[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Prepared for: City of North Myrtle Beach P. O. Box 1038 North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582 property of CSC is THE OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR THE CITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 Prepared by: Erich R. Gundlach Dennis Daye Research Planning Institute, Inc. Wilbur Smith and Associates, Inc. 925 Gervais Street P. 0. Box 92 Columbia, SC 29201 Columbia, SC 29202 RPI/R/84/713-13 CID;�~~~~~ iXJuly 1984 :rnpijinc TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES ......................................... i RELATION TO STATE AND FEDERAL PLANS .......................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................. iii REVISION LOG .... iv 1.0 EMERGENCY ACTIONS AND PHONE NUMBERS .................... 1-1 1.1 Emergency Actions and Phone Numbers ...................... 1-1 1.2 Additional Phone Numbers ................................ 1-2 1.2.1 City of North Myrtle Beach ........................ 1-2 1.2.2 County Agencies .................................. 1-2 1.2.3 State Agencies .................................... 1-2 1.2.4 Federal Agencies ................................. 1-2 1 .2.5 Other .............................................. 1-2 2.0 ORGANIZATION .2-1 2.1 City Organizational Structure .............................. 2-1 2.2 State Organizational Structure .............................. 2-2 2.3 Federal Response Structure ................................. 2-2 2.4 Personnel Responsibilities ................................. 2-3 2.4.1 City On-Scene Coordinator ..'. 2-3 2.4.2 Assistant COSC .................................... 2-3 2.4.3 Support Coordinators .............................. 2-3 2.4.4 Response Personnel ................................ 2-3 2.4.5 Legal Affairs ...................................... 2-4 2.4.6 Public Affairs ...................................... 2-4 3.0 NOTIFICATIONS/REPORTING PROCEDURES ...................... 3-1 3.1 Reporting Procedures .................................... 3-1 3.2 Written Reports ....................................... 3-1 3.3 City of North Myrtle Beach Oil Spill Report Form .......... 3-2 4.0 LOGISTICS AND EQUIPMENT .................................... 4-1 14.1 Regional Community Assistance ............................ 4-1 4.2 Local Construction Companies ............................. 4-2 4.3 Regional Spill-Response Groups ............................ 4-3 4.4 Access and Debris Storage Sites ............................ 4-12 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................. 5-1 5.1 Shoreline Habitats and Predicted Oil Interactions .......... 5-1 5.2 Oil Interactions ..................... 5-5 5.3 Other Biological Considerations ............................ 5-6 5.4 Oil Spill Probability ........................................ 5-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) APPENDICES A Inventory and Evaluation of Recreational Opportunities B Vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's Tourism Industry to an Oil Spill C Cleanup Guidelines D Disposal Guidelines E Other PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES The City of North Myrtle Beach contains approximately nine miles of beach and oceanfront property that attracts hundreds of thousands of visi- tors each year. A major oil spill or pollution problem along the city's beach- es could inflict severe damage to the city's economy. The purpose of this contingency plan is to provide a state of readiness to enable the City of North Myrtle Beach to respond quickly and efficiently to a spill incident. In addition, a review of the City's emergency prepared- ness plan is included. The objectives of this plan are to: 1) Provide a fast a nd effective means of detecting and reporting oil spills. 2) Establish a list of equipment ava ilable locally and within a rea- sonable distance of travel. 3) Inventory and evaluate the recreational opportunity capacity of recreation facilities in North Myrtle Beach. 4I) Assess the vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's tourism in- dustry to damage caused by oil spills. 5) Describe the probable effects of oil spills on the coastal en- vironments of North Myrtle Beach. 6) Describe mitigating measures to lessen the potential environ- mental damage caused by oil spills. July 19841 i i RELATION TO STATE AND FEDERAL PLANS This plan does not supersede the contingency plans of the State of South Carolina (giving authority to the Department of Health and Environ- mental Control "to abate, control, and prevent pollution," Section 418-1-20, S.C. Code of Laws., 1975, as amended. Likewise, the National Contingency Plan is also not superseded by the creation of this plan. It is clearly the intent of this plan to establish procedures by which the City of North Myrtle Beach can prevent or decrease the detrimental socioeconomic and ecological effects of an oil spill in conjunction with, or in the absence of, state or federal response programs. July 19841 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The major funding for th~is project came through the City of North Myrtle Beach and the Coastal Energy Impact Program, administered by Mr. Michael Rowe of the South Carolina Governor's Office of Natural Resources. John Smithson and Merlin Bellamy, of the City of North Myrtle Beach, are thanked for their assistance and guidance. Mr. John Team of Wilbur Smith and Associates completed the questionnaire survey relating to recreational resources and oil spill vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach. July 19841 iv REVISION LOG Record of Changes Date Page # Entered by (Name) Date Page # Entered by (Name) E MWIG4Et4CV AMWIhS AND 1.0 EMERGENCY ACTIONS AND PHONE NUMBERS 1.1 Initial actions to be taken in the event of a spill are as follows: 1) If caused by a known land source, immediately try to stop any opera- tions which may be causing the spill. Act quickly, using common sense. 2) Turn off all equipment, especially sources of ignition,' which may cause fire or explosion. ENFORCE NO SMOKING! 3) Consider personal safety first. Use protective clothing if necessary. 4) IMMEDIATELY NOTIFY: City of North Myrtle Beach - City Manager 272-4000 - and - U.S. Coast Guard - Charleston Office (Daytime) 724-4218 - or - After 4:30 PM and Weekends 723-5602 S.C. Dept. of Health and Environmental Control Columbia, SC (24 hrs) 758-5531 Columbia (during office hours) 758-5681 Waccamaw District Office - Myrtle Beach 448-8407 5) Contain the spill. Block off all drains, culverts, and ditches to pre- vent oil from escaping contained areas. July 1984 1-2 1.2 ADDITIONAL PHONE NUMBERS 1.2.1 CITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH 1) Police Department 249-1411 2) Fire Department 249-2233 3) N. Myrtle Beach Rescue Squad 272-3144 272-7532 1.2.2 COUNTY AGENCIES 1) Horry County Civil Defense Agency 448-2486 2) Horry County Sheriff's Office (at courthouse) 448-2486 3) Horry County Police 448-4260 448-7917 4) Civil Air Patrol 245-9175 5) County EMS 272-6139 272-3148 1.2.3 STATE AGENCIES 1) S.C. Wildlife and Marine Resources 795-6350 2) S.C. DHEC (Charleston) 554-5533 3) S.C. Highway Patrol 448-9710 1.2.4 FEDERAL AGENCIES 1) Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, Georgia (404) 881-4062 2) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Charleston (803) 795-6350 (803) 724-4707 1.2.5 OTHER 1) North Myrtle Beach Chamber of Commerce 249-3519 2) National Audubon Society, SE Regional 723-6171 3) Sierra Club, Columbia 799-0321 4) South Carolina Wildlife Federation 786-6419 5) Grand Strand Humane Society 249-4948 July 1984 2.0 ORGANIZATION 0 * 0 2-1 2.0 ORGANIZATION The organizational structure for responding to oil spills on the city, state, and federal levels is included in this section. Even if the spill is controlled by the state or federal response structures, there are distinct methods by which recommendations made by the City of North Myrtle Beach can be passed directly to the person controlling the spill-response effort (the On-Scene Coordinator). The size of the spill and the type of resources at risk or damaged commonly controls the level of response effort. 2.1 CITY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ADVISORY CITY ON-SCENE DHEC BOARD Advisory COORDINATOR U.S. COAST GUARD .................- - -- COSC - Communication City Manager (City Manager) City Planner City Civil Defense Director Fire Chief Dir., Public Works Chamber of Commerce Envi ronmental Rep. ASSISTANT COSC Public ec Other Assistance Public Interest L.................J Works Attorney Agencies from Information Groups Adjacent Officer Communities July 1984 2-2 2.2 STATE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE STATE ON-SCENE ; Communication..-|I U.S. COAST GUARD COORDINATOR- - - - SOSC - C (DHEC) - - - -__ CITY MANAGER N. MYRTLE BEACH I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 I L 1,, I, 4X AI Dept. Highways/ Wildlife WCoastal Forestry | U.S. IUSCG| Industrial Public and Marine Resources Council Commission and Mutual Transportation Resources Commission Assistance (DHPT) (WMR)(WRC) Groups 2.3 FEDERAL RESPONSE STRUCTURE NATIONAL REGIONAL FEDERAL OSC RESPONSE RESPONSE U.S. COAST GUARD TEAM TEAM (Charleston) USCG USCG EPA EPA Dept. of Interior Fish & Wildlife Service NOAA DHEC etc. etc. ASST. OSC National Strike Teams Scientific Support I~~ ~ ~Coordinator I Contractors (NOAA) ) I I - Wildlife I State & i N. Myrtle Other Groups Local Assist. Beach Resources Loia l A ssist. Concerns Concerns of N. Myrtle Beach can be voiced through the Regional Response Team or to the OSC, di- rectly or through his intermediaries: the Assistant OSC or Scientific Support Coordinator. July 1984 2-3 . ~2.4I PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES 2.4.1 CITY ON-SCENE COORDINATOR The City Manager, or his designee, will assume the position of City On-Scene Coordinator (COSC) , who. is responsible for the overall planning of the response operation including establishing response priorities and de- termining methods of implementation. He is also responsible for coordinating the response effort, for agency notifications, and for preparation of the final spill report. His responsibility also entail several liaison activities, such as with government agencies, legal affairs and with the public. As needed, he may designate assistants to fill such roles as Communications Coordinator, Record Keeper, Ecology Advisor, etc. 2.4.2 ASSISTANT COSC This is the key assistant to the COSC, responsible for aiding the coor- dination of all activities. As a designee of the COSC, he may be called upon to perform specific tasks, such as direction of the field crews, maintenance of the communications link between the COSC and responding parties with appropriate record keeping, or provision of logistical support for the cleanup workers (meals, clothing, transportation, etc.). 2.4.3 SUPPORT COORDINATORS Support coordinators assist the COSC or his designee with field re- sponse activities. He coordinates and directs responding personnel to con- trol or clean up the spill as necessary. He is responsible for maintaining field response records as to men and equipment utilized, time involved, and the effectiveness of the operation. He is also respo nsible for maintaining a communications link with his immediate supervisor. 2.4.4 RESPONSE PERSONNEL Response personnel will be directed, as needed, for oil spill control or cleanup. Within the response team, cleanup and security supervisors, etc., may be designated by the Support Coordinator. Response personnel can be . ~~from the'City of North Myrtle Beach staff or contract labor. July 1984 2 -4 S ~2.4.5 LEGAL AFFAIRS The legal affairs representative advises the COSC on any legal actions that may result from the spill or its cleanup. He may also be called upon to complete or review various contractual arrangements necessary to respond to the spill incident. Likewise, he may advise the settlement of any claims made against the City of North Myrtle Beach for its actions in spill control or cleanup. 2.4.6 PUBLIC AFFAIRS At the request of the COSC, Public Affairs is responsible for coordinat- ing press-related information and activities. This may be in the form of press releases, press conferences, or organized tours of the spill site. He is also responsible for providing an appropriate press room, maps and out- side communications. July 1984 3.0 NOTIFICATIONSIHEPORTING REQUIREMENTS � Is � 3-1 3.0 NOTIFICATIONS/REPORTING PROCEDURES 3.1 ALL SPILLS MUST BE REPORTED TO: City Manager of City -of North Myrtle Beach 272-4000. Upon notification, the City Manager will notify the following: DHEC (Columbia) 758-5681 or 758-5531 USCG (Charleston) 724-4218 or 723-5602 If the City Manager cannot be contacted, DHEC or USCG should be contacted directly. The spill should be reported as: Discharge Time Location Water body Source Cause Material spilled Quantity Weather Notifier Response by City of North Myrtle Beach Requested action 3.2 WRITTEN REPORTS If the City of North Myrtle Beach takes an active role in responding to the spill, the following written report should be filled out by the COSC. Additional material to be filed with the spill response includes documentation concerning: 1) Cleanup and other contracts. 2) City of North Myrtle Beach costs. 3) Operating losses of North Myrtle Beach businesses. 4) Man-days of cleanup personnel. 5) Field personnel log books. 6) Site Photographs. 7) Samples collected and analyses. This material is a legal record of the spill incident and should be treated as such. It may form the basis for obtaining reimbursement from the spiller or the appropriate federal fund. The names and associated tasks of all key response individuals are particularly important. The more accurate and detailed the records, the better. July 1984 3-2 3.3 CITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH OIL SPILL REPORT FORM Offshore - Inland Water - Land Reported By: Phone # Date and Time of Spill: Date and Time of Discovery of Spill: Date and Time Reported: USCG Notification: Date & Time: To Whom: DHEC Notification: Date &. Time: To Whom: Quantity Spilled: Type of Oil Spilled: Location of Spill: Weather Conditions: Source of Spill: Person(s) Responsible: Phone # Area Affected: Containment/Cleanup Actions: Location and Method of Disposal: Business Activity Interrupted: ( ) no ( ) yes, How Long? Samples Taken: Disposition: Comments: Signature: Date & Time: July 1984 4.0 LOGISTICS AND EQUIPMENT / MAP : :: * * \~~~~~~ 4-1 4.0 LOGISTICS AND EQUIPMENT This section provides a description of equipment and manpower available to combat an oil spill in North Myrtle Beach area. These sections provide a local listing of equipment available from nearby communities, from local con- struction companies, and from regional spill contractors. Much of this infor- mation changes rapidly, so it must be periodically updated. The final por- tion of this section contains a summary of beach access points and potential debris and equipment storage areas. 4.1 REGIONAL COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE* REPRESENTATIVE MANPOWER EQUIPMENT Director of Public Works Up to 22 people Front-end loader (1), backhoe (1), City of Myrtle Beach backhow (1), dump trucks (4) 626-7645 (ext 129) Chairman 25-30 plus Bulldozer (1), backhoe (1), motor Georgetown County Council prison workers graders (6) 546-4189 Recreation Director 15-20 Shovels, picks, rakes, etc. Georgetown County 546-4189 Administrator 1-30 Road grader (1), backhoes (3) City of Georgetown 546-2556 Administrator 3-5 Front-end loader (1), backhoes (2), City of Conway small motor grader (1) 248-7351 Administrator 4-5 Front-end loader (1), backhoes (2), Surfside Beach large motor grader (1), small tractor (1) 238-5531 Mayor None None Briarcliffe Acres 272-6772 Manager 3-4 Front-end loader (1), tractor and City of North Myrtle Beach and rake (1) 272-4000 (ext 221) Director of Public Works Up to 60 Bulldozers, backhoes, draglines, Horry County motor graders, etc. 448-2486/248-6247 *All of the above equipment was volunteered after it was understood that it would be available (a) for short periods of time and (b) only if it would not cause a reduction in the government's ability to provide its ser- vices. (Data are accurate as of 18 July 1984.) July 1984 4-2 4.2 LOCAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES COMPANY CONTACT PERSON PHONE NUMBER EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE EMPLOYEES Vereen's Const. Co. Office 249-1312 5 - dump trucks 12 Hwy. 17, North Raeford Vereen 249-1693 2 - bulldozers N. Myrtle Beach, Jerry Vereen 249-4641 1 - motor grader South Carolina 2 - front-end loaders 1 - backhoe 5 - chain saws 1 - portable generator, welder, and cutting torch unit 2 - big pumps, portable Hardee, A. O. & Office 249-1264 4 - bulldozers 25 Son Drainage Co. Hardee, A. O. 249-3316 1 - front-end loader Hwy. 17 Hardee, Benjy 249-2153 5 - dump trucks Little River, 4 - draglines South Carolina 1 - road grader 4 - pans 1 - low boy, trailer, chain saw and small equipment McLamb, E. L. & Office 249-2633, 4 - bulldozers 12 Sons Const. Co. 249-4312 1 - motor grader Hwy. 17 McLamb, Thurman 249-2519 1 - backhoe on tracks Little River, McLamb, Kenny 249-3396 1 - truck and low boy trailer 1 - road scraper & loader 1 - dragline 2 - chain saws 4 - farm tractors with blades 1 -portable generator Bellamy, Bryon Bellamy, Bryon 249-1810 1 - dump truck 4 Little River Hgts. 1 - front-end loader & Little River, backhoe South Carolina 3 - chain saws 1 - 3" high-pressure pump 1 - portable 2000 KW generator 1 - small farm tractor with blade on rear Stevens Const. Co. Office 249-3221 4 - dump trucks 8 Route 1 Mrs. R.E. 1 - low boy trailer & truck N. Myrtle Beach, Stevens 249-3221 1 - front-end loader South Carolina Douglas Stevens 249-3221 2 - bulldozers Dannie Stevens 339-8319 1 - backhoe and loader on tracks 1 - farm tractor with rear blade 2 - chain saws 1 - welder and cutting torch Joe Stevens Stevens, Ray 249-1627 2 - dump trucks 2 Nixon Crossroads 1 - bulldozer (Others Section 1 - track loader are N. Myrtle Beach, 2 - backhoes available South Carolina 1 - farm tractor as with rear blade needed) 2 - small 1-ton flatbed trucks 2 - chain saws 1 - portable generator, cutting torch, welder, etc. July 1984 . LI4.3 REGIONAL SPILL-RESPONSE GROUPS The following material is excerpted from the State of South Carolina Contingency Plan (effective summer 19 84) and the Coastal Oil Spill Emergency Response Inventory prepared by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 23 October 1981. July 1984 4-4 CLEANUP CONTRACTORS The Emergency Response Section of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control attempts to maintain a complete listing of cleanup contractors available in and around the state. Anyone having a need for these services may contact the Emergency Response Section for assistance. The Emergency Response Section will not recommend or endorse any company, it's service or product, but will try to help locate a contractor nearest the spill or business site. Aaxon Industrial, Inc. 1017 St. George Ave. Colonia, NJ 07067 Working Hours - (800) 526-2181 All Hours - (201) 636-1581 Anti-Pollution, Inc. P.O. Box 885 1319 Front St. Morgan City, LA 70381 All Hours - (504) 384-9517 Bryson Industrial Services, Inc. 411 Burton Rd. Lexington, SC 29072 All Hours - (803) 359-7027 C Enterprises, Inc. P.O. Box 6183 Charleston, SC 29405 Working Hours - (803) 723-7318 Emergency Numbers - 572-7561 (beeper) 572-7280 (beeper) 571-0489, 763-4470, or 873-4713 (employee phones) Ferguson Harbor Service, Inc. P.O. Box 8153 Nashville, TN 37207 All Hours - (615) 822-3295 Ford Oil Spill Recoveries, Inc. 4900 Young St. Lilburn, GA 30247 All Hours - (404) 923-9166 Hazardous Waste Technology Services (Haztech) 3300 Marjan Drive, NE Atlanta, GA 30340 Working Hours - (404) 451-9877 All Hours- (404) 4517-9942 July 1984 4-5 CLEANUP CONTRACTORS - Page Two Maintenance Overflow 1629 Newberry Ave. Columbia, SC 29210 Working Hours - (803) 781-9694 Emergency Number - (803) 781-0816 Marine Supply Company 266 Union Ave. Memphis, TN 38103 Working Hours - (901) 527-8396 or (901) 522-8625 Emergency Numbers - (901) 685-5319 (901) 458-3342 (901) 795-3128 O.H. Materials Company 16406 V.S. Rt. 224 E. P.O. Box 551 Findlay, Ohio 45839 All Hours - (800) 537-9540 Oil Mop, Inc. P.O. Drawer P Belle Chase, LA 70037 All Hours - (504) 394-6110 Peterson Maritime Services, Inc. 14101 Old Gentilly Road New Orleans, LA 70129 All Hours- (504) 254-3600 Peterson Maritime Services, Inc. 1660 South Beltline Highway Mobile Alabama 36609 All Hours - (205) 666-3500 Triangle Resource Industries (TRI) P.O. Box 210 Reidsville, NC 27320 All Hours - (919 272-2222 0:~~ ~~~~~July 1984 0 ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~July 1 984~ 4-6 %- t ', c _' :, X MILITARY 238-7520, 24-hr. 238-7410 U. S. Coast Guard Charleston, South Carolina X X X X X X 724-4218, 24-hr. 723-5602 U.S. Navy Charleston, South Carolina X X X X X X X X X X X 743-3890, 24-hr. 743-3890 GOVERNSMENT Adjutant General, Office of Columbia, South Carolina X X X . Conwavy Public Works Charlesonway, South Carolina X X 248-9051 FlCo orence Pub lic Works Florence, South Caroli na X X X 665-3136, 24-hr. 665-3191 Health & Environmental Control, S. C. Department of Columbia, South Carolina X X X X X X x 758-5496, 24-hr. 758-5531 Highways & Public Transportation, S. C. Department of Columbia, South Carolina X X 758-2256, 24-hr. 758-2815 Loris Public Works Loris, South Carolina X X X X X 756-4004, 24-hr. 7564000 Myrtle Beach Public Works NMyrtle Beach, South Carolina X X X 448-8316, 24-hr. 448-3111 CO"UY/ 7 HORRY October 1981 4-7 R 4i < R - ' '8 Surfside Public Works Water Resources, S.C. SColumbia , South Carolina X X 758-2514, 24-hr. 532-49092811 Wildlife & Marine Resources, S.C. Columbia, South Carolina X X 758-004 2 Wildlife & Marine Resources, S.C. Georgetown, South Carolina X 546-3283 or 546-8524 CONSTRUCTION ACME Construction Company Johnsonville, South Carolina X X X 386-2021, 24-hr. 386-2150 Baker Brothers of Grasharn Florence, South Carolina X X X X 362-0275 or 423-2211 Construction Equipment Charleston Heights, South Carolina X X X 747-7391, 24-hr. 886-6254 Gallup Landscape & Construction Pawley's Island, South Carolina X X X X 237.4077, 24-hr. 2374077 Polote Builders, Inc. Savannah, Georgia X X x (912) 232-1188, 24.hr. (912) 236-0578 Poston's Machine Shop Andrews, South Carolina x x x x x X X 264-5943, 24-hr. 264-8624 Smith & Smith, Inc. Charleston, South Carolina X 554-1382, 24-hr. 556-1144 or 766.1774 CO UNTY/ HO RRY October 1981 4-8 ---a -0 :: s' r" Ca a (912) 964-5761, 24-hr. (912) 964.5761 Tapp Marine Construction, Inc. Bowen, South Carolina X X X X X X 795-8653, 24-hr. 795-8778 Wise Construction Company Hemingway, South Carolina X X X X 662-7521 Woodbury Associates Marion, South Carolina X X X X 4234490 OIL TRANSPORTATION Allen Oil Company Florence, South Carolina X X X X X 662-1466, 24-hr. 669-7243 Battle Oil Nichols, South Carolina X X 392-3121 Bay Enterprises Hilton Head, South Carolina X X X X 785-3440 Chapin Company Myrtle Beach, South Carolina X X 448-7778, 24-hr. 4484885 Conway Transport North Charleston, South Carolina X X X 552-5094, 24-hr. 871-3207 Paul Creel Oil Company Conway, South Carolina X X X X 248-9113 Dilmar Oil Company Latta, South Carolina X x X 752-5611, 24-hr. 752-7342 COUlTrY / HORRY October 1981 4-9 '-cS E oE- - Seabrook Oil Charleston, South Carolina XX X X 766-5929 Stuckey Oil Company Hemingway, South Carolina X X X 558-3223 OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP Environmental Coastal Pollution Columbia, South Carolina X X X X X X X X X X X 754-9112, 24-hr. 754-9112 O. H. Materials, Inc. Covington, Georgia X X X X X X X X X (404)?787-3834, 24-hr. 1-800-537-9540 0. H. Materials, Inc. Findlay, Ohio X X X X X X X X X (419) 423-3526, 24-hr. 1-800-537-9540 Pepper Industries, Inc. Charleston, South Carolina X X X X X X 24-hr. 577-9452 EQUIPMENT RENT-AL Jack Barry Rentals Savannah, Gerogia X X X X (912) 354-1433, 24-hr. (912) 944-8066 Contractors Service & Rental Charleston, South Carolina X X X X 747-9002 EMERGENCY MANAGEIENT Columbus County Emergency Management Whiteville, North Carolina X X X X X (919) 6424728, 24-hr. (919) 642-6551 CO6T~Y/ HORRY October 1981 4-10 I.- PAVING Central Grading & Paving Florence, South Carolina X X 669-8220, 24-hr. 6690614 Janicula Paving Company Charleston, South Carolina X X X X 723-6235 RETAIL BUSLNESS Carmicheal Oil Company Lake View, South Carolina X x 759-2232 Carolina Sales & Rental Florence, South Carolina X X 665-5030 DISTRIBUTOR Diesel Engineers Charleston Heights, South Carolina X X X 554-5151 INDUSTRIAL CLEAN-UP Phillips Industrial Service Corporation Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina X X X 884-8566 or 884-0106 HIGH PRESSURE CLEAN-UP Energen of C arolina Charleston, South Carolina 556-6506 CHEMIICAL DISTRIBUTOR Carolina Chemical Equipment Charleston, South Carolina X X 554-0880 COUNSTYR/ HORRY October 1981 Charleston, South Carolina X~~~~~~~~~ ~~-. ~ ~ ~ . 4"I 1~ ~~4 Lois Suh Caolnax =~~~~~~~~~~~0 - MAR~~qE T O W I N G s MrnInu s0 SEPTIC TANK SERVICE Mackleen Septic Tank Loris, South Carolina X x 293-2275 ~MARINUE TOWING Maxine Industries Georgetown, South Carolina x 546-5467 or 5468721 CQU'NTY/ HORRY October 1981 4-12 4.4 ACCESS AND DEBRIS STORAGE SITES The following table presents a listing of all beach access roads and sites for the temporary storage of oily debris and equipment. Although most of the access roads are public, several sites are privately owned and permission must be obtained before using them. Sites are summarized in terms of fair (F), good (G), or excellent (E) ratings. The site number refers to the map of North Myrtle Beach included at the end of this section. Poor or limited access points are not marked. The City of North Myrtle Beach has designated numerous beach-access walkways; however, these single pathways are not included unless a parking lot is nearby. Asterisks (*) mark the better sites for access and storage. TEMPORARY SITE NUMBER ACCESS EQUIPMENT OILY-WASTE COMMENTS AND STREET STORAGE STORAGE 1) 48th Ave. S. F C G Parking lot is privately owned by Long Bay Motel/Apartments. 2) 46th Ave. S. F G C Access limited to stairs over a sea- wall. By Tricia-Lyn Motel/Apartments. 3) 44th Ave. S. E F F Road goes directly onto beach. A large undeveloped lot is nearby. *4) 39th Ave. S. E GC C Good road access and large parking lot. 5) 100 yds north F E E Contains a large undeveloped lot but of 37th Ave. S. only walkways (2) go over the dunes. 6) 33rd Ave. S. F F F Contains a limited but paved parking lot and a set of stairs for access. Located between two condominium devel- opments. 7) S. Carolina C E E Undeveloped access at the base of the street could easily be opened. Lots of room for storage. *8) Atlantic E E E Paved road leads onto beach. Lots of room for equipment and storage. 9) 27th Ave. S. G F F Road onto beach needs improvement. A walkway is also present. *10) 25th Ave. S. G G C Moderate-sized public lot with good access way. 11) 21st Ave. S. F C C Moderate-sized public lot, but access is limited to a single walkway. 12) 18th Ave. S. F F F Limited public parking, and access is limited to a single walkway. 13) 17th Ave. S. F C F Paved public lot, but access limited to a single walkway. A large public parking lot is across the street. July 1984 4-13 TEMPORARY SITE NUMBER EQUIPMENT RARY AND MER ACCESS EU S MGE OILY-WASTE COMMENTS AND STREET STORAGE 14) 16th Ave. S. E F F Paved access road, but limited park- ing and storage. 15) 14th Ave. S. G F F Paved access road, but limited park- ing and storage. 16) 9th Ave. S. G C G Access road needs some improvement. The parking area is unpaved and four lanes wide. *17) 6th Ave. S. G E E Good, sandy access road with a wide, sandy parking lot for storage. 18) 2nd Ave. S. G F F Access road needs improvement. Only limited parking available. 19) 1st Ave. S. F C G Road access is difficult. A walkway and large paved lot are present. *20) Main St. F E F Easy access to beach (utilized greatly by the public) with a large, paved parking lot. 21) 3rd Ave. N. C G G Access needs improvement for vehicle use. Parking is limited, but the adjacent motel lot (sandy) greatly increases the site's storage capacity. 22) 4th Ave. N. F F F Access is only by a single walkway. Parking is limited. 23) 5th Ave. N. F F F Access is only by a single walkway. Parking is limited. 24) 11th Ave. N. F E E Vehicle access needs work. A large, unimproved sand lot is available for storage. Privately owned, Tilghman Estate. 25) 21st Ave. N. F F F Limited parking (paved). Access is by stairs only, over a seawall. The adja- cent hotel has additional parking. 26) 22nd Ave. N. G C G Contains a moderate-sized sand lot for storage. Road access is 100 ft to the north. 27) Sea Mountain Rd. E G C Contains a paved lot and paved access road. 28) 50th Ave. N. C F F Vehicle access needs some improvement. Parking and storage are very limited. July 1984 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Is 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS The following section contains a description of the shoreline habitats and wildlife of North Myrtle Beach as well as an estimate of spill probabilities in the area. 5.1 SHORELINE HABITATS AND PREDICTED OIL INTERACTIONS After risks to human health and safety, the environment is of a major concern. A shoreline sensitivity analysis undertaken by DHEC and Research Planning Institution (1982) delineated seven major shoreline habitats, listed below in order of increasing sensitivity: Exposed Vertical Seawalls. Fine-grained Sand Beaches. Exposed Tidal Flats (low biomass). Exposed Riprap. Sheltered Coastal Structures. Sheltered Tidal Flats (high biomass and oyster beds). Marshes. The relatively low-ranked, fine-grained sand beaches compose over 85 percent of the entire shoreline. Exposed vertical seawalls and riprap struc- tures are common shore-protection devices found along the backshore of the sand beaches. The sheltered environments are found along the northern and southern ends of the City of North Myrtle Beach. The inlets which feed into these areas must serve as a focal point for collecting incoming oil and preventing its passage into the calmer backwater environments. The following is a physical and biological description of the shoreline types found in North Myrtle Beach: EXPOSED VERTICAL SEAWALLS O Physical - Man-made structures in back of a narrow beach. - Exposed to strong waves and currents along open-ocean shorelines. O Plants - Dominant plants are attached green algae such as Ulva and Enteromorpha. - Zonation is controlled by exposure to waves. - Surface plant coverage is moderate to high, depending on height of wall with respect to tidal level. July 1984 5-2 O Animals - Barnacles are dominant animals. - Barnacles have maximum densities in the upper intertidal zone. - Infauna are minimal due to solid substrate. - Low diversity, moderate to high density, and low species richness. FINE-GRAINED SAND BEACHES o Physical - Usually gentle slope with broad, flat profile. - Often exposed to moderate and high wave energy. - Shell accumulations may be present in the lower intertidal zone or back-beach area. o Plants - Scattered beach grasses and plants growing at the base of natural dunes. - Beach wrack composed of decaying Spartina grasses. O Animals - Insects and amphipods associated with each wrack are present. - Burrowing amphipods and polychaete worms are present in the up- per and mid-intertidal zones. - Some burrowing clams are present in the lower intertidal to subtidal zones. - Diversity, density, and species richness low to moderate. - Ghost crabs are common at base of dunes along back beach areas. EXPOSED TIDAL FLATS (LOW BIOMASS) O Physical - Sediments are generally fine-grained sand. - Sediments are very mobile due to waves and tidal currents. - Associated with tidal deltas and, in some areas, front sand or mixed sand and shell beaches. O Plants - Very little flora present. - Mobile substrate prevents attachment of algae. O Animals - When present, benthic infauna are dominant organisms. - Species diversity, density, and richness vary with substrate. - Clams, polychaetes, and burrowing crustaceans are the most common macroorganisms. - Faunal density is lowest at high intertidal zone, increasing at mid and low intertidal zones. - In sand-bottom flats exposed to high wave energy, deep-burrowing clams dominate simple benthic communities. - Birds utilize exposed flats as roosting and foraging areas. July 1984 5-3 EXPOSED RIPRAP 0 Physical - Predominantly gravel to boulder-sized riprap revetments. - Riprap is composed generally of quarried Piedmont granite or high-grade metamorphic rocks (e.g., gneiss). - Most common along back-beach areas as shore protection for devel- oped property. o Plants - Green filamentous algae and Ulva observed on some riprap in the intertidal zone. o Animals - Epifaunal densities are moderate to high. - Barnacles are patchy with densities ranging as high as 19,500 indi- viduals per square meter. SHELTERED COASTAL STRUCTURES o Physical - Includes bulkheads, riprap, piers, and docks. - Dependent on seasonal storm activity. - Typically a low-energy environment generally associated with more sensitive back-barrier environments. o Plants - Low to moderate growths of Enteromorpha and Ulva. o Animals -Intertidal zones contain moderate to heavy populations of oysters and their associated biota. SHELTERED TIDAL FLATS o Physical - Composed of mud or silty sand. - Sheltered from major wave and tidal activity. - Usually located in back-barrier areas. - Occur with extensive oyster colonies in many areas. o Plants - Mud flats are generally devoid of vegetation. o Animals - Macroinfauna species diversity, density, and richness high. - Extensive clam and oyster populations are present. - At high tide, these flats support a large epibenthic community of blue crabs, flounder, channel bass, spotted sea trout, and other vertebrate and invertebrate species. - At low tide, many species of birds feed on tidal flats. July 1984 5-4 MARSHES O Physical - Generally fronted by a sheltered tidal flat. - Well-sheltered from extreme wave and current action. O Plants - Three types of coastal marshes are present: 1) Low marsh - predominantly Spartina alterniflora occurs in the mid to upper intertidal areas. 2) High marsh - occurs in the upper intertidal to supralittoral zones; some common high marsh plants are Spartina patens, Salicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, Batis maritima, Limonium carolineanum, Sporobolus virginica, and Distichlis spicata. 3) Brackish freshwater marsh - dominated by Juncus roemerianus and Spartina cynasuriodes. o Animals - Associated invertebrates include marsh periwinkles, fiddler crabs, pulmonate snails, polychaetes, amphipods, clams, and mussels. - Densities of both epifauna and infauna range from moderate to high. - Marshes utilized by numerous birds, alligators, raccoons, and rodents for feeding and reproductive habitat. July 1984 5.2 OIL INTERACTIONS A summary of predictive oil interactions by oil type and shoreline habi- tat follows: LIGHT VOLATILE OILS Examples: Distillate fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and No. 2 fuel oil. Physical/Chemical Properties: o Spreads rapidly. o High rate of evaporation. o Highly soluble. o Tend to form unstable emulsions. o Very toxic to biota. o May penetrate substrates. o Can be removed by simple agitation and low-pressure flushing. Shoreline Interactions: o Fine-grained Sand Beaches - May penetrate rapidly into the beach sands, but will be rapidly cleaned by natural processes. o Seawalls and Riprap - Will form a very light coating but would be removed by wave action and evaporation. o Tidal Flats and Marshes - May kill organisms within the marsh and tidal flat under heavy concentrations. Recovery will take several years. Marsh grasses will be less affected in areas of moderate flushing. MODERATE TO HEAVY OILS Examples: Medium to heavy, paraffin-based, refined, and crude oils. Physical/Chemical Properties: O Moderate to high viscosity. o Toxicity variable depending on light fraction composition. O In summer months, rapid evaporation and solution form less toxic. o Light fractions may contaminate interstitial water. o Tend to form stable emulsions under high physical energy con- ditions. O Variable penetration, a function of substrate grain size. o Potential for sinking after weathering and uptake of sediment. o Weather to tar balls and tarry residue. July 1984 5-6 Shoreline Interactions: o Fine-Grained Sand Beach - Oil will tend to accumulate on the up- per beach face. Under depositional conditions oil will be buried. Penetration will be slight because of well compacted sediments. o Seawalls and Riprap - Vertical seawalls, bulkheads, and riprap will be blackened with oil. Residence time will be lengthy if oil is allowed to harden. o Tidal Flats and Marshes - Oil will pass over exposed, sandy flats (carried by the rising tide), but may kill resident organisms. On sheltered flats, oil may mix with the muddy sediments and a kill- ing of resident organisms is likely. On marshes, plants and or- ganisms will be killed if concentrations are heavy. RESIDUAL OILS Examples: Asphalt, Bunker C, No. 6 fuel oil, and waste oil. Physical/Chemical Properties: O Form tarry lumps at ambient temperatures. o Nonspreading. O May soften and flow when stranded in sun. o Difficult to recover from water surface using most cleanup equip- ment. o Easily removed manually from beaches. O Toxicity varies, but generally less toxic than lighter oils. Shoreline Interactions: o Fine-Grained Sand Beach - Oil will not penetrate deeply into sub- strate and will tend to accumulate on the upper beach face. When large quantities of oil are present, oil will cover entire beach face. o Seawalls and Riprap - Accumulations would be light and residence time short on vertical seawalls and bulkheads. Oil would adhere to riprap, and well into the structure. Residence time would be lengthy. o Tidal Flats and Marshes - On sand flats exposed to strong tides and waves, oil will pass across the flat. On sheltered flats, oil will be deposited along the upper fringes and become incorporated in the mud for several years. On marshes, light accumulations will coat the grasses with little damage. Heavy accumulations will quickly coat the marsh surface; damage will be extensive and long-term. 5.3 OTHER BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS The altas illustrating the sensitivity of coastal environments and wildlife to spilled oil, completed by Research Planning Institute (1982) for DHEC, July 1984 5-7 shows that the wildlife of the North Myrtle Beach area consists primarily of oysters in Hog Inlet Estuary and pelicans along the beaches. Pelicans are protected under the federal list of endangered species. Numerous shore- birds also utilize the beaches seasonally. In all cases, should an oil spill affect these organisms, DHEC and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Charleston should be notified. The Fish and Wildlife Service, in particular, has access to the latest bird cleaning and handling techniques and has the financial support to rapidly set up cleaning centers with the appropriate ex- pertise. 5.4 OIL SPILL PROBABILITY The major risk of oil impacts on North Myrtle Beach is associated with the tanker and barge transport of petroleum products. Future risks, how- ever, may include those connected to offshore drillings on the continental shelf. Ports of entry for petroleum products lying adjacent to North Myrtle Beach include Georgetown (approximately 40 miles away) and Wilmington (ap- proximately 40 miles away) [See Figure 2]. Charleston is also a major petro- leum facility but lies over 90 miles from the study site. A refinery is cur- rently proposed for Georgetown; its completion would double the number of ship calls and triple th quantity of oil handled by Georgetown. Explicit oil spill risk analyses for tanker traffic have not been pub- lished for North Myrtle Beach. However, due to prevailing winds and cur- rents, projected impacts on North Myrtle Beach resulting from spills at these port entrances is likely to be very low. Data generated by the U.S. Geo- logical Survey as part of the outer continental shelf studies program reveal that the probability of oil impacting Myrtle Beach from proposed lease sites or pipeline routes, for the life of the basin and including spills from existing tanker traffic, is near zero for oil floating for less than 10 days and only 1 percent for impacts within 30 days after the incident. Areas to the north and south are much more likely to be impacted, 6 and 9 percent within 30 days. However, the low statistical occurrence of impacting oil spills should not be a signal for complacency. The washing up of 650 oiled birds onto Myrtle Beach during February 1981, as well as a ship collision just off Nags Head (North Carolina) with resulting shoreline pollution, indicate that oil spills do continue to occur in spite of low statistical probabilities. July 1984 FIGURE 2. OIL SPILL TRANSPORT WILMINGTON. N.C. TO SAVANAH, GA. 'Petroleum Products Flow(Barrels) Commercial Port 30O,00OO0O 18,58 655Petroleum Products 18,84,55Movement 1974 (Barrels)200000 Petroleum Products 1974 flow only (11,275'250) Movement, 1977( Barrels) l00,ooo,000 Flow within a Principal a9,999,999 -1,000,000 (~) Harbor or Port and its ~=999,999 500,000 Vicinity ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< 500,000 EM~ Proposed Offshore Local Traffic Flow Lease Sites4-- WILMINGTON 3~3,775,246 (33,864,611) Cr; bbeow nCeetra America Suth America Europe GRAND STRAND didde Eost aurt Rico and Virgin Islands CHARLESTON I (44 784 838) Caribbean Central America Sout America Mi ddle East ueto Rico and Virgin Islands Caribbean Central America South Amnerica Perto Rico and Virgin Islands Diagram showing the potential for shoreline impact by spilled oil, oil transport traffic, and proposed effective lease sites (modi-. fied from Ray et al., 1980). 'did APPENDICES .~~~~sisI APPENDI CES The appendices included in this document are: A. Inventory and Evaluation of Recreational Opportunities B. Vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's Tourism Industry to an Oil Spill C. Cleanup Guidelines D. Disposal Guidelines E. Other July 1984 A. RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES C S � A-1 A.0 INVENTORY AND EVALUATION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES A.1 Summary of Growth and Facilities North Myrtle Beach is the northeastern portion of the South Carolina coastal beach area known as the Grand Strand, an area 60 miles long with a populated area only a few blocks wide. North Myrtle Beach is about four miles south of the North Carolina Line and has approximately 9 miles of continuous beach-front. The beaches are of a fine white sand and the coastal water is relatively clean as there are no harbors, shipping, or major industries in the area. The town of North Myrtle Beach was incorporated in 1968 when the municipalities of Cherry Grove, Ocean Drive, Crescent Beach and Windy Hill voted to incorporate into one municipality. Development over the last ten years has changed the character of the area somewhat from that of a low-country residential seaside area into a major resort area. Between 1970 and 1980, North Myrtle Beach grew from 1,957 permanent residents to 4,150, a growth of 112 percent. The projected permanent population for North Myrtle Beach by 1985 is 6,500. North Myrtle Beach currently has a peak summer population of 85,000 with 9,880 rentable bedrooms in the City. Employment in North Myrtle Beach is primarily concentrated in retail trade and services, a reflection of its tourist-oriented economy. It was estimated in 1981 that approximately 60.6 percent of the employed persons living in North Myrtle Beach were in retail trade, entertainment, recreation, repair services, personnel services and professional and related services. Only 10.4 percent of the citizens were working in manufacturing, while 5.9 percent were working in transportation or public utilities. According to a recreation survey conducted in 1984 by the Recreation Department of the South Carolina Division of Parks Recreation, and Tourism (PRT), North Myrtle Beach had the highest per capita expenditure for rec- reation of all the cities and counties in South Carolina. This phenomenal figure of $55.45 per resident compared with Charleston which spends $25.32, with Greenville which spends $25.18, and Columbia which spends $19.23. The study estimated that a resident population of slightly more than 4,000 actually serves, in terms of recreational facilities, a population of 20,000 persons. With a full-time recreation staff of 2 persons, supplemented by 3 July 1984 A-2 additional on a seasonal basis, the City operates the following recreational facilities: Facility Number Parks 4 Ball fields 2 Community centers 1 Tennis Courts 7 Basketball courts 3 Soccer fields 1 Picnic shelters 1 Boat ramp 1 Water-oriented recreational facilities within the City Limits of North Myrtle Beach are tabulated below: Water-Oriented Recreation A) Beach - 9 miles, continuous B) Sport Fishing Piers (6) 1) Kit's Pier 2) Old Windy Hill Pier 3) Holiday Inn Pier 4) Tilghman's Pier 5) Cherry Grove Pier 6) Inlet Pier C) Marinas 1) Palmetto Shores Marina 2) Vereen's Marina (Intracoastal Waterway) 3) City Boat Ramp As can be noted in the above tabulation, water-oriented recreational fa- cilities in North Myrtle Beach are centered primarily around swim- ming/sunning, fishing and boating activities. North Myrtle Beach has one of the widest and most stable recreation beaches along the Grand Strand. North Myrtle Beach has twice as many fishing piers as the larger municipal- ity of Myrtle Beach. In addition to the standard variety of marina services, Vereen's Marina also offers ocean cruises aboard a boat capable of transport- ing large groups for sightseeing, deep-sea fishing and dinner cruises. Recreational facilities in North Myrtle Beach which are not water orient- ed are shown in the tabulation below: July 1984 A-3 Non-Water-Oriented Recreation A) Golf Courses 1) Golf Hills Par 3 2) Azalea Sands 3) Beachwood 4) Possum Trot 5) Gator Hole 6) Surf 7) Robbers Roost B) Parks 1) McLean Memorial Park 2) Central Park 3) Mini-Parks (2) C) Community Center 1) North Myrtle Beach Civic Center D) Miscellaneous 1) Amusement Park (several) 2) Miniature Golf (numerous) 3) Water Slide 4) Outlet Shopping As noted in the tabulation above there are seven 18-hole golf courses in North Myrtle Beach, only one of which is a par 3. There are two major parks and two mini-parks in North Myrtle Beach. McLean Park on Oak Street in North Myrtle Beach has a lighted ball field, two tennis courts, basketball courts, picnic shelters, a recreational lake, and a playground. Swimming is not permitted at McLean Lake. North Myrtle Beach Central Park contains baseball and football fields, 4 tennis courts, a picnic area, a playground and restrooms. Two additional fields are in the works. The North Myrtle Beach Community Center offers an enclosed space for a variety of recreational functions and entertainment. There are numerous commercial recreation opportunities in North Myrtle Beach. Centrally located is the Amusement Park at Highway 17 and Main Street in the section formerly called Ocean Drive. Adjacent to this is a very popular water slide operation. There are numerous miniature golf operations and similar facilities dispersed throughout the more commercial areas of North July 1984 A-4 Myrtle Beach. Outlet shopping is also a popular tourist pastime, as evi- denced by the wide variety of operations in the area. A.2 Seasonal Use and Capacities Consultations with the Chamber of Commerce at North Myrtle Beach and with selected business people in the area indicate that most public and com- mercial recreational facilities could easily absorb a 100 percent increase in patronage. Based on previous and current surveys, this additional capacity would easily accommodate any individuals and families who wished to remain in the North Myrtle Beach area in the event of an oil spill. Moreover, North Myrtle Beach is surrounded by numerous golf courses, marinas, and other recreational opportunities which do not lie within its corporate boundaries. Additionally, the more intensively developed City of Myrtle Beach lies direct- ly to the south with even more numerous opportunities for recreation which would not necessarily be water-oriented. Among these are extensive amuse- ment and golfing opportunities, the Waccamaw Pottery/Outlet Complex, and a full range of recreational opportunities which the larger tourism area can of- fer. July 1984 B. TOURIST INDUSTRY VULNERABILITY I S B-1 B.0 VULNERABILITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH'S TOURISM INDUSTRY TO AN OIL SPILL The vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's tourism industry to an oil spill is directly related to the dependence of the industry on beach and wa- ter-oriented activities. Critical factors include the length of beach which may be affected by an oil spill, the vulnerability of the local economy, and the seasonal nature of the tourist trade. The potential extent of beach af- fected by a spill is discussed in other Tasks. Information concerning the other critical factors was developed through a combination of two sources. First, data concerning the contribution of tourism to the Grand Strand econ- omy, particularly North Myrtle Beach, were gathered from available sources. This information was used to assess the value of tourism to the North Myrtle Beach area economy. Second, surveys of North Myrtle Beach businesses and visitors were conducted. From these two surveys, more information was gathered, including the percentage of beach-oriented visitors, their reaction to a potential oil spill, the seasonal nature of the tourist trade would mean to business in the Grand Strand Area. B.1 The Grand Strand Tourism Industry Tourism is the area's most important economic activity; indeed, it is the economic base of the community. According to figures provided by the Horry County Development and tourism Commission, tourist spending ac- counted for 73 percent of the Grand Strand Area's total economic activity in 1980. In fact, Grand Strand tourist spending exceeded $700 million during 1980. B.1.1 Impact on the North Myrtle Beach Economy "New" or "outside" money added to the area's economy by tourism is vital to public well-being. The true significance of tourist sector spending is evident from the impacts of the multiplier effect. It is estimated that every "new" dollar brought into the area generates four additional dollars in other economic activities. To illustrate, money spent by visitors for lodging, food, entertainment, automobile services, gifts, and other purchases is filtered to other sectors of the economy. Funding packages for the construction of tourist and related commercial establishments also promote local spending. Examples of such construction include golf courses, service July 1984 B-2 and retail outlets, and general recreation and amusement areas. As total tourist visits and expenditures have increased, the construction of additional lodging facilities has kept pace. As new facilities are staffed and become operational, the area payroll is increased through direct wage payments and subsequent spending and respending cycles. B.1 .2 Tourist Spending Grand Strand tourist spending, as mentioned previously, exceeded $700 million in 1980. Taxable retail sales for the Grand Strand Area during this year totalled $258,626,000. This figure represents a 221 percent increase from the 1968 level of $117,025,000. In the six years prior to 1980, the leisure industry along the Grand Strand showed a constant growth of approximately 12 percent per annum. Total visitors to the Grand Strand Area in 1980 numbered 7,000,000. Per capita spending totaled approximately $100. There were 47 million over- night accommodations throughout 1980, with over 60 percent taking place in the summer season. The average length of stay per tourist was 4.3 days resulting in an average daily tourist expenditure of $23.26. During the summer season of 1980, the peak overnight accommodations for transient per- sons totalled 228,000. This resulted in expenditure exceeding $5,000,000 on these days of tourist activity. B.2 Survey of Tourists A survey of tourists who regularly vacation in the Grand Strand Area was conducted in order to give some qualitative perspective to visitors' atti- tudes and to determine how tourist visits might be affected by an oil spill. The questions posed to the visitors can be separated into two groups: (1) those designed to provide background information on the tourist and (2) questions concerning the visitors' response to a theoretical oil spill. The first set of questions concerned the primary purpose for the visit. The second set addressed alternatives to water-oriented activities that might be of interest to the visitor. The answers to these questions indicate the non-water-oriented activities that are appealing to tourists whose primary purpose for visiting is water-related. July 1984 B-3 B.2.1 Conduct of the Study The original survey was conducted during the early winter of 1982 with a supplemental study conducted during June 8, 1984. In the original survey it was determined that surveying winter tourists in the Grand Strand Area would be biased toward golfers and others not particularly interested in water-related activities. It was therefore decided that a telephone survey using lists provided by the Myrtle Beach Area Chamber of Commerce would be most reliable. These lists contained names of people who had either vacationed on the Grand Strand in the past or had requested information packets form the Chamber of Commerce. It was estimated by the Chamber's Director that roughly 80 percent of those requesting information eventually visit the Grand Strand Area. Names from these lists were randomly selected and the individuals were interviewed by telephone. It was believed that this survey method would provide a more varied sample. Supplemental surveys were conducted of individual tourists at North Myrtle Beach motels during the early part of June, 1984. Also surveyed were selected businesspersons in North Myrtle Beach. B.3 Visitor Survey Results A survey was conducted to gather information on the following points of interest: o A general background on visitor trips including frequency, average stay, and purpose. o Visitor reaction to an oil spill. The visitor survey provided a good sampling of annual visitation fre- quencies and average lengths of stay but was dominated by beachgoers as opposed to golfers and other nonbeach patrons. The survey revealed a gen- eral similarity between visitor responses and businessperson responses to a subsequent survey regarding expected reactions to an oil spill. Less than one-fourth of the tourists said their vacation at North Myrtle Beach would continue uninterrupted in the event of an oil spill, and most businesspersons believed a maximum continued stay of two to three days could be expected before an appreciable tourist outflow following an oil spill would occur. The business survey also verified an expected short-term decline of tourist patronage from the viewpoint of businesspersons. Specific financial impacts were not estimated. July 1984 B-4 B.3.1 Visitors' Origin Current or former visitors surveyed reside in 14 states and the Canadian Province of Ontario. North Carolina and South Carolina together accounted for 31 percent of those surveyed. The home states of those interviewed is shown in Table 1. B.3.2 Trips Per Year Grand Strand trips taken annually range from 1 to 12. Forty percent (40 percent) of respondents average one trip per year, and 16 percent of respondents make 2 visits to the Grand Strand Area. B.3.3 Time of Year The most popular time of year to visit the Grand Strand is, as expected, the summer months. A significant number of the respondents also make trips during the spring and fall. Those who visit in the summer exclusively or as one of multiple annual trips account for almost 60 percent of respondents. B.3.4 Length of Stay More than 62 percent of those surveyed replied that their average length of stay is between one and two weeks. Twenty percent (20 percent) from two to five weeks during any one of their Myrtle Beach stays. The remaining 18 percent said their visits are usually 3-5 days. B.3.5 Primary Purpose for Visit All of the persons interviewed said the principal reason for visiting the area is to enjoy the :beach and ocean. A number of them added that, although they do not actually spend time on the beach, it is still the primary area attraction. For 38 percent of them, camping is the second most important reason for visiting the area. Golf and tennis is the third most popular attraction, while fishing places are a close fourth. B.3.6 Alternative Activities This section of the visitor survey concerned the alternative non-water-oriented activities that people might consider if the beach were off July 1984 limits for a period of several days during their vacation. The people interviewed were given a scenario in which an oil spill occurred during the middle of their vacation. They were then asked if there were some alternative activities in the Grand Strand area in which they might be interested. Assuming that the spill cleanup would last 3-4 days, the tour- ists were given the following attractions now existing in the area as possible activities for participation: o Golf/tennis. o Deep sea fishing. o Excursions to sites of cultural/historical interest (Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown, Charleston, etc.). o ; River cruise of plantations. o Convention center activities (i.e., antique show, boat show, etc.). o Other activities. Of all the people interviewed, 91 percent felt that there was at least one alternative activity in which they would be interested. Of the 91 percent that did not designate an alternative activity of interest, three-fourths were from South Carolina and the other fourth from North Carolina. These Carolina respondents average from 7 to 12 trips to the Myrtle Beach area annually. Half of them felt they would definitely cut their visit short and one-fourth thought an early departure was highly probable, but the remaining one-fourth would not leave early. The most popular activity mentioned by those surveyed was the excur- sion to sites of cultural/historical interest. Seventy-eight percent (78 percent) said they would be interested in that type of activity. A river cruise of plantations would be popular with 58 percent of those surveyed. Under the category of other activities, shopping in the area was mentioned by 65 percent of those surveyed. Golf/tennis was chosen by 29 percent, deep sea fishing by 20 percent, and activities at the Myrtle Beach Convention Center by 4 percent. In most instances, three or four different alternatives were designated. Eleven percent (11 percent) of the respondents designated only one alternative activity. July 1984 B-6 .: ~ B.3.7 Probability of Reducing Length of Visit This section was designed to give some indication of how visitors would react to an oil spill. Interviewees were asked whether an oil spill would cause them to cut their Grand Strand stay short. Although 24.4 percent said there was no possibility of cutting a visit short if an oil spill occurred, more than 75 percent said that there would be some probability of shortening a visit. Close to 100 percent of those supplemental surveys conducted during the summer of 1984 said they would seriously consider cutting short their vacations. B.3.8 Summary of Visitor Survey The survey indicated two important visitor reactions if an oil spill occurred: 1) A major percentage 75.6 of the visitors surveyed said they would consider (to varying degrees) cutting short their Grand Strand vacation in the event of an oil spill. 2) There are one or more alternative activities in the area that the tourists would enjoy if restricted from beach use. B.4 Survey of Businesses A survey of business located in the Grand Strand area was undertaken with a twofold purpose. One purpose was similar to that of the visitor sur- vey--that is, to predict what effect an oil spill might have on visitors. The assumption made was that persons who are in the business of serving tour- ists would have some insight into tourist behavior and attitudes by exposure and because it is the nature of their business to predict tourist behavior. The second purpose was to determine the effects of a short-term decline of tourism on specific types of businesses, facilities, or activities. The businesses were asked to establish the seasonal pattern of their business as it relates to dependence on tourism. They were also asked to estimate the percentage of tourists they felt could be lost for a brief period of time as a result of an oil spill without imposing financial hardship on the business. 0I~~~~~~~~~~~~July 1984 July 1984 B-7 B.4.1 Business Survey Results The business types that responded to the questionnaire fall into three primary categories: hotel/motel, retail, and amusement. Fifty-nine percent (59 percent) of the respondents are engaged in retail business, including shopping centers. Thirty-five (35 percent) percent of the business are either hotels or motels. The remaining six percent of respondents are in the amusement business. Eighty-two percent (82 percent) of the businesses responded that their busiest sales period is from June to September. Twelve percent (12 percent) indicated longer busy periods of from 6 to 9 months. Shopping centers replied that business remains fairly stable year-round. B.4.2 Percentage of Tourist Customers As expected, almost all of the businesses surveyed indicated that a large percentage of their customers are tourists, at least during certain times of the year. Shopping centers represent one business type that is not completely dependent upon the tourist trade. Even during the summer months, shopping center managements estimate that only 20 percent of their customers are tourists. However, at the other extreme are 12 percent of the businesses that estimate 100 percent of their customers to be tourists throughout the year. B.4.3 Tourist Trade That Can Be Lost The respondents were asked to estimate how much their tourist trade can drop before losses will be incurred. Not surprisingly, the declines are very small. Fifty-three percent (53 percent) of the businesses can afford no decline in trade. The other respondents are able to withstand a limited decline, provided the decline does not occur in the June-August period. Most tourist-related businesses depend on the summer trade to overcome income deficiencies during other times of the year. In these cases, any business decline will have negative effects. Along these lines, the businesses were asked to estimate the period of time that beach-related activities could be restricted before the business would operate at a loss for the year. The responses fell into four time peri- ods: July 1984 B-8 1) No Time - Eighteen percent (18 percent) of the respondents did not feel their businesses could afford beach use being restricted for any length of time. 2) 2-3 Days - Thirty-five percent (35 percent) of the businesses felt the beach could be closed for two or three days before they incurred financial difficulty. 3) 1 Week - Twenty-nine percent (29 percent) responded they could withstand closed beaches for one week. 4) 2-3 Weeks - Eighteen percent (18 percent) of the respondents indicated their business could handle this relatively long period of restricted beach use. B.4.4 Summary of the Business Survey The survey of Myrtle Beach businesses produced a consensus: busi- nessmen are justifiably frightened by the prospect of a spill. This is particularly the case considering the possibility of a spill occurring during the peak summer season. A number of the people surveyed felt that an oil spill could be devastating. Their primary concern is the handling of the incident by the news reporting media. It is felt to be of the utmost importance that the media be kept constantly abreast of what occurs during and after an oil spill since the type of publicity that the area receives can make or break the business community. Other points brought out in the survey include the following: o Largest volume of customers occurs during the summer season. o Most businesses are heavily dependent upon tourists as customers, at least during the spring, summer, and fall seasons. o Very little of this tourist business can be lost without serious economic impact. The businessmen do not believe that tourists will stay in the area for very long if an oil spill occurs. July 1984 C. CLEANUP GUIDELINES I~~~~~~~ i s : 0 is: 0 : /f f X: * * � C-I C.0 CLEANUP GUIDELINES C.1 Properties of Spilled Oil Petroleum products are transported in a variety of forms from crude oil to gasoline. Each form of oil has a specific set of chemical and physical properties which affect their interaction with water and sediments. Weather- ing processes, water/sediment residence time, environmental damage, and ul- timately cleanup and recovery methods vary greatly with each type of oil. A list of oil types and the effects each will have on the shoreline environments present along North Myrtle Beach has been presented in Section 5. Light, volatile oils (gasolines, kerosines, diesels, etc.) tend to spread over the water surface very rapidly. Almost immediately , evaporation and photooxidation begin to "weather" or break down the oil, eliminating as much as 45 percent of the volume in 24 hours. Lighter oils also tend to be more soluble and the oil is easily mixed into the water column. As a result, oil reaching the beaches often appears as a light multicolored sheen. It may penetrate into sandy sediments if large enough quantities are present, but will be removed quickly by agitation from wave activity. Aesthetically, at . least, a spill of this type would be least damaging to the North Myrtle Beach shoreline. Depending on the among of petroleum spilled, it may go largely unnoticed visually and may take only a few hours to a few days for the beaches to be free of oil accumulation. Heavier oils, (crudes, bunkers and residual products) create a more complex impact problem for the North Myrtle Beach shoreline. When the oil is spilled into seawater, it can form either an oil-in-water (o/w) or a wa- ter-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. The o/w emulsion (more common with lighter pe- troleum products) is distributed throughout the water column and is exposed to degradation processes. Conversely, w/o emulsion (called "mousse") generally forms from heavier petroleum products and is more resistant to weathering. The emulsion floats and is viscous enough to retard evapo- ration. Further, the emulsion has twice the volume of the original oil, is very stable, and assumes a rather sticky, taffy-like viscosity that readily adheres to most substrates. With heavier oils, impact to the North Myrtle Beach area shoreline is potentially far worse aesthetically and physically than lighter oils. In small- er spills, oil would tend to accumulate along the upper beach face where it may percolate into the sediment. With larger spills where vast quantities of July 1984 C-2 oil may be deposited on the shoreline, the oil will accumulate in both the up- per and lower intertidal zones. There is a greater likelihood that oil would become more deeply incorporated into the beach face as sediment reaches saturation levels. In either case, once oil impacts the shoreline, it renders the beach unusable to tourists until it has been removed. C.2 Guidelines for Shoreline Cleanup The primary shoreline types of the North Myrtle Beach area are: o Exposed Vertical Seawalls o Fine-grained Sand Beaches o Exposed Tidal Flats o Exposed Riprap Structures o Sheltered Coastal Structures o Sheltered Tidal Flats and Oyster Beds o Marshes The following tables outline various methods to clean oil from the shore- line types found in North Myrtle Beach. The format is based on guidelines produced by the American Petroleum Institute. EXPOSED VERTICAL SEAWALLS Preferred Response: Booms Use to divert and collect oil before it comes shore. Skimmers Avoid trampling of biota during placement of equipment. Natural Cleansing Useful in exposed areas. Viable Response: Low-Pressure Flushing Valid on fresh, unweathered oil. Avoid hot or fresh water. Avoid trampling. Recover flushed oil. Sorption Recover oiled sorbents. Less effective on large spills. Manual Removal Labor intensive. Avoid slopping recovered oil. Vacuum Pumping Avoid sucking up biota. July 1984 C-3 Not Advisable Response: Burning Avoid population centers. Less effective on emulsified and weathered oil. Dispersant Spray offshore ahead of the oil slick. Must have adequate flushing and dilution. Avoid Response: High-Pressure Spraying Use when contamination is severe. Sand Blasting May assist recolonization. Steam Cleaning Avoid trampling or dragging equipment over unoiled areas. FINE-GRAINED SAND BEACHES Preferred Response: Booms, Skimmers, and Sorbents Used to divert or collect oil while still offshore. Manual Labor Useful to limit sediment removal. Labor intensive. Avoid contaminating clean, back-beach areas by sloppy handling techniques. Mechanical Cleanup Useful only on hard, flat beaches. Wait until most if not all oil has come onshore. Avoid excessive sediment removal. Avoid contaminating clean, back-beach areas. Natural Cleansing Particularly appropriate for most beaches of North Myrtle Beach where wave energies are moderate. Vacuum Pumping Useful only for thick layers of low-viscosity oils. Line sump pits with plastic to limit oil penetration into beach sediments. Viable Response: Dispersants Use only on beaches of low productivity. Spray ahead of the advancing tide. Avoid contaminating adjacent areas. Do not use with sorbents. Low-Pressure Flushing Viable only for low viscosity oils. Only for limited areas. Use sorbent pads or booms immediately following the standing of oil. Recover all sorbent material after use. July 1984 Avoid Response: Burial Burning Mixing Substrate Removal EXPOSED TIDAL FLATS Preferred Response: Skimmers, Booms, and Sorbents Used to control or divert incoming oil. Natural Cleansing Most effective on active, sandy flats. Will probably occur before cleanup equipment will arrive. Manual Removal Most effective on oiled sandy flats. Avoid grinding in the oil by human or vehicular traffic. Viable Response: Mechanical Cleanup Effective on the hard flats readily accessible. Avoid grinding in the oil by human or mechanical activities. Sorption Limited effectiveness on weathered or highly viscous oils. Not Advisable Response: Dispersant Spray ahead of advancing tide. Avoid overdosing. Do not use with sorbents. Substrate Removal Remove oiled sediments only to depth of oil penetration. Avoid Response: Burial Mixing High-Pressure Flushing July 1984 C-5 EXPOSED RIPRAP STRUCTURES Preferred Response: Skimmers, Booms, and Sorbents Used to divert or collect incoming oil. Natural Cleansing Appropriate for outer structures exposed to moderate to high wave energies. Manual Collection Use sorbent material. Avoid sloppy handling of oily debris. Collect all used sorbent material. Low-Pressure Flushing Collect flushed oil. Do not use hot or fresh water. Viable Response: Dispersant Preferred only for low-viscosity oils on moderate to high energy structures. Not Advisable Response: High-Pressure Flushing Use only as a last resort after other techniques have failed. Sand Blasting Will destroy biological community. Avoid: Steam Cleaning Substrate Displacement Substrate Removal SHELTERED COASTAL STRUCTURES Preferred Response: Booms Use to divert and collect oil before it comes ashore. Skimmers Avoid trampling of biota during placement of equipment. Natural Cleansing Useful only in exposed areas; generally ineffective for North Myrtle Beach areas. July 1984 C-6 Viable Response: Low-Pressure Flushing Valid on fresh, unweathered oil. Avoid hot or fresh water. Avoid trampling. Recover flushed oil. Sorption Recover oiled sorbents. Less effective on large spills. Manual Removal Labor intensive. Avoid slopping recovered oil. Vacuum pumping Avoid sucking up biota. Not Advisable Response: Burning Avoid population centers. Less effective on emulsified and weathered oil.j Dispersant Spray offshore ahead of the oil slick. Must have adequate flushing and dilution. Avoid Response: High-Pressure Spraying Use when contamination is severe. Sand Blasting May assist recolonization. Steam Cleaning Avoid trampling or dragging equipment over unoiled areas. SHELTERED TIDAL FLATS AND OYSTER BEDS Preferred Response: Skimmers, Booms, and Sorbents Particularly important in controlling or diverting the spill before it enters this habitat. Dispersants To be applied for offshore to prevent oil from entering this habitat. Natural Cleansing Applicable only along the flats where waves are present. Viable Response: The soft muds of this habitat make access and cleanup extremely difficult. Most operations involving men and machinery will only grind the oil deeper into flat sediments, thereby increasing oil persistence and biological dam- age. Because of this, it is even more important to have available an ef- fective offshore response for large spills. July 1984 C-7 * Not Advisable Response: Manual Removal Extremely difficult due to very soft substrate. Will grind oil deeper into sediments and disturb biota. Sorption Difficult to apply and collect after use because of the soft substrate. Can apply and collect from boats offshore. Low-Pressure Flushing Difficult to gain access to the flat. Flushing will resuspend sediment and oil, which should be collected form shall-draft boats. Substrate Removal Difficult due to lack of cohesive sediments and will destroy biota. Avoid Response: Burial Mixing High-Pressure Flushing Sediment Displacement MARSHES Preferred Response: Skimmers, Booms, and Sorbents Particularly important in controlling or diverting the spill before it enters this habitat. Dispersants To be applied far offshore (with USCG permission) to prevent oil from entering this habitat. Natural Cleansing Applicable only on light oil coatings. Viable Response: Manual Removal Use with extreme caution not to grind oil deeper into sediments. Should be used only for moderate to heavy oil concentrations. Low-Pressure Flushing Use seawater; avoid trampling. Flushed oil should be collected using sorbents and shallow draft vessels. July 1984 C-8 * ~~Not Advisable Response. Enhanced Biodegradation Requires fertilizers to sustain bacterial activity; takes too long. Vegetation Cropping Cutting reduces plant growth rates during recovery. Avoid grinding oil deeper into sediment. Avoid Response: Burial Mixing High-Pressure Flushing Sediment Displacement Sinking Agents July 1984 D. DISPOSAL GUIDELINES I � : * D.0 DISPOSAL GUIDELINES Recovered spilled oil, contaminated soil, and cleanup materials require proper disposal. If not carefully planned, this disposal can pose immediate and long-range problems. Improper disposal methods can result in a second- ary environmental problem--essentially, another spill. Under optimal condi- tions, disposal sites and methods should be carefully thought out in ad- vance. Under all circumstances, approval of the site and method of disposal must be approved by DHEC. As a general guideline, the following disposal techniques may be considered. D.1 INCINERATION Incineration of oily waste is a common practice in may parts of the world using either advanced-technology stationary units or portable field stations. These units are able to: cleanse debris, soil, and water of: a) Crude bunker fuel, distillates, table oils, waste oils, etc. b) Several types of hazardous wastes. c) Viscous liquids and mixtures such as paint, creosote, monomers, and partially polymerized plastics. d) Waste, sludge, and bottoms from chemical and petrochemical industries. e) Pesticides. f) Shreddable and combustible containers. Preferably, material should be placed into an approved incinerator or one designed to withstand very high' temperatures (12000F or 650�C). A second alternative is the burn box method which utilizes a contained box, such as an old dump truck bed or solid waste receptacle. The burn box is simply filled with material and ignited; however, water may have to be drained to maintain burning. The incineration process is repeated until all materials are reduced to ashes. D.2 SANITARY LANDFILL Oily debris of any sort may be disposed of at any properly designed and operated sanitary landfill. However, leaching of oily water is a particular problem especially in regions of high rainfall. In some cases, ignition of oily debris may occur. Installation of a proper bottom seal or liner (e.g., July 1984 i : ; D-2 benthonite or clay) is a necessity in all cases. Possible problems and solu- tions with sanitary landfill procedures are presented below. Possible Problem Solution o Oil not absorbed by refuse. O More mixing with refuse until adequate Oversaturated mass. mix is secured. Undersaturated mass. o Ignition of oily debris/refuse mass. O Extinguish flames: prevent by installing spark arrestors on equipment and assuring they have mufflers above equipment. o Leaching of oil into ground water (ground o Reduce groundwater level by trenching or water flows through refuse). pumping. Excavate material and install liner. o Leaching of oil into ground water O Dig up landfill and reseal bottom. (vertical migration down through bottom). o Erosion of cover soil. o Reduce percolation by improving cover material: slope surface to encourage runoff. D.3 LAND CULTIVATION Land cultivation is a viable method in areas with sufficient soil depth (10-15 cm) and where surface slopes do not exceed 6 percent. With this method, naturally occurring bacterial populations will multiply satisfactorily to decompose the oily debris. Decomposition will vary with extent of oil/soil mixing, oxygen content, moisture, nutrients (primarily nitrogen and phos- phorous), and pH conditions. Land cultivation should be avoided in areas of washouts or flooding. The procedure for land cultivation includes: a) Spreading of debris evenly on the oil surface in a layer 3-13 cm thick. In some areas, the oil is allowed to weather for several weeks before stage (b). b) Mixing the oil thoroughly into the soil with a rototiller, plow, or discs. At Ileast two complete passes over the site at right angles are necessary. c) Further mixing at increasing intervals (from weekly at first, to seasonally after two years) greatly increases the rate of composition. d) Adding fertilizer may be necessary to aid bacterial growth. e) Planting may be necessary to stabilize the treated area. July 1984 D-3 . D.4 BURIAL (ANAEROBIC) Burial of oil spill debris without refuse usually requires excavation of a pit or trench for disposal. In some cases, however, the oil spill debris can be contained within a berm mounded aboveground and covered with soil, with little or no excavation involved. Burial aboveground may be preferable since any lateral leakage can be readily observed without subsurface exploration. Alternative layering of oil spill debris and soil is usually employed in any burial disposal operations. As in sanitary landfilling, the debris is sequestered under cover, great- ly reducing or eliminating the possibility for aerobic microbial decomposition of oil. Burial may involve more site preparation and longer term monitoring, but eliminates the subsequent mixing required of the land cultivation method. Land requirements for landfilling without refuse will depend upon: a) The volume of debris generated by the oil spill. b) The depth and lateral extent to which the site can be excavated. c) The particular burial method selected. As with sanitary landfills, loss of an oily leachate is a major problem. Usually layers of debris and soil are alternated and compacted. Encapsula- tion of the oily debris minimizes volatization. Because the oil remains unde- graded for long periods, there will always be the potential for long-term pollution. Monitoring or the burial site is necessary. D.5 THE SOLIDIFICATION/ENCAPSULATION PROCESS This process has gained very wide acceptance in Europe and recently in Canada. It consists of treating all types of hydrocarbon wastes with a spe- cial lime-based material. The end product is a hydrophobic clay with encap- sulated oil, gray in color with little smell or feel of the original waste oil. This end product has been very satisfactorily used as a road-building mate- rial when compacted. The treatment is exothermic, but poses no health or pollution problems. In Europe, this process has proven immensely successful in treating 1,500 m3 of lignite tar in West Germany; 4,000 m3 of heavy fuel oil in Austria; 41,000 m3 of acid tar in Dollbergen, West Germany; and 22,000 m3 of refinery sludge in France. The process has undergone exten- sive government testing and has been found to have few leachate or pollution problems. July 1984 E. OTHER .\ 0� � Contingency Plan for Spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Second Edition 1980 Prepared by Special Services Section Water Surveillance and Laboratory Analysis Division D H EC-027 12/80 Simplified Procedure for Reporting a Spill of Oil and/or Hazardous Material Initial Observer 1. Spiller 2. S.C.D.H.E.C. field personnel 3. EPA or USGC 4. Citizen 5. Other state or local government agency S.C. Dept. of Health and Env. Control Contact Twenty-four (24) hr. emergency number 803-758-5531 U.S. Government Contact Twenty-four hr. emergency no. 1-800-424-8802 Information to Report by Telephone Location of spill Source of spill Time of spill Volume of spill Potential hazard of spill Has containment been accomplished Has spill material reached a body of water Responsible party(s) (name, address, telephone number, official to contact, etc.) Weather conditions at spill site Introduction The State Contingency Plan has been prepared in coordination with the National Contingency Plan and supersedes any previously published State Contingency Plan for Oil and Hazardous Material Spills. It is designed to serve as a working document in response to spills of oil and hazardous materials. Authority. This State Contingency Plan has been developed in compliance with Section 48-43-540 of the South Carolina Code of Law, 1976, as amended. Purpose and Objectives Spill prevention is the best possible method of controlling spills of oil and hazardous material. This thought is the focal point in the preparation of this plan and is stressed by encouraging all individuals who handle such materials to prevent spills through planning, good house- keeping, adequate equipment, proper maintenance and safe operation of related equipment. Should a spill of oil of other hazardous material occur, immediate action by all responsible parties and jurisdictional agencies is required. Therefore, the purpose and objectives of this Contingency Plan are: 1. To encourage industry and transportion to eliminate spills. 2. To establish a simple, effective procedure for reporting spills so that the first observer of a spill incident can initiate the alert, thus, insuring the earliest possible notice to the appropriate State and Federal agencies. 3. To designate a State Response Team and a State On-Scene Coor- dinator (SOSC) who have the ability to alert and coordinate the resources of manpower, equipment and materials, and to supervise the control, containment, clean-up and disposal of spills, in cooperation with other state agencies. 4. To provide for efficient, coordinated and effective action to minimize environmental damage from oil and hazardous substance discharges, including containment, dispersal (if necessary), removal and disposal. 5. To develop a system which will allow the State of South Carolina to be reimbursed for reasonable costs incurred in the clean up of spills of oil and/or hazardous materials. 6. To encourage the development of local contingency planning and mutual assistance groups so that spillers themselves can take prompt, effective action in control and clean-up operation, thereby, minimizing their financial liabilities for cost of clean-up, restoration, and damage to the environment. Scope. The State of South Carolina Contingency Plan is effective for all the waters of the state (coastal and inland). The provisions of the plan are applicable to all State Agencies referenced in Section 48-43-570 of the South Carolina Code of Laws, 1876, as amended. Implementation of the Plan is compatible with and complimentary to current State and Federal legislation. State Policy. Section 48-43-520 of the S.C. Code of Law, 1976, as amended states: (1) The General Assembly finds and declares that the highest and best use of the seacoast of the State is as a source of public and private recreation; (2) The General Assembly further finds and declares that the preservation of this use is a matter of the highest urgency and priority, and that such use can only be served effectively by maintaining the coastal waters, estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, and public lands adjoining the seacoast in as close to a pristine condition -2- as possible, taking into account multiple use accommodations necessary to provide the broadest possible promotion of public and private interests. (3) Further, The 1976 S.C. Code of Laws as amended, Section 48-1-20 states: "It is declared to be the public policy of the State to maintain reasonable standards of purity of the air and water resources of the State, consistent with the public health, safety, and welfare of its citizens, maximum employment, the industrial development of the State, the propagation and protection of terrestrial and marine flora and fauna, and the protection of physical property and other resources. It is further declared that to secure these purposes and the enforcement of the provisions of this act, the Department of Health and Environ- mental Control shall have authority to abate, control and prevent pollution." Statewide Notification Procedures for Spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances. The notification process developed here establishes mobilization procedures for the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Emergency Response Team personnel in response to reports of spills of oil and other hazardous substances occurring in this State. It is the responsibility of the first person notified of a spill incident to initiate proper notification procedures within the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC). This notification should be through his immediate supervisor if readily avail- able, then to a member of the Emergency Response Section of the Division of Biological, Stream and Facility Monitoring, and Emergency Response of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control -3- : : I (803-758-5531). The State On-Scene Coordinator and the Emergency Response Team shall determine that the following are executed properly: (1) source control and containment of the pollutant; (2) protection of the environment; (3) cleanup, recovery, and disposal of the pollutant. State On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) for spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances. The Manager of the Emergency Response Section, SCDHEC, shall be the State On-Scene Coordinator (SOSC) unless otherwise designated by him or the Deputy Commissioner of the Office of Environmental Control. The SOSC's so designated have jurisdiction over all spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances within the State Boundaries. In the event that the spill is of the nature requiring the U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency or U.S. Coast Guard to send a representative, decisions affecting the spill activities will be closely coordinated. (See Appendix III for pre-designated boundary lines between U.S. EPA and U.S.C.G.). The SOSC shall: Protect human life at all times. Prevent further contamination of the environment. Keep a chronological log of the spill incident. Maintain progress reports for parties concerned. Coordinate performances at the spill (such as work teams, clean-up and recovery operations, etc.). Release the responsible party at the spill. Protect the interest of all parties concerned. -4- If the SOSC determines that the spill magnitude is such that addi- *); tional personnel, equipment and material are needed, he will contact other SCDHEC District Offices, other State agencies, the U.S. EPA or U.S. Coast Guard and/or industrial or mutual assistance groups in accordance with the needs and his knowledge of available resources. If, in the opinion of the SOSC, the spiller's performance is inadequate to protect the environment in any phase of the containment and clean-up, the SOSC will initiate necessary operational procedures to insure that protection. If necessary, he will augment the Emergency Response Team with any addi- tional SCDHEC personnel required to accomplish the task. These requests will be made and/or closely coordinated with the Manager of the Emergency Response Section. The SOSC will not be expected to know how to neutralize or decon- taminate all of the thousands of hazardous chemicals that are already in existence or which may be produced in the future. If one of these chemicals is spilled, the SOSC is charged with obtaining any technical assistance or information necessary to minimize the impact of the spill. A continuing training program will be conducted to keep the SOSC and Emergency Team personnel abreast of new, safe methods of oil and hazardous material spill containment, neutralization, decontamination, clean-up, removal, and disposal. The SOSC will keep himself informed of the availability of spill response resources in this State, adjoining States, and Federal Agencies. He should determine the availability of Vac-All trucks, septic tank pumpers, and other equipment which can be readily used in clean-up operations. It is not necessary to stock readily available materials but he should be familiar with their sources in his State. Emergency Response Team personnel in District Offices will assist the SOSC in obtaining this information. -5- In many cases, the initial response to a spill situation is by a local, county, or state police agency or by a fire department. These agencies are requested to immediately contact the Emergency Response Team of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (803-758-5531). It should be realized that by allowing spilled oil, hazardous or potentially hazardous materials to flow or be flushed to storm drainage systems, ditches or bodies of water, which often flow through populated areas, a dangerous situation may only be compounded. Emphasis is placed on containment, clean-up and proper disposal of the spilled material. When evaluating a spill incident to determine its effect on human life, containment and removal at the spill site is generally preferable to movement of the problem to some unknown and often inaccessible area where monitoring and clean-up of the spill may be impossible. Extreme caution should be taken by the first individuals arriving at a spill site. All effort should be made to identify the spilled material before exposing oneself or others to the material. A general listing of spill handling procedures is located in Appendix 4. Emergency Response Team for Spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances Personnel of the Office of Environmental Quality Control, SCDHEC, are designated Emergency Response Team members. They will serve at the direction of the SOSC. The SOSC is charged with maintaining a current list of Emergency Response Team members home telephone numbers to be utilized when additional manpower is necessary to minimize environmental damage which might result from spills of oil and/or other hazardous sub- stances. -6- A twenty-four answering service is maintained by the State and Federal agencies for emergency situations only (Figure 1). Current list- ings of home phone numbers shall be maintained by the answering service to assure immediate response by personnel so designated. Procedure for Reporting Spills Anyone observing or having knowledge of a spill of Oil and/or Other Hazardous Substance within the State or its contiguous waters must imme- diately notify the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or the United States Coast Guard (USCG). These agencies have twenty-four (24) hour emergency telephone numbers: SC Environmental Control Element, Columbia, S.C. 803-758-5531 Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, GA 404-881-4062 U.S. Coast Guard at Charleston, S.C. 803-724-4218 After 4:30 PM and Week-ends 803-723-5602 U.S. Coast Guard at Savannah, Georgia 912-232-4353 (After 4:00 PM and Week-ends) 912-786-4106 National Response Center Washington, D.C. Toll Free Number 1-800-424-8802 As much pertinent information as possible should be given,: including: Location of spill Source of spill Time of spill Volume of spill Nature and potential danger of spilled material Anticipated movement of spill Responsible party(s) (include address, phone number, and personnel) -7- Action already taken and anticipated Weather conditions at spill The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, upon receipt of a spill notification, shall initiate proper and immediate response action to assist at the spill site (Figure 2). Notification shall be made by the agency to all other persons, agencies, industries and/or businesses throughout the State, who could possibly be affected by the spill. In cases in which the spill material may have a detrimental effect on air quality and/or threaten drinking water supplies, notification is made to the proper program area within the Department by the State On-Scene coordinator or his designee. Notification of this reporting procedure, along with telephone numbers for alert, shall be distributed to all police and fire stations, County Sheriff Departments, Government Agencies, industries and busi- nesses which may have use for the enclosed. Spill Containment and Cleanup It is the responsibility of the spiller to properly contain and cleanup the spill in a timely and diligent manner. Containment involves building dikes, deploying booms and other barriers to prevent the spread of the pollutant, limiting access to only authorized persons if a hazardous situation exists, and other measures to minimize health and environmental damage. Removal of the spill material from the site usually involves physical measures such as skimmers, sorbent materials, and other mechanical means of removal. Vacuum trucks are an ideal means of removing quantities of the pollutant pooled behind a barrier, with the exception of pollutants with a very high or very low viscosity. In circumstances in which extreme . 5 fire danger, other unusually hazardous circumstances exist or severe -8- environmental damage may result from physical cleanup, other cleanup methods may be employed as approved by the SOSC. Disposal Disposal of the pollutant and/or pollutant contaminated material will be in a manner and location as approved by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Cost Recovery In very unusual circumstances, the containment and cleanup of a spill may be done by the SCDHEC. If a spill is from either an unknown source or if the spiller is unable or unwilling to take the proper actions to contain and/or remove the spill,} and the spill is not reaching a body of water, the State On-Scene Coordinator has the authority to activate any or all portions of the Emergency Response Team in order to accomplish spill cleanup activities. Personnel from other State or Federal Agencies and/or private spill cleanup contractors may also be requested to assist in the containment and cleanup of the spill. Once cleanup operations have been completed and the spiller has been identified, SCDHEC will initiate actions as specified in Section 27 of Act 179 to recover all cost incurred by the State. This availability of funds for cleanup operations by state personnel and any contracted services of private cleanup firms is contingent on the approval of a State Contingency Fund by the South Carolina Legislature. Cleanup actions cannot be authorized until these moneys are available. Spills, as described above which enter the waters of the State, are handled identically with respect to containment and cleanup actions. However, in accordance with Section 48-43-560 of the S.C. Code of Law, 1976, as amended and the Region IV portion of the National Contingency Plan, moneys from the Federal Contingency Fund will be expended to finance the containment and/or cleanup operations. -9- Flow Sheet No. 1 Numbers for Spill Notification Procedures for Oil and Other Hazardous Substances Initial Observer 1. Spiller 2. S.C.D.H.E.C. field personnel 3. EPA or USCG 4. Citizen 5. Other state or local government agency S.C. D.H.E.C. Contact* U.S. Government Contact** Twenty-four (24) hour emergency Twenty-four (24) hour emergency no. 803-758-5531 no. 1-800-424-8802 Personnel on call will be contacted ** See Appendix II for regional federal through the answering service between the *office II for regional federal hours of 5:00 pm an 8:30 am on week- days and all day on week-ends and holida' *See Appendix for district office numbers. Figure No. 2 Procedural Flow Diagram for Response to Spills Spill I i Notification to State and Federal Notification to Other Environmental Control Elements Federal, State, Local Agencies (S.C.D.H.E.C., EPA' USCG) 0 I I State and Federal I I Necessary Implementation of Fontingency Plan Implementation[ I Emergency Programs for Spill I 0 I Containment, Clean-up- and | Public Information Dismissal of All Enacted Recovery Operation for Spill Press lEmergency Programs Rad io * | : \ TV Completion and Dismissal of Containment, Clean-up and Recovery Operations for Spill I Final Report of Accidental Spill I and Measures Implemented APPENDIX I S.C.D.H.E.C. DISTRICT OFFICES MAY BE CALLED Monday - Friday 8:30 AM - 5:00 PM Appalachia I Anderson (803)225-3731 Appalachia II Greenville (803)242-9850 Appalachia III Spartanburg (803)582-5681 Catawba Fort Lawn (803)285-7461 Central Midlands State Park (803)758-4415 Low Country Beaufort (803)524-9760 Lower Savannah Aiken (803)648-9561 Pee Dee Florence (803)662-3522 Trident Charleston Heights (803)554-5533 Upper Savannah Greenwood (803)223-0333 Waccamaw Myrtle Beach (803)448-8407 Wateree Sumter (803)773-5511 APPENDIX II REGIONAL FEDERAL OFFICE PHONE NUMBERS 1) Report all inland spills to EPA, Atlanta #404-881-4062 2)j Report all coastal spills to U.S. Coast Guard: A. Charleston District (Edisto River north to State line) Daytime #803-724-4218 r ~- iC After 4:30 PM and weekends #803-723-5602 B. Savannah District (Edisto River south to State line) Daytime#912-944-4347 After 4:00 PM and Week-ends#912-944-4353 3) National Response Center - Washington, D.C. - 1-800-424-8802 -12- APPENDIX III BOUNDARY LINES BETWEEN USEPA AND USCG The USCG has Federal OSC jurisdiction over all areas of South Carolina East of a Line north from Savannah, Georgia, along 1-95 to the intersection with State #63, then, east on state #63 to U.S. 17 Alt. Then northeasterly on U.S. 17 Alt to state #41 at Jamestown, S.C. Then Northerly on state #41 to U.S. 76 at Mullins, S.C. Then follow U.S. 76 Northeasterly to the N.C./S.C. Border (Figure 3). The USEPA has OSC jurisdiction over inland spills in South Carolina west of the line, described above. The Division of Jurisdiction between the Savannah, Georgia CG Office and Charleston CG Office is as follows: From the southern tip of Bay Point Edisto Island, South Carolina; Thence northerly along the eastern bank of the Edisto River to 32�41' N Latitude: Thence westerly to the intersection of 1-95. -13- Figure 3 Federal Spill Jurisdiction 3 \ I - Charleston Coast Guard Office II - Savannah Coast Guard Office III - United States Environmental Protection Agency APPENDIX 4 SPILL HANDLING PROCEDURES* When spilled material is not identified, assume it is hazardous and DO: 1. Rope off area, or otherwise prevent contact of anyone or anything with spilled material. If it is a gas, dust or volatile liquid, evacuate surrounding and downwind area. If a dust or powder, cover with canvas, plastic sheets or other material. 2. Provide first aid, decontaminate with soap and water, remove contaminated clothing and take anyone affected by the spilled material to the nearest emergency hospital. Note where they are sent. 3. In a safe manner, find out what the spilled material is. 4. Detain vehicle from which spill occurred. Note any contaminated cargo. Detain persons and property who have contacted spilled material. 5. Report incident to fire, police and health agencies, and ask for assistance. When spilled material is not identified, assume it is hazardous and DO NOT: 1. Wash unidentified material off roadway into a waterway or sewer without official authorization. 2. Handle leaking container or go into truck van without full pro- tective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus. 3.- Walk in spilled material or otherwise contaminate skin, boots clothing or vehicles. 4. Allow vehicles to ride over spill. 5. Allow anyone to eat or smoke near the spill, or provide source of ignition. When Spilled Material is Identified DO: 1. Obtain expert advice on what the hazards are and deal with them accordingly. Health agencies, fire departments and chemical manufacturers can provide advice, assistance and information. 2. Forward the name of material to the hospital or doctor to which anyone was sent because of exposure. 3. Notify manufacturer of spilled chemical and request services of an expert decontamination team. When Spilled Material is Identified DO NOT: 1. Attempt to clean up any toxic material without adequate protec- tive clothing and appropriate equipment. 2. Wash any material into a waterway or sewer without official authorization. *California State Department of Public Health Bureau of Occupational Health, Berkeley, California -16- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia,'S.C. 29201 e;f