[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]







       SHORELINE

COUNTERMEASURES

         MANUAL














   TEMPERATE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS




NATIONAL OCEANIC e.- ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
        HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
      RESPONSE ci' ASSESSMENT
             DIVISION

           DECEMBER 1992












          SHORELINE
     COUNTERMEASURES
            MANUAL







   TEMPERATE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS














NATIONAL OCEANIC i ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
         HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
       RESPONSE C. ASSESSMENT
              DIVISION

            DECEMBER 1992








Contents

Introduction ............................................................. iv


 IDecision Process Organization..........................................1
   Shoreline Evaluation Process                                                      ..........................................1
   I  Shoreline Assessment Group                                                    ....................................2
   2  Shoreline Product Review Group                                                ................................3
   3  Technical Advisory Group                                                       ...............I.......................4
   Termination of Countermeasure Activities..............................5
   Summary of the Decision Process.......................................6


 2Shoreline Types and Sensitive Resources                       ................................9
   I a Exposed Wave-Cut Cliffs .........................................10
   I b Seawalls and Piers ...............................................11
   2  Exposed Wave-Cut Platforms.....................................11
   3   Fine-Grained Sand Beaches.......................................12
   4  Coarse-Grained Sand Beaches ....................................13
   S   Mixed Sand and Gravel (or Shell) Beaches .........................14
   6   Gravel Beaches and Riprap Structures .............................15
   7  Exposed Tidal Flats ..............................................16
   8  Sheltered Rocky Shores ..........................................17
   9  Sheltered Tidal Flats..............................................18
   I Ca Fringing and Extensive Salt Marshes ..............................19
   I Ob Mangroves......................................................20
   Special Considerations .................................................22


 3Shoreline Mapping and Prioritization ...................................25
   Guidelines for Shoreline Surveys .......................................25
   Ground Surveys.......................................................26
   Selecting and Naming Segments........................................27












 The Shoreline Survey Evaluation Forms ................................27
       Abbreviated Shoreline Surveys ...................................28
       Surface Oil Cover Summary........................................30
       Shoreline Oil Terminology/Codes...................................31
       Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form (exhibit)..........................33
       Shoreline Survey Evaluation Short Form (exhibit)....................34
       Sketch Map .......................................................36



4Matrices of Recommended Countermeasure Methods by Oil and
 Shoreline Type........................................................37
       Very Light Oils ..................................................39
       Light Oils ... ....................................................40
       Medium Oils....................................................41
       Heavy Oils......................................................42


5Treatment Methods Not Requiring Regional Response Team
 Consideration .........................................................43
 I  No Action ......................................................44
 2  Manual Removal................................................44
 3   Passive Collection (Sorbents) .....................................45
 4  Debris Removal .................................................46
 5  Trenching................I......................................46
 6  Sediment Removal..............................................47
 7   Ambient-Water Flooding (Deluge) ................................48
 8a  Ambient-Water/Low-Pressure Washing...........................49
 8b  Ambient-Water/High-Pressure Washing ..........................50
 9   Warm-Water/Moderate-to-High-Pressure Washing ................50
 I 0  Hot-Water/High-Pressure Washing...............................51
 I I Slurry Sand Blasting..............................................52







contents, cont.



   1 2 Vacuum........................................................53
   1 3 Sediment Reworking ............................................54
   I 4  Sediment Removal, Cleansing, and Replacement...................55
      I5Cutting Vegetation ..............................................56


6  Treatment Methods Requiring Regional Response Team Approval.                  .     .......57
   I 6 a Chemical Oil Stabilization with Elastomizers.......................57
   I 6b Chemical Protection of Beaches ...................................58
   I 6c Chemical Cleaning of Beaches ....................................59
   1 7 In-situ Burning..................................................60
   I 8 Nutrient Enhancement ..........................................61
   19 Microbial Addition ..............................................62


Appendices
  A  Guidelines for Treatment Operations ...............................A-i
  B  Best Management Practices.........................................B-i
  C  NOAA Scientific Support Coordinators .............................C-i


Glossary .................................................................-D-1


Bibliography..............................................................E-i








introduction



Shoreline countermeasures following an oil spill are a critical element in determining
the ultimate environmental impact and cost resulting from a spill. As with most aspects
of spill response, careful planning can significantly increase the effectiveness of
treatment operations. Local response organizations need to develop mechanisms for
identifying shorelines requiring treatment, establishing treatment priorities, monitoring
the effectiveness and impacts of treatment, and for identifying and resolving problems
as the treatment progresses.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) developed this
manual as a tool for shoreline countermeasure planning and response by Regional
Response Teams, Area Planning Committees, and State response agencies. The manual
is presented as a template that can be tailored for each region or area.

Each section of the manual should be adapted to the specific enviromnments, priorities,
and treatment methods appropriate to the planning area. These elements provide the
information needed to select cleanup methods for specific combinations of shoreline
and oil types. Adapting and completing the template creates a better manual that meets
the specific needs of the area. At a minimum, the shoreline environments and special
resources need to be revised to reflect those found in the area of concern. Local
information on shoreline types (discussed in Chapter 2) can be obtained from
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) atlases prepared by NOAA for most of the U.S.
shorelines, including the Great Lakes. These atlases describe the shoreline types in each
area; these descriptions can be used to replace those included in this template, if
appropriate. The section on Special Considerations only lists those resource issues that
are potentially of concern. Each region or area should identify those issues of greatest
concern and provide guidance on how to best minimize impacts from oil spills. More
importantly, the pre-spill process of adapting this manual should allow response
agencies the opportunity to discuss and resolve shoreline treatment issues prior to a
spill emergency. This tool also outlines a process of documenting and recommending
cleanup options for a section of a shoreline after it has been oiled.

















                                          iv








   1Decision Process Organization




A Shoreline Evaluation Process

The shoreline evaluation process requires a commitment of trained personnel to assess,
evaluate, and communicate the impacts of oil on the shoreline, as well as to
recommend countermeasures to mitigate adverse impacts. At most spills, a repetitive,
detailed, and systematic survey of the extent and degree of shoreline contamination is
needed for:

       I     Assessment of the need for shoreline cleanup
      2      Selection of the most appropriate cleanup method
      3      Determination of priorities for shoreline cleanup
      4      Documentation of the spatial oil distribution over time
          5  Internally consistent historical record of shoreline oil distribution for use
             by other scientific surveys of intertidal and subtidal impacts

The organizational structure described in the following pages details a three-phase
model for the On-Scene Coordinator (09q) to use in establishing the shoreline
evaluation process during an incident. During a small spill event, one team of
individuals may be able to conduct all three phases of support.


On the other end of the spectrum, during a larger spill event, three or more separate
teams would be required to conduct all three phases. of support to the OSC. The products
of the shoreline evaluation process for a larger spill would include the collection of the
individual shoreline sketches noting the extent of oiling, the development of a database
either in text matrix or graphics displaying the oil distribution on the shoreline, a record
of the decision process from the initial assessment of oiling, and the monitoring to final
evaluation of the countermeasures used.







I Shoreline Assessment Group

Objectives
To determine location and extent of shoreline oiling, and effectiveness of implemented
countermeasures.

Members
Three or four trained personnel prepared to evaluate a section of shoreline, equipped
with proper protective gear and suitable transportation to and from the site. The
assessment group should have representatives of the OSC, State, responsible party, and
trustees. Trained volunteers may assist members of the group. Team members must
have basic site safety training and training sufficient to complete the Shoreline Survey
Evaluation Form (page 33). A person well-versed in oil spill control should be the team
leader. The group leader should seek consensus, however, all areas of controversy or
differences of opinion shall be documented and forwarded to the OSC. Specific
recommendations for cleanup may be included under this phase of the assessment.
Chapter 3 outlines the shoreline field evaluation process.

Products
During a small spill event, the products may be as simple as a field sketch illustrating
the oil distribution on the impacted shoreline and photographic documentation.
During more complex events, the completion of the Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form
would be required to document the many details of the oil's distribution on complex
shoreline features.

















                                          2








2   shoreline Product Review Group

objectives
Assure product quality of the Shoreline Assessment Group. Assure quality of the spill
database.

During larger or complex spill events, the OSC may elect to establish a special quality
assurance/quality control (QA/QC) team. The responsibility of this group is to insure
that information from the Shoreline Assessment Group is accurate and consistently
gathered. They will assure items of significance that may have been overlooked by the
Shoreline Assessment Group are added to the assessment process from other data
sources (i.e., in-house reports, maps, databases) such as culturally or archaeologically
significant areas.

Significantly, the time-sensitive elements of the response may also be added to
recommendations to the OSC by this team. For example, are there natural resources that
are particularly sensitive to oiling at the time, or season, the spill is occurring? Is there a
window of opportunity to conduct countermeasure operations to protect a turtle nesting
season (remove the oil before they arrive) or terminate countermeasure activities to
protect bird nesting areas (keep the responders away from nesting areas with live
chicks)?

Members
The Shoreline Product Review Group should contain representatives from the OSC,
State, land managers, and database managers, as appropriate. The State representative
shall collect and forward special concerns submitted by local authorities. The NOAA
Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC) team can assist in the design of the database to
compile detailed data on oil distribution by shoreline segment.

Prodlucts
During more complex spill events, a database will be used to collect and summarize the
Shoreline Evaluation Survey forms prepared by the field teams. The use of maps and
other graphics to display the oil's distribution on the shoreline is critical in assisting the
decision process. This display may be as simple as using colored markers on existing
maps or charts. There should not be a requirement for a computer-generated display of
the oil's distribution on the shoreline when lower technology displays will provide the



                                           3








same information to the Technical Advisory Group and the OSC. The NOAA SSC team
can assist in the design of a visual display for a particular spill event by drawing pictures
representing oil distribution on representations of particular shorelines now available
from National Ocean Survey (NOS) charts.

For more detailed statistical documentation, the use of a database to collect and
summarize distances and extent of shoreline segments that are oiled may also be
required. There should not be a requirement for the computer system to be both a
combination of a visual and a data collection system when lower technology systems can
provide the same information to the Technical Advisory Group and the OSC.



3   Technical Advisory Group

objectives
Review and evaluate Shoreline Survey Evaluation forms to provide timely advice to
the OSC for recommended treatment of oiled shorelines and priorities, including
specific countermeasures. In addition, this group will consider the effects of proposed
countermeasures. They may also suggest alternative or modified countermeasures and
technologies to the OSC for experimental trials during a spill of opportunity.

Members
NOIAA SSC, State representative, trustee(s), U.S. Coast Guard, and responsible party.
The SSC will present group recommendations, including differing opinions, to the OSC.
Participants in this group shall have the authority to commit their agencies to
recommended actions. The level of staff participating on this team should have the
authority to determine the final recommendations.

Prodlucts
One key product of the Technical Advisory Group is feedback to the Shoreline
Assessment Group on treatment countermeasures that have been approved. The
Shoreline Assessment Group will then be able to assess the effectiveness of this
treatment method on the affected shoreline and make recommendations back through
the Technical Advisory Group for any adjustments necessary to improve the efficacy of
the cleanup. The form of the feedback may be as simple as a copy of the approved
countermeasure or a work order. The copying of the graphics/charts, in which the oil
distribution is displayed, would be another desirable form of feedback.


                                          4







Recommendations and authorized countermeasures should be copied to each team
member.




B   Termination of Countermeasure Activities

Objective
To reach agreement on the completion of each shoreline segment countermeasure
activity.

Product
Completion of active shoreline countermeasures under the jurisdiction of the Federal
Government is a decision of the OSC. Support of the OSC requires recommendations
on shoreline countermeasures, and also recommendations on when to terminate
response. The process of evaluating the results of countermeasures and the
recommendation to terminate response activities requires a give and take of members
with many different responsibilities and roles. A goal of the Technical Advisory Group
is to determine if the continued use of a particular countermeasure will result in more
damage to the environment than would occur as a result of terminating any active
response measures.








Summary of the Decision Process

This section outlines the decision tree for evaluating activities. It is a cyclical process.

                                               Shoreline Product Review
                                               Group assure quality of field
         Shoreline Assessment            l      surveys, add infomation,
         Group evaluation of oil's              preparation of graphic
         distribution: use forms,               summary.
         sketches. aerial survev.



                                         Technical Advisory Group
                                         evaluates countermeasure.
                                         Question: Will use of
                                         countermeasures damage
                                          more then help?




                       NO - continue process.              YES -terminate process.




                          On-Scene
                          Coordinator
                          implements
                          countermeasure.


Summary products of the decision process, including the use of maps and other graphics
to display the oil's distribution on the shoreline, is critical in assisting this cyclical
decision process.

       ï¿½ This display may be as simple as using colored markers on existing maps or
          charts.
       ï¿½ For more detailed and statistical documentation, the use of a database to
          collect and summarize distances of shoreline segments that are, for example,
          heavily or lightly oiled, may also be required.
       ï¿½ The NOAA SSC team can present the visual and database information,
          including differing opinions of members, to the OSC.




                                            6








*This report of the recommendations and countermeasures approved for use
 should be copied to each team member and collected for inclusion in the final
 OSC report as required.
















































                                 7








                2Shoreline Types and Sensitive,

                    Resources



             The type of shoreline, degree of exposure to waves and currents, and associated
             biological sensitivity are the main criteria for selecting appropriate treatment techniques.
I         ~      ~~~Prediction of the behavior and persistence of oil on intertidal habitats is based on an
             understanding of the coastal environment, not just the substrate type and grain size.
             The vulnerability of a particular intertidal habitat is an integration of the:

                       1) Shoreline type (substrate, grain size, tidal elevation, origin)
                       2) Exposure to wave and tidal energy
                       3) Biological productivity and sensitivity
                       4) Ease of cleanup

             All of these factors are used to determine the relative sensitivity of shorelines. Key to
             the sensitivity ranking is an understanding of the relationships between: physical
             processes, substrate, shoreline type, product type, sediment transport, and product fate
             and effect. Thus, the intensity of energy expended upon a shoreline by wave action, tidal
             currents, and river currents directly affects the persistence of stranded oil. The need for
             shoreline cleanup activities is determined, in part, by the lack or slowness of natural
             processes in removal of oil stranded on the shoreline.

             These concepts were used in the development of the Environmental Sensitivity Index
             (ESI), which ranks shoreline environments as to their relative sensitivity to oil spills,
             potential biological injury, and ease of cleanup. ESI maps have been prepared for most
             areas of the coastline of the United States. Generally speaking, areas exposed to high
             levels of physical energy, such as wave action and tidal currents, and low biological
             activity rank low on the scale, while sheltered areas with associated high biological
             activity have the highest ranking. The shoreline types used in this manual are the
             rankings, on a scale of 1 to 10, used on most ESI maps (NOAA, 1992). Each atlas has a
             legend that defines the shoreline ranking scale, describes the nature and distribution of
             each shoreline type in the area, predicts the behavior of oil on that shoreline type, and
             makes general cleanup recommendations. The descriptions, predicted oil impact, and



                                                        9








recomm ended response activity listed in the following sections were updated from
existing ESI maps, based on NOAA (1992).


The shoreline ranking system provides a useful first step in the design of contingency
plans because it identifies the priority areas that require maximum effort for protection
and cleanup. With this document, Strike teams and contractors can focus their activities
on environmental priorities, particularly during the first few hours and days of the spill.
Based on numerous oil spill studies of shoreline characteristics, treatment, and oil
impact, the matrices in Chapter 4 were formulated following the basic ESI shoreline
types.


Ia. Exposed Wave-Cut Cliffs

      Description
        *The intertidal zone is steep (greater than 3Q0 slope), with very little width.
        *Sediment accumulations are uncommon and usually ephemeral, since waves
          remove the debris that has slumped from the eroding cliffs.
        *They are often found interspersed with other shoreline types.
        *There is strong vertical zonaition of intertidal biological communities.

      Predicted Oil Impact
        *Oil is held offshore by waves reflecting off the steep cliff.
        *Any oil that is deposited is rapidly removed from exposed faces.
        *The most resistant oil would remain as a patchy band at or above the high-
          tide line.
        *Impacts to intertidal communities are expected to be of short duration.
        *An exception would be where heavy concentrations of a light refined product
          (e.g., No. 2 fuel oil) came ashore very quickly.

      Recommended Response Activity
        *Cleanup is usually not required.
        *Access can be difficult and dangerous.








                                          10








Ib. Seawalls And Piers

      Description
      * Seawalls and piers are particularly common in developed areas, providing
         protection to residential and industrial developments.
      ï¿½ They are also common along inlets, urbanized areas, and developed
         beachfront sites.
      ï¿½ They are composed of concrete and stone, wooden, or metal bulkheads and
         wooden pilings.
      * Organisms, such as barnacles, shellfish, and algae may be common on pilings.
      ï¿½ Biota on concrete structures along the upper intertidal or supratidal zones is
          sparse.

      Predicted Oil Impact
      * Oil would percolate between the joints of the structures.
       Oil would coat the intertidal areas of solid structures.
      * Biota would be damaged or killed under heavy accumulations.

      Recommended Response Activity
          High-pressure spraying may be required in order to:
          - remove oil;
          - prepare substrate for recolonization of barnacle and oyster communities;
          - minimize aesthetic damage;
          - prevent the chronic leaching of oil from the structure.


2. EXPOSED WAVE-CUT PLATFORMS

      Description
      * The intertidal zone consists of a flat rock bench of highly variable width.
      * The shoreline may be backed by a steep scarp or low bluff.
      ï¿½ There may be a narrow, perched beach of gravel- to boulder-sized sediments
         at the base of the scarp.
      ï¿½ The platform surface is irregular and tidal pools are common.
      ï¿½ Small accumulations of gravel can be found in the tidal pools and crevices in
         the platform.
      ï¿½ Pockets of sandy "tidal flats" can occur on the platform in less exposed
         settings.








       * These habitats can support large populations of encrusting animals and
          plants, with rich tidal pool communities.


      Predicted Oil Impact
       * Oil will not adhere to the rock platform, but rather be transported across the
          platform and accumulate along the high-tide line.
          Oil can penetrate and persist in the beach sediments, if present.
       ï¿½ Persistence of oiled sediments is usually short term, except in wave shadows
          or larger sediment accumulations.

      Recommended Response Activity
       ï¿½ Cleanup is usually not required.
          Where the high-tide area is accessible, it may be feasible to remove heavy oil
          accumulations and oiled debris.


3. Fine-Grained Sand Beaches

      Description
          These beaches are generally flat, wide, and hard-packed.
       ï¿½ They are commonly backed by dunes or seawalls along exposed, outer coasts.
       * Along sheltered bays, they are narrower, often fronted by tidal flats.
       ï¿½ Upper beach fauna are scarce.

      Predicted Oil Impact
       ï¿½  Light oil accumulations will be deposited as oily swashes or bands along the
          upper intertidal zone.
       *  Heavy oil accumulations will cover the entire beach surface, although the oil
          will be lifted off the lower beach with the rising tide.
       ï¿½  Maximum penetration of oil into fine-grained sand will be 10 centimeters
          (cm).
       *  Burial of oiled layers by clean sand within the first few weeks will be less than
          30 cm along the upper beach face.
       *  Organisms living in the beach sands may be killed either by smothering or by
          lethal oil concentrations in the interstitial water.
       *  Shorebirds may be killed if oiled, though they may shift to clean sites.




                                          12








      Recommended Response Actiuity
       * These beaches are among the easiest beach types to clean.
       *  Cleanup should concentrate on the removal of oil from the upper swash
          zone after all oil has come ashore.
       *  Removal of sand from the beach should be minimal to avoid erosion
          problems; special caution is necessary in areas backed by seawalls.
       *  Activity through both oiled and dune areas should be severely limited, to
          prevent contamination of clean areas.
       *  Manual cleanup, rather than road graders and front-end loaders, is advised to
          minimize the volume of sand removed from the shore and requiring
          disposal.
       *  All efforts should focus on preventing the mixture of oil being pushed deeper
          into the sediments by vehicular and foot traffic.


4. Coarse-Grained Sand Beaches

      Description
       *  These beaches are moderate-to-steep, of variable width, and have soft
          sediments.
       *  They are commonly backed by dunes or seawalls along exposed, outer coasts.
       * Generally species density and diversity is low.

      Predicted Oil Impact
       *  Light oil will be deposited primarily as a band along the high-tide line.
       *  Under very heavy accumulations, oil may spread across the entire beach face,
          though the oil will be lifted off the lower beach with the rising tide.
       *  Penetration of oil into coarse-grained sand can reach 25 cm.
       *  Burial of oiled layers by clean sand can be rapid, and up to 60 cm or more.
       *  Burial over one meter is possible if the oil comes ashore at the start of a
          depositional period.
       *  Biological impacts include temporary declines in infaunal populations, which
          can also affect feeding shorebirds.

      Recommended Response Activity
      * Remove oil primarily from the upper swash lines.
      * Removal of sediment should be limited to avoid erosion problems.



                                         13








       * Mechanical reworking of the sediment into the surf zone may be used to
          release the oil without removal.
       ï¿½ Activity in the oiled sand should be limited to prevent mixing oil deeper into
          the beach.
       * Use of heavy equipment for oil/sand removal may result in the removal of
          excessive amounts of sand; manual cleanup may be more effective.


5. Mixed Sand And Gravel (or Shell) Beaches

      Description
       ï¿½ Moderately sloping beach composed of a mixture of sand (greater than 20
          percent) and gravel (greater than 25 percent).
       ï¿½ The high-tide berm area is usually composed of sand or fine gravel (pebbles to
          cobbles), whereas the lower part of the beach is coarser, with cobbles to
          boulders.
       ï¿½ Because of the mixed sediment sizes, there may be zones of sand, pebbles, or
          cobbles.
       ï¿½ Because of sediment mobility and desiccation on exposed beaches, there are
          low densities of attached animals and plants.
       ï¿½ The presence of attached algae, mussels, and barnacles indicates beaches that
          are relatively sheltered, with the more stable substrate supporting a richer
          biota.

      Predicted Oil Impact
        *During small spills, oil will be deposited along and above the high-tide swash.
        *Large spills will spread across the entire intertidal area.
        *Oil penetration into the beach sediments may be up to 50 cm; however, the
          sand fraction can be quite mobile, and oil behavior is much like on a sand
          beach if the sand fraction exceeds about 40 percent.
        *Burial of oil may be deep at and above the high-tide line, where oil tends to
          persist, particularly where beaches are only intermittently exposed to waves.
        *On sheltered beaches, extensive pavements of asphalted sediments can form
          if there is no removal of heavy oil accumulations, because most of the oil
          remains on the surface.
        *Once formed, pavements are very stable and can persist for many years.




                                          14








       ï¿½ Oil can be stranded in the coarse sediments on the lower part of the beach,
          particularly if the oil is weathered or emulsified.

      Recommended Response Activity
      *  Remove heavy accumulations of pooled oil from the upper beach face.
      * All oiled debris should be removed.
      *  Sediment removal should be limited as much as possible.
      *  Low-pressure flushing can be used to float oil away from the sediments for
          recovery by skimmers or sorbents. High-pressure spraying should be avoided
          because of potential for transporting the finer sediments (sand) to the lower
          intertidal or subtidal zones.
       *  Mechanical reworking of oiled sediments from the high-tide zone to the
          upper intertidal zone can be effective in areas regularly exposed to wave
          activity (as evidenced by storm berms). However, oiled sediments should not
          be relocated below the mid-tide zone.
       *  In-place tilling may be used to reach deeply buried oil layers in the mid-beach
          on exposed beaches.


6. Gravel Beaches and Riprap Structures

      Description
      *  Gravel beaches are composed of sediments ranging in size from pebbles to
          boulders.
      *  They can be very steep, with multiple wave-built berms forming the upper
          beach.
      *  Attached animals and plants are usually restricted to the lowest parts of the
          beach, where the sediments are less mobile.
      *  Riprap structures are composed of cobble to boulder-sized rocks.
      *  Riprap structures are placed for shoreline protection and inlet stabilization.
      *  Biota on the riprap may be plentiful and varied.

      Predicted Oil Impact
      * Deep penetration and rapid burial of stranded oil is likely on exposed beaches.
      * On exposed beaches, oil can be pushed over the high-tide and storm berms,
          pooling and persisting above the normal zone of wave wash.




                                         15








      * Long-term persistence will be controlled by the depth of penetration versus
          the depth of routine reworking by storm waves.
      * On relatively sheltered beaches, formation of asphalt pavements is likely
          where accumulations are heavy.
      * On riprap structures, deep penetration of oil between the boulders is likely.
      * If oil is left uncleaned, it may become asphaltized.
      * Resident fauna and flora may be killed by the oil.

      Recommended Response Activity
      ï¿½ Heavy accumulations of pooled oil should be quickly removed from the
          upper beach.
      ï¿½ All oiled debris should be removed.
      ï¿½ Sediment removal should be limited as much as possible.
      * Low- to high-pressure flushing can be used to float oil away from the
          sediments for recovery by skimmers or sorbents.
      * Mechanical reworking of oiled sediments from the high-tide zone to the
          upper intertidal zone can be effective in areas regularly exposed to wave
          activity (as evidenced by storm berms). However, oiled sediments should not
          be relocated below the mid-tide zone.
      * In-place tilling may be used to reach deeply buried oil layers in the mid-beach
          on exposed beaches.
      ï¿½ It may be necessary to remove heavily oiled riprap and replace it.


7.  Exposed Tidal Flats

      Description
      * They are composed primarily of sand and mud.
      * The presence of sand indicates that tidal or wind-driven currents and waves
          are strong enough to mobilize the sediments.
      * They are always associated with another shoreline type on the landward side
          of the flat.
      * The sediments are water-saturated, with only the topographically higher
          ridges drying out during low tide.
      * Biological utilization can be very high, with large numbers of infauna and
          heavy use by birds for roosting and foraging.



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      Predicted Oil Impact
       * Oil does not usually adhere to the surface of exposed tidal flats, but rather
          moves across the flat and accumulates at the high-tide line.
       * Deposition of oil on the flat may occur on a falling tide if concentrations are
          heavy.
       * Oil does not penetrate the water-saturated sediments.
       * Biological damage may be severe, primarily to infauna, thereby reducing food
          sources for birds and other predators.

      Recommended Response Actiuity
       * Currents and waves can be very effective in natural removal of the oil.
       * Cleanup is very difficult (and possible only during low tides).
       * The use of heavy machinery should be restricted to prevent mixing of oil into
          the sediments.
       * On sand flats, oil will be removed naturally from the flat and deposited on
          the adjacent beaches where cleanup is more feasible.


8. Sheltered Rocky Shores

      Description
       * They consist of bedrock shores of variable slope (from vertical cliffs to wide,
          rocky ledges) that are sheltered from exposure to most wave and tidal energy.
       *  The wider shores may have some surface sediments, but the bedrock is the
          dominant substrate type
       * Species density and diversity vary greatly, but barnacles, snails, mussels,
          clams, periwinkles, amphipods, polychaetes, rockweed, and crabs are often
          very abundant.


      Predicted Oil Impact
       * On rocky shores, oil will adhere readily to the rough rocky surface,
          particularly along the high-tide line, forming a distinct oil band.
       * Fractures in the bedrock will be sites of pooling and oil persistence.
       * Even on wide ledges, the lower intertidal zone usually stays wet (particularly
          when algae covered), preventing oil from adhering to the rock surface.
       * Heavy and weathered oils can cover the upper zone with little impacts to the
          rich biological communities of the lower zone.


                                          17








       ï¿½ Where surface sediments are abundant, oil will penetrate into the crevices
          formed by the surface rubble and pool at the contact of the sediments and the
          surface.
       ï¿½ Where the rubble is loosely packed, oil will penetrate deeply, causing long-
          term contamination of the subsurface sediments.
       * Fresh oil and light refined products have high acute toxicities that can affect
          attached organisms after even short exposures.

      Recommended Response Activity
       * Low- to high-pressure spraying at ambient water temperature is most
          effective when the oil is fresh.
       ï¿½ Extreme care must be taken not to spray in the biologically rich lower
          intertidal zone or when the tidal level reaches that zone.
       * Cutting of oiled, attached algae is not recommended; tidal action will
          eventually float this oil off, so sorbent booms should be deployed.


9. Sheltered Tidal Flats

      Description
        *They are composed primarily of silt and clay.
        *They are present in calm-water habitats, sheltered from major wave activity,
          and frequently fronted by marshes.
        *Wave energy is very low, although there may be strong tidal currents active
          on parts of the flat and in channels across the flat.
        *The sediments are very soft and cannot support even light foot traffic.
        *There are usually large populations of clams, worms, and snails.
        *Bird life is seasonally abundant.

      Predicted Oil Impact
       * Oil does not usually adhere to the surface of sheltered tidal flats, but rather
          moves across the flat and accumulates at the high-tide Mie.
       * Deposition of oil on the flat may occur on a falling tide if concentrations are
          heavy.
        *Oil will not penetrate the water-saturated sediments at all.
        *In areas of high suspended sediments, sorption of oil can result in
          contaminated sediments that can be deposited on the flats.



                                          18







                   *Biological damage may be severe.

                 Recommended Response Activity
                 * These are high-priority areas necessitating the use of spill protection devices
                    to limit oil spill impact; deflection or sorbent booms and open water
                    skimmers should be used.
                 0 Cleanup of the flat surface is very difficult because of the soft substrate and
                    many methods may be restricted.
                 * Manual operations and deployment of sorbents from shallow-draft boats may
                    be helpful.

          I Oa. Fringing and Extensive Salt Marshes

                 Description
                 * Marshes are intertidal wetlands containing emergent, herbaceous vegetation.
                 * Width of the marsh can vary widely, from a narrow fringe to extensive.
                 ï¿½ They are relatively sheltered from waves and strong tidal currents.
                  ï¿½Resident flora and fauna are abundant and consist of numerous species.
                   ï¿½Marshes provide a nursery ground for numerous fish species.
                 * Bird life is seasonally abundant.

                 Predlictedt Oil impact
                 ï¿½ Oil adheres readily to marsh vegetation.
                 ï¿½ The band of coating will vary widely, depending upon the tidal stage at the
I                 ~     ~~~~~time oil slicks are in the vegetation. There may be multiple bands.
                 * Large slicks will persist through multiple tidal cycles and coat the entire stem
                    from the high-tide line to the base.
                 * If the vegetation is thick, heavy oil coating will be restricted to the outer
                    fringe, with penetration and lighter oiling to the limit of tidal influence.
                 * Medium to heavy oils do not readily adhere or penetrate the fine sediments,
                    but they can pool on the surface and in burrows.
                 ï¿½ Light oils can penetrate the top few centimeters of sediment and deeply into
                    burrows and cracks (up to one meter).

                 Recommended Response Activity
                   *Under light oiling, the best practice is to let the area recover naturally.


                                                    19







        *Heavy accumulations of pooled oil can be removed by vacuum, sor bents, or
         low-pressure flushing. During flushing, care must be taken to prevent
         transporting oil to sensitive areas down slope or along shore.
        *Cleanup activities should be carefully supervised to avoid vegetation damage.
        *Any cleanup activity must not mix the oil deeper into the sediments.
         Trampling of the roots must be minimized.
        *Cutting of oiled vegetation should only be considered when other resources
         present are at great risk from leaving the oiled vegetation in place.


Ilob. Mangroves

      DeSCription
        *Mangrove forests are composed of salt-tolerant trees that form dense stands
         with distinct zonation: red mangroves occur on the seaward exterior while
         black and white mangroves occur on forest interiors.
        *The outer, fringing forests can be exposed to relatively high wave activity and
         strong currents; forests located in bays and estuaries are well-sheltered.

        *Sediment types range from thin layers of sand and mud to muddy peat toI
         loose gravel on limestone beachrock.
        *Heavy wrack deposits in the storm swash line are very common.
        *The topographic profile is generally very flat, and seagrass beds are common
         in shallow offshore areas.
        *Attached to the prop roots are moderate densities of algae, snails, and crabs.

      Predicted Oil Impact4
      * Fresh spills of light refined products have acute, toxic impacts to both trees
         and intertidal biota. These products will penetrate deeply into the forests,
         stopping only at the high-tide line, where sediment contamination may
         result.
      * No. 2 fuel oil or fresh crude will have great persistence where it penetrates
         burrows and prop root cavities. Heavier oils tend to coat the intertidal zone,
         with heaviest concentrations at the high-tide line or storm wrack line.
      * Heavy oils will coat the intertidal section of prop roots, resulting in
         defoliation and eventual death of the tree if significant coverage occurs.
      * In sheltered areas, oil may persist for many years.



                                         20








Recommended Response Activity
 *Under light accumulations of any type of oil, no cleanup is recommended.
 *If sheens are present, use sorbent booms to pick up the oil as it is naturally
   removed, being sure to change booms frequently.
 *The only light refined product that usually requires cleanup is No. 2 fuel
   oil/diesel because of the potential for long-term sediment contamination.
 *Heavy accumulations could be skimmed or flushed with low-pressure water
   flooding, as long as there is NO disturbance or mixing of oil into the substrate.
   If substrate mixing is likely or unavoidable, it is better to leave the oil to
   weather naturally.
ï¿½ Oily debris should be removed, taking care not to disturb the substrate.
* Live vegetation should never be cut or otherwise removed.
ï¿½ Sorbents can be used to remove wide heavy oil coatings from prop roots in
   areas of firm substrate and with close supervision.
* Under moderate to heavy accumulations of crude or heavy refined products,
   a detailed, site-specific cleanup plan will be required. The cleanup plan
   should be prepared by experienced personnel and include:
   1) General map of entire impacted area and locations of specific areas to be
      cleaned up.
   2) Detailed maps of each specific area showing the oil locations and type of
       cleanup to be performed at each location.
   3) Definition of each type of cleanup allowed.
   4) Specific restrictions to prevent further damage for each cleanup location.




















                                   21








Special Considerations

The above shoreline types may also have associated sensitive biological resources and
human-use areas, which include:

      Subtidal Habitats
      * Submerged aquatic vegetation
      ï¿½ Kelp beds
      ï¿½ Coral reefs
      * Worm beds

      Birds
      * Rookeries and nesting sites
         Waterfowl overwintering concentration areas
      *  High concentration migration stopovers
      *  High concentration resident bird colonies

      Marine Mammals
      ï¿½ Migration corridors
      ï¿½ Population concentration areas

      Terrestrial Mammals
      ï¿½ Concentration areas

      Terrestrial Plants
      * Threatened and endangered plants adjacent to the shoreline

      Fish and Shellfish
      ï¿½ Anadromous fish spawning streams
         Sites important to beach- and kelp-spawning fish
      ï¿½ Estuarine areas that are important fish nursery areas
      ï¿½ Special concentration areas for estuarine and demersal fish
      * Shellfish seed beds, leased beds, high concentration areas
         Crab, shrimp, and lobster nursery areas

      Reptiles
      * Marine turtle nesting beaches
      * Alligator/crocodile concentration areas


                                       22








Recreation
ï¿½ High-use recreational beaches
ï¿½ Marinas and boat ramps
* High-use boating, fishing, and diving areas

Management Areas
ï¿½ Nature preserves and reserves
ï¿½ Privately developed lands/facilities (Nature Conservancy Areas)
ï¿½ Research natural areas
ï¿½ State marine parks/Federal marine sanctuaries
ï¿½ Wildlife management areas and refuges

Resource Extraction
ï¿½ Commercial fishing areas, including finfish, crabs, and mollusks
ï¿½ Water intakes
ï¿½ Aquaculture sites
*  Intertidal and subtidal mining leases
* Subsistence harvest sites
ï¿½ Log storage sites

Cultural Resources
ï¿½ Archaeological and other historically significant sites
ï¿½ Native American reservations





















                                 23








3 Shoreline Mapping

      and Prioritization



Guidelines for Shoreline Surveys

At most spills, a repetitive, detailed, and systematic survey of the extent and degree of
shoreline contamination is needed for:

       I Assessment of the need for shoreline cleanup
      2 Selection of the most appropriate cleanup method
      3 Determination of priorities for shoreline cleanup
      4 Documentation of the spatial oil distribution over time
      5 Internally consistent historical record of stranded oil distribution for use by
          other scientific surveys of intertidal and subtidal impacts

Though general approvals for use of shoreline cleanup methods are to be developed
during planning stages, site-specific cleanup recommendations must be based on field
data on the shoreline types and type and degree of shoreline contamination. Thus,
shoreline surveys become a very important component of the decision-making process,
and they must be conducted in a systematic manner. Also, repeated surveys are needed
to monitor the effectiveness and effects of on-going treatment methods (any migration
of beached oil, as well as natural recovery), so that the need for additional treatment or
constraints can be evaluated.

Several methods of data collection can be used to obtain information on shoreline
character and degree of oil contamination. For example, aerial surveys provide
reconnaissance-level information that is necessary for broad scale evaluations,
definition of the impacted area, and general characterization of the oiling conditions.
During aerial surveys, observers should note presence of resources at risk that need
immediate protection, recommendations for boom deployment sites, access points, or
restrictions, etc.

Ground surveys provide detailed inform-ation necessary for site-specific decisions on
shoreline treatment techniques. The methods and forms for ground surveys described


                                         25








here have been modified from those developed by Exxon and their contractors during
the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound (Owens and Teal, 1990). These
methods have been revised for application to specific regions, such as the Oil Spill SCAT
Manual for the coastline of British Columbia (Environment Canada, 1992). Guidance on
methods and forms for use in ground surveys are described in the following section.

Ground Surueys
The primary purpose of ground surveys is to collect information on the extent of oiling
on various shoreline types and to feed this information into the decision-making
process for shoreline cleanup. Thus, it is imperative that survey teams use consistent
methods and terminology throughout the spill event. A series of forms have been
developed as the basis for data collection and reporting. Field teams should conduct a
training program so all members understand the objectives, methods, data forms, terms,
etc., and to insure standardized application. The teams need to visit at least one site as a
group so that their observations can be calibrated.

At a large spill, the scientific members of the Shoreline Assessment Team usually
consist of the following:
       Oil Spill Scientist/Coastal Geologist (OG)-Should have at least B.Sc. degree in
       geology or physical geography and oil-spill experience, plus familiarity with
       shorelines of impacted area. Responsible for logistical/direction and detailed
       documentation (i.e., completion of Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form).
       Ecologist (ECO)-Should have degree in biology and oil-spill experience, plus
       familiarity with the local affected habitats and organisms. Responsible for
       characterization of the intertidal communities and assessing affects of oil or
       cleanup efforts.
       Archeologist (ARCH)--Usually an M.S.- or Ph.D.-level archeologist. Main
       responsibilities are identifying and updating archaeological and historical sites,
       and determining potential impacts of oiling or cleanup measures.

In addition to the core scientific group, the team also usually has representatives of: (a)
operations group of the party responsible for cleanup; (b) the State government; (c) the
Federal Government; and (d) the land owner or manager. At smaller spills or under
emergency conditions, team members may have to assume more than one role.






                                          26








Selecting and Naming Segments
The general approach is to divide the impacted area into segments, which are sections of
the oiled shoreline for which detailed observations are recorded. The size of segments
depends on the variabilities in degree of oiling and shoreline type. Boundaries of the
segments should be defined where the shoreline geomorphology or degree of oiling
changes significantly. However, it should be noted that new forms are completed for
each segment, so the interval should not be so small that the number of forms required
becomes unmanageable for the size of the spill. Segment lengths up to several
kilometers would be acceptable for large spills, where smaller spills may have lengths in
the hundreds of meters.

Numbering of the segments in a logical order helps location recognition. Usually an
alpha-numeric code is employed, with two-letter abbreviations for the local area (e.g., CF
for segments located along the Cape Fear River and BH for those on Bald Head Island),
and numbers for each segment in the order it was surveyed. Thus, if Bald Head Island
was divided into four segments, they would be designated as BH-1 through BH-4. The
boundaries of the segments would be delineated on detailed maps.

The Shoreline Survey Evaluation Forms
For each segment, the Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form should be completed. Two
versions of a Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form have been included in this manual.
This section briefly outlines the methods to be used to complete the long form.


The Shoreline Terminology/Codes sheet lists the common terms and abbreviations to
be used to describe the oil, sediments, and other features on the forms and sketch maps.
The blocks on the Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form, where the codes are used, are
indicated on the sheet. One member of the team, usually the OG, should be responsible
for completing the forms, although all members collect the field data. The segment is
walked and observations on the oiling conditions are recorded. It is very important to
make accurate measurements or estimates of the dimensions of each type of oil. Areas
containing surface oil are shown on a field sketch of the shoreline segment. The oiled
sites, which are designated by letters, are described systematically by filling in Block 6 of
the Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form. A blank sketch form is attached, and an
example is included for illustration purposes.

Subsurface oil is investigated by digging trenches and recording measurements of the
degree and depths of subsurface oil. Each trench is numbered, and the location of each


                                          27








trench should be shown on the sketch. A symbol is used to differentiate between oiled
and clean trenches (filled-in versus open triangle). The sketches are a very important
component of the field survey data; they are better than photographs at depicting overall
conditions. Sketches help reviewers put the tabular data on oiled area and type in
perspective, thereby facilitating decision making. They provide documentation in a
manner not achieved by photographs, videotapes, or statistics, and they allow ready
comparisons over Hind.

The objective of the surveys should always be kept in mind: to collect the information
needed by operations personnel and decision makers to formulate and approve
shoreline treatment plans. An operations manager should be able to use the data to
develop a detailed cleanup plan, including equipment and manpower needs, from these
surveys. Government agencies should be able to use the data, along with natural
resource information, to develop cleanup priorities, identify site-specific or temporal
constraints, and approve the proposed cleanup plan.

The Comment section and sketch map will be important references for documentation
of sensitive resources and impacts. The Comments section should highlight the
information the field team considers to be very important to the shoreline treatment
decision making. The Comments section is also where the field team makes treatment
recommendations that would best remove the oil without causing further
environmental damage, or identify specific constraints that should be incorporated into
the cleanup plan.

Abbreviated Shoreline Surveys
Comprehensive surveys, as outlined above, are not always appropriate for smaller spills,
or those that are relatively simple in oiling conditions. Yet, there is still the need for
systematic observations and documentation of shoreline oiling conditions and cleanup
progress. An abbreviated shoreline survey at smaller or less complicated spills would
consist of:

       * Trained team(s) with members from State and Federal response agencies, the
          cleanup contractor, and responsible party to document shoreline oiling
          conditions.

       * Consistent terminology for description of oiling conditions and of shoreline
          features.




                                          28








       ï¿½ Segmentation of the oiled areas into sections by shoreline type, degree of
          oiling, etc., and for which specific cleanup recommendations can be made.

       ï¿½ Field sketches to identify the area surveyed, record oil observations, identify
          sensitive areas to avoid, and utilize as the basis for a work plan by cleanup
          crews.

       ï¿½  Simplified forms for recording observations, making recommendations for
          cleanup, listing segment-specific restrictions, and generating summary
          statistics on shoreline oiling conditions. The forms would also document
          team composition, samples, photographs, etc., for each segment.

The Shoreline Survey Evaluation Short Form was developed to meet the
documentation requirements at smaller spills. The form contains space for recording
measurements of the length and degree of shoreline contamination, but allows for
textual descriptions of the oiling conditions. It is important that the standard terms be
used in these descriptions and that specific features be shown on the field sketch. The
Short Form also includes space for recording segment-specific considerations for cleanup
operations. This section would indlude information on the location of areas that should
be avoided or that require special care or restricted activities by cleanup crews. For
example, the location of sensitive wildlife such as eagle nests would be noted in this
section. Sites to be avoided, such as archeological sites or private property, would be
delineated. Photographs and samples taken at the site would be recorded in the section
for Other Comments.























                                           29









Surface Oil Cover Summary
As the shoreline surveys are being completed, a rating system must be used to describe
and summarize the surface oil conditions on the shoreline. These conditions are:

          * Heavy
          * Moderate
          * Light
          * Very Light

These ratings are assigned based upon the Oil Category Width and the Surface Oil
Distribution, as defined on the sheet on Shoreline Oil Terminology/Codes. Following is
an Initial Surface Oil Cover Matrix for use during spills.



Surface Oil Cover Matrix


                                     Width of Oiled Areas
                          Wide         Medium        Narrow      Very Narrow
                          >6 m        >3 - 6 m     >0.5 - 3 m      <0.5 m

         Coti 6inuous    Heavy         Heavy        Moderate        Light



            roken        Heavy          Heavy       Moderate         Light
  ,gs    ,5Y  -90% ' '~
   t  t  :

   Fi i    Patchy,-    Moderate       Moderate         Light      Very Light
   b     .'11~-, 50%       -

   t    ~ .
   ' i:'; 'Sporadic       Light         Light       Very Light    Very Light
  o~ '1 '~-10%


            Trace'      Very Light    Very Light    Very Light    Very Light
            <1%










                                         30








Shoreline Oil Terminology/Codes                                                11/5/92

Shoreline Slope                                                         (Enter in Block 3)

       Low         Less than 30 degrees
       Medium    Between 31 and 60 degrees
       High        Between 61 and 90 degrees
       Vertical    Vertical or near vertical

Oil Categorv Width                                                      (Enter in Block 4)
(To be determined for each segment, depending on width of the intertidal zone)

       W         Wide              > 6 m wide
       M         Medium            > 3 m to < 6 m
       N         Narrow            > 0.5 m to < 3 m
       V         Very Narrow       < 0.5 m

Oil Distribution                                                       (Enter in Block 5)

       C         Continuous        91-100%
       B         Broken            51 - 90%
       P         Patchy            11 - 50%
       S         Sporadic            1-10%
       T         Trace             <1%

Surface Oiling Descriotors - Thickness                                  (Enter in Block 5)

       PO        Pooled Oil (fresh oil or mousse > 1 cm thick)
       CV        Cover (oil or mousse from >0.1 cm to <1 cm on any surface)
       CT        Coat (visible oil <0.1 cm, which can be scrapped off with fingernail)
       ST        Stain (visible oil, which cannot be scrapped off with fingernail)
       FL        Film (transparent or iridescent sheen or oily film)

Surface Oiling Descrintors - Tvye                                       (Enter in Block 5)

       FR        Fresh Oil (unweathered, liquid oil)
       MS        Mousse (emulsified oil occurring over broad areas)
       TB        Tarballs (discrete accumulations of oil <10 cm in diameter)
       PT        Patties (discrete accumulations of oil >10 cm in diameter)
       TC        Tar (highly weathered oil, of tarry, nearly solid consistency)
       SR        Surface Oil Residue (non-cohesive, heavily oiled surface sediments,
                 characterized as soft, incipient asphalt pavements)
       AP        Asphalt Pavements (cohesive, heavily oiled surface sediments)
       NO        No Oil
       DB        Debris; logs, vegetation, rubbish, garbage, response items such as
                 booms, etc.





                                          31








Shoreline Oil Terminology/Codes                                                11/5/92

Subsurface Oiling Descrintors                                           (Enter in Block 6)

      SAP       Subsurface asphalt pavement (cohesive)
      OP        Oil-Filled Pores (pore spaces are completely filled with oil, to the extent
                 that the oil flows out of the sediments when disturbed). May also
                 consist of weathered oil such as a buried lens of asphalt pavement
       PP        Partially Filled Pores (pore spaces partially filled with oil, but the oil
                 does not flow out of the sediments when disturbed)
      OR        Oil Residue (sediments are visibly oiled with black/brown coat or
                 cover on the clasts, but little or no accumulation of oil within the pore
                 spaces)
      OF        Oil Film (sediments are lightly oiled with an oil film, or stain on the
                 casts)
      TR        Trace (discontinuous film or spots of oil, or an odor or tackiness)
      NO        No Oil (no evidence of any type of oil)

Shoreline Zone                                                   (Enter in Blocks 5 and 6)

      SU        Supratidal (above normal spring high tide levels)
      Ul        Upper Intertidal
      MI        Middle Intertidal
       LI Lower Intertidal

Sediment Tvyes                                                   (Enter in Blocks 5 and 6)

       R         Bedrock outcrops

                 Gr avel
      B         Boulder (>256 mm in diameter)
      C         Cobble (64-256 mm)
       P         Pebble (4-64 mm)
      G         Granule (2-4 mm)

      S         Sand (0.06-2 mm)
      M         Mud (silt and clay, < 0.06 mm)
      AR        Riprap (man-made permeable rubble)
      A W       Seawalls (impermeable)
      AP        Man-made pilings

Sheen Colr                                                              (Enter in Block 6)

      B         Brown
      R         Rainbow
      S         Silver
      N         None




                                          32






SHORELINE SURVEY EVALUATION FORM                                                        Page _  of _
    1 I Segment Name:                      Survey                      Survey         (use military time)
    E Segment ID:                          Date:                       ITime:            to
  NiSurveyed From:  Foot / Boat / Helicopter       Weather: Sun / Clouds / Fog / Rain / Snow

2 TiTeam No.                                       lOperations:
  EIOG:                                           IState:                              for:
     ECO:                                          I Federal:                          for:
  MIARCH:                                         ILand Manager:                       for:

3 ISlOverall Classification for: UiZ-select one    I Sediment Beach:       Sediment Flat:
  H Bedrock:  Cliff            Platform         Boulder-Cobble _  Sand _    Boulder-Cobble _  Sand _
  i Manmade: Permeable        Impermeable       Pebble-Cobble               Pebble-Cobble
    R Marsh/Wetlands                           Sand-Gravel _               Sand-Gravel _
  ElSecondary Shore Type:                                 IBackshore Type:

4 : Geomorphology
  AISlope: Low    %   Med.    %  High    %  Vert. _IWave Exposure: Low / Medium / High
    NEstimated Segment Length:            m       ITotal Estimated Length Surveyed:
  I Access Restrictions:

5  OlOil Category Width:                   ITotal Pavement:        sq.m   by           cm
    I Wide  -    m Very Narrow          miPatties/Tarballs         bags   Oiled Debris? Yes/No
     Medium -  m No Oil                 m Debris/Amount: Logs              Vegetation
    Narrow -m  Unsurveyed               m                 Trash            Other

6                               D
  SL  AREA                      I                   SURFACE OIL                         SHORELINE
  U O Li Wm         ZONE        S     THICKNESS                   TYPE                   SEDIMENT
  R C  m   m  SJ  UI  MI  LI T  PO  CV CT ST FL F  MS TB  PT TC  SR AP NO                  TYPE
  F
  A
  C
  E


  I


  Distribution (DIST): C = 100-91%; B = 90-51%; P = 50-11%:; S = 10-1%; T = <1%  Photo Roll #  Frames
7 S                     TRENCH  OILED       SUBSURFACE  '   WATER                SURFACE-    CLEAN
  U N   TRENCHES        DEPTH   ZONE       OIL CHARACTER       TABLE  SHEEN SUBSURFACE   BELOW
  B 0. SU  U  M   LI   cm    cm-cm   CP  FP CR  OF TR NC   cm    COLOR SEDIMENTS              Y/N
  s
  U
  R
  F
  A


  Sheen Color: B = Brown  R = Rainbow  S = Silver  N = None

8 COMMENTS






SHORELINE SURVEY EVALUATION SHORT FORM
                                                                                       Page _ of _
1   Segment Name:                           Survey                       Survey         (use military time)
    Segment ID:                             Date:                       Time:             to
  I Surveyed From:  Foot/ Boat I Helicopter          Weather: Sun/ Clouds / Fog / Rain / Snow

2   Team No.
  ] Name:                           for:                Name:                    for:
    Name:                          for:                 Name:                    for:
    'lName:                        for:                 Name:                    for:

3   Shoreline Types:
  . Sediment Types:
    Access Restrictions:



                                       Length of Shoreline for Each Oil Category
              Oil             Wide       Medium       Narrow      Very Narrow      No   Total Estimated
          Distribution        (>6m)      (3-6m)    (0.5-3m)         (<0.5m)       Oil   Segment Length
4  : Continuous (91-100%)           m            m           m                m
  : Broken (51-90%)                 m            m           m               m   _m               m
  " Patchy (11-50%)                 m            m           m                m
   .Sporadic (1-10%)                m           m            m               m

5 Description of oiling conditions (use standard terms/refer to sketch)
  SURFACE OIL:




  SUBSURFACE OIL:





6 Segment-specific considerations for cleanup operations
  (sensitive wildlife areas to avoid, etc.)










7 Other Comments





                                                               SKETCH MAP                                                                            11/05/92


Segment Name
Segment No.
Date
Names

Checklist
_North Arrow
_Scale
__Oil Distribution
_High-Tide Line
_Low-Tide Line
_Substrate Types
_Trench Locations

Legend
    1A
Trench Number.
No Subsurface Oil
   2
Trench Number.
Subsurface Oil





                                                  SKETCH MAP.



Segment No.  C. A) - -z
Date  a o ori vhai-i, jqq I
Names  to&)Y y.3.U`-Al~e-7 

Checklist
/ North Arrowla
T-Scale
70i1 Distribution
ZHigh Tide Line                                        0   ~      c
/Low Tide Line
7-Substrate Types
ZTrench Locations                                                       rERC--c k

LegendA


Trench Number.                            f        oF

Trench Number. G
Subsurface Oil


                                                ~~~~~AP sa.





                                                             J~~~c.T   Io~~~~~InA








          4 Matrices of Recommended

I             ~Countermeasure Methods
                 by Oil and Shoreline Type



          The matrices included in this chapter show which shoreline countermeasure techniques
          have been considered for the ten shoreline types described in Chapter 2. Four matrices
          have been constructed for the major categories of oil (very light., light, medium, heavy).

          Countermeasure methods are described in Chapters 5 and 6. Countermeasures in
          Chapter 5 are traditional techniques that the OSC can use without any additional
          concurrence. However, the cutting of vegetation countermeasure should be used only
          during specific seasonal windows under specific conditions and with landowner
          approval. Countermeasures in Chapter 6 are described under a separate section called
          'Treatment Methods Requiring Regional Response Team Approval" and may be useful
          in certain situations. The matrices are a particularly dynamic component of the manual
          and should continue to be revised as the existing techniques are used and evaluated, and
          as both old and new techniques are refined.

          Each matrix has a written explanation of how it is to be used as a countermeasure
          advisability matrix. The matrix is only a general guide for removing oil from shoreline
          substrates. It must be used in conjunction with the entire 'Shoreline Countermeasures
          Manual" plus field observations and scientific advice. The countermeasures listed are
          not necessarily the best under all circumstances, and any listed technique may need to be
          used in conjunction with other techniques (including ones not listed herein). The
          Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) or the State OSC operating with the FOSC's
          authorization has the responsibility for and authority to determine which
          countermeasure(s) are appropriate for the various situations encountered.

          Selection of countermeasure techniques to be used in each spill is based upon the degree
          of oil contamination, shoreline types, and the presence of sensitive resources. Extremely
          sensitive areas are limited to manual cleanup methods. It is important to note that the
          primary goal of countermeasure implementation is the removal of oil from the



                                                  37






shoreline with no further injury or destruction to the environment. The three
categories of guidance used in the matrices are defined as follows:

      R      Recommended          Method that best achieves the goal of minimizingI
                                  destruction or injury to the environment

      C      Conditional          Viable and possibly useful but may result in limited
                                  adverse effects to the environment

      Shaded                      Do not use






























                                         38





                    Shoreline Countermeasure Matrix

                                 Verv Liaht Oils (Jet fuels. Gasoline)
                          * Highly volatile (should all evaporate within 1 - 2 days)
                          * High concentrations of toxic (soluble) compounds
                          * Result: Localized, severe impacts to water column and intertidal resources
                          * Duration of impact is a function of the resource recovery rate
                          * No dispersion necessary

                                                         SHORELINE TYPE CODES
                                    1 - Seawalls and piers                   6 - Gravel beaches and riprap structures
                                    2 - Exposed wave-cut platforms           7 - Exposed tidal flats
                                    3 - Fine-grained sand beaches            8 - Sheltered rocky shores
                                    4 - Coarse-grained sand beaches          9 - Sheltered tidal flats
                                    5 - Mixed sand and gravel (or shell)     10- Fringing and extensive salt marshes
                                       beaches
          COUNTERMEASURE                                                     SHORELINE TYPES

                                                                1   2    3    4    5    6    7    8   9   10
         1) No Action
         2) Manual Removal
         3) Passive Collection (Sorbents)
         4) Debris Removal
         5) Trenchina
         6) Sediment Removal
         7) Ambient Water Floodina (Deluae)
         8) Ambient Water Washina
            a) Low Pressure (< 50 psi)
            b) Hiah Pressure (< 100 psi)
         9) Warm Water WashinQ/Mod.-Hiah Pressure
        10) Hot Water/Hiqh Pressure Washinq
        11) Slurry Sand Blastina
        12) Vacuum
        13) Sediment Reworkina t
        14) Excavation, Cleansina, and Replacement
        15) Cuttina Veaetation
        16) Chemical Treatment t
             a) Oil Stabilization with Elastomizers
             b) Protection of Beaches
             c) Cleanina of Beaches
        17) In situ Burnina of Shorelines t
        18) Nutrient Enhancement t
        19) Microbial Addition t

       t - Requires RRT approval
       R - Recommended - may be preferred alternative
       C - Conditional                          '                         Do Not Use


This countermeasure advisability matrix is only a general guide for removal of oil from shoreline substrates. It must be used in
conjunction with the entire Shoreline Countermeasures Manual plus field observations and scientific advice. The countermeasures listed
are not necessarily the best under all circumstances, and any listed technique may need to be used in conjunction with other techniques
(including ones not listed herein). The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) or the state OSC operating with the FOSC's authorization
has the responsibility for and authority to determine which countermeasure(s) are appropriate for the various situations encountered.
Selection of countermeasures is based on the degree of oil contamination, the shoreline type, and the presence of sensitive resources.





                    Shoreline Countermeasure Matrix
                           Liaht Oils (Diesel. No. 2 Fuel Oils. Liaht Crudes)

                 * Moderately volatile; will leave residue (up to 1/3 of spilled amount)
                 * Moderate concentrations of toxic (soluble) compounds
                 * Will 'oil' intertidal resources with long-term contamination potential
                 * Has potential for subtidal impacts (dissolution, mixing, sorption onto suspended sediments)
                 * No dispersion necessary
                 * Cleanup can be very effective
                                                         SHORELINE TYPE CODES
                                    1 - Seawalls and piers                   6 - Gravel beaches and riprap structures
                                    2 - Exposed wave-cut platforms           7 - Exposed tidal flats
                                   3 - Fine-grained sand beaches            8 - Sheltered rocky shores
                                   4- Coarse-grained sand beaches           9 - Sheltered tidal flats
                                    5 - Mixed sand and gravel (or shell)     10- Fringing and extensive salt marshes
                                       beaches
          COUNTERMEASURE                                                       SHORELINE TYPES

                                                                1   2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10
         1) No Action
         2) Manual Removal
         3) Passive Collection (Sorbents)
         4) Debris Removal
         5) Trenchinq
         6) Sediment Removal
         7) Ambient Water Floodinq (Deluqe)
         8) Ambient Water Washinq
            a) Low Pressure (< 50 psi)
            b) Hiqh Pressure (< 100 psi)
         9) Warm Water Washina/Mod.-Hiah Pressure
        10) Hot Water/Hiqh Pressure Washina
        11) Slurry Sand Blastinq
        12) Vacuum
        13) Sediment Reworkinq t
        14) Excavation, Cleansinq, and Replacement
        15) Cuttint Vecetation *
        16) Chemical Treatment t
             a) Oil Stabilization with Elastomizers
             b) Protection of Beaches
             c) Cleanina of Beaches
        17) In situ Burninq t
        18) Nutrient Enhancement t
        19) Microbial Addition t

       t - Requires RRT approval
       R - Recommended - may be preferred alternative
       C - Conditional                                                 E   DoNotUse


This countermeasure advisability matrix is only a general guide for removal of oil from shoreline substrates. It must be used in
conjunction with the entire Shoreline Countermeasures Manual plus field observations and scientific advice. The countermeasures listed
are not necessarily the best under all circumstances, and any listed technique may need to be used in conjunction with other techniques
(including ones not listed herein). The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) or the state OSC operating with the FOSC's authorization
has the responsibility for and authority to determine which countermeasure(s) are appropriate for the various situations encountered.
Selection of countermeasures is based on the degree of oil contamination, the shoreline type, and the presence of sensitive resources.





                    Shoreline Countermeasure Matrix
                                     Medium Oils (Most Crude Oils)
                                  * About 1/3 will evaporate within 24 hours
                                  * Maximum water-soluble fraction is 10 - 100 ppm
                                  * Oil contamination of intertidal areas can be severe/long term
                                  * Impact to waterfowl and fur-bearing mammals can be severe
                                  * Chemical dispersion is an option within 1 - 2 days
                                  * Cleanup most effective if conducted quickly

                                                         SHORELINE TYPE CODES
                                    1 - Seawalls and piers                    6 - Gravel beaches and riprap structures
                                    2 - Exposed wave-cut platforms            7 - Exposed tidal flats
                                    3 - Fine-grained sand beaches             8 - Sheltered rocky shores
                                    4 - Coarse-grained sand beaches           9 - Sheltered tidal flats
                                    5- Mixed sand and gravel (or shell)       10- Fringing and extensive salt marshes
                                       beaches
          COUNTERMEASURE                                                       SHORELINE TYPES

                                                                1   2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10
         1) No Action
         2) Manual Removal
         3) Passive Collection (Sorbents)
         4) Debris Removal
         5) Trenchina
         6) Sediment Removal
         7) Ambient Water Floodina (Deluae)
         8) Ambient Water Washint
            a) Low Pressure (< 50 Dsi)
            b) HiQh Pressure (< 100 Dsi)
         9) Warm Water Washina/Mod.-Hiah Pressure
        10) Hot Water/Hioh Pressure Washina
        11) Slurry Sand Blastina
        12) Vacuum
        13) Sediment Reworkina t
        14) Excavation, Cleansina, and Replacement
        15) Cuttina Veaetation *
        16) Chemical Treatment t
              a) Oil Stabilization with Elastomizers
              b) Protection of Beaches
              c) Cleanina of Beaches
        17) In situ Burnina t
        18) Nutrient Enhancement t
        19) Microbial Addition t

       t - Requires RRT approval
       R - Recommended - may be preferred alternative
       C - Conditional                                                 E    Do Not Use


This countermeasure advisability matrix is only a general guide for removal of oil from shoreline substrates. It must be used in
conjunction with the entire Shoreline Countermeasures Manual plus field observations and scientific advice. The countermeasures listed
are not necessarily the best under all circumstances, and any listed technique may need to be used in conjunction with other techniques
(including ones not listed herein). The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) or the state OSC operating with the FOSC's authorization
has the responsibility for and authority to determine which countermeasure(s) are appropriate for the various situations encountered.
Selection of countermeasures is based on the degree of oil contamination, the shoreline type, and the presence of sensitive resources.





                    Shoreline Countermeasure Matrix
                       Heaw Oils (Heaw Crude Oils. No. 6 fuel. Bunker C)
                       * Heavy oils with little or no evaporation or dissolution
                       * Water-soluble fraction likely to be <10 ppm
                       * Heavy contamination of intertidal areas likely
                       * Severe impacts to waterfowl and fur-bearing mammals (coating and ingestion)
                       * Long-term contamination of sediments possible
                       * Weathers very slowly
                       * Dispersion seldom effective
                       * Shoreline cleanup difficult under all conditions
                                                          SHORELINE TYPE CODES
                                    1 -Exposed wave-cut cliffs                6 - Gravel beaches and riprap structures
                                   2 - Exposed wave-cut platforms            7 - Exposed tidal flats
                                   3 - Fine-grained sand beaches             8 - Sheltered rocky shores
                                   4 - Coarse-grained sand beaches           9 - Sheltered tidal flats
                                    5 - Mixed sand and gravel (or shell)      10- Fringing and extensive salt marshes
                                       beaches
          COUNTERMEASURE                                                       SHORELINE TYPES

                                                                1   2    3    4    5    6   7    8    9   10
         1) No Action
         2) Manual Removal
         3) Passive Collection (sorbents)
         4) Debris Removal
         5) Trenchinq
         6) Sediment Removal
         7) Cold Water Floodina (deluae)
         8) Cold Water Washinq
            a) Low Pressure (< 50 psi)
            b) Hiah Pressure (< 100 psi)
         9) Warm Water Washinq/Mod.-Hiqh Pressure
        10) Hot Water/Hiqh Pressure Washina
        11) Slurry Sand Blastinq
        12) Vacuum
        13) Sediment Reworkina t
        14) Excavation, Cleansina, and Replacement
        15) Cuttina Veqetation *
        16) Chemical Treatment t
            a) Oil Stabilization with Elastomizers
            b) Protection of Beaches
            c) Cleaninc of Beaches
        17) In situ Burninq t
        18) Nutrient Enhancement t
        19) Microbial Addition t

       *t - Requires RRT approval
        R - Recommended - may be preferred alternative
        C - Conditional                                                E   Do Not Use


This countermeasure advisability matrix is only a general guide for removal of oil from shoreline substrates. It must be used in
conjunction with the entire Shoreline Countermeasures Manual plus field observations and scientific advice. The countermeasures listed
are not necessarily the best under all circumstances, and any listed technique may need to be used in conjunction with other techniques
(including ones not listed herein). The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) or the state OSC operating with the FOSC's authorization
has the responsibility for and authority to determine which countermeasure(s) are appropriate for the various situations encountered.
Selection of countermeasures is based on the degree of oil contamination, the shoreline type, and the presence of sensitive resources.








5 Treatment Methods Not

      Requiring Regional Response

      Team Consideration



The following section lists and describes those techniques that have been approved by
the Regional Response Team (RRT), Local Response Team, and/or the Area Committee.
Methods and equipment currently in use for these approved shoreline treatment
methods are described in some detail below. These methods, when used according to
the guidelines in this manual, may be used on most sites as part of the OSC-directed
response. It should be noted that some of these methods may require other
authorizations or permits before work begins. Currently approved methods are:

      I     No Action
      2      Manual Removal
      3      Passive Collection (Sorbents)
      4      Debris Removal
      5     Trenching
      6      Sediment Removal
      7      Ambient-Water Flooding (Deluge)
      8a    Ambient-Water/Low-Pressure Washing
      8b    Ambient-Water/High-Pressure Washing
      9      Warm-Water/Moderate-to-High-Pressure Washing
      I 0    Hot-Water/High-Pressure Washing
      I I    Slurry Sand Blasting
      1 2    Vacuum
      13    Sediment Reworking *
      14    Sediment Removal, Cleansing, and Replacement *
      I 5    Cutting Vegetation *





* May require special consideration


                                    43








1. No Action
Objective
      No attempt is made to remove stranded oil, to minimize impacts to the
      environment or because there is no proven effective method for cleanup.
Description
      No action is taken. H4owever, the OSC continues to monitor the incident.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Can be used on al shoreline types.
When To Use
      If the shoreline is extremely remote or inaccessible, when natural removal rates
      are very fast, or cleanup actions will do more harm than leaving the oil to be
      removed naturally.
Biological Constraints
      This method may be inappropriate for areas where high numbers of mobile
      animals (birds, marine mammals, crabs, etc.) use the intertidal zone or adjacent
      nearshore waters.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - The same as the oil.
      Subtidal - The same as the oil.


2. Manual Removal
objective
      Removing stranded surface oil with hand tools and manual labor.
Description
      Removing surface oil and oily debris by manual means (hands, rakes, shovels,
      etc.) and placing in containers for removal from the shoreline. No mechanized
      equipment is used.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Can be used on all shoreline types.
When To Use
      Generally used on shorelines where the oil can be easily removed by non-
      mechanical means. Most appropriate for light to moderate oiling conditions.






                                        44








Biological Constraints
       Foot traffic over sensitive areas (shellfish beds, algal mats, bird nesting areas,
       dunes, etc.) is to be restricted. May be periods when shoreline access is restricted
       (e.g., bird nesting, mammal pupping).
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Minimal if surface disturbance by cleanup activities and work force
      movement is limited.
       Subtidal - None.


3. Passive Collection (Sorbents)
Objective
       Removal of oil by adsorption onto oleophilic material placed in the intertidal
       zone.
Description
       Sorbent material is placed on the surface of the shoreline substrate allowing it to
       absorb oil as it is released by tidal or wave action. Oil removal is dependent on
       the capacity of the particular sorbent, energy available for lifting oil off the
       shoreline, and degree of weathering.
Applicable Shoreline Types
       Can be used on any shoreline type, especially riprap and on intertidal vegetation.
When to Use
       When the shoreline oil is mobile and transport of oil is expected on or off the
       site. The oil must be of a viscosity and thickness to be released by the substrate
       and absorbed by the sorbent. Often used as a secondary treatment method after
       gross oil removal, and along sensitive shorelines where access is restricted.
Biological Constraints
       None, although this method can be slow, thus allowing oil to remain in critical
       habitats during sensitive periods of time.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - None, except for the amount of oil remaining on the shoreline after
       the sorbents are no longer effective.
       Subtidal - None.







                                          45







4.  Debris Removal4
Objective
      Removal of contaminated debris and logs.
Description
      Manual or mechanical removal of debris from the upper beach face and the zone
      above high tide beyond the normal wash of waves. Can include cutting and
      removal of oiled logs.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Can be used on any shoreline type where safe access is allowed.
When to Use
      When driftwood and debris is heavily contaminated and either a potential source
      of chronic oil release, an aesthetic problem, or a source of contamination for
      other organisms on the shoreline.
Biological Constraints
      Disturbance to adjacent upland areas should be minimized. Foot traffic over
      sensitive intertidal areas (shellfish beds, algal mats, bird nesting areas, dunes, etc.)
      is to be restricted. May be periods when shoreline access is restricted (e.g., bird
      nesting, mammal pupping).
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - None.
      Subtidal - None.


5. Trenching
Objective
      Remove subsurface oil from permeable substrates.
Description
      Dig trenches to the depth of the oil and remove oil floating on the water table by
      vacuum pump or super sucker. Water flooding or high-pressure spraying at
      ambient temperatures can be used to flush oil to the trench.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Can be used on beaches ranging in grain size from fine sand to gravel.
When To Use
      When large quantities of oil penetrate deeply into permeable sediments and
      cannot be removed by surface flooding. The oil must be liquid enough to flow at
      ambient temperatures.


                                        46








Biological Constraints
      Trenches should not be dug in the lower intertidal when attached algae and
      organisms are abundant.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - On gravel beaches, there may be a period of beach instability as the
      sediments are redistributed after the trenches are filled in.
      Subtidal - None.


6. Sediment Removal
objective
      Removal of surface oiled sediments.
Description
      Oiled sediments are removed by either manual use of hand tools or mechanical
      use of various kinds of motorized equipment. The oiled material must be
      transported and disposed of off-site.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Can be used on any shoreline with surface sediments. On rocky coasts, only
      manual removal is feasible. Equipment is to be used only on beaches, with
      special supervision to minimize sediment removal.
When to Use
      When only very limited amounts of oiled sediments have to be removed.
      Should not be considered where beach erosion may result. Care should be taken
      to remove the sediments only to the depth of oil penetration, which can be
      difficult with heavy equipment.
Biological Constraints
      Excavating equipment must not intrude upon sensitive habitats. Only the
      upper INTERTIDAL and supratidal areas should be considered FOR SEDIMENT
      REMOVAL TO MINIA4iZE DISTURBANCE OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
      IN THE LOWER INTERTIDAL AND SUBTIDAL. There may be site-specific
      constraints limiting placement of EQUIPMENT and temporary sediment storage
      piles. Replaced material must be free of oil and toxic substances. The washing
      must not change the grain size of the replaced material, either by removal of
      fines or excessive breakage of friable sediment. -SUCH OPERATIONS WOULD BE
      GENERALLY RESTRICTED IN FISH-SPAWNING AREAS. ADJACENT AREAS




                                       47








      POTENTIALLY IMPACTED BY RELEASED OIL SHEENS MUST BE PROTECTED
      DURING OPERATIONS.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - The equipment is heavy, and required support personnel is
      extensive. May be detrimental if excessive sediments are removed without
      replacement. All organisms resident in the beach will be affected, though the
      need for removal of the oil may be determined to be the best overall alternative.
      Subtidal - Release of oil and fine-grained oily sediments to the water during
      sediment removal activities and tidal flushing of the excavated beach surface.


7. Ambient-Water Flooding (Deluge)
objective
      To wash surface oil and oil from crevices and rock interstices to water's edge for
      collection.
Description
      A large diameter header pipe is placed parallel to the shoreline above the oiled
      area. A flexible perforated header hose is used during deluge of intertidal
       shorelines to better conform to their profiles. Ambient seawater is pumped
      through holes in'the header pipes and flows down the beach face to the water.
      On porous beaches, water flows through the substrate pushing loose oil ahead of
      it (or floats oil to the water's surface) then transports the oil down slope for
      pickup. Flow is maintained as long as necessary to remove the majority of free
      oil. Oil is trapped by booms and picked up with a skimmer or other suitable
      equipment.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Beaches with sediments coarser than sand, and gently sloping rocky shorelines.
      Generally not applicable to mud, sand, vegetated, or steep rocky shorelines.
When to Use
      On heavily oiled shorelines when the oil is still fluid and loosely adhering to the
      substrate; and where oil has penetrated into cobble or boulder beaches. This
      method is frequently used in combination with other washing techniques (low or
      high pressure, ambient or warm water).







                                         48








Biological Constraints
       Not appropriate at creek mouths. Where the lower intertidal contains rich
      biological communities, flooding should be restricted to tidal stages when the
       rich zones are under water, to prevent secondary oiling.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Habitat may be physically disturbed and smothered as sand and
       gravel components are washed down slope. Organisms may be flushed into
       lower tidal zones.
       Subtidal - Oiled sediment may be transported to shallow subtidal areas,
       contaminating them and burying benthic organisms.



8a. Ambient-Water/Low-Pressure Washing
Objective
       Remove liquid oil that has adhered to the substrate or man-made structures,
      pooled on the surface, or become trapped in vegetation.
Description
       Low-pressure washing (<50 psi) with ambient seawater sprayed with hoses is
      used to flush oil to the water's edge for pickup. - Oil is trapped by booms and
      picked up with skimmers or sorbents. Can be used with a deluge system on
      beaches to prevent released oil from re-adhering to the substrate.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      On heavily oiled gravel beaches, riprap, and seawalls where the oil is still fresh
      and liquid. Also, in marshes and mangroves where free oil is trapped.
When to Use
      Where adhered oil is still fresh and must be removed due to continued release of
      oil.
Biological Constraints
      May need to restrict use of flushing to certain tidal elevations so that the
      oil/water effluent does not drain across sensitive low tide habitats. In marshes,
      use only at high tide and either from boats or the high-tide line to prevent foot
      traffic in vegetation.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - If containment methods are not sufficient, contamination may be
      flushed into lower intertidal zone.




                                         49








      Subtidal - Oiled sediment may be transported to shallow subtidal areas,
      contaminating them and burying benthic organisms.


8b. Ambient-Water/High-Pressure Washing
Objective
      Remove oil that has adhered to hard substrates or man-made structures.
Description
      Similar to low-pressure washing except that water pressure is up to 100 psi. High-
      pressure spray will better remove oil that has adhered to rocks. Because water
      volumes are typically low, may require placement of sorbents directly below
      treatment areas.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Riprap and seawalls. Can be used to flush floating oil or loose oil out of tide
      pools and between crevices on riprap.
When To Use
      When low-pressure washing is not effective for removal of adhered oil, which
      must be removed due to continued release of oil. When directed water jet can
      remove oil from hard-to-reach sites. To remove oil from man-made structures
      for aesthetic reasons.
Biological Constraints
      May need to restrict use of flushing to certain tidal elevations so that the
      oil/water effluent does not drain across sensitive low-tide habitats.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - Removes many organisms on the surface. May drive oil deeper into
      the substrate if water jet is improperly applied. If containment methods are not
      sufficient, contamination may be flushed into lower intertidal zone.
      Subtidal - Oiled sediment may be transported to shallow subtidal areas,
      contaminating them and burying benthic organisms.


9.  Warm-Water/Moderate-to-High-Pressure Washing
Objective
      Mobilize thick and weathered oil adhered to rock surfaces prior to flushing it to
      the water's edge for collection.





                                        50








Description
       Heated seawater (ambient to 900F) is applied at moderate to high pressure to
       mobilize weathered oil that has adhered to rocks. The warm water may be
       sufficient to flush the oil down the beach. If not, "deluge" flooding and
       additional low- or high-pressure washing can be used to float the oil to the
       water's edge for pickup. Oil is trapped by booms and picked up with skimmers or
       sorbents.
Applicable Shoreline Types
       Gravel beaches, riprap, and seawalls that are heavily oiled.
When To Use
       When the oil has weathered to the point that low-pressure washing with
       ambient water is not effective for removal of adhered oil, which must be
       removed due to continued release of oil. To remove oil from man-made
       structures for aesthetic reasons.
Biological Constraints
       Must restrict use to certain tidal elevations so that the oil/water effluent does not
       drain across sensitive low-tide habitats (damage can result from exposure to oil,
       oiled sediments, and warm water). Should be restricted adjacent to stream
      mouths, tide pool communities, and similar rich intertidal communities.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Can kill or remove most organisms. If containment methods are
      not sufficient, contamination may be flushed into lower intertidal zones that
      would otherwise not be oiled.
      Subtidal - Oiled sediment may be transported to shallow subtidal areas,
      contaminating them and burying benthic organisms.


10. Hot-Water/High-Pressure Washing
Objective
      Dislodge trapped and weathered oil from inaccessible locations and surfaces not
      amenable to mechanical removal.
Description
      Water heaters mounted offshore on barges or small land-based units heat water
      to temperatures from 90ï¿½F up to 1700F, which is usually sprayed by hand with
      high-pressure wands. Used without water flooding, this procedure requires
      immediate use of vacuum (vacuum trucks or super suckers) to remove the








      oil/water runoff. With a deluge system, the oil is flushed to the water's surface
      for collection with skimmers or sorbents.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Gravel beaches, riprap, and seawalls that are heavily oiled.
When To Use
      When the oil has weathered to the point that even warm water at high pressure
      is not effective for removal of adhered oil, which must be removed due to
      continued release of oil. To remove oil from man-made structures for aesthetic
      reasons.
Biological Constraints
      Restrict use to certain tidal elevations so that the oil/water effluent does not
      drain across sensitive low-tide habitats (damage can result from exposure to oil,
      oiled sediments, and hot water). Should be restricted near stream mouths, tide
      pool communities, etc. Released oil must be recovered to prevent further oiling
      of adjacent environments.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - All attached organisms in the direct spray zone will be removed or
      killed, and significant mortality of the lower intertidal communities will result
      even when used properly. Where the intertidal community is rich, the tradeoff
      between damage to the intertidal community from the hot-water washing versus
      potential damage from leaving the oil has to be weighed.
      Subtidal - Oiled sediment may be transported to shallow subtidal areas,
      contaminating them and burying benthic organisms.


11. Slurry Sand Blasting
Objective
       Remove heavy residual oil from solid substrates.
Description
      Use of sandblasting equipment to remove oil from the substrate. May include
      recovery of used (oiled) sand in some cases.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Seawalls and riprap. Equipment can be operated from boat or land.
When to Use
      When heavy oil residue is remaining on the shoreline, which needs to be
      cleaned for aesthetic reasons, and even hot-water wash is not effective.



                                         52








Biological Constraints
       Not to be used in areas of oyster/clam beds, or areas with high biological
       abundance on the shoreline directly below or adjacent to the structures.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Complete destruction of all organisms in the intertidal zone.
       Subtidal - Possible smothering of subtidal organisms with sand. When the used
       sand is not recovered, introduces oiled sediments into the subtidal habitat.


12. Vacuum
Objective
       Remove free oil pooled on the substrate or from the water's surface in sheltered
       areas.
Description
       Use of a vacuum unit with a suction head to recover free oil. The equipment can
       range from small portable units that fill individual 55-gallon drums to large
       supersuckers that are truck-mounted and can lift large rocks. Can be used with
       water spray systems to flush the oil towards the suction head.
Applicable Shoreline Types
       Can be used on any shoreline type if accessible. May be mounted offshore on
      barges, onshore on trucks, or as individual units on boats or ashore at low tide.
When to Use
      When free, liquid oil is stranded on the shoreline (usually along the high-tide
       line) or trapped in vegetation that is readily accessible.
Biological Constraints
      Special restrictions should be identified for areas where foot traffic and
       equipment operation should be limited, such as rich intertidal communities.
       Operations in wetlands are to be very closely monitored, with a site-specific list of
      restrictions.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Minimal impacts if used properly and minimal substrate is
      removed.
      Subtidal - None.







                                          53








13. Sediment Reworking
Objective
       Rework oiled sediments to break up the oil deposits, increase its surface area, and
      mix deep subsurface oil layers that will expose the oil to natural removal
      processes and enhance the rate of oil degradation.
Description
       Beach sediments are rototilled or otherwise mechanically mixed with the use of
      heavy equipment on gravel beaches. The oiled sediments in the upper beach
       area may also be relocated lower on the beach to enhance natural cleanup during
       reworking by wave activity (berm relocation).
Applicable Shoreline Types
       Should be used only on beaches exposed to significant wave activity. Tilling-type
       activities work best on beaches with a significant sand fraction; large equipment
       can be used to relocate sediments up to boulder size.
When to Use
       On beaches with significant amounts of subsurface oil, where sediment removal
       is unfeasible (due to erosion concerns or disposal problems); also where surface
       oil deposits have started to form pavements or crusts.
Biological Constraints
       Could not be used on beaches near shellfish-harvest or fish-spawning areas, or
       near bird nesting or concentration areas because of the potential for constant
       release of oil and oiled sediments. Sediment reworking should be restricted to
       the upper part of the beach, to prevent disturbance of the biological communities
       in the lower intertidal area.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Due to the mixing of oil into sediments, this process could further
       expose organisms living below the original layer of oil. Repeated mixing over
       time could delay the reestablishment of organisms. Relocated sediments would
      bury and kill organisms. There may be a period of beach instability as the
       relocated sediments are redistributed.
       Subtidal - There is a potential for release of contaminated sediments to the
       nearshore subtidal habitats.







                                          54







14. Sediment Removal, Cleansing, and Replacement
Objective
      To remove and clean oiled sediments, then replace them on the beach.
Description
       Oiled sediments are excavated using heavy equipment on the beach at low tide.
      The sediments are loaded into a container for washing. Cleansing methods
       include hot water wash or physical ag itation with a cleansing solution. After the
      cleansing process, the rinsed materials are returned to the original area. Cleaning
      equipment must be placed close to beaches to reduce transportation problems.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Sand- to boulder-sized beaches, depending on the limitations of the cleanup
      equipment. The beaches must be exposed to wave activity, so that the replaced
       sediments can be reworked into a natural distribution.
When to Use
      Applicable on beaches with large amounts of subsurface oil, where permanent
      removal of sediment is undesired and other cleanup techniques are likely to be
      ineffective.
Biological Constraints
       Excavating equipment must not intrude upon sensitive habitats. Only the upper
      and supratidal areas should be considered. Generally restricted in spawning
      areas. There may be site-specific constraints limiting placement of temporary
      sediment storage piles. Replaced material must be free of oil and toxic substances.
      The washing must not change the grain size of the replaced material, either by
      removal of fines or excessive breakage of friable sediments.
Environmental Effects
      Intertidal - All resident organisms will be affected, though the need for removal
      of the oil may be determined to be the best overall solution. Equipment can be
      heavy, large, and noisy; disrupting wildlife. Transportation to site may entail
      aircraft, land vehicles, or barges, contributing to environmental disruption.
      There may be a period of beach instability as the replaced sediments are
      redistributed.
      Subtidal - May release oil and fine-grained oily sediments into the water during
      excavation. This is a concern due to tidal flushing of beach sediments and
      exposed excavations.




                                         55







15. cutting vegetation
Objective
      Removal of oiled vegetation to prevent oiling of wildlife.
Description
      Manual cutting of oiled vegetation using weed eater, and removal of cut
      vegetation with rakes. The cut vegetation is bagged immediately for disposal.I
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Marshes composed of emergent, herbaceous vegetation.
When to Use
      Use when the risk of oiled vegetation contaminating wildlife is greater than the
      value of the vegetation that is to be cut, and there is no less destructive method
      to remove or reduce the risk to acceptable levels.
Biological Constraints
      Strict monitoring of the operations must be conducted to minimize the degree of
      root destruction and mixing of oil deeper into the sediments. Access to bird
      nesting areas should be restricted during nesting seasons.
Environmental Effects
       Intertidal - Removal of the vegetation will result in loss of habitat for many
      animals. Cut areas will have reduced plant growth for up to two years. Along
      exposed section of shoreline, the vegetation may not regrow, resulting in erosion
      and permanent loss of the habitat. Trampled areas (which are inevitable) will
      recover much slower.
       Subtidal - Long-term impacts would include increased sediment load in the
       subtidal area as a result of increased erosion in the intertidal area.
















                                         56








6 Treatment Methods

      Requiring Regional

      Response Team Approval



Research and development is ongoing for both new and improved oil spill treatment
methods. Various chemical and biological degradation techniques are currently being
tested for effectiveness and toxicity, and they may be approved for use in certain
situations. Methods considered to be of potential use in this area are described below.

    I 6a Chemical Oil Stabilization with Elastomizers
    I 6b Chemical Protection of Beaches
    I 6c Chemical Cleaning of Beaches
    I 7   In-situ Burning of Shorelines
    I 8   Nutrient Enhancement
    1 9   Microbial Addition


1 6a. Chemical Oil Stabilization with Elastomnizers
Objective
      Solidify or gelatinize oil on the water's surface or a beach to keep it. from
      spreading or escaping, and to speed recovery rate and efficiency.
Description
      Chemical agent enhancing polymerization of the hydrocarbon molecules applied
      by semi-liquid spray or as a dry chemical onto the oil in the proper dosage.
      Depending on the nature and concentration of the polymerizing agent, the oil
      can be rendered viscoelastic, but still fluid, gelatinous, or semisolid. The primary
      purpose is to stabilize the oil, keeping it from spreading or escaping, causing
      oiling elsewhere. May reduce the solubility of the light (and more toxic)
      fractions, by locking them into the polymer. This reduces both air and water
      exposure. Depending on the beach type and equipment used, recovery may be
      enhanced.





                                       57








Applicable Shoreline Types
       Suitable on shorelines of low permeability where heavy oil has pooled on the
       surface, except vegetated shorelines.
When to Use
       When heavy concentrations of liquid oil are on the substrate and adjacent water
      body, and physical removal can not be completed prior to the next tide so that the
       oil is likely to move to a more sensitive shoreline type. Should be used in
       conjunction with booming or other physical containment.
Biological Constraints
       Not suitable for vegetated or riprap shore types. Should be avoided when birds
       or other wildlife that may be more adversely impacted by the congealed oil can
       not be kept away from the treated shoreline. The congealed oil may stick to
       vegetation and wildlife, increasing physical damage to both. On riprap the
       congealed oil may remain in crevices where it may hamper recovery and prolong
       the release of sheens.
Environmental Effects
       May enhance the smothering effect of oil on intertidal organisms. Thus, the
       treatment should be considered only for heavily oiled beaches where smothering
       effects are already maximal. The congealed oil may stick to vegetation and
      wildlife increasing physical damage, such as impaired flight in birds or impaired
       thermoregulation in mammals and birds whose feathers or fur become oiled.


1 6b. Chemical Protection of Beaches
Objective
       Pretreat shoreline to prevent oil from adhering to the substrate.
Description
      Certain types of water-based chemicals, some of which are similar in composition
      to dispersants, are applied to beaches in advance of the oil.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      Coarse- and fine-grained sand beaches, seawalls and piers (particularly piers or
      waterfront facilities that are of historical significance), eroding bluffs, wave-cut
      platforms, and riprap.
When to Use
      When oil is projected to impact an applicable shoreline, particularly those that
      have high recreational or aesthetic value.



                                         58








Biological Constraints
       May not be suitable for nutrient-rich environments, particularly in confined
       waters. The toxicity of shoreline treatment products is reportedly much less than
       that of oil, but the toxicity of each product should be evaluated prior to
       consideration for use.
Environmental Effects
       The long-term environmental effects of these procedures are unknown. A toxic
       effect of the chemical can be anticipated. Additionally, the nutrient load to
       nearshore and interstitial waters may lead to eutrophication. Whether the
       predicted reduced residence time of the oil on the beach will increase the
       survival rate for sessile and interstitial organisms is unknown.


16C. Chemical Cleaning of Beaches
objective
       To increase the efficiency of oil removal from contaminated areas.
Description
       Special formulations, which can be characterized as weak dispersants, are applied
       to the substrate, as a presoak and/or flushing solution, to soften weathered or
       heavy oils to aid in the efficiency of flushing treatment methods. The intent is to
       be able to lower the temperature and pressure required to mobilize the oil from
       the substrate.
Applicable Shoreline Types
       On any shoreline where deluge and water flushing procedures are applicable.
When to Use
       When the oil has weathered to the point where it will not flow using warm to
       hot water. This approach may be most applicable where flushing decreases in
       effectiveness as the oil weathers.
Biological Constraints
       Will require extensive biological testing for toxicity and water quality sampling
      'prior to receiving approval for use. The concern is that the treated oil will be
       dispersed in the water column, and thus impact water column and subtidal
       organisms. Field tests will be required to show that use of a beach cleaner does
      not reduce overall recoverability of the oil. Use may be restricted where
       suspended sediment concentrations are high, adjacent to wetlands and tidal flats,
      and near sensitive subtidal resources.



                                          59








Environmental Effects
      If more oil is dispersed into the water column, there could be more oil sorbed
      onto suspended sediments and transferred to subtidal habitats, particularly along
      sheltered shorelines. Intertidal habitats might survive better, if cooler water
      temperatures are possible.


17. In Situ Burning of Shorelines
Objective
      Removal of oil from the shoreline by burning.
Description
      Oil on the shoreline is burned, usually when it is on a combustible substrate such
      as vegetation, logs, and other debris. Oil can be burned off of nonflammable
       substrates with the aid of a bum promoter.
Applicable Shoreline Types
      On any shoreline type except tidal flats.
When to Use
       Early in the spill event, after ensuring that the product is ignitable.
Biological Constraints
       Should only be considered for use in the upper intertidal or supratidal zones
       since destruction of plants and animals from heat and burn promoters will be
       extensive. This technique is subject to restrictions and permit requirements
      established by federal, state and local laws. It should not be used to burn PCBs,
      wastes containing more than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of halogenated
       solvents, or other substances regulated by the U. S. Environmental Protection
       Agency (EPA).
Environmental Effects
       Little is known about the relative effects of burning oiled wetlands compared to
       other techniques or natural recovery. Burning may cause significant air
      pollution, which must be considered when weighing the potential benefits and
       risks of the technique. The combustion products may travel great distances
      before deposition.








                                          60








18. Nutrient Enhancement
Objective
       To speed the rates of natural microbial degradation of oil by addition of nutrients
       (specifically nitrogen and phosphorus). Microbial biodegradation is the
       conversion by microorganisms of dissolved and dispersed hydrocarbons into
       oxidized products via various enzymatic reactions. Some hydrocarbons are
       converted to carbon dioxide and cell material, while others are partially oxidized
       and/or left unaltered as a residue.
Description
       Nutrients are applied to the shoreline in one of several methods: soluble
       inorganic formulations that are dissolved in water and applied as a spray at low
       tide, requiring frequent applications; slow-release formulations that are applied
       as a solid to the intertidal zone and designed to slowly dissolve; and oleophilic
       formulations that adhere to the oil itself, thus they are sprayed directly on the
       oiled areas.
Applicable Shoreline Types
       Could be used on any shoreline type where safe access is allowed.
When to Use
       On moderately to heavily oiled shorelines, after other techniques have been used
       to remove as much oil as possible; on lightly oiled shorelines where other
       techniques are not effective; and where nutrients are a limiting factor in natural
       degradation. Potentially for the treatment of subsurface oil.
Biological Constraints
       Not applicable in shallow water, poorly flushed, restricted embayments where
       nutrient overloading may lead to eutrophication, or where toxicity of nutrients,
       particularly ammonia, is of concern. There must be no risk of oxygen depletion.
       Use is to be restricted adjacent to stream mouths, tide pools, etc. Contact toxicity
       of oleophilic formulations may restrict areas of direct application. Bioassay test
       results should be carefully evaluated, as other chemicals in the formulations
       could be toxic to aquatic organisms.
Environmental Effects
       Tests in Alaska showed that interstitial oxygen concentrations did not decrease to
       such an extent that it limited the supply of oxygen available to the bacteria. The
       fertilizer applications that increased nutrient concentrations and microbial
       activity did not harm the nearshore environment. About 99 percent of
       butoxyethanol, a toxic component of the Inipol formulation, (the fertilizer


                                          61







      commonly used in Alaska) degraded to nontoxic compounds within 24 hours
      after Inipol treatments of cobble shorelines. Inipol was initially toxic to intertidal
       organisms directly contacted during application. Researchers also found no
      evidence that the nutrients released from the treated shorelines stimulated algal
      blooms.


19. Microbial Addition
Objective
       To speed the rates of natural microbial degradation of oil by addition of nutrients
       and microbial products. Microbial biodegradation is the conversion by
      microorganisms of dissolved and dispersed hydrocarbons into oxidized products
       via various enzymatic reactions. Some hydrocarbons are converted to carbon
       dioxide and cell material, while others are partially oxidized and/or left
       untouched as a residue.
Description
       Formulations containing hydrocarbon-degrading microbes and fertilizers are
       added to the oiled area. The argument is made that indigenous organisms will be
       killed by the oil, so new microbial species need to be added to begin the process of
      biodegradation. To date, microbial addition has not been shown to work better
       than fertilizer alone in field tests.
Applicable Shoreline Types
       Could be used on any shoreline type where safe access is allowed.
Biological Constraints
       Not applicable in shallow water, poorly flushed, restricted embayments where
       nutrient overloading may lead to eutrophication, or where toxicity of nutrients,
       particularly ammonia, is of concern. There must be no risk of oxygen depletion.
       Use is to be restricted adjacent to stream mouths, tide pool communities, etc.
       Bioassay test results should be carefully evaluated, as other chemicals in the
       formulation could be toxic to aquatic organisms.
Environmental Effects
       Yet to be evaluated for full-scale field applications.








                                          62








Appendix A


Guidelines For Treatment


Operations


General Guidelines
Ensure familiarity and compliance with approved treatment methods, approved shoreline
segment work plans, advisories, and special instructions. Restrict all access to wetlands and
tidal flats, except with special authorization.

Conditions to avoid
      a Treatment techniques (such as high pressure and hot water) that dislodge
         intertidal vegetation and invertebrates, e.g., mussels, barnacles, snails
      & Clearing marshes and vegetated shorelines (the presence of algae does not
         characterize a vegetated shoreline)
Actions to encourage
      a Boom off mud/grass flat adjacent to treatment areas to prevent further
         contamination.
      * Boom off tidal creeks to prevent further contamination.
      * Minimize impact to uncontaminated lower intertidal zones, including:
         - land crews during tides that cover the lower intertidal zone
         - avoid high-/low-pressure washing where possible
         - work heavily oiled upper beach zone hen lower intertidal zones are covered by
           high tides
         - employ sorbents along riprap and below oiled upper beach to protect lower
           intertidal zone from oiling

Ensure that all signs of human activity are removed when cleanup is completed. Ensure
that all trash and wastes are removed daily:
      a Oil trapped in booms must be picked up before the next tide cycle
      * All food and associated trash must be removed each day to minimize attracting
         wildlife into contaminated areas



                                        A-i








Guidelines Specific to Biological Resources
Advisories and special instructions may address:
   ï¿½ bird concentration areas (nesting sites, colonies, rookeries, etc.)
   ï¿½ live/dead animal collection policy
   ï¿½ protection of cultural resources
   ï¿½  marine mammal haulouts
   ï¿½ collection of eagle feathers and marine mammal parts
   ï¿½ cutting bull kelp
   ï¿½ cutting oiled fucus

Appendix B includes existing 'best management practices" for specific issues addressed
during previous spills, which can be used as the basis for developing regional guidelines.


































                                          A-2








Appendix B


Best Management Practices




Specialized Areas of Concern - National
(The following notices are provided as guidelines.)

Marine Mammal Notice
Collection of Eagle Feathers and Marine Mammal Parts
Protection of Cultural Resources
Cuffing of Oiled Bull Kelp
Cuttffing of Oiled Fucus (Popweed)
Instruction for the Disposition of Dead and Live Wildlife





















                             B-1



                             B-i








marine Mammal Notice

(Developed by NOAA in 1989 during the Exxon Valdez oil spill.)4

To reduce stress caused by unnecessary disturbance to marine mamnmal haulouts and
improve the changes for wildlife survival, an aircraft advisory is issued for coastal
areas affected by the spill. These advisories request that pilots stay at least one-half
mile offshore and 1000 feet above ground level from areas of wildlife concentrations
and critical habitats. These areas are shown on maps and distributed to pilots. The
most critical areas to avoid are: (list critical areas).

No person, except an authorized government official, will approach, molest, or take
a seal or sea lion, regardless of whether the animal is oiled, distressed, lethargic, or
abandoned. This reminder is necessitated by the widespread activities of oil spill
cleanup personnel in areas where seals and sea lions are giving birth to pups.
Although casual and distant human/marine mammal interactions may not always
be avoidable, they are, to varying degrees, harmful to the animal. The following
explanation and guidance with respect to seal pups is offered in the interest of
avoiding law violations and minimizing human-induced mortality among marine
mammals.

Live seal pups are to be left undisturbed, whether or not they have oil on them. A pup
not accompanied by an adult and/or appearing emaciated may not be abandoned.
Females commonly leave their pups alone for extended periods during foraging trips.
Newborn and young pups appear emaciated before acquiring fat through nursing. It is
not possible to distinguish between a normal pup and one that is truly distressed. In the
presence of humans, female seals may only approach their pups at night to nurse them,
making determination of abandonment difficult to establish. True abandonment is4
unlikely, barring death or serious injury to the mother.

Pup deaths will greatly increase if oiled animals are picked up and subjected to the stress
of handling, transport, and rehabilitation centers. Unlike sea otters and birds, external
oiling does not adversely affect a seal's heat conservation ability or indicate a need for
human assistance. Persons finding seals, sea lions, whales, or porpoises that appear to be
in distress should contact NOAA Fisheries. Do not touch or closely approach these
animals.



                                        B-2








Collection of Eagle Feathers and Marine Mammal Parts
In response to inquiries about collecting eagle feathers and marine mammal parts by
personnel involved in cleanup activities during a spill, the laws and regulations
dealing with the collection and possession of such materials are summarized below.
Collection of Eagle Feathers: The Eagle Act (Public Law 95-616, 92 Stat. 3114, 16 U.S.
Code 668) prohibits the collection and possession of any eagle parts, including
feathers.

Collection of Marine Mammal Parts: The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
(Public Law 92-522, 88 State. 1027, 95 Stat. 979, 16 USC 1372) generally prohibits the
collection and possession of any marine mammal parts. Under 50 CFR 18.26, the
collection of certain dead marine mammal parts is allowed, as follows:


      a. Any bones, teeth or ivory of any (non-endangered) dead marine mammal
          may be collected from a beach or from land within 1/4 of a mile of the
          ocean. The term "ocean" includes bays and estuaries.
      b. Marine mammal parts so collected may be retained if registered within 30
          days with an agent of the National Marine Fisheries Service, or an agent
          of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
      c. Registration shall include (1) the name of the owner, (2) a description of
          the article to be registered, and (3) the date and location of collection.
          Items so collected and registered must be retained in the ownership of the
          collector. The sale of such items is prohibited.




















                                        B-3







Protection of Cultural Resources
Shoreline cleanup operations have the potential for damaging important
archaeological and cultural resources. Authorized shoreline cleanup procedures
may uncover undiscovered archaeological features or artifacts. To assist in their
identification, drawings of the types of artifacts that might be found in the intertidal
zone and along the shoreline by cleanup crews are included. Cleanup personnel
should be aware of the policy that anyone found vandalizing or appropriating
cultural materials will be subject to frill prosecution under the Archaeological
Resources Protection Act. If response personnel find any cultural resources (fossils,
archaeological or historical artifacts), the following steps should be taken
immediately:

          1. Leave the cultural materials in place at the site of discovery and mark
              with flagging tape.
          2. Stop cleanup activities in the surrounding area.
          3. Inform a designated state representative.



























                                        B-4








Cutting of Oiled Bull Kelp (Nereocvstis luetkeana) as a
Technique for Releasing and Recovering Trapped Oil
(Based on research by NOAA conducted during the Tenyo Maru oil spill, off the
coast of Washington, 1991)


Although bull kelp is an annual, with much of a year's growth typically removed by
seasonal storms, Dr. Sandra Lindstrom, a phycologist with the University of British
Columbia, cautions that removal of the upper portion of the stipe removes the
entire active reproductive area of the plant, which is located in the fronds. Bull kelp
reproduces by the production of spore cases, which drop to the bottom and
subsequently grow into the following season's plants. If cutting is to take place, it
should be limited to the fronds, leaving a portion on the plant, which would permit
it to nominally survive. Cutting the stipe effectively kills the plant.


Cutting kelp beds abruptly changes the light regime on the seafloor below. This may
have implications in that growth of young kelp plants is light-mediated, and an
increase in light reaching the bottom may result in earlier growth than would
otherwise occur.


Secondary ecological impacts of kelp removal should be carefully considered before
arriving at a decision about cutting the near-surface portions of plants. The canopy
provided by the kelp stipes and blades represents important habitat for fish species
such as greenlings and rockfishes (a study in California counted 23 species of fish in a
bull kelp bed) and substrate for organisms that are important prey items for fish.


Should cutting take place, cutting the upper portion of the plants is preferable to
removing the entire plant, and cutting only the blades and leaving the stipe intact is
preferable to removing the gas-filled bulb. Decisions will necessarily balance
removal of oil from the environment with direct impacts on the plants and
alteration of significant nearshore habitat.


Commercial harvesting equipment similar to that routinely employed in California
coastal waters is a possibility, but Nereocystis is substantially different in nature than
Macrocystis. If they worked, such harvesting barges would cut through the stipe and
kill the plant. Whether they are capable of cutting the stipe is not known. Support
logistics for kelp cutting could be expected to be substantial as well: the large biomass


                                        B-5








of kelp would require either vessels with considerable hold capacity, or barges on
which the plants could be loaded.
















































                                         B-6








Cutting of Oiled Fucus (Popweed)
(Developed by NOAA in 1989 during the Exxon Valdez oil spill)


The cutting of heavily oiled fucus still attached to the substrate in the intertidal zone
is sometimes suggested during shoreline cleanup efforts. At issue is the benefit
derived from removing a source of contamination compared with the costs to
intertidal systems from fucus removal. Fucus defines the mid-intertidal zone and
provides shelter and attachment for other animals. The spores, primarily the very
small plants, are a sources of food for other animals. The plants are prone to
breaking loose in exposed settings and may end up on the beach or in the water. The
average half-life of fucus plants is six months, with the large, older overstory plants
being up to five years old (in Prince William Sound).


Fucus is a particularly hardy species with respect to oiling. Mortality may occur as a
result of the oil preventing photosynthesis from occurring, but it is extremely
difficult to determine if a plants is dead or alive by looking at it when oiled.
Reproduction in fucus is through the release of spores from buoyant reproductive
receptacles that look like small air sacs located on the tips of the plant. The presence
of mucus coming out of these receptacles when exposed during low tide indicates
that the plant is fertile. Recruitment comes primarily from spores released by plants
located no more that three to ten feet away and occurs quite readily as long as
sufficient numbers of other fucus plants are in the area. In the absence of other fucus
plants, drift spores do come along, but recruitment from this source is very
haphazard and not at all guaranteed.


Cutting oiled fucus still attached to the rock is generally not recommended.
Flushing (ambient water) and other cleanup techniques should be tried first. If it is
deemed necessary to remove heavily oiled fucus to prevent redistribution to very
sensitive resources, a sufficient number of mature plants should be left in the area to
facilitate recruitment (in patches or fringe three to ten feet apart). If this is not done,
recruitment may not take place. It is not necessary to leave the holdfasts when
cutting plants.







                                         B-7








Instruction for the Disposition of Dead and Live Wildlife
(Derived from the Wildlife Protection Guidelines, Alaska RRT, 1991)


Dead Animals
       I Collect all dead animals (except whale and other large forms), including
          scavenged carcasses, to discourage further scavenging in oiled areas.
       2 Wear gloves when handling dead animals.
       3 Use a shovel or spade to uncover and remove carcasses partially covered
          by sand, kelp, wood, or other debris.
       4 Place carcasses in double plastic garbage bags. Place all animals from one
          beach in one bag, if possible. Close securely with masking tape.
       5  Complete an animal collection form or provide the following
          information:
          - beach name or location where carcasses were recovered
          - date
          - name and address of collector
          - species, age, and sex of collected animals .
          If any of this information is not available or questionable, this fact should
          be recorded so that additional examinations of the animals can be
          conducted.
       6 Place the form or list in a ziplock baggie and place the baggie outside the
          first garbage bag but inside the second. Bring the dead animals to a
          designated recovery site

Live Animals
Authorization for animal rescue must be given by the appropriate State or Federal
agency prior to the rescue and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife. Long-handled nets,
rags, or towels are recommended for capturing live, oiled birds. Wear gloves to keep
from getting oiled. Do not wash oiled birds. It is more important to keep them
warm. Place them in a covered cardboard box. It is okay to keep more than one bird
and multiple species in the same box. Do not attempt to give birds fluids; they
should be taken to a rehabilitation center as soon as possible. For live birds, the

following information should be reported:

       - beach name or location where animal was recovered
       - date and name and address of collector








       - species, age, and sex of collected animals
       - condition of the animal

Do not attempt capture of live sea otters without prior authorization from the
appropriate agency. Inexperienced people can cause otters additional injuries. In
addition, otters may bite and cause infections. A bite from an otter may result in
inflammation of the joints and inability to bend one's fingers. Live, oiled otters are
to be reported to the designated agency contact for the spill.










































                                         B-9








Appendix C


NOAA Scientific Support

Coordinators

For more information about developing and applying shoreline countermeasures,
contact the appropriate NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator for your area.

District                       Address                            Phone
I
Stephen Lehmann                NOAA SSC HAZMAT                    (w) 617-223-8016
                             First CG District (mer)            (fax) 617-439-0468
                            408 Atlantic Ave
                             Boston, MA 02110

1/5                           NOAA SSC HAZMAT                     (w) 212-668-6428
Ed Levine                      Building 100, Box 2                 (fax) 212-668-6370
                            Governors Island
                            New York, NY 10004-5000

2/9                            NOAA SSC HAZMAT                     (w) 517-337-6710
Jay Rodstein                   2875 Northwind Dr., Ste 116         (fax) 517-337-6719
                             East Lansing, MI 48823

5                              NOAA SSC HAZMAT                     (w) 804-898-2320
Gary Ott                       USCG RTC Yorktown (t-mer)          (fax) 804-898-2296
                            Yorktown, VA 23690-5000

7                              NOAA SSC HAZMAT                     (w) 305-530-7931
Gary Van Den Berg              Miami Federal Build Rm 1119        (fax)305-530-7932
                            51 S.W. First Ave, PO Box 83
                            Miami, FL 33130

8                              NOAA SSC HAZMAT                    (w) 504-589-6901
Mike Barnhill                  Cdr Eighth CG District (m-ssc)    (fax)504-589-4999
                            Hale Boggs Federal Bldg
                            500 Camp St
                             New Orleans, LA 70130-3396

I I                           NOAA SSC HAZMAT                     (w) 310-980-4107
Jim Morris                     501 West Ocean Blvd. Rm 5110    (fax) 310-980-4109
                            Long Beach, CA 90802

1 3/1 4                       NOAA/HAZMAT                        (w) 206-526-6829
Sharon Christopherson          7600 Sand Point Way N.E.           (fax) 206-526-6329
                            Seattle, WA 98115-0070


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District                      Address                           Phone
1 7                           NOAA SSC HAZMAT                   (w) 907-271-3593
John Whitney                  Peterson Towers Bldg              (fax) 907-271-3139
                             510 L Street, Ste #100
                             Anchorage, AK 99501
















































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Glossary


Aerobic
Able to live or grow only where free oxygen is present.

Anaerobic
Able to live and grow where there is no air or free oxygen.

Annual
A plant that lives only one year or season.


Aromatic
Organic compounds containing any of a series of benzene ring compounds. They are
unsaturated organic ring compounds with low boiling points and are generally toxic to
aquatic life.

Ben thos
The plants and animals that live in and on the bottom of a water body.

Berm
A wedge-shaped sediment mass built up along the shoreline by wave action. Sand berms
typically have a relatively steep seaward face (beach face) and a gently sloping surface
(berm top). A sharp crest (berm crest) usually separates the two oppositely sloping planar
surfaces on top of the berm. Berms on sand beaches are eroded away during storms, thus a
berm may not be present if the beach is visited shortly after a storm. On gravel beaches,
however, steep and high storrn berms are activated and refurbished during storms.

Biota
Animal and plant life characterizing a given region. Flora and fauna, collectively.









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Boomns
Both containment and absorbent booms are used for the collection, deflection, and
containment of spreading oil. Containment booms are somewhat rigid structures extending
both above and below the water acting as barriers to surface oil. Primary containment
booms are usually deployed close to oiled shorelines to trap oil being flushed from beaches
before it is collected. Secondary containment booms are deployed farther out to trap oil that
leaks past primary booms. Absorbent boom is used along the shore-water interface to
collect oil dislodged during treatment operations. It is important that absorbent boom be
changed once the sorbent capacity is reached. Great care should be taken to seal the shore
ends of booms so that no oil can get past. This is particularly difficult at rocky shorelines, or
areas strewn with boulders and cobbles. The use of absorbent pads or other materials, such
as "pom poms", can be effective sealants.


Brackish
Intermediate in salinity (0.50 to 17.00 parts per thousand) between sea water and fresh
water.


Clam shell
A mechanical device mounted at the end of a crane that picks up soil or mud with a pincer-
like movement.


Coagulating agent
Chemical additives applied to oil to form a more cohesive mass.


Contact period
The time required to maximize the efficiency of the sorbent or chemical agent or the time
before plant or animal damage occurs.


Dispersant
Chemical agent used to disperse and suspend oil in water leading to enhanced
biodegradation.


Distillate
A refined hydrocarbon obtained by collection and condensation of a known vapor fraction
of the crude oil.



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Drag line
A mechanical device that excavates or transports soil, using a container pulled over earth by
cables or chains.


Dredige
A device used to remove sediment from the bottom of a water body.


Emulsification
The process by which oil is mixed with water.


Endless rope
A continuous rope-like oil sorbent device that is pulled across the surface of the water to
pick up oil.


Erosion
The wearing away by action of water or wind of unprotected or exposed earth.


Estuary
Classic definition A drowned river valley that has a significant influx of fresh water
and is affected by the tides. Most of the coastal water bodies in the mid-Atlantic region are
estuaries (e.g., Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay).


Evaporation
The conversion of a fluid-including hydrocarbons-to a gaseous state.


Fast ice
Any sea ice that forms along and remains attached to the coast, or that forms between
grounded ice bergs, or is attached to the bottom in shallow waters. May form in situ from

seawater or by freezing of pack ice to the shore. It may extend a few meters to several
hundred kilometers from the shore.


Fertilizer
A substance or agent that helps promote plant or seed growth.


Flash point
The lowest temperature at which vapors from a volatile liquid (e.g., oil) will ignite.


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Flushing
Use of a water stream to make oil flow to a desired location or recovery device.


Fouling
Accumulation of oil or other materials, such as debris, that makes a device inoperative.


Free oil
See mobile oil.


Gelling agent
See coagulating agents.


Habitat
The chemical, physical, and biological setting in which a plant or animal lives.


Herding agent
Chemical agent that confines or controls the spread of a floating oil film.


Intertidal
The part of the shoreline that lies between high-tide and low-tide water levels.


Lagoon
A shallow,, linear, and usually oblong water body, located parallel with and connected to a
larger water body by one or more inlet channels.


Landfill
A dump that has progressive layers of waste matter and earth.


Marsh fringe
The edge of the marsh adjacent to the water.


Migration
Seasonal movement of a group of animals from one location to another.





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Mobile oil
Oil that can refloat when water is applied (as in high tide).


Mobilization
Movement of oil caused by physical forces, such as gravity, tides, or wind. Mobility of oil is
limited by its viscosity.


Mousse
A type of oil/water emulsion.


Non-persistent
Decomposed rapidly by environmental action.


Oil/water separator
A device for separating oil from water.


Oleophilic
A material that has affinity for oil.


Paraffin
The waxy saturated component of crude oil, having relatively high boiling point and low
volatility. Any member of the methane series having the general formula CnH2n+2.


Penetration
Downward motion of oil into sediments from the surface driven by gravitational forces.


Perennial
Vegetation that continues to grow for several years.


Permeability
The degree to which fluids can flow through a substance. Measured in Darcys.
Permeability is not equal to porosity. High porosity of a material does not insure high
permeability. However, a substance cannot be permeable without having some degree of
porosity.





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Physiography
General term for the shape of the earth's surface.

Pooled oil
Oil thickness exceeds one centimeter. This need not be uniform.

Porosity
The volume of void spaces in a sediment mass, measured in percent.

Riprap
(a) A layer of large, durable fragments of broken rock, specially selected and graded, and
thrown together irregularly or fitted together. Its purpose is to prevent erosion by waves or
currents and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure. It is
used for irrigation channels, river-improvement works, spillways at dams, and revetments
for shore protection. (b) The stone used for riprap.

Recontamination
Contamination by oil of an area that was previously cleaned.

Rhizome
A rootlike stem under or along the ground, ordinarily in a horizontal position, which
usually sends out roots from its lower surface and leafy shoots from its upper surface.


Salt pan
A pool above high tide, "drained" only by evaporation so that salt is accumulated and
concentrated.

Seine
A fish net that can be used to collect sorbent or debris.

Skimmer
A mechanical device that removes an oil film from the water surface.

Oil skimmers collect oil spilled on, or released to, the water's surface. They come in a wide
range of shapes and sizes. Skimmers generally have a higher recovery rate than sorbents,
providing enough oil is present to justify the costs for its use. Skimmers are usually


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equipped with storage space for collected oil. Oil is herded to a collection point along a
containment boom located close to shore yet in water of sufficient depth for the skimmer to
function. Two types of skimmers currently in use are described below. Other types of
skimmers are being tested for possible use at a later date.

     Band, or "Rope," skimmers use an oleophilic material such as polypropylene. Oil is
     collected by a floating, continuous rotating band or "rope" drawn through an oil slick
     or along the water's edge of a contaminated area. Adhered oil is wrung from the band
     by a squeeze roller and collected in an oil sump. These bands are used in either static
     (stationary) or dynamic (towed) modes. Bands can be torn by solids or skimmed
     debris. Efficiency is high in calm waters, poor in choppy waters and waves.

     Belt skimmers use an oleophilic belt mounted on the front of a small vessel. The
     oleophilic belt pushes the floating oil below the waterline. Oil not adsorbed by the belt
     is collected into a holding area located behind the belt. Oil carried up the belt is
     recovered at the top of the system by a squeeze belt or scraper blade. It is then
     pumped into a storage container. These skimmers can not operate in shallow waters
     or tight areas.


Slurry
A suspension of particles in water.


Solubility
The amount or fraction of a substance (e.g., oil) that dissolves into the water column,
measured in ppm.


Solvent
A chemical agent that will dissolve oil.


Specific gravity
The measure of the density of a substance such as oil or sea water, usually determined at
20ï¿½C, compared to the density of pure water at 4ï¿½C. Thus, specific gravity varies slightly
with temperature.






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Sorbent
All sorbent materials work on the same principles--oil adheres to the outside of the material
or sorbs into the material by capillary action. There are three basic types of sorbent
materials: mineral based, natural organic, and synthetic organic. Currently, only synthetic
organic sorbents are being used in the field in the form of booms, pads, and mops. Peat is
currently in the testing and demonstration phase.

Stain
Oil that is visibly present but cannot be scraped off with a fingernail.


Substrate
The substance, base, or nutrient on which, or the medium in which, an organism lives and
grows, or the surface to which a fixed organism is attached; e.g., soil, rocks, and water.

Substrate penetration
Vertical distance from surface to where oil has percolated into the substrate.

Subtidal
That part of the coastal zone that lies below the lowest low-tide level, so that it is always
underwater.

Sump
A pit or reservoir that serves as a drain from which oil can be collected.

Supratidal
Above the normal high-tide line.

Tank barge
A barge for transporting liquids.

Tarballs
Lumps of oil (<10 cm in diameter) weathered to a high density semisolid state.


Tidal variation or range
The vertical distance between high and low tides.



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Toxicity
The inherent potential or capacity of a material (e.g., oil) to cause adverse effects in a living
organism (Rand and Petrocelli, 1985).


Viscosity
Flow resistance; referring to internal friction of a substance (e.g., oil) that is a function of the
oil type and temperature.


Vacuum systems
Used to recover oil collected behind containment booms along the beach face and in the
water during shoreline flushing operations. Where equipment access allows, vacuums can
be used to remove pools of oil directly from shorelines and surfaces of heavily oiled rocks.
Two vacuum systems currently in use are described below.


     The first system is classified as a vacuum device, but requires a high-velocity air
     stream, @ 150 mph, to draw oil, water, and debris into the unit's collection chamber.
     Due to the 6- to 12-inch diameter of the inlet hose, it rarely becomes clogged by debris.
     The inlet nozzle should always be placed slightly above (never below) the fluid's
     surface. The distance at which it is held above the fluid is critical to limit the amount
     of water intake. This system is suitable for picking up weathered oil, tar balls, and
     mousse from water or shorelines, and to vacuum oil from skimming vessels, boomed
     areas, or debris-laden sites. The primary advantage is its ability to pick up oil of any
     viscosity and, where necessary, lift fluid more than 30 feet. The system can pick up
     and decant simultaneously. The main disadvantages are that it usually picks up a
     high water/oil ratio, and can be difficult to repair in the field.


     The second system, barge-mounted vacuum trucks, use high-suction pumps and a
     cylindrical chamber capable of sustaining very low internal pressure, i.e., minus 12 psi.
     Vacuum is created in the chamber, and a 3- to 4-inch diameter hose is usually placed
     slightly below the surface of a floating oil slick, allowing a mixture of water and oil to
     enter the collection chamber. The position of the open end of the vacuum hose is
     critical. If it is placed too far down into the oil slick, recovered fluid will be mostly
     water; if not deep enough, air will be sucked into the system, and much of the vacuum
     will be lost. The primary advantages of the vacuum truck system are: it can recover
     fluid of nearly any viscosity; it has a rapid pickup rate of thick oil layers; and it can
     recover a wide variety of small debris. Primary disadvantages are its limited lift, no


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     more than 20 to 30 feet, and the length of time required to reestablish a vacuum if air
     enters the hose. As with the other vacuum, this one also picks up a high water/oil
     ratio.


Weathering
Natural influences such as temperature, wind, and bacteria that alter the physical and
chemical properties of oil.


Weir
A vertical barrier placed just below the surface of the water so that a floating oil slick can
flow over the top.


Wetlands (as defined by the Annotated Code of Maryland Title 9)
State wetlands: Lands below the mean high-tide line affected by the regular rise of tide.
Private wetlands: Lands bordering on state tidal wetlands, below the mean tide line subject
to the effects of the regular rise and fall of tide. Lands able to support growth of wetland
vegetation.


Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually
at or near the surface, and is at least periodically saturated with or covered by water
(Cowardin et al., 1979).


Wrack
Accumulations of plant debris that is deposited at or above the high-tide line (e.g., Spartina
or kelp debris).

















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Bibliography

American Petroleum Institute. 1982. Oil Spill Resnonse: Ontions For Minimizing Adverse
Ecological Imnacts. Publication No. 4398. Washington, D.C(.: American Petroleum
Institute. 98 pp.

Bobra, M., P. Kawamura, M. Fingas, and D. Velicogna. 1987. Laboratory and mesoscale
testing of Elastol and Brand M demoussifer. Proceedings of the 10th Arctic and Marine Oil
Spill Program Technical Seminar. Tune 9-11. 1987. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. pp. 223-241.

Breuel, A. 1981. Oil S)ill Cleanun and Protection Techniaues for Shorelines and
Marshlands. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corp. 404 pp.

Cairns, J., Jr. and A.L. Buikema, Jr. (Eds.). 1984. Restoration of Habitats Imnacted bv Oil
Spills. Boston: Butterworth Publishers.

CONCAWE. 1987. A Field Guide To Coastal Oil Snill Control And Clean-un Techniaues.
The Hague, The Netherlands. 112 pp.

Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands
and deepwater habitats of the United States. Washington, D.C. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 103 pp.

Environment Canada. 1992. Oilspill SCAT Manual for the Coastlines of British Columbia.
Prepared by Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Seattle, Washington for Technology
Development Branch, Conservation and Protection, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada:
Environment Canada. 245 pp.

DOI. 1991. Wildlife Protection Guideline for Alaska. Tab D to Annex X of the Alaska
Region Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. Anchorage: U.S. Dept.
of Interior. 229 pp.

ERCE and PENTEC. 1991. Evaluation of the condition of intertidal and shallow subtidal
biota in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill and subsequent shoreline
treatment. Seattle, Wash. Report HMRAD 91-1. Seattle: Hazardous Materials Response and
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Fiocco, R.J., G.P. Canevari, J.B. Wilkinson, J. Bock, M. Robbins, H.O. Jahns, and R.K.
Markarian. 1991. Development of Corexit 9580-A chemical beach cleaner. Proceedings of
the 1991 International Oil Snill Conference, March 4-7. 1991. San Diego. California. API
Publication No. 4529, Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute, pp. 395-400.

Hayes, M.O., E.R Gundlach, and C.D. Getter. 1980. Sensitivity ranking of energy port
shorelines. Proceedings of the Snecialtv Conference on Ports '80. Mav 19-20. 1980. Norfolk.
Virginia, pp. 697-708.





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Hayes, M.O., J. Michel, and B. Fichaut. 1991. Oiled gravel beaches: A special problem.
Proceedings of the Snecialtv Conference on Oil Svills. Management and Leeislative
Ipications, published by American Society of Civil Engineers pp. 444-457.

Interagency Shoreline Cleanup Committee. 1989. Field Shoreline Treatment Manual.
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Meyers & Associates and RPI, Inc. 1989. Oil Spill Response Guide. Park Ridge, New Jersey:
Noyes Data Corp. 314 pp.

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D.C.: National Academy Press. 335 pp.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1992. Introduction to coastal habitats
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Nauman, S.A. 1991. Shoreline Cleanup: Equipment and Operations. Proceedings of the
1991 International Oil Snill Conference. March 4-7.1991. San Diego. California. Washington,
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Owens, E.H. and A.R. Teal. 1990. Shoreline cleanup following the Exxon Valdez oil spill-
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Prince, R.C., J.R. Clark, and J.E. Linstrom. 1990. Bioremediation Monitoring Program.
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Rand, G. M. and S. R. Petrocelli. 1985. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Washington,
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Rooney-Char, A.H., A.T. Fritz, M.L. Vance, R.W. Middleton, and J. Baker. 1983b. ESI Atlas
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Rooney-Char, A.H., M.L. Vance, A.T. Fritz, and R.W. Middleton. 1983c. ESI Atlas of North
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Rockville, Maryland: Technical Resources, Inc. 8 pp.


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Tetra Tech. 1982. Ecological Impacts of Oil Spill Cleanup: Review and Recommendations.
Draft report. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute,

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1991. Bioremediation for Marine Oil
Spills - Background Paper. OTA-BP-0-70. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office. 31 pp.













































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