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                                Foth & Van Dyke

                                       R E P 0 R T




                        1993 Fecal Coliform Study
                                      Scope ID: 93RO07






                             Racine Wastewater Utility
                                  Racine, Wisconsin







                                      November 1993


           TD
           763
           F43
           1993









                                                       Property of COC Library














                  1993 Fecal Coliform Study

                         Scope ID: 93RO07



                           Prepared for
                    Racine Wastewater Utility
                       Racine, Wisconsin



                           Prepared by
               Foth & Van Dyke and Associates Inc.





                          November 1993



                                      ftOVOrtY of CSC Library




                                             Acknowledgement


               FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

             Financial assistance for the ResearchlStudy Project was provided by the Coastal Zone
             Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
             Resource Management. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pursuant to Grant
             #NA270ZO356-01 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

             THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of the Wisconsin
             Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN COASTAL
             MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve, protect and manage the
             resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastline for this and future generations.









                                                 Foth & Van Dyke
                                                          2737 S. Ridge Road
                                                            P.O. Box 19012
                                                      Green Bay, Wl 54307-9012
                                                             414/497-2500





                                                                                  Foth & Van Dyke

                                                                                          2737 S. Ridge Road
                    November 17,1993                                                       P. 0. Box 19012
    Architect,@                                                                        Green Bay, W1 54307-9012
                                                                                             414/497-2500
                                                                                           FAX: 414/497-8516


     CC





                    Mr. 'Ibornas Bunker
                    Racine Wastewater Utility
                    City Hall Annex, Room 227
                    800 Center Street
                    Racine, WI 53403

                    Dear Torn:


                    RE: 1993 Fecal Coliform Study

                    Foth & Van Dyke is pleased to present ten copies of the final report titled 1993 Fecal
                    Coliform Study, to the Racine Wastewater Utility. This document expands upon past
                    investigations of the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department regarding
                    the sources of fecal coliform, and offers recommendations on how to solve the
                    beach-closing problem.

                    If after reviewing this document, you have any questions, please call us at your earliest
                    possible convenience.

                    Sincerely,

                    Foth & Van Dyke



                     erald J. Ber                                      Stephen Marman, P.E.
                    Project Manager                                    Client Liaison

                    GJB1/SMMAb
                                                                       -00e




















                    132-10193RO07










                                                         Distribution



                  No. of Copies                        Sent To


                        10                              Thomas Bunker
                                                        Racine Wastewater Utility
                                                        City Hall Annex, Room 227
                                                        800 Center Street
                                                        Racine, WI 53403

                        3                               Gary Gylund
                                                        State of Wisconsin
                                                        Department of Administration
                                                        Coastal Management Program
                                                        101 East Wilson Street, 6th Floor
                                                        P. 0. Box 7868
                                                        Madison, WI 53707-7868 



[32-10]93R007                               Property of CSC Library






                                            1993 Fecal Coliform Study
                                                        Contents                                          Page

             1   Background   ...........................................................                    I

             2   Approach    ............................................................                    2
                 2.1    The Lake Transect Study    ...........................................               2
                 2.2    Lake Michigan Beach Testing    ........................................              4
                 2.3    Root River Testing  ................................................                 4
                 2.4    Sub-Beach Testing   ................................................                 4

             3   Test Data   ............................................................                    5
                 3.1    Lake Transect Study   ...............................................                5
                 3.2    Lake Michigan Beach Testing    ........................................              5
                 3.3    Root River Testing  ................................................                 7
                 3.4    Sub-Beach Testing   ................................................                 7

             4   Discussion  ............................................................                   11
                 4.1    Bacterial Disappearance   ............................................              11
                 4.2    Longshore Current Plumes     ..........................................             13
                 4.3    Turbidity and Sediments   ............................................              15
                 4.4    River and Harbor   .................................................                19
                 4.5    Storm Sewers    ....................................................                22
                 4.6    Seabirds   ........................................................                 28
                 4.7    Meyers Beach    ....................................................                30

             5   Conclusions and Recommendations       ........................................             32


                                                          Tables

             Table 3-1        Fecal Coliform Counts From City Health Department Lake Michigan
                              Beach Testing   ...............................................                6
             Table 3-2        Fecal Coliform Counts From City Health Department Root River
                              Testing  .....................................................                 8
             Table 3-3        Fecal Coliform Counts from Sub-Beach Testing     ......................        9
             Table 3-4        Fecal Coliform Counts from Surface Sand Testing    ....................       10
             Table 4-1        Fecal Coliform Counts Before and After Rain Events     .................      24
             Table 4-2        Rainfall-Related Beach Closures    .................................          24
             Table 4-3        Fecal Coliforrn Counts in Sediment Samples    ........................        28
             Table 4-4        Sources for Fecal Coliform   .....................................            29

                                                         Figures

             Figure 2-1       Lake Transect Map - 1993 Fecal Coliform Study     .....................        3
             Figure 4-1       Simple Average of Fecal Coliform Counts at Various Distances Away
                              From Shore   .................................................                12
             Figure 4-2       Fecal Coliform Counts Versus Turbidity Readings     ....................      16


             [32-10193RO07                                   ii








             Contents (Continued)

                                                                                                            Page

             Figure 4-3       Curvilinear Line Fit to Fecal Coliform Counts and Turbidity Data       .......   18
             Figure 4-4       Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in the Root River after
                              Rainstorm Events    ...................                                          20
             Figure 4-5       Relationship Between Fecal Coliform Count and Current Velocity
                              in the Root River   .............................................                21
             Figure 4-6       Relationship Between Fecal Coliform Counts in Lake Michigan and
                              Rainfall  ............................. ......................                   23
             Figure 4-7       Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in Lake Michigan After
                              Rainstorm Events     ............................................                27

                                                        Appendices

             Appendix A       Lake Transect Study Data
             Appendix B       Statistical Evaluation of Fecal Coliform/Turbidity Relationship










































             [32-10193RO07                                    W








             1 Background

             Summertime fun and swimming are synonymous to many people. Unfortunately, elevated
             bacteria counts have forced the city of Racine, Wisconsin, to close their beaches during the
             height of the swimming season in each of the past three years. These beach closings are the
             result of elevated fecal coliform (FC) bacteria counts in the water. Fecal coliform bacteria
             ordinarily will not cause illness, but are associated with potential disease-causing organisms called
             pathogens. When the FC counts rise above a five-day geometric mean of 200 Colony-Forming
             Units (CFU) per 100 ml, the water is considered unsafe for recreation.

             The most upsetting aspect of past beach closings was that they occurred during the month of
             August, when the water was the warmest for swimming. The most perplexing aspect of past
             beach closings was that they occurred during dry weather periods. One dry spell began on
             August 13 after 1.06 inches of rain fell and ended August 21. The beaches remained closed
             during that time. Typically beach closing are associated with rainfall because Storm sewers
             become active. This is usually the case for Milwaukee and Chicago who have their beach closing
             incidents one to two days after a rainfall. Racine's specific situation is unusual in that the beach
             closings persisted eight days after a rainfall. Dry weather beach closings are not unusual for
             Racine.


             In 1991, the Racine Wastewater Utility released an initial investigation identifying possible
             sources of the FC contamination. Sources identified include:

                        Sewage - From sanitary sewers or the wastewater treatment plant (WVvTP).
                 0      Storm sewer runoff.
                 0      Water from the Root River.
                 0      Seagulls and other animals.
                 0      Swimmers.
                 0      Boaters.


             Subsequently, the Racine Wastewater Utility requested the University of Wisconsin - Madison's
             department of environmental engineering perform a literature review to help the Utility gain a
             better understanding of the nature of FC. The City Health Department hired a summer intern
             to contact all of the health departments on the Great Lakes, in both the U.S. and Canada, to
             obtain information about other communities' standards and methods of testing. In 1993, Foth &
             Van Dyke was retained by the Racine Wastewater Utility to expand upon past investigations of
             the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department regarding the sources of FC and
             to make recommendations on how to solve the beach closing problem.

             The City Health Department and Wastewater Utility's ultimate goal is to eliminate the FC
             problem so that the beaches can remain open during the summer. This report presents the data
             collected during the summer of 1993, discusses the potential sources, and recommends corrective
             measures and areas of further study.









         [32-10/G]Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                   Foth & Van Dyke 1
         November 17,1993







            2 Approach

            The 1993 Fecal Coliform Study was a cooperative effort of the Racine Wastewater Utility and
            the City Health Department collecting water samples from four different sources: Lake
            Michigan, storm sewers and drainage ditches, the Root River, and sub-beach groundwater.

            2.1        The Lake Transect Study

            The Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department had been testing the lake along
            the shore for several years, but had never done extensive testing away from shore. The lake
            transect study was commissioned by the Racine Wastewater Utility to test for bacteria, turbidity,
            and other parameters in the lake. The purpose of these tests was to determine how the FC were
            moving in the lake, and see if they were coming from a non-point source along the shore. A
            series of six eastAvest transects was established in Lake Michigan as shown in Figure 2-1.
            Positions were fixed using a Trimble TransPac GPS (global positioning system). Water samples
            were collected at the shore, 100 feet from shore, 500 feet from shore, and 1,000 feet from shore.
            Replicates were taken randomly with a ten percent frequency. Samples were collected from
            three depths (surface, mid-depth and bottom) where possible. Ten sets of samples were
            collected from June 29, 1993 to September 7, 1993. In addition to sampling at the transects,
            water samples were taken from four locations within the harbor, and at three storm sewers and
            two drainage ditches along the coast, as shown in Figure 2-1. Water samples were taken at three
            depths at each of the four sampling locations in the harbor, with one harbor replicate being
            sampled at random.

            All samples were analyzed at Racine's WWTP for FC using the membrane filter technique as
            described in the 17th Edition of Standard Methods.' Lab replicates were also done with a
            ten percent frequency. The weekly sampling dates were designed to coincide with the City
            Health Department's bi-weekly sampling program of near-shore water adjacent to the beaches.

            Surface water samples were collected in whirl pack bags and placed on ice when stored for more
            than one hour. Mid-depth and bottom samples collected in the lake transect study were
            collected using an acrylic, two-liter, vertical Van Dom water bottle and transferred to whiripack
            bags and put on ice. Water temperatures were recorded using an electronic temperature gage at
            each water sampling location and depth. Water samples were taken in the harbor using these
            same methods.


            Current directions were recorded when surface water samples were collected. The data were
            obtained using flagging tape on a three-foot pole for shoreline stations or with flagging tape
            attached to an anchored float at off-shore stations.

            The wind speed and direction were also recorded during the sampling program. Wind speed was
            measured using a hand-held anemometer and the direction was recorded using a compass.





                'American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
            Wastewater 17th Edition, Washington, DC, 1989.


         [32-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility              Foth & Van Dyke2
         Navernber 17,1993





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            Sediment samples were taken during three weekly sampling rounds, from August 7, 1993 through
            August 31, 1993. Sediment samples were taken at each of the 24 lake transect locations and four
            harbor locations using a Peterson dredge and a ponar dredge. Sediment samples were analyzed
            at two different labs. The Sommer-Frey lab in Milwaukee tested 17 samples and Racine's water
            treatment plant tested seven. Sediment samples were analyzed using a "most probable number"
            technique as described in the 17th Edition of Standard Methods.

            2.2       Lake Michigan Beach Testing

            The City Health Department continued it's routine water testing program for the Lake Michigan
            beaches. Water samples were taken 30 to 100 feet off shore at an approximate depth of
            three feet. Whirl-pack bags attached to the end of a three-foot rod were dipped into the water.
            Additional information such as air and water temperature, general wind direction and speed and
            estimated bird populations were noted. Split samples were analyzed by the City Health
            Department lab and WWTP lab.

            2.3       Root River Testing

            The City Health Department analyzed the Root River during summer 1993. Root River water
            samples were collected on a weekly basis. Surface water samples were collected using the same
            four-foot pole apparatus used in the City Health Department's lake sampling program. All
            samples were analyzed by the City Health Department lab. Current speed was determined by
            timing floating debris in midstream.

            2.4       Sub-Beach Testing

            Sub-beach water samples were obtained from holes which were dug in the sand at various
            distances away from shore. The holes were dug using a garden shovel at measured distances
            away from shore. The ground water was allowed to flow in from the sides and bottom of the
            hole and water samples were collected in whirl pack bags and analyzed at the WWTP.























        [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility            Folh & Van Dyke4
        November 17,1993










            3 Test Data


            The test data obtained in the 1993 Fecal Coliform Study are summarized in this section. This
            includes data obtained by both the City Health Department and the Racine Wastewater Utility.

            3.1        Lake Transect Study

            The lake transect study cultured some 3,000 plates and recorded over 1,000 turbidity readings in
            the summer of 1993. The data are presented in Appendix A. Turbidity, which is a measure of
            solids in suspension, was largely associated with wave action and wind speed. The simple average
            for turbidity in all river and lake water samples was 4.4 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
            The simple average for FC in all river and lake water was 80.7/100 ml. It should be noted that
            these simple averages do not account for extreme values which may skew the results. The
            assumed background for turbidity would be 1.5 NTU and an assumed background FC count
            would be 10/100 mi. A curvilinear relationship between FC counts and turbidity was found in
            both lake and in river harbor water samples. This relationship was not found in storm sewer
            water or drainage ditch water.

            Wind direction appeared to be the driving force behind the longshore currents in the lake. The
            wind direction and current direction were not always the same, however. The wind direction was
            somewhat variable on any given day, whereas the water current direction generally moved north
            or south along the coast. Very high FC counts were reported at Wind Point when the wind was
            from the N-NE. Shoreline counts of 624/100 ml on 6/29/93 and 630/100 ml on 8/10/93 with
            respective turbidity readings of 42 NTU and 18 NTU were observed when the wind direction
            came from the NE at 10 to 15 mph. The high FC counts were localized at Wind Point because
            the shoreline FC count at transect No. 2 was 15 and 40. No consistent FC loading pattern was
            observed during the lake transect study. The high readings were associated with increased wave
            activity which would increase the turbidity of the water.

            FC counts in the harbor area were consistently higher than lake water. Plume water of the river
            was observed to flow out into the lake and dissipate with the longshore currents upon discharge
            into the lake. Bacterial counts typically dropped one full order of magnitude from the sampling
            station at Gas Light Pointe to the transect down current from the harbor mouth. The
            corresponding transect up current from the harbor mouth reported single digit counts during
            nine of ten sampling runs.

            3.2        Lake Michigan Beach Testing

            The City Health Department takes water samples off shore of the city beaches to assess the
            water quality of Lake Michigan. The beaches are closed if the geometric mean of five
            consecutive samples within a one-month period exceeds 200/100 ml or when any one test exceeds
            1,000/100 ml. The bacterial levels in 1993 were below this standard for most of the summer,
            except for the week before the swimming season opened (6/8/93) and the last weekend of
            swimming season (8/27/93). The summer of 1993 had the most number of "open" swimming days
            in three years. The data collected during this period are shown in Table 3-1.

            The beach sampling program used techniques and sampling sites similar to those used in
            previous years. Water was collected along two stretches of shoreline. The primary recreational
            beaches are located one-half mile north of the river/harbor and are subdivided into three beach



        [32-10/C)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                  Fo(h & Van Dyke5
        November 17,1993






                                                                                              Table 3-1
                 Fecal Coliform Counts from City Health Department Lake Michigan Beach Testing

                                                                                                                                                              5 Day Geornetric Means

                             Meyers Meyers Meyers North North North English EngHish English                                 Zoo      Zoo     Zoo    Meyers     North   English Zoo 3 Recl
                   Date            #1         #2      #3       #1       #2      #3         #1         #2          #3        #1       #2      #3      Beach     Beach    Beach Beach         Beach



                   5/19/93         40         10      60       20       30      10         40         40          40        10       10      10          29        18        40          10     19

                   5125/93         43         52      40       73       83      118        80         64          122       29       27      47          36        40        58          18     35

                   5127/93         2000       2000    2000     1200     2100    1100       3400       224         120       168      228     108        315        132      115          38     83

                   6/l/93          69         51      96       12       15      15         10         36          13        9        8       9           64        75        71          26     52

                   6/3/93          76         76      84       460      960     500        480        425         390       445      550     490        137        114      102          47     82

                   6/8/93          960        740     1080     900      1730    2000       2200       2800        2000      2100     2100    1560       251        274      230      134       204

                   6/10/93         196        184     216      96       80      140        52         65          144       71       208     64         222        282      226      166       220

                   6/15/93         1          1       3        28       40      47         6          4           19        2        4       7           50        136      100          79    102

                   6/17/93         96         100     524      8        8       19         37         3           41        so       46      so         141        129      100      115       114

                   6122/93         13         16      18       4        15      13         14         14          196       3        9       31          40        56        60          52     56

                   6124/93         171        224     320      1        25      15         36         38          54        60       64      46          66        22        27          26     21

                   6/29193         44         39      30       29       22      39         27         92          34        54       58      43          25        17        24          23     21

                   7/l/93          60         47      60       67       84      55         74         55          31        126      76      74          77        19        35          42     31

                   7/8/93          88         186     170      10       21      18         2          3           2         16       36      23          64        21        23          36     26

                   7/13/93         17         19      30       13       10      10         4          4           2         8        9       4           55        22        15          33     22

                   7/15/93         59         27      65       28       45      46         12         9           14        43       62      so          58        26        11          33     21

                   7/22/93         34         62      24       260      68      172        64         76          65        310      260     420         51        36        12          47     28

                   7/27/93         3          2       3        15       28      26         22         18          33        4        6       0           22        29        11          24     19

                   7/29/93         27         9       30       5        22      10         5          11          4         38       9       21          23        27        13          23     20

                   813/93          47         41      49       42       48      43         26         48          36        10       26      36          20        36        21          29     28

                   8/5/93          45         51      34       44       55      29         39         31          28        19       33      29          21        36        26          25     29

                   8/10/93         780        1080    970      7        13      4          240        162         92        194      64      130         48        20        30          20     23

                   8/12/93         56         102     68       330      180     128        730        480         950       1700     1600    1220        52        31        59          72     51

                   8117/93         290        280     210      290      204     198        208        170         134       240      290     200        169        57       115      118        92

                   8/19/93         280        260     350      490      430     540        220        300         240       420      410     580        165        91       171      220       151

                   8/24/93         192        200     220      98       46      34         56         56          108       86       52      64         242        96       199      264       171

                   8/26/93         350        260     340      148      112     162        500        209         550       640      530     340        216        173      239      351       244

                   8/31/93         635        570     780      1330     2015    2700       570        1400        690       1500     1455    1385       319        273      248      349       287




























                (32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                                                             Foth & Van Dyke - 6
                November 17,1993








            areas: North beach, English beach, and Zoo beach. A second shoreline located 1 mile south of
            the river/harbor, known as Meyers beach, was also tested. Meyers beach is not considered a
            prime recreational beach and is mainly used as a boat launch and by jet skiers.

            Water samples were taken on a biweekly basis until the geometric mean approached 200/100 ml.
            The frequency of the tests was then increased to a daily basis. Samples were split between the
            City Health Department lab and the WWTP lab on a biweekly basis during the entire summer to
            check for precision. The data reported in Table 3-1 are from the WWTP lab.

            3.3        Root River Testing

            The City Health Department tested the Root River at 15 different sites during the summer. The
            FC counts as reported by the City Health Department lab are listed in Table 3-2. A tributary,
            Hoods Creek, was also tested on a weekly basis. FC counts in the Root River increased after
            rain events and decreased exponentially with time after a rain event.

            Bacterial levels increased and decreased with changes in current velocity. Bacterial levels
            increased as water speed increased and fell as the river water slowed. Horlick Dam and the
            Marina area, the slowest moving stretches of the river, typically had the lowest counts, whereas
            the rapids at Cedar Bend and the Memorial Street bridge had the highest.

            3.4        Sub-Beach Testing

            A unique approach to investigating potential sources of FC was to look at the water beneath the
            beach itself. This sub-beach water provided some very high counts, especially when the lake
            water counts exceeded the geometric mean of 200/100 ml. Data from these tests are listed in
            Table 3-3. Sampling locations were measured back from the edge of the waves. Relative
            locations would change slightly depending on the amount of wave action and erosion/deposition
            of sand on the beach. Lake water FC counts from 6/30/93 to 8/9/93 are estimates based on lake
            water samples taken by the City Health Department on the day before and the day after. Lake
            water FC counts from 8/12/93 to 8/29/93 were obtained from water samples taken on the same
            day that the sub-beach samples were collected.

            The temperature of the sand was recorded on one occasion to develop a depth/temperature
            profile. The idea behind this was to see if the sub-beach water was warmed by the sun, perhaps
            affording the bacteria an "enteric like" environment for living and growth. The temperatures
            were taken on a sunny day in early August, air temperature was about 250C. Temperatures were
            found to dissipate rapidly. The temperature on the surface of the sand was 40*C. It dropped to
            280C within the first two inches, and was a constant 23'C at six inches and below. The
            temperature needed to provide an "enteric like" environment would range from 370C to 400C.
            This zone would be very thin based on the observations listed above.

            Surface beach sand was also analyzed for FC bacteria. Dry surface sand was collected on three
            occasions and analyzed for FC. One sample of sand was collected on 8/18/93. Two other sample
            pairs were collected on 8/28/93 and 8/29/93 before and after a rainstorm. A rain event of
            0.16 inches occurred during the night of 8/28/93. A test was developed to evaluate the sand.
            One hundred grams of sand were washed in 100 ml of water. The wash water was then tested to
            determine the FC count. The data obtained from this test were variable, including one plate
            which was too numerous to count (TNTC) at 4,000 FC per gram of washed surface sand. All


        [32-10/C)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility               Foth & Van Dyke7
        November 17,1993






                                                                       Table 3-2
                     Fecal Coliform Counts from City Health Department Root River Testing

            Sample Site              5/26/93 6/2193    6/9/93 6/16/93 6/23/93 6/30/93     7n193    7/14/93 7/21/93 7/27/93 8/4/93 8/18/93 8/25/93


            County Line                 530     960    4100     1780     3000    4600     10700    1800     3800     300      200      2800     1200
            7 Mile Rd.                  450     650    4900     930      2700    3000     4000     7200     4900     500      100      2300     1700

            Linwood Park                300     920    5200     1460     3600    6800     2400     2500     1900     700      200      600      1600

            Johnson's Park              440     980    6400     920      3100    3100     14300    6500     1500     200      1600     800      700
            Hwy. 31 & 4 Mile Rd.        140     870    4500     2900     1600    4700     1500     6400     1700     100      900      1100     1000
            Armstrong Park              80      1030   9900     1130     7300    2900     800      2700     1000     1100     300      600      400
            Horlick Dam                 130     170    7100     1000     3000      700    400      900      600      100      100      100      100

            Lincoln Park                350     360    6600     1040     1300    11600    3500     4700     11400    100      200      1500     500

            Cedar Bend                  730     400    12200    1890     2300    9400     4200     4200     1500     1300     600      2200     10600
            Memorial Dr. Bridge         570     230    11600    2180     2200    19100    2300     16901    6000     2600     100      4300     2100
            Western Publishing          470     280    6900     560      1200    11800    2300     14200    3200     700      100      1800     3000
            Azarian Marina              1130    500    6800     510      800     5300     1400     15600    7500     1500     300      2500     1800

            Western Yacht Club          460     190    11700    770      2000    3100     3000     13300    3800     1000     300      1500     500

            Chartroom                   480     90     6100     280      1100    1800     100      10300    900      300      300      100      300

            Marina Pier                 200     40     6000     180      500     9600     700      2900     400      100      400      100      100

            Hoods Creek                 1110    470    8800     2260     2100    8000     20000    12200    1000     700      700      1100     4100







































           [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Feca I Col ifo rm Study- Racine Wastewater Utility                                      Foth & Van Dyke
           November 17,1993






                                                                   Table 3-3
                                       Fecal Coliform Counts from Sub-Beach Testing

                                    Distance away
                Sample Site           from shore       6/30  7/6 7/21       8/5   8/9    8/12     8118   8/20       8/28      8/29
               Lake water FCs         50' into lake      15 16      145      41     7      197    264      733        10       420
                                      Wash zone                                          1033     624    6000       1340       540
               North Beach - N             51                                          28300           28400     1000000     53600
                  (High St.)               10,           198              1190         76200      500  37200        8500      7650
                                           15,               274    156           360    1770            1050                 8000
                                           50,         9800   36      81          116    3200               54                 310
                                           100,          56   16       2            2       40              58                 330



               Lake water FCs         50' into lake      15   16    145      41     7      197    128    3800         30       270
                                      Wash zone                                          1206     964    9700         420      730
               North Beach -S              so                                          13300           52400       14800    138800
               (Kewaunee St.)              10'         7600                830           3200   22000  22400        8100      5800
                                           15'               580   6700          6000  21000             1200         120     3400
                                           50,         1000  172    192           388      854           1700                14400
                                           100,         584   66    116             6    1220            4600                    80




               Lake water FCs         50'into lake       17                                                           70       260
               English Beach               50           288                                                         6300     10000




               Lake water FCs         50' into lake                                                                   30       160
                 Zoo Beach                 5'                                                                      59200      9200
                                           10,                                                                      2100      6300




               Lake water FCs         50' into lake                               720             522
               Meyers Beach                10,                                      56            175





















           (32-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Feca I Colifo rm Study- Racine Wastewater Utility                               Foth & Van Dyke  9
           November 17,1993









                tests were run on 8/30/93. The data from this study are listed in Table 3-4.

                                                                     Table 3-4


                                                       Fecal Coliform Counts from
                                                             Surface Sand Testing


                       Date Sampled                               Location                             Count/Gram of Sand

                           8/18/93               North Beach at Kewaunee Street                                  4,000
                           8/18/93               North Beach at High Street                                        556
                           8/28/93               North Beach at High Street                                        97
                           8/28/93               Zoo Beach                                                         15
                           8/29/93               North Beach at High Street                                        72

                           8/29/93               Zoo Beach                                                         180








































           (32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                     Foth & Van Dyke   10
           November 17,1993









            4 Discussion

            4.1         Bacterial Disappearance

            Several valuable pieces of information were gathered from the lake transect study about the
            near-shore area of Racine. The relationship between dilution/disappearance and distance away
            from shore is one of the most valuable pieces of information obtained. This relationship has
            been noted before, but the relationship between dilution/disappearance and distance was never
            studied in detail. A study conducted by the Illinois EPA in Chicago (1986) found that
            four percent of the shoreline water samples exceeded 5001100 ml resulting in 33 beach closings.
            Water samples collected one mile away from shore, during this same time, were devoid of FC
            bacteria.2 This study, however, did not take any samples within one mile. Another study,           3
            conducted by Zanoni, et at, (1978), found that FC counts decreased with distance from shore.
            Zanoni's study compared the water quality within Milwaukee's harbor breakwater 0.75 miles
            (3,960 feet) from shore and lake water beyond the breakwater. A shore sample was taken at the
            mouth of the Milwaukee river at the confluence of the Milwaukee, Menomonee and Yinnickinnic
            rivers adjacent to the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, Jones Island WWTP. Harbor
            samples were collected at the breakwater and at an intermediate distance, approximately
            0.25 miles (1,320 feet) apart. Lake water samples beyond the breakwall were taken at half mile
            intervals to a distance of two miles. Analysis of Zanoni's data shows a 50 to 95 percent
            reduction from the shore to the breakwater and a consistent 99 percent reduction (zero levels)
            just beyond the breakwall. This suggests that the breakwater was acting to "trap in" water with
            FC by reducing circulation and natural dilution to the lake.

            The Racine lake transect study showed that the FC bacteria dissipated rapidly, and often fell to
            zero levels within 500 feet of shore. A graphical representation of the simple FC average for all
            water samples can be seen in Figure 4-1. The reduction of bacteria is due to several factors.
            Fecal coliform. are not motile, thus their movement is controlled exclusively by the physical forces
            of nature. Higher counts would be expected along shore because warm-blooded animals which
            are sources for FC, are primarily terrestrial. Fecal coliform become mixed in and move with the
            warm water of the longshore currents. Over time, the longshore current temperature equilibrates
            with the lake and dilutes or mixes with the lake. During this time, however, some FC will die
            because of exposure to UV light or from starvation, some will remain viable but become non-
            culturable and some will settle out into bottom sediments. The dissipation rate in Racine may be
            higher than Milwaukee's because Milwaukee's breakwater reduces the dilution factor. Zanoni's
            study also used total coliform (TC), whereas Racine used FC. Death rates for TC and FC are
            roughly the same, although some TC species may live longer.

            A similar trapping action was thought to occur at Racine as a result of a thermal bar.
            Temperature differences between offshore waters and the near shore waters can restrict the
            ability of the near shore waters to mix with the offshore waters. This isolation is referred to as a
            vertical thermocline or thermal bar. A thermocline is defined as a rapid change in water


                2IIIinois Environmental Protection Agency, Lake Michigan Water Quality Report, 1986.
            February 1988.
                3Zanoni, A.E., et at, "An In Situ Determination of the Disappearance of Coliform in Lake
            Michigan". Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, February 1978.


        [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Feca I Colifo rm Study- Racine Wastewater Utility               Folh & Van Dyke
        November 17,1993







                                                                             Figure 4-1
                                    Simple Average of Fecal Coliform Counts at Various Distances
                                                                       Away from Shore


                     350 T

                     300


                                                                                  Station samples
                  6  250
                 8                                                            El Interpolated values


                     200 -




                     150




                     100




                        50




                         0



                                 0                                                            CD         0        0         C)         a
                                 M                   a         a         CO                   a          C@       CD        a          CD
                                 U)                                                           (0         1,-      Go        0)         C)

                                                                  Distance away from shore (ft.)


















            132-lo/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                      Foth & Van Dyke   12
            November 17,1993









             temperature over a short distance. While the specific temperature change is not critical, a
             significant temperature change in a short distance will result in density differences in the water
             that are great enough to restrict mixing. This phenomenon has been reported to occur in lake
             Michigan by past researchers. This occurrence was also noted in the Racine Wastewater Utility's
             1991 report. Visual observations by Utility staff noted that a color line extending from Wind
             Point to the harbor mouth was seen. This may have been the result of a vertical thermocline.
             This restriction could isolate the beach waters for Racine and trap the FC within the beach area.
             Weather conditions have to be favorable to set up a vertical thermocline. Warm air
             temperatures and low wind and wave action is needed to allow for this condition to be
             established.


             "Ibe 1993 study was not able to document the formation of a vertical thermocline in the area of
             study. The data generated indicated that a one-degree Celsius drop in temperature occurred
             over a distance of 1,000 feet. This is not adequate to establish an isolation due to
             temperature/density differences. It should also be noted that there were very few beach closings
             this season. The lack of an established vertical thermocline may be one reason for this.

             In addition, FC data illustrated that only very near shore water samples contained enough
             bacteria to present a problem. The waters isolated inside of a vertical thermocline should be
             homogeneous within this zone. Because of this, we would expect to see similar FC counts
             throughout the near shore zone. Based on the temperature data, if a vertical thermocline
             existed, it would have been located at a point greater than 1,000 feet from shore, placing all the
             sampling points within the isolated area. Only rarely have FC counts above 100 been reported in
             the 500 or 1,000-foot sampling points. This also suggests that if a vertical thermocline existed, it
             was not causing high near shore bacteria counts.

             It is not likely that a vertical thermocline is a major cause of frequent beach closings. The
             weather conditions are typically not consistent enough for a vertical thermocline to present a
             long term problem. Furthermore, adequate mixing is available within such a zone to disperse or
             dilute the FC to a point that beach closings will not occur.

             4.2        Longshore Current Plumes

             The prevailing winds during the summer of 1993 were out of the west and north. Southerly
             moving longshore currents were the result. Sampling during weeks 1, 3, 9 and 10 were
             completed with southerly moving currents. Fecal coliform counts from the Milwaukee
             Metropolitan Sewerage District's South Shore YVWTP and City of South Milwaukee's WWTP
             were reviewed to determine if their effluent could impact the water quality at Wind Point and at
             Racine's recreational beaches.

             The South Shore WWT? is located 8.75 miles north of Wind Point and has a design capacity of
             200 mgd. It uses chlorine to disinfect and sulfur dioxide gas to dechlorinate it's effluent. The
             FC geometric mean for the months of May and June of 1993 were 40/100 ml and 48/100 ml,
             respectively, with a maximum count of 5,000. The maximum count occurred after a three-inch
             rain event, the second highest count was 300 for the two-month period. Geometric means for
             the months of June, July and August of 1992 were 3/100 ml, 11/100 ml and 7/100 ml,
             respectively. The effluent quality is consistently good throughout the year. Records from the
             Jones Island WWTP, which is located 18.5 miles north of the Wind Point, were not reviewed.




         132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                 Foth & Van Dyke 13
         November 17,1993








             The City of South Milwaukee's WWT? is located 9.5 miles north of Wind Point, and has a
             design capacity of 12 mgd with average dry weather flows of 3.5 mgd. The South Milwaukee
             WWT? uses chlorine to disinfect, and is planning to add dechlorination facilities to it's treatment
             plant in 1995. Effluent geometric mean FC counts for May, June and July of 1993 were
             1051100 ml, 7,416/100 ml, and 8,867/100 ml, respectively, with a maximum of 49,000/100 ml.
             There were five sample dates where the effluent exceeded 20,000/100 ml. Thirty percent of
             South Milwaukee's effluent exceeded 10,000/100 ml. Geometric means for June, July and August
             of 1992 were 5041100 ml, 4,680/100 ml, and 4,298/100 ml, respectively. The South Milwaukee
             WWT? tests for FC roughly eight times per month.

             A numerical calculation using Chick's law was performed to determine the effect that these two
             WWT`P's effluent would have on Wind Point. Chick's Law uses a first order die off coefficient
             (k), which can be determined by:

                       k=(2.3/t) * log(Nl/N2)

             where:    k=die off coefficient to the natural logarithmic base
                       t=time in hours
                       N1 =FC count at the beginning of the time period t
                       N2=FC count at the end of the time period t

             It should be noted that this formula varies slightly from the one typically associated with Chick's
             law, In (N2/Nl) = -kt. Both formulas generate the same results.

             Chick's law is not ordinarily used as a substitute for a dilution/die off model in a lake. It is more
             commonly put to practice in wastewater treatment design. Zanoni used Chick's law as a general
             guide for estimating bacterial population disappearance and states that "it does provide a
             convenient means of comparing rates of die off in bacterial populations." The numbers obtained
             using Chick's law should only be used as a general estimate in the absence of numerical
             modeling.4

             Using an average current of 0.3 miles per hour, and Zanoni's k value of 8.72day- , the South
             Shore WWTP would have a negligible effect on Wind Point. Applying these same parameters to
             South Milwaukee, one finds that an effluent would need 31 hours to travel the 9.5 miles to Wind
             Point. A count of 50,0001100 ml in the effluent would supply < 1 fecal coliform per 100 ml to
             Wind Point. Using the strongest current observed at Wind Point during the transect study,
             1.2 feet per second or 0.82 miles per hour, South Milwaukee's effluent would require 11.5 hours
             to travel to Wind Point. An effluent count of 50,0001100 ml would supply 760 FC to Wind
             Point. This could potentially result in a 205/100 ml count at the recreational beaches three miles
             further south.


             Under these conditions, it would appear that the South Milwaukee V;V*qT could affect the water
             quality at Wind Point and possibly contribute to the FC counts at the recreational beaches. The
             0.12 mph current, however, was rarely observed and was not seen within 1,000 feet of shore



                4Zanoni, A.E., et at, "An In Situ Determination of the Disappearance of Coliform in Lake
             Michigan". Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, February 1978.


         [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility              Foth & Van Dyke * 14
         November 17,1993









            during the ten weeks of testing. Additionally, the general current observed most often in the
            lake transect study was less than 0.1 mph. Appendix A lists and describes current magnitudes.

            Chick's law was also applied to the effluent plume emanating from the Racine Wastewater
            Utility WWTP. The Utility's V;VvqT has a design capacity of 30 mgd and uses chlorine to
            disinfect. The WW`I`P presently does not dechlorinate and it's chlorine limit is 0.5 ppm. Design
            is currently underway to upgrade disinfection facilities and add dechlorination capabilities to help
            the plant meet its upcoming 1995 permit FC requirement of 400/100 ml, and residual chlorine
            limit of 37 ug/l. The plant's effluent is discharged 500 feet off-shore and is approximately
            3.5 miles south of the recreational beaches. Using an average current of 0.3 miles per hour and
            Chick's law, one finds that an effluent FC count of 13,500 would be required to raise the FC
            count at the beach to 200/ 100 ml. This daily average was exceeded once during each of the past
            three summers (June-August): 162,000 CFU/100 ml on August 31, 1993, 20,000 CFU/100 ml on
            June 18, 1992 and 94,000 CFU/100 ml on August 8, 1991. Each of these high counts occurred
            after an intense rain event overloaded the system.

            The Utility's VVVvqT 1993 monthly geometric mean FC counts for June, July and August were
            345/100 ml, 204/100 ml, and 316/100 ml, respectively. Applying Chick's law to these counts
            results in FC counts at the recreational beaches of five or less FC. This suggests that the FC
            from the Utility's WWT? are not significantly affecting the recreational beaches. The lake
            transect study helped to verify this statement. The southernmost transect, transect No. 6, had
            single digit FC counts in weeks 6 and 8 when a northward moving current was present.

            4.3        Turbidity and Sediments

            Lab workers in the past had intuitively noticed that there was a relationship between turbidity
            and FC counts. They would base their sample dilutions on the clarity of the water before
            running their tests. This relationship was most evident at Wind Point where the clarity of the
            water would change dramatically depending on the local weather conditions. The geometric
            means of the shore water at Wind Point with non-westerly winds greater than 5 mph (weeks 1, 6
            and 9) was 680/100 ml. Water samples had a geometric mean FC count of 19 at Wind Point
            when the non-westerly winds were 5 mph or less (weeks 2, 3, 4 and 7). Westerly winds were
            excluded from this observation because the shoreline blocks the wind from affecting the lake.

            The lake transect study attempted to quantify this empirical relationship by running a turbidity
            test for each sample tested for FC bacterial. Graphs plotting FC counts versus turbidity readings
            were generated for each week of testing as shown in Appendix A. The data points used to
            develop the weekly graphs were plotted on log-log scale as shown in Figure 4-2. A statistical
            evaluation was done to determine the strength of the relationship between fecal coliform and
            turbidity in both lake and river/harbor water samples.

            In order to determine the strength of the relationship between FC levels and turbidity levels
            measured in the lake and river/harbor water samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient was
            calculated. The correlation coefficient was calculated from the collective data set including
            weeks 1 through 10. The correlation coefficient falls between -1 and 1, and is a measure of
            linearity between two variables. A coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation exists
            between two variables, i.e., as one variable increases, the other decreases. A coefficient of 1
            indicates a perfect positive correlation between two variables, i.e., as one variable increases, the




        132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility               Foth & Van Dyke 15
        November 17,1993













                                                                                                  C)













                                                                                                       rA








                                                            Is
                                            III I r                             IIIT"

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                                                                                                       rA
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            CNII                                                                                         C)




                                                                                                       II.. W
                                                                 IN
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                                                                  a     JOE         0 1.0      0.
                                                                    Min             5 -        -
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                402













                                         (Ituool jad) junoa tujoj!lo3 pmaj 012o-I




                                      up on a* am *w* IMP









             other also increases. A coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation, indicating that the level of one
             variable has no relationship to the level of the other.

             The Pearson correlation coefficient for the collective turbidity/FC data set, Weeks 1 through 10,
             was 0.314. This implies that a linear relationship between the two variables does exist, but it is
             not exceedingly strong. However, the Pearson correlation coefficient calculated on the log-
             transformed data, is 0.630. This implies that a strong relationship between the two variables does
             exist, but it is a curvilinear rather than a linear relationship. In both cases, Bartlett's Chi-Square
             test for significant correlation determined that the correlation between the two variables was
             significantly greater than zero. Output of the correlation coefficients and test of significance are
             given in Appendix B.

             A curvilinear line fit to the data, along with the correlation coefficient, is illustrated in
             Figure 4-3. This line was found through regression techniques, and is given as
             y = Exp (1.578) x '-20', where y represents fecal coliform and x represents turbidity. The
             regression analysis output is included in Appendix B. As can be seen, when plotted in the log
             scale, this equation appears as a straight line, emphasizing the log-linear relationship between the
             FC counts and turbidity in take and river/harbor water samples.

             The relation between FC counts and wind speed is the result of wave action, which resuspends;
             sediments from the bottom of the lake. The weeks which had winds greater than 5 mph
             (weeks 1, 6 and 9) had turbidities averaging 35 NTU, whereas the weeks with wind less than
             5 mph (weeks 2, 3, 4 and 7) had an average turbidity of 11 NTU. Fecal coliform counts will
             increase as wave height increases because more sediment is stirred up. Limnologists can gauge
             the area of benthic disturbance by knowing wave height. The height of the wave above the
             surface will be the depth to which the wave will affect the bottom. Fecal coliform bacteria have
             been shown to survive in sediments for up to two weeks.5,6,7 Sediment samples taken on the
             lake transect study show the potential for large loadings from resuspension.

             The winds greater than 5 mph were also associated with storm and rain events. Weeks 6, 8 and
             9 had rainfall totals of 0.3 inches, 0.1 inches and 1.86 inches within 24 hours of sampling. The
             resulting geometric mean FC counts at Wind Point were 306 per 100 ml when samples were
             taken within 24 hours of a rain event and 30/100 ml on "dry weather" sampling dates. Water
             running over the ground picks up FC bacteria from droppings left by animals. The FC get
             washed into the lake along with mixed debris and particulate material. Fecal coliform bacteria
             attach themselves onto the particulate matter because they have a high surface affinity. The
             heavy particles and debris settle out quickly, but the smaller particles stay suspended longer


                5poMmepuy, M., Guillaud, J.F., Dupray, E., Derrien, A., LeGuyader, F., and Cormier, M.,
             1
             Enteric Bacterial Survival Factors", Water Science and Technology, v.25, No. 12, pp. 93-103,
             11992.

                6Marino, R.P., Gannon, J.J., "Survival of Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococci in Storm
             Drain Sediments". Water Research, v. 25, N. 9, September 1991.
                7Burton, Jr., G.A., Gunnison, D., Lansa, G.R., "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Various
             Freshwater Sediments", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 1987, v. 53, No. 4,
             pp. 633-638.


         [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                 Foth & Van Dyke 17
         November 17,1993







                                                                         Figure 4-3
                               Curvilinear Line Fit to Fecal Coliform Counts and Turbidity Data












                                                                                     NJ                     0       0
                                                                                              0             -,OOM
                                                                                                                        M

                                                         Y'i 1 -- -M
                                                                     Moll
                                                                    Op-
                                                                 "A
                                                                   M                                     11M          M
                                                                        .
                                                                    A 0
                                                            0    Now    Mr
                           Y    Exp(1.578)     XAI.208








                                                                             mad

                        0.1                                   1                                   10                                   100
                                 I,ogIO of Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples during summer 1993
                          Pearson Correlation Coefficient = 0.630        Weeks #1-10









            [32-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                   Foth & Van Dyke    18
            November 17,1993








             resulting in an increase in both FC and turbidity. Pommepuy, et aL (1992) also noted this
             relationship with turbidity. Storms could also increase the turbidity by eroding the "soft clay"
             cliffs north of Wind Point providing more particulate matter for the bacteria to cling to.  8

             4.4        River and Harbor

             The Root River enters Lake Michigan in the heart of downtown Racine and all of the
             recreational beaches are within one mile north of its mouth. The Root River runs for 30 miles,
             drains an area of 190 square miles, and has an average flow rate of 155    ft3 /s or 100 mgd.
             Agriculture is the primary land use in it's drainage basin with field crops predominating over
             livestock. The final five miles are light residential, residential and commercial. The final mile of
             river is used as a docking area for some 200 pleasure craft. An additional 750 boats dock in the
             marina area which has been developed behind a breakwater which extends four tenths of a mile
             out into the lake. The mouth of the Root River is less than a mile to the south of the
             recreational beaches. The City Health Department decided to test the Root River because
             previous tests had identified high FC counts and because it, like all rivers, is a natural sink for
             terrestrial wastes. Fifteen locations, from the county line to the marina, were sampled weekly
             during the summer of 1993. FC counts ranged from 40/100 ml to 20,000/100 ml (Table 3-2).

             Two relationships were found from these tests. First, there was a positive relationship between
             FC counts and wet weather. Rain events triggered sharp increases in the FC counts all along it's
             course. This relationship is shown in Figure 4-4 where the highest counts occur at or near time
             zero (the midpoint of a rainstorm). This plot shows that there is an exponential die-off of FC
             bacteria exists in the Root River. Four locations along the course of the river have been shown.
             The county line is a rural area located where the Root River enters Racine county. Horlick
             Dam is near the outskirts of the City. Memorial Drive Bridge is a very urban area and the
             Marina Pier is located near the mouth of the harbor.


             These FC counts decreased exponentially as the bacteria died, settled to the bottom, or were
             washed out of the system. This figure also shows that the city has an impact on the bacterial
             quality of the river water. The points representing the sampling location at Memorial Dr. Bridge
             are always higher than the rural sampling location at the county line.

             Second, there was a positive relationship between FC count and current velocity. Figure 4-5
             shows how faster moving stretches of water had higher FC counts and corresponding slower
             currents have lower counts. It appears that the FC settle out with the particulate matter in the
             slow moving portions of the river and are resuspended in the rapids. This suggests that the final
             mile of the river and harbor area, where current velocities are less than I cm per second, acts
             like a clarifier. This allows the suspended particles that host FC to settle out before reaching the
             lake. Data from transects No. 5 and No. 6, which bracket the harbor to the north and the south,
             verify this. River water exiting the harbor mouth was observed to move either north or south,
             along with the prevailing currents in the lake. The FC counts would generally drop a full order
             of magnitude from Gas Light Pointe to the lake transects; affected by the river plume. Fecal
             coliform counts at lake transects affected by the river plume never exceeded 60/100 ml.


                 8Pommepuy, M., Guillaud, J.F., Dupray, E., Derrien, A., LeGuyader, F., and Cormier, M.,
             "Enteric Bacterial Survival Factors!', Water Science and Technology, v. 25, No. 12, pp. 93-103,
             1992.



         132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                    Folh & Van Dyke 19
         November 17,1993





                                                                          Figure 4-4
                   Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in the Root River after Rainstorm Events



                                         County Line                                                             Horlick Dam


                20000                                                                  20000


                18000                                                                  18000


                16000                                                                  16000   -


                14000                                                                  14000


                12000                                                                  12000


                10000                                                                  10000


                                                                                        ww.
                 8000
                                                                                                  0
                 6000                                                                   6000   -
                                                                                    V
                 4000                                                                   4000

                 2000                                                                   2000


                     0
                                   %
                                                                                                     0 n rll@ ri
                                                                                            0

                       0         50       100       150       200       250                    0         so       100        150       200        250
                          Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours)                          Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours)






                                    Memorial Dr. Bridge                                                          Marina Pier

                20000                                                                  20000
                18000                                                                  18000

                                                                                       16000
                16000

                14000                                                                  14000

                12000                                                                  12000

                10000                                                                  10000

                 8000                                                                   WW

                 6000                                                                   6=        0
             V   4000                                                                   4000

                 2000                                                                   2000
                                                                                                     0
                     0                                                                       0           . -0-   0
                       0         50       100        150       200       250                   0         50       100       150        200       250
                          Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours)                          Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours)











            132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform, Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                            Foth & Van Dyke - 20
            November 17,1993



             W" W " M W M an



          z Z;


                                                                                      Bar graph      Fecal Coliform Geometric Mean (per
                                                                                                              100ml)

                                                                                                                      L"          C)
                                                                                                C)         a          C@          CO
                                                                                     C@         C@         a          C@          C@


                                                                       County Line

                                                                         7 Mile Rd.
            n

                                                                     Linwood Park


                                                                     Johnson's Park

                                                                 Hwy. 31 & 4 Mile
                                                                        Rd.

                                                                    Armstrong Park

                                                                      Horlick Dam


                                                                       Lincoln Park


                                                                       Cedar Bend

                                                                     Memorial Dr.
                                                                         Bridge
                                                                Western Publishing

                                                                    Azarian Marina


                                                               Western Yacht Club


                                                                         Chartroom


                                                                       Marina Pier
            V


                                                                                     CI   C)    C)   C)    C)
                                                                                          iQ    :t@  b)    bo         iIj   :01   b)    bo
                                                                                               Line graph = River Speed (ft/sec)









             Additional evidence of this natural cleansing effect came with a heavy rainstorm (1.86 inches
             recorded for the day) on August 30. Repair work was being done on lift station number 2, which
             is located 4.1 miles upstream from the mouth of the harbor (close to where Spring Street crosses
             the Root River). The increased sewage flow, from infiltration and inflow, overloaded the
             temporary pumping system dumping 222,000 gallons of raw sewage into the Root River from
             5:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. It is reasonable to assume that some portion of this sewage slug would
             have been present in the lake the next morning when the lake transect study (week No. 9)
             sampled water in the harbor. The results show that the FC counts fell from 3,000 at Horlick
             Dam, to 1,320 at Gas Light Pointe, 616 at the Harbor mouth, and 268 in the densest area of the
             river plume in the lake. This is a significant reduction from the 8 million FC typically associated
             with raw sewage.

             4.5        Storm Sewers


             Storm sewers and drainage ditches dot the shoreline of Lake Michigan and the Root River. This
             effect of urbanization causes water quality problems because the ground and plants do not have
             an opportunity to filter street contaminants. Fecal coliform are one such contaminant, and have
             been shown to increase the counts in the river after rain events. Figure 4-6 shows that this
             relationship exists in Lake Michigan as well.

             The summer of 1993 was a very wet summer. The month of June had 6.31 inches of
             precipitation fall in Racine. July was relatively dry with only 2.66 inches of rain, and August was
             wetter than previous years with 4.0 inches. It would be reasonable to expect, if storm sewers and
             drainage ditches are significant sources of FC on the beaches, that the beaches would have been
             closed more often than in previous years. This scenario was not observed, however, and 1993
             brought more open days than either of the previous two drier years. This strongly suggests that
             there are other sources. Unlike Milwaukee and Chicago where beach closings can be closely
             linked to rainfall, Racine experiences beach closings in dry weather also. The affect of rain
             events can be seen in Table 4-1. This table documents FC counts taken before and after rain
             events of greater than 0.5 inch. Several rain events of greater than 0.5 inch have been omitted
             from this table because FC samples which bracket the rain event were not available. These FC
             data are the daily geometric means for samples collected at North Beach by the City Health
             Department.





















         132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                  Foth & Van Dyke 22
         November 17,1993










            z "C;


            3
            F E)                                                                                    Bar graph      rainfall (inches)

                                                                                                          0)        CO

                                                                   5/19/93

                '4                                                 5/23/93

                                                                   5/27/93

                                                                   5/31/93

                                                                     6/4/93

                                                                     6/8/93

                                                                   6/12J/93

                                                                   6/16/93

                                                                   6/20/93

                                                                   6/24/93

                                                                   6/28/93

                                                                     7/2/93

                                                                     7/6/93

                                                                   7/10/93

                                                                   7/14/93

                                                                   7/18/93

                                                                   7/22/93

                                                                   7/26/93

                                                                   7/30/93

                                                                     8/3/93

                                                                     8/7/93

                                                                   8/11/93

                                                                   8/15/93
                9.                                                 8/19/93
                P                                                  8/23/93

                                                                   8/27/93

                                                                             CD

                                                                                     Log of the geometric mean of fecal coliforms (per 100









                                                                  Table 4-1


                                            Fecal Coliform Counts Before and After
                                                                 Rain Events


                     Rain            Date of                                        FC Count        FC Count          A in FC
                   (inches)          Rain        Before Date       After Date      Before Rain      After Rain           Count

                     0.81            7/8/92          7/7/92           7/9/92            363              710             +347
                     1.23         8/26-27/92         8/25/92          8/27/92           421              952             +531
                     0.54            9/2/92          9/1/92           9/2/92            249              523             +274

                     0.73            5/30/93         5/27/93          6/1/93            1405             14              -1391
                     1.57            6/7/93          6/3/93           6/8/93            651              864             +213
                     0.54            6/14/93         6/11/93          6/15/93           119              95              -24
                     0.72            6/30/93         6/29/93          7/1/93            49               23              -26
                     0.61            8/15/93         8/12/93          8/17/93           197              227             +30
                     2.9          8/29-31/93         8/26/93          8/31/93           139              1895            +1756



               The relationship between monthly rainfall totals and beach closures because of elevated FC
               counts is shown in Table 4-2.


                                                                  Table 4-2


                                                  Rai nfal I- Related Beach Closures


                                                  Monthly
                                               Precipitation      Days Open/Total                 Beach Information
                 Year         Month                (inches)             Possible                     (North Beach)

                 1991           June                 2.74                 51/82            Beach closing information for
                                July                 3.24             Open 62% of          1991 is not well documented.
                              August                 2.40             the season           Beaches said to have been closed
                                                                                           for the month of August.
                 1992           June                 1.09                42/82             Open: 6/11 to 7/17; 8/11 to 8/13;
                                July                 4.69             Open 51% of          8/21 to 8/24.
                              August                 3.81             the season           Closed: 7/17 to 8/11; 8/13 to
                                                                                           8/21; 8/24 to end of season.
                 1993           June                 6.31                 78/87            Open: 6/15 (?) to 8/27, 9/2
                                July                 2.66             Open 90% of          until end of season.
                              August                 4.00             the season           Closed: 6/12 (?) to 6/15 (?);
                                                                                           8/27 to 9/2








          132-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                 Foth & Van Dyke  24
          November 17,1993








             The lake transect study sampled three storm outfalls and two drainage creeks to help define the
             source of bacteria. One storm outfall, the English Street outfall is consistently higher than it's
             companion outfalls. The English Street outfall is located in the middle of the recreational
             beaches. The outfall is an inverted siphon, and consequently retains water and sediments during
             dry weather periods and gets flushed out during storm events. The English Street storm line is a
             60-inch double-brick-walled pipe draining 50 city blocks. A unique feature of the English Street
             storin sewer is that it is ten feet lower than the sanitary sewer. The English Street storm sewer
             originally served as a combined sanitary sewer draining directly into Lake Michigan. The pipe
             was converted to a storm sewer with overflows in the late 30s when the Utility's WWT? was
             completed. The overflows were capped in the mid 70s with the installation of false bottoms.

             A television inspection of the storm sewer system for the English Street outfall was conducted by
             Visu-Sewer Clean and Seal, Inc. in 1992. Their report mentioned that "Bulkhead manhole (MH
             No. 2 at intersection of English Street and Chatham Street) appears to have infiltration from
             sanitary sewer above false floor" and "Light mineral deposits on walls (of MH No. 3 at the
             intersection of English Street and North Main) with light leaks, drips."9 Conversations with the
             Utility's wastewater field operations crew suggested that the problem of leaks/infiltration at the
             manholes occur at all eight of the false bottomed manholes, from Michigan Boulevard to
             La Salle Street. On one occasion, a field operations crew put a temporary plug in the outlet of
             one of these manholes allowing the wastewater to back up in the manhole and influent pipe.
             Upon entering the storm sewer to observe the false bottom, wastewater was found streaming
             down the sides of the storm manholes "like a waterfall." A visual inspection of the false bottom
             at English Street and Chatham Street during a dry weather period in August of 1993 verified
             these earlier reports. There were six "steady streaming or dripping" leaks counted flowing around
             the edges of the false bottom. Fecal coliform content in the water dripping down from the false
             bottoms was 3.2 million/100 ml. The FC count upstream of the Chatham Street/English Street
             manhole was 520,000/100 ml, downstream was 1.6 million/100 ml. The flow was estimated
             roughly at 11 gallons per hour per manhole.

             This sewage leak would account for the high FC counts at the English Street outfall. The sewage
             leak would also increase the FC counts in the sediments at the base of the inverted siphon. The
             beach FC counts would increase when these sediments are flushed out by a rain event. Wet
             weather beach closings are not uncommon for Racine or other communities monitoring FC as a
             measure of water quality. Milwaukee automatically closes it's beaches for one day after two-inch
             rain events. The City of Racine, however, has been hampered with beach closings during both
             dry and wet weather periods.

             During dry weather conditions, the reduced flow from the English Street outfall forms a sand pit
             along the shoreline, creating a pond around the outfall structure. The reduced flow seeps into
             the sand and a direct flow to Lake Michigan is not present. The sand in this area becomes
             contaminated with FC. The occurrence of high dry weather FC counts may be attributable to
             wave action resuspending sediments from this area. Similar sediment resuspension was seen at
             Wind Point.





                9Visu-Sewer Clean and Seal, Inc., Inspection Report conducted for the City of Racine,
             4/8/93, p. 3.


         [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                  Foth & Van Dyke 25
        November 17,1993







            Palmer, et al. (1987), found that vigorous mechanical mixing of beach area sediments (1 M2 for
            one minute) could produce FC counts potentially as high as 1,410/100 ml. He concluded that
            loadings similar to his mechanical mixing experiment could be reproduced by waves or by bathers
            when the lake is calm.10 Additionally, FC may live from two hours to two days in freshwater
            sediments. This may explain why counts will increase unexpectedly during dry weather periods.
            Figure 4-7 shows that the FC disappear exponentially in the lake water with time after rain
            events. Thus, it appears that FC are being flushed into the take with storm water runoff initially
            increasing the FC count at the beaches, remaining in the sediments and being resuspended with
            wave action.


            To study this theory further, sediment samples were taken at North beach, and at various other
            sampling locations associated with the lake transect and harbor surface water sampling points.
            These data are presented in Table 4-3. Sediment samples were collected using a ponar sampling
            device. The results given in Table 4-3 should not be used to draw relationships because the
            highest FC counts would be found at the top of the sand and the ponar device collects a mixed
            sample. The results do show, however, that FC were present at all transect sampling sites.
            Transect No. 4 (the transect at North Beach) showed the potential for high loadings from
            sediment resuspension with values of 160 mpn/g at the shore and 50 mpn/g 100 feet from shore.
            The count reported for Transect No. 6 at 1,000 feet, 1,000 mpn/g, shows that FC can and do
            survive in sediment for extended periods. This sample most likely shows carryover from an event
            that could have occurred seven days in advance of sampling.
























                1OPalmer, M., "Bacterial Loadings from Resuspended Sediments in Recreational Beaches",
            Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 15, pp. 241-247, 1988.


        132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility              Foth & Van Dyke 26
        November 17,1993






                                                                      Figure 4-7
                 Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in Lake Michigan after Rainstorm Events


                                                                       Recreational beaches



                             1000


                             900


                             aw


                             700


                             600


                             SW


                             400


                             300


                             200                       a


                             100
                                          %
                                                                                                    a
                                 0

                                  0           50          100         150         200         250          300         350         400

                                                              Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours)





                                                                           Meyers beach


                             1000


                             900


                             Soo


                             700


                             600


                             Soo


                             400


                             300


                             200


                             100


                                0

                                  0           50          100         150         200         250          300         350         400
                                                              Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours)


            132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                       Foth & Van Dyke    27
            November 17,1993









                                                           Table 4-3

                                     Fecal Coliform Counts in Sediment Samples


                       Date                    Location            Distance from Shore            MPN/Gram

                      7/21/93               Harbor mouth                                                80
                 Tested by Racine             Transect #6                   500,                        30
                   Water Utility              Transect #4                  shore                        160
                      8/24/93              Gas Light Pointe                                             460.0
                 Tested by Sommer               Marina                                                  <3.0
                     Frey Labs              Harbor mouth                                                43.0
                                           Small boat launch                                            3.6
                                              Transect #2                  shore                        <3.0
                                              Transect #2                   100,                        21.0
                                              Transect #3                  shore                        <3.0
                                              Transect #3                   100,                        3.3

                      8/24/93                 Transect #4                  shore                        8
                 Tested by Racine             Transect #4                   100,                        50
                   Water Utility              Transect #4                   500'                        13
                                              Transect #4                  1,000,                       8

                       9/7/93                 Transect #1                  shore                        3.6
                 Tested by Sommer             Transect #1                   100,                        23.0
                     Frey Labs                Transect #1                   Soo,                        43.0
                                              Transect #1                  1,000'                       9.1
                                              Transect #5                   100,                        <3.0
                                              Transect #6                   100,                        9.1
                                              Transect #6                   500'                        <3.0
                                              Transect #6                  1,000'                   1,000.0

                       9/7/93                 Transect #5                   100,                        13
                 Tested by Racine             Transect #5                   500'                        24
                   Water Utility              Transect #5                  1,000'                       50


             4.6         Seabirds


             Ring-billed seagulls are an omnipresent feature of the Racine recreational beaches. An official
             count of their numbers at Racine has not been kept by the Wisconsin Department of Natural
             Resources (VVDNR), but it is known that counts on the Great Lakes have been increasing
             annually. Ed Prins, president of the local Hoy Nature Club, keeps records on the species in
             Racine. Unfortunately, no population records are kept. According to his recollection, the
             number of ring billed seagulls in Racine has risen from 100 in the early eighties to 1,000+ in







         [32-10/C)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                      Folh & Van Dyke 28
         Novern ber 17, 1993









             1993. Mr. Prins also notes that the birds behavior seems to have changed somewhat over the
             years because they are allowing people to approach closer before taking to flight.11

             Seagulls are a migratory bird and a protected species. Their population at the beach varies from
             day to day, but generally tends to rise during the course of the summer. Ring billed gulls are not
             bound to the shoreline like other shorebirds. They can often be found in farm fields, grass fields
             and parking lots. They are scavenger birds feeding on live and dead fish, insects, litter and
             rubbish at the dump. The birds are also fed by people on regular basis. People come to the
             beach with loaves of bread and feed the frenzied gulls. During the study, it was observed on one
             occasion that the birds were fed ten times in a two-hour period during a busy afternoon in early
             August. This could explain why the birds congregate at the recreational beaches leaving the rest
             of the Lake Michigan shoreline vacant.
             Ring-billed gull droppings litter the beach, numbering as high as 20 droppings per 100 ft2. Each
             gull dropping contains 71 million FC per gram, and each bird produces 1,770 million FC per day.
             Table 4-4 shows the relative contributions of FC from various animals.


                                                           Table 4-4


                                               Sources for Fecal Coliform12


                                                                Average Fecal Coliform. (Millions)
                           Animal                      Per Gram of Feces                        Per Day

                           Human                               13.0                               2,000
                           Chicken                              1.3                                  240
                            Cow                                 0.23                              5,400
                            Duck                               33.0                               11,000
                             Pig                                3.3                               8,900
                            Sheep                              16.0                               18,000
                           Seagull                             71.1                               1,770


             It is obvious that the bacteria are deposited in large quantities on the sand's surface, but the
             mechanics of transport into the lake is not as straightforward. Fecal coliform bacteria have a
             very high surface affinity and the beach sand acts as a filter to prevent the movement of FC
             though the soil profile. Water beneath the beach was analyzed to determine whether or not the
             FC could pass through the sand. Results are listed in Table 3-3. These numbers show that there
             is a drop in FC with increased depth of sand (the sand at 50 feet and 100 feet was approximately
             three feet deep, and the sand at 10 feet to 15 feet was one foot deep). It appears as if there is
             some movement of FC downward though the soil profile. Gerhard Lee, soils professor emeritus,
             at the University of Wisconsin, says that the vertical and horizontal migration rates are roughly
             the same, for bacteria, but that the rate could be influenced by mechanical pumping, such as


                 "Personal communication between John Paul Hjelle and Ed Prins, Summer 1993.
                 12From: Haavaar, A.H., 1985 and Palmer, M., 1983.


         [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                      Foth & Van Dyke 29
         November 17,1993







            wave action.13 It is interesting to note that the FC counts are highest within 15 feet of shore.
            It is difficult to say whether the mechanical pumping action of the waves is drawing FC out of
            the sand, but it does appear that FC counts in the lake and sub-beach rise and fall with time.

            Other mechanisms of transport are possible as well. Dust laden with FC may be blown into the
            water. Bird droppings left along the wash zone of the lake may increase the FC count as the
            waves draw the waste into the lake. Birds are also known to drop their feces into the lake as
            they fly over. Regardless of the mechanism of transport into the lake, the daily contribution
            1.7 trillion FC dropped by the 1,000 birds living at the beach is a major source of FC in Lake
            Michigan.

            It should also be noted that the highest concentrations in the sub-beach water occur within
            ten feet of shore. This is where children play, dig in the sand and build sand castles. The birds
            appear to be the primary source of FC. No other source was discovered to the near beach zone
            from the lake itself or from upgradient groundwater. There is also no published scientific
            evidence to suggest that FC can reproduce in beach sand. The threat to human health is
            somewhat reduced because many of the microorganisms found in bird droppings do not affect
            humans. The risk is not eliminated entirely, however, because seagulls are known to carry a high
            number of salmonella. Qualitatively speaking, for every ten pathogenic microorganisms
            associated with human waste, only one would be found in seagull waste. A quantitative
            relationship, however, cannot be drawn from the data generated in this study.

            There are other shore birds living along the shores of Lake Michigan. Most notably are the
            Canada geese, mallard ducks and terns. The geese population is roughly 100 birds, and they live
            wild at the zoo. There are approximately 30 mallard ducks that live at the small boat launch.
            These two sources are not as significant loading sources. There are ten terns that live with the
            gull population on the beach. They do contribute to the FC loadings, but their numbers are so
            small, that they can not be considered the problem species.

            4.7        Meyers Beach

            Meyers beach is an isolated sand strip one mile south of the mouth of the Racine Harbor. A
            breakwall protects the area from the larger body of the lake. It is a very shallow inlet area,
            averaging three feet deep, and is used primarily as a jet ski area. Very few people use Meyers
            beach to swim at because a dense mat of algae is typically present and washes up against the
            shore. Additionally, there are very few seagulls living on Meyers beach.

            Meyers beach was not studied extensively as part of the lake transect study. Samples were taken
            by the City Health Department, and found to run consistently higher than those at the
            recreational beaches. Figure 4-7 not only shows that the FC disappear at an exponential rate
            after a rainstorm, but that Meyers beach has a consistently higher FC count than it's recreational
            beach counterparts. It was originally thought that FC from the WWIT were affecting the beach
            when southerly winds prevailed. An analysis of the chloride content in the effluent from the
            WWT? and the level of chlorides in the Meyers beach area found no evidence to support an
            affect on the water quality. It may be just as likely that the breakwater protecting the beach is



                13Personal communication, John Paul Hjelle and Gerhard Lee.


        [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                 Foth & Van Dyke 30
        November 17,1993








                reducing the circulation of the inlet area, raising FC counts by reducing dilution as seen in the
                Milwaukee study by Zanoni. Without further evidence, an accurate analysis cannot be made.



















































           132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                                     Foth & Van Dyke   31
           November 17,1993









             5 Conclusions and Recommendations

             The purpose of the 1993 Fecal Coliform Study is to expand upon the past investigations of the
             Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department regarding the sources of fecal
             coliform and to make recommendations on how to eliminate the fecal coliform problem so that
             the beaches can remain open during the summer.

             Several conclusions can be drawn from this study:

                        FC bacteria dissipate rapidly away from shore and often fall to zero levels within
                        500 feet of shore.


                 0      Because of effective disinfection at the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District's
                        South Shore WV*qT, it is an unlikely contributor to high FC counts on Racine's
                        beaches.


                 -      Because of ineffective disinfection at the City of South Milwaukee's WWT?, it could
                        be a contributor to high FC counts on Racine's beaches under certain rare conditions.
                        With new disinfection and dechlorination facilities scheduled to go on line in 1995, the
                        South Milwaukee WWT? would no longer be a likely contributor.

                 0      The Racine Wastewater Utility WWT? is not a significant contributor to high FC
                        counts on Racine's beaches. With new disinfection and dechlorination facilities
                        scheduled to go on line in 1995, the Utility's WWTP will no longer be a potential
                        contributor.


                 0      A log-linear relationship exists between fecal coliform counts and turbidity indicating
                        that FC counts will increase with increase in turbidity and vice-versa.

                 0      Wind speed will increase wave action and thereby turbidity.

                 0      Rain events triggered sharp increases in FC counts all along the course of the Root
                        River.


                        FC counts were higher in faster moving stretches of the Root River and lower in
                        corresponding slower currents. This can also be linked to turbidity and sediment
                        suspension.

                 -      Storm sewers and drainage ditches with the exception of the English Street Outfall did
                        not appear to be a significant FC source.

                 -      The English Street storm sewer had consistently higher FC counts than the other
                        storm sewer outfalls due to sewage infiltration.

                 -      The English Street outfall is a likely source of high FC counts during dry weather as
                        well as wet weather.


                 0      Fecal coliform bacteria were present in sediments at all lake transect sampling points.



         [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                 Foth & Van Dyke - 32
         November 17,1993








                        Seagulls are a major source of FC with a daily contribution of 1.7 trillion FC dropped
                        by the 1,000 birds living at the beach.

                        Meyers beach was not studied extensively as part of the lake transect study because of
                        its infrequent use.

             Based on the conclusions of the study the following recommendations are made:

                  0     Chick's Law was used to estimate the affect of the South Shore WWTP, South
                        Milwaukee's WWTP and Racine Wastewater Utility WWIT on Racine's recreational
                        beaches in lieu of running a dilution die-off model. Because South Milwaukee and
                        the Racine Wastewater Utility are in the midst of disinfection and dechlorination
                        facilities upgrades scheduled to be completed in 1995, it would be of limited benefit to
                        run a dilution die-off model and further evaluate the effect of these point source
                        discharges.

                  -     The relationship between wind speed and wave action was not investigated in detail in
                        this study. Further quantification of the affect of wind speed on wave action and
                        turbidity due to resuspension of sediments may prove a useful tool in the future for
                        predicting FC levels along the shoreline.

                  0     Based on the observed relationship between FC count and current velocity, it appears
                        that the final mile of the Root River where current velocities are less than I cm per
                        second acts as a clarifier where suspended solids can accumulate. Because the Root
                        River is a natural sink for the drainage basin, it receives much of the non-point source
                        pollution in the area. It is recommended that further study of the Root River be
                        done to gain a better understanding of the nature of the sediments and how they can
                        affect the lake under various weather conditions.


                  -     The English Street stormwater and outfall was identified as a significant source of
                        fecal coliform due to sewage leaks. Possible repairs to the English Street storm line
                        include grouting the sanitary or storm sewer pipes, slip lining the sanitary and/or the
                        storm sewer pipes and/or repairing the false bottoms in the storm sewer system
                        manholes. Each of these measures could be an effective measure to plug the leaks
                        running into the storm sewer and thus reduce the amount of sanitary wastes entering
                        the storm sewer system. Moving the English Street outfall or chlorinating its effluent
                        are other potential measures to reduce the bacterial flow out of the outfall. The
                        relative merits of each of these corrective measures should be the topic of a separate
                        study.

                        The ring-billed seagulls were identified as a significant source of FC counts. The ring-
                        billed gulls congregate at North Beach and are fed frequently by visitors. Disrupting
                        this food supply will force the gulls to search elsewhere for their sustenance. This
                        could be accomplished through a city ordinance prohibiting feeding of wildlife on the
                        beaches. A public awareness program would also have to be instituted to improve the
                        effectiveness of the ordinance. Rather that trying to drive the birds from the
                        recreational beaches it may be possible to attract them to another area by providing a
                        sanctuary with a food source. This should be considered depending upon the success
                        of the ordinance. Scaring tactics are also a potential method for dealing with the



         [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                  Foth & Van Dyke 33
         November 17,1993








                       seagulls, for example, the use of patrol vehicles or dogs. The most important time for
                       scaring the birds is in the early summer, before their numbers and thus their
                       droppings build up the FC levels in the sand. Other bird scaring tactics include the
                       use of audio broadcasts of the gull distress call and use of owl statues. It has been
                       noted by authors writing on these topics that the gulls eventually get used to the
                       artificial scaring and ignore it.

                       A detailed investigation of Meyers Beach was not done as part of this study because
                       of its limited value as a recreational beach. It may be of benefit to verify if the
                       breakwater protecting the beach is reducing the circulation and thereby raising the FC
                       counts. This study could corroborate the results of the Root River evaluation.

             The 1993 Fecal Coliform Study is an important step in the process of eliminating the FC
             problem and accomplishing the goal of keeping the beaches open during the summer.
             Correction of the English Street sewer and attempts to discourage the seagulls will go a long way
             toward that end. A better understanding of the relationship between FC in sediment, in the
             Root River, and Lake Michigan and the effect of resuspending sediments due to wave action,
             will move the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department closer to their goals.




































        132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility                Foth & Van Dyke 34
        November 17,1993



 I
 I
 I
 I                                    Appendix A
 I                              Lake Transect Study Data
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I






                                         Week No. 1 - June 29,1993
                                         Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity




                 700




                 600




                 500




               1-1400





              '0 QVV




               'To




                 100




                     0

                       0      10     20      30      40     50      60      70     80      90     100
                                       Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                         Al






                                                             Week No. 1 - June 29, 1993
                                                   Fecal Coli      form Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                          Fecal    i7n count (per Turbidity in water (lVTU)      Replicate sample done in lab or tield
                     Sample site           Location       Shore 1100'1500' 1000'1 Shore 100'       500, 1000,       FC count4urbidity (field only)

                   Transect No. 1          Surface        624      N/C 232     10     42           43   6.8
                      Wind Point)          Mid Depth               N/C 134     20                  38   9.1
                           Is              Bottom                  N/C 116     22                  50    10
                  Shoop Park Creek         Mouth          548                         5.5
                   3 Mile OutfaLL          OutfaU         Q                           2.8
                   Transect No. 2          Surface        15       0       0   0      5.3    2.1   1.8   1    ILab replicate @   500, surface=O
                (2 Korth Bay Creek) Mid Depth                      4       0   0             2.1   1.5  1.3 Field replicate      & 1001 mid=1/2.3
                           11              Bott(xn                 0       1   1             1.9   1.4  1.3 Lab replicate @      5001 bot.=O
                  Worth Say Creek          Mouth          1536                        3.6
                -WoLff St. OutfaLL         OutfaLL        680                         1.4
                   Transect No. 3          Surface        11       1       01  0             1.5   1.2  1.4 Field replicate      2 1001 surface=0/1.6
                     Zoo/High St.)         Mid Depth               0       1-1 1 11          1.4   1.3    1 Lab replicate @      1001 surface=1
                           go              Bottom                  2       1   0             1.7   1.7     1
                      Zoo beach        01 off shore       54                          7.5
                           of                11      1    58                          7.5                     Lab replicate @    Zoo beach #2= 46
                           If                go           46                          7.3                     Lab repti ate @    Zoo beach #3=43
                English St. OutfaLL        OutfaLL        2400                        2.8
                     English  Beach    01 off sho    e,   27                          4.6
                                             91           92                          4.1
                                             If           34                          5.5
                    Transect  No. 4        Surface        40       0       0   N/C1   1.4    2.3   1.7        1
                   (@ North   Beach/       Mid Depth               N/C     0   N/C                 1.5        ILab replicate @ 500, bottom=O
                     Romayne  Ave.)        Bottom                  3       1   N/C           2.5   2
                     North Beach       01 Off Sho         29                          4.6
                                             11           22                          3.5
                                             If           39                          3.9
                   Transect No. 5          Surface        7        N/N         N/C    2.1                     Lab replicate @ shore=4
                orth of Harbor Mout Mid Depth                      N/C N/C     N/C
                                           Bottom                  W/C N/C     N/C
                                                     I Fecal coliforrn cou t (per 1Turbidit ( in water (1VTU)    Replicate sample done in lab or field
                   Sample location         Depth          Shore    100' 500' 1000'11 Shore 100' 500, 1000,          FC count4urbidity (field only)
                   Transect No. 6          Surface        <2       H/C     0   N/C    1.7          1.5
                                           Mid de th               N/C N/C     N/C
                                           Bottorn                 N/C N/C     N/C
                    Meyers Beach       01 off shore       44                          3.5
                                             If           39                          3.5        1
                                             If           30                          3.2


                     Harbor Area                          Surf.    Mid. SOL          Surf.   Mid.  Sot


                     HorLick Dam                          230                         29
                  Gas Light Pointe                        72       128 550            15     14    95
                        Marina                            58       22 188             6  5   10    65         Lab replicate @ mid=20
                    Harbor Mouth                          9        12--15             3  9   5.1   8.1
                 Small Boat Launch                                         3                 1.5   2.5        Field re-'*----




















                                                                                 A2







                                                                     Week No. 1 - June 29,1993
                                                                                 Field Conditions


               Transect) Time Water                  Wind                       Current                 Water Temperature (*C)
                Station            Depth      Speed       Direction     Direction    Magnitude      Su rface   Middepth                               Comments
                                      It       (mph)                                                         I             I Bottom
                  1A                shore                                                            14.5                        -     algal masses on beach and in water
                  1B                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted, too rough

                  ic                                                                                 14.5         14.5         14.5

                  1D                  23         7           NE             S                          14          14            13
                  2A                                                 I                                                                 sample taken by Racine
                  2B       1300       7          9           NE             S                          14          14            14    rep at mid depth

                  2C       1315       10                                    S                        14.2          14            14

                  2D       1325       is        12           NE             S                        14.2          14          13.8
                  3A                                                                                                                   sample taken by Racine
                  38       1340       6                                                              14.5         14.5         14.5    rep at surface

                  3C       1345       7                                     S                        14.5         14.5         14.5

                  3D       1355       14                                    N                        14.5         14.5         14.2
                  4A                                                                                                                   sample taken by Racine
                  4B       1510       2                                     S                        15.2           -            -     water 2' deep with 2-4 foot waves

                  4C       1500       5                                     S                        15.1         14.5         14.5
                  4D                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted
                  5A                                                                                                                   sample taken by Racine
                  5B                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted
                  5C                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted
                  5D                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted
                  6A                                                                                                                   sample taken by Racine
                  6B                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted
                  6C                           12-15         NE                                        14          14            14    surface sample only, no anchoring
                  6D                                                                                                                   no sampling conducted
                  H1       1535       19                                upstream                     17.5          14          12.5

                  H2       1600       26                                out of har                   13.8         13.5         13.5

                  H3       1550       19                                    W                        16.5         14.5           13
                  H4       1615       14                                into harb                      14         13.8           13    rep at surface





















             Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                     A3






                                          Week No. 2 - July 13,1993
                                          Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity



                400




                350




                300




                250




                200




                150




                100




                  50




                   0

                     0       5       10      15     20      25      30      35      40      45      50
                                      Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                          A4






                                                                         Week No. 2 - July 13, 1993
                                                         Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                              Fecal coliform count (per 11 Turbidif K in water (NTU)        Replicate sample done in lab or field
                       Sample site           Location_ Shore 100' 500-11000-1 1 Shore 100' 1500.. 1000.                         FC count4urbidity (field only)

                       Transact No. 1        Surface          13         2       010      1  2             1.1 0.9 0.9  FieLd replicate @ 100, surface=0/0.9
                       (@ Wind Point)        Mid Depth                   0       2 4      1                1.11
                              09             Bottom                      1       3 4                       1.1 1.3  1   Lab repticate @ 500, bottom=1
                       -Shoop Park Creek     Mouth            620                            5.9
                       3 Mile Outfati        Outfalt          >3456,                         3
                       Transect No. 2        Surface          3          11      1 0         1.2           1.11   1.1   Lab repLicate @ 5001 surface=O
                       @ North Bay Creek Mid Depth                       N/C 1   0 0                       1.1    1.1   Fietd repLicate @ 5001 mid=0/1.0
                              so             Bottom                      1       1 0                       1.1 1.1 1.2
                       -North Bay Creek      Mouth            N/C
                       Woiff St. OutfaU      OutfaLl          360                            1.5
                       Transact No. 3        Surface          29         3       0 0         1.6           0.9 0.96 0.96
                       Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth                           0       0 0                       10.98 0.98
                              11             Bottom                      3       0 0                       1.2 0.91 1
                       Zoo beach             off shor         8                              1.9
                                                              9                              1.2
                                                              4                              1.2
                       nglish St. OutfaL     Outf a L Li      9400                           1.5
                       Engtish  Beach        off shor         4                              1..4
                              if                91            4                              1.3
                              so                if            2                              1.4
                       Transact No. 4        Surface          9          12      0 0    1 1  2.5           0.96 1.2 0.96 Lab replicate @ shore=7
                       (@ North Beach/       Mid Depth                   N/C     0 0    1 1                1.1    0.98  Lab repticate of fieLd repticate=O
                       Romayne  Ave.)        Bottom                      0       .00                       11.1   1.1   FieLd repLicate @ 10001 bottom=011.0
                       North Beach           Off Shor         13                             1.12
                              of                11            10                             2.1
                              It                If            10                             1.4
                       Transact No. 5        Surface          0          0       0 0         1.1           1.11110.95   Lab repticate @ shore=O
                       bend in breakwa       Mid Depth                   0       0 0                       11.1 10.941 1.2 Fietd repticate @ 100, mid=0/1.3
                       uth of harbor mou     Bottom                      0       0 0                       111 1 11.6
                                                        ,     Fecal coliforrn co t (per 1 Turbidit K in water (NTU)        Replicate sample done in lab or field
                       Sample location       De th            Shore 1100'1500'   1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000'                  FC count4urbidity Lfield only)
                       Transact No. Z_       Surface          18         101     52 0 11     2.2           2.113.6 10.92 Fietd repLicate @ 500, surface=18/2.9
                       -bend in breakwaL Mid de th                       121     170      1                2.1 2.5 11            Lab repLicate @ shore=13
                       uth of harbor mou     Bottom                      81      0 13                      21.4   1.2
                       Meyers Beach          I Off shor       17         1                   0.87
                              11                11      1     26         1                   0.75                       Lab repticate @ Meyers #2 repLicate=1
                                                              30         1                   3.4

                       Harbor Area                            Surf.      Mid.    Bot         Surf.         Mid. Sot.,

                       Horlick Dam                            379                            50                         Lab repticate @ Hortick Dam=351
                       Gas Light Pointe                       220        84      168         25            12 45
                         Marina                               220                143         13            11 21        Lab repticate @ Harbor mouth bottom=4
                       h
                       Harbor Mouth                           116                48          10            6.4 9.2      Fietd repLicate @ surface=20/7.8
                       mall Boat Launch                       55         128     218,        2.3           3.1 4.3,


















                                                                                          A5






                                                                                   Week No. 2 - July 13,1993
                                                                                                Field Conditions


                 Transect) Time           Water                  Wind                           Current                    Water Temperature (*C)
                  Station                 Depth        Speed                          Direction      Magnitude         Surface                            ttom                   Comments
                                             (ft)      (mph)                                      I                                I
                     1A         945       shore          2-3              SSE                 S         slight           17.0                             -
                     1B            -         2           5-6              S                   S      med. strong         16.0              -           15.8      rep at sfc

                     1C            -         10              7            S                   N                          14.8           14.1           14.0

                     1 D        1145         26          7-8              S                   S         strong           16.1           12.0           10.8
                     2A         1010      shore          0-2              SE                  N         slight           17.0      (
                     2B            -         3               5            S                   N      med. strong         15.6              -           14.8
                     2C            -         10          6-7              S                   N                          15.0           14.0           13.0      rep at mid depth

                     2D         1225         12          5-6              S                   N                          15.0           14.0           12.1
                     3A         1025      shore          light        variable          none            wave             14.8
                                                                  1                                  dominated
                     3B                      5           5-6              S                   N                          15.5           15.0           14.9

                     3C            -         9           5-6              S                   N      med. strong         15.0           14.8           14.2

                     3D         1255         14          6-7              S                   N                          14.7           13.5           13.0
                     4A         1040      shore          light        variable                S         slight           16.5                                    1300+ gulls on lake, many were on
                                                                                                                                   I                             shore
                     4B                      2           0-1          variable                N         slight           15.0              -           15.0
                     4C                      7           2-3              N                   N                          14.5           13.9           13.6
                     4D         1440         14          0-2              S                   N       v. strong          15.7           14.1           13.8      rep at mid depth
                     5A         1500      brkwall        2-3              NNE                 parallel to wall           15.0              -              -      wave dominated current
                     5B                      12          5-6              NNE                 N                          14.7           14.0           13.5      rep at mid depth
                     5C                      17          5-6              NNE                 S         slight           15.5           14.8           13.5      variable winds affect current
                     5D         1515         24          5-6              NNE           NNE                              15.1           13.5           12.5      determination
                     6A         1550 brkwall             6-7              NNE           none          see note           16.0              -              -         ment dominated by waves from
                                                                                                                                   I                             ruth, inshore of river plume
                     6B                      19          7-8              NNE                 S       see note           15.0           13.5           12.0      boat drifting. in river plume which
                                                                                                                                                                 was moving south
                     6C                      20          7-8              NNE                 S       see note           15.0           13.5           11.5      boat drifting, river plume moving
                                                                                                                                                                 south. rep 0 sfc
                     6D         1610         24          7-8              NNE                 5       see note           14.5           13.0           11.2      river plume moving south
                     H1         1410         19              3            S          downstrm                            21.5           16.0           13.0
                     H2         1350         30          light        variable          Out             strong           14.8           13.2           13.2      re p at sfc
                     H3         1425         19          4-5              S             none                             20.2           14.9           12.3
                                13Z-F 13                 2-3              S          into harb                           14.9           14.5           14.0










               Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Padlock                                                      A6





                                          Week No. 3 - July 20, 1993
                                          Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity



                600






                500






                400






                300






                200






                100






                   0

                     0            10           20           30            40           50           60
                                      Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                          A7






                                                                 Week No. 3 - July 20,1993
                                                      Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                         Fecal colifo      count (per I Turbidity in water        I Replicate sample done in lab or field
                        Sample site           Location   ShoreI100' 500'11000'1 Shore 100'1500'             1000-1      FC count4urbidity (field only)
                                                                 I    -             I               I             I
                        Transect No. 1        Surface       43   1 25      1     0           7 2.7     1.5  1.1   Lab replicate @ 1001 surface=17
                        (2 Wind Point)     Mid Depth                  N/A  0     1                     1.4  1.3
                             II               Bottom                  25   0     0             2.5     1.3  1.3   Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=23/2.
                        Shoop Park Creek      Mouth         230                              5
                        3 Mile Outfatt        Outfatt       208                              3
                        Transact No. 2        Surface       2         1    0     0           1.4 1.4   1.3  1.4   Lab replicate @ 5001 mid.=O
                  (3 North Bay Creek)i Mid Depth                      0    a     0             1.4     1.3  1.3   Field repl, cate @ 10001 mid.=0/1.3
                             II               Bottom                  0    0     0  1          1.3     1.31 1.5
                        North Bay Creek       Mouth         NIA                     I
                        WoLff St. OutfaLL     Outfatt       376                              1.4
                        Transact No. 3        Surface       330       32   0     0           1.4 1     1      1   Lab replicate & 500, surface=O
                        Zoo/High St.)      Mid Depth                  N/A  1     0                     1.3    1
                             11               Bottom                  34   0     0             1.1     1.3  1.3   Field replicate @ 100, bottom=30/1.
                        Zoo beach             off shor      39                               1.5
                                                of          33                               1.5
                                                go          40                               1.6
                  EngLish St. OutfaLl         OutfaLL      49000                             2
                        English Beach         off shor      12                               1.4
                             11                 to          22                               1.8
                             Is                 of          17                               1.5
                        Transact No. 4        Surface       21        4    0     0           2 1.5     1.2  1.1   Lab replicate @ 1000, surface=O
                        (@ North  Beach/   Mid Depth                  N/A  0     0                     1    1.9
                        Romayne  Ave.)        Bottom                  0    0     0             1.4     1    1.1   Field replicate @ 100, bottom=0/1.3
                        North Beach           Off Shor      25                               1.5
                             H                  11          19                               1.5
                             is                 11      1   26                               1.3
                        Transect No. 5        Surface       2         3    3     3           1.2 1     1      1   Lab replicate @ 1000, surface=O
                        bend in breakwaLt Mid Depth                   3    0     2             1.2     1.1  1.1
                  orth of harbor mouth        Bottom                  8    4     8               1     1.3  1.3
                                                         Fecelcolifornmnco t (per 11 Turbidity in water     TU)     Replicate sample done in lab or field
                        Sample location       Depth       Shore 100' 500'11000'11 Shore 100'1500'           1000,       FC count4urbidity (field only)
                        Transect No. 6        Surface       11        31   59 1 32 11        1.2 1.311.4      2     Lab replicate @ 100, surface=31
                        bend in breakwalt Mid depth                   12   19 1  3 11          1.311.3      1.2
                  outh of harbor mouth        Bottom                  4    10 1  5    1        1.21    1.5  1.3
                        Meyers Beach          Off sho       13                               1      1
                                                11          10                               1.2
                                                            22                               1.5


                        Harbor Area                        Surf.      Mid. Bot.         Surf.  Mid.    Bot


                        Horlick Dam                         510                              60
                        Gas Light Pointe                    386       68   48                10 5.4    8.4        Field repLicate @ surface=197/11.0
                         Marina                             72        148 39                 2.9 7.4   15
                        Harbor Mouth                                                                   2.2        Lab replicate @ bottom=26
                                                                                             1.4 1.8
                        Small Boat Launch                                  94                j-
                                                                                             2 1.91    1.4,       Lab replicate @ bottom=52
                                                                                                            0























































































                                                                                    AB






                                                                                  Week No. 3 - July 20, 1993
                                                                                                Field Conditions


                 Transect/ Time           Water                Wind                           Current                     Water Temperature (*C)
                   Station                Depth                -                                                                                                           Comments
                                             00         Speed            Direction   Direction      Magnitude         Surface      Middepth         Bottom
                                                        (mph)     I                              I                               I               I
                     1A         1105      shore          2-3             N               S                              18.0                             -
                     1 B        1136         3           light           variable        S             slight           15.8              -           16.0      rep at bottom
                     1C         1129         13          light           variable        S             strong           15.0           15.0           15.0
                     1 D        1115         25          light           variable        S             v. strong        15.7           15.0           14.0      1.2 ft/sec
                     2A         1147         2     1     6-7             N               S             slight           12.5              -              -
                     2B         1217         4           4-5             NE             SW                              16.0           15.5           14.9

                     2C         1210         9           6-7             NE             SSW                             14.9           14.2           13.1
                     2D         1157         12          6-7             NNE            SW                              14.5           14.0           12.5      rep at mid depth
                     3A         1227         lore        2-3             NE             SW             slight           15.2              -              -
                     38         1247         2           light           variable       note           slight           16.0              -           15.0      current parallel to beach, rep
                                                                                                                                                                at bot

                     3C         1242         6           4-5             NE             SSW                             15.0           15.0           13.9
                     3D         1237         13          5-6             NE             WSW                             15.0     1     14.7           13.5
                     4A         1300      shore          2-3             NE             none                            18.5              -              -
                     4B         1335         2           4-5             SE              N             slight           17.2              -           16.1      rep at bottom

                     4C         1327         5           4-5             SE             SW                              15.3           15.1           14.8
                     4D         1320         15          2-3             ENE            SSE         med. strong         16.0           15.1           14.8
                     5A         930       brkwall        5-6             NW              S             v. slight        12.8              -              -

                     5B         957          12          5-6             NW             SSE                             13.0           12.5           12.5

                     5C         945          16          3-4             NW              S                              12.8           12.1           11.8

                     5D         937          23          6-7             NW              S                              12.8           10.1           11.1
                     6A         1006      brkwall        6-7             NNE            note                              -               -              -      current parallel to wall

                     6B         1029         19          4-5             NNW            SW                              11.5           9.9            9.0

                     6C         1015         20          8-9             N               S                              11.0           9.5            8.9

                     6D         1007         25          5-6             NNE             S                              12.0           8.5            8.1
                     H1         1405         19          6-7             SE          downstrm          slight           21.5           13.6           10.5      rep at surface
                     H2         1418         29          4-5             SE             out            strong           14.7           13.9           10.1

                     H3         1356         19          4-5             SE             none                            19.0           13.3           10.8
                     H4         1428         13          light           variable   into harb                           14.0           12.0           10.6



















                Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                                   A9






                                           Week No. 4 -July 27,1993
                                           Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity



                 140





                 120





                 100





                 80





                 OU





                 40





                 20
                           %



                   0

                     0        2       4       6       8       10      12      14      16      18      20
                                          Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river samples


















                                                          A10






                                                                          Week No. 4 - July 27,1993
                                                      Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                            Fecal colifonn count (per I Turbidity in   ter (IVTU)    Replicate sample done in lab or Field
                       Sample site           Location       Shore 1100' 500-11000'1 Shore 100'         500* 1000-        FC count4urbidity (field only)

                                                                          72 14   5
                       Transect No. I        Surface        60                            35       3.7     3  0.8
                       (2 Wind Point)        Kid Depth                    N/A5    0                    2.4     1    Field replicate @ 500, mid=14/2.5
                            It               Bottom                       68 11   0                3.8 2.7-   1.2   Lab replicate & 1000, bottom=l
                       Shoop Park Creek      Mouth          264                           2.5                       Lab rep icate 2     SPC=238
                       3 Mite OutfaLL        OutfaLl        8200                          7
                       Transect No. 2        Surface        40            52      1       1.6      1   1.1    1.2   Field replicate     @ 500, surface=2/1
                       North Bay Creek) Mid De th                         382     2                1.4 1.1    1.1   Lab replicate 2     10001 surface=2
                            of               Bottom                       173     1                1.3 1.1    1.2
                       North Bay Creek       Mouth          N/A
                       Wolff St. Outfalt     OutfaLL        4200                          1.6
                       Transect No, 3        Surface        410           170 20  3       2.8      2.2     1  1.1   Field replicate     @ 500, surface=17/
                       Zoo/High St.)         Mid Depth                    12 N/A  0                1   1.1    1.2   Lab replicate @     10001 mid=O
                            11               Bottom                       87 17   2                1.6 1.1    1.2
                       Zoo beach             I off shor     249                           2.6
                                                 Is         290                           2.7
                                                 11         200                           1.9                       LAb reDticate @ Zoo beach #3=179
                       English St. OutfaLl   Outfall        12000                         1.5
                       English  Reach        I off sho      208                           1.6
                            of                   11         170                           2.1
                            is                   It         134                           1.7
                       Transect No. 4        Surface        910           79 13   0       3        1.3     1   1    Field replicate @ shore surface=53
                       (@ North Beach/       Mid Depth                    N/A. 12 0                        1  1.1   Lab repLicat of field replicate
                       Romayne  Ave.)        Bottom                       1104    18   1           1.3     1  1.2
                       North Beach           I Off Shorl    204                           1.4
                            go                   11         198                           1.6
                            is                   of         170                           1.4
                       Transect No. 5        Surface        33            444     0       1.1      1.1     1  1.1
                       bend in breakwaL      Mid Depth  --                32 18   1                1.2     1   1    Lab replicate @ 1001 bottom=43
                       rth of harbor mout    Bottom                       31 12   7                1.1 1.5    1.5   Field replicate @ 100, bottom--43/1
                                                            ,Fecal colifo count (per 1, Turbi '    in water          Replicate sample done in lab or fleid
                       Sample location       Depth          I Shore 100'1500' 1000'11 Shore        100'1500'11000'       FC count4urbidity (field only)
                       Transect No. 6        Surface        5 -           129     3       1.3      1.1 1.2    1.2   ieLd replicate @ 500, surface=6/1.
                       @ bend in breakwall Mid depth                      75      3                1.3 1.3    1.5     Lab replicate @ 1000'surface=3
                       ulh of harbor mout    Bottom                       37      0                1       2  1.5
                       Meyers Beach          Off shor       290                           0.91
                            so                   to         280                        -1.6
                                                            210                           1.1


                       Harbor Area                          Surf.         Mid. Sot        Surf.    Mid. Sot


                       HorLick Dam                          260                           2.1
                       Gas Light Pointe                     98            68 120          9.8      6   3.8
                         Marina                             53            78 1041    11   3.6      6.9 18
                       Harbor mouth                         15            34 7 1     11   4 1      4 3 1.9          Field replicate @ HM surface=8/2.3
                       Small Boat Launch                    168           75 1101                      3.4.         Lab replicate @SBL surface=166
                                             Mouth
                                          $
                                             Outfa    ,'
                                             Surface                      51
                                                      t
                                             MidDe ]h                     18
                                             Bottom                       7
                                                                                                           @12



                                                                                      All






                                                                                  Week No. 4 - July 27,1993
                                                                                                Field Conditions


                 Transect/      Time      Water                 Wind                          Current                     Water Temperature (*C)
                   Station                Depth         Speed        Direction       Direction      Magnitude         Surface      Middepth         Bottom                       Comments
                                       I       (ft)     (mph)    I               I                                                               I
                     1A         1132           1         0-2                S            S              slight          13.2                             -      Irep at surface
                     1 B        1155           3         2-3                SSE          S              slight          11.0                          11.0
                     1C         1150           8         2-3                SSE          N              strong          10.0           10.0           9.5
                     1D         1142           26        4-5                SSE          N              strong          10.1           9.0            8.5
                     2A         1205           2         light        variable           none                           10.2              -
                     2B         1225           6         4-5                SE           N              slight          10.0           9.8            10.0
                     2C         1217           11        0-2                E            NNW        med. strong         11.0           8.5            8.5       rep at surface, slight rain
                     2D         1212           13        light        variable           N          med. strong         11.0           8.5            8.0
                     3A         1235           2         5-6                SSE          S              slight          11.5              -              -
                     38         1250           5         7-8                SE           N                              10.0           9.5            9.0       rep at surface
                     3C         1245           7         7-8                SE           N              strong          9.5            9.0            9.0
                     3D         1240           14        8-9                SE           N              strong          10.0           8.8            8.2
                     4A         1005      shore          light        variable           S              slight          14.0              -              -

                     4B         1027           2         0-2                SE           none                           11.0              -           10.0
                     4C         1020           7         2-3                W            NW                             10.0           8.9            8.5       rep at bottom
                     4D         1015           16        light        variable           N              sl  ight        13.0           10.0           8.5
                     5A         930      btkwall         light        variable           none                           14.0              -              -
                     5B         955            12        4-5                W            NW             V. slight       10.0           8.9            8.2       rep at surface
                     5C         947            16        4-5                W            NW             slight          9.5            8.5            7.8
                     5D         937            23        4-5                W            NW             slight          12.0           9.0            8.0
                     6A         1052           2         light        variable           Sw             slight          10.5              -              -
                     6B         1115           19        2-3                SE           NNE        med. strong         11.0           8.8            8.8
                     6C         1107           20        5-6                SE           N          med. strong         11.0           8.9            8.5       rep at bottom
                     6D         1058           29        5-6                SE           N              slight          11.5           9.1            8.5
                     H1         1335           18        8-10               SE       downstrm           slight          17.0           11.5           9.5
                     H2         1402           28        7-8                SSE      into harb                          14.5           10.8           10.2      rep at surfa
                     H3         1345           19        9-10               SE           NNE            slight          17.0           10.0           10.0
                     H4         1414           15        8-9                S            out        med. strong         10.2           10.4           10.7



















                Center for Creat Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                                   A12





                                          Week No. 5 - August 3,1993
                                           Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity



                200



                180



                160



                140


              Sw 120
              4,
              Ow



                100
              S

                 80



                 60



                 40



                 20



                   0

                     0        1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8       9       10
                                       Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples



















                                                          A13






                                                                  Week No. 5 - August 3,1993
                                                        Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                             Fecal coliforyn count (per 11 Turbidity in water TU)         Replicate sample done in lab or field
                       Sample site            Location       Shore 100' 1500* 1000'11 Shore I 00'1500'11000,                  FC count4urbidity (field only)
                                                                                       11             1
                       Transect No. 1         Surface        74         9    0      0  1   4.4    1.71  1.6    1.6
                       (S Wind Point)      Mid Depth                    N/A. 1      3                   1.9    1.6   Lab replicate @ 5001 bottom--3
                              11              Bottom                    31   0      7             1.9   1.6    1.3   Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=25/1.7
                       Shoop Park Creek       Mouth          1150                          5
                       3 mite OutfaLL         OutfatL        104  1                        1.5
                       Transect No. 2         Surface        18   1     7    2      2      1.6    1.6   1.4   11.6   Lab repti ate @ 10001 surface=3
                       North Bay Creek     Mid Depth                    3    11     6             1.6   2.1    1.2   Field replicate @ 500, mid=4/1.4
                              11              Bottom                    10   9      8             1.6   1.5    1.3
                       North Bay Creek        Mouth          N/A
                       .WoLff St. Outfall     OutfatL        1220                          1.3                -      Lab replicate @ Wotff St. Outfatt=1000
                       Transect No. 3         Surface        61         62   16     10     2.1    1.9    2     1.9   Field replicate @ shore surface=31/2.3
                       (@ Zoo/High St.)    Mid Depth                    32   31     19            2.1    2     1.7   Lab replicate @ shore surface=57
                              go              Bottom                    39   14     15            2.4   1.7    1.6
                        Zoo beach             off shor       10                            2.6
                                                of      1    26                            3.3
                                                is           36                            2.4
                       English St. Outfat     Outfatl        21000                         1.8
                       English Beach          off shor       26                            2.5
                              If                of      11   48                            2.3
                              91                It           136                           2.5
                       Transect No. 4         Surface        117        6    4      0      2      1.9   1.9      2
                       (@ North  Beach/    Mid Depth         I          N/A  7      1                    2 _     2   Lab replicate @ 10001 mid.=2
                       Romayne  Ave.)         Bottom         1          16   9      5               2   1.9    1.9   Field replicate @ 10001 bottorrr-18/1.7
                       North Beach            Off Sho        142                           3.8
                                                             48                            4.2
                                                             43                            2.5
                       Transect No. 5         Surface        4          0    3      0      1.6      2    2       2
                       bend in breakwat    Mid Depth                    2    0      4             2.3    2       2   Field re Licate @ 5001 mid.=5/2.4
                       Ith of harbor mout     Bottom                    4    12     11 1          2.3   2.4    2.6   Lab replicate @ 5001 mid.=0/2.4
                                                             ,Fecal colifo   count (per IlTurbidilvin water TU)           Replicate sample done in lab or field
                       Sample location        Depth          Shore 100'      500' 1000' 1 Shore 100'1500*     1000*           FC count4urbidity (field only)
                       Transect No. 6         Surface        4          5    0      0  1   1.2    1.2 1.4      1.7   Field replicate @ shore surface=1/1.0
                       @bend in breakwat   Mid depth                    1    0      0  1          1.4   1.5    1.5
                       ulh of harbor mout     Bottom                    2    1      1  1            1   1.2      1
                       Meyers Reach           Off sho        47                            1.8
                              is                             41                            1.8
                                                             49                            2.5                       Lab replicate @ Meyers #3=56

                       Harbor Area                           Surf.      Mid. Bot           Surf.  Mid.  Sot


                       Horiick Dam                           184                           8.5
                       Gas Light Pointe                      31         17   52            3.5      2   -1.2
                          Marina                                             _Z4           2.5    2.6,  8.6          Field replicate @ M surface=9/2.6
                       Harbor Mouth                                          2             1.4    1.81  2.2          Lab replicate @ HM mid.=O
                       SmaLL Boat Launch                                                   2.6  1 1.61  1.4

















                                                                                       A14






                                                                                Week No. 5 - August 3, 1993
                                                                                               Field Conditions


                 Transect) Time           Water                 Wind                           Current                    Water Temperature (*C)
                  Station                 Depth                                                                                                                                 Comments
                                                   -TSpeed7Dir(ction                Direction Magnitude              Surface       Middepth        Bottom
                                             00         (     )
                                        I               (mph)
                     1A         1150      shore         10+             W                none                          17.5                              -     algal masses on beach and along
                                                                                                                                                               shore

                     1B         1210         3          10+             W                SE                            16.5              -           16.5      rep at bottom

                     1C         1205         9          10+           WSW                SE                            16.5           16.4           16.0
                     1D         1157    1    26         10+           WSW                ESE                           16.5     1     16.0           15.2
                     2A         1225         2          light         variable           NE            slight          15.5              -               -     S swell, 200+ gulls on site
                     2B         1243         6          light         variable           S             slight          15.5           15.2           14.8
                     2C         1238         10         10+             W                E                             15.0           15.0           15.0      rep at mid depth

                     2D         1230         14         10+             W                E                             15.5           14.2           14.2
                     3A         1252         2          10+             W                none                          18.0              -               -     rep at sfc, 200+ gulls on site

                     3B         1310         5          10+             W                E                             16.0           15.8           16.0
                     3C         1305         8          10+             W                E         med. strong         16.0           15.1           15.6

                     3D         1258         13         10+             W                E                             16.0           15.2           15.2
                     4A         1010      shore         light         variable           N             slight          15.8              -               -     1000+ gulls on beach and near
                                                                                                                                                               shore

                     4B         1015         1.5        10-15           W                SE                            15.0              -           15.0      done on foot

                     4C         1025         7          10-15           W                E                             16.0           15.8           15.0
                     4D         1030         16         10-15           W                E         med. strong         16.0           15.8           14.0      rep at bottom
                     5A         930       brkwall       10-15           W                none                          17.0              -               -

                     5B         1001         12         10-15           W                SE                            15.5           15.1           14.
                     5C         955          16         10-15           W                E                             16.0           15.2           14.5      rep at mid depth
                     5D         940          22         10-15           W                E           offshore          16.0           15.5           14.0
                     6A         1042      brkwall       light         variable           N             slight          15.8                              -     rep at surface
                     6B         1105         19         10+             W                N             strong          14.1           13.5           12.5      rain, gusty winds
                     6C         1055         21         10+             W                E                             15.0           14.2           12.0      kusty winds
                     6D         1048         26         10+             W                E                             15.1           14.8           11.5      gusty winds
                     Hi         1345         18         5-10            W          downstrm                            17.3           14.9           13.8      gusty winds
                     H2         1404         29         10+           WSW           upstream med. strong               17.0           15.5           13.0
                     H3         1351         18         10+             W                S                             17.0           14.6           14.0      rep at surface
                     H4                      12         10+             W                N                             16.6 1         15.2      1    14.1      Vurrent into harbor













               Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                                   A15





                                       Week No. 6 - August 10, 1993
                                        Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity



                1200






                1000






                800






                600






                400






                200


                           Yom
                   0  iin

                     0           10           20          30           40          50           60
                                     Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                      A16






                                                                 Week No. 6 - August 10, 1993
                                                      Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                             Fecal colitbim count (per 11 Turbidit v in water (NTU)     Replicate sample done in lab or field
                       Sample site            Location       Shore  100.    500'11000'11 Shore I 00'1500' 1000-            FC count4urbidity (field only)
                                                                              I      I I
                     Transact No. I           Surface        630    293     181   9  11   18           12 3.7 1.6  ILab replicate @ 5001 surface=41
                         Wind Point)          Mid Depth             N/A     54    5                    3.6   1.1   Field replicate @ 5001 mid.=41/3.7
                             if               Bottom                351     55    3                    11 3.7 1.2
                    Shoop Park Creek          Mouth          350                          4
                     3 Mile OutfaLL           Outfatt        120                          19
                     Transact No. 2           Surface        40     34      10    7       4.4          52    1.3   Field replicate & shore surface=44/5.6
                  (@ North Bay reek) Mid Depth                      30      30    55 11                5.8 1.6 1.4
                             If               Bottom                22      20    9  11                4.5 1.6 2.2 Lab replicate @ 10001 bottonr-6
                    North Say Creek           Mouth          N/A                     11
                   Wolff St. OutfaLL          OutfaLL        955                     1    19
                     Transect No. 3           Surface        51     16      2     3  1    5.4          311.8 1.5   Lab replicate 2 100, surface=13
                       Zoo/High St.)          Mid Depth             16      1     3                    3.5 1.8 1.4 ,
                             41               Bottom                6       7     12                   31.6  2.3   Field re Licate @ 10001 bottom=12/1.8
                        Zoo beach             off shor       194                          3.1
                             of                              64                           1.9
                             is                              130                          2
                  English St. Outfall         OutfaLL        98000                        4.4
                       English  Beach         off shor       240                          2.1
                             11                 11           ,162                         -2.2                     Lab replicate @ English Beach #2=172
                             If                 is           92                           1.8
                      Transect  No. 4         Surface        82     21      5     7  11   1.5          1.1 1.2 1
                    (@ North    Beach/        Mid Depth             NIA     9     6   1                1.4   1.6   Field replicate @ 10001 mid.=2/1.1
                      Romayne   Ave.)         Bottom                N/A     28    20                   3     2.2   Lab replicate @ 5001 bottom=18
                       North Beach            Off Sho        7                            1.5          1
                             11                 11           113                          1.8
                             If                 11           4                            3
                      Transect  No. 5         Surface        6      5       4     1       1.1          1.5 1.5 1.4
                  (2 bend in breakwal         Mid Depth             17      5 1   0                    1.8 1.4 1   Lab replicate @ 100, bottom--16
                  orth of harbor mout         Bottom                21      16    32                   32.6  2.8   Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=13/2.6
                                                             Fecal colifo   count (per 11 Turbidity in water            Rj7p-jicate sample done in lab or field
                    Sample location           Depth          Shore 100'     500'11000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000'             FC count4urbidity (Field only)
                     Transect No. 6           Surface        9      3       21 1  1  11   3            2.212.1 1.2 Field replicate @ 1001 surface=13/2.1
                    bend in breakwaLL Mid depth                     11-     17    16 11                2.5 1.9 2.1      Lab replicate @ 1001 surface=13
                  outh of harbor mout         Bottom                12      8     4   1                3.3 2.6 1.7
                      Meyers Beach            I Off shor     780                      1   53
                             it                 11           1080                         7.5
                             It                 of           970                          7.3

                       Harbor Area                           Surf.  ME      Bot           Surf.        Mid. Bot


                       HorLick Dam                           50                           14
                   Gas Light Pointe                          160 1 76       62            6.4          16 16       Lab replicate @ GLP surface=104
                          Marina                             56  1 29       20            16           18 11
                      Harbor Mouth                           F87 1 511)     63            7.6          54.7
                                                             ---737
                   Small Boat Launch                  -T-27             -33-@-            3.1          3-3 13-3    Field replicate @ SBL surface=104/14








                                                                                     A17






                                                                             Week No. 6 - August 10,, 1993
                                                                                             Field Conditions


                 Transect) Time          Water                Wind                           Current                   Water Temperature (*Q
                  Station                Depth           Speed     Direction      Direction        Magnitude       Surface       Midde                                      Comments
                                                         (mph)                                                                           @@@O OM
                     1A        1225      shore           3-4             S             S             wave            15.5                            -
                                                                                                   dominated

                     1B        1300           3          7-8             S             N                             15.0              -           15.0
                     1C        1250           7          7-8             S             N           mod. strong       15.0           14.8           13.8     rep @ mid depth

                     1D        1242           26         3-4             S             N                             14.0           13.0           12.5
                     2A        1308      shore           5-6             S             N                             15.0              -             -      rep @ sfc
                     2B        1325           4          8,9    j        S             N           slight (see       14.6           14.5           14.5     swell influenced
                                                                                                     note)
                     2C        1320           11         L               v             N           see note          14.0           13.1           13.0     pwell influenced
                     2D        1313           17         7.8          SW               N                             13.7           13.0           13.0     1
                     3A        1340      shore           6-7             S             N           parallel to       16.3              -             -      in spite of wave action
                                                                                                     beach

                     3B        1400           4          8-10            S             N                             13.0           13.0           13.0

                     3C        1353           8          20              S             N                             13.2           13.0           12.0
                     3D        1345           15         10-12           S             N                             13.8           12.5           12.5     rep @ bottom
                     4A        1015      shore           blocked         -             N             slight          15.5                            -      wave dominated
                     4B        1030           2          L               v             NW            slight          13.0              -             -      wave dominated

                     4C        1035           7          7-8          SW             NNW                             13.0           13.0           13.0
                     4D        1045           15         2-3             S             N             swell           12.8           11.5           11.5     rep @ mid depth
                                                                                                   dominated

                     5A        945       brkwall blocked                               N             wave            12.8
                                       I                                                           dominated
                     58        1007    1      13         blocked                       N             slight          12.0           11.5           12.1     swell obscures current, rep @ bot
                     5C        1000           16         7-8             S             N                             12.5           12.0           11.5
                     5D        950            24         7-8             S             N             swell             -               -             -      no temps measured
                                                                                                   dominated

                     6A        1110      brkwall blocked                                             swell           11.5              -             -
                                                                                                   dominated
                     68        1140           18         7-8             S             N             strong          13.3           12.5           12.0     rep @ sfc
                     6C        1132           20         8-9             S             N             wave            13.3           12.2           12.0
                                                                                                   dominated

                     6D        1120           27         9-10            S             SW                            12.9           11.0           9.8

                     HI        1425           18         5-6             S        downstrm                           18.0           14.9           12.2     rep @ sfc

                     H2        1447           28         B-10            S             out                           16.5           15.0           13.8
                     H3        1437           19         8-10            S             N             slight          18.2           15.0           13.0
                               1456           19         B-10            S             S             slight          14.0           14.0           14.0












                Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                                  A18





                                        Week No. 7 - August 17,,1993
                                          Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity




                 1000



                 goo



                 800



                 700



                 600
              Od


              cc 500


                 400



                 300



                 200
                         WA
                 100 --  : ?              M               M

                    0

                      0         5        10        15        20        25       30        35        40
                                       Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                         A19






                                                            Week No. 7 - August 17, 1993
                                                    Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data


                                                         Fecal colifo count (per I Turbidity in water (NTU)      Replicate sample done in lab or field
                     Sample site          Location       Shore  100'1500' 1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000'              FC count4urbidity (field only)
                                                                   1            11         -         I
                     Transact No. 1       Surface        260    72   14       5         35 3.7       31 0.8
                     (2 Wind Point)     Mid Depth               N/A  5        5-                 2.4     1   Field replicate @ 500 mid=14/2.5
                           11             Bottom                68   11       0            3.8   2.7    1.2  Lab replicate @ 10001 bottom=1
                     Shoop Park Creek     Mouth          264                            2.5                  Lab replicate @    SPC=238
                     3 Mile Outfall       OutfaLL        8200                           7
                     Transact No. 2       Surface        40  1  5    2        1         1.6  1   1.1    1.2  Field replicate    @ 5001 surface=2/1.2
                     (@ North Bay Creek_ Mid Depth              38   2        2            1.4   1.1    1.1  Lab repLi ate @    10001 surface=2
                           It             Bottom                17   3        1            1.3   1.1    1.2
                     North Bay Creek      Mouth          N/A
                     -WoLff St. Outfall   OutfaLL        4200                           1.6
                     Transact No. 3       Surface        410    70   20       3         2.8 2.2,     1  1.1  Field replicate    @ 5001 surface=17/1.5
                     (@ Zoo/High St.)   Mid Depth               12   N/A      0              1   1.1    1.2  Lab replicate @    10001 mid=O
                           is             Bottom                87   17       2            1.6   1.1    1.2
                      Zoo beach           off shor       240                            2.6
                                                         290                            2.7
                                                         200                            1.9                  Lab replicate @ Zoo Beach #3=179
                     EngLish St. Outfat   Outfall        12000                          1.5
                     English  Beach       off sho        12081                          1.6
                                                         170                            2.1
                                                         134                            1.7
                     Transact No. 4       Surface        910    79   13       0 11      3  1.3       1   1   Field replicate @ shore surface=531/3
                     (@ North Beach/    Mid Depth               N/A  12       0                      1  1.1  Lab replicate of Field repLicate=529
                     Romayne  Ave.)       Bottom                110  4        18           1.3       1  1.2
                     North Beach          Off Sho        204                            1.4
                           11                            198                            1.6
                           is                                                           1.4
                     Transact No. 5       Surface                    4        0         1.1          1  1.1
                     @ bend in breakwaL Mid Depth                    is       1              .2      1   1   Lab replicate @ 1001 bottom=43
                     Ith of harbor mout   Bottom --                  12       7            1.1   1.5    1.5  Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=43/1.2
                                                         ,Fecal colitio count (per I Turbidity in water TU)      Replicate sample done in lab or field
                     Sample location      Depth          I Shore 100'1500'11000' Shore 100' 500-11000.               FC count4urbidity ffield only)
                     Transact No. 6       Surface        15     12   9        3         1.3 1.1 1.2     1.2  Field replicate @ 500, surface=6/1.0
                     @ bend in breakwat Mid depth               7 -  5        3            1.3   1.3 1.5         Lab replicate 2 10001 surface=3
                     uth of harbor mout   Bottom                3    7        0              1       2  1.5
                     Meyers Beach         Off sho        290                            0.91
                           11                            280                            1-6
                                                         210                            1.1


                     Harbor Area                         Surf.  Mid. Bot                Surf. Mid. Bot


                     HorLick Dam                         260                            2.1
                     Gas Light Pointe                    98     68   120                9.8  6   3.8
                        Marina                           53  1  78 1 104                3.6 6.9 18
                     Harbor Mouth                        15  1  34 1 7                  4.1 4.3  1.9         lField replicate @ HM surface=8/2.3
                     Small Boat Launch                   168 1  75 1 110                1.7 1.6  3.4         ILab replicate @ SBL surface=166
                                                         170
                                                         33     44
                                                                32
                                                                31                         it









                                                                                  A20






                                                                   Week No. 7 - August 17,.1993
                                                                                 Field Conditions


              TransecV Time         Water               Wind                    Current                 Water Temperature (*Q
               Station              Dept                      ction     Direction    Magnitude      Surface     Middepth      Bottom                  comments
                                      Oft)      (mph)

                  1A       1222     shore       Winds for     N             SSW                       16.3                        -
                  1 B      1255       3         this date   NNE             SE                        20.5           -          20.5
                                                were light
                  1C                  8         and           N             S                         20.0         20.0         20.0    rep (LD mid depth
                  1D       1237       30        variable      N             N                         19.5         19.0         16.0
                                                approx. 0-
                  2A       1305     shore       3 mph         N             S                         19.0           -            -     rep 9 sfc
                  2B                  4         through-      NE            SE                        19.0         18.5         18.0
                                                out the
                  2C                  10        entire        N             E                         19.5         19.5         16.0
                  2D       1320       12        sampling      N             E                         19.0         18.5         16.0
                                                period.
                  3A       1350     shore       Direction     NE            N                         21.0           -            -
                  3B                  3         was           NE            SSE                       20.5           -          20.5
                  3C                  7         i ficu It to  NE            ESE                       20.0         20.0         20.0    rep 9 sfc
                                                deter-mine
                  3D                  13        but was       NE                                      20.0         19.0         16.0
                  4A       1055     shore       predomi-                                              20.5           -            -     rep @D sfc
                                                nately NE
                  413                 2         or N.       NNE             SSW                       19.0
                  4C                  8                     NNE             S                         19.2    J    19.0         18.5
                  4D       1111       15                    NNE             SSW                       20.0    1    18.5         16.5
                  5A         -      brkwall                   V             E                         20.0           -            -
                  5 B        -        13                    NNW             SE                        19.0         18.7         17.2    rep g bot

                  5C       1037       15                      N             SSE                       18.5         17.5         14.0

                  5D       1028       24                    NNW             E                         18.0         18.0         12.0

                  6A       940      brkwall                   N             N                         18.5           -            -

                  6B                  18                                                              19.5         19.0         17.5

                  6C                  20                                    N                         19.0         18.5         17.5    rep @ sfc

                  6D                  27                                    N                         19.5         17.0         11.5

                  H 1      1444       19                      NE       downstrm                       22.0         17.0         17.0
                  H 2                 29                      N             SE                        20.5         18.0         16.0    rep @ sfc

                                                                                                                   18.0
                           1450       18                r@N E               E                         20.5                      16.0
                           1515       12                      N E           SE                        20.0         20.0         18.0























             Center (or Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                     A21






                                        Week No. 8 - August 24,1993
                                           Fecal coliforn vs. Turbidity



                450




                400




                350




                300




                250



                200




                150




                100




                  50




                   0

                     0         5         10        15        20        25        30        35        40
                                       Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                          A22






                                                               Week No. 8 - August 24,1993
                                                    Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                               Fecal colifo count (per Turbidity in water (NTU)    Replicate sample done in lab or field
                      Sample site           Location           Shore 100' 500'11000' Shore 100' 500' 1000,            FC count4urbidity (field only)
                                                                          I
                      Transact No. I        Surface            57  12    17    73        36   13   10    7.8   Lab replicate @ 1000, surface=52
                      (@ Wind Point)      Mid Depth                N/A   42    12                  12    2.5
                             it             Bottom                 23    10    5              16   5.1   1.9
                      Shoop Park Creek      Mouth              1280                      30
                      3 Mile OutfaLL        OutfaLL            4600                      0.8                   Lab replicate @ 3 mite OF=284
                      Transect No. 2        Surface            26  6     2     4         33   10   4.3   3.5
                      North Bay Creek) Mid Depth                   N/A   2     0                   2.7    2
                             is             Bottom                 1     4     3              11   3.1    2    Lab repticate @ 5001 bottom--4
                      North Bay Creek       Mouth              N/A
                      Wotff St. Outfatt     Outfatt            10000                     1
                      Transact No. 3        Surface            4   5     6     0         12   9.8  3.5   2.8
                      (@ Zoo/High St.)    Mid Depth                0     6     1              4.5  32    2.9   Lab repLicate @ 500, mid.=7
                             Is             Bottom                 3'    14    0              4.3  2.6   2.6
                       Zoo beach            off shor           86                        17
                                                               52                        14
                                                               64                        18                    ILab repLicate @ Zoo #3=80
                 EngLish St. OutfaLL        Outfatt            120000                    12
                      Engtish  Beach        off shor           56                        13
                             is                                56                        14
                             of                                108                       15
                      Transect No. 4        Surface            450 124 23      2         26   15   4.7 3.3 Lablepticate @ 1001 surface=136
                      (@ North Beach/     Mid Depth                N/A   24    2                   4.3   2.1 1
                      Romayne  Ave.)        Bottom                 116   22    3              15   4     2.4
                      North Beach           Off Sho            88                        15
                             so               11               46                        14
                             is               11               34                        17
                      Transact No. 5        Surface            11  3     1     5         4    2.2 2.8    1.5
                (@ bend in breakwaL       Mid Depth            1   16    23                14.3 1.5      1.7   Lab repLicate @ 1000, mid.=2
                orth of harbor mout         Bottom             1   32    34    @O          1  5.5 3.4    1.8
                                                               Fecal coliforrmn co t (per 1 Turbidity in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or fie/d
                      Sample location       Depth              Shore 100' 500'11000'1 Shore 100'1500' 1000'           FC count4urbidity (field only)
                      Transect No. 6        Surface            1   1     0     2         2    2    2.1   2.5
                      bend in breakwaLL Mid depth                  1     1     1              2.1 2.6    2.9         Lab repLicate @ 5001 mid.=O
                outh of harbor mout         Bottom                 0     1     0              1.6 1.6    2.1
                      Meyers Beach          off shor           192                       15
                             go                                200                       15
                                                               220                       18


                      Harbor Area                              Surf. Mid. Bot        Surf.    Mid. Bot


                      Hortick Dam                              24                        15
                      Gas Light Pointe                         50  29    21              8.5  5.5 30
                        Marina                                 67  78    61              3    8.5  12
                      Harbor Mouth                             52  60    4               6.1  5    2.1         Lab repticate @ HM surface=42
                      SmaLL Boat Launch                        42  141   7               1 .       0.5


















                                                                                 A23






                                                                     Week No. 8 - August 24, 1993
                                                                                   Field Conditions


               Transect/   Time      Water              Wind                      Current                 Water Temperature (*Q
                 Station             Depth       Speed      Direction        Direction Magnitude      Surface    Middepth       Bottom                 Comments
                                       00        (mph) I                     I      I                           I            I
                   1A      1145      shore       0-2        blocked          N        med. strong      19.1                         -
                   1B      1220        2         0-2        blocked          N                         17.5                      17.5     rep 9 sfc

                   1C      1210        12        9-10                        N                         18.0         16.5         16.8

                   1 D     1154        28        10-15                       E                         17.5         17.0         14.0
                   2A      1240      shore       4-5        blocked          N                         16.6            -            -     rep 9 sfc
                   2B      1305        5         5-6           SW            N           slight        16.5            -         16.0

                   2C      1255        10        9-10          W             N                         16.8         15.5         16.0
                   2D      1247        14        5-6-          W             NE       mod strong       17.0         16.0         15.5
                   3A      1315      shore            blocked                none                      22.0            -

                   3B      1340        6         7-8           W             N                         16.8         16.4         16.5

                   3C      1335        7         9-10          W             N                         16.0         15.8         16.0     rep CM mid depth

                   3D      1325        14        8-9           W             N                         16.5         15.8         16.0
                   4A      1040      shore       9-10          SW            parr to                   19.5            -            -
                                                                             shore

                   4B      1047        2         7-8           SW            N                         16.5            -         16.1
                   4C      1055        7         9-10          SW            N                         16.1         16.0         15.0     rep 9 mid depth

                   4D      1105        14        10+           SW            N                         16.0         14.9         15.0
                   5A      1000      brkwall     9-10          SW            Parr to wall v. slight    17.0            -            -
                   5B      1025        12        9-10          SW            E           slight        15.2         15.0         15.1
                   5C      1019        16        9-10          SW            N                         15.0         14.5         14.5     rep 9 bottom
                   5D      1007        34        9-10          SW            N                         16.0         15.5         14.0     1
                   6A      1440      brkwall     4-5        W (note)         E (note)                  15.8            -            -     current parr to wall, rep     sfc
                   6B      1515        18        9-10          W             E (note)                  15.8         15.1         15.5     current parr to wall

                   6C      1510        21        10+           W             NE                        15.7         15.5         15.0
                   6D      1505        25        10+           W             NNE                       16.0         16.0         15.5     immed. S of river plume
                   H1      1358        19        10-12         W             downstrm    strong        22.1         18.0         16.3
                   H2      1450        29     5-6 (note)       W             out         strong        22.2         21.0         15.9
                   H3      1410        18        8-9           W             N                         21.5         19.9         17.0     rep 9 bottom
                   H4      1522        10        8-9           W             out                       20.8     1   19.0-1 16.0













              Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                     A24






                                       Week No. 9 - August 31,,1993
                                        Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity





                  7000




                  6000




                  5000




                  4000




                  3000




                  2000




                  1000



                               Sol
                      0

                        0      5      10     15      20     25     30      35     40     45      50
                                       Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples



















                                                       A25






                                                                   Week No. 9 - August 31, 1993
                                                         Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                              Fecal colilb,  count(per    I Turbidity in water (AfTU) I Replicate sample done in lab or field
                        Sample site             Location      Shore 100' 500- 1000-1      IShore 100' 5001 10001               FC count4urbidity (field only)
                                                                                         11
                        Transect No. 1          Surface       800            132    25    1   44             18   2.1
                          Wind Point)           Mid Depth                                 I
                                Is              Bottom                                    I
                        Shoop Park Creek        Mouth         1280                            6
                        3 MiLe OutfaLl          OutfaU        4600                            1.1                       Lab repLicate @ 3 miLe OF=4100
                        Transect No. 2          Surface       300     182    88     70        16      8.81  2.8    2    FieLd repLicate @ 100, surface=68/4
                   (@ North Bay Creek) Mid Depth
                                It              Bottom
                        North Bay Creek         Mouth         N/A
                        WoLff St. OutfaLL       OutfaLL       11600                           5
                        Transect No. 3          Surface       3000    1122 82       23        27      3.6 2.1     2.3 Lab repLicate @ 10001 surface=24
                        (@ Zoo/High St.)        Mid Depth
                                01              Bottom
                         Zoo beach              I off shor    1500                            13
                                                              1455                            12
                                                              1305                            18                        Lab repLicate @ Zoo #3=1385
                   Engtish St. OutfaLL          OutfaLL       26000                           5
                        EngLish   Beach         I off shor    570                             11
                                Is                 11         11400                           9
                                go                 Is         1690                            12
                        Transect  No. 4         Surface       16300          140    35        16      10     6     7
                        (@ North  Beach/        Mid Depth
                        Romayne   Ave.)         Bottom
                        North Beach             I Off Sho     1330                            8
                                of                 Is         N/A
                                is                 Is         2700                            8
                        Transect  No. 5         Surface       N/A     106    58     27   11        1  4  1   3     4    Lab re Licate @ 5001 surface=68
                   (@ bend in breakwaL          Mid Depth                           41
                   orth of harbor mout          Bottom                              244
                                                              Fecal colifo   count(per    I Turbidity in water             Replicate sample done in lab or field
                        Sample location         Depth         Shore 100'     500'11000*   1 Shore I 100' 500' 1000'1           FC count4urbidity (field only)
                        Transect No. 6          Surface       IN/A    106    2681 6       1   9       4     3.5   1.4 1
                   @ bend in breakwaLL Mid depth
                   outh of harbor mout          Bottom
                        Meyers Beach            I off shor    635                             12
                                                              570     1                  11   17         1
                                                              780


                        Harbor Area                           Surf.   Mid.   SOL            Surf. Mid.     Bot


                        HorLick Dam                           3000                            32
                        Gas Light Pointe                      1320    728    504              18      15    18
                           Marina                             544     300    568              11      10    17
                        Harbor Mouth                          616     676    212              8       6      7  1       Lab r@pLicate @ HM bottom--228
                        SmaLL Boat Launch                     -74327F192     2721        1    4       5      7  1       1













                                                                                         A26






                                                                         Week No. 9 - August 31,,1993
                                                                                        Field Conditions


                 TransecV Time         Water               Wind                        Current                   Water Temperature (*C)
                  Station              Dept                         ction     Direction      Magnitude       Surface     Middepth       Bottom                    Comments
                                         (fftt)     (mph)                                 I                            I             I
                    IA                 Due to    Due to sea state, wind      Due to sea state, currents                    Due to sea state,
                    1 B                  sea        speed and direction        were not measured at                       temperatures below
                                       state,    were not measured at            most stations. The                      the surface were not
                    1C                 depths        most of the take           predominant current                     taken at most stations, station inside turbid plume
                                       could     stations. Winds were       appeared to be southerly,
                    1D        1200     not be    consistently N to NE at    as indicated by the plum           17.0                                station just outside turbid plume
                 -  2A           -     taken at     about 10-15 mph           of turbid water moving             -
                    2B                 any of   throughout the sampling       south from wind point            15.5
                    2C                 the lake            period.             and the movement of             15.0                                rep Q sfc
                                       stations.                               turbid water near the
                    2D        1155                                               harbor areas south.           16.0

                      A

                    3B                                                                                                                             station in turbid zone near shore

                    3C           -                                                                             17.0

                    3D        1140                                                                             16.0

                    4A           -                                                                               -

                    4B           -                                                                               -

                    4C           -                                                                             16.0

                    4D        1130                                                                             17.0

                    SA           -                                                                               -

                    5B           -                                                                             16.0

                    5C
                    5D        955                   10-12           N              S           stron           17.0                                  aves inhibited depth sounder
                    6A                               see note above                see note above                -

                    6B                                                                                         14.0
                    6C                                                                                         15.0                                station in river plume
                    6D        1115                                                                             17.0         17.0          16.5        tion 50 feet outside of river plume
                    H1        1015       18         blocked                   downstrm          strong         20.8         18.0          15.2
                    H 2       1025       21         10-12           N           varied        see note         17.0         16.5          16.0       ddies in harbor mouth

                    H3        1020       18         10-15           N            none                          20.8         18.2          17.0

                    H4        1035       11         blocked                        S                           16.0         15.0          14.5
                                                                                                                                                   [d























                Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                           A27





                                       Week No. 10 - September 7,,1993
                                      Fecal Coliform Bacteria vs. Turbidity




                 '00



                 90



                 80



              9  70



                 60



                 50



                 40



                 30



                 20



                 10



                   0

                      0         2         4         6         8         10        12         14        16
                                       Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples


















                                                          A28






                                                                Week No. 10 - September 7. 1993
                                                         Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data

                                                             Fecal colifo      count (per 11 Turbidity in water (NTU)      Replicate sample done in lab or field
                         Sample site            Locatl@!n    Shore 1100'1500' 1000' Shore 100'               500,  1000,       FC count4urbidity (field only)

                         Transect No. 1         Surface         3         3    0      1          6.7     4.6 4.2  1.7   Field repticate 1 EM=4/4.8
                         (8 Wind Point)         Mid Depth                 N/A  0      0                      3.8  1.3
                              It                Bottom                    3    1      0                  4.7 1.6  1.1
                         Shoop Park Creek       Mouth           128                              2.3
                         3 Mite Outfatt         OutfalL         4                                4.1
                         Transect No. 2         Surface         3         2    1      1          2       1.7 1.2  1.3   Field replicate 2 EM=2/1.2
                         North Bay Creek) Mid Depth                       1    3      1                  2.1 1.6  1.4
                              If                Bottom                    1    0      2                  1.9 1.6  1.8   Lab replicate @ 10001 bottom--l
                         North Bay Creek        Mouth           N/A
                         Wolff St. OutfaLL      OutfaLL         28                               1
                         Transact No. 3         Surface         4         5    2      0          2.1     2   1.5  0.9   Field replicate 3 EM=2/2.0
                         Zoo/High St.)          Mid Depth                 N/A  2      1                      1.3  1.3
                              It                Bottom                    1    1      0                  2.1 1.5   1
                         Zoo beach              I off shor      52                               1.4
                              It                   11           43                               1.5
                              If                   is           70                               1.5
                   English St. OutfaLl          OutfatL      10400,                              1.4
                         English  Beach         I off shor      3                                1.2
                              If                   If           0                                1.2
                                                   If           8                                1.2
                         Transect No. 4         Surface      1  42        28   4      1          1.7     1.1 1    1.1 Field repLicate 4 EM=1/1.2
                         (S North Beach/        Mid Depth                 N/A  2      0   1        1         1.2  1.2
                         Romayne  Ave.)         Bottom                    N/A  0      1                      1.2  1.5   Lab repLicate @ 10001 bottom=3
                         North Beach            I Off Sho       15                               1.5                    1
                                                   If           12                               1.3
                                                   it           6                                1.5
                         Transect No. 5         Surface         5         2    1      1          1                1.1   Field replicate 5 EM=1/1.1
                         bend in breakwaLL Mid Depth                      4    0      0   11             1.1 1.2  1.4
                   orth of harbor mouth         Bottom                    2    9      2   11       1 1.1 1.21     1.9   Lab replicate 2 10001 bottom--3
                                                             Fecal colifornrmn cou t (per 11 Turbidity in water (1VTU)     Replicate sample done in lab or field
                         Sample location        De th        Shore 100' 500' 1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000,                     FC count4urbidity (field only)
                         Transect No. 6         surface         3         1    2      0   1      0.8     0.7 2.9  0.9   Field replicate 6 EM=1/1.0
                   61    bend in breakwaLL Mid de th                      2    2      3                  1   0.9  1.7
                   outh of harbor mouth         Bottom                    10   6      2                  2.2 0.9  2.4   Lab replicate @ 10001 bottom=5
                         Meyers Beach           Off sho 1       16                               1.6                    1
                              Is                   11           20                               1.4
                              If                   If           15                               1.7


                         Harbor Area                         Surf.        Mid. Dot           Surf.       Mid. Bot


                         HorLick Dam                         1  30   1           1               20                     1
                         Gas Light Pointe                       96        78   '6                9.7     10  15_                replicate H EM=4/2.0
                           Marina                               63        5    9                 6.3     4.7 7
                         Harbor Mouth                           3         2    ?4@               1.21    4.616.5
                         Small Boat Launch                      8         1                                                        icate     SBL bottom=96
                                                                          8
                                                                          4
                                                                          0





















                                                                                        A29






                                                                         Week No. 10 - September 7, 1993
                                                                                              Field Conditions


                 Transect)      Time      "late   r           Wind                          Current                     Water Temperature (*Q
                   Station                Depth         Spee       Direction        Direction      Magnituc                        Uddepth       Bottom                      Comments
                                       I    M           (mph)                   I               I                                             I
                     1A         1150      shore               blocked                   none                          18.5                            -      rock bottom, pockets of sand
                     1B         1222        3                 blocked                   Sw            slight          18.0             -           17.5      rep C@ sfc, hard rock bottom
                     ic         1212        8           6-7             W               SSE                           17.8          17.2           17.o      hard rock bottom
                     1D         1200        26          5-6             W               SE            strong          17.4          17.3           17.4      hard rock bottom
                     2A         1224      shore               blocked                   none          wave            18.0             -
                                                                                                  dominated
                     2B         1252        5                 blocked                   E             slight          18.0          18.0           18.0
                     2C         1245        10                blocked                   Sw            v. slight       17.9          17.9           17.5      rep 9 mid depth
                     2D         1240        14          10-15 1         W               E                             17.8          17.2           17.2
                     3A         1300      shore               blocked                   none                          18.0             -              -
                     3B         1315        4                 blocked                   S             slight          19.0             -           18.2      rep (-@ bottom
                     3C         1310        8           8-10            W               SE            slight          18.0          18.0           18.0

                     3D         1305        13          10-15           W               S                             17.5          17.7           17.5
                     4A         1058      shore               blocked                   S             see note        17.0             -              -      current parallel to beach
                     4B         1104        2           4-5             W               none                          17.0             -              -      I
                     4C         1108        8           6-7             W               SE                            17.8          17.5           17.2      rep @ bottom
                     4D         1114        15          4-5             Sw              W             slight          17.9          17.5           17.5
                     5A         1025      brkwall             blocked                   NNW           see note        18.0             -              -      no sediment collected, current
                                                                                                                                                             parallel to breakwall
                     58         1048        12          4-5             W               SE                            16.8          16.2           16.0      rep @ sfc, rep mud sample taken
                     5C         1040        14          7-8             W               SE                            17.2          17.0           15.8

                     5D         1030        21          7-8             W               SE                            18.0          18.0           17.5

                     6A         948       brkwall             bi ked                    none                          18.6             -              -      no sediment collected

                     6B         1015        19          5-6             WSW             none                          17.0          17.0           16.0
                     6C         1008        20          7-8             WSW             NE            slight          17.5          17.2           17.0
                     6D         954         26          7-8             WSW             NNE                           17.5          17.0           16.8      rep @ mid depth
                     H1         1332        18                blocked              downstrm           slight          17.8          17.0           17.0
                     H2         1348        30          10-15 1         NW         downstrm                           18.0          17.0           16.2
                     H3         1340        is                blocked                   none                          17.5          17.0           16,5
                     H4         1355        13                blocked                   N (in)        strong          17.4          17.5           16.8      rep Q sfc
                                                  H
                                                              W


                                                        S
                                                        ged
                                                           ph)


























































                Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock                                                 A30




a
I                                          r
I
I                                        Appendix B
                                    Statistical Evaluation of
I                            Fecal Coliform/Turbidity Relationship
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I   -
I
I
I
I
I
I









                                        Correlation Coefficients




           Collective Data Set -Number of Observations: 606





           Pearson Correlation Matrix

                                                FCCOUNT                    TURBIDIT

            FCCOUNT                               1.000

            TURBIDIT                              0.314                       1.000



           Significant Test

           Bartlett Chi-Square Statistic: 62.495 DF 1 Prob .000


































           132-10/15193RO07                           BI









                                        Correlation Coefficients
                                        Log-Transformed Data Set



           Collective Data Set - Number of Observations: 606




           Pearson Correlation Matrix

                                                 LOGFC                     LOGTURB

            LOGFC                                 1.000

            LOGTURB                               0.630                       1.000



           Significant Test

           Bartlett Chi-Square Statistic: 304.838 DF 1 Prob .000
































           [32-10/15193RO07                           B2







                                                  Regression Analysis


             Analysis of Variance Table


                  Source       Sum-of-Squares         DF       Mean-Square        F-Ratio             P
                Regression         797.678             1          797.678          396.936          0.000

                 Residual          1213.792           604          2.010



                      Variable                Coefficient                 T                   P(2 Tail)

                      Constant                    1.578                 18.582                  0.000

                    LOGTURB                       1.208                 19.923                  0.000



             Dep Var: LOGFC N. 606                 Multiple R: 0.630             Squared Multiple R: 0.397
             Adjusted Squared Multiple R: .396 Standard Error of Estimate: 1.418




























             [32-10/15193RO07                                    B3




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                   I'Toperty of CSC LibXary '               . III III                   I-
                                             j                 3 6668 14109 6679        1