    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                                    FOTEC

                                           PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

                                                FINAL.REPORT

                                              ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL

                                                     OF

                                       MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

                                         4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY

                                            MIAMI, FLORIDA 33149

                                                OCTOBER, 1983

                 TK
                 1071                 FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
                 F66
                 1983                       830 FIRST STREET SOUTH

                                       ST, PETERSBURGj FLORIDA 33701

                                                  FOTEC

                                          PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

                                              FINAL REPORT

                                            ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL

                                                   OF

         10N                         MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

                                       4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY

                                          MIAMI, FLORIDA 33149

                                 VS Department of Commerce
                                 No"\ ---.stal services Center Library
                                 22:@       71obson Avenue
                                 Cha@:I@-tull' SC 29405-2413

           Z%
                                              OCTOBER, 1983

                                    FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

                                          830 FIRST STREET SOUTH

                                     ST. PETERSBURGj FLORIDA 33701

                                                   FOTEC

                                           PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

                                               FINAL REPORT

                                             ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL

                                                    OF

                                      MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

                                        4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY

                                           MIAMI, FLORIDA 33149

                                               OCTOBER, 1983

                                     FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

                                           830 FIRST STREET SOUTH

                                      ST. PETERSBUIRG.* FLORIDA 33701

                                                    FOTEC

                                            PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

                                                FINAL REPORT

                                              ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL

                                                     OF

                                      MARINE  AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

                                        4600  RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY

                                           MIAMI, FLORIDA 33149

                                               'OCTOBER5, 1983

                                              ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

                     The project described in this report was supported by the Coastal Energy
                Impact Program (CEIP Grant #82-CE-CW-13-00-05-006), which is administered by
                the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
                Atmospheric Administration through the Florida Department of Community
                Affairs.

                                                         INDEX

                         Index

                    I    Introduction                                                    1-2

                    2)   Background on the Florida Current                               3-17

                    3)   Current and Temperature Profile Data                            18-21

                    4)   Temperature Section Data                                        22-23

                    5)   Satellite Sea Surface Temperatures of FOTEC Data                24

                    6)   Discussion of FOTEC Data                                        25-26

                    7)   Conclusions and Recommen  dations                               27-28

                    8)   Bibliography                                                    29-32

                    1)   Introduction

                         This report summarizes the results of surveys of two proposed sites

                    for  a Florida Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (FOTEC) plant near Key

                    West.   Both sites are located in the Straits of Florida as seen on the

                    locator map in figure 14 in section 3       on data.    OTEC plants extract

                    energy and/or fresh water from the vertical temperature gradient between

                    the warm surface water and the cold water below the thermocline in the

                    ocean.   While the source of energy in the form of solar heating of the

                    oceans surface waters is virtually inexhaustible and free of charge,

                    very large heat exchangers and structures are required for acceptable

                    efficiencies of operation.        Careful environmental and engineering

                    studies are required to insure long life and low maintenance of these

                    large capital investments.        Of particular interest to the design

                    engineers are the thermal resources upon which the plant feeds and the

                    current induced forces the structure must withstand.        These issues are

                    both addressed in this report.

                         Three sources of information are used to focus on the 'temperature

                    and current structure at these sites.      The first source of information

                    is historical data collected on past cruises by various investigators

                    and institutions. These data were collected over larger space and time

                    scales and thus expand our knowledge. Dr. Thomas Lee of the University

                    of Miami (RSMAS) functioned as a consultant to this project to examine

                    the historical data which might be applicable to these sites.

                         Second'. direct measurements made in the course of this contract of

                    temperature and current structure. These data were collected on the R/V

                    Bellows during the period from February 15, 1983 to February 27, 1983.

                     Page 2

                     Capt. Gene Olson and Marine Technician Albert Rodriguez of Florida

                     Institute of Oceanography (FIO) at the University of South Florida were.

                     particularly helpful in anchoring the ship in 700-800 meter water depths

                     and careful data acquisition respectively.           Marine Technician Mark

                     Graham and Graduate Student Jiann-Gwo Jiing at       the University of Miami

                     (RSMAS) both worked effectively preparing the       profiler plus acquiring

                     data and analyzing and plotting the data respectively.            The     final

                     source of information was remotely sensed surface temperature provided

                     by NOAA Miami SFSS.      These data give some idea about the context in

                     which the in-situ data were recorded.

                          Owing    to   limitations   in   time   and   funding,   the   data    and

                     interpretation   presented    here  will   not    be  sufficient   for    final

                     engineering analysis.       However these data will be required for

                     feasibility studies and for the design of a definitive study. Clearly,

                     data gathered during weather windows in a two week period during the

                     winter of one year will not define current and temperature variability

                     in great enough detail.     Since none have ventured into the edge of the

                     Gulf Stream  to record data at the peak of a winter storm much less a

                     hurricane, we have little direct evidence of current magnitudes and wave

                     induced forces to be expected at the proposed sites under extreme storm

                     conditions.    We can however recommend methods of acquiring such data

                     using new  radar and acoustic remote sensing techniques which allow the

                     estimation  of both wave and current conditions.

                    Page 3

                    2)    Background-on the Florida Current

                          The Florida Current is a highly variable, dynamic current system

                    flowing through the Florida Straits from the Yucatan Channel to Cape

                    Hatteras.     The mean downstream flow is in approxima         te geostrophic

                    balance with cross-stream pressure gradients over a large portion of the

                    current structure (Wust, 1924). However, within the cyclonic shear zone

                    ageostrophic    conditions    can   prevail    (Brooks   and    Niiler,  1977).

                    Richardson, Schmitz and Niiler (1969) measured the velocity structure

                    and volume transport of the Florida Current with 7 dropsonde sections

                    between the Florida Keys and Cape Fear (Figs. 1 and 2).               Downstream

                    velocities were strongly sheared in the vertical and horizontal with a

                    baroclinic jet located in the western side of the Straits.               Volume
                    transport were northward and increased from a minimum of 29.6 x 10       6m3 s- I
                    off the Florida Keys near Marathon, FL., to a maximum of 53.0 x 10       6m3 a -1

                    off Cape Fear.     The Marathon section (section I of Fig. 2) was located

                    very near the proposed FOTEC sites and will serve as useful data for

                    comparison with site specific measurements.          This average downstream

                    velocity section was derived from 9 dropsonde transects between June 13

                    - July 4, 1966.       The averaging tends to smooth out the velocity
                    structure, making the upper layer high speed core of 140 cm s-        1  broader

                    than what actually occurred on any single transect.

                          Between May 3 and June 8, 1972 Brooks and Niiler (1975) made 16
                    dropsonde and CTD transects across the Florida Current along the 81       044'W

                    meridian between Key West and Matanzas, Cuba.         This section is located

                    approximately     60   km    upstream    of   the    proposed     FOTEC  sites.

                    Ensemble- averaged profiles of the downstream velocity (u), cross-stream

                                                                  ILI'                                                                               TV

                                                                                                                                                            .26.

                                                   34.
                                                                                                                    CAN F9AR                                 Re

                                                         J&CKSONVILLC                    21.

                                                                                     CAPIE KI"I0zDT X.

                                                                          FORT P19RCC          Vt.    WAT4)iJLA SHOAL

                                                                                                     SIR
                                                                                                              09L

                                                                                  MIAMI             amid
                                                                                                    @A? CAT

                                                                                                     .wt
                                                                                    01                     AS
                                                                     TRAITS              SAL

                                                                                NIC"   I

                                                                                           Go-        I'v         Ile.        fly

                                   Fig. 1.            Florida Current transport sec                             tions (from Richardson et al

                                                                                                                                                 ISO- @'          (00-ov.
                                                                                                                        11W                       2&-31?          20.51            ILIA.
                                                                                                        M ?01 30 40 so            TO W W                              'o to 30 .0 &0 40 70 0 to

                                                                                                 '00

                                                                                                 too

                                                                                                                                 00
                                                                                                 ei@

                                                                                                 301@
                                                                                                           11WA
                                                                                                                                                                      rM
                                                                                                 ?00

                                                                                                 00"
                                                                                                 too
                                                                                                 .000

                                                                                                 .00

                                                                                                 100,

                                                                                                 400
                                                                                                                                                                      AkY.AUGU           0
                                                                                                                                                                          196,

                                                                                                        Ay. JUK

                                                                                                                                                         iso-2.'.30-207)               RM.
                                                                                        0                                                                     .01 20 50 40 50 60 70 60 W .00 001,20 q* 440
                                                                                                                                   1-21!

                                                                                                                                                                                         44

                                                                                             Pbb?                                                             AkY,ALKAAT

                                                                                                                                                           if iiro"13-2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (b)

                                                                                                           12
                                                                                                                                                                                          00

                                                                                        MA'. JQK                                                              JUN E   JAY
                                                                                                                                                                  r9GO

                                                           Fig. 2.                      Downstream velocity structure: isotachs are in cm S                                                                                                             The
                                                                                        0 cm s-l isotach not presented could not be drawn with
                                                                                        comparable confidence. Arrows at the top of each diagram
                                                                                        show the location where the mean surface current is zero,
                                                                                        (a) Sections, 1, 11, 111 and IVA., (b) Sections IVB, V,
                                                                                        VI and VII (from Richardson et al., 1969).
                                                                                                                                                                                                    0

                                                                                                                                                                      J"'Y

                    Page 4

                    velocity   (v)    temperature and    salinity   from Station 9      of   these

                    transects, is shown in Fig. 3.      Station 9 was located at approximately

                    the same isobaths as the proposed FOTEC sites. , These data show the

                    large variability of currents at this site. Current speeds ranged from
                    about 20 to 170 cm s-     1  in the upper layer during the one month

                    experiment.   However, temperature variations were much smaller.       Surface
                    temperature ranged from about 25    0C to 280C and near bottom temperatures
                    were nearly constant at about 5      0C, giving-a     vertical temperature
                    difference from the surface to 800 m of 20 to 23     0C. The mean downstream

                    velocity field is shown in Fig. 4.       The magnitude and pattern of the

                    eastward flow is similar to the Richardson et al., (1969) section at

                    Marathon (Fig.   2, section 1) .    However, off Key West a we'stward, mean

                    f low of 20 cm s     was  observed on the northern side of the straits.

                    This counterflow was found on 13 out of the 16 transects with current
                    speeds reaching 80 cm s-   I toward the west.    Similar features have been

                    observed all along the western boundary of the Florida Current between

                    Miami and Cape Hatteras and have been described as northward traveling

                    cold cyclonic eddies (Lee, 1975; Lee and Mayer, 1977; Lee, Atkinson and

                    Legeckis, 1981; Lee and Atkinson, 1983).             These eddies form       in

                    conjunction with offshore meanders of the Florida Current on a weekly

                    time scale and their passage by a prospective FOTEC plant would produce

                    a current reversal and upwelling of cold deeper Florida Current water.
                    Chew (1974) observed an offshore meander of the Florida Current in the

                    vicinity of the proposed FOTEC sites (Fig. 5).          Strong upwelling is

                    indicated north of the offshore meander by the uplifted isotherms (Figs.
                    5 and 6).    The domed isotherms and topography of the 15     0C surface are

                                                                         U (2) (CM/20c)                                          VM (CM/"C)

                                                            .60      0         60       no        Ito
                                                                                                                    .60      a         6?       1!0      120
                                                                                                                   0.
                                                        200-                                                    200.
                                                                                                           09
                                                 :E     400-
                                                                                                           "a   400
                                                 Z                                                         2
                                                                                                           z
                                                 X      600.
                                                                                                           x    600-
                                                                                                           r6

                                                        goo                                                     Wo.

                                                       WOO                                                      low

                                                                                                                                   b

                                                                     TEMPERATURE (10                                             SALINITY N.)

                                                            0           1?           20           30                 34      3$        36       37        38
                                                            0                                                                          A_

                                                        200_
                                                                                                                200

                                                        4DO.                                                    400.
                                                                    ---- tF",                                                r
                                                        600-                                                    6W.

                                                        Boo-

                                                        1000                                                    1000

                                           Fig.13. The             data ensemble for Station 9: (a) downstream average
                                                            velocity, U(z); (b) cross-stream average velocity, V(z);
                                                            (c) temperature; (d) salinity (from Brooks and Niiler, 197.5).

                                                         3      5       7   4 9 10      11    13      Is     17       K      At     21          STATtON

                                             10     70      -to     40      so      60      70      to     90      K)O     110     120     no   KILOMETERS
                                                         a   I  A    I  A   Ad A    At  A                           I A

                                 100
                                                                                                         110
                                                                                                                too

                                                                                                                     so
                            4A   200
                                                                               0                                         60
                                                                                         20
                                 300-

                                                                                                  40
                            Z

                                 400-

                                 503-

                                 7001

                                                Fig. 4.        The ensemble-averaged downstream velocity field
                                                               (from Brooks and Niiler, 1975).

                                                                                DRY TORTUGAS          SOMBRERO,KtY
                                                                                                           06 050
                                                                                                                00

                                                                                   350

                                                                                             HABANA

                                      Fig. 5. Depth (m) contour of the ISC surface with drogue tracks
                                                    superposed, August 1971 (from Chew, 1974).

                                                              SEA    is? - - - - -     138         CTD 26   159 CT027         CT028 141    142     CTO ZS   STATIOW NO.
                                                             LEVEL  0-                 - - - - - -                      - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                                                                                                       2MI

                                                                 too

                                                                                                                                                       21'

                                                                 i0o                                                                                   20

                                                                 300 - --- - - - - - -

                                                                                                                                                       14
                                                                 400 - - - - - - - - - - - --
                                                                                                                                                       12'

                                                                 500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

                                                                 600       -- - - - - - - - - - - - - --
                                                                                                                                                       8

                                                                 700             - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- -                  - - - - - - -

                                                                                                0   5    10   15   20 Km,
                                                                                                H-41,  171 -1--Tj
                                                                                                0        5        10 NAUTICAL MILE

                                               Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of temperature and drogue positions
                                                                 at Sombrero Key section (from Chew, 1974), see Fig. 5.

                   Page 5

                   both indicative of the presence of a cold cyclonic eddy north of the

                   offshore meander.

                        Niiler and Richardson (1973) have estimated the mean transport off
                   Miami at 32.0 x 10    6m3s-1  with energetic fluctuations occurring on

                   seasonal, 2-15 day and tidal time scales.      Their data were reported as

                   transport time series and shown in Fig. 7.       They concluded that there

                   was little energy between the 15 day and seasonal periods.        The total

                                                           6 3  -1
                   fluctuation bound was about 19 x 10 m s         with a maximum of 38.2 x

                     6 3 - 1                                       6 3 -1
                   10 m s    in summer and a minimum of 19.0 x 10 m   s   in winter. Seasonal
                   variations were on the order of +3 x 10      6m3s-1and accounted for about

                   45% of the observed variability.        Fluctuations within the 2-15 day
                   period band also had amplitudes of +3 to 4 x 10       6m3s-1  and' appear to

                   produce 40 to 50% of the total variance.       Tidal fluctuations occurred

                   with both diurnal and semi-diurnal periods, again with amplitudes of +3
                   to 4 x 10 6m3s-1 and accounted for 10-20% of the variability (Schmitz and

                   Richardson, 1968; Brooks, 1979).

                   Low-frequency Variability

                   (a)  Current Profiling Results

                        Fluctuations of the Florida Current in the 2-15 day period range

                   were observed by' Pillsbury (1891) and later by Parr (1937.). Schmitz and

                   Richardson (1968) reported east-west meanders of the Florida Current

                   occurring on a one-week scale with amplitudes of about 5 km.            DUing

                   (1975) 'analyzed 2 weeks of current profiles sampled from 4 ships

                   anchored off Miami and noted a barotropic current meander with a 4 to 6

                   day time scale (Fig. 8). Comparison of the ship measured transport data

                35 -                                1065              1970

                           IS68
            z                 J.
            0  30 -
                                                                                                    19,10
                                                                                 1969

            (L
                         7
               20

                        F     M     4     M     i     i     A     S     0     N     D     i     F     m

                          Fig. 7. Florida Current transports of Niiler and Richardson,
                                    1973, replotted (Molonari, personal comunication).

                                   PILLSBURY AM 71 V-COMPOKNT
                                                      ------ !@ ---- -11@@ ......        _7@ @------ M! -------
                                   0 M no 1?0          M     170       130                                  2W zQ 2 230                      20MO
                                                       U                                                      v
                                                                                                                                                     60
                                   M
                                     200                                                                                                             130
                               100   OW                                                                                                              Ito
                                     140                                                                                                             90
                                     t4o

                               200                                     v                                                                             ?0

                                     420

                               300                                                                                                                   so
                                                                  A                                                                                  30
                                     goo,                                                         (f                                                 10
                               400   00                                                                                  M                           0
                                     60                                         LJJ    k
                                     40                                                                                                              .10

                               500

                                     20

                                                                                                                                                     3-0
                               WO
                                       0

                               700

                                                                                                                                   40
                                       .20 .510 -50 -50 .10      .10         .10   IL       50 .4;    0   .100   10  10       0 -2D -' -60 0 0 0
                               OW                                                                                                                    19 19TI
                             ANE 9        6       7       0       0       10      It      02      13      14      15      16      17      to
                               Hn 010

                                       Fig. 8        Isotach contours of north-south component (cm s                                     from
                                                     Project SYNOPS 71. Solid lines denote northward flow,
                                                     dashed lines southward flow. Top Scale shows profile
                                                     numbers from current profiling for 2 weeks through the
                                                     core of the Floirda Current (from Kielmann and Duing, 1974).

                    Page 6

                    with transport estimated from the electrical potential on a submarine

                    cable off Jupiter, FL., indicated that the several day "meander" was
                    produced by a wave traveling to the north at 47 cm s-     I and wave length

                    of 200 km.   Diding described 2 cases for meanders:     deep southward flow

                    appeared to occur over the Miami Terrace during an offshore meander

                    (current axis displaced to the east) and deep northward flow occurred

                    over the Terrace during an onshore meander stage (axis displaced to the

                    west).   In general it appeared that flow variations on the cyclonic
                    shear side of the axis were about 180          0  out of phase with the

                    anticyclonic side.

                         More recently Brooks (1979) found similar results from detailed

                    dropsonde transects of the Florida Current off Miami over, an 83 day

                    period in the summer of 1574 (Fig. 9).         Transport fluctuations with

                    periods of 2-14 days were highly coherent and in phase at stations in

                    the cyclonic shear region as were stations in the anticyclonic region,
                    but the two regions were about 180    0 out of phase.     Brooks also found

                    fluctuations in the total transport that were visually coherent and in

                    phase wilth th.e- variations on the anticyclonic side.           During the

                    experiment the current axis meandered a total distance of approximately

                    24 km.   An offshore (onshore) meander was associated with a transport

                    increase (decrease) on. the eastern side of the current, a transport

                    decrease (increase) on the western side and an increase (decrease) of

                    total transport.

                    (b) Moored Current Meter Stations

                         Current records from an array of near bottom current meters (Fig.

                    10) spanning the Florida Straits at the same location and time as the

                                                            ed'cd         79050,          79*40'          79*30'         79*20'

                              2e00'.

                                                               0 a 0 0
                              Md                   1        3 4 6 6                       9          to

                                                                             0
                                                                                                      0

                                                        0
                                                        C4

                               25 *46-

                                                            Topography of Ibe experimental section. lsobaths in meters.

                                           b)
                                                            MEASURED VALUES                   TIDAL RESIDUALS

                                                                                        EAN
                                                   TOTAL        ko A          A N..   M1 1 -1           A
                                                TRANSPORT      /                                        -V
                                                        STA
                                                            2
                                                                                        (17                       ob
                                                            3  %v41;r                     _-w
                                                            4
                                                            5                                                         C.
                                                            6

                                                                             k-                       A      -AV FV   w
                                                                            - "I   -                    1A    A_ I  +
                                                            9             -Vyv.                                 V
                                                SCALE
                                                                        A        AL
                                                            10       V w V
                                                            It       J_-AL
                                                                             IT I ",                  V \p V,
                                                            12     6JALAA -.4", 6.c@                    L

                                                            13

                                                DATE02741   5/23 6/1    111     8/1        W33 6A
                                                               I I " I  -,-i -A-                        'Aa-
                                                DAYS           0   20   40   60   so          0         4    60   so

                                                            Transport versus time. The top curves represent total transport through
                                                 the section. The remaining curves represent transport at the individual stations.
                                                 The left-hand column represents time series of measured values of transport.
                                                 The right-hand column represents the series after tides are removed. Transport
                                                 is in units of Hr ml s-1. Event markers are at days 10. 19, 26.39.55.66 and 78.

                                   Fig. 9. Transport fluctuations from dropsonde sections across the
                                                Florida Current. a) Station locations; b) Detided
                                                transports (from Brooks, 1979).

                                                26
                                                30'
                                                                 C3
                                                              %         40       112
                                                       BOCA  re
                                                      RAT014 Rio
                                                            N6

                                                            R9

                                                260
                                                Ou                                   @Ix
                                                                                    N3o
                                                             R
                                                    MIAMI' R                      N

                                                           R
                                                30'

                                                             60600,         79".30,

                                                    0

                                                   250
                                                            Re                   N,
                                                       CUR71EINT
                                                  .5oo
                                                        ARRAY
                                                                               Nj
                                                   750 MAR.-AUG..1974
                                                      U*fPA-o2ffw0*4m&      mv), NOVA
                                                         "2M*.*4W-&      - - f, (romis"I - PdOVA

                                                     0  10 20 30 40 50  60 TO 60 90   WO
                                                        -        KLOMETERS
                                                    a) Plan view of the Florida Straits with mooring sites.
                                        b) Cross-stream mooring array with vertical section of the mean flow and mean tem-
                                     perature distribution base4 on observations from March to August, 1974. made by Nova
                                     University.

                                   Fig. 10. Some previous mooring positions in the Florida Straits
                                              (from Duing et al., 1977).
                                                           @R'

                   Page 7

                   Brooks dropsonde measurements showed energetic fluctuations of the

                   downstream component with well-defined spectral peaks at periods of 9 to

                   12 days that were coherent across the entire Florida Straits (Duing,

                   Mooers and LeeP 1977).         The downstream coherence       scale of these

                   fluctuations was estimated at 55 km from a current meter array along the

                   continental slope (Lee, Brooks and DUing, 1977).

                         Current spectra from the Florida Straits generally show a decrease

                   of energy toward the very low frequencies (Dding et al., 1977) which

                   appears to be typical of continental shelves (Niiler, 1976) and in

                   contrast to spectra from the deep ocean (e.g., from side D; Thompson,

                   1971).    The most energetic motions in the Florida Current appear to

                   occur with periods of 8 to 12 days, with smaller but still significant

                   fluctuations occurring at periods of 4 to 5 and 2 to 3 days (DUing et

                   al., 1977; Mooers and Brooks, 1977; Brooks, 1979).

                   (c) interpretation of Low-frequency Fluctuations

                         In the open ocean subinertial motions are largely governed by

                   planetary Rossby wave.        Along continental margins and in Straits

                   topographic Rossby waves or continental shelf waves (CSW's) can occur

                   which have a higher- frequency cut-off than do open ocean Rossby waves.

                   Brooks (1975) investigated stable barotropic CSW's in the Florida

                   Straits  using a  realistic bottom profile with a baroclinic, horizontally

                   sheared steady   current.    The lowest mode wave properties appeared to

                   agree with observations reasonably well, i.e., periods of          10-12 days,
                   wave length of 200 km and southward propagation of 20 cm          s- 1.  Schott

                   and DUing (1976) found that a barotropic CSW with similar wave

                   properties produced the best fit to current observations from an

                   Page 8

                   along-axis array of lower layer moorings.        Approximately 70% of the

                   observed variance could be attributed to the barotropic mode.         Similar

                   results were found by Mooers and Brooks (1977) and DUing (1975).
                   Continental shelf wave theory predicts a 180         0  cross-stream phase

                   difference between currents on the shallow Miami Terrace and the deep

                   region of the Florida Straits, which was observed by DUing et al. ,

                   (1977) and Brooks (1979).    In the presence of the horizontally sheared

                   Florida Current northward propagating CSW' s are also possible (Brooks,

                   1975; Nii1er and Mysak, 1971).     The most probably generating mechanism

                   for CSW's is usually attributed to Ekman suction due to wind stress curl

                   over the Straits (Brooks, 1975; Schott and DUing, 1976; DUing et al.,

                   1977). Significant coherence was found by DUing et al., (1977) between

                   the downstream flow and wind stress curl in the 10 to 13 day period

                   band, with the curl being nearly in quadrature with the downstream

                   current.

                        Niiler and Mysak (1971) found that uns   table barotropic waves could,

                   exist in. the Florida -Current in the vicinity of the Blake Plateau.

                   These waves propagated northward at a    period of about 10 days and wave

                   lengths of 150 to 200 km.       Schott   and DUing (1976) reported that

                   rescaling the Niiler and Mysak dispersion relation for topography and

                   current conditions   in the  Florida Straits indicated only stable waves

                   with lengths of 100 km  for the 10 day period.

                   (d)  observations of Eddies

                        On the western side of the Florida Straits, Lee (1975) and Lee and

                   Mayer (1977) have observed cyclonic, cold-core eddies embedded in the

                   Florida  Current front.    The eddies occur during periods.of offs       hore

                    Page 9

                    meanders and have horizontal dimensions equivalent to the meander (10' s

                    of kms) .  They propagate to the north at the same phase speed as the
                    meander (30 to 70 cm s-   1) and appear to grow as the meander develops.

                    They occur on the average of about 1 per week and have life spans of

                    about 1 to 3 weeks.     Satellite I.R. images ftegickis.. 1975: Stumpf and

                    Rao, 1975) suggest that the eddies evolve from growing Florida Current

                    meanders.    Similar eddies have been observed along the Loop Current

                    cyclonic front in the Gulf of Mexico (Maul, 1977) and north of the

                    Florida Straits (Lee et al., 1981; Lee and Atkinson, 1983).          Evidence

                    for the occurrence of these features in the vicinity of the proposed

                    FOTEC plant is given in Figs. 4, 5 and 6.

                    (e) Speculation Concerning Generation of the Low-frequency Fluctuations

                         If   the   apparent    meteorological    influences   are   more     than

                    coincidental, then the Florida Current may be viewed as one large system

                    where disturbances generated by the winds in the band of 2 to 15 day

                    period can propagate either north or south along the Straits because of

                    the sheared current. Wave speeds in the upper layer range from 30 to 70
                    cm s- I to the north and wave lengths are 100 to 200 km.            The most

                    energetic waves occur in the 8 to 12 day period band.             Downstream

                    velocities seem to be coherent in the lower layer across the entire

                    Florida Straits in this period band and downstream coherence scales are

                    about 50 to 100 km. Offshore meanders are associated with the formation

                    of cyclonic, cold-core frontal eddies, deep flow reversals, decreased

                    transports on the cyclonic side of the current, increased transport on

                    the anticyclonic side, and increased total transport.       Onshore meanders

                    are accompanied by increased northward transport in the cyclonic zone,

                   Page 10

                   decreased transport in the anticyclonic zone and decreased total

                   transport.    Growing meanders of this type appear to derive their energy

                   from the   potential energy of the mean Florida Current then convert the.

                   energy back to the mean state through transfer of perturbation kinetic

                   energy, with no substantial net energy conversion on the cross-sectional

                   average.    This internal energy readjustment appears to be more active

                   within the cyclonic shear zone and could be connected to a baroclinic

                   instability process.       Fluctuations. of this type have a significant

                   impact on fluxes of mass, heat and momentum through the Florida Straits

                   and to the adjacent water masses.

                   Tidal Variability

                         Current and transport fluctuations in the tidal/inertial            period

                   band account for approximately 10 to 20% of the observed total

                   variability (Schmitz and Richardson, 1968; Kielman and DUing,              1974;
                   Mooers and Brooks, 1977; Brooks, 1979).           Both diurnal (Ki. 0    1) and
                   semi-diurnal (M  2, S 2) periods occur and produce transport fluctuations
                                                      6 3 -1
                   with amplitudes of +3 to 4 x 10 m      S     Smith, Zetler.and Broida (1969)

                   and Zetler and Hansen (1970) hypothesized that since tidal sea level

                   variations in the Florida Straits were primarily semi-diurnal then the

                   observed diurnal component of the flow is produced by a standing wave

                   with a node near Miami.       -Amplitudes of the K    1 and 0 1  components of

                   downstream currents or transport were found to be greater than or equal
                   to the M 2  component (Schmitz and Richardson, 1968; Smith et al., 1969;
                   Kielman and DUing, 1974; Brooks, 1979).         Energy spectra of downstream

                   (v) and cross-stream (u) velocity components from the lower layer over

     VI

                   Page 11

                   the Miami Terrace clearly show larger variance for             the diurnal
                   fluctuations (Fig. 11, from Kielman and Wing, 1974).                The 0  1
                   constituent was largest for the v component and K   1 was greatest  u tidal

                   constituent.   The downstream component accounted for about 25% of the

                   total variance and 6% for the cross-stream component.         The harmonic

                   constants (amplitude and phase for Ki. Olp M      2  and S2  computed from
                   surface current speed records (Smith et al., 1969) were found to agree

                   well with those computed for lower layer currents by Kielman and Ming,

                   indicating a strong barotropic structure to the tides.      Spectra of the

                   "detailed" velocity components, i.e., after subtracting the tidal

                   components determined by harmonic analysis (Fig. 11) show a considerable

                   reduction (by almost an order of magnitude) in the downstream component

                   both at diurnal-inertial and semi-diurnal periods. Brooks (1979) used a

                   Munk/Cartwright technique to remove the tidal signal from station

                   transport data and found little effect.     However, the small changes at

                   each station accumulated to produce a large effect on the total

                   transport through the section.     Brooks reported that the semi-diurnal

                   and diurnal tides accounted for about 20% of the total variance.         The

                   diurnal component produced most of the tidal variance over the Miami

                   Terrace and near the Bahama Bank and the semi-diurnal component had a

                   larger effect in the interior of the Current.     The phase of the diurnal

                   component was relatively constant between Miami and the Bahamas, again

                   indicating a standing wave with a node near Miami.

                        Mooers and Brooks (1977) analyzed thermistor arrays and tide gauge

                   records from sides of the Florida Current.         They found appreciable

                   diurnal and semi-diurnal internal tidal energy that was as large as the

                                                                                                              log

                                                                               ENERGY SPECTRUM

                                                                                   V-COMPONENT
                                               106                                                            Sol
                                            10-

                                                                                 BANOWIDTH: *--e 0.157cod.

                                                                                 90% CONFIDENCE-

                                                                                                              .100

                                            cc
                                                                                                              101

                                                           01          ME

                                               ice
                                                 0           1.0        2.0         3.0          4.0 cpd     5.0

                                               tot 120      2.4                      9           6 -PER100 W  10,

                                                                               ENERGY SPECTRUM

                                                                                   U-COMPONENT

                                                                                                              104

                                                                                 BANDWIDTH:         0.157 cPd.

                                                                                 90 % CON
                                                                                          FIDENCE:
                                                                                                              :,Of
                                            t

                                                              I        MR
                                            cc                                                                lot
                                            W lop

                                                 0           1.0        20          3,0          40 Cod-     5.0

                             Fig. 11. Ifigh-frequency spectra of north-south and east-west
                                           components (solid lines) and spectra of residuals after
                                           removal of ti     dal oscillations KI, 01, N12, S2 (dashed
                                                            K

                                           lines) (from Fig. 7, Kielmann and Duing, 19/4).

                   Page 12

                   surface tides.    The diurnal internal tide was dominant.        Near- inertial

                   motions were apparent at depths at the effective inertial frequency

                   which varied as a function of horizontal shear (20 hours near Miami and

                   35 hours near Bimini).      They found that low-frequency fluctuations can

                   modulate all near-inertial motions including diurnal and semi-diurnal

                   internal tides causing time-varying amplitudes.          The modulation time

                   scale was monthly and longer for the diurnal internal tides and

                   fortnightly and longer for the semi-diurnal internal tides.         Mooers and

                   Brooks also found that the cross-channel phase of the diurnal and

                   semi-diurnal internal tides indicated that internal seiches could exist

                   in the Florida Straits at these periods.

                   Loop Current

                         Circulation in the eastern Gulf of Mexico is dominated by the Loop

                   Current, the portion of the Gulf Stream which connects the Yucatan

                   Current to the Florida Current (Cochrane, 1972; Nowlin and Hubertz,

                   1972).   Its water originates in the North Atlantic Equatorial Zone and

                   is transported to the area via the Caribbean Sea and the Straits of

                   Yucatan.      Af ter penetrating    the Gulf,     the current pattern arcs

                   anticyclonically (clockwise) to the east and southeast, forming a

                   current "Loop" which subsequently exits through the Florida Straits.

                   The western and eastern boundaries of the Loop are fixed by topography

                   of the basin (eastern Gulf)(Cochrane, 1972).

                         In the Loop, interior flow is also anticyclonic. The flow pattern

                   is elongated along an axis parallel to the shelf regions on either side

                   and centered over the deep basin (Cochrane, 1972).        Some portion of the

                    Page 13

                    southern Loop flow may exit back through the Straits of Yucatan rather

                    than the Florida Straits (Nowlin, 1971). This portion varies, depending

                    upon the degree of are in the Loop pattern, or as a lower layer return

                    flow (Maul, 1977).

                         The Loop Current influences flow to a depth of greater than 1000 m

                    (Nowlin, 1971).   As would be expected, current velocities decrease with
                    increasing depth from a maximum of about 100 cm s- I at the surface.

                         Numerous estimates of transport in the Loop Current have been made
                    using various techniques.   An average value of 30 x 10   6m3s-I has been

                    determined by Nowlin and Hubertz (1972), Nowlin and McLellan (1969),

                    Schmitz and Richardson (1968), and Morrison and Nowlin (1977), although

                    their reference levels are not necessarily directly. analogous.      Values
                    for inflow and outflow of 22.3 and 21.4 x 10   6m3 s-1 were determined by

                    Molinari and Yager (1977) and Brooks and Niiler (1975), respectively.

                         Studies of the Loop Current have shown that it is a highly

                    variable, complex system.   A comparison of the extent of the northward

                    intrusion of the Loop as observed by different investigators indicates

                    that the spatial extremes of 1) direct flow from the Yucatan Straits to
                    the Florida Strai ts and 2) intrusion of the Loop as far north as 28.5    0

                    are both relatively common.

                         Leipper (1967,. 1970) proposed an annual cycle of growth and decay

                    of the Loop Current, beginning with the formation of a small Loop near

                    Cuba in January- February and subsequent growth into the Gulf through

                    August. He termed the sequence the "spring intrusion". The decay phase

                    follows with a general weakening of the -Loop and splitting of the flow,

                    either in detached eddies, current rings, or extension to the west.

                                                    3d

                                                                                                                             0
                                                                                                                              .0

                                                    2e

                                                                                                                .04111 TORTU"S
                                                                                                                            KE    ST

                                                                                                                         HABANA

                                                    21

                                                                                U
                                                              VL)CATAId' KNINSULA                          jeC AT 100 METERS

                                                           ge              so,             se              Ge                               be

                                     Fig. 12.           Compilation of pathlines of the 22                             0 C isotherm at 100 m
                                                        depth from August, 1972 through September, 1973. Where
                                                        the indicator isotherm intersected the bottom topography,
                                                        a dashed line is used to estimate its position from the
                                                        other thermal data. Where the cruise started in 1 month
                                                        and ended in another, both months are indicated. 100 m
                                                        isobath is indicated by a dash-dot line and represents
                                                        very closely the shelf break and escarpment zone (from
                                                        Maul, 1977).

                    Page 14

                          Maul (1977) studied the annual cycle of the Loop Current between

                    August, 1972 and September, 1973, and concluded that, although the

                    pattern is cyclic, year-to-year variability is significant and that the

                    "intrusion" (Leipper, 1970) is not necessarily a spring phenomenon.
                    Fig. 12 shows the path lines of the 22        0C isotherm determined in his
                    work.   They demonstrate a maximum intrusion to 28      045'N in August, 1973
                    and a minimum to 24    015'N in December, 1972.       As the Loop penetrated

                    deeper into the Gulf, it also    moved further to the west (Maul, 1977).

                         Growth of the Loop in the Gulf is believed to result from an excess

                    of inflow through the Yucatan Straits over outflow through Florida

                    Straits (Leipper, 1967; Maul, 1977). Maul (1977) calculated that a net

                                              6 3 -1
                    flow increase of 4 x 10 m s _ was required to induce growth.           The flow

                    increase through the Yucatan area may be associated with seasonal

                    increase in transport of the Florida Current.

                         The detachment of large, anticyclonic eddies from the Loop Current

                    is well documented (Nowlin, Hubertz and Reid, 1968; Leipper, 1970;

                    Leipper, Cochrane and Hewitt, 19.72; Morrison and Nowlin, 1977; Cochrane,

                    1972). These features exhibi*i a range of surface current speeds up to a

                    maximum comparable to that observed within the main Loop Current (about

                    100 cm s-       The formation of these eddies is believed to occur on an

                    average of once per    year, normally following the intrusion of the Loop

                    north into the Gulf.     Hurlburt and Thompson (1982) used numerical model

                    experiments to show that the quasi-annual eddy shedding period could be

                                                                                    TEMPERATURE (*C)

                                                                                 z
                                                   CD

                        cn                 or
                        0                  0810  0
                                        0@       ---
                                           vi
                                           0
                                           0 09     at    00
                                                888
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                                                                  0
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                                                                                     8

                                                                                        Cd
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                                                                                        0

                                                                                                                   iM

                        cr

                                                                                                                     V03-
                        @2                                                                                            '0

                    Page 16

                    of interior Florida is classified as wet subtropical becaus    e the impact

                    of the warm Florida Current is less significant.       The mean annual air
                    temperature near the Straits is 23.9     0C, with July-August the hottest
                    months (average high of 29.2      0C)  and December-January the coldest
                    (average low of 15.80C).

                         An upper air trough centered over south Florida gives rise to a

                    rainy season during the months of June and September.        The wet season

                    abates somewhat in July    and August because the trough moves west out

                    over the Gulf of Mexico during that period.       It returns by September.

                    The entire rainy season may span May through November.          January and

                    February   are   the   driest  months.      Average   annual   rainfall    is

                    approximately 160 cm.

                         South Florida lies at the northern end of the trade wind belt

                    (easterlies) throughout most of the year.       Resultant summer winds are

                    commonly out of the southeast.     In the winter, the easterly trades are

                    interrupted by the transient occurrence of cold fronts on time scales of

                    about one week (Fernandez-Partagas and Mooers, 1976).         During a cold
                    front, winds cycle in a clockwise direction and intensify to 10 m s-    I  or

                    more.  Diurnal variations of the trade winds are common, especially in

                    summer; winds often become light and variable at nightfall.

                    Hurricanes

                         Tropical cyclones occasionally affect the Florida Straits region.
                                                            j
                    Similar to Pacific typhoons, Atlantic hurricanes occur seasonally,

                   Page 17

                   generally between June and November.       Most hurricanes originate as a

                   tropical disturbance in the equatorial Atlantic, attaining hurricane

                   strength in the Atlantic Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico.

                         South Florida coasts are affected by hurricanes more often than any

                   other equal-sized area of the United States (see Gentry, 1974).         Based

                   on data for the past 100 years, the probability that hurricanes with

                   winds greater than Ill kph will hit the Miami-Ft. Lauderdale coastline

                   is 15% per year; the probability of a great hurricane (>201 kph) is 7%

                   per year.   September and October are the most active months, 62% of all

                   hurricanes occurring then.     The south Florida area has averaged about

                   one hurricane every two years for the period since 1885.

                        Hurricane winds are capable of producing extremely largewaves. As
                   an example, a 15.24 m, 10 second period wave was recorded at 27       0 01'N,
                   79051'W (off Hollywood, FL.) in 317 m of water during Hurricane Betsey

                   in 1965.

                    Page 18

                    3)   Current and Temperature Profile Data

                         A total of 28 profiles of temperature, current speed and direction

                    were recorded during three anchor stations 1, 11 and III which each last

                    approximately 24 hours(see locator map Fig. 14).       From the historical

                    data (see section 2) it is well known that considerable current

                    variability exists at the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal periods.          By

                    recording over a 24 hour period we can estimate the slowly varying mean

                    current profile and its standard deviation.     The times of each profile

                    and wind data are shown in figure 15.

                         Current profiles were recorded using a FB-II profiling hull with an

                    Aanderaa current meter as described by Ming and Johnson (1972).          The

                    R/V Bellows was first anchored at each proposed OTEC site in 700 to 800

                    meters of water, respectively using a scope of about 2 to 1 with a large

                    Danforth type anchor, 100 feet of 3/4" chain and 1/2 trawl wire deployed

                    over a bow roller.    Once Loran C fixes showed a steady position, the

                    hydro wire was lowered over the "A frame" on the starboard side with a

                    500 pound weight to minimize wire angle.      This weight was then lowered

                    to within 10 to 30 meters of the bottom.         Finally the profiler was

                    attached to the wire by means of its roller and permitted to free fall

                    down the hydro wire until it encountered the bottom stop.         Ballasting

                    and horizontal trim  of . the prof i ler was checked in a tank at RSMAS and

                    monitored using the  Precision Depth Recorder (PDR). When the PDR trace

                    confirmed that the   profiler had arrived at the bottom, the hydro wire

                    was winched in until the profiler was once again at the surface. A line

                    secured the profiler at the surface while the weight was lowered to the

                    bottom ready for the next profile to begin.      Figure 16 f rom DUing and

                                         82@W                                                  F RIDA
                                                                                                Lo

                                                                                            V
                                                                                             @y S a
                                                                                                    ANK
                                                                                                AL
                                            KE
                                            KF
                                            WFST
                                               <V         lF'T
                                                                                                      -,ps

                                                             SITING                             3"'        600'
                                                             REGION 2

                                    SITING
                                    REGION 1
                                               3000 FT
                                                                                                             24ON

                                                                                            CAYSALBANK

                                               APPROXIMATE AXIS OF FLORIDA CURRENT

                                                             0
                                                                             600 FT             0     10  20   30
                                                                                                L     -j  L
                                                                                             SCALE IN NAUTICAL MI LES
                               OHABANA    I   CUOA
                                          I

                        Figure 14: Locator map showing prospective FOTEC sites. Stations I and III
                                       were made.at site 1 while.Station II was made at site 1.
                                            KEy
                                              E
                                            @W

                     STATION NO.                          PROFILE NO.                            DATE --- TIME                       WIND SPEED                           WIND DIRECTION

                                                                                                                                                                           (DEGREES M)
                                                                                                                                            @O  @S-
                                                                                                 2/1?/e3            16glO                0  TO       .7                      VARIABLE
                                                          2                                      2/':L9/e3          18:30                2  TO       3                       190
                                                                                                                                         o                                   ---
                                                                                                 2/19/83            221 - 3 3               TO     I C-)
                                                          4                                      2/20/93            00:35                8                                      25
                                                          5                                      2 / 21 0 / 8:3     03.00            12                                      1. 2 5
                                                          6                                      2/20/83            05:16            10     TO     12:                       112
                                                                                                 2/20/83            07: 52           1 c)   To     1 :2                         90
                                                                                                 2/20/e3            lo:19                5  To       a                          50
                     I  IN P     ORT                      9 STRONG WINDS                         2/'20/83           12:4e                5  TO       8                          90

                     11                                   .10                                    -:*_/23/e3         05g45                6  TO       8                       29o
                     11                                   11                                     2 /2 -3 / a 3      2 0 " 0 0            6  TO       8                       340
                     ii                                                                          2/2@:'/83          22:15                4  TO       6                       330
                                                          1 .3.                                  .'2. / 2. 4 / 8 3  0 1 - 2 C.)          5  To       B                       32o
                     11                                   14                                     2/124/8.--:"       02.47                4  TO       6                       --oo
                     II                                   J. 5                                   2/24/83            05" . 10             3  TO       5                       ',-'-'5 0
                     11                                   16                                     2/24/83            07."15               4  TO       6                       270
                     11                                   17                                     2/24/83            o9:37            10     TO     12                        251
                     11                       . ---       'is    -              - ..             21241e'-'--l'e.:'. 15               10     TO     13                        264
                     11                                   19                                     2 / 2`4 / 8 3      14:43                6  To       8                       272
                     II                                   --:,C)                                 @/@4/83            17: 07               4  TO       6                       247

                      MOVE TO NEXT                          STATION*

                     111                                  21                                     22/25/83           06: 54               lo   T L-) 15                       :320
                                                                                                   /275 / 8 ---r    (-)9..               12   TO 15
                                                                                                 2/-5/83            12: Qe               10   TO 15                          34C)
                                                            4                                    2/25/83            15:45                (3   TO 1 C-)                       34C)
                                                          25                                     2/25/83            18:22-               12   TO 1 '13
                                                          26                                     2:)/25/83          2 1: 06              15                                        5
                                                          27                                     2/23/8-@-          2@ 3 : 3. C)         15   TO 17                                5
                                                                                                 2/26/83            0 1. 45              15                                     50

                                                                                    2. INSTRUMENT AND METHODS

                                                       Principle. Figure I shows the pri nciple of the profiling method. The profilcr (Fig. 2) consists of a
                                                   ,elf-contained Aanderaa current meter (AANDERAA, 1964; DAIII., 1969) attached to a cylindrical hull.
                                                   I he density of the instrument package is slightly greater than that of the surrounding water. The
                                                   &i%onius rotor extends out from the bottom side of the cylindrical hull when it is in its horizontal
                                                   work-ing position. The entire package is attached by a roller to a taut wire susp--nded beneath the
                                                   anchored ship and allowed to descend slowly through the entire water column.

                                                                                  AANDERAA RECORDER: T,S,p,V
                                                                               Y
                                                                             (0)  PVC HOUSING
                                                                             C-C) GLASS SPHERES FOR FLOTATION
                                                                             (D)  -(RIM BAR
                                                                                  ROLLER

                                                                                                                              A

                                                                                                               B
                                                                             .0
                                                                                               D

                                                               Fig. 1. Principle of current profiling method used in the Florida Current.

                                                     Figure 16: Principle of current profiling method used
                                                                          in the Florida Current (from Duing and
                                                                          Johnson, 1972).

                   Page 20

                   a)   Mean Curren t Profiles

                         The mean current profiles for the three anchor stations as seen in

                   figures I-M, II-M, III-M are remarkably similar      to each other in the

                   upper 100 meters.   Here velocities were about 75 cm per sec toward the

                   East with a Northerly component of 10-15 cm s-        At 100 meters there

                   was a distinct break in the velocity which coincided with a break in the

                   temperature profile from a relic mixed layer structure with modest

                   stratification to the top of a strong thermocline.       Below 100 meters

                   both velocity components decreased toward smaller velocities being about

                   a half of the surface amplitude at 200 meters with a more gradual
                   decrease toward + 5 cm s -1 near the bottom.

                   b)   Standard Deviations from the Mean Velocity Profiles

                        The standard deviations of the individual profiles from the one day

                   average profiles as seen in figures I-SD, II-SD$ III-SD show their

                   largest values near the surface. Typical values near the surface are 15

                       -1                                                   -I
                   cm s   while values below 200 meters are order 5 cm s          The extreme
                   value occurred at Station 2 at the surface of about 40 cm s-       1  as a

                   reversal of the velocity deviation near the end of the record with peak
                   velocities over 150 cm s-  1.   These strong short lived velocities may

                   represent a transient response of the surface layers to westerly wind

                   forcing.

                   c)   Mean Temperature Profiles

                        mean  temperature profiles are also seen in Fig. I-M, II-M, and
                   III-M. Near bottom temperatures stayed in a narrow range near 7   0C while

                                                                            0
                   near surface temperatures varied in a range of 23 +1 C.       Most of the
                   near surface temperatures were nearer 24   0C so that a mean temperature

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                  Page 21
                  difference on all three anchor stations was near 170C.         February is

                  usually near the minimum temperature for the year so this should

                  represent a worst case.   In the upper 100 meters there is some evidence

                  of step structure in the mean temperature profiles while below this

                  depth a smooth monitonically dec:reasing temperature is seen.      Although
                  in winter there may be a iocal subsurface temperature maximum stabilized

                  by correspondingly higher tropical salinities. Individual profiles show

                  numerous local inversions of this type on the 10-50 meter vertical

                  scale. However, no such inversions were observed in the mean profiler.

                  3.4) Standard Deviations about the Mean Temperature Profiles

                      'As  expected   the   largest  standard   deviations   from  the mean

                  temperature profiles occurred where the vertical temperature gradient

                  was largest.    For the lower portions of the profile the          standard

                  deviations were less than a ten*th of a degree C.       However,  near the
                  surface typical values increa sed to .50C with extreme values of   1.50C.

                                                                         7' T
                      F I L FE 1 of'TR'IQN: I         S@T@::-: 19028       -11E: 1610

                  100-                                               ir    +

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              s I 'Lis0            6                                                    30
                                                12                         24

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                                                            11-2

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                                                                      11-5

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                   Page 20

                   -iwL) mean current Profiles

                         The mean current profiles for the three anchor stations as seen in

                   figures I-M, II-M, III-M are remarkably similar to each other in the

                   upper 100 meters.    Here velocities were about 75 cm, per sec toward the
                   East with a Northerly component of 10-15 cm s-1     .  At 100   meters there

                   was a distinct break in the velocity which coincided with a break in the

                   temperature profile from a relic mixed layer structure with modest

                   stratification to the top of a strong thermocline.         Below 100 meters

                   both velocity components decreased toward smaller velocities being about

                   a half of the surface amplitude at 200 meters with a more gradual

                   decrease toward + 5 cm s     near the bottom.

                         Standard Deviations from the Mean Velocity Profiles

                         The standard deviations of the individual profiles from the one day

                   average profiles as seen in figures I-SD, II-SD, III-SD show their

                   largest values near the surface. Typical values near the surface are 15

                                                                               1
                   cm s-1 while values below 200 meters are order 5 cm s-       .  .The extreme
                   value  occurred at Station 2 at the surface of about        40  cm s-1  as a

                   reversal of the velocity deviation near the end of the      record with peak

                   velocities over 150- cm   s      These strong short lived velocities may

                   represent a transient response of the surface layers        to westerly wind

                   forcing.

                         Mean Temperature Profiles

                         Mean temperature profiles are also seen in Fig. I-M, II-M, and
                   III-M. Near bottom temperatures stayed in a narrow range near 7      0C while
                   near surface temperatures varied in a range of 23 +1       0C.  Most of the
                   near surface   temperatures were nearer 24  0 C so that a   mean temperature

                                             FILE28                 STRTION;, 2                                D,RTE--: 23OL83 T                              ME: 2 138

                                                                                                                                                             4

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                                   IH-8

                   Page 22

                   4)   Temperature Section Data

                        Before or after each profile anchor station, a temperature section

                   was recorded which passed through the approximate location of the anchor

                   station as., seen in Fig. 17 and were roughly normal to the bathymetric

                   contours.    These sections give some idea about context in which the

                   anchor station was occupied and. make it possible to relate the anchor

                   station   data  to   both historic    data  and   remotely   sensed   surface

                   temperature data.

                        The      temperature   data    were    observed     using     Expendable.

                   Bathythermograph (XBT) probes (T-5) manufactured by Sippican Corporation

                   in Marion, Massachusetts.     The XBT is a temperature profiling system

                   which senses temperature with a thermistor and relates -the nearly

                   constant fall velocity of a weighted streamlined housing to depth as

                   described by Williams (1973). Unlike hydrographic stations the ship can

                   continue moving as the XBT unspools wire from both ends in much the same

                   way that line is released from a fisherman's spinning reel.          The XBT

                   data were finally recorded on a pressure sensitive constant speed strip

                   chart to display a temperature profile.      XBT recorded temperatures are
                   accurate to about +.05  0C and depths +20 meters.

                        The temperature data from each XBT drop was plotted at I C

                   intervals at the appropriate geographic spacing to form each section.

                   The sloping piecewise linear line at the bottom depths      observed at each

                   XBT station by PDR.     Inflection points indicate each XBT location and

                   the number below denotes the station location and order as seen on Figs.

                   18, 19, and 20.

                        Hydrographic data were also gathered at both ends of each section

                                      Section I                   Section II                  Section III
                           24020
                                                                   5

                                                                  6                           14
                           24010       2M                                                      13
                            N                                       7
                                                                                               12    9

                           24000       3                                                        11

                                         4@D
                           23050 L-                                                                 10
                               8201OW    82000    81050     8102OW    81010   81000      8201OW 82000      81050

                                                                 n, LOC. WHERE PCM STATIONS
                                                                0 HYDROCAST
                                                                F)XBT

                                 Figure 17:  Location maps for section data below. XBT station numbers correspond
                                             to those in figures 18, 19, and 20. The location where the PCM
                                             stations also correspond to the A's on these respective figures.
                                                                  @7
                                                                      8

                                                                            -20
                        200                                                   15

                        400         15                                         10

                        600

                        800-

                                                         ..................

                   W 1000

                                                                                5

                      1200-

                      1400-

                       16001
                             X1           X2             A             X3            X4
                             N                                                        S

                                Figure 18: Section I shows contours of XBT temperature
                                            data in degrees C. Locations of XBT drops
                                           Xl, X2, X3 and X4 are shown together with
                                            anchor station I at A.

                           200         5

                                                10
                           400

                                     . . . . ....
                                                                           70

                                        ..............
                                          ......... .
                           600

                                                  ........ ..

                                                    .................
                      E    800-
                                                      .... ......... ....

                                                          .. . ......
                                                               ............

                         1000
                                                               .................

                         1200

                         1400

                         1600,
                                X5        X 6       A              X7            X8

                                  Figure 19:   Section II shows contours of XBT
                                               temperature data in degrees C. Loca-
                                               tions of XBT drops X5, X6, X7 and X8
                                               are shown together with anchor station
                                               II at A.

                           200

                           400

                           600

                                   .... . ......... ...

                                        !:: ..........
                                           .....  .....

                                              ....... ..... ... ....
                           800-
                                                      . .. .........
                                                       .. ..... ..

                                                          .................
                                                           .............

                                                                  .........
                                                                  .. .......
                                                             . .. .. ...........
                         1000-

                                                                        ..............

                                                                          ............
                         1200-

                                                                                  ...........
                         1400-

                         1600
                                X14         X13            X12           x1l           X10
                                 N.                         A                           S

                                  Figure 20: Section III shows contours of XBT temperature
                                              data in degrees C. Locations of XBT drops
                                              x1o, x1l, x12, X13 and X14 are shown together
                                              with anchor station III at A.
                                          15

                  Page 11

                  using Niskin bottles with reversing thermometers.     However the great

                  difference in depth between in the inshore and offshore ends of the

                  section, the complexity of the intervening temperature structure and the

                  low vertical resolution made geostrophic calculations unreliable. These

                  data are given in Table I and will not be discussed further.

                   DESIRED        1          2              THERMOMETRIC WIRE WIRE DEPTH By
                    DEPTH       P           P           U       DEPTH       OUT ANGLE WIRE ANGLE SALINITY

                   Cast #1 24* 13.67 820 01.52 2/18/83 0245 (GMT)

                      5         22.12      22.11                             5      50        5     36.2626
                    100         19.10      19.10                           100      50        95     -
                    350         13.29      13.19      14.15     87(?)      350      50      345     36.2641
                    500         -           -          -             -     500      50      495     35.0188

                   Cast #2 230 53.74 810 59.68        2/19/83 0810    (GMT)

                      5         23.38      23.38                             5      180       5     36.2537
                    250         15.62      15.62      19.69       315      250      180     238     36.0353
                    500         10.01      10.01      19.15       801      500      180     475     35.1946
                    650         7.84        7.84      12.76       400      650      180     620     34.9506
                   1000         5*46        5*43      12,75       582      1000     180     950     34*9813

                   Cast #3 240 16.89 810 13.72        2/23/83 0843    (GMT)

                      5         23.61      23.60                             5      150       5     36.1620
                      50        21.99      21.99                            50      150       48    36.2773
                    100         18.13      18.12                           100      150       96    36.2591
                    200                    14.92                           200      150     192     35.9218
                    250         21.89      21.91(?)                        250      150     240     35.5925

                   Cast #4 240 02.74 810 06.66        2/23/83 1230    (GMT)

                      5         23.91      23.91                             5      400       4     36.2637
                    200         15.44      15.44      17.65       180      200      400     153     36.0187
                    500         9.95        9.94      13.66       220      500      400     383     35.0672
                    750         7.06        7.05      16.86       765      750      400     575     34.9391
                    950         4.97        4.96      18.51     1122       950      400     728     34.9255

                   Cast #5 -23"   53.52 810 57.35     2/26/83   0700  (GMT)-

                      5         24.69      24.63                             5      280       4     36.0451
                    250         16.20      16.21      17.99       142      250      280     212     36.1255
                    500         9.98       10.30      13.94       295      500      280     425     35.2626
                    750         8.48        -         13.18       413      750      280     662     34.9326
                   1000         6*71        6*73       -                   1000     280     850     34.8806
                   1250         6.72        6.71      13.26       544      1250     280     1109    34.9138

                   Cast #6 24* 13.83 82' 02.37        2/26/83   0115  (GMT)

                      5         22.45      22.45                             5      80        5     35.9772
                    200         21.33      13.53      15.18       135      200      80      197     35.7386
                    300         -          12.05      14.21       190      300      80      296     35.3639
                    400         -          10.63      12.97       206      450      80      444     35.0505
                    550         7.52        7.52      12.47       411      550      80      542     34.4433

                                            Table I:    Hydrographic  Data

                    Page 24

                    5)   Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data

                         Thirty-nine maps of sea surface temperature were provided by NOAA

                    Miami Satellite Field Service Station spanning the period 3 January 1983

                    to 30 March 1983.      During this time of year a strong temperature

                    contrast exists between the cooler inshore waters and the warmer waters

                    of the Gulf Stream offshore.     During the late spring, summer and early

                    fall   the    temperature    contrast    becomes    too   small    for    easy

                    interpretations.

                         As with all satellite IR data, intervening clouds and moisture

                    interfere with accurate interpretation so that composite charts are

                    drafted which include a large number of individual images spanning

                    several days or even a week or more.         This technique relies on the

                    assumption that the position of the edge of the stream varies slowly.

                    However the historical data in section 2 is rich in energetic motion

                    with 4 to 10 day periods.         Further questions persist about how

                    representative surface temperatures are of the underlying temperature

                    structure.

                         Even with the above drawbacks these data give a good general idea

                    of the variability to be expected in the location of the Gulf Stream

                    within the Straits of Florida.     Clearly one can see large variations in

                    edge position from very   near the keys to two thirds of the way to Cuba.

                    Also evident are spin-off eddies as described in section 2 above.

                    Page 14

                    5)   Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data

                         Thirty-nine maps of sea surface temperature were provided by NOAA

                    Miami Satellite Field Service Station spanning the period 3 January 1983

                    to 30 March 1983.      During this time of year a strong temperature

                    contrast exists between the cooler inshore waters and the warmer waters

                    of the Gulf Stream offshore.     During the late spring, summer and early

                    fall   the   temperature    contrast    becomes    too    small   for     easy

                    interpretations.

                         As with all satellite IR data, intervening clouds and moisture

                    interfere with accurate inte    rpretation so that composite charts are

                    drafted which include a large number of individual images spanning

                    several days or even a week or more.         This technique relies on the

                    assumption that the position of the edge of the stream varies slowly.

                    However the historical data in section 2 is rich in energetic motion

                    with 4 to 10 day periods.         Further questions persist about how

                    representative surface temperatures are of the underlying temperature

                    structure.

                         Even with the above drawbacks these data give a good general idea

                    of the variability to be expected in the location of the Gulf Stream

                    within the Straits of Florida.    Clearly one can see large variations in

                    edge position from very near the keys to two thirds of the way to Cuba.

                    Also evident are spin-off eddies as described in section 2 above.

       JEM@ FLOW..    CHART      2450
                                                 NOAA Miami SFSS                 GULF STREAN
                                                Date: AD3-jAU_ 19 8L3_
                                                Depicted land should not be used for
                                  @_4gAn2,      navigation.                     3-,17776G
          W-A R M ED-APY Be)tJA1Q4L_B_Y_        Position lines are for the edges of  381607,o@
          U:ZAF?7 2,iz6RA7 162AP2.              warmer water. The thin Streamline is
            , . - I         -                   an estimated location for the max-        z2LJ@
                                                imum current. Measured current
                                                speeds may be shown.
                                                      Position based on data 0 to
                                                      2 days old.
                                                      POSition based on dataJto
                                                      7 days old.
                            .8                        Position based on
                                                                     d a t a 8':
                                                      days or more old.
                                                      Mean position for
                                                      month.

                                                        V K v       3
                                                             ery cold -.0
                                                           Kcold
                                                         M mixed                         7
                                                         W worm

       MOD'

                                                                                  7

                                                                @01
                                                          .010  bilVV
                      tO
                                                              CW
                                                          -@c

                  7'7!                                   NEXT UPDATE.::-*

                     7: 7

                                                         VV.

                                                                                    100       2c

                                                               .7-7"

                                                                                         2
                                7                                                        S
             7-

          '7
                                         4 2                            -79
                                                        Nd

        IM fLOW     CHART     2450
                                             NOAA Miami SFSS              GULF STREAM
                                            D ate:
                                            Depicted land should not be used for Zila=
         2W(Aap -tuWAP-10.3 a3plo/_         navigation,
                                            Position lines are for the edges of
                                            warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                            an estimated location for the max-
                                            IMUM current. Measured current
                                            speeds may be shown.
                                                 Position based on data 0 to
                                                 2 days old.
                   47.,                          Position based o'
                                                              n data 3to
                                                 7 days old.
                          8.6'.
                                                 Position based on data 8
                                                 daysormoreold.
                              30-
                                8
                                                 Mean Position for
                                                 month.

                                                              36-
                                                   V K very cold
                                                     Kcold
                                                    M mixed
                                                    W worm

              %
                                                           @01po
                                                     .%000
                                                              28
                         V
                %
                                                     S

                                                               '2,
                                                   NEXT UPDATE

      Mb                                                  MiA.-

                                                                            .100 fro
                                                                                     26

                                                               17

                                                                               25

                           8,7
                                             8)
                                                                 79

                                                                   f
     IftM 'FLOW CHART 2450                NOAA Miami SFSS            GULF STREAM
                                         Date:O 17AN       198,2,
        2-;?ZSSP 23RAfZ2 -Ijj3aaA7
                                                                    .2_76'70Q 17 777
                                         Depicted land should not be used for
                                         navigation.
     U            -16 o 9 ot)
        0 t I MD'E, P-B-Y __*            Position lines are for the edges of
                           -2 L112 8 2-                             3
                                         warmer water. The thin streamline is -3
                           )IZA6 6-      an estimated location for the max- -Zl7j*_
        2.57AL14 Z5g?=8!V_6 z&SA-60      imum current. Measured current
               F                         speeds may be Shown.
        U2,884                                 Position based on data 0 to
                                               2 days old.
                                                                           .-COS
                    7                          Position based on data3to
                                               7 days old.
                                               Position based on data 8.-
                                               days or more old.
                                               Mean position for
                              815
                                               month.

                                                            0
                                                V K very cold
                                                  K cold
                                                 M mixed
                                                 W worm

                                                           '29

                       Sol
            7
                                                      %
                                                  @\o
                                                   Abb"    29
                                              01
                                                   C

                                                             22@
                .....                            NEXT UPDATE

                                                       M 'A

                                                                         00
                                                                                 2,

                                                                            25

                           8,7
                   4.
                                                              79
                                    .2.

                     rL%JVV LKART           2450                                                     1
                                                                 NOAA MiOmi SFSS                        GULF -STRE@
                     WD&D B                                    Date: IOLJAM__ 19 83
                                           268a&@_             DePicted land should not be used fQr   ZkBD-.C zm
                                           z4%I*A_             navigation.
               PAW_koop@@@Ag_                                                                        3L7@.@2o
              Z2                                              POsitiOn lines are for the edges of
                ,OAa&&                                        warmerwater. The thin streamline is    221u@
                                                              an estimated location for the max-
                                                              imum current. Measured current
                                                              speeds May be shown.
                                                                     Position based on data 0 to     ---------
                                                                     2 days old.             -
                                                                     Position based o* data3to
                                                                     7 days old.
                                                                    Position based o
                                                                                      n data
                                                                    days or more old.
                                                                    Mean Position for
                                                                    month.

                                                                                                           7*
                                                                                      36,
                                                                      V K very cold
                                                                        K cold
                                                                       Mmi
                                                                              xed
                                                                       W worm

                                                                                      2.9

                                                                                                      '7;7
                                                                                   0%0.
                                                                                0
                                                                           O\%
                                                                         00   @ A
                                                                        % b
                                                                                1%
                                                                  0
                                                              *01

            %

         !7. ..@7 *7:7"
                . . ......                                           NEXT Up
      ...... .                                                                DATE
      -7_ Y'7

                        4@0
      .7                                                                           . .... . ......

                                                                                                      /00 fly)
                          7 -

                                            ...........

                                                                                        9

      JEM, FLOW CHART             4+ 2450,-              NOAA Miami SFSS                       GULF STREAN
                                                        Date:                    19
                                                                                              23@= @
                                    2 Ai 381;
             3 A!S                                      Depicted land should not be used for
                                                        navigation.                                        ZI 7
              2861, 2z
                           IN   BY                      Position lines are for the edges of
           P;0 LA M) DE                                                                                    - -1-1 T
                                                        warmer water. The thin streamline is
                       2.C/AA,.;- 2671AA6               an estimated location for the max-
                                                        imum current, Measured current          7-4
          ZA                                                                                    if
                                                        speeds may be shown.
           )-Maw                                                Position based on data 0 to
                                                                2 days old.                                     3
                                                                Position based on' data3to
                                                                7days old.

                                 .86
                                                                Position based on data 8'.
                                                                days or more old.
                                       30.                                         3 1'
                                                                Mean position for
                                                                month.

                                                                                 30
                                                                   V K very cold
                                                                     K cold
                                                                     M mixed
                                                                     W warm
                                                                                                        7

                                                                                  '29

                                                                                   0

                  7                                                    c         0
                                                                   6*',\\ bb  1\5 .28
                                                              -01
                                                                       S

                        7

                                                                     NEXT UPDATE

                                                                                 -26'

                   .000
                                                                                                      100         2(

                                                                                                          25

                                                             _81..                      79
                                                  82

       fEM.FLOW CHART 2450                          NOAA Miami SFSS                   GULF STREAM
                                                   Date:   4

                                                   Depicted land should not be used for.
                                                   navigation.
                                                                                     31A 7 615       -W __T
                                  210P
                                                   Position lines are for the edges of ;IIq 3 749
       -se)uAjb J_=                                warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                                   an estimated location for the max- _36kCAA 1 .3,264-1
                                                   imum current. Measured current
                                                   speeds may be shown.
         2- R 286J/                                       Position based on data 0 to
                                                          2 days old.
        4108.                                             Position based on' data3to
                                                          7 days old.
                                                                                  3
                              .8.6                        Position based on data,8'.
                                                          days or more old.
                                    30-.
                                                          Mean position for.
                                     8,
                                                          month.

                                                                          3'
                                                            V K very cold ..0
                                                              K cold
                                                             M mixed
                                                             W warm

                                                                          "29

                                                                     kol
                                                                   \Vrk  V.
                                                              .0
                                                                 b bb     28'
                                                            '30    550,
                                                        @ol

                                                                                         T -

                                                                                       7:'
                                                             NEXT UPDATE
              171

                                                                         .2
                                                                          6
                                                                     MiA.-,
                                                         70

                                                                                           100

                                                                          7
                                                              7:

                                                                   ..... .....
              ......           IT               7'
                 7

                                                                              '79
                                            82

      TEM FLOW CHART     _ff 2450        NOAA Miami SFSS            GULF STREAM
                                        Date: I P9L TA 14 1983
                            2-388                                  27o?l
                                                                          8 2_80-
                                        Depicted land should not be used for
                                        navigation.                14 Vlo    -7) Q
         :2716'R2 773818    2 -+ 19     Position, lines are for the edges of 339140 3q3
        ,zs42s iqap!;q                  warmer water. The thin streamline is
                2           2 q L&U     an estimated location for the max- 30 7-3S_ '3+3
                                        imum current. Measured current ZSqgo
       VZ3SSq5 2_q I 83(o  :Z"EW        speeds may be shown.                 3604
        2LIc)616 2LI/807   2q38p@o            Position based on data 0 to 3-4466W 38o(a!
                 2 q6SO15  2q8803             2 days old.
                                                                               3.3-
                                                                          ..Cos
                                              Position based on' data3to
                                              7 days old.
                           7
                        .8
                            607
                         6                    Position based on data 8-Ye
                                              days or more old.
                            30-
                                              Mean position for
                                              month.

                                                           30.               7: 7
                                               V K very cold
                                                 K cold                     7
                                                                         7
                                                 M mixed
                                                 W worm

                                                           29

                                                           %No
                                                       kol

                                               46% bb      28
                                              0
                                                '505)
                                             01                        7.

       ... .....                                 NEXT UPDATE.'---'
                                                 9     w  Eta...

                                                        A.,

                                                                        /00
                                                                                26

                                                     '7-                    2,5

                                                             79
                                    .2

       JEWFLOW CHART                    2450                  NOAA Miami SFSS                          GULF STREAM

                                                             Date: A                 _19S&
           2WA67 -2-494-15A3
                                                             Depicted land should not be used for
           .2 78AAA                                          navigation.
                                                                                                             9z
                                                2-5          Position lines are for the edges of      32.
                         Let/Pne-5      2,A n                warmer water. The thin streamline is     3 Uo 7-3 (6    3(o7T
                                                             an estimated location for the max-
                                                             imum current. Measured current           3-BS(.130     3 1 G 6'
                                                             speeds may be shown.
                                                                     Position based on data 0 to
                                                                     2 days old.

           08'
                                                                     Position based o'
                                                                                       n data3to
                            7
                          8 :.
                                                                     7 days old.
                                    8.6                              Position based on data 8'....
             k
                                       %                             days or more old.
                                          30.
                                                                     Mean position for
                                                                     month.

                                                                                          6-
                                                                       V K very cold   3
                                                                         K cold
                                                                         M mixed
          7:; -                                                          W worm

                                                                                         29

                                                                                  %01
                                                                                 % J()
                                                                              bb5    S 2
                                                                  0

                                                                                           Zz
                                                                         NEXT UPDATE

                                                                                    iA

                                                                                                             100
                                                                                                                           26
                            7
                                                                                       7
        N

                                                                                                                 2,5

                                                                                             79

       TEM FLOW CHART        Ir 2450           NOAA Miami SFSS                GULF STREAM
                                              Date: 2.1 TAN 192-3
         2-40847    241681- 2,43%'99          Depicted land should not be used for 2-7o?9? .275'
         ;2@38;8 2m?88?S 21S81c.5             navigation.
                                                                             3114
                    239AqZ -239112f-1-        Position lines are for the edges of
         .2q5jg,5L2                  C3 *.? 7- warmer water. The thin streamline is 33il-(62
         2129       2428OZ ZT2 so a           an estimated location for the max- 3;L1'+02_o 3"+'O@
                                              imum current. Measured current
                                              speeds may be shown.
                                                    Position based on data 0 to
                                                    2 days old.
                                                                                     ..-Cos,
                                                    Position based o'
                                                                 n data3to
                                                    7 days old.
                           8.6                      Position based on data 8..-..
                                                    days or more old.
                                30-
                                                    Mean position for
                                                    month.

                                                      V K very cold
                                                        K cold
                                                       M mixed
                                                       W warm

                                                                   29

       . .....                                                 kox
                                                      L\   bt@     2'@
                                                   01       5r3o,
                                                         C3

                        A
                                                                    2,@   A
                                                       NEXT UPDATE.:'''

                                                               MIA.

                                                                                  /00 f
                           Z:                                                                26

          .... ......
                                                                                     25
                                                                                  78.

                             -83
                     4..
                                                                        9
                                        2

       PEM FLOW CHART            2450               NOAA Miami SFSS                   GULF STREAM
                                                   Date:,Z @i J-A A/
                                                           ff         -1993-
          .77 Aks   2.19862 2%A87z                                                   z7r ea@q 219!2c
     ZN-4- -                                       Depicted land should not be used for
             76Y)3 ZqOaS 258 elm                   navigation.
                                        Q;IY
                     14-6a52                       Position lines are for the edges of
            6A-49                                  warmer water. The thin streamline is
         ZV 84h.     232&35:     2144 42 7         an estimated location for the max-
                                          f        imum current. Measured current
                    2XIRelb      _)Aoky            speeds may be shown.
                                                          Position based on data 0 to
                                                          2 days old.
                                                                                                       3'
                                                                                                 'AS
        M08,,
                      '87                                 Position based on' data3to
                                                          7 days old.
                               6                          Position based on dat
                                                                              a 8.*..
                                                          days or more old.
                                    30.
                                                                           31'
                                                          Mean position for -
                                                          month.

                                                            V K very cold 3 0*
                                                              K cold
                                                              M mixed
                                                              W warm

                                                                          '29

                                                                     @01
                                                                 bb     Is*%
                                                                          28
        .... ...                                        io

                                                                             2,@
                                                              NEXT UPDATE
                                                                                   X;
                     .00
        :7'             000

                                                                        A.-

                                                                                            /00
                                                                                                       26

                      _7!7'7

                               -7

                      T
                                            ........               ------                       25
                                     T

                                                                               79
           T                                 @2

      EM FLOW CHART " 2450               NOAA Miami SFSS            GULF STREAM
                                        Date: 2 (6 &T
                                                  A.pj    19 133
        2YOS(ol 231870 ZY3880           Depicted land should not be used for 2707?8
        25 2     2_13 2 8 is- 2618 Sq 5- navigation.               3140
        Z-58252  2538S@, :ZYc-&,9       Position lines are for the edges of  *344`4
                                        warmer water. The thin streamline is
        2-Yo8 go 2 Y Y83Z ZY 2- 8       an estimated location for the max-
        2_Y28&1V -2.52     Z (0 o       imum current. Measured current
                                        speeds may be shown.
                                             Position based on data 0 to
                                             2 days old.
                                                                                  3'
                                             Position based 'on' data3to
                                             7 days old.
                       8.6                   Position based on data 8'..@..
                                             daysormoreold.
                           30-
                                                                                 40,
                                             Mean Position for
                                             month.

                                                         3
                                               V Kvery cold 0
                                                K cold
                                                M mixed
                                                W wa rm

                                                          29
                                                                     0..
                                                      ,kol
                                                          2@'
                                           -To,

                                                                  Z.:
                                                           2
              0                                NEXT U PD A T E
                                                  EA@

                                                                 I . 4

                                                                       100
                                                                                 26

                                                                       78.

                                                            .79

       rEM JLOW CHART      ff 2450          NOAA Miami SFSS              GULF STREAM
                                           Date:    J-A Al    19 8.q
        ),Lq8s7 2398.,@ 2#286f7                                        176;t2A
               11                  . f     Depicted land should not be used forIr ff @B@
          Y3   7  19 -)all- IWAS t)2       navigation,
                  n D r 13 OuAJIY
                                           Position lines are for the edges of q 7/71-/ 3ab-7
                                           warmer water. The thin streamline i's
                  U182S                    an estimated location for the max-
                 I6#&:rL3                  imurn current. Measured current
        .2 7o &Z             2-60,9Sz      speeds may be shown.
        .2 A 9 P "inY
                                                 Position based on data 0 to
                                                 2 days old.
                                                 Position based on' data3to
                                                 7 days old.
                          8.6                    Position based on data.8@-...
                                                 days or more old.
                              30
                                                                                     20
                                                 Mean position for
             .0
                                                               -7.
                                                 month.

                                                              3             ... ....
                                                   V K very cold
                                                    K cold
                                                    M mixed
                                                    W worm

                                                               29

                                                                0.
                                                           k0110

                                                     .0
                                                       bb   '5
                                                           &   2@
        T.                                                                    I;
                                               CO@

                                                    NEXT UPDATE

                                                           M tA.--

                                                                             100      26

                                                                                25

                                                                  79
                                     82

                                   _f*             I                                        I
       f-EM FLOW CHART 2450                              NOAA Miami SFSS                        GULF STREAM
                                                        D ate: 3  & T. A N       19ELs-
                                                                                              270797- 2AO
                                                        Depicted land should not be used for        I @
                                                        navigation.
       S 2"S 6        Z@L-512-143 14LEA0
          9 4t-j;Z!R    WA k tj_,CP_&@                  Position lines are for the edges of
                                                        warmer water. The thin streamline is
         un R          24 YA A 9 lk 2 A 2 A             an estimated location for the max-
                                                        imum current. Measured current
                                                                                               3Asou
         .4r:198,59                                     speeds may be shown.

                                                                Position based on dataO to
                                                                2 days old.
                                                                                                                17
                                                                Position based on' data3to
                                                                7 days old.
                                .86                             Position based on data 8-
                                                                days or more old.
                                                                                   31
                                                                Mean position for
                                         8's.
                                                                month.

                                                                                 36
                                                                   VK  very cold
                                                                     K cold
                                                                     M mixed
                                                                     W wo rm

                                                                                  29

                                                                            @ot

                 J:                                                     bb   &S   28
                                                               01
                   7,

                                                                                   .-2
                                                                    NEXT UPDATE

                                                                                2@'

                                                                                                      00
                                                                                                                  26

                       . ...... ......

                                                                    7t.::
                                                                                                         25

                         4
                                    83'.'*                                             79
                                                82
                                   'ITZ,                                 .9

       JEM, FLOW C              HART      4F 2450                    NOAA Miami SFSS                               GULF STREAN
                                                                   Date: _C2 Z F-EB _1983
    113 2309(ato 23@FSGY 2N6                                       Depicted land should not be used for           2q0?qS 2,;q
                           2 L/:3 8 2        2 Ljo 8 I.S,          navigation.                                           -         322
            2LI2                                                                                                  3 2_1 @857
            25'218op 7-5(P'7?9               2(o079R//             Position lines are for the edges of            346074           3"-@
        2ED BY             ZLJ 0 IR2         2LJT 89               warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                       I                           an estimated location for the max-             37-4'pf 2-o      3Tq
            2511o3         259 SC?9         2 (0 (0 19             imum current. Measured current                 3!954,9.3
        21                                                         speeds may be shown.                                            38q6
        -  21,8955         2-&S S Y1         2/6 2 13,Y8                    Position based on data 0 to           3 6(a &G3        38S
                           2s8 S q,?        2S-z 13 SY                      2 days old.                           1,91 (OLILI
                                                                            Position based' on' data3to
                                                                            7 days old.

                                       .86
                                                                            Position based on data 8'.
                                                                            days or more old.
                                               .0:
                                                                            Mean Position for
                                                                            month.

                                                                                                  36
                                                                               V K  very cold
                                                                                  K cold
                                                                                  M mixed
                                                                                  W wo rm

                                                                                                  '29

                                                                                                  \\o,
                                                                                           @01
                                                                                      bbc)        2
                                                                          01

                ..... ..                                                        NEXT UPDAT
                                                                                                  E

                                                                                                                         00             26
                     ......                                                XI

                                                                                                                             2S
              _J

                                          .8
                                                                                                        79

       rEM FLOW CHART            450            NOAA Miami SFSS                GULF STREAM
                                               Date: 0,4 FEA _198,X
                                                                              176
                                               Depicted land should not be used for
               n5      ADZ                     navigation.                   _3214 79 J7 -32-2
       ,F-DDY Bo(iro.DEZ       2,,@r)AZ:D      Position lines are for the edges of _-@4 7,54
                                               warmer water. The thin streamline is
         2"eas 2,@<A9 7- ZAIIA92--             an estimated location for the max-  12@29 37, 72
          1                                    imum current. Measured current
        2134AS6                a_,T-7A@4P                                    _3ALA P.5
                                               speeds may be shown.
                                                                             3 8A&52-   38?:@@
        24to tq                                      Position based on data 0 to
                                                     2 days old.

                                                                    data3to
                                                     Position based on'
                                                     7 days old.            32..
                           .86'.
                                                     Position based on data.8'.,--
                                                     days or more old.
                                  30:
                                  * 8,5,             Mean position for
                                                     month.

                                                                   36
                                                       V K very cold
                                                         K cold
                                                        M mixed
                                                        W worm

                                                                    29

                                                                \01
                                                                                      7%j
                                                         %%o                   . .. ...
                                                           bb5' 'N\"i
                                                                    28

                                                   0
        7:7

                                                        NEXT UPDATE

       too

                                                                MiA.-

                                                                           C
                                                                                     VO
         .......                                k                                             26

              ..........
                                                                                       2S
                                                                                    78.

                              .83
                                                                         9

      'ITEM, FLOW CHART   -4 2450       NOAA Miami SFSS          GULF STREAf

     1
         2_qJe7o24_S8S9 24SR           Date: OL7-F@. 19a3-
     4                                 Depicted land should not be used for
       12         239      2q/ 826     navigation.
       5- 2!t_5;9QS 2517 9 92557c?8    Position lines are for the edges of  341751 34
                       RY: 2L41 BP@3   warmer water. The thin streamline isS
                                       an estimated location for the max-  31872 S-f 5
                   2-5-9899 2 (a VS"   imum current. Measured current 3B5 G SS 119
                                       speeds may be shown.
         :2 (pj 857- 2- G 3 RS,3 215*88@8   Position based on data 0 to 3 8 (P (0 SS, s5k -
                 2-52851   2 If 6 &@ q      2 days old.   -       0 (V L/ go
                                                                       -.C1.AS
                           2_q57 8 (Q(40              n   a
                                            Position based o' dat '3to
                                            7 days old.
                           :2
                         86                 Position based on data.8.
                                            days or more old.
                            30                           31,
                                            Mean position for
                                            month.

                                                       36-
                  (D                         VK very cold-
                                              K cold
                                              M mixed
                                              W worm

                                                       29
          .(9                                                      7
                                                      K,
                                                     1            7
                                                    kol
       . . . . . .                            ft%o
       7.                                              2
                                                 bb5' &'54
                                           01

                                                          2,7
                                              NEXT UPDATE

                                                      '2@

                                                          7 1,      /00 f,
                                                                             .2

                    7 -

         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                 7:
                                             ......                    25
                          7-*. _'7                   V.

                                                          '79
                  4.
                                 82

                           # 2450
       rEM,,FLOW CHART                      NOAA Miami SFSS              GULF STREAM
                                            Date: Q!? FF.9    19S3
         2_7@o 8   24          4(087-       Depicted land should not be used for
                     (a 0 89                navigation.
            o%9S   2      4   266M                                       .319 It 8 F 3 1 cl",@
         26(aRT6   2648691 74@oRS5          Position lines are for the edges of 3 31- 7 (a
                                            warmer water. The thin streamline is
         2-SoRS3   2'Y98/aO 2147RU          an estimated location for the max-
       7 2LIY8y    2                            current. Measured current 396683   38S
                 o q/825 23RSLB             'Mum
                                            speeds may be shown.
         2!96      2S.3Boo.2_(,o8!2                                      3148(061 3%1-
                                                 Position based on dataO to
                                                 2 days old.             3 sto (0 Y.(O
                                                                                  S.
                                                 Position based o h data3to
                     7
                                                 7 days old.

                                                 Position based on dat
                                                 days or more old.
                               jo,                              31'
                                                 Mean position for
                   0                             month.

                                                               36.
                                                   VK  very cold
                                                       cold
                                                     M mixed
                                                     W worm

                                                                o9

                                                     %%o 65, -s'\O
                                                                2@
                                                   46'  b
                                                 01                      .... ..
                                                 0@

             ..A
                                                                 .'2
                                                     NEXT UPDATE

                                                           MIA.-

           . .......                                                          100      2,

                                                                                 25
                                      ...... ... ..

                             83:               _8 i
                                                                   79
                                      42

      FEWFLOW CHART           If  2450           NOAA Miami SFSS                  GULF. STREAM
                                                 Date:                19 8,1@-
                                .2                                                Z@n7T@-
         12,98,44                                Depicted land should not be used for
     -;.)                                        navigation.                     -313 M -
                    ZVILU- 2L2B-6-,C->                                           - 3    7-2@-
                                                 Position lines are for the edges of         32L@
                                                 warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                     R41         an estimated location for the max-
        2,u A A62-
                                                 imum current. Measured current
         7A 78Z2-  2-'5-0@0@                     speeds may be shown.
       - --------                                       Position based on data 0 to
                                                        2 days old.
                                                                                                 .,3,3
                                                                                            COS
                                                        Position based on data3to
                    :'87                                7 days old.            3
                                                                                2.
                                                                             q
                             86                         Position based on data.8---V
                                                        days or more old.
                                   30                                   31
                                                        Mean position for
                                                        month.                                 ..... ..

                                                                                              '7'
                                                          V K very cold
                                                            K cold
                                                            M mixed
                                                            W worm
                                                                        29

                                                              OINO
                                                               bb.  N'5
                                                        01 <5                               A
                                                        O\\
                  7.7:                                 C

                                                                          27
                                                            NEXT UPDATE

                  7

                                                                       28@
                                                                    MtA

                  7                                                                        100
                                                                                                    26

                                                        dpo

                                                                                             2S
                                                                                           78.
                                         7

                                   83'                                       79

     f EM fLOW CHART 2450                NOAA Miami SFSS           GULF STREAM

                                        Date:
                                                                  2_76
       221 A A A      74t               Depicted land should not be used for
                                        navigation.
        ?A22()e).2AA899   2 7^ A 9Z                               -3 Z.z 7 7U
                                        Position lines are for the edges of
                                4La     warmer water. The thin streamline is
        9-41-R A@4        _23 %5@@      an estimated location for the max-
                              I         imum current. Measured current
                                        speeds may be shown.

                                              Position based on data 0 to
                                              2 days old.
                                              Position based on' data@to
                   7                          7 days old.
                        8.6                   Position based on data:8,@-
                                              days or more old.
                            30
                                              Mean position for
                                              month.

                                                          30
                                               VK very cold
                                                 Kcold
                                                M mixed
                                                W worm

                                                          29

                                                          %0,
                                             Pp
                                              4
                                                       %0

       7
                                                          2            7
                                                   05

                                            io

             7-                                                   7. . . . .
                                                            22@
                                                NEXT UPDATE.::,-'

                                                       MIA.
          7-

                                                                        /00
                                                                                26

                                                                           25
                                                7. ...

                                                               9
                          .8-3-
                   4.
                                   82

       f--EM FLOW CHART           # 2450                NOAA Miami SFSS                      GULF STREAM
                                                       Date:       F& 8        19-W
                                                       Depicted land shou Id not be used for 2-7,0498 2%7
                                                       navigation.                          32078        3zc)
          2649C)o 270900             212993                                                           2
                        25gssq
          2(05g6s                 _ 251844             Position lines are for the edges of  3q02&          3qs@
           2YqaSo      2S18S9       2SIS(ol            warmer water. The thin streamline is SS7738         34042V
                                                       an estimated location for the max-
        7              2308q         2 3q @335         'm'm current. Measured current
                                                       speeds may be shown.
          23SBIS 2q080"+             24 5 (30                                               3tqO.3 3854
                                                               Position based on data 0 to
                       2YSSoo        25q72-9                   2 days old.
                                                                                                            .:33
                                                                               n data3to
                                    2(6 0                      Position based o'
                                                               7 days old.               3'2'

                                .86
                                                               Position based on data 8:.
                                                               days or more old.
                                      30.                                        31'
                                                               Mean position for
                                        8,5,*
                                                               month.

                                                                 V K very cold
                                                                   K cold
                                                                   M mixed
                                                                   W warm

                                                                                29

                                                                                 8
                                                                 6% bb          2
                                                               04 (35) 50'
                                                             @01  @s   '3
                                                                    @c

                                                                                 .27
                                                                   NEXT UPDATE

                                                                               2@
                                                                            miA.

                                                                               0
                                                                                                   /00
                                                                                                               26

                                                                                                       2s

                                                             81.                     79
                                   -.83:
                                                82

      ;TEM FLOW CHART  2450       NOAA Miami SFSS       GULF STREAA
                                  Date: I R FE.5 - 19 83
                                                       )-ZQn__7
                                  Depicted land should not be used for
      *A-      2saam   .2sagn     navigation.          .32F?7 7LL .3-40
        -7-1h9ah .2               Position lines are for the edges of 35RU& 3_74t;
                                  warmer water. The thin streamline is Ae)A
        ly   q VA31BW  2-336417-  an estimated location for the max- .3 3A
                                  imum current. Measured current
       26LBAIM .2k!26ky -Z-3 C&M  speeds may be shown.
               2-3 .1 -82  Sy!2_      Position based on data 0 to
                                      2 days old.
                       z6t) z2L
                                                              ..C%4
                                      Position based on* data3to,
                                      7 days old.    32..:
                     86               Position based on data
                                      days or more old.
                                                 31              pow.
                                      Mean position for
                                      month.

                                                36-
                                       VK very cold
                                        K cold
                                        M mixed
                                        W warm

                                                29        .......

                                                 0.
                                             'ho

                                          6   1% 28

                                     0
                                     co@

                                                  2Z
          ......                        NEXT UPDATE

                                                .2
                                               .6

                                                           100
                                                                  2t

                    so
                                                              25

       ...... ......

                                                   79
                              82

      JEM FLOW CHART            2450            NOAA Miami SFSS                GULF STREAN
                                               Date:               1983
          I'L JIUSP 2 3W72, 2._,qjA ZL                                        2-7.6 7V 9-7, 3C30j
                                       9       Depicted land should not be used for
                    2-"2/o_ Z7A-gn             navigation.                    -42A   7/1
                                 r -                                               if
          276673 7SIAMM 241-28                 Position lines are for the edges of
           6    1                f             warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                               an estimated location for the max-
                                               imum current. Measured current 38         -18
                                               speeds may be shown.
                                                     Position based on data 0 to
                                                     2 days old.

         Mos'
                                                     Position based o'
                                                                   n data3to
                                                     7 days old.
                                                     Position based on data 8'...,. 01
                                                     days or more old.
                                                                     3
                                   8                 Mean position for
                                                     month.

                                                                                             7
                                                                   30'
                                                       VK  very cold
                                                         K cold
                                                         M mixed
                                                         W worm

                                                                    2o

                                                                kol
                                                            ON
                                                           V
                                                             bY
                                                            b       28
                                                    *01

                                                                      27
                                                        NEXT UPDATE

                   .1 TI., 1-1-0

                                                                MiA.-

                                                                                   .100
                                                                                              2(

                                                                                       25
                                                                                    78.

                               83
                                                                        79

       TEM FLOW CHART      *  2450          NOAA Miami SFSS              GULF STREAM
                                           Date: 2. 3 F       19133
    I's  2-3SR?-/ .2458-ka 2S168R          Depicted land should not be used for   29o8
                                           navigation.                  32o?Ro    -32-5
            a      2-739o.5 2*7789S
                 -0
         2- S 285_5@ 2S3F>qs 2_qMl         Position lines are for the edges of 31-4 167-S *?- 3S7
         9,7,oSSn  2*3oSY(o 23(n92S'       warmer water. The thin streamline is 3?q ?-Z6 3?8
                                           an estimated location for the max-
                             2(0079<7//    imum current. Measured current
                                     *,,'I Ispeeds may be shown.
                                                 Position based on data 0 to 382  3M
                                                2 days old.
                                                 Position based' on' data3to
                   '87
                                                 7days.old.           2.
                         .86                     Position based on data 0
                                                days or more old.
                              .30
                                                Mean position for
                                8,5-
                                                month.
                                                                              0001*-
                                                  V K very cold @6
                                                                                   T
                                                    K cold
                                                    M mixed

                                                                           7
                                                    W warm
                                                              '29                      C

                                                          kol

                                                     .0%
                                                      bb
                                                              2@
                                              jo
                                                      C3

                                                                          7. T
              7

                                                   NEXT UPDATE

                    7
               7
                                                             '2'
                                                              6
                                                           MIA.'

                                                                             00 fro   26
                                               X_

                                                                               25

                                  7
             _7'

                                              of..               '19
                            83'.
                                      2

        TEM FLOW CHART             7r 2450              NOAA Miami SFSS                      GULF STREAM
                                                       Date:-25-f-El- 19 83
                        .2.(oog9o ZiMo                 Depicted land should not be used foi               2,2o
           27&100 23:ySJ3 :Z7Lj88S-                    navigation.
                                                                                             31878q       -3)9-+
       t   2608s        zSSS5        25yssb            Position lines are for the edges of   3Lto7SS      _3qq
     13    ZIZEW        Z30'RqS' 23(082.5              warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                                       an estimated location for the max-    3'51o':@o 5  395(
           25o-@%p      2too294,//                     irnum current. Measured current
                                                       speeds may be shown.
                                                              Position based on data 0 to
                                                              2 days old.

                                                                                                        COS
                                                              Position based o'
                                                                              n data3to
                                                              7 days old.                3

                                  6
                                                              Position based on data
                                                                                     8'@...
                                                              days or
                                                                      more old.
                                      30:                                        3
                                        81i                   Mean Position for
                                                                                 N.
                                                              month.

                                                                               3                               @of
                                                                V K very cold    0*
                                                                  K  cold
                                                                  M mixed
                                                                  W wa rM

                                                            VVII          @01
                                                                6@,5@ bb
                                                                           1%   28

                                                                    S

                                                                 NEXT UPDATE

                                                                                          7.

                                                                                                  100 f
                                                                                                              26

                      Now 1!1!0.          ..
                                                                     ......                           25

                                                                                   79

                               4F
       rEM FLOW CHART             450             NOAA Miami SFSS                  GULF STREAM
                                                 Date:21-8@@. 19 &5
                                2 5,4xR
                                                 Depicted land should not be used for
                                                 navigation.
               9nA 2
                     2.70/1- 47Z202                                               22
                    9__,q1)1q39 ?.:Rglq          Position lines are for the edges of         3-LA-7:
                                                                                   10 7_Q
                                                 warmer water. The thin streamline is   r I   - - - - - - -7-
                                                 an estimated location for the max-
                                                 imum current. Measured current
                                                 speeds may be shown.               F@ 2 6'94 3 8,5_
                                                        Position based on data 0 to
                                                        2 days old.

          8
                                                        Position based on' data3to
                                                        7 days old.
                             .8.6                       Position based on data 8*..
                                                               m
                                                        daysor oreold.
                                   30
                                    8                   Mean position for
                                     's
                                                        month.

                                                          V K very cold ..0
                                                            K cold
                                                            M mixed
                                                            W wa rm
                                                                        2.9

                                                                   @01
                                                             .%00
                                                             0
                                                               bbS   '1 2              ......
                                                                         8
                                                      @01

                                                                          21.1
                                                            NEXT UPDATE

                                                                   MIA

                                                                                        100
                                                                                                   26

                          _7
                                                                                            25
                                                                                         78.

             '::7
          :J. -                                                             79
                                           82.

      TEM FLOW CHART Ir2450          NOAA Miami SFSS         GULF STREAM
                                     'Date: DZ MAR ign
        IISSAR           4nA 7A                                      Z<Y_,q
                                     Depicted land should not be used for
                                     navigation.              2 YAI.-,C
                2_4 -4 'A:L2- - 3 A  Position lines are for the edges of L26 . 3_45_@_
                                     warmer water. The thin streamline is
                2,08D_@L 24!@Ape)    an estimated location for the max- J? P,5AA n
                                     imurn current. Measured current _377422Y
                                     speeds may be shown.
                                          Position based on data 0 to
                                          2 days old.
                                          Position based on' data3to
                :,87
                                          7 days old.      .3
                      8.6                 Position based on data 8:,-*@'."#I
                                          days or more old.
                           0,
                                          Mean position for
                                          month.

                                           V K very cold 3()
                                            K cold
                                            M mixed
                                            W warm

                                                     '29

                                                  kol
                                                  %%% 1511
                                                     28
                                          oi

                                            NEXT UPDATE.

             7..
                                                    2`

              7.
                                                                 /00
                                                                         2e,

                                                                    2.5
                                                                 .78.
                            @7_

          7
                                                        79

                                          I*                   I                                                 I
        (EM FLOW CHART                       2450                     NOAA Miami SFSS                                GULF STREAM
                                                                     Date: 0                        19 -Ea
            23587,7 2-SORS4 2-G:z8                                   Depicted land should not be used for           27@0719
            2(oSS62 2598SR 2                                         navigation.                                    3 7-44 r@ 0      33
            23782S 2q0'8I(6 :24SIRoR                                 Position lines are for the edges of            356 7 25         35-@
                                                                     warmer water, The thin streamline is
                                                                     an estimated location for the max-             30:W4 15 -       3'7@ 2- F
                                                                     imum current. Measured current
                                                                     speeds may be shown.

                                                                              Position based on dataO to
                                                                              2 days old.
                                                                              Position based o'
                                                                                                   n data3to
                                                                              7 days old.
                                        .,86
                                                                              Position based on data 8'@
                                                                              days or more old.
                                                30:
                                                                              Mean position for
                                                  8,5,
                                                                                                     NV
                                                                              month.

                                                                                 V K very cold
                                                                                    K cold
                                                                                    M mixed
                                                                                    W worm

                                                                                                     2 9

                                                                                          x %
                                                                                     %o
                                                                                        b            28'               ... .....
                                                                             01

                                                                                                                       ...... ....

                                                                                                      :27
                                                                                    NEXT UPDATE."':
                                                                                                                  V-1
                    .. .... *;                                                      I-MAR 83--

                                                                                               M4A.-
         .......             IN
                                                                                                                             /00
                                                                                                                                            26
                 .... ....... .                                                                        ......

                                                                                                                                   25
                                                                                                                             78.
                                                                                                                             J
                                             83'..
                                                                                                           79
                                                            82.,
                                                                                       1,

         rEM FLOW CHART               2450                NOAA Miami SFSS                       GULF STREAM
                                                         Date: 04-MAK- 19&1
                        .2       .3 9.@;C7> 81.                                                             3DI
                         "87                                                                                 ivula
                                                         ppicted land should not be used for
                                                         lhavig "fin.
             u2A37      L36831        Z'i P 61L          Position lines are for the edges of   16    129 -3 7/4.7
                                                         warmer water. The thin streamline is        I         I .@
           2-6-11917 2-60 7%                             an estimated location for the max-     2L YQQ_
                                                         imum current. Measured current             a,
                                                         speeds may be shown.
                                                                Position based on data 0 to
                                                                2 days old.

          Mo
                                                                                 n data 3to
                                                                Position based o'
                                                                7 days old.
                                                                Position based on data 8
                                                                days or more old.
                                        jo,
                                                                Mean position for
                                                                month.

                                                                                    01
                                                                   VIK very cold
                                                                    K  cold
                                                                    M mixed
                                                                    W  wo rm

                                                                                   29

                                                                            %0(
                                                                        bb5'       .28'
                                                               01

                                                                                    21.
                                                                    NEXT UP
                                                                             DATE

                                                                                28'
                                                                            Ai iA.

                                                                                                     100
                                                                                                                 2,

                                                                                                         25

                                                                                                    J.
                                                                                      79

                                                                   Nd

           EM FLOW CHART 24SO                                                                            I
                                                                  NOAA Miami SFSS                            GULF 5TREAM
            2,22A7e)        .239           24787A               Date: 09,MAK- iqB&
         774                                                    Depicted land should not be used for       ZZQ2&- ZE?@a
            2_A@                           LlEaas!2             navigation.                                134;u- MD-7j
                                                                Position lines are for the edges of                       16-IZ-
                                                               warmer water The thin streamlinp is
                                           -------             an estimated location for the max-
                                                               imum current. Measured current
                                                               speeds may be shown.                                       380-6-,
                                                                        Position based on data 0 to
                                                                        2 days old.
                                                                        Position based on' data3to
                                                                        7 days old.
                                                                                                       2.
                                      6
                                                                        Position based on data
                                                                       daysormoreold.
                                           30.
                                                                                            31                                 7
                19                                                    Mean Position
                                                                                       for
                                                                      month.

                                                                                                                  7
                                                                         V K very
                                                                                    cold
                                                                           K  cold
                                                                           M mixed
                                                                           W warm

                                                                                          '29
                                                                                                              7
                                                                                                              7
                                                                                    %01

                                                                           .0
                                                                                 r3      2,9
                                                                  io,                                         7.

                                                                                                               7

                                                                                           '2
                                                                         NEXT UPDATE.::.'
                       7.7".

                                                                                      .6
            % .
                                                                                     A

                                                                                                                            26

                                                                                                                  25

                                     8.3.,
                                                                                             79

    ,,TEM FLOW CHART it 2450      NOAA Miami SFSS        GULF STREAM
                                  Date: JIMA R  19--83-
                                                        2-_7_n7qq Z822
                                  Depicted land should not be used for9F_
                                  navigation.            )^-19 C)
       ZLq-Aj q-- 2S36a5 X5383P
                                  Position lines are for the edges of
       I19AIR 24tt!>616 2-4 44 ;Zr)
                                  warmer water. The thin streamline is 37@7kq/@, 389
                                  an estimated location for the max-
                                  imum current. Measured current
                                  speeds may be shown.
                                      Position based on data 0 to
                                      2 days old.
                                                                   ::3,7
                                                               C"
                                      Position based on data3to
                                      7 days old.
                    .86               Position based on data,81 .,..
                                      days or more old.
                        jo
                                      Mean position for
                         81
                                      month.

                                                 36
                                        V K very cold
                                         K cold
                                         M mixed
                                         W worm

                                                  29

         7
                                               10  0@\o   ......

                                          00
                                           bb  N'S'\ 28
                                      @o   C3

                                                   2
                                         NEXT UPDATE
        7

                                                '2'
                                                 6

                                                             001,
                                                                    26

                                                   7
                                                               25

                                     81..            9
                       83         7
                                           I

                                                                                 f
      rEM FLOW CHART             2450             NOAA Miami SFSS                   GULF STREAM
                                                 Date:                 1983
         22696       23-M-2 2.To                 Depicted land should not be used for 2-7-o    28s,
                     2&,5,&aq 7-S(aRS4           navigation.                       32LJ775     '3 3 3 -7
                     2 382-3     2-qo R 11       Position lines are for the edges of 3(oo?,30, 37 9:,
                            94? /Z @             warmer water. The thin streamline is 31-3692- 3 Ski
         2-57-498 Z607                           an estimated location for the max-
                                                 imum current. Measured current    3906110     319 5 (c,
                                                 speeds may be shown.
                                                        Position based on data 0 to
                                                        2 days old.
        mois                                            Position based on' data 3' to
                                                        7 days old.
                                                        Position based on clat@a:8,----
                                                        days or more old.
                                  30-
                                                        Mean position for
             19
                                                        month.

                                                                         01
                                                          VK very cold 3'
                                                            K cold
                                                            M mixed
                                                            W warm

                                                                          9

                                                                   kol

                  T
                                                               bb   N'S  28

                                                                          2,
                                                            NEXT UPDATE

                                                                      .6

                                                                                         100
                                                                                                    26

                                                                                              2s
                                                                                         78.
                      4'.       83:                                         79
                                           82

                                         _ff                                                                          GULF S
       rEM FLOW CHART                       2450                      NOAA Miami SFSS                                              TREAM
                                                                    Date:-/(P,-MAR 19S3
          235869. 24                         2S2     87-9           Depicted land should not be used for            24o79 9
           710 9 7 Co 2to C-, A & 4          2SSA,51,*              navigation.                                     3 1               3 2 2 13
           20834 ZB                         241832-                 Position lines are for the edges of              3 3'94@o3
           2_4 4 81        2-5/Soo           240919                 warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                                                    an estimated location for the max-
                                                                    imum current. Measured current
                                                                    speeds may be shown.

                                                                              Position based on data 0 to
                                                                              2 days old.
                                                                              Position based on' data3to
                                                                              7 days old.
                                       .816                                   Position based on data 81*
                                                                              daysormoreold.
                                               30.                                                    31'
                                                                              Mean position for         j
                                                                              month.

                                                                                                    36-
                                                                                  V K  very cold
                                                                                    K  cold
                                                                                    M mixed
                                                                                    W  Wo rm

                                                                                                     29

                                                                                      00
                                                                                  6:\\\ bb 1%5 2'
                                                                               0

                            V
                                                                                                         27
                                                                                    NEXT UPDATE.".'

           7 7
                                                                                                 I 'A

                                                                                                                              100
                                                                                                                                              26

                                                                                                                                    25

          ...... ......

                                                                                                            79
                                                            162

       .,Em FLOW CHART 4F 2450       NOAA Miami SFSS       GULF STREAM
                                    Date: T8_MAR___ 198 3
        2qo!R?-q .2qMb   2 5        Depicted land should not be used for a-7-0:Z99
     .I
                                    navigation.            32 712
        2-q R RLI?L 2   2 45        Position lines are for the edges of M7 i
                  ,q@
                                    warmer water. The thin streamline is
        2qogiS  2LI 3 R 0299RO      an estimated location for the max-
                                    imum current, Measured current
                                    speeds may be shown.
                                        Position based on data 0 to
                                        2 days old.
       At
        .0
                                        Position based o'
                                                  n data 31o
                                        7days old.
                      .8.6              Position based on data 8'-.'*
                                        days or more old.
                         30.
                                        Mean position for
                          8's
                                        month.

                                         V K very cold 0
                                          K cold
                                          M mixed
                                          W worm

                                                  29
                                                 0@10
                                               01

                                           .0
                                          %  b5'
                                        46 %Ab    .2
                                      01     S

                                                            7 1:,

                                         NEXT UPDATE

                                                         T.,

                                               MIA--

                                                             '00

                                                                2

                                                    79
                              2

      JEM FLOW CHART          2450            NOAA Miami SFSS               GULF STREAh
                                             Date:24-NAR- 19 &3@
                                             Depicted land should not be used for
                                             navigation.                  A) 79P
                     476                     Position lines are for
                                 Sp Z.
                                                           the edges of
                                             warmer water. The thin streamline is
         2.&4)A31 13F3F@2,5-  2-39N6         an estimated location for the max- 9 V-)
                                                                               I
                                             imum current. Measured current
          AIn                                speeds may be shown.
                                                   Position based on data 0 to L7 6-.,
                                                   2 days old.             3 10 49-1
                                                                                    C.
                                                   Position based on' data3to.
       P1,
                                                   7 days old.
                           .86                     Position based on dat
                                                                    a
                                                   days or more old.
                                30.
                                                   Mean position for
                                                   month.

                                                                   01.
                                                     V K very cold
                                                      K  cold
                                                      M  mixed
                                                      W worm

                                                                  '29

                                                         NO
                                                                  28
                                                         bb

                                                 jo

                                                                   2
                                                      NEXT UPDATE.:-
                                                              2.6

                                                             MIA

                                                                                100
                                                                                          2(

                                        ... ....                                    2s

                        7

                              8,3                                    79
                                       82

      TEM FLOW CHART   2450       NOAA Miami SFSS       GULF STREAM
        23&5j3,2qo 67E 2qY8       Date: 23 MAP, 19Ba   z7a"M@ 27-31
     -3                           Depicted land should not be used for
      - 210883 268890 2*7/985     navigation.          30?800 315
      3 Z@2R56 2588-c6 2908S@2    Position lines are for the edges of 32
    IR                            warmer water. The thin streamline is
                              P   an estimated location for the max- 350-9-YIR 35q?
      1 236,9/9 V/SlRoR 2,Y_RBp   imum current. Measured current 3--;. 0 V;@ I f.
        2(                   ,2   speeds may be shown.            -0
                                      Position based on data 0 to 38o?oc) 3--@,o
                                      2 days old.
                                                                  @?j
                                      Position based o'
                                               n data3to
                                      7 days old.
                                                     .72.
                    .8.6              Position based on data 8
                                      days or more old.
                        jo,
                                      Mean Position for
                         81S
                                      month.

                                       V Kvery cold
                                        K  cold
                                        M mixed
                                        W warm

                                                 29

                                                 %0,

                                            %
                                          bb     28'
                                     @01
                                        @AS

                                        NEXT UPDATE

                                              J,A

                                                           100
                                                                   2,

                                                             2S

                     -8
                                                  79
                             82

                                 4f@
       EM FLOW CHART               2450               NOAA Miami SFSS                      GULF STREAM
                                                     Date:25MAR              19&1
                                   IJvA A 6          Depicted land should not be used for
                                   J:@@AAA           navigation,                           :@2_3       @3/7
        1@086        1-7 3_6 2S -- , . - -                                                      7& - -
                  6  .2 msASj_._   26&&@ c_          Position lines are for the edges of .3497j9
                                                     warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                                     an estimated location for the max-
                                                     imum current. Measured current
                                                     speeds may be shown.
                                                             Position based on data 0 to
                                                             2 days old.
                                                                                                     ..Cos
                                                                             n     3to
                                                             Position based o' data
                      87...                                  7 days old.
                                                                                       .32..
                               86                            Position based on data 8'
                                                             days or more old.
                                     30.                                       31*
                                                             Mean position for
                                                             month.                                 .... ..

                                                                              36-
                                                               V K  very cold
                                                                 K  cold
                                                                 M mixed
                                                                 W warm

                                                                              '29

                                                            tp
                                                             04
                                                                          0,
                                                                  .0(%o
                                                                     bb        28

                                                                  '@c

            7

                                                                 NEXT UPD
                                                                            ATE

                                                                             -2
                                                                              6
                                                                          M oA

                                                                                                  /00
                                                                                                              26

                                                                                                      25

                                 -83                                                79
                                               @
                                                2
                                                Ilc  ! @       .

        @TEM., FLOW CHART          2450             NOAA Miami SFSS                  GULF STREAA
                                                   Date:                 1983
        7 21MR67       2=)-AA72-   2-3-18"                                          ZIQ4a IQ@S_
                                                   Depicted land should not be used for
                                                   navigation.                      332-7a
           2, 6 P.4 7  2:4@3 F)SL                  Position lines are for the edges of 3&-7-2-2-
                             21)  Z38 A i          warmer water. The thin streamline is
                                                   an estimated location for the max-
                                                   imum current. Measured current
                                                   speeds may be shown.
                                                         Position based on data 0 to
                                                         2 days old.        -
                                                         Position based on' data3to
                                                         7 days old.             32"
                              .86                        Position based on data 8
                                                         days or more old.
                                     01
                                                         Mean position for
                                                         month.

                                                                                              @7
                                                           V K very cold                  7
                                                            K  cold
                                                            M
                                                               mixed
                                                            W worm

                                                                         29
            7:
                                                         A          010
                                                            "'10 bb5- 4,3.\ID28I
                                                                                    .7
                                                     liol
                                                            @15

                                                                         .27
                                                           NEXT UPDATE -

                                                                                        1001",
                      7
                         7:
                                                      .3
                                   7

                                                                                           25

                                               7
                      4%.
                                                                           Z9
                                           2

       JEM FLOW CHART 2450                 NOAA Miami SFSS            GULF STREAM
         22-766!1 .23687o 2-42-84L        Date: -3 0 HA It-19ft       2 1c) 7e-?q
                                          Depicted land should not be used for
       L ZAnSA9 2A          2,42a         navigation.
                                                                     328
         25 7A_'.@q(5 21_41A,52 -ZZJSL@__C Position lines are for the edges of 3AZ;@ Z2_Z  .3177,7
                                          warmer water. The thin streamline is I I -r-r7-
         2,UIAZP_                         an estimated location for the max- 3_7(p6p,)n  3=
         ).A62:79911                      imum current. Measured current
                                          speeds may be shown.
                                               Position based on dataO to
                                               2 days old.

                                                           n
                                               Position based o' data3to
                                               7 days old.         172.
                         8.6                   Position based on data 8'..@..
                                               days or more old.
                             30
                                               Mean position for
                               81
                                               month.

                                                                              7'
                                                  VK very cold            .......
                                                   K cold
                                                  M mixed
                                                  W worm
                                                            2.9.

                                                       %
                                                   .000
                                                            24
                                                    b b
                                               0a 5)
                                             jol ou                     ......
                                                   AS

         ... ...                                             .27
                                                 NEXT UPDATE

                                                        MIA-

                                                                          001"
                                                                                  2,

                        ..... .....

                                                                            23

            ........ . ..
                          ..... ......

                                            8 1..              79

                    Page 25

                    6)   Discussion of FOTEC Data

                         From the historical data we expect that there will be variance in

                    the current and temperature on three time scales.      Annual cycle time

                    scale variability would require several to ten years of data to resolve.

                    Our much shorter time series of profiles will not resolve these

                    questions although the STACS data from the Palm Beach area will give us

                    a good idea of the variability to expect. Also we can extract a part of

                    the signal from satellite IR which can give us estimates of the position

                    of the Gulf Stream edge and surface temperature which could be used with

                    a current model.   At present however our best estimates come from the

                    historical data which suggests a transport variation of about +3 X
                    106m 3s-1which account for about 45% of the current variance. Long term

                    current observations are the only method of accurately estimating these

                    effects at the proposed FOTEC sites.   Since the deep water temperatures

                    are quite stable over the long term surface temperatures derived from

                    satellite data are quite satisfactory to estimate the thermal resource.

                    For this purpose the data would need to be worked up on an image by

                    image basis taking into rejecting cloud contaminated data.

                         The second band of variability is the 2-10 day period fluctuations.

                    These periods are known to be associated with the meanders of the Gulf

                    Stream and include the dynamics of shelf waves and spin off eddies. Had

                    this work been funded on the originally proposed schedule we would have

                    been able to observe two to ten cycles in these period bands by

                    alternating between stations barring an interpretation by hurricane.

                    However late funding forced a winter experiment which was repeatedly

                    interrupted by cold fronts.   From the satellite data on 19, 21, and 24

                   Page 26

                   January 1983 we can see that the Gulf Stream edge is south of both

                   stations explaining the relatively moderate currents.    On the 19thof

                   January there is an indication of a warm water intrusion from the east

                   at the easternmost station given by cross-section I which is confirmed

                   from the in-situ temperature data. These data most likely are explained

                   by the presence of a spin off eddy.

                   Page 27

                   7)   Conclusions and Recommendations

                        From the data above we have a good idea of the variability to be

                   expected at the two possible FOTEC sites near Key West.     By comparison

                   of our mean profiles of temperature and velocity with those in Figure 3

                   we can clearly see that the currents we observed were far from the

                   maximum or minimum currents to be expected at this site although our

                   mean values are close to the longer term mean.       The remotely sensed

                   temperature data also shows that during our observation period that the

                   Gulf Stream axis lies consistently south of our anchor stations.       The

                   temperature section data also shows the edge of the stream farther south

                   than our anchor stations.      However, the remotely sensed 'temperature

                   suggests that during other periods that the stream lies farther north at

                   times brushing against the Florida keys. Both remote and in-situ

                   temperature data shows the clear presence of spin-off eddies near the

                   FOTEC sites as we would expect from the historical data in Figure 5 and

                   6.

                        All of our historical data and the data recorded in this program

                   fall short of the level of coverage required for a thorough engineering

                   study required for the cost effective design of such a costly project as

                   an OTEC plant.      What is needed for the surface temperature and

                   temperature gradient information can be extracted from a satellite

                   remote sensing program which concentrates on measuring temperature at

                   the proposed sites and rejects those images which contain significant

                   cloud cover.    The current data needed for the design process will be

                   more difficult to obtain. The current meter group at RSMAS can maintain

                   current meter moorings in this reg ion for 6 month deployments.  Our 'past

                    Page 28

                    experience tells us that at least one year of data is needed to define

                    the seasonal cycle.     However a mooring extending all the way to the

                    surface is not practical for these lengths of time.      We must settle for

                    current data up to 150 meters from the surface which will often omit the

                    strongest currents.   One possible solution to the near surface current

                    problem would be the use of a CODAR (Coastal Ocean Dynamics Radar) which

                    relies upon remote land based radar transmitters and on site computer

                    analysis to interpret the scattered returns in terms of surface

                    currents.  Such a system is now in use in the STACS experiment off Palm

                    Beach on an experimental basis.       Since the worst case currents are

                    likely under storm conditions a remote sensing current system may be the

                    only practical solution. Another approach which might work is to use an

                    acoustic Doppler current profiler to measure the currents remotely from

                    bottom mounted acoustic transducers.      These systems like the current

                    meters are restricted from measuring the upper 10% of the water column

                    but do give much better spatial resolution than a typical current meter

                    mooring.  These acoustic systems are still in the experimental phase of

                    their development but do offer potential savings compared to       moorings.

                    Because a potentially vulnerable mooring does not exist, these systems

                    may be more reliable in the long run permitting longer term or even

                    permanent installations with cables to shore for power and signal

                    transmission.

                     Page 29

                                                       REFERENCES

                     Brooks, D.A., 1975. Wind-forced continental shelf waves in the Florida
                          Current.    University of Miami/RSMAS Technical Report 75026:           268
                          pp.

                     Brooks, I.H., 1979.       Fluctuations in the transport of the Florida
                          Current at periods between tidal and two weeks.                  J. Phys.
                          Oceanogr., 9: 1048-1053.

                          , and P.P. Niiler, 1975.     The Florida Current at Key West:        summer
                          1972.   J. Mar. Res., 33(l):    83-92.

                          . and        .1 1977.   Energetics of the Florida Current.        J. Mar.
                          Res.,  35: 162-191.

                     Chew, F.,   1974.   The turning process in meandering currents:          a case
                          study. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4: 27-57.

                     Cochrane, J.D., 1972.     Separation of an anticyclone and the subsequent
                          developments in the Loop Current (1969).          In Capurro, L. and J.
                          Reid, eds. Contributions to the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf
                          of Mexico. Texas A & M Univ. Studies, Gulf Publ. Co.: .91-106.

                     Vaing, W., and D. Johnson, 1972.       High resolution current profiling in
                          the Straits of Florida. Deep-Sea Res., 19: 259-274.

                          , W., 1975. Synoptic studies of transients in the Florida Current.
                          J. Mar. Res., 33:    53-73.

                          p C.N.K. Mooers, and T. Lee, 1977.         Low-frequency variability in
                          the Florida Current and relations to atmospheric forcing from 1972
                          to 1974. J. Mar. Res., 35: 129-161.

                     Evans, R.H., and K. Leaman, 1978. A comparison between the Ming
                          profiling current meter and the White Horse acoustic profiler.
                          J. Geophys. Res., 83: 5515-5521.

                     Fernandez-Partagas, J., and C.N.K. Mooers, 1975. A subsynoptic study of
                          winter cold fronts in Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103: 742-744.

                     Gentry, R.C., 1974.    Hurricanes in South Forida.      In Gleason, P.J., ed.
                          Environments of South Florida:       Past, Present, Future.     Memoir to
                          Miami. Geol. Soc.: 73-81.
                     Hurlburt,' H.E., and J.P. Thompson, 1982.          The dynamics of the Loop
                          Current and shed eddies in a numerical model of the Gulf of Mexico.
                          In J.C.J. Nihoul, ed., Hydrodynamics of Semi-enclosed Seas.
                          Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam: 243-298.

                     Kielman, J., and W. DUing, 1974.      Tidal and subinertial fluctuations in
                          the Florida Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4: 227-236.

                       Page 30

                      References 2
                      Lee, T.N., 1975.      Florida Current spin-off eddies.           Deep-Sea Res., 22:
                            753-765.

                            , and D.A. Mayer, 1977.           Low-frequency current variability and
                      -spin-off eddies on the shelf off Southeast Florida.                    J. Mar. Res.,
                            35t 193-220.

                              and L.P. Atkinson, 1983. Low-frequency current variability from
                            Gulf Stream frontal eddies and atmospheric forcing along the
                            south-east U.S. outer continental shelf.               J. Geophys. Res. (in
                            press) .

                            $ I. Brooks, and W. DUing, 1977. The Florida Current - its
                            structure and variability.         University of Miami Technical Report,
                            RSMAS 77003: 275 pp.

                              L.P. Atkinson, and R. Legeckis, 1981.              Observations of a Gulf
                            Stream frontal eddy      on the Georgia continental shelf, April 1977.
                            Deep-Sea Res., 28A: 347-348.

                      Legeckis,    R.,    1975.      Applications      of   synchronous meteorological
                            satellite    data    to   the   study of      time   dependent     sea    surface
                            temperature changes along           the boundary of         the Gu.1f Stream.
                            Geophys. Res. Lett., 2: 435-438.

                      Leipper, D.F., 1967.       Observed oc   eanic conditions and Hurricane Hilda,
                            1964.   J. Atmos. Sci., 24(2):        182-196.

                               1970.   A sequence of current patterns in the Gulf of Mexico. J.
                            Geophys. Res., 75(3): 637-657.

                               J.D. Cochrane and J.F. Hewitt, 1972.                 A detached eddy and
                            subsequent changes (1965). In            Capurro, L., and J. Reid, eds.
                            Contributions to the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico.
                            Texas A & M Studies, Gulf Publ. Co.:          107-118.

                      Maul, G.A., 1977.       The annual cycle of the Gulf Loop Current.             Part I:
                            Observations during a one year time series.              J. Mar. Res., 35(l):
                            29-47.

                      Molinari, R.L., and R.E. Yager, 1977.                   Upper layer hydrographic
                            conditions at the Yucatan Strait during May, 1972.

                      Mooers, C.N.K., and D.A. Brooks, 1977.               Fluctuations in the Florida
                            Current, Summer 1970. Deep-Sea Res., 24: 399-425.

                      Morrison, J.M., and W.D. Nowlin, Jr., 1977. Repeated nutrient, oxygen,
                            and density sections through the Loop Current. J. Mar. Res.,
                            35(l): 105-128.

                      Niiler, 1976.       Observations of low-frequency currents on the Western
                            Florida Continental Shelf. Memories Societe Royale des Sciences de
                            Liege, Series 6, 10: 331-358.

                     Page 31

                    References 3
                    Niiler, and L.A. Mysak, 1971.          Barotropica waves along an eastern
                          continental shelf. Geophys. Fluid Dynamics, 2: 273-378.

                          , and W.S. Richardson, 1973.       Seasonal variability of the Florida
                          Current. J. Mar. Res., 31: 144-167.

                    Nowlin, W.D., 1971. Water masses and general circulation of the Gulf of
                          Mexico. Oceanology International, 6(2): 28-33.

                            and H. McLellan, 1969.     A characterization of the Gulf of Mexico
                          waters in winter. J. Mar. Res., 25(l): 29-59.

                    -, and J.M. Hubertz, 1972. Contrasting summer circulation patterns
                          for the eastern Gulf-Loop Current versus anticyclone ring.                In
                          Capurro, L. and J. Reid, eds.          Contributions to the Physical
                          Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico.        Texas A & M     Univ. Studies,
                          Gulf Publ. Co.: 119-138.

                                   and R. Reid, 1968. A detached eddy in the Gulf of Mexico.
                          J. Mar. Res., 26(2): 185-186.

                    Parr, A.E.,   1937.   Report of hydrographic observations at a series of
                          anchor  stations across the Straits of Florida.          Bulletin of the
                          Bingham Oceanographic Lab., Yale University, 6: 1-63.

                    Pillsbury,    1891.    The Gulf Stream.       Report of the U.S. Coast and
                          Geodetic Survey for 1890. Appendix No. 10: 461-620.

                    Richardson, W.S., W.J. Schmitz, Jr., and P.P. Niiler, 1969.                    The
                          velocity structure of the Florida Current from the Straits of
                          Florida to Cape Fear. Deep-Sea Res., 16(suppl.): 225-231.

                    Schmitz, W.J., Jr., and W.S. Richardson, 1968.         On the transport of the
                          Fljorida Current. Deep-Sea Res., 15: 679-693.

                    Schott, F., and W. DUing, 1976.       Continental shelf waves in the Florida
                          Straits. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6: 451-460.

                    Smith, J.A., B.D. Zetler, and S. Boida, 1969.          Tidal modulation of the
                          Florida Current surface flow. Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 3(3): 41-46.

                    Stommel, H., 1965.      The Gulf Stream.     Univ. of California Press:        748
                          PP.

                    Stubbs, W.O., 1971.      The baroclinic. stucture of the Florida Current.
                          M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Miami: 57 pp.

                    Stumpf, H.G.,   and P.K. Rao, 1975.       Evolution of Gulf Stream eddies as
                          seen in   satellite infrared imageiy.          J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5:
                          388-393.

                    Thompson, R. ,   1971.   Topographic Rossby waves at a site north of the
                          Gulf Stream. Deep-Sea Res., 18:       1-19.

                    Page 32

                   References 4
                   Williams, J. , 1973.   Oceanographic Instrumentation.    Naval Institute
                        Press: 189 pp.

                   Wist, G., 1924.      Florida and Antillenstrom, eine hydrodynamische
                        untersuchung, Veroff. Inst. Meeresk., Univ. Berlin, NFA 12: 48 pp.

                   Zetler, B.D., and D.V. Hansen, 1970.    Tides in the Gulf of Mexico - A
                        review and proposed program. Bulletin Marine Sci., 20(l): 57-69.

        Z9LL LOM 8999 6

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