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Foth & Van Dyke R E P 0 R T 1993 Fecal Coliform Study Scope ID: 93RO07 Racine Wastewater Utility Racine, Wisconsin November 1993 TD 763 F43 1993 Property of COC Library 1993 Fecal Coliform Study Scope ID: 93RO07 Prepared for Racine Wastewater Utility Racine, Wisconsin Prepared by Foth & Van Dyke and Associates Inc. November 1993 ftOVOrtY of CSC Library Acknowledgement FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Financial assistance for the ResearchlStudy Project was provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pursuant to Grant #NA270ZO356-01 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of the Wisconsin Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve, protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastline for this and future generations. Foth & Van Dyke 2737 S. Ridge Road P.O. Box 19012 Green Bay, Wl 54307-9012 414/497-2500 Foth & Van Dyke 2737 S. Ridge Road November 17,1993 P. 0. Box 19012 Architect,@ Green Bay, W1 54307-9012 414/497-2500 FAX: 414/497-8516 CC Mr. 'Ibornas Bunker Racine Wastewater Utility City Hall Annex, Room 227 800 Center Street Racine, WI 53403 Dear Torn: RE: 1993 Fecal Coliform Study Foth & Van Dyke is pleased to present ten copies of the final report titled 1993 Fecal Coliform Study, to the Racine Wastewater Utility. This document expands upon past investigations of the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department regarding the sources of fecal coliform, and offers recommendations on how to solve the beach-closing problem. If after reviewing this document, you have any questions, please call us at your earliest possible convenience. Sincerely, Foth & Van Dyke erald J. Ber Stephen Marman, P.E. Project Manager Client Liaison GJB1/SMMAb -00e 132-10193RO07 Distribution No. of Copies Sent To 10 Thomas Bunker Racine Wastewater Utility City Hall Annex, Room 227 800 Center Street Racine, WI 53403 3 Gary Gylund State of Wisconsin Department of Administration Coastal Management Program 101 East Wilson Street, 6th Floor P. 0. Box 7868 Madison, WI 53707-7868 [32-10]93R007 Property of CSC Library 1993 Fecal Coliform Study Contents Page 1 Background ........................................................... I 2 Approach ............................................................ 2 2.1 The Lake Transect Study ........................................... 2 2.2 Lake Michigan Beach Testing ........................................ 4 2.3 Root River Testing ................................................ 4 2.4 Sub-Beach Testing ................................................ 4 3 Test Data ............................................................ 5 3.1 Lake Transect Study ............................................... 5 3.2 Lake Michigan Beach Testing ........................................ 5 3.3 Root River Testing ................................................ 7 3.4 Sub-Beach Testing ................................................ 7 4 Discussion ............................................................ 11 4.1 Bacterial Disappearance ............................................ 11 4.2 Longshore Current Plumes .......................................... 13 4.3 Turbidity and Sediments ............................................ 15 4.4 River and Harbor ................................................. 19 4.5 Storm Sewers .................................................... 22 4.6 Seabirds ........................................................ 28 4.7 Meyers Beach .................................................... 30 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................ 32 Tables Table 3-1 Fecal Coliform Counts From City Health Department Lake Michigan Beach Testing ............................................... 6 Table 3-2 Fecal Coliform Counts From City Health Department Root River Testing ..................................................... 8 Table 3-3 Fecal Coliform Counts from Sub-Beach Testing ...................... 9 Table 3-4 Fecal Coliform Counts from Surface Sand Testing .................... 10 Table 4-1 Fecal Coliform Counts Before and After Rain Events ................. 24 Table 4-2 Rainfall-Related Beach Closures ................................. 24 Table 4-3 Fecal Coliforrn Counts in Sediment Samples ........................ 28 Table 4-4 Sources for Fecal Coliform ..................................... 29 Figures Figure 2-1 Lake Transect Map - 1993 Fecal Coliform Study ..................... 3 Figure 4-1 Simple Average of Fecal Coliform Counts at Various Distances Away From Shore ................................................. 12 Figure 4-2 Fecal Coliform Counts Versus Turbidity Readings .................... 16 [32-10193RO07 ii Contents (Continued) Page Figure 4-3 Curvilinear Line Fit to Fecal Coliform Counts and Turbidity Data ....... 18 Figure 4-4 Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in the Root River after Rainstorm Events ................... 20 Figure 4-5 Relationship Between Fecal Coliform Count and Current Velocity in the Root River ............................................. 21 Figure 4-6 Relationship Between Fecal Coliform Counts in Lake Michigan and Rainfall ............................. ...................... 23 Figure 4-7 Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in Lake Michigan After Rainstorm Events ............................................ 27 Appendices Appendix A Lake Transect Study Data Appendix B Statistical Evaluation of Fecal Coliform/Turbidity Relationship [32-10193RO07 W 1 Background Summertime fun and swimming are synonymous to many people. Unfortunately, elevated bacteria counts have forced the city of Racine, Wisconsin, to close their beaches during the height of the swimming season in each of the past three years. These beach closings are the result of elevated fecal coliform (FC) bacteria counts in the water. Fecal coliform bacteria ordinarily will not cause illness, but are associated with potential disease-causing organisms called pathogens. When the FC counts rise above a five-day geometric mean of 200 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) per 100 ml, the water is considered unsafe for recreation. The most upsetting aspect of past beach closings was that they occurred during the month of August, when the water was the warmest for swimming. The most perplexing aspect of past beach closings was that they occurred during dry weather periods. One dry spell began on August 13 after 1.06 inches of rain fell and ended August 21. The beaches remained closed during that time. Typically beach closing are associated with rainfall because Storm sewers become active. This is usually the case for Milwaukee and Chicago who have their beach closing incidents one to two days after a rainfall. Racine's specific situation is unusual in that the beach closings persisted eight days after a rainfall. Dry weather beach closings are not unusual for Racine. In 1991, the Racine Wastewater Utility released an initial investigation identifying possible sources of the FC contamination. Sources identified include: Sewage - From sanitary sewers or the wastewater treatment plant (WVvTP). 0 Storm sewer runoff. 0 Water from the Root River. 0 Seagulls and other animals. 0 Swimmers. 0 Boaters. Subsequently, the Racine Wastewater Utility requested the University of Wisconsin - Madison's department of environmental engineering perform a literature review to help the Utility gain a better understanding of the nature of FC. The City Health Department hired a summer intern to contact all of the health departments on the Great Lakes, in both the U.S. and Canada, to obtain information about other communities' standards and methods of testing. In 1993, Foth & Van Dyke was retained by the Racine Wastewater Utility to expand upon past investigations of the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department regarding the sources of FC and to make recommendations on how to solve the beach closing problem. The City Health Department and Wastewater Utility's ultimate goal is to eliminate the FC problem so that the beaches can remain open during the summer. This report presents the data collected during the summer of 1993, discusses the potential sources, and recommends corrective measures and areas of further study. [32-10/G]Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 1 November 17,1993 2 Approach The 1993 Fecal Coliform Study was a cooperative effort of the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department collecting water samples from four different sources: Lake Michigan, storm sewers and drainage ditches, the Root River, and sub-beach groundwater. 2.1 The Lake Transect Study The Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department had been testing the lake along the shore for several years, but had never done extensive testing away from shore. The lake transect study was commissioned by the Racine Wastewater Utility to test for bacteria, turbidity, and other parameters in the lake. The purpose of these tests was to determine how the FC were moving in the lake, and see if they were coming from a non-point source along the shore. A series of six eastAvest transects was established in Lake Michigan as shown in Figure 2-1. Positions were fixed using a Trimble TransPac GPS (global positioning system). Water samples were collected at the shore, 100 feet from shore, 500 feet from shore, and 1,000 feet from shore. Replicates were taken randomly with a ten percent frequency. Samples were collected from three depths (surface, mid-depth and bottom) where possible. Ten sets of samples were collected from June 29, 1993 to September 7, 1993. In addition to sampling at the transects, water samples were taken from four locations within the harbor, and at three storm sewers and two drainage ditches along the coast, as shown in Figure 2-1. Water samples were taken at three depths at each of the four sampling locations in the harbor, with one harbor replicate being sampled at random. All samples were analyzed at Racine's WWTP for FC using the membrane filter technique as described in the 17th Edition of Standard Methods.' Lab replicates were also done with a ten percent frequency. The weekly sampling dates were designed to coincide with the City Health Department's bi-weekly sampling program of near-shore water adjacent to the beaches. Surface water samples were collected in whirl pack bags and placed on ice when stored for more than one hour. Mid-depth and bottom samples collected in the lake transect study were collected using an acrylic, two-liter, vertical Van Dom water bottle and transferred to whiripack bags and put on ice. Water temperatures were recorded using an electronic temperature gage at each water sampling location and depth. Water samples were taken in the harbor using these same methods. Current directions were recorded when surface water samples were collected. The data were obtained using flagging tape on a three-foot pole for shoreline stations or with flagging tape attached to an anchored float at off-shore stations. The wind speed and direction were also recorded during the sampling program. Wind speed was measured using a hand-held anemometer and the direction was recorded using a compass. 'American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 17th Edition, Washington, DC, 1989. [32-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke2 Navernber 17,1993 VON m m k Tlki /I I WIND POINT TRANSECT NO. I sh-p SHOOP PARK CREEK M A z rri -1 0 rrl -u rn CO) s rrl 21 m > Z > m a -u > J THREE MILE ROAD OLITFALL A' 16 11 to 21 r 73 rn 0 2. 31 ]71 2. 1. > .1 1@ 2. 0 4 @ 11 @ if %. - - > TRANSECT NO. 2 22 21 m 22 2. NORTH.BAY CREEK A .1 22 3' 37 to 0 30 It 32 to '21 21 12 2' lo 21 Is to -0 to L -.@ll WOLFF ST.OUTFALL A. 0 --JJLI -TRANSECT NO.3 21m z BEACH W. JL- JLJ" UL ENGLISH ST. OLITFALL AIN W), L@NGLISH BEACH a'. IfTRANSECT NO. 4 NORTH BEACH 2- 1 TRANSECT NO. 5 A HORLICK DA 12 i J, Or ty";, .1 s 4z x IV -00- L 2. '., I 2 TRANSECT NO. 6 IV .0 lull, I 'In c@ 2' .10 -- I, -- rip. 2. to 2. 2, 72 to CID tj .0 7, :1 ft PI 30. ILA , e 2' (A .7 '21, I'll 2. 1, 22 (A rn ;K m m z to 2s 1, 77 21 f 13 21 , 2' 23 11 20! 0 C rn MEYERS BEA H > -V 0, c z -r---LflFl 1@ 0 3 1 T' r TrKV. L JL it rn ca 2. 9D CD rn 3 72 to 41 1. 13 to to Sediment samples were taken during three weekly sampling rounds, from August 7, 1993 through August 31, 1993. Sediment samples were taken at each of the 24 lake transect locations and four harbor locations using a Peterson dredge and a ponar dredge. Sediment samples were analyzed at two different labs. The Sommer-Frey lab in Milwaukee tested 17 samples and Racine's water treatment plant tested seven. Sediment samples were analyzed using a "most probable number" technique as described in the 17th Edition of Standard Methods. 2.2 Lake Michigan Beach Testing The City Health Department continued it's routine water testing program for the Lake Michigan beaches. Water samples were taken 30 to 100 feet off shore at an approximate depth of three feet. Whirl-pack bags attached to the end of a three-foot rod were dipped into the water. Additional information such as air and water temperature, general wind direction and speed and estimated bird populations were noted. Split samples were analyzed by the City Health Department lab and WWTP lab. 2.3 Root River Testing The City Health Department analyzed the Root River during summer 1993. Root River water samples were collected on a weekly basis. Surface water samples were collected using the same four-foot pole apparatus used in the City Health Department's lake sampling program. All samples were analyzed by the City Health Department lab. Current speed was determined by timing floating debris in midstream. 2.4 Sub-Beach Testing Sub-beach water samples were obtained from holes which were dug in the sand at various distances away from shore. The holes were dug using a garden shovel at measured distances away from shore. The ground water was allowed to flow in from the sides and bottom of the hole and water samples were collected in whirl pack bags and analyzed at the WWTP. [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Folh & Van Dyke4 November 17,1993 3 Test Data The test data obtained in the 1993 Fecal Coliform Study are summarized in this section. This includes data obtained by both the City Health Department and the Racine Wastewater Utility. 3.1 Lake Transect Study The lake transect study cultured some 3,000 plates and recorded over 1,000 turbidity readings in the summer of 1993. The data are presented in Appendix A. Turbidity, which is a measure of solids in suspension, was largely associated with wave action and wind speed. The simple average for turbidity in all river and lake water samples was 4.4 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The simple average for FC in all river and lake water was 80.7/100 ml. It should be noted that these simple averages do not account for extreme values which may skew the results. The assumed background for turbidity would be 1.5 NTU and an assumed background FC count would be 10/100 mi. A curvilinear relationship between FC counts and turbidity was found in both lake and in river harbor water samples. This relationship was not found in storm sewer water or drainage ditch water. Wind direction appeared to be the driving force behind the longshore currents in the lake. The wind direction and current direction were not always the same, however. The wind direction was somewhat variable on any given day, whereas the water current direction generally moved north or south along the coast. Very high FC counts were reported at Wind Point when the wind was from the N-NE. Shoreline counts of 624/100 ml on 6/29/93 and 630/100 ml on 8/10/93 with respective turbidity readings of 42 NTU and 18 NTU were observed when the wind direction came from the NE at 10 to 15 mph. The high FC counts were localized at Wind Point because the shoreline FC count at transect No. 2 was 15 and 40. No consistent FC loading pattern was observed during the lake transect study. The high readings were associated with increased wave activity which would increase the turbidity of the water. FC counts in the harbor area were consistently higher than lake water. Plume water of the river was observed to flow out into the lake and dissipate with the longshore currents upon discharge into the lake. Bacterial counts typically dropped one full order of magnitude from the sampling station at Gas Light Pointe to the transect down current from the harbor mouth. The corresponding transect up current from the harbor mouth reported single digit counts during nine of ten sampling runs. 3.2 Lake Michigan Beach Testing The City Health Department takes water samples off shore of the city beaches to assess the water quality of Lake Michigan. The beaches are closed if the geometric mean of five consecutive samples within a one-month period exceeds 200/100 ml or when any one test exceeds 1,000/100 ml. The bacterial levels in 1993 were below this standard for most of the summer, except for the week before the swimming season opened (6/8/93) and the last weekend of swimming season (8/27/93). The summer of 1993 had the most number of "open" swimming days in three years. The data collected during this period are shown in Table 3-1. The beach sampling program used techniques and sampling sites similar to those used in previous years. Water was collected along two stretches of shoreline. The primary recreational beaches are located one-half mile north of the river/harbor and are subdivided into three beach [32-10/C)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Fo(h & Van Dyke5 November 17,1993 Table 3-1 Fecal Coliform Counts from City Health Department Lake Michigan Beach Testing 5 Day Geornetric Means Meyers Meyers Meyers North North North English EngHish English Zoo Zoo Zoo Meyers North English Zoo 3 Recl Date #1 #2 #3 #1 #2 #3 #1 #2 #3 #1 #2 #3 Beach Beach Beach Beach Beach 5/19/93 40 10 60 20 30 10 40 40 40 10 10 10 29 18 40 10 19 5125/93 43 52 40 73 83 118 80 64 122 29 27 47 36 40 58 18 35 5127/93 2000 2000 2000 1200 2100 1100 3400 224 120 168 228 108 315 132 115 38 83 6/l/93 69 51 96 12 15 15 10 36 13 9 8 9 64 75 71 26 52 6/3/93 76 76 84 460 960 500 480 425 390 445 550 490 137 114 102 47 82 6/8/93 960 740 1080 900 1730 2000 2200 2800 2000 2100 2100 1560 251 274 230 134 204 6/10/93 196 184 216 96 80 140 52 65 144 71 208 64 222 282 226 166 220 6/15/93 1 1 3 28 40 47 6 4 19 2 4 7 50 136 100 79 102 6/17/93 96 100 524 8 8 19 37 3 41 so 46 so 141 129 100 115 114 6122/93 13 16 18 4 15 13 14 14 196 3 9 31 40 56 60 52 56 6124/93 171 224 320 1 25 15 36 38 54 60 64 46 66 22 27 26 21 6/29193 44 39 30 29 22 39 27 92 34 54 58 43 25 17 24 23 21 7/l/93 60 47 60 67 84 55 74 55 31 126 76 74 77 19 35 42 31 7/8/93 88 186 170 10 21 18 2 3 2 16 36 23 64 21 23 36 26 7/13/93 17 19 30 13 10 10 4 4 2 8 9 4 55 22 15 33 22 7/15/93 59 27 65 28 45 46 12 9 14 43 62 so 58 26 11 33 21 7/22/93 34 62 24 260 68 172 64 76 65 310 260 420 51 36 12 47 28 7/27/93 3 2 3 15 28 26 22 18 33 4 6 0 22 29 11 24 19 7/29/93 27 9 30 5 22 10 5 11 4 38 9 21 23 27 13 23 20 813/93 47 41 49 42 48 43 26 48 36 10 26 36 20 36 21 29 28 8/5/93 45 51 34 44 55 29 39 31 28 19 33 29 21 36 26 25 29 8/10/93 780 1080 970 7 13 4 240 162 92 194 64 130 48 20 30 20 23 8/12/93 56 102 68 330 180 128 730 480 950 1700 1600 1220 52 31 59 72 51 8117/93 290 280 210 290 204 198 208 170 134 240 290 200 169 57 115 118 92 8/19/93 280 260 350 490 430 540 220 300 240 420 410 580 165 91 171 220 151 8/24/93 192 200 220 98 46 34 56 56 108 86 52 64 242 96 199 264 171 8/26/93 350 260 340 148 112 162 500 209 550 640 530 340 216 173 239 351 244 8/31/93 635 570 780 1330 2015 2700 570 1400 690 1500 1455 1385 319 273 248 349 287 (32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke - 6 November 17,1993 areas: North beach, English beach, and Zoo beach. A second shoreline located 1 mile south of the river/harbor, known as Meyers beach, was also tested. Meyers beach is not considered a prime recreational beach and is mainly used as a boat launch and by jet skiers. Water samples were taken on a biweekly basis until the geometric mean approached 200/100 ml. The frequency of the tests was then increased to a daily basis. Samples were split between the City Health Department lab and the WWTP lab on a biweekly basis during the entire summer to check for precision. The data reported in Table 3-1 are from the WWTP lab. 3.3 Root River Testing The City Health Department tested the Root River at 15 different sites during the summer. The FC counts as reported by the City Health Department lab are listed in Table 3-2. A tributary, Hoods Creek, was also tested on a weekly basis. FC counts in the Root River increased after rain events and decreased exponentially with time after a rain event. Bacterial levels increased and decreased with changes in current velocity. Bacterial levels increased as water speed increased and fell as the river water slowed. Horlick Dam and the Marina area, the slowest moving stretches of the river, typically had the lowest counts, whereas the rapids at Cedar Bend and the Memorial Street bridge had the highest. 3.4 Sub-Beach Testing A unique approach to investigating potential sources of FC was to look at the water beneath the beach itself. This sub-beach water provided some very high counts, especially when the lake water counts exceeded the geometric mean of 200/100 ml. Data from these tests are listed in Table 3-3. Sampling locations were measured back from the edge of the waves. Relative locations would change slightly depending on the amount of wave action and erosion/deposition of sand on the beach. Lake water FC counts from 6/30/93 to 8/9/93 are estimates based on lake water samples taken by the City Health Department on the day before and the day after. Lake water FC counts from 8/12/93 to 8/29/93 were obtained from water samples taken on the same day that the sub-beach samples were collected. The temperature of the sand was recorded on one occasion to develop a depth/temperature profile. The idea behind this was to see if the sub-beach water was warmed by the sun, perhaps affording the bacteria an "enteric like" environment for living and growth. The temperatures were taken on a sunny day in early August, air temperature was about 250C. Temperatures were found to dissipate rapidly. The temperature on the surface of the sand was 40*C. It dropped to 280C within the first two inches, and was a constant 23'C at six inches and below. The temperature needed to provide an "enteric like" environment would range from 370C to 400C. This zone would be very thin based on the observations listed above. Surface beach sand was also analyzed for FC bacteria. Dry surface sand was collected on three occasions and analyzed for FC. One sample of sand was collected on 8/18/93. Two other sample pairs were collected on 8/28/93 and 8/29/93 before and after a rainstorm. A rain event of 0.16 inches occurred during the night of 8/28/93. A test was developed to evaluate the sand. One hundred grams of sand were washed in 100 ml of water. The wash water was then tested to determine the FC count. The data obtained from this test were variable, including one plate which was too numerous to count (TNTC) at 4,000 FC per gram of washed surface sand. All [32-10/C)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke7 November 17,1993 Table 3-2 Fecal Coliform Counts from City Health Department Root River Testing Sample Site 5/26/93 6/2193 6/9/93 6/16/93 6/23/93 6/30/93 7n193 7/14/93 7/21/93 7/27/93 8/4/93 8/18/93 8/25/93 County Line 530 960 4100 1780 3000 4600 10700 1800 3800 300 200 2800 1200 7 Mile Rd. 450 650 4900 930 2700 3000 4000 7200 4900 500 100 2300 1700 Linwood Park 300 920 5200 1460 3600 6800 2400 2500 1900 700 200 600 1600 Johnson's Park 440 980 6400 920 3100 3100 14300 6500 1500 200 1600 800 700 Hwy. 31 & 4 Mile Rd. 140 870 4500 2900 1600 4700 1500 6400 1700 100 900 1100 1000 Armstrong Park 80 1030 9900 1130 7300 2900 800 2700 1000 1100 300 600 400 Horlick Dam 130 170 7100 1000 3000 700 400 900 600 100 100 100 100 Lincoln Park 350 360 6600 1040 1300 11600 3500 4700 11400 100 200 1500 500 Cedar Bend 730 400 12200 1890 2300 9400 4200 4200 1500 1300 600 2200 10600 Memorial Dr. Bridge 570 230 11600 2180 2200 19100 2300 16901 6000 2600 100 4300 2100 Western Publishing 470 280 6900 560 1200 11800 2300 14200 3200 700 100 1800 3000 Azarian Marina 1130 500 6800 510 800 5300 1400 15600 7500 1500 300 2500 1800 Western Yacht Club 460 190 11700 770 2000 3100 3000 13300 3800 1000 300 1500 500 Chartroom 480 90 6100 280 1100 1800 100 10300 900 300 300 100 300 Marina Pier 200 40 6000 180 500 9600 700 2900 400 100 400 100 100 Hoods Creek 1110 470 8800 2260 2100 8000 20000 12200 1000 700 700 1100 4100 [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Feca I Col ifo rm Study- Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke November 17,1993 Table 3-3 Fecal Coliform Counts from Sub-Beach Testing Distance away Sample Site from shore 6/30 7/6 7/21 8/5 8/9 8/12 8118 8/20 8/28 8/29 Lake water FCs 50' into lake 15 16 145 41 7 197 264 733 10 420 Wash zone 1033 624 6000 1340 540 North Beach - N 51 28300 28400 1000000 53600 (High St.) 10, 198 1190 76200 500 37200 8500 7650 15, 274 156 360 1770 1050 8000 50, 9800 36 81 116 3200 54 310 100, 56 16 2 2 40 58 330 Lake water FCs 50' into lake 15 16 145 41 7 197 128 3800 30 270 Wash zone 1206 964 9700 420 730 North Beach -S so 13300 52400 14800 138800 (Kewaunee St.) 10' 7600 830 3200 22000 22400 8100 5800 15' 580 6700 6000 21000 1200 120 3400 50, 1000 172 192 388 854 1700 14400 100, 584 66 116 6 1220 4600 80 Lake water FCs 50'into lake 17 70 260 English Beach 50 288 6300 10000 Lake water FCs 50' into lake 30 160 Zoo Beach 5' 59200 9200 10, 2100 6300 Lake water FCs 50' into lake 720 522 Meyers Beach 10, 56 175 (32-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Feca I Colifo rm Study- Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 9 November 17,1993 tests were run on 8/30/93. The data from this study are listed in Table 3-4. Table 3-4 Fecal Coliform Counts from Surface Sand Testing Date Sampled Location Count/Gram of Sand 8/18/93 North Beach at Kewaunee Street 4,000 8/18/93 North Beach at High Street 556 8/28/93 North Beach at High Street 97 8/28/93 Zoo Beach 15 8/29/93 North Beach at High Street 72 8/29/93 Zoo Beach 180 (32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 10 November 17,1993 4 Discussion 4.1 Bacterial Disappearance Several valuable pieces of information were gathered from the lake transect study about the near-shore area of Racine. The relationship between dilution/disappearance and distance away from shore is one of the most valuable pieces of information obtained. This relationship has been noted before, but the relationship between dilution/disappearance and distance was never studied in detail. A study conducted by the Illinois EPA in Chicago (1986) found that four percent of the shoreline water samples exceeded 5001100 ml resulting in 33 beach closings. Water samples collected one mile away from shore, during this same time, were devoid of FC bacteria.2 This study, however, did not take any samples within one mile. Another study, 3 conducted by Zanoni, et at, (1978), found that FC counts decreased with distance from shore. Zanoni's study compared the water quality within Milwaukee's harbor breakwater 0.75 miles (3,960 feet) from shore and lake water beyond the breakwater. A shore sample was taken at the mouth of the Milwaukee river at the confluence of the Milwaukee, Menomonee and Yinnickinnic rivers adjacent to the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, Jones Island WWTP. Harbor samples were collected at the breakwater and at an intermediate distance, approximately 0.25 miles (1,320 feet) apart. Lake water samples beyond the breakwall were taken at half mile intervals to a distance of two miles. Analysis of Zanoni's data shows a 50 to 95 percent reduction from the shore to the breakwater and a consistent 99 percent reduction (zero levels) just beyond the breakwall. This suggests that the breakwater was acting to "trap in" water with FC by reducing circulation and natural dilution to the lake. The Racine lake transect study showed that the FC bacteria dissipated rapidly, and often fell to zero levels within 500 feet of shore. A graphical representation of the simple FC average for all water samples can be seen in Figure 4-1. The reduction of bacteria is due to several factors. Fecal coliform. are not motile, thus their movement is controlled exclusively by the physical forces of nature. Higher counts would be expected along shore because warm-blooded animals which are sources for FC, are primarily terrestrial. Fecal coliform become mixed in and move with the warm water of the longshore currents. Over time, the longshore current temperature equilibrates with the lake and dilutes or mixes with the lake. During this time, however, some FC will die because of exposure to UV light or from starvation, some will remain viable but become non- culturable and some will settle out into bottom sediments. The dissipation rate in Racine may be higher than Milwaukee's because Milwaukee's breakwater reduces the dilution factor. Zanoni's study also used total coliform (TC), whereas Racine used FC. Death rates for TC and FC are roughly the same, although some TC species may live longer. A similar trapping action was thought to occur at Racine as a result of a thermal bar. Temperature differences between offshore waters and the near shore waters can restrict the ability of the near shore waters to mix with the offshore waters. This isolation is referred to as a vertical thermocline or thermal bar. A thermocline is defined as a rapid change in water 2IIIinois Environmental Protection Agency, Lake Michigan Water Quality Report, 1986. February 1988. 3Zanoni, A.E., et at, "An In Situ Determination of the Disappearance of Coliform in Lake Michigan". Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, February 1978. [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Feca I Colifo rm Study- Racine Wastewater Utility Folh & Van Dyke November 17,1993 Figure 4-1 Simple Average of Fecal Coliform Counts at Various Distances Away from Shore 350 T 300 Station samples 6 250 8 El Interpolated values 200 - 150 100 50 0 0 CD 0 0 C) a M a a CO a C@ CD a CD U) (0 1,- Go 0) C) Distance away from shore (ft.) 132-lo/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 12 November 17,1993 temperature over a short distance. While the specific temperature change is not critical, a significant temperature change in a short distance will result in density differences in the water that are great enough to restrict mixing. This phenomenon has been reported to occur in lake Michigan by past researchers. This occurrence was also noted in the Racine Wastewater Utility's 1991 report. Visual observations by Utility staff noted that a color line extending from Wind Point to the harbor mouth was seen. This may have been the result of a vertical thermocline. This restriction could isolate the beach waters for Racine and trap the FC within the beach area. Weather conditions have to be favorable to set up a vertical thermocline. Warm air temperatures and low wind and wave action is needed to allow for this condition to be established. "Ibe 1993 study was not able to document the formation of a vertical thermocline in the area of study. The data generated indicated that a one-degree Celsius drop in temperature occurred over a distance of 1,000 feet. This is not adequate to establish an isolation due to temperature/density differences. It should also be noted that there were very few beach closings this season. The lack of an established vertical thermocline may be one reason for this. In addition, FC data illustrated that only very near shore water samples contained enough bacteria to present a problem. The waters isolated inside of a vertical thermocline should be homogeneous within this zone. Because of this, we would expect to see similar FC counts throughout the near shore zone. Based on the temperature data, if a vertical thermocline existed, it would have been located at a point greater than 1,000 feet from shore, placing all the sampling points within the isolated area. Only rarely have FC counts above 100 been reported in the 500 or 1,000-foot sampling points. This also suggests that if a vertical thermocline existed, it was not causing high near shore bacteria counts. It is not likely that a vertical thermocline is a major cause of frequent beach closings. The weather conditions are typically not consistent enough for a vertical thermocline to present a long term problem. Furthermore, adequate mixing is available within such a zone to disperse or dilute the FC to a point that beach closings will not occur. 4.2 Longshore Current Plumes The prevailing winds during the summer of 1993 were out of the west and north. Southerly moving longshore currents were the result. Sampling during weeks 1, 3, 9 and 10 were completed with southerly moving currents. Fecal coliform counts from the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District's South Shore YVWTP and City of South Milwaukee's WWTP were reviewed to determine if their effluent could impact the water quality at Wind Point and at Racine's recreational beaches. The South Shore WWT? is located 8.75 miles north of Wind Point and has a design capacity of 200 mgd. It uses chlorine to disinfect and sulfur dioxide gas to dechlorinate it's effluent. The FC geometric mean for the months of May and June of 1993 were 40/100 ml and 48/100 ml, respectively, with a maximum count of 5,000. The maximum count occurred after a three-inch rain event, the second highest count was 300 for the two-month period. Geometric means for the months of June, July and August of 1992 were 3/100 ml, 11/100 ml and 7/100 ml, respectively. The effluent quality is consistently good throughout the year. Records from the Jones Island WWTP, which is located 18.5 miles north of the Wind Point, were not reviewed. 132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 13 November 17,1993 The City of South Milwaukee's WWT? is located 9.5 miles north of Wind Point, and has a design capacity of 12 mgd with average dry weather flows of 3.5 mgd. The South Milwaukee WWT? uses chlorine to disinfect, and is planning to add dechlorination facilities to it's treatment plant in 1995. Effluent geometric mean FC counts for May, June and July of 1993 were 1051100 ml, 7,416/100 ml, and 8,867/100 ml, respectively, with a maximum of 49,000/100 ml. There were five sample dates where the effluent exceeded 20,000/100 ml. Thirty percent of South Milwaukee's effluent exceeded 10,000/100 ml. Geometric means for June, July and August of 1992 were 5041100 ml, 4,680/100 ml, and 4,298/100 ml, respectively. The South Milwaukee WWT? tests for FC roughly eight times per month. A numerical calculation using Chick's law was performed to determine the effect that these two WWT`P's effluent would have on Wind Point. Chick's Law uses a first order die off coefficient (k), which can be determined by: k=(2.3/t) * log(Nl/N2) where: k=die off coefficient to the natural logarithmic base t=time in hours N1 =FC count at the beginning of the time period t N2=FC count at the end of the time period t It should be noted that this formula varies slightly from the one typically associated with Chick's law, In (N2/Nl) = -kt. Both formulas generate the same results. Chick's law is not ordinarily used as a substitute for a dilution/die off model in a lake. It is more commonly put to practice in wastewater treatment design. Zanoni used Chick's law as a general guide for estimating bacterial population disappearance and states that "it does provide a convenient means of comparing rates of die off in bacterial populations." The numbers obtained using Chick's law should only be used as a general estimate in the absence of numerical modeling.4 Using an average current of 0.3 miles per hour, and Zanoni's k value of 8.72day- , the South Shore WWTP would have a negligible effect on Wind Point. Applying these same parameters to South Milwaukee, one finds that an effluent would need 31 hours to travel the 9.5 miles to Wind Point. A count of 50,0001100 ml in the effluent would supply < 1 fecal coliform per 100 ml to Wind Point. Using the strongest current observed at Wind Point during the transect study, 1.2 feet per second or 0.82 miles per hour, South Milwaukee's effluent would require 11.5 hours to travel to Wind Point. An effluent count of 50,0001100 ml would supply 760 FC to Wind Point. This could potentially result in a 205/100 ml count at the recreational beaches three miles further south. Under these conditions, it would appear that the South Milwaukee V;V*qT could affect the water quality at Wind Point and possibly contribute to the FC counts at the recreational beaches. The 0.12 mph current, however, was rarely observed and was not seen within 1,000 feet of shore 4Zanoni, A.E., et at, "An In Situ Determination of the Disappearance of Coliform in Lake Michigan". Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, February 1978. [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke * 14 November 17,1993 during the ten weeks of testing. Additionally, the general current observed most often in the lake transect study was less than 0.1 mph. Appendix A lists and describes current magnitudes. Chick's law was also applied to the effluent plume emanating from the Racine Wastewater Utility WWTP. The Utility's V;VvqT has a design capacity of 30 mgd and uses chlorine to disinfect. The WW`I`P presently does not dechlorinate and it's chlorine limit is 0.5 ppm. Design is currently underway to upgrade disinfection facilities and add dechlorination capabilities to help the plant meet its upcoming 1995 permit FC requirement of 400/100 ml, and residual chlorine limit of 37 ug/l. The plant's effluent is discharged 500 feet off-shore and is approximately 3.5 miles south of the recreational beaches. Using an average current of 0.3 miles per hour and Chick's law, one finds that an effluent FC count of 13,500 would be required to raise the FC count at the beach to 200/ 100 ml. This daily average was exceeded once during each of the past three summers (June-August): 162,000 CFU/100 ml on August 31, 1993, 20,000 CFU/100 ml on June 18, 1992 and 94,000 CFU/100 ml on August 8, 1991. Each of these high counts occurred after an intense rain event overloaded the system. The Utility's VVVvqT 1993 monthly geometric mean FC counts for June, July and August were 345/100 ml, 204/100 ml, and 316/100 ml, respectively. Applying Chick's law to these counts results in FC counts at the recreational beaches of five or less FC. This suggests that the FC from the Utility's WWT? are not significantly affecting the recreational beaches. The lake transect study helped to verify this statement. The southernmost transect, transect No. 6, had single digit FC counts in weeks 6 and 8 when a northward moving current was present. 4.3 Turbidity and Sediments Lab workers in the past had intuitively noticed that there was a relationship between turbidity and FC counts. They would base their sample dilutions on the clarity of the water before running their tests. This relationship was most evident at Wind Point where the clarity of the water would change dramatically depending on the local weather conditions. The geometric means of the shore water at Wind Point with non-westerly winds greater than 5 mph (weeks 1, 6 and 9) was 680/100 ml. Water samples had a geometric mean FC count of 19 at Wind Point when the non-westerly winds were 5 mph or less (weeks 2, 3, 4 and 7). Westerly winds were excluded from this observation because the shoreline blocks the wind from affecting the lake. The lake transect study attempted to quantify this empirical relationship by running a turbidity test for each sample tested for FC bacterial. Graphs plotting FC counts versus turbidity readings were generated for each week of testing as shown in Appendix A. The data points used to develop the weekly graphs were plotted on log-log scale as shown in Figure 4-2. A statistical evaluation was done to determine the strength of the relationship between fecal coliform and turbidity in both lake and river/harbor water samples. In order to determine the strength of the relationship between FC levels and turbidity levels measured in the lake and river/harbor water samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. The correlation coefficient was calculated from the collective data set including weeks 1 through 10. The correlation coefficient falls between -1 and 1, and is a measure of linearity between two variables. A coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation exists between two variables, i.e., as one variable increases, the other decreases. A coefficient of 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation between two variables, i.e., as one variable increases, the 132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 15 November 17,1993 C) rA Is III I r IIIT" Pl- rA 16" CNII C) II.. W IN iz 'E a JOE 0 1.0 0. Min 5 - - L T 0 402 (Ituool jad) junoa tujoj!lo3 pmaj 012o-I up on a* am *w* IMP other also increases. A coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation, indicating that the level of one variable has no relationship to the level of the other. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the collective turbidity/FC data set, Weeks 1 through 10, was 0.314. This implies that a linear relationship between the two variables does exist, but it is not exceedingly strong. However, the Pearson correlation coefficient calculated on the log- transformed data, is 0.630. This implies that a strong relationship between the two variables does exist, but it is a curvilinear rather than a linear relationship. In both cases, Bartlett's Chi-Square test for significant correlation determined that the correlation between the two variables was significantly greater than zero. Output of the correlation coefficients and test of significance are given in Appendix B. A curvilinear line fit to the data, along with the correlation coefficient, is illustrated in Figure 4-3. This line was found through regression techniques, and is given as y = Exp (1.578) x '-20', where y represents fecal coliform and x represents turbidity. The regression analysis output is included in Appendix B. As can be seen, when plotted in the log scale, this equation appears as a straight line, emphasizing the log-linear relationship between the FC counts and turbidity in take and river/harbor water samples. The relation between FC counts and wind speed is the result of wave action, which resuspends; sediments from the bottom of the lake. The weeks which had winds greater than 5 mph (weeks 1, 6 and 9) had turbidities averaging 35 NTU, whereas the weeks with wind less than 5 mph (weeks 2, 3, 4 and 7) had an average turbidity of 11 NTU. Fecal coliform counts will increase as wave height increases because more sediment is stirred up. Limnologists can gauge the area of benthic disturbance by knowing wave height. The height of the wave above the surface will be the depth to which the wave will affect the bottom. Fecal coliform bacteria have been shown to survive in sediments for up to two weeks.5,6,7 Sediment samples taken on the lake transect study show the potential for large loadings from resuspension. The winds greater than 5 mph were also associated with storm and rain events. Weeks 6, 8 and 9 had rainfall totals of 0.3 inches, 0.1 inches and 1.86 inches within 24 hours of sampling. The resulting geometric mean FC counts at Wind Point were 306 per 100 ml when samples were taken within 24 hours of a rain event and 30/100 ml on "dry weather" sampling dates. Water running over the ground picks up FC bacteria from droppings left by animals. The FC get washed into the lake along with mixed debris and particulate material. Fecal coliform bacteria attach themselves onto the particulate matter because they have a high surface affinity. The heavy particles and debris settle out quickly, but the smaller particles stay suspended longer 5poMmepuy, M., Guillaud, J.F., Dupray, E., Derrien, A., LeGuyader, F., and Cormier, M., 1 Enteric Bacterial Survival Factors", Water Science and Technology, v.25, No. 12, pp. 93-103, 11992. 6Marino, R.P., Gannon, J.J., "Survival of Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococci in Storm Drain Sediments". Water Research, v. 25, N. 9, September 1991. 7Burton, Jr., G.A., Gunnison, D., Lansa, G.R., "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Various Freshwater Sediments", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 1987, v. 53, No. 4, pp. 633-638. [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 17 November 17,1993 Figure 4-3 Curvilinear Line Fit to Fecal Coliform Counts and Turbidity Data NJ 0 0 0 -,OOM M Y'i 1 -- -M Moll Op- "A M 11M M . A 0 0 Now Mr Y Exp(1.578) XAI.208 mad 0.1 1 10 100 I,ogIO of Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples during summer 1993 Pearson Correlation Coefficient = 0.630 Weeks #1-10 [32-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 18 November 17,1993 resulting in an increase in both FC and turbidity. Pommepuy, et aL (1992) also noted this relationship with turbidity. Storms could also increase the turbidity by eroding the "soft clay" cliffs north of Wind Point providing more particulate matter for the bacteria to cling to. 8 4.4 River and Harbor The Root River enters Lake Michigan in the heart of downtown Racine and all of the recreational beaches are within one mile north of its mouth. The Root River runs for 30 miles, drains an area of 190 square miles, and has an average flow rate of 155 ft3 /s or 100 mgd. Agriculture is the primary land use in it's drainage basin with field crops predominating over livestock. The final five miles are light residential, residential and commercial. The final mile of river is used as a docking area for some 200 pleasure craft. An additional 750 boats dock in the marina area which has been developed behind a breakwater which extends four tenths of a mile out into the lake. The mouth of the Root River is less than a mile to the south of the recreational beaches. The City Health Department decided to test the Root River because previous tests had identified high FC counts and because it, like all rivers, is a natural sink for terrestrial wastes. Fifteen locations, from the county line to the marina, were sampled weekly during the summer of 1993. FC counts ranged from 40/100 ml to 20,000/100 ml (Table 3-2). Two relationships were found from these tests. First, there was a positive relationship between FC counts and wet weather. Rain events triggered sharp increases in the FC counts all along it's course. This relationship is shown in Figure 4-4 where the highest counts occur at or near time zero (the midpoint of a rainstorm). This plot shows that there is an exponential die-off of FC bacteria exists in the Root River. Four locations along the course of the river have been shown. The county line is a rural area located where the Root River enters Racine county. Horlick Dam is near the outskirts of the City. Memorial Drive Bridge is a very urban area and the Marina Pier is located near the mouth of the harbor. These FC counts decreased exponentially as the bacteria died, settled to the bottom, or were washed out of the system. This figure also shows that the city has an impact on the bacterial quality of the river water. The points representing the sampling location at Memorial Dr. Bridge are always higher than the rural sampling location at the county line. Second, there was a positive relationship between FC count and current velocity. Figure 4-5 shows how faster moving stretches of water had higher FC counts and corresponding slower currents have lower counts. It appears that the FC settle out with the particulate matter in the slow moving portions of the river and are resuspended in the rapids. This suggests that the final mile of the river and harbor area, where current velocities are less than I cm per second, acts like a clarifier. This allows the suspended particles that host FC to settle out before reaching the lake. Data from transects No. 5 and No. 6, which bracket the harbor to the north and the south, verify this. River water exiting the harbor mouth was observed to move either north or south, along with the prevailing currents in the lake. The FC counts would generally drop a full order of magnitude from Gas Light Pointe to the lake transects; affected by the river plume. Fecal coliform counts at lake transects affected by the river plume never exceeded 60/100 ml. 8Pommepuy, M., Guillaud, J.F., Dupray, E., Derrien, A., LeGuyader, F., and Cormier, M., "Enteric Bacterial Survival Factors!', Water Science and Technology, v. 25, No. 12, pp. 93-103, 1992. 132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Folh & Van Dyke 19 November 17,1993 Figure 4-4 Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in the Root River after Rainstorm Events County Line Horlick Dam 20000 20000 18000 18000 16000 16000 - 14000 14000 12000 12000 10000 10000 ww. 8000 0 6000 6000 - V 4000 4000 2000 2000 0 % 0 n rll@ ri 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 so 100 150 200 250 Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours) Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours) Memorial Dr. Bridge Marina Pier 20000 20000 18000 18000 16000 16000 14000 14000 12000 12000 10000 10000 8000 WW 6000 6= 0 V 4000 4000 2000 2000 0 0 0 . -0- 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours) Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours) 132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform, Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke - 20 November 17,1993 W" W " M W M an z Z; Bar graph Fecal Coliform Geometric Mean (per 100ml) L" C) C) a C@ CO C@ C@ a C@ C@ County Line 7 Mile Rd. n Linwood Park Johnson's Park Hwy. 31 & 4 Mile Rd. Armstrong Park Horlick Dam Lincoln Park Cedar Bend Memorial Dr. Bridge Western Publishing Azarian Marina Western Yacht Club Chartroom Marina Pier V CI C) C) C) C) iQ :t@ b) bo iIj :01 b) bo Line graph = River Speed (ft/sec) Additional evidence of this natural cleansing effect came with a heavy rainstorm (1.86 inches recorded for the day) on August 30. Repair work was being done on lift station number 2, which is located 4.1 miles upstream from the mouth of the harbor (close to where Spring Street crosses the Root River). The increased sewage flow, from infiltration and inflow, overloaded the temporary pumping system dumping 222,000 gallons of raw sewage into the Root River from 5:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. It is reasonable to assume that some portion of this sewage slug would have been present in the lake the next morning when the lake transect study (week No. 9) sampled water in the harbor. The results show that the FC counts fell from 3,000 at Horlick Dam, to 1,320 at Gas Light Pointe, 616 at the Harbor mouth, and 268 in the densest area of the river plume in the lake. This is a significant reduction from the 8 million FC typically associated with raw sewage. 4.5 Storm Sewers Storm sewers and drainage ditches dot the shoreline of Lake Michigan and the Root River. This effect of urbanization causes water quality problems because the ground and plants do not have an opportunity to filter street contaminants. Fecal coliform are one such contaminant, and have been shown to increase the counts in the river after rain events. Figure 4-6 shows that this relationship exists in Lake Michigan as well. The summer of 1993 was a very wet summer. The month of June had 6.31 inches of precipitation fall in Racine. July was relatively dry with only 2.66 inches of rain, and August was wetter than previous years with 4.0 inches. It would be reasonable to expect, if storm sewers and drainage ditches are significant sources of FC on the beaches, that the beaches would have been closed more often than in previous years. This scenario was not observed, however, and 1993 brought more open days than either of the previous two drier years. This strongly suggests that there are other sources. Unlike Milwaukee and Chicago where beach closings can be closely linked to rainfall, Racine experiences beach closings in dry weather also. The affect of rain events can be seen in Table 4-1. This table documents FC counts taken before and after rain events of greater than 0.5 inch. Several rain events of greater than 0.5 inch have been omitted from this table because FC samples which bracket the rain event were not available. These FC data are the daily geometric means for samples collected at North Beach by the City Health Department. 132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 22 November 17,1993 z "C; 3 F E) Bar graph rainfall (inches) 0) CO 5/19/93 '4 5/23/93 5/27/93 5/31/93 6/4/93 6/8/93 6/12J/93 6/16/93 6/20/93 6/24/93 6/28/93 7/2/93 7/6/93 7/10/93 7/14/93 7/18/93 7/22/93 7/26/93 7/30/93 8/3/93 8/7/93 8/11/93 8/15/93 9. 8/19/93 P 8/23/93 8/27/93 CD Log of the geometric mean of fecal coliforms (per 100 Table 4-1 Fecal Coliform Counts Before and After Rain Events Rain Date of FC Count FC Count A in FC (inches) Rain Before Date After Date Before Rain After Rain Count 0.81 7/8/92 7/7/92 7/9/92 363 710 +347 1.23 8/26-27/92 8/25/92 8/27/92 421 952 +531 0.54 9/2/92 9/1/92 9/2/92 249 523 +274 0.73 5/30/93 5/27/93 6/1/93 1405 14 -1391 1.57 6/7/93 6/3/93 6/8/93 651 864 +213 0.54 6/14/93 6/11/93 6/15/93 119 95 -24 0.72 6/30/93 6/29/93 7/1/93 49 23 -26 0.61 8/15/93 8/12/93 8/17/93 197 227 +30 2.9 8/29-31/93 8/26/93 8/31/93 139 1895 +1756 The relationship between monthly rainfall totals and beach closures because of elevated FC counts is shown in Table 4-2. Table 4-2 Rai nfal I- Related Beach Closures Monthly Precipitation Days Open/Total Beach Information Year Month (inches) Possible (North Beach) 1991 June 2.74 51/82 Beach closing information for July 3.24 Open 62% of 1991 is not well documented. August 2.40 the season Beaches said to have been closed for the month of August. 1992 June 1.09 42/82 Open: 6/11 to 7/17; 8/11 to 8/13; July 4.69 Open 51% of 8/21 to 8/24. August 3.81 the season Closed: 7/17 to 8/11; 8/13 to 8/21; 8/24 to end of season. 1993 June 6.31 78/87 Open: 6/15 (?) to 8/27, 9/2 July 2.66 Open 90% of until end of season. August 4.00 the season Closed: 6/12 (?) to 6/15 (?); 8/27 to 9/2 132-10/CJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 24 November 17,1993 The lake transect study sampled three storm outfalls and two drainage creeks to help define the source of bacteria. One storm outfall, the English Street outfall is consistently higher than it's companion outfalls. The English Street outfall is located in the middle of the recreational beaches. The outfall is an inverted siphon, and consequently retains water and sediments during dry weather periods and gets flushed out during storm events. The English Street storm line is a 60-inch double-brick-walled pipe draining 50 city blocks. A unique feature of the English Street storin sewer is that it is ten feet lower than the sanitary sewer. The English Street storm sewer originally served as a combined sanitary sewer draining directly into Lake Michigan. The pipe was converted to a storm sewer with overflows in the late 30s when the Utility's WWT? was completed. The overflows were capped in the mid 70s with the installation of false bottoms. A television inspection of the storm sewer system for the English Street outfall was conducted by Visu-Sewer Clean and Seal, Inc. in 1992. Their report mentioned that "Bulkhead manhole (MH No. 2 at intersection of English Street and Chatham Street) appears to have infiltration from sanitary sewer above false floor" and "Light mineral deposits on walls (of MH No. 3 at the intersection of English Street and North Main) with light leaks, drips."9 Conversations with the Utility's wastewater field operations crew suggested that the problem of leaks/infiltration at the manholes occur at all eight of the false bottomed manholes, from Michigan Boulevard to La Salle Street. On one occasion, a field operations crew put a temporary plug in the outlet of one of these manholes allowing the wastewater to back up in the manhole and influent pipe. Upon entering the storm sewer to observe the false bottom, wastewater was found streaming down the sides of the storm manholes "like a waterfall." A visual inspection of the false bottom at English Street and Chatham Street during a dry weather period in August of 1993 verified these earlier reports. There were six "steady streaming or dripping" leaks counted flowing around the edges of the false bottom. Fecal coliform content in the water dripping down from the false bottoms was 3.2 million/100 ml. The FC count upstream of the Chatham Street/English Street manhole was 520,000/100 ml, downstream was 1.6 million/100 ml. The flow was estimated roughly at 11 gallons per hour per manhole. This sewage leak would account for the high FC counts at the English Street outfall. The sewage leak would also increase the FC counts in the sediments at the base of the inverted siphon. The beach FC counts would increase when these sediments are flushed out by a rain event. Wet weather beach closings are not uncommon for Racine or other communities monitoring FC as a measure of water quality. Milwaukee automatically closes it's beaches for one day after two-inch rain events. The City of Racine, however, has been hampered with beach closings during both dry and wet weather periods. During dry weather conditions, the reduced flow from the English Street outfall forms a sand pit along the shoreline, creating a pond around the outfall structure. The reduced flow seeps into the sand and a direct flow to Lake Michigan is not present. The sand in this area becomes contaminated with FC. The occurrence of high dry weather FC counts may be attributable to wave action resuspending sediments from this area. Similar sediment resuspension was seen at Wind Point. 9Visu-Sewer Clean and Seal, Inc., Inspection Report conducted for the City of Racine, 4/8/93, p. 3. [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 25 November 17,1993 Palmer, et al. (1987), found that vigorous mechanical mixing of beach area sediments (1 M2 for one minute) could produce FC counts potentially as high as 1,410/100 ml. He concluded that loadings similar to his mechanical mixing experiment could be reproduced by waves or by bathers when the lake is calm.10 Additionally, FC may live from two hours to two days in freshwater sediments. This may explain why counts will increase unexpectedly during dry weather periods. Figure 4-7 shows that the FC disappear exponentially in the lake water with time after rain events. Thus, it appears that FC are being flushed into the take with storm water runoff initially increasing the FC count at the beaches, remaining in the sediments and being resuspended with wave action. To study this theory further, sediment samples were taken at North beach, and at various other sampling locations associated with the lake transect and harbor surface water sampling points. These data are presented in Table 4-3. Sediment samples were collected using a ponar sampling device. The results given in Table 4-3 should not be used to draw relationships because the highest FC counts would be found at the top of the sand and the ponar device collects a mixed sample. The results do show, however, that FC were present at all transect sampling sites. Transect No. 4 (the transect at North Beach) showed the potential for high loadings from sediment resuspension with values of 160 mpn/g at the shore and 50 mpn/g 100 feet from shore. The count reported for Transect No. 6 at 1,000 feet, 1,000 mpn/g, shows that FC can and do survive in sediment for extended periods. This sample most likely shows carryover from an event that could have occurred seven days in advance of sampling. 1OPalmer, M., "Bacterial Loadings from Resuspended Sediments in Recreational Beaches", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 15, pp. 241-247, 1988. 132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 26 November 17,1993 Figure 4-7 Exponential Die Off of Fecal Coliform in Lake Michigan after Rainstorm Events Recreational beaches 1000 900 aw 700 600 SW 400 300 200 a 100 % a 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours) Meyers beach 1000 900 Soo 700 600 Soo 400 300 200 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time after the midpoint of a rainstorm (hours) 132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 27 November 17,1993 Table 4-3 Fecal Coliform Counts in Sediment Samples Date Location Distance from Shore MPN/Gram 7/21/93 Harbor mouth 80 Tested by Racine Transect #6 500, 30 Water Utility Transect #4 shore 160 8/24/93 Gas Light Pointe 460.0 Tested by Sommer Marina <3.0 Frey Labs Harbor mouth 43.0 Small boat launch 3.6 Transect #2 shore <3.0 Transect #2 100, 21.0 Transect #3 shore <3.0 Transect #3 100, 3.3 8/24/93 Transect #4 shore 8 Tested by Racine Transect #4 100, 50 Water Utility Transect #4 500' 13 Transect #4 1,000, 8 9/7/93 Transect #1 shore 3.6 Tested by Sommer Transect #1 100, 23.0 Frey Labs Transect #1 Soo, 43.0 Transect #1 1,000' 9.1 Transect #5 100, <3.0 Transect #6 100, 9.1 Transect #6 500' <3.0 Transect #6 1,000' 1,000.0 9/7/93 Transect #5 100, 13 Tested by Racine Transect #5 500' 24 Water Utility Transect #5 1,000' 50 4.6 Seabirds Ring-billed seagulls are an omnipresent feature of the Racine recreational beaches. An official count of their numbers at Racine has not been kept by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (VVDNR), but it is known that counts on the Great Lakes have been increasing annually. Ed Prins, president of the local Hoy Nature Club, keeps records on the species in Racine. Unfortunately, no population records are kept. According to his recollection, the number of ring billed seagulls in Racine has risen from 100 in the early eighties to 1,000+ in [32-10/C)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Folh & Van Dyke 28 Novern ber 17, 1993 1993. Mr. Prins also notes that the birds behavior seems to have changed somewhat over the years because they are allowing people to approach closer before taking to flight.11 Seagulls are a migratory bird and a protected species. Their population at the beach varies from day to day, but generally tends to rise during the course of the summer. Ring billed gulls are not bound to the shoreline like other shorebirds. They can often be found in farm fields, grass fields and parking lots. They are scavenger birds feeding on live and dead fish, insects, litter and rubbish at the dump. The birds are also fed by people on regular basis. People come to the beach with loaves of bread and feed the frenzied gulls. During the study, it was observed on one occasion that the birds were fed ten times in a two-hour period during a busy afternoon in early August. This could explain why the birds congregate at the recreational beaches leaving the rest of the Lake Michigan shoreline vacant. Ring-billed gull droppings litter the beach, numbering as high as 20 droppings per 100 ft2. Each gull dropping contains 71 million FC per gram, and each bird produces 1,770 million FC per day. Table 4-4 shows the relative contributions of FC from various animals. Table 4-4 Sources for Fecal Coliform12 Average Fecal Coliform. (Millions) Animal Per Gram of Feces Per Day Human 13.0 2,000 Chicken 1.3 240 Cow 0.23 5,400 Duck 33.0 11,000 Pig 3.3 8,900 Sheep 16.0 18,000 Seagull 71.1 1,770 It is obvious that the bacteria are deposited in large quantities on the sand's surface, but the mechanics of transport into the lake is not as straightforward. Fecal coliform bacteria have a very high surface affinity and the beach sand acts as a filter to prevent the movement of FC though the soil profile. Water beneath the beach was analyzed to determine whether or not the FC could pass through the sand. Results are listed in Table 3-3. These numbers show that there is a drop in FC with increased depth of sand (the sand at 50 feet and 100 feet was approximately three feet deep, and the sand at 10 feet to 15 feet was one foot deep). It appears as if there is some movement of FC downward though the soil profile. Gerhard Lee, soils professor emeritus, at the University of Wisconsin, says that the vertical and horizontal migration rates are roughly the same, for bacteria, but that the rate could be influenced by mechanical pumping, such as "Personal communication between John Paul Hjelle and Ed Prins, Summer 1993. 12From: Haavaar, A.H., 1985 and Palmer, M., 1983. [32-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 29 November 17,1993 wave action.13 It is interesting to note that the FC counts are highest within 15 feet of shore. It is difficult to say whether the mechanical pumping action of the waves is drawing FC out of the sand, but it does appear that FC counts in the lake and sub-beach rise and fall with time. Other mechanisms of transport are possible as well. Dust laden with FC may be blown into the water. Bird droppings left along the wash zone of the lake may increase the FC count as the waves draw the waste into the lake. Birds are also known to drop their feces into the lake as they fly over. Regardless of the mechanism of transport into the lake, the daily contribution 1.7 trillion FC dropped by the 1,000 birds living at the beach is a major source of FC in Lake Michigan. It should also be noted that the highest concentrations in the sub-beach water occur within ten feet of shore. This is where children play, dig in the sand and build sand castles. The birds appear to be the primary source of FC. No other source was discovered to the near beach zone from the lake itself or from upgradient groundwater. There is also no published scientific evidence to suggest that FC can reproduce in beach sand. The threat to human health is somewhat reduced because many of the microorganisms found in bird droppings do not affect humans. The risk is not eliminated entirely, however, because seagulls are known to carry a high number of salmonella. Qualitatively speaking, for every ten pathogenic microorganisms associated with human waste, only one would be found in seagull waste. A quantitative relationship, however, cannot be drawn from the data generated in this study. There are other shore birds living along the shores of Lake Michigan. Most notably are the Canada geese, mallard ducks and terns. The geese population is roughly 100 birds, and they live wild at the zoo. There are approximately 30 mallard ducks that live at the small boat launch. These two sources are not as significant loading sources. There are ten terns that live with the gull population on the beach. They do contribute to the FC loadings, but their numbers are so small, that they can not be considered the problem species. 4.7 Meyers Beach Meyers beach is an isolated sand strip one mile south of the mouth of the Racine Harbor. A breakwall protects the area from the larger body of the lake. It is a very shallow inlet area, averaging three feet deep, and is used primarily as a jet ski area. Very few people use Meyers beach to swim at because a dense mat of algae is typically present and washes up against the shore. Additionally, there are very few seagulls living on Meyers beach. Meyers beach was not studied extensively as part of the lake transect study. Samples were taken by the City Health Department, and found to run consistently higher than those at the recreational beaches. Figure 4-7 not only shows that the FC disappear at an exponential rate after a rainstorm, but that Meyers beach has a consistently higher FC count than it's recreational beach counterparts. It was originally thought that FC from the WWIT were affecting the beach when southerly winds prevailed. An analysis of the chloride content in the effluent from the WWT? and the level of chlorides in the Meyers beach area found no evidence to support an affect on the water quality. It may be just as likely that the breakwater protecting the beach is 13Personal communication, John Paul Hjelle and Gerhard Lee. [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 30 November 17,1993 reducing the circulation of the inlet area, raising FC counts by reducing dilution as seen in the Milwaukee study by Zanoni. Without further evidence, an accurate analysis cannot be made. 132-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 31 November 17,1993 5 Conclusions and Recommendations The purpose of the 1993 Fecal Coliform Study is to expand upon the past investigations of the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department regarding the sources of fecal coliform and to make recommendations on how to eliminate the fecal coliform problem so that the beaches can remain open during the summer. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: FC bacteria dissipate rapidly away from shore and often fall to zero levels within 500 feet of shore. 0 Because of effective disinfection at the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District's South Shore WV*qT, it is an unlikely contributor to high FC counts on Racine's beaches. - Because of ineffective disinfection at the City of South Milwaukee's WWT?, it could be a contributor to high FC counts on Racine's beaches under certain rare conditions. With new disinfection and dechlorination facilities scheduled to go on line in 1995, the South Milwaukee WWT? would no longer be a likely contributor. 0 The Racine Wastewater Utility WWT? is not a significant contributor to high FC counts on Racine's beaches. With new disinfection and dechlorination facilities scheduled to go on line in 1995, the Utility's WWTP will no longer be a potential contributor. 0 A log-linear relationship exists between fecal coliform counts and turbidity indicating that FC counts will increase with increase in turbidity and vice-versa. 0 Wind speed will increase wave action and thereby turbidity. 0 Rain events triggered sharp increases in FC counts all along the course of the Root River. FC counts were higher in faster moving stretches of the Root River and lower in corresponding slower currents. This can also be linked to turbidity and sediment suspension. - Storm sewers and drainage ditches with the exception of the English Street Outfall did not appear to be a significant FC source. - The English Street storm sewer had consistently higher FC counts than the other storm sewer outfalls due to sewage infiltration. - The English Street outfall is a likely source of high FC counts during dry weather as well as wet weather. 0 Fecal coliform bacteria were present in sediments at all lake transect sampling points. [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke - 32 November 17,1993 Seagulls are a major source of FC with a daily contribution of 1.7 trillion FC dropped by the 1,000 birds living at the beach. Meyers beach was not studied extensively as part of the lake transect study because of its infrequent use. Based on the conclusions of the study the following recommendations are made: 0 Chick's Law was used to estimate the affect of the South Shore WWTP, South Milwaukee's WWTP and Racine Wastewater Utility WWIT on Racine's recreational beaches in lieu of running a dilution die-off model. Because South Milwaukee and the Racine Wastewater Utility are in the midst of disinfection and dechlorination facilities upgrades scheduled to be completed in 1995, it would be of limited benefit to run a dilution die-off model and further evaluate the effect of these point source discharges. - The relationship between wind speed and wave action was not investigated in detail in this study. Further quantification of the affect of wind speed on wave action and turbidity due to resuspension of sediments may prove a useful tool in the future for predicting FC levels along the shoreline. 0 Based on the observed relationship between FC count and current velocity, it appears that the final mile of the Root River where current velocities are less than I cm per second acts as a clarifier where suspended solids can accumulate. Because the Root River is a natural sink for the drainage basin, it receives much of the non-point source pollution in the area. It is recommended that further study of the Root River be done to gain a better understanding of the nature of the sediments and how they can affect the lake under various weather conditions. - The English Street stormwater and outfall was identified as a significant source of fecal coliform due to sewage leaks. Possible repairs to the English Street storm line include grouting the sanitary or storm sewer pipes, slip lining the sanitary and/or the storm sewer pipes and/or repairing the false bottoms in the storm sewer system manholes. Each of these measures could be an effective measure to plug the leaks running into the storm sewer and thus reduce the amount of sanitary wastes entering the storm sewer system. Moving the English Street outfall or chlorinating its effluent are other potential measures to reduce the bacterial flow out of the outfall. The relative merits of each of these corrective measures should be the topic of a separate study. The ring-billed seagulls were identified as a significant source of FC counts. The ring- billed gulls congregate at North Beach and are fed frequently by visitors. Disrupting this food supply will force the gulls to search elsewhere for their sustenance. This could be accomplished through a city ordinance prohibiting feeding of wildlife on the beaches. A public awareness program would also have to be instituted to improve the effectiveness of the ordinance. Rather that trying to drive the birds from the recreational beaches it may be possible to attract them to another area by providing a sanctuary with a food source. This should be considered depending upon the success of the ordinance. Scaring tactics are also a potential method for dealing with the [32-10/G)Bl/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 33 November 17,1993 seagulls, for example, the use of patrol vehicles or dogs. The most important time for scaring the birds is in the early summer, before their numbers and thus their droppings build up the FC levels in the sand. Other bird scaring tactics include the use of audio broadcasts of the gull distress call and use of owl statues. It has been noted by authors writing on these topics that the gulls eventually get used to the artificial scaring and ignore it. A detailed investigation of Meyers Beach was not done as part of this study because of its limited value as a recreational beach. It may be of benefit to verify if the breakwater protecting the beach is reducing the circulation and thereby raising the FC counts. This study could corroborate the results of the Root River evaluation. The 1993 Fecal Coliform Study is an important step in the process of eliminating the FC problem and accomplishing the goal of keeping the beaches open during the summer. Correction of the English Street sewer and attempts to discourage the seagulls will go a long way toward that end. A better understanding of the relationship between FC in sediment, in the Root River, and Lake Michigan and the effect of resuspending sediments due to wave action, will move the Racine Wastewater Utility and the City Health Department closer to their goals. 132-10/GJB1/15193RO07 1993 Fecal Coliform Study-Racine Wastewater Utility Foth & Van Dyke 34 November 17,1993 I I I I Appendix A I Lake Transect Study Data I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Week No. 1 - June 29,1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 700 600 500 1-1400 '0 QVV 'To 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples Al Week No. 1 - June 29, 1993 Fecal Coli form Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal i7n count (per Turbidity in water (lVTU) Replicate sample done in lab or tield Sample site Location Shore 1100'1500' 1000'1 Shore 100' 500, 1000, FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 1 Surface 624 N/C 232 10 42 43 6.8 Wind Point) Mid Depth N/C 134 20 38 9.1 Is Bottom N/C 116 22 50 10 Shoop Park Creek Mouth 548 5.5 3 Mile OutfaLL OutfaU Q 2.8 Transect No. 2 Surface 15 0 0 0 5.3 2.1 1.8 1 ILab replicate @ 500, surface=O (2 Korth Bay Creek) Mid Depth 4 0 0 2.1 1.5 1.3 Field replicate & 1001 mid=1/2.3 11 Bott(xn 0 1 1 1.9 1.4 1.3 Lab replicate @ 5001 bot.=O Worth Say Creek Mouth 1536 3.6 -WoLff St. OutfaLL OutfaLL 680 1.4 Transect No. 3 Surface 11 1 01 0 1.5 1.2 1.4 Field replicate 2 1001 surface=0/1.6 Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 0 1-1 1 11 1.4 1.3 1 Lab replicate @ 1001 surface=1 go Bottom 2 1 0 1.7 1.7 1 Zoo beach 01 off shore 54 7.5 of 11 1 58 7.5 Lab replicate @ Zoo beach #2= 46 If go 46 7.3 Lab repti ate @ Zoo beach #3=43 English St. OutfaLL OutfaLL 2400 2.8 English Beach 01 off sho e, 27 4.6 91 92 4.1 If 34 5.5 Transect No. 4 Surface 40 0 0 N/C1 1.4 2.3 1.7 1 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth N/C 0 N/C 1.5 ILab replicate @ 500, bottom=O Romayne Ave.) Bottom 3 1 N/C 2.5 2 North Beach 01 Off Sho 29 4.6 11 22 3.5 If 39 3.9 Transect No. 5 Surface 7 N/N N/C 2.1 Lab replicate @ shore=4 orth of Harbor Mout Mid Depth N/C N/C N/C Bottom W/C N/C N/C I Fecal coliforrn cou t (per 1Turbidit ( in water (1VTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location Depth Shore 100' 500' 1000'11 Shore 100' 500, 1000, FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 Surface <2 H/C 0 N/C 1.7 1.5 Mid de th N/C N/C N/C Bottorn N/C N/C N/C Meyers Beach 01 off shore 44 3.5 If 39 3.5 1 If 30 3.2 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. SOL Surf. Mid. Sot HorLick Dam 230 29 Gas Light Pointe 72 128 550 15 14 95 Marina 58 22 188 6 5 10 65 Lab replicate @ mid=20 Harbor Mouth 9 12--15 3 9 5.1 8.1 Small Boat Launch 3 1.5 2.5 Field re-'*---- A2 Week No. 1 - June 29,1993 Field Conditions Transect) Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*C) Station Depth Speed Direction Direction Magnitude Su rface Middepth Comments It (mph) I I Bottom 1A shore 14.5 - algal masses on beach and in water 1B no sampling conducted, too rough ic 14.5 14.5 14.5 1D 23 7 NE S 14 14 13 2A I sample taken by Racine 2B 1300 7 9 NE S 14 14 14 rep at mid depth 2C 1315 10 S 14.2 14 14 2D 1325 is 12 NE S 14.2 14 13.8 3A sample taken by Racine 38 1340 6 14.5 14.5 14.5 rep at surface 3C 1345 7 S 14.5 14.5 14.5 3D 1355 14 N 14.5 14.5 14.2 4A sample taken by Racine 4B 1510 2 S 15.2 - - water 2' deep with 2-4 foot waves 4C 1500 5 S 15.1 14.5 14.5 4D no sampling conducted 5A sample taken by Racine 5B no sampling conducted 5C no sampling conducted 5D no sampling conducted 6A sample taken by Racine 6B no sampling conducted 6C 12-15 NE 14 14 14 surface sample only, no anchoring 6D no sampling conducted H1 1535 19 upstream 17.5 14 12.5 H2 1600 26 out of har 13.8 13.5 13.5 H3 1550 19 W 16.5 14.5 13 H4 1615 14 into harb 14 13.8 13 rep at surface Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A3 Week No. 2 - July 13,1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A4 Week No. 2 - July 13, 1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal coliform count (per 11 Turbidif K in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location_ Shore 100' 500-11000-1 1 Shore 100' 1500.. 1000. FC count4urbidity (field only) Transact No. 1 Surface 13 2 010 1 2 1.1 0.9 0.9 FieLd replicate @ 100, surface=0/0.9 (@ Wind Point) Mid Depth 0 2 4 1 1.11 09 Bottom 1 3 4 1.1 1.3 1 Lab repticate @ 500, bottom=1 -Shoop Park Creek Mouth 620 5.9 3 Mile Outfati Outfalt >3456, 3 Transect No. 2 Surface 3 11 1 0 1.2 1.11 1.1 Lab repLicate @ 5001 surface=O @ North Bay Creek Mid Depth N/C 1 0 0 1.1 1.1 Fietd repLicate @ 5001 mid=0/1.0 so Bottom 1 1 0 1.1 1.1 1.2 -North Bay Creek Mouth N/C Woiff St. OutfaU OutfaLl 360 1.5 Transact No. 3 Surface 29 3 0 0 1.6 0.9 0.96 0.96 Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 0 0 0 10.98 0.98 11 Bottom 3 0 0 1.2 0.91 1 Zoo beach off shor 8 1.9 9 1.2 4 1.2 nglish St. OutfaL Outf a L Li 9400 1.5 Engtish Beach off shor 4 1..4 if 91 4 1.3 so if 2 1.4 Transact No. 4 Surface 9 12 0 0 1 1 2.5 0.96 1.2 0.96 Lab replicate @ shore=7 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth N/C 0 0 1 1 1.1 0.98 Lab repticate of fieLd repticate=O Romayne Ave.) Bottom 0 .00 11.1 1.1 FieLd repLicate @ 10001 bottom=011.0 North Beach Off Shor 13 1.12 of 11 10 2.1 It If 10 1.4 Transact No. 5 Surface 0 0 0 0 1.1 1.11110.95 Lab repticate @ shore=O bend in breakwa Mid Depth 0 0 0 11.1 10.941 1.2 Fietd repticate @ 100, mid=0/1.3 uth of harbor mou Bottom 0 0 0 111 1 11.6 , Fecal coliforrn co t (per 1 Turbidit K in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location De th Shore 1100'1500' 1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000' FC count4urbidity Lfield only) Transact No. Z_ Surface 18 101 52 0 11 2.2 2.113.6 10.92 Fietd repLicate @ 500, surface=18/2.9 -bend in breakwaL Mid de th 121 170 1 2.1 2.5 11 Lab repLicate @ shore=13 uth of harbor mou Bottom 81 0 13 21.4 1.2 Meyers Beach I Off shor 17 1 0.87 11 11 1 26 1 0.75 Lab repticate @ Meyers #2 repLicate=1 30 1 3.4 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Bot Surf. Mid. Sot., Horlick Dam 379 50 Lab repticate @ Hortick Dam=351 Gas Light Pointe 220 84 168 25 12 45 Marina 220 143 13 11 21 Lab repticate @ Harbor mouth bottom=4 h Harbor Mouth 116 48 10 6.4 9.2 Fietd repLicate @ surface=20/7.8 mall Boat Launch 55 128 218, 2.3 3.1 4.3, A5 Week No. 2 - July 13,1993 Field Conditions Transect) Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*C) Station Depth Speed Direction Magnitude Surface ttom Comments (ft) (mph) I I 1A 945 shore 2-3 SSE S slight 17.0 - 1B - 2 5-6 S S med. strong 16.0 - 15.8 rep at sfc 1C - 10 7 S N 14.8 14.1 14.0 1 D 1145 26 7-8 S S strong 16.1 12.0 10.8 2A 1010 shore 0-2 SE N slight 17.0 ( 2B - 3 5 S N med. strong 15.6 - 14.8 2C - 10 6-7 S N 15.0 14.0 13.0 rep at mid depth 2D 1225 12 5-6 S N 15.0 14.0 12.1 3A 1025 shore light variable none wave 14.8 1 dominated 3B 5 5-6 S N 15.5 15.0 14.9 3C - 9 5-6 S N med. strong 15.0 14.8 14.2 3D 1255 14 6-7 S N 14.7 13.5 13.0 4A 1040 shore light variable S slight 16.5 1300+ gulls on lake, many were on I shore 4B 2 0-1 variable N slight 15.0 - 15.0 4C 7 2-3 N N 14.5 13.9 13.6 4D 1440 14 0-2 S N v. strong 15.7 14.1 13.8 rep at mid depth 5A 1500 brkwall 2-3 NNE parallel to wall 15.0 - - wave dominated current 5B 12 5-6 NNE N 14.7 14.0 13.5 rep at mid depth 5C 17 5-6 NNE S slight 15.5 14.8 13.5 variable winds affect current 5D 1515 24 5-6 NNE NNE 15.1 13.5 12.5 determination 6A 1550 brkwall 6-7 NNE none see note 16.0 - - ment dominated by waves from I ruth, inshore of river plume 6B 19 7-8 NNE S see note 15.0 13.5 12.0 boat drifting. in river plume which was moving south 6C 20 7-8 NNE S see note 15.0 13.5 11.5 boat drifting, river plume moving south. rep 0 sfc 6D 1610 24 7-8 NNE 5 see note 14.5 13.0 11.2 river plume moving south H1 1410 19 3 S downstrm 21.5 16.0 13.0 H2 1350 30 light variable Out strong 14.8 13.2 13.2 re p at sfc H3 1425 19 4-5 S none 20.2 14.9 12.3 13Z-F 13 2-3 S into harb 14.9 14.5 14.0 Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Padlock A6 Week No. 3 - July 20, 1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A7 Week No. 3 - July 20,1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colifo count (per I Turbidity in water I Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location ShoreI100' 500'11000'1 Shore 100'1500' 1000-1 FC count4urbidity (field only) I - I I I Transect No. 1 Surface 43 1 25 1 0 7 2.7 1.5 1.1 Lab replicate @ 1001 surface=17 (2 Wind Point) Mid Depth N/A 0 1 1.4 1.3 II Bottom 25 0 0 2.5 1.3 1.3 Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=23/2. Shoop Park Creek Mouth 230 5 3 Mile Outfatt Outfatt 208 3 Transact No. 2 Surface 2 1 0 0 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 Lab replicate @ 5001 mid.=O (3 North Bay Creek)i Mid Depth 0 a 0 1.4 1.3 1.3 Field repl, cate @ 10001 mid.=0/1.3 II Bottom 0 0 0 1 1.3 1.31 1.5 North Bay Creek Mouth NIA I WoLff St. OutfaLL Outfatt 376 1.4 Transact No. 3 Surface 330 32 0 0 1.4 1 1 1 Lab replicate & 500, surface=O Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth N/A 1 0 1.3 1 11 Bottom 34 0 0 1.1 1.3 1.3 Field replicate @ 100, bottom=30/1. Zoo beach off shor 39 1.5 of 33 1.5 go 40 1.6 EngLish St. OutfaLl OutfaLL 49000 2 English Beach off shor 12 1.4 11 to 22 1.8 Is of 17 1.5 Transact No. 4 Surface 21 4 0 0 2 1.5 1.2 1.1 Lab replicate @ 1000, surface=O (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth N/A 0 0 1 1.9 Romayne Ave.) Bottom 0 0 0 1.4 1 1.1 Field replicate @ 100, bottom=0/1.3 North Beach Off Shor 25 1.5 H 11 19 1.5 is 11 1 26 1.3 Transect No. 5 Surface 2 3 3 3 1.2 1 1 1 Lab replicate @ 1000, surface=O bend in breakwaLt Mid Depth 3 0 2 1.2 1.1 1.1 orth of harbor mouth Bottom 8 4 8 1 1.3 1.3 Fecelcolifornmnco t (per 11 Turbidity in water TU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location Depth Shore 100' 500'11000'11 Shore 100'1500' 1000, FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 Surface 11 31 59 1 32 11 1.2 1.311.4 2 Lab replicate @ 100, surface=31 bend in breakwalt Mid depth 12 19 1 3 11 1.311.3 1.2 outh of harbor mouth Bottom 4 10 1 5 1 1.21 1.5 1.3 Meyers Beach Off sho 13 1 1 11 10 1.2 22 1.5 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Bot. Surf. Mid. Bot Horlick Dam 510 60 Gas Light Pointe 386 68 48 10 5.4 8.4 Field repLicate @ surface=197/11.0 Marina 72 148 39 2.9 7.4 15 Harbor Mouth 2.2 Lab replicate @ bottom=26 1.4 1.8 Small Boat Launch 94 j- 2 1.91 1.4, Lab replicate @ bottom=52 0 AB Week No. 3 - July 20, 1993 Field Conditions Transect/ Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*C) Station Depth - Comments 00 Speed Direction Direction Magnitude Surface Middepth Bottom (mph) I I I I 1A 1105 shore 2-3 N S 18.0 - 1 B 1136 3 light variable S slight 15.8 - 16.0 rep at bottom 1C 1129 13 light variable S strong 15.0 15.0 15.0 1 D 1115 25 light variable S v. strong 15.7 15.0 14.0 1.2 ft/sec 2A 1147 2 1 6-7 N S slight 12.5 - - 2B 1217 4 4-5 NE SW 16.0 15.5 14.9 2C 1210 9 6-7 NE SSW 14.9 14.2 13.1 2D 1157 12 6-7 NNE SW 14.5 14.0 12.5 rep at mid depth 3A 1227 lore 2-3 NE SW slight 15.2 - - 38 1247 2 light variable note slight 16.0 - 15.0 current parallel to beach, rep at bot 3C 1242 6 4-5 NE SSW 15.0 15.0 13.9 3D 1237 13 5-6 NE WSW 15.0 1 14.7 13.5 4A 1300 shore 2-3 NE none 18.5 - - 4B 1335 2 4-5 SE N slight 17.2 - 16.1 rep at bottom 4C 1327 5 4-5 SE SW 15.3 15.1 14.8 4D 1320 15 2-3 ENE SSE med. strong 16.0 15.1 14.8 5A 930 brkwall 5-6 NW S v. slight 12.8 - - 5B 957 12 5-6 NW SSE 13.0 12.5 12.5 5C 945 16 3-4 NW S 12.8 12.1 11.8 5D 937 23 6-7 NW S 12.8 10.1 11.1 6A 1006 brkwall 6-7 NNE note - - - current parallel to wall 6B 1029 19 4-5 NNW SW 11.5 9.9 9.0 6C 1015 20 8-9 N S 11.0 9.5 8.9 6D 1007 25 5-6 NNE S 12.0 8.5 8.1 H1 1405 19 6-7 SE downstrm slight 21.5 13.6 10.5 rep at surface H2 1418 29 4-5 SE out strong 14.7 13.9 10.1 H3 1356 19 4-5 SE none 19.0 13.3 10.8 H4 1428 13 light variable into harb 14.0 12.0 10.6 Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A9 Week No. 4 -July 27,1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 140 120 100 80 OU 40 20 % 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river samples A10 Week No. 4 - July 27,1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colifonn count (per I Turbidity in ter (IVTU) Replicate sample done in lab or Field Sample site Location Shore 1100' 500-11000'1 Shore 100' 500* 1000- FC count4urbidity (field only) 72 14 5 Transect No. I Surface 60 35 3.7 3 0.8 (2 Wind Point) Kid Depth N/A5 0 2.4 1 Field replicate @ 500, mid=14/2.5 It Bottom 68 11 0 3.8 2.7- 1.2 Lab replicate & 1000, bottom=l Shoop Park Creek Mouth 264 2.5 Lab rep icate 2 SPC=238 3 Mite OutfaLL OutfaLl 8200 7 Transect No. 2 Surface 40 52 1 1.6 1 1.1 1.2 Field replicate @ 500, surface=2/1 North Bay Creek) Mid De th 382 2 1.4 1.1 1.1 Lab replicate 2 10001 surface=2 of Bottom 173 1 1.3 1.1 1.2 North Bay Creek Mouth N/A Wolff St. Outfalt OutfaLL 4200 1.6 Transect No, 3 Surface 410 170 20 3 2.8 2.2 1 1.1 Field replicate @ 500, surface=17/ Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 12 N/A 0 1 1.1 1.2 Lab replicate @ 10001 mid=O 11 Bottom 87 17 2 1.6 1.1 1.2 Zoo beach I off shor 249 2.6 Is 290 2.7 11 200 1.9 LAb reDticate @ Zoo beach #3=179 English St. OutfaLl Outfall 12000 1.5 English Reach I off sho 208 1.6 of 11 170 2.1 is It 134 1.7 Transect No. 4 Surface 910 79 13 0 3 1.3 1 1 Field replicate @ shore surface=53 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth N/A. 12 0 1 1.1 Lab repLicat of field replicate Romayne Ave.) Bottom 1104 18 1 1.3 1 1.2 North Beach I Off Shorl 204 1.4 go 11 198 1.6 is of 170 1.4 Transect No. 5 Surface 33 444 0 1.1 1.1 1 1.1 bend in breakwaL Mid Depth -- 32 18 1 1.2 1 1 Lab replicate @ 1001 bottom=43 rth of harbor mout Bottom 31 12 7 1.1 1.5 1.5 Field replicate @ 100, bottom--43/1 ,Fecal colifo count (per 1, Turbi ' in water Replicate sample done in lab or fleid Sample location Depth I Shore 100'1500' 1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000' FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 Surface 5 - 129 3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 ieLd replicate @ 500, surface=6/1. @ bend in breakwall Mid depth 75 3 1.3 1.3 1.5 Lab replicate @ 1000'surface=3 ulh of harbor mout Bottom 37 0 1 2 1.5 Meyers Beach Off shor 290 0.91 so to 280 -1.6 210 1.1 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Sot Surf. Mid. Sot HorLick Dam 260 2.1 Gas Light Pointe 98 68 120 9.8 6 3.8 Marina 53 78 1041 11 3.6 6.9 18 Harbor mouth 15 34 7 1 11 4 1 4 3 1.9 Field replicate @ HM surface=8/2.3 Small Boat Launch 168 75 1101 3.4. Lab replicate @SBL surface=166 Mouth $ Outfa ,' Surface 51 t MidDe ]h 18 Bottom 7 @12 All Week No. 4 - July 27,1993 Field Conditions Transect/ Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*C) Station Depth Speed Direction Direction Magnitude Surface Middepth Bottom Comments I (ft) (mph) I I I 1A 1132 1 0-2 S S slight 13.2 - Irep at surface 1 B 1155 3 2-3 SSE S slight 11.0 11.0 1C 1150 8 2-3 SSE N strong 10.0 10.0 9.5 1D 1142 26 4-5 SSE N strong 10.1 9.0 8.5 2A 1205 2 light variable none 10.2 - 2B 1225 6 4-5 SE N slight 10.0 9.8 10.0 2C 1217 11 0-2 E NNW med. strong 11.0 8.5 8.5 rep at surface, slight rain 2D 1212 13 light variable N med. strong 11.0 8.5 8.0 3A 1235 2 5-6 SSE S slight 11.5 - - 38 1250 5 7-8 SE N 10.0 9.5 9.0 rep at surface 3C 1245 7 7-8 SE N strong 9.5 9.0 9.0 3D 1240 14 8-9 SE N strong 10.0 8.8 8.2 4A 1005 shore light variable S slight 14.0 - - 4B 1027 2 0-2 SE none 11.0 - 10.0 4C 1020 7 2-3 W NW 10.0 8.9 8.5 rep at bottom 4D 1015 16 light variable N sl ight 13.0 10.0 8.5 5A 930 btkwall light variable none 14.0 - - 5B 955 12 4-5 W NW V. slight 10.0 8.9 8.2 rep at surface 5C 947 16 4-5 W NW slight 9.5 8.5 7.8 5D 937 23 4-5 W NW slight 12.0 9.0 8.0 6A 1052 2 light variable Sw slight 10.5 - - 6B 1115 19 2-3 SE NNE med. strong 11.0 8.8 8.8 6C 1107 20 5-6 SE N med. strong 11.0 8.9 8.5 rep at bottom 6D 1058 29 5-6 SE N slight 11.5 9.1 8.5 H1 1335 18 8-10 SE downstrm slight 17.0 11.5 9.5 H2 1402 28 7-8 SSE into harb 14.5 10.8 10.2 rep at surfa H3 1345 19 9-10 SE NNE slight 17.0 10.0 10.0 H4 1414 15 8-9 S out med. strong 10.2 10.4 10.7 Center for Creat Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A12 Week No. 5 - August 3,1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 200 180 160 140 Sw 120 4, Ow 100 S 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A13 Week No. 5 - August 3,1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal coliforyn count (per 11 Turbidity in water TU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location Shore 100' 1500* 1000'11 Shore I 00'1500'11000, FC count4urbidity (field only) 11 1 Transect No. 1 Surface 74 9 0 0 1 4.4 1.71 1.6 1.6 (S Wind Point) Mid Depth N/A. 1 3 1.9 1.6 Lab replicate @ 5001 bottom--3 11 Bottom 31 0 7 1.9 1.6 1.3 Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=25/1.7 Shoop Park Creek Mouth 1150 5 3 mite OutfaLL OutfatL 104 1 1.5 Transect No. 2 Surface 18 1 7 2 2 1.6 1.6 1.4 11.6 Lab repti ate @ 10001 surface=3 North Bay Creek Mid Depth 3 11 6 1.6 2.1 1.2 Field replicate @ 500, mid=4/1.4 11 Bottom 10 9 8 1.6 1.5 1.3 North Bay Creek Mouth N/A .WoLff St. Outfall OutfatL 1220 1.3 - Lab replicate @ Wotff St. Outfatt=1000 Transect No. 3 Surface 61 62 16 10 2.1 1.9 2 1.9 Field replicate @ shore surface=31/2.3 (@ Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 32 31 19 2.1 2 1.7 Lab replicate @ shore surface=57 go Bottom 39 14 15 2.4 1.7 1.6 Zoo beach off shor 10 2.6 of 1 26 3.3 is 36 2.4 English St. Outfat Outfatl 21000 1.8 English Beach off shor 26 2.5 If of 11 48 2.3 91 It 136 2.5 Transect No. 4 Surface 117 6 4 0 2 1.9 1.9 2 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth I N/A 7 1 2 _ 2 Lab replicate @ 10001 mid.=2 Romayne Ave.) Bottom 1 16 9 5 2 1.9 1.9 Field replicate @ 10001 bottorrr-18/1.7 North Beach Off Sho 142 3.8 48 4.2 43 2.5 Transect No. 5 Surface 4 0 3 0 1.6 2 2 2 bend in breakwat Mid Depth 2 0 4 2.3 2 2 Field re Licate @ 5001 mid.=5/2.4 Ith of harbor mout Bottom 4 12 11 1 2.3 2.4 2.6 Lab replicate @ 5001 mid.=0/2.4 ,Fecal colifo count (per IlTurbidilvin water TU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location Depth Shore 100' 500' 1000' 1 Shore 100'1500* 1000* FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 Surface 4 5 0 0 1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 Field replicate @ shore surface=1/1.0 @bend in breakwat Mid depth 1 0 0 1 1.4 1.5 1.5 ulh of harbor mout Bottom 2 1 1 1 1 1.2 1 Meyers Reach Off sho 47 1.8 is 41 1.8 49 2.5 Lab replicate @ Meyers #3=56 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Bot Surf. Mid. Sot Horiick Dam 184 8.5 Gas Light Pointe 31 17 52 3.5 2 -1.2 Marina _Z4 2.5 2.6, 8.6 Field replicate @ M surface=9/2.6 Harbor Mouth 2 1.4 1.81 2.2 Lab replicate @ HM mid.=O SmaLL Boat Launch 2.6 1 1.61 1.4 A14 Week No. 5 - August 3, 1993 Field Conditions Transect) Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*C) Station Depth Comments -TSpeed7Dir(ction Direction Magnitude Surface Middepth Bottom 00 ( ) I (mph) 1A 1150 shore 10+ W none 17.5 - algal masses on beach and along shore 1B 1210 3 10+ W SE 16.5 - 16.5 rep at bottom 1C 1205 9 10+ WSW SE 16.5 16.4 16.0 1D 1157 1 26 10+ WSW ESE 16.5 1 16.0 15.2 2A 1225 2 light variable NE slight 15.5 - - S swell, 200+ gulls on site 2B 1243 6 light variable S slight 15.5 15.2 14.8 2C 1238 10 10+ W E 15.0 15.0 15.0 rep at mid depth 2D 1230 14 10+ W E 15.5 14.2 14.2 3A 1252 2 10+ W none 18.0 - - rep at sfc, 200+ gulls on site 3B 1310 5 10+ W E 16.0 15.8 16.0 3C 1305 8 10+ W E med. strong 16.0 15.1 15.6 3D 1258 13 10+ W E 16.0 15.2 15.2 4A 1010 shore light variable N slight 15.8 - - 1000+ gulls on beach and near shore 4B 1015 1.5 10-15 W SE 15.0 - 15.0 done on foot 4C 1025 7 10-15 W E 16.0 15.8 15.0 4D 1030 16 10-15 W E med. strong 16.0 15.8 14.0 rep at bottom 5A 930 brkwall 10-15 W none 17.0 - - 5B 1001 12 10-15 W SE 15.5 15.1 14. 5C 955 16 10-15 W E 16.0 15.2 14.5 rep at mid depth 5D 940 22 10-15 W E offshore 16.0 15.5 14.0 6A 1042 brkwall light variable N slight 15.8 - rep at surface 6B 1105 19 10+ W N strong 14.1 13.5 12.5 rain, gusty winds 6C 1055 21 10+ W E 15.0 14.2 12.0 kusty winds 6D 1048 26 10+ W E 15.1 14.8 11.5 gusty winds Hi 1345 18 5-10 W downstrm 17.3 14.9 13.8 gusty winds H2 1404 29 10+ WSW upstream med. strong 17.0 15.5 13.0 H3 1351 18 10+ W S 17.0 14.6 14.0 rep at surface H4 12 10+ W N 16.6 1 15.2 1 14.1 Vurrent into harbor Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A15 Week No. 6 - August 10, 1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Yom 0 iin 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A16 Week No. 6 - August 10, 1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colitbim count (per 11 Turbidit v in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location Shore 100. 500'11000'11 Shore I 00'1500' 1000- FC count4urbidity (field only) I I I Transact No. I Surface 630 293 181 9 11 18 12 3.7 1.6 ILab replicate @ 5001 surface=41 Wind Point) Mid Depth N/A 54 5 3.6 1.1 Field replicate @ 5001 mid.=41/3.7 if Bottom 351 55 3 11 3.7 1.2 Shoop Park Creek Mouth 350 4 3 Mile OutfaLL Outfatt 120 19 Transact No. 2 Surface 40 34 10 7 4.4 52 1.3 Field replicate & shore surface=44/5.6 (@ North Bay reek) Mid Depth 30 30 55 11 5.8 1.6 1.4 If Bottom 22 20 9 11 4.5 1.6 2.2 Lab replicate @ 10001 bottonr-6 North Say Creek Mouth N/A 11 Wolff St. OutfaLL OutfaLL 955 1 19 Transect No. 3 Surface 51 16 2 3 1 5.4 311.8 1.5 Lab replicate 2 100, surface=13 Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 16 1 3 3.5 1.8 1.4 , 41 Bottom 6 7 12 31.6 2.3 Field re Licate @ 10001 bottom=12/1.8 Zoo beach off shor 194 3.1 of 64 1.9 is 130 2 English St. Outfall OutfaLL 98000 4.4 English Beach off shor 240 2.1 11 11 ,162 -2.2 Lab replicate @ English Beach #2=172 If is 92 1.8 Transect No. 4 Surface 82 21 5 7 11 1.5 1.1 1.2 1 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth NIA 9 6 1 1.4 1.6 Field replicate @ 10001 mid.=2/1.1 Romayne Ave.) Bottom N/A 28 20 3 2.2 Lab replicate @ 5001 bottom=18 North Beach Off Sho 7 1.5 1 11 11 113 1.8 If 11 4 3 Transect No. 5 Surface 6 5 4 1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.4 (2 bend in breakwal Mid Depth 17 5 1 0 1.8 1.4 1 Lab replicate @ 100, bottom--16 orth of harbor mout Bottom 21 16 32 32.6 2.8 Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=13/2.6 Fecal colifo count (per 11 Turbidity in water Rj7p-jicate sample done in lab or field Sample location Depth Shore 100' 500'11000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000' FC count4urbidity (Field only) Transect No. 6 Surface 9 3 21 1 1 11 3 2.212.1 1.2 Field replicate @ 1001 surface=13/2.1 bend in breakwaLL Mid depth 11- 17 16 11 2.5 1.9 2.1 Lab replicate @ 1001 surface=13 outh of harbor mout Bottom 12 8 4 1 3.3 2.6 1.7 Meyers Beach I Off shor 780 1 53 it 11 1080 7.5 It of 970 7.3 Harbor Area Surf. ME Bot Surf. Mid. Bot HorLick Dam 50 14 Gas Light Pointe 160 1 76 62 6.4 16 16 Lab replicate @ GLP surface=104 Marina 56 1 29 20 16 18 11 Harbor Mouth F87 1 511) 63 7.6 54.7 ---737 Small Boat Launch -T-27 -33-@- 3.1 3-3 13-3 Field replicate @ SBL surface=104/14 A17 Week No. 6 - August 10,, 1993 Field Conditions Transect) Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*Q Station Depth Speed Direction Direction Magnitude Surface Midde Comments (mph) @@@O OM 1A 1225 shore 3-4 S S wave 15.5 - dominated 1B 1300 3 7-8 S N 15.0 - 15.0 1C 1250 7 7-8 S N mod. strong 15.0 14.8 13.8 rep @ mid depth 1D 1242 26 3-4 S N 14.0 13.0 12.5 2A 1308 shore 5-6 S N 15.0 - - rep @ sfc 2B 1325 4 8,9 j S N slight (see 14.6 14.5 14.5 swell influenced note) 2C 1320 11 L v N see note 14.0 13.1 13.0 pwell influenced 2D 1313 17 7.8 SW N 13.7 13.0 13.0 1 3A 1340 shore 6-7 S N parallel to 16.3 - - in spite of wave action beach 3B 1400 4 8-10 S N 13.0 13.0 13.0 3C 1353 8 20 S N 13.2 13.0 12.0 3D 1345 15 10-12 S N 13.8 12.5 12.5 rep @ bottom 4A 1015 shore blocked - N slight 15.5 - wave dominated 4B 1030 2 L v NW slight 13.0 - - wave dominated 4C 1035 7 7-8 SW NNW 13.0 13.0 13.0 4D 1045 15 2-3 S N swell 12.8 11.5 11.5 rep @ mid depth dominated 5A 945 brkwall blocked N wave 12.8 I dominated 58 1007 1 13 blocked N slight 12.0 11.5 12.1 swell obscures current, rep @ bot 5C 1000 16 7-8 S N 12.5 12.0 11.5 5D 950 24 7-8 S N swell - - - no temps measured dominated 6A 1110 brkwall blocked swell 11.5 - - dominated 68 1140 18 7-8 S N strong 13.3 12.5 12.0 rep @ sfc 6C 1132 20 8-9 S N wave 13.3 12.2 12.0 dominated 6D 1120 27 9-10 S SW 12.9 11.0 9.8 HI 1425 18 5-6 S downstrm 18.0 14.9 12.2 rep @ sfc H2 1447 28 B-10 S out 16.5 15.0 13.8 H3 1437 19 8-10 S N slight 18.2 15.0 13.0 1456 19 B-10 S S slight 14.0 14.0 14.0 Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A18 Week No. 7 - August 17,,1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 1000 goo 800 700 600 Od cc 500 400 300 200 WA 100 -- : ? M M 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A19 Week No. 7 - August 17, 1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colifo count (per I Turbidity in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location Shore 100'1500' 1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000' FC count4urbidity (field only) 1 11 - I Transact No. 1 Surface 260 72 14 5 35 3.7 31 0.8 (2 Wind Point) Mid Depth N/A 5 5- 2.4 1 Field replicate @ 500 mid=14/2.5 11 Bottom 68 11 0 3.8 2.7 1.2 Lab replicate @ 10001 bottom=1 Shoop Park Creek Mouth 264 2.5 Lab replicate @ SPC=238 3 Mile Outfall OutfaLL 8200 7 Transact No. 2 Surface 40 1 5 2 1 1.6 1 1.1 1.2 Field replicate @ 5001 surface=2/1.2 (@ North Bay Creek_ Mid Depth 38 2 2 1.4 1.1 1.1 Lab repLi ate @ 10001 surface=2 It Bottom 17 3 1 1.3 1.1 1.2 North Bay Creek Mouth N/A -WoLff St. Outfall OutfaLL 4200 1.6 Transact No. 3 Surface 410 70 20 3 2.8 2.2, 1 1.1 Field replicate @ 5001 surface=17/1.5 (@ Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 12 N/A 0 1 1.1 1.2 Lab replicate @ 10001 mid=O is Bottom 87 17 2 1.6 1.1 1.2 Zoo beach off shor 240 2.6 290 2.7 200 1.9 Lab replicate @ Zoo Beach #3=179 EngLish St. Outfat Outfall 12000 1.5 English Beach off sho 12081 1.6 170 2.1 134 1.7 Transact No. 4 Surface 910 79 13 0 11 3 1.3 1 1 Field replicate @ shore surface=531/3 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth N/A 12 0 1 1.1 Lab replicate of Field repLicate=529 Romayne Ave.) Bottom 110 4 18 1.3 1 1.2 North Beach Off Sho 204 1.4 11 198 1.6 is 1.4 Transact No. 5 Surface 4 0 1.1 1 1.1 @ bend in breakwaL Mid Depth is 1 .2 1 1 Lab replicate @ 1001 bottom=43 Ith of harbor mout Bottom -- 12 7 1.1 1.5 1.5 Field replicate @ 1001 bottom=43/1.2 ,Fecal colitio count (per I Turbidity in water TU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location Depth I Shore 100'1500'11000' Shore 100' 500-11000. FC count4urbidity ffield only) Transact No. 6 Surface 15 12 9 3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 Field replicate @ 500, surface=6/1.0 @ bend in breakwat Mid depth 7 - 5 3 1.3 1.3 1.5 Lab replicate 2 10001 surface=3 uth of harbor mout Bottom 3 7 0 1 2 1.5 Meyers Beach Off sho 290 0.91 11 280 1-6 210 1.1 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Bot Surf. Mid. Bot HorLick Dam 260 2.1 Gas Light Pointe 98 68 120 9.8 6 3.8 Marina 53 1 78 1 104 3.6 6.9 18 Harbor Mouth 15 1 34 1 7 4.1 4.3 1.9 lField replicate @ HM surface=8/2.3 Small Boat Launch 168 1 75 1 110 1.7 1.6 3.4 ILab replicate @ SBL surface=166 170 33 44 32 31 it A20 Week No. 7 - August 17,.1993 Field Conditions TransecV Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*Q Station Dept ction Direction Magnitude Surface Middepth Bottom comments Oft) (mph) 1A 1222 shore Winds for N SSW 16.3 - 1 B 1255 3 this date NNE SE 20.5 - 20.5 were light 1C 8 and N S 20.0 20.0 20.0 rep (LD mid depth 1D 1237 30 variable N N 19.5 19.0 16.0 approx. 0- 2A 1305 shore 3 mph N S 19.0 - - rep 9 sfc 2B 4 through- NE SE 19.0 18.5 18.0 out the 2C 10 entire N E 19.5 19.5 16.0 2D 1320 12 sampling N E 19.0 18.5 16.0 period. 3A 1350 shore Direction NE N 21.0 - - 3B 3 was NE SSE 20.5 - 20.5 3C 7 i ficu It to NE ESE 20.0 20.0 20.0 rep 9 sfc deter-mine 3D 13 but was NE 20.0 19.0 16.0 4A 1055 shore predomi- 20.5 - - rep @D sfc nately NE 413 2 or N. NNE SSW 19.0 4C 8 NNE S 19.2 J 19.0 18.5 4D 1111 15 NNE SSW 20.0 1 18.5 16.5 5A - brkwall V E 20.0 - - 5 B - 13 NNW SE 19.0 18.7 17.2 rep g bot 5C 1037 15 N SSE 18.5 17.5 14.0 5D 1028 24 NNW E 18.0 18.0 12.0 6A 940 brkwall N N 18.5 - - 6B 18 19.5 19.0 17.5 6C 20 N 19.0 18.5 17.5 rep @ sfc 6D 27 N 19.5 17.0 11.5 H 1 1444 19 NE downstrm 22.0 17.0 17.0 H 2 29 N SE 20.5 18.0 16.0 rep @ sfc 18.0 1450 18 r@N E E 20.5 16.0 1515 12 N E SE 20.0 20.0 18.0 Center (or Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A21 Week No. 8 - August 24,1993 Fecal coliforn vs. Turbidity 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A22 Week No. 8 - August 24,1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colifo count (per Turbidity in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location Shore 100' 500'11000' Shore 100' 500' 1000, FC count4urbidity (field only) I Transact No. I Surface 57 12 17 73 36 13 10 7.8 Lab replicate @ 1000, surface=52 (@ Wind Point) Mid Depth N/A 42 12 12 2.5 it Bottom 23 10 5 16 5.1 1.9 Shoop Park Creek Mouth 1280 30 3 Mile OutfaLL OutfaLL 4600 0.8 Lab replicate @ 3 mite OF=284 Transect No. 2 Surface 26 6 2 4 33 10 4.3 3.5 North Bay Creek) Mid Depth N/A 2 0 2.7 2 is Bottom 1 4 3 11 3.1 2 Lab repticate @ 5001 bottom--4 North Bay Creek Mouth N/A Wotff St. Outfatt Outfatt 10000 1 Transact No. 3 Surface 4 5 6 0 12 9.8 3.5 2.8 (@ Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 0 6 1 4.5 32 2.9 Lab repLicate @ 500, mid.=7 Is Bottom 3' 14 0 4.3 2.6 2.6 Zoo beach off shor 86 17 52 14 64 18 ILab repLicate @ Zoo #3=80 EngLish St. OutfaLL Outfatt 120000 12 Engtish Beach off shor 56 13 is 56 14 of 108 15 Transect No. 4 Surface 450 124 23 2 26 15 4.7 3.3 Lablepticate @ 1001 surface=136 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth N/A 24 2 4.3 2.1 1 Romayne Ave.) Bottom 116 22 3 15 4 2.4 North Beach Off Sho 88 15 so 11 46 14 is 11 34 17 Transact No. 5 Surface 11 3 1 5 4 2.2 2.8 1.5 (@ bend in breakwaL Mid Depth 1 16 23 14.3 1.5 1.7 Lab repLicate @ 1000, mid.=2 orth of harbor mout Bottom 1 32 34 @O 1 5.5 3.4 1.8 Fecal coliforrmn co t (per 1 Turbidity in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or fie/d Sample location Depth Shore 100' 500'11000'1 Shore 100'1500' 1000' FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 Surface 1 1 0 2 2 2 2.1 2.5 bend in breakwaLL Mid depth 1 1 1 2.1 2.6 2.9 Lab repLicate @ 5001 mid.=O outh of harbor mout Bottom 0 1 0 1.6 1.6 2.1 Meyers Beach off shor 192 15 go 200 15 220 18 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Bot Surf. Mid. Bot Hortick Dam 24 15 Gas Light Pointe 50 29 21 8.5 5.5 30 Marina 67 78 61 3 8.5 12 Harbor Mouth 52 60 4 6.1 5 2.1 Lab repticate @ HM surface=42 SmaLL Boat Launch 42 141 7 1 . 0.5 A23 Week No. 8 - August 24, 1993 Field Conditions Transect/ Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*Q Station Depth Speed Direction Direction Magnitude Surface Middepth Bottom Comments 00 (mph) I I I I I 1A 1145 shore 0-2 blocked N med. strong 19.1 - 1B 1220 2 0-2 blocked N 17.5 17.5 rep 9 sfc 1C 1210 12 9-10 N 18.0 16.5 16.8 1 D 1154 28 10-15 E 17.5 17.0 14.0 2A 1240 shore 4-5 blocked N 16.6 - - rep 9 sfc 2B 1305 5 5-6 SW N slight 16.5 - 16.0 2C 1255 10 9-10 W N 16.8 15.5 16.0 2D 1247 14 5-6- W NE mod strong 17.0 16.0 15.5 3A 1315 shore blocked none 22.0 - 3B 1340 6 7-8 W N 16.8 16.4 16.5 3C 1335 7 9-10 W N 16.0 15.8 16.0 rep CM mid depth 3D 1325 14 8-9 W N 16.5 15.8 16.0 4A 1040 shore 9-10 SW parr to 19.5 - - shore 4B 1047 2 7-8 SW N 16.5 - 16.1 4C 1055 7 9-10 SW N 16.1 16.0 15.0 rep 9 mid depth 4D 1105 14 10+ SW N 16.0 14.9 15.0 5A 1000 brkwall 9-10 SW Parr to wall v. slight 17.0 - - 5B 1025 12 9-10 SW E slight 15.2 15.0 15.1 5C 1019 16 9-10 SW N 15.0 14.5 14.5 rep 9 bottom 5D 1007 34 9-10 SW N 16.0 15.5 14.0 1 6A 1440 brkwall 4-5 W (note) E (note) 15.8 - - current parr to wall, rep sfc 6B 1515 18 9-10 W E (note) 15.8 15.1 15.5 current parr to wall 6C 1510 21 10+ W NE 15.7 15.5 15.0 6D 1505 25 10+ W NNE 16.0 16.0 15.5 immed. S of river plume H1 1358 19 10-12 W downstrm strong 22.1 18.0 16.3 H2 1450 29 5-6 (note) W out strong 22.2 21.0 15.9 H3 1410 18 8-9 W N 21.5 19.9 17.0 rep 9 bottom H4 1522 10 8-9 W out 20.8 1 19.0-1 16.0 Center for Great Lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A24 Week No. 9 - August 31,,1993 Fecal coliform vs. Turbidity 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Sol 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A25 Week No. 9 - August 31, 1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colilb, count(per I Turbidity in water (AfTU) I Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Location Shore 100' 500- 1000-1 IShore 100' 5001 10001 FC count4urbidity (field only) 11 Transect No. 1 Surface 800 132 25 1 44 18 2.1 Wind Point) Mid Depth I Is Bottom I Shoop Park Creek Mouth 1280 6 3 MiLe OutfaLl OutfaU 4600 1.1 Lab repLicate @ 3 miLe OF=4100 Transect No. 2 Surface 300 182 88 70 16 8.81 2.8 2 FieLd repLicate @ 100, surface=68/4 (@ North Bay Creek) Mid Depth It Bottom North Bay Creek Mouth N/A WoLff St. OutfaLL OutfaLL 11600 5 Transect No. 3 Surface 3000 1122 82 23 27 3.6 2.1 2.3 Lab repLicate @ 10001 surface=24 (@ Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth 01 Bottom Zoo beach I off shor 1500 13 1455 12 1305 18 Lab repLicate @ Zoo #3=1385 Engtish St. OutfaLL OutfaLL 26000 5 EngLish Beach I off shor 570 11 Is 11 11400 9 go Is 1690 12 Transect No. 4 Surface 16300 140 35 16 10 6 7 (@ North Beach/ Mid Depth Romayne Ave.) Bottom North Beach I Off Sho 1330 8 of Is N/A is Is 2700 8 Transect No. 5 Surface N/A 106 58 27 11 1 4 1 3 4 Lab re Licate @ 5001 surface=68 (@ bend in breakwaL Mid Depth 41 orth of harbor mout Bottom 244 Fecal colifo count(per I Turbidity in water Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location Depth Shore 100' 500'11000* 1 Shore I 100' 500' 1000'1 FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 Surface IN/A 106 2681 6 1 9 4 3.5 1.4 1 @ bend in breakwaLL Mid depth outh of harbor mout Bottom Meyers Beach I off shor 635 12 570 1 11 17 1 780 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. SOL Surf. Mid. Bot HorLick Dam 3000 32 Gas Light Pointe 1320 728 504 18 15 18 Marina 544 300 568 11 10 17 Harbor Mouth 616 676 212 8 6 7 1 Lab r@pLicate @ HM bottom--228 SmaLL Boat Launch -74327F192 2721 1 4 5 7 1 1 A26 Week No. 9 - August 31,,1993 Field Conditions TransecV Time Water Wind Current Water Temperature (*C) Station Dept ction Direction Magnitude Surface Middepth Bottom Comments (fftt) (mph) I I I IA Due to Due to sea state, wind Due to sea state, currents Due to sea state, 1 B sea speed and direction were not measured at temperatures below state, were not measured at most stations. The the surface were not 1C depths most of the take predominant current taken at most stations, station inside turbid plume could stations. Winds were appeared to be southerly, 1D 1200 not be consistently N to NE at as indicated by the plum 17.0 station just outside turbid plume - 2A - taken at about 10-15 mph of turbid water moving - 2B any of throughout the sampling south from wind point 15.5 2C the lake period. and the movement of 15.0 rep Q sfc stations. turbid water near the 2D 1155 harbor areas south. 16.0 A 3B station in turbid zone near shore 3C - 17.0 3D 1140 16.0 4A - - 4B - - 4C - 16.0 4D 1130 17.0 SA - - 5B - 16.0 5C 5D 955 10-12 N S stron 17.0 aves inhibited depth sounder 6A see note above see note above - 6B 14.0 6C 15.0 station in river plume 6D 1115 17.0 17.0 16.5 tion 50 feet outside of river plume H1 1015 18 blocked downstrm strong 20.8 18.0 15.2 H 2 1025 21 10-12 N varied see note 17.0 16.5 16.0 ddies in harbor mouth H3 1020 18 10-15 N none 20.8 18.2 17.0 H4 1035 11 blocked S 16.0 15.0 14.5 [d Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A27 Week No. 10 - September 7,,1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria vs. Turbidity '00 90 80 9 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Turbidity (NTU) in lake and river water samples A28 Week No. 10 - September 7. 1993 Fecal Coliform Bacteria and Turbidity Data Fecal colifo count (per 11 Turbidity in water (NTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample site Locatl@!n Shore 1100'1500' 1000' Shore 100' 500, 1000, FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 1 Surface 3 3 0 1 6.7 4.6 4.2 1.7 Field repticate 1 EM=4/4.8 (8 Wind Point) Mid Depth N/A 0 0 3.8 1.3 It Bottom 3 1 0 4.7 1.6 1.1 Shoop Park Creek Mouth 128 2.3 3 Mite Outfatt OutfalL 4 4.1 Transect No. 2 Surface 3 2 1 1 2 1.7 1.2 1.3 Field replicate 2 EM=2/1.2 North Bay Creek) Mid Depth 1 3 1 2.1 1.6 1.4 If Bottom 1 0 2 1.9 1.6 1.8 Lab replicate @ 10001 bottom--l North Bay Creek Mouth N/A Wolff St. OutfaLL OutfaLL 28 1 Transact No. 3 Surface 4 5 2 0 2.1 2 1.5 0.9 Field replicate 3 EM=2/2.0 Zoo/High St.) Mid Depth N/A 2 1 1.3 1.3 It Bottom 1 1 0 2.1 1.5 1 Zoo beach I off shor 52 1.4 It 11 43 1.5 If is 70 1.5 English St. OutfaLl OutfatL 10400, 1.4 English Beach I off shor 3 1.2 If If 0 1.2 If 8 1.2 Transect No. 4 Surface 1 42 28 4 1 1.7 1.1 1 1.1 Field repLicate 4 EM=1/1.2 (S North Beach/ Mid Depth N/A 2 0 1 1 1.2 1.2 Romayne Ave.) Bottom N/A 0 1 1.2 1.5 Lab repLicate @ 10001 bottom=3 North Beach I Off Sho 15 1.5 1 If 12 1.3 it 6 1.5 Transect No. 5 Surface 5 2 1 1 1 1.1 Field replicate 5 EM=1/1.1 bend in breakwaLL Mid Depth 4 0 0 11 1.1 1.2 1.4 orth of harbor mouth Bottom 2 9 2 11 1 1.1 1.21 1.9 Lab replicate 2 10001 bottom--3 Fecal colifornrmn cou t (per 11 Turbidity in water (1VTU) Replicate sample done in lab or field Sample location De th Shore 100' 500' 1000'11 Shore 100'1500'11000, FC count4urbidity (field only) Transect No. 6 surface 3 1 2 0 1 0.8 0.7 2.9 0.9 Field replicate 6 EM=1/1.0 61 bend in breakwaLL Mid de th 2 2 3 1 0.9 1.7 outh of harbor mouth Bottom 10 6 2 2.2 0.9 2.4 Lab replicate @ 10001 bottom=5 Meyers Beach Off sho 1 16 1.6 1 Is 11 20 1.4 If If 15 1.7 Harbor Area Surf. Mid. Dot Surf. Mid. Bot HorLick Dam 1 30 1 1 20 1 Gas Light Pointe 96 78 '6 9.7 10 15_ replicate H EM=4/2.0 Marina 63 5 9 6.3 4.7 7 Harbor Mouth 3 2 ?4@ 1.21 4.616.5 Small Boat Launch 8 1 icate SBL bottom=96 8 4 0 A29 Week No. 10 - September 7, 1993 Field Conditions Transect) Time "late r Wind Current Water Temperature (*Q Station Depth Spee Direction Direction Magnituc Uddepth Bottom Comments I M (mph) I I I 1A 1150 shore blocked none 18.5 - rock bottom, pockets of sand 1B 1222 3 blocked Sw slight 18.0 - 17.5 rep C@ sfc, hard rock bottom ic 1212 8 6-7 W SSE 17.8 17.2 17.o hard rock bottom 1D 1200 26 5-6 W SE strong 17.4 17.3 17.4 hard rock bottom 2A 1224 shore blocked none wave 18.0 - dominated 2B 1252 5 blocked E slight 18.0 18.0 18.0 2C 1245 10 blocked Sw v. slight 17.9 17.9 17.5 rep 9 mid depth 2D 1240 14 10-15 1 W E 17.8 17.2 17.2 3A 1300 shore blocked none 18.0 - - 3B 1315 4 blocked S slight 19.0 - 18.2 rep (-@ bottom 3C 1310 8 8-10 W SE slight 18.0 18.0 18.0 3D 1305 13 10-15 W S 17.5 17.7 17.5 4A 1058 shore blocked S see note 17.0 - - current parallel to beach 4B 1104 2 4-5 W none 17.0 - - I 4C 1108 8 6-7 W SE 17.8 17.5 17.2 rep @ bottom 4D 1114 15 4-5 Sw W slight 17.9 17.5 17.5 5A 1025 brkwall blocked NNW see note 18.0 - - no sediment collected, current parallel to breakwall 58 1048 12 4-5 W SE 16.8 16.2 16.0 rep @ sfc, rep mud sample taken 5C 1040 14 7-8 W SE 17.2 17.0 15.8 5D 1030 21 7-8 W SE 18.0 18.0 17.5 6A 948 brkwall bi ked none 18.6 - - no sediment collected 6B 1015 19 5-6 WSW none 17.0 17.0 16.0 6C 1008 20 7-8 WSW NE slight 17.5 17.2 17.0 6D 954 26 7-8 WSW NNE 17.5 17.0 16.8 rep @ mid depth H1 1332 18 blocked downstrm slight 17.8 17.0 17.0 H2 1348 30 10-15 1 NW downstrm 18.0 17.0 16.2 H3 1340 is blocked none 17.5 17.0 16,5 H4 1355 13 blocked N (in) strong 17.4 17.5 16.8 rep Q sfc H W S ged ph) Center for Great lakes Studies-UWM RW Paddock A30 a I r I I Appendix B Statistical Evaluation of I Fecal Coliform/Turbidity Relationship I I I I I I I I - I I I I I I Correlation Coefficients Collective Data Set -Number of Observations: 606 Pearson Correlation Matrix FCCOUNT TURBIDIT FCCOUNT 1.000 TURBIDIT 0.314 1.000 Significant Test Bartlett Chi-Square Statistic: 62.495 DF 1 Prob .000 132-10/15193RO07 BI Correlation Coefficients Log-Transformed Data Set Collective Data Set - Number of Observations: 606 Pearson Correlation Matrix LOGFC LOGTURB LOGFC 1.000 LOGTURB 0.630 1.000 Significant Test Bartlett Chi-Square Statistic: 304.838 DF 1 Prob .000 [32-10/15193RO07 B2 Regression Analysis Analysis of Variance Table Source Sum-of-Squares DF Mean-Square F-Ratio P Regression 797.678 1 797.678 396.936 0.000 Residual 1213.792 604 2.010 Variable Coefficient T P(2 Tail) Constant 1.578 18.582 0.000 LOGTURB 1.208 19.923 0.000 Dep Var: LOGFC N. 606 Multiple R: 0.630 Squared Multiple R: 0.397 Adjusted Squared Multiple R: .396 Standard Error of Estimate: 1.418 [32-10/15193RO07 B3 I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I i I I'Toperty of CSC LibXary ' . III III I- j 3 6668 14109 6679 1