-228068). June 1, 1973 - December 31, 1974 (Carnegie- 20. Zener, C.; Dykstro, L.J.; Rothfus, R.R.; Lavi, A.; Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Jan. 31, 1975, Krokosky, E.; Kriebel, C.; McMichael, F.C.; Wu, 131p. (NP-20454) Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pitts- C.C., Solar Sea Power. Annual Progress Report burgh, PA. Covering The Period April 1, 1973 - June 30, 1974 (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), July 31, 20. Lavi, A. (ed.), Proceedings, Solar Sea Power Plant 1974, 130p. (PB-236997) NTIS, $5.75. Conference and Workshop (Carnegie-Mellon Uni- versity, Pittsburgh, PA), June 1973, 287p. Solar 20. Zener, C.; Lavi, A., Drainage Systems for Condensa- Sea Power Conference and Workshop; Pittsburgh, tion (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), ASME PA (June 27, 1973) (PB-228066) NTIS, $6.75. meeting; (Nov. 11-15, 1973). (ASME Paper 73-WA/ Sol-2, New York), ASME (1973), 7p. 20. Lavi, A.; Zener, C., Plumbing The Ocean Depths: New Source of Power (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pitts- 20. Zener, C., Solar Sea Power (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., burgh, PA), IEEE Spectrum; 10: No. 10, 22-7 Pittsburgh, PA). Physics Today; 26: No. 1, 48-53 (Oct. 1973). (Jan. 1973). 20. Zener, C.; Lavi, A., Drainage Systems for Condensa- 23. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Research on an tion (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA). J. Eng. Engineering Evaluation and TestProgram. Volume 5. Power; 96: No. 3, 209-14 (July 1974). (73-WA/ Appendices. Final Report (TRW Systems Group, SOL-2). Redondo Beach, CA), June 1975, 337p. (SAN- 1089-TI-P5) Dep. NTIS, $20.00. 20. Solar Sea Power Plant Conference and Workshop at Carnegie-Mellon University, Schenley Park, Pitts- 25. Cohen, R.; Avery, W.; Heronemus, W.; Lavi, A.; burgh, PA. June 27-28, 1973. Washington, D.C.; Anderson, J.H.; Douglass, R.; Trimble, L., Panel National Science Foundation (1973). Discussion of Issues Raised by System Study 22. Trimble, L.C., Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Reports. Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop System Study Report (Lockheed Missiles and Space on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- Co., Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), Aug. 1975. Proceedings tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 41-44). Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975). (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 3-21). 25. Cohen, R., OTEC Program Overview (Energy Re- search and Development Administration, Washing- 22. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power ton, D.C.), August 1975. Proceedings, Third Work- Plant Technical and Economic Feasibility. Vol. II. shop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Supporting Data (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), Apr. 12, 1975, 818p. (LMSC- 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 47-50). D-056566) (Vol. 2). (NSF/RANN/SE/GI-C-937/ FR/75/1 (Vol. 2)). 25. Dugger, G.L. (ed.), Proceedings, Third Workshop on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), Hous- 22. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power ton, Texas, May 8-10, 1975. Aug. 1975, 241p. Plant Technical and Economic Feasibility. Vol. 1. Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Technical Report (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), Apr. 12, 1975, 194p. (LMSC- (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2) Dep. NTIS, D-056566) (Vol. 1). (NSF/RANN/SEC/GI-C-937/ $9.00. FR/1 (Vol. 1)). 23. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Research on an 25. Olsen, H.L.; Dugger, G.L.; Shippen, W.B.; Avery, Engineering Evaluation and TestProgram. Volume 1. W.H., Selection of a Working Medium for The Solar Executive Summary. Final Report (TRW Systems Sea Power Plant (Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Group, Redondo Beach, CA), June 1975, 83p. Hopkins University, Laurel, MD), 1973. Proceedings, (SAN-1089-TI-PI) Dep. NTIS, $7.25. Solar Sea Power Plant Conference Workshop, Pitts- burgh, PA (June 27, 1973). (PB-228066, pp. 185- 23. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Research on an 204) NTIS, $6.75. Engineering Evaluation and TestProgram. Volume 2. Evaluation of Prior Work; Subsystems and Compo- 25. Olsen, H.L.; Dugger, G.L.; Shippen, W.B.; Avery, nents. Final Report (TRW Systems Group, Redondo W.H., Preliminary Considerations for The Selection Beach, CA), June 1975, 167p. (SAN-1089-TI-P2) of a Working Medium for The Solar Sea Power Plant Dep. NTIS, $11.50. (Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD), June 1973. Proceedings, 23. Douglass, R.H., Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Solar Sea Power Plant Conference and Workshop; An Engineering Evaluation (TRW Inc., Redondo Pittsburgh, PA (June 27, 1973) (PB-228066, pp. Beach, CA), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Work- 185-204) NTIS, $6.75. shop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 25. Rabenhorst, D.W.; Dugger, G.L., Superflywheel for 1975). Storing Energy From OTEC Plants (Applied Physics 23. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Research on an Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD), Engineering Evaluation and TestProgram. Volume 3. Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Baseline System Concept Final Report (TRW Sys- Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns tems Group, Redondo Beach, CA), June 1975, Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR- 198p. (SAN-1089-TI-P3) Dep. NTIS, $13.00. 75-2,pp. 116-120). 23. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Research on an 25. Anderson's Operating Model of The Ocean Thermal Engineering Evaluation and TestProgram. Volume4. Energy Conversion Principle. Aug. 1975. Proceed- Test Program Plan. Final Report (TRW Systems ings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Group, Redondo Beach, CA), June 1975, 47p. Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Univer- (SAN-1089-TI-P2) Dep. NTIS, $5.50. sity (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. ix). 92 27. Anderson, J.H., To Design, Construct, and Test a 41. Bretschneider, C.L., Operational Sea State and Model Sea Solar Power Plant Annual Progress Design Wave Criteria, A Generalized Study for Report, June 1, 1974 - December 12, 1974 (Sea OTEC (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI), August Solar Power, Inc., York, PA), Jan. 24, 1975, 21p. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; (NSF-RANN/SE/GI-44213/PR/75/4) Dep. NTIS, Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, $4.25. Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/ JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 87-91). 27. Anderson, J.H., Turbines for Sea Solar Power Plants (Sea Solar Power, Inc., York, PA),June 1973. 41. Bretschneider, C.L., OPSES-DEWAC Operational Proceedings, Solar Sea Plant Conference and Work- Sea and Design Wave Criteria for OTEC (Univ. of shop; Pittsburgh, PA (June 27, 1973). (PB-228066, Hawaii, Honolulu, HI), June 30, 1976. Report 13-6, pp. 126-52) NTIS, $6.75. Zone 17, South China Sea; Zone 18, Philippine Sea; and Zone 19, Western Pacific Ocean. 27. Veziroglu, T.N. (ed.), Sea Thermal Power as a 41. Bretschneider, C.L., OPSES-DEWAC Operational Hydrogen and Methanol Generator (University of Sea and Design Wave Criteria for OTEC (Univ. of Miami, FL), pp. 197-207 of Hydrogen Energy, Hawaii, Honolulu, HI), June 30, 1976. Report 13-7, Part A. New York; Plenum Publishing Corp. (1975). Zone 29, Eastern Indian Ocean; Zone 30, Java and Hydrogen Economy, Miami Energy Conference; Banda Seas; Zone 31, TimorJava and Arafura Seas; Miami Beach, Florida (March 18, 1974). Zone 32, Coral Sea and Fiji Basin. 34. Potential of Accelerating Commercialization of 41. Bretschneider, C.L., OPSES-DEWAC Operational Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) (Lock- Sea and Design Wave Criteria for OTEC (Univ. of heed Missiles & Space Co., Inc., Sunnyvale, CA Hawaii, Honolulu, HI), August 10, 1976, Final 94088), October 1975 (LMSC/D458893). Report 13-F-I, Volume I. 35. Dugger, G.L.; Olsen, H.L.; Shippen, W.B.; Francis, 44. Piacsek, S.A., Thermocline Perturbations and Avail- E.J.; Avery, W.H., Tropical Ocean Thermal Power able Temperature Contrast for Ocean Thermal Plants Producing Ammonia or Other Products Power Plants (Naval Research Lab., Washington, (Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Univ., D.C.), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on Laurel, MD), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Work- OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- shop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 176-178). 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 106-115). 47. Bathen, K.H., An Evaluation of Oceanographic and 35. Dugger, G.L., Maritime and Construction Aspects of Socio-Economic Aspects of a Nearshore Ocean OTEC Plant-Ships (Applied Physics Laboratory, Thermal Energy Conversion Pilot Plant in Sub- Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD), April 1976, tropical Hawaiian Waters (Univ. of Hawaii, Hono- Executive Summary (APL/JHU-SR-76-1A) (PB- lulu, HI), 1975. vp. (NSF/RA/N-75-028) NTIS. 255639-AS) NTIS. 47. Bathen, K.H., Oceanographic and Socio-Economic Aspects of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 35. Dugger, G.L., Maritime and Construction Aspects Aspects of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 35. Dugger, G.L., Maritime and Construction Aspects Pilot Plant in Subtropical Hawaiian Waters (Univ. of of OTEC Plant-Ships (Applied Physics Laboratory, Pilot Plant in Subtlu, Hi), August 1975. Proceedings, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD), April 1976, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston Texas: Applied Detailed Report (APL/JHU-SR-76-1 B) (PB-257444- . ' o LL NDetailed Report (APL/JHU-SR-7 B) B-257444- Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University LL) NTIS. (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 162-171). 36. Gregory, D.P.; Biederman, N.P.; Optimization Study 48. Atwood, D.K., Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: of Ocean Thermal Energy Delivery Systems Based A Case Study of Resource Assessment and Environ- on Chemical-Energy Carriers (Inst. of Gas Tech., mental Impact Using a Proposed Puerto Rico Site Chicago), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop (Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayag[ez, PR), Aug. 1975. on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 121-124). University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-1, pp. 172-173). 38. Hornburg, C.D.; Lindal, D.; El-Ramly, N., Prelimi- nary Research on an Ocean Energy Industrial Com- 49. Wolff, P.M., OTEC Plan for Resource and Environ- plex (DSS Engineers, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL), mental Studies (Ocean Data Systems, Inc., Mon- August 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on terey, CA), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Work- OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- shop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 125-127). 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 174-175). - ~ ~ nw- 93 53. Rothfus, R.R., Concurrent Studies of Enhanced 70. Fetkovich, J.G., Study of Fouling and Corrosion Heat Transfer and Materials for Ocean Thermal Problems in a Solar Sea Power Plant (Carnegie- Exchangers (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA), August 1975. Pro- Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; ceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR- University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, 75-2, pp. 145-146). pp. 155-156). 70. Rothfus, R.R., Effects of Fluid Flow on Heat Ex- 56. Sabin, C.M.; Poppendieck, H.F.; Sellers, A.J.: changer Concepts (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pitts- Nucleating Vaporization and Extended Surface burgh, PA), September 5, 1975, 59p. (NSF/RANN/ Heat Transfer at Low Temperature Difference SE/GI-39114/TR/75/1) NTIS, $5.50. (Geoscience Ltd., Solana Beach, CA), August 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, 74. Jones, P.E.; Ostrozynski, R.L., Prevention of Bio- Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces of Ocean Thermal University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, Energy Converters (Allied Chemical Corp., Buffalo, pp. 143-144). N.Y.), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- 57. Czikk, A.M.; Fenner, G.W.; Notaro, F.; Zawierucha, tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) R.; McLaughlin, D., Ocean Thermal Power Plant (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 151-154). Heat Exchangers (Union Carbide Corp., Tonawanda, Heat Exchangers (Union Carbide Corp., Tonawanda, 77. Knight, H.G.; Nyhart, J.D.; Stein, R.E., Legal Con- N.Y.), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on siderations of OTEC: Some nitial Views (American APJURpOTEC;p Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR- 62. Suratt, W.B.; Hart, G.K.; Sieder, E.N., Plastic Heat 75-2, pp. 179-181). Exchangers for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (DSS Engineers, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL), August 79. Chen,W.-F., Reinforced Concrete Constitutive Rela- 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; tions for Application to OTEC Plant Structures Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns (Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA), Aug. 1975. Pro- Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR- ceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, 75-2, pp. 138-142). Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975). 64. Iqbal, K.Z.; Starling, K.E., Potential Advantages of 80. Haynes, H.H., Feasibility of Submerged Concrete Mixtures as Working Fluids in The OTEC Cycles Structures for OTEC Power Plants (Naval Con- (University of Oklahoma, Norman), Aug. 1975. Pro- struction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, CA), ceedings. Third Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/ pp. 147-150). JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 98). 65. Johnson, D.E., Environmental Energy Sources: 81. Valent, P.J.; Taylor, R.J.; Lee, H.J.; and Rail, R.D., Their Use and Storage (Sea Motive, Inc., Tempe, State of The Art in High Capacity, Deep Water AZ), pp. 6.1-6.17 of Energy, Environment, and Anchor Systems (Civil Engineering Laboratory, Engineering. Stillwater, OK; Oklahoma State Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, University (1973). Proceedings on Frontiers of CA), January 1976, Technical Memorandum No. M- Power Technology; Stillwater, Oklahoma, (Oct. 10, 42-76-1. 1973). 82. Little, T.E., Deep Water Pipe and Mooring Design Study (Westinghouse Electric Corp., Annapolis, 66. Zener, C.; Fetkovich, J., Foam Solar Sea Power MD), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on Plant (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., 'Pittsburgh, PA). OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Labora- Science; 189: No. 4199, 294-295 (July 25, 1975). tory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, 1975). 68. Winer, B.N.; Electrical Energy Transmission From 84. Barr, R.A., Evaluation of Platform Designs for Ocean Thermal Power Plants (Arthur D. Little, Inc., Ocean Thermal Power Plants (Hydronautics, Inc., Cambridge, MA), August 1975. Proceedings, Third Laurel, MD), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Work- Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied shop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University (May 8, (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 103-105). 1975). 94 84. Brown, C.E.; Wechsler, L., Engineering an Open 86. Anderson, J.H.; Anderson, J.H. Jr., Cold-Water Cycle Power Plant for Extracting Solar Energy Pipe: A Design Feasibility Study (Sea Solar Power, From The Sea (Hydronautics, Inc.). pp. 111-126 of Inc., York, PA), Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Proceedings of 7th Annual Offshore Technology Workshop on OTEC; Houston, Texas: Applied Conference, Houston, TX (May 5-8, 1975), Volume Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University 2. Dallas, TX; Offshore Technol. Conf. (1975). (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR-75-2, pp. 92). 84. Brown, C.E.; Wechsler, L., Engineering an Open Cycle Power Plant for Extracting Solar Energy From The Sea (Hydronautics, Inc., Laurel, MD), 86. Anderson, J.H., Design of Cold-Water Pipe for Sea Aug. 1975. Proceedings, Third Workshop on OTEC; Thermal Power Plants. Progress Report, May 1, Houston, Texas: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns 1975 - September 15, 1975. (Sea Solar Power, Inc., Hopkins University (May 8, 1975) (APL/JHU-SR- York, PA), Sept. 1975, 43p. (COO-2691-1) Dep. 75-2, pp. 75-78). NTIS, $4.00. 95 INDEX ORGANIZATION TITLE PAGE Aerospace Corporation Mission analysis for OTEC systems 32 Allied Chemical Corporation Prevention of biofouling on heat transfer surface of ocean thermal 74 energy converters Aluminum Company of America Catalog information on the performance of aluminum in seawater 77 American Society of International Law Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Legal considerations 50 Applied Physics Laboratory Analytical study of two-phase-flow heat exchangers for OTEC 59 systems Applied Physics Laboratory An analysis of the maritime and construction aspects of OTEC 35 plant-ships Applied Physics Laboratory Experimental studies of two-phase-flow heat exchangers for OTEC 60 systems (Phase I) Applied Physics Laboratory Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Workshop (Houston, 25 May 08-10, 1975) Battelle Pacific Northwest Ocean thermal energy conversion biofouling and corrosion study 15 Laboratories (PN L) Carnegie-Mellon University A study of fouling and corrosion problems in a solar sea 70, 71 power plant Carnegie-Mellon University Concurrent studies of enhanced heat transfer and material for ocean 53 thermal exchangers Carnegie-Mellon University Solar ocean-based power plant 20 Carnegie-Mellon University Studies of enhanced heat transfer for ocean thermal exchangers 54 Carnegie-Mellon University Study of a foam closed-cycle solar sea power plant 66 Carnegie-Mellon University System analysis and engineering studies for ocean thermal energy 21 conversion Colorado School of Mines An evaluation of open-cycle thermocline power systems 26 Columbia University Marine Pastures: A by-product of large (100 Megawatts or larger) 39 floating ocean thermal power plants Delaware, University of Effects of contamination of seawater on aluminum alloys for heat 75 exchangers DSS Engineers, Inc. Development of plastic-tubed heat exchangers 62, 63 DSS Engineers, Inc. Preliminary research on an Ocean Energy Industrial Complex 38 (OEIC) General Electric Co./TEMPO Mission analysis study 33 Geoscience, Ltd. Water heat transfer and ammonia nucleate studies 56 96 INDEX (Continued) ORGANIZATION TITLE PAGE Gilbert Associates, Inc. Architect-Engineering services in support of the OTEC program 14 Hawaii, University of Near-shore application for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion pilot 47 plant in Hawaii Hawaii, University of Operational sea state and design wave criteria for OTEC projects 41 Hawaii, University of OTEC heat exchanger biofouling experiment 61 Hydronautics, Inc. Experimentally study flow problems related to an Ocean Thermal 45 Energy Conversion power plant Hydronautics, Inc. Investigation of OTEC heat exchanger cleaning methods 73 Hydronautics, Inc. Studies of seaway responses of OTEC platform/cold-water pipe 84 configuration - effects of pipe elasticity and model tests Hydronautics, Inc. Structural analysis and design studies of OTEC cold-water pipe 85 Institute of Gas Technology An optimization study of ocean thermal energy delivery systems 36 based on chemical energy carriers Institute of Gas Technology Alternative energy transmission systems from OTEC plants 37 Lehigh University Reinforced concrete constitutive relations 79 Little, Arthur D., Inc. A study of electrical energy transmission for ocean thermal power 68 plants Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. OTEC tube and shell heat exchanger productivity study 52 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. Potential of accelerating commercialization of ocean thermal energy 34 conversion Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. Research on an engineering evaluation and test program 22 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. Test facilities requirements definition 28 Massachusetts, Amherst, University of Technical and economic feasibility of the ocean thermal differences 19 process as a solar-driven energy process with potential for significant impact on the United States energy market Massachusetts Institute of Technology External fluid mechanics of ocean thermal power plants 46 Mechanics Research, Inc. Feasibility study: Hughes Mining Barge (HMB-1) for an Early Ocean 30 Test Platform (EOTP) National Academy of Sciences Review of OTEC systems 24 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Heat transfer enhancement for OTEC systems 55 (ORNL) Oak Ridge National Laboratory Program development for OTEC heat exchangers 17 (ORNL) Ocean Data Systems, Inc. OTEC resource, ecological, and environmental studies 49 Oklahoma, University of Uses of mixtures as working fluids in ocean thermal energy 64 conversion cycles 97 INDEX (Continued) ORGANIZATION TITLE PAGE Oklahoma State University Heat exchanger system evaluation for the OTEC program 65 Oregon State University Biological and hydrodynamic influences of the screens of OTEC 87 intake systems Puerto Rico, University of OTEC: Thermal assessment and environmental impact for a 48 proposed Puerto Rico site Rosenblatt, M., & Son, Inc. Vessel utilization assessment 31 Sea Solar Power, Inc. Design, construct, and test an operating model of a sea solar power 27 plant Sea Solar Power, Inc. Design of a cold-water pipe for ocean thermal power plants 86 Science Applications, Inc. Empirical hydrodynamics studies to produce parameters for 43 determining the drag and lift forces on a cylinder in supercritical flow regimes for OTEC Sigma Research, Inc. Compatibility studies for the system water-ammonia-titanium as 76 related to ocean thermal energy conversion Southern California, University of Evaluation of incentives for the development of ocean thermal 51 gradient exchange technology Tefft, Kelly & Motley, Inc. OTEC program support 18 TRW, Inc. OTEC: Research on an engineering evaluation and test program 23 TRW, Inc. Test facilities requirements definition 29 U.S. Naval Construction Battalion A critical review of the design factors influencing biofouling and 72 Center corrosion of OTEC system surfaces U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Design, fabrication, and installation of large diameter submerged 80 Center concrete structures U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Nucleation of steam bubbles for a proposed ocean thermal gradient 67 Center hydraulic power plant U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Studies of anchor systems for OTEC power plants 81 Center U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Technical management of the OTEC ocean engineering program 16 Command activity U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Dynamic response of moored OTEC plants to ocean waves 42 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Theoretical fluid dynamical studies of resource availability and 44 environmental impact of ocean thermal power plants Union Carbide Corporation Heat exchangers for ocean thermal power plants 57, 58 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Deep water pipe and mooring design study 82 Westinghouse Electric Corp. OTEC cold-water pump designs 83