    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                  Prepared for:
                            City of North Myrtle Beach
                                 P. O. Box 1038
                          North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582

                                           property of CSC is

                       THE OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN
                               FOR THE CITY OF
                    NORTH MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA

                                           U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                           COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                           2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                           CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

                                  Prepared by:

          Erich R. Gundlach                               Dennis Daye
    Research Planning Institute, Inc.           Wilbur Smith and Associates, Inc.
          925 Gervais Street                              P. 0. Box 92
         Columbia, SC  29201                          Columbia, SC  29202

                                 RPI/R/84/713-13
           CID;�~~~~~ iXJuly 1984

                                                         :rnpijinc

                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                    Page

    PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES ......................................... i

    RELATION TO STATE AND FEDERAL PLANS .......................... ii

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................. iii

    REVISION LOG .... iv

    1.0 EMERGENCY ACTIONS AND PHONE NUMBERS .................... 1-1

         1.1 Emergency Actions and Phone Numbers ...................... 1-1
         1.2 Additional Phone Numbers ................................ 1-2
              1.2.1 City of North Myrtle Beach ........................ 1-2
              1.2.2 County Agencies .................................. 1-2
              1.2.3 State Agencies .................................... 1-2
              1.2.4 Federal Agencies ................................. 1-2
              1 .2.5 Other .............................................. 1-2

    2.0 ORGANIZATION .2-1

         2.1 City Organizational Structure .............................. 2-1
         2.2 State Organizational Structure .............................. 2-2
         2.3 Federal Response Structure ................................. 2-2
         2.4 Personnel Responsibilities ................................. 2-3
               2.4.1 City On-Scene Coordinator ..'. 2-3
               2.4.2 Assistant COSC .................................... 2-3
               2.4.3 Support Coordinators .............................. 2-3
               2.4.4 Response Personnel ................................ 2-3
               2.4.5 Legal Affairs ...................................... 2-4
               2.4.6 Public Affairs ...................................... 2-4

    3.0 NOTIFICATIONS/REPORTING PROCEDURES ...................... 3-1

         3.1 Reporting Procedures .................................... 3-1
         3.2 Written Reports ....................................... 3-1
         3.3   City of North Myrtle Beach Oil Spill Report Form .......... 3-2

    4.0 LOGISTICS AND EQUIPMENT .................................... 4-1

         14.1 Regional Community Assistance ............................ 4-1
         4.2 Local Construction Companies ............................. 4-2
         4.3 Regional Spill-Response Groups ............................ 4-3
         4.4 Access and Debris Storage Sites ............................ 4-12

    5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................. 5-1

         5.1   Shoreline Habitats and Predicted Oil Interactions  .......... 5-1
         5.2 Oil Interactions ..................... 5-5
         5.3 Other Biological Considerations ............................ 5-6
         5.4 Oil Spill Probability ........................................ 5-7

                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

    APPENDICES

         A     Inventory and Evaluation of Recreational Opportunities

          B     Vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's Tourism
                Industry to an Oil Spill

          C     Cleanup Guidelines

          D     Disposal Guidelines

          E     Other

                           PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES

        The City of North Myrtle Beach contains approximately nine miles of
    beach and oceanfront property that attracts hundreds of thousands of visi-
    tors each year. A major oil spill or pollution problem along the city's beach-
    es could inflict severe damage to the city's economy.
         The purpose of this contingency plan is to provide a state of readiness
    to enable the City of North Myrtle Beach to respond quickly and efficiently
    to a spill incident.  In addition, a review of the City's emergency prepared-
    ness plan is included.
         The objectives of this plan are to:
         1)  Provide a fast a nd effective means of detecting and reporting
             oil spills.
         2)  Establish a list of equipment ava ilable locally and within a rea-
             sonable distance of travel.
         3)  Inventory and evaluate the recreational opportunity capacity of
             recreation facilities in North Myrtle Beach.
         4I) Assess the vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's tourism in-
             dustry to damage caused by oil spills.
         5)  Describe the probable effects of oil spills on the coastal en-
             vironments of North Myrtle Beach.
         6)  Describe mitigating measures to lessen the potential environ-
             mental damage caused by oil spills.

                                                                        July 19841

                                        i i

                   RELATION TO STATE AND FEDERAL PLANS

        This plan does not supersede the contingency plans of the State of
    South Carolina (giving authority to the Department of Health and Environ-
    mental Control "to abate, control, and prevent pollution," Section 418-1-20,
    S.C. Code of Laws., 1975, as amended. Likewise, the National Contingency
    Plan is also not superseded by the creation of this plan.
         It is clearly the intent of this plan to establish procedures by which
    the City of North Myrtle Beach can prevent or decrease the detrimental
    socioeconomic and ecological effects of an oil spill in conjunction with, or in
    the absence of, state or federal response programs.

                                                                      July 19841

                             ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

        The major funding for th~is project came through the City of North
    Myrtle Beach and the Coastal Energy Impact Program, administered by Mr.
    Michael Rowe of the South Carolina Governor's Office of Natural Resources.
    John Smithson and Merlin Bellamy, of the City of North Myrtle Beach, are
    thanked for their assistance and guidance. Mr. John Team of Wilbur Smith
    and Associates completed the questionnaire survey relating to recreational
    resources and oil spill vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach.

                                                                     July 19841

                                     iv

                               REVISION LOG

                             Record of Changes

    Date   Page #  Entered by (Name)    Date   Page #  Entered by (Name)

    E MWIG4Et4CV AMWIhS AND

    1.0             EMERGENCY ACTIONS AND PHONE NUMBERS

    1.1 Initial actions to be taken in the event of a spill are as follows:

    1)   If caused by a known land source, immediately try to stop any opera-

         tions which  may  be causing  the spill.  Act quickly,  using  common

         sense.

    2)   Turn off all equipment, especially sources of ignition,' which may cause

         fire or explosion. ENFORCE NO SMOKING!

    3)   Consider personal safety first.  Use protective clothing if necessary.

    4)   IMMEDIATELY NOTIFY:

           City of North Myrtle Beach - City Manager                  272-4000

                 - and -

           U.S. Coast Guard - Charleston Office (Daytime)             724-4218

                 - or - After 4:30 PM and Weekends                    723-5602

           S.C. Dept. of Health and Environmental Control

             Columbia, SC (24 hrs)                                    758-5531

             Columbia (during office hours)                           758-5681

             Waccamaw District Office - Myrtle Beach                  448-8407

    5)   Contain the spill.  Block off all drains, culverts, and ditches to pre-

         vent oil from escaping contained areas.

                                                                        July 1984

                                        1-2

    1.2                    ADDITIONAL PHONE NUMBERS

    1.2.1                 CITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH

                  1)  Police Department                     249-1411
                  2)  Fire Department                       249-2233
                  3)  N. Myrtle Beach Rescue Squad          272-3144
                                                           272-7532

    1.2.2                        COUNTY AGENCIES
                  1)  Horry County Civil Defense Agency  448-2486
                  2) Horry County Sheriff's Office
                        (at courthouse)                     448-2486
                  3)  Horry County Police                   448-4260
                                                           448-7917
                  4)  Civil Air Patrol                      245-9175
                  5)  County EMS                            272-6139
                                                           272-3148

    1.2.3                         STATE AGENCIES

                  1)  S.C. Wildlife and Marine Resources  795-6350
                  2)  S.C. DHEC (Charleston)                554-5533
                  3) S.C. Highway Patrol                    448-9710

    1.2.4                        FEDERAL AGENCIES

        1)  Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, Georgia        (404) 881-4062
        2)  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Charleston               (803) 795-6350
                                                                   (803) 724-4707

    1.2.5                               OTHER

        1)  North Myrtle Beach Chamber of Commerce                         249-3519
        2)  National Audubon Society, SE Regional                          723-6171
        3)  Sierra Club, Columbia                                          799-0321
        4) South Carolina Wildlife Federation                              786-6419
        5)  Grand Strand Humane Society                                    249-4948

                                                                        July 1984

                                   2.0 ORGANIZATION

    0                                                                                      *                                                                               0

                                           2-1

    2.0  ORGANIZATION

         The organizational structure for responding to oil spills on the city,
    state,  and  federal  levels  is included  in this section.   Even  if the spill is
    controlled by the state or federal response structures, there are distinct
    methods by which recommendations made by the City of North Myrtle Beach
    can be passed directly to the person controlling the spill-response effort
    (the On-Scene Coordinator). The size of the spill and the type of resources
    at risk or damaged commonly controls the level of response effort.

    2.1 CITY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

            ADVISORY                          CITY ON-SCENE                          DHEC
             BOARD               Advisory     COORDINATOR                     U.S. COAST GUARD
           .................- - --                COSC -       Communication
          City Manager                       (City Manager)
          City Planner
    City Civil Defense Director
           Fire Chief
       Dir., Public Works
       Chamber of Commerce
       Envi ronmental Rep.
                                          ASSISTANT COSC

     Public          ec                                     Other      Assistance      Public
    Interest  L.................J   Works    Attorney    Agencies        from        Information
     Groups                                                             Adjacent       Officer
                                                                 Communities

                                                                              July 1984

                                                    2-2

    2.2 STATE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

                                               STATE ON-SCENE  ;       Communication..-|I U.S. COAST GUARD
                                                  COORDINATOR-  -   -
                                                   - SOSC -      C
                                                    (DHEC)   -               -   -       -__    CITY MANAGER
                                                                                           N. MYRTLE BEACH

                                                            I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

            1                I                                         L 1,, I, 4X  AI
    Dept. Highways/    Wildlife             WCoastal                   Forestry |    U.S.   IUSCG|    Industrial
       Public          and Marine        Resources      Council      Commission                          and Mutual
    Transportation       Resources      Commission                                                       Assistance
       (DHPT)              (WMR)(WRC)                                                                      Groups

    2.3 FEDERAL RESPONSE STRUCTURE

        NATIONAL                      REGIONAL                       FEDERAL OSC
         RESPONSE                      RESPONSE                    U.S. COAST GUARD
           TEAM                          TEAM                        (Charleston)
           USCG                          USCG
            EPA                           EPA
    Dept. of Interior          Fish & Wildlife Service
           NOAA                          DHEC
           etc.                          etc.                          ASST. OSC

                                             National Strike Teams             Scientific
                                                                               Support
                                                             I~~ ~            ~Coordinator
                                                 I Contractors                     (NOAA)

                                                          )            I               I       -
                                                  Wildlife     I    State &    i  N.  Myrtle            Other
                                                   Groups        Local Assist.         Beach          Resources
                                                                Loia l A          ssist. Concerns

     Concerns of N. Myrtle Beach can be voiced through the Regional Response Team or to the OSC, di-
     rectly or through his intermediaries: the Assistant OSC or Scientific Support Coordinator.

                                                                                               July 1984

                                               2-3

    .       ~2.4I  PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES

            2.4.1    CITY ON-SCENE COORDINATOR

                 The City Manager, or his designee, will assume the position of City
            On-Scene Coordinator (COSC) , who. is responsible for the overall planning of
            the response operation including establishing response priorities and de-
            termining methods of implementation.  He is also responsible for coordinating
            the response effort, for agency notifications, and for preparation of the final
            spill report. His responsibility also entail several liaison activities, such as
            with government agencies, legal affairs and with the public. As needed, he
            may designate assistants to fill such roles as Communications Coordinator,
            Record Keeper, Ecology Advisor, etc.

            2.4.2    ASSISTANT COSC

                 This is the key assistant to the COSC, responsible for aiding the coor-
            dination of all activities. As a designee of the COSC, he may be called upon
            to perform specific tasks, such as direction of the field crews, maintenance
            of the communications link between the COSC and responding parties with
            appropriate record keeping, or provision of logistical support for the cleanup
            workers (meals, clothing, transportation, etc.).

            2.4.3    SUPPORT COORDINATORS

                 Support coordinators assist the COSC or his designee with field re-
            sponse activities. He coordinates and directs responding personnel to con-
            trol or clean up the spill as necessary.   He is responsible for maintaining
            field response records as to men and equipment utilized, time involved, and
            the effectiveness of the operation.  He is also respo nsible for maintaining a
            communications link with his immediate supervisor.

            2.4.4    RESPONSE PERSONNEL

                 Response personnel will be directed, as needed, for oil spill control or
            cleanup. Within the response team, cleanup and security supervisors, etc.,
            may be designated by the Support Coordinator. Response personnel can be
     .      ~~from the'City of North Myrtle Beach staff or contract labor.

                                                                               July 1984

                                               2 -4

    S       ~2.4.5    LEGAL AFFAIRS

                 The legal affairs representative advises the COSC on any legal actions
            that may result from the spill or its cleanup. He may also be called upon to
            complete or review various contractual arrangements necessary to respond to
            the spill incident.   Likewise,  he may  advise the settlement of any claims
            made against the City of North Myrtle Beach for its actions in spill control
            or cleanup.

            2.4.6    PUBLIC AFFAIRS

                 At the request of the COSC, Public Affairs is responsible for coordinat-
            ing press-related information and activities.  This may  be in the form of
            press releases, press conferences, or organized tours of the spill site.  He
            is also responsible for providing an appropriate press room, maps and out-
            side communications.

                                                                               July 1984

                                                              3.0 NOTIFICATIONSIHEPORTING
                                                                     REQUIREMENTS

    �                                                                       Is                                                                      �

                                       3-1

    3.0  NOTIFICATIONS/REPORTING PROCEDURES

    3.1 ALL SPILLS MUST BE REPORTED TO:
        City Manager of City -of North Myrtle Beach 272-4000.
        Upon notification, the City Manager will notify the following:
            DHEC (Columbia) 758-5681 or 758-5531
            USCG (Charleston) 724-4218 or 723-5602
         If the City Manager cannot be contacted, DHEC or USCG should be
    contacted directly.
        The spill should be reported as:
            Discharge
                Time
                Location
                Water body
                Source
                Cause
                Material spilled
                Quantity
                Weather
                Notifier
                 Response by City of North Myrtle Beach
                Requested action
    3.2 WRITTEN REPORTS

         If the City of North Myrtle Beach takes an active role in responding to
    the spill, the following written report should be filled out by the COSC.
    Additional material to be filed with the spill response includes documentation
    concerning:
         1) Cleanup and other contracts.
         2)  City of North Myrtle Beach costs.
         3) Operating losses of North Myrtle Beach businesses.
         4) Man-days of cleanup personnel.
         5) Field personnel log books.
         6) Site Photographs.
         7) Samples collected and analyses.
         This material  is a legal record of the spill incident and  should  be
    treated as such.  It may form the basis for obtaining reimbursement from the
    spiller or the appropriate federal fund.  The names and associated tasks of
    all key response individuals are particularly important.  The more accurate
    and detailed the records, the better.

                                                                      July 1984

                                           3-2

    3.3         CITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH OIL SPILL REPORT FORM

                            Offshore   - Inland Water   - Land

    Reported By:                                              Phone #

    Date and Time of Spill:
    Date and Time of Discovery of Spill:
    Date and Time Reported:
    USCG Notification:  Date & Time:                             To Whom:
    DHEC Notification:  Date &. Time:                            To Whom:
    Quantity Spilled:                                Type of Oil Spilled:
    Location of Spill:
    Weather Conditions:
    Source of Spill:

    Person(s) Responsible:                                       Phone #
    Area Affected:
    Containment/Cleanup Actions:

    Location and Method of Disposal:

    Business Activity Interrupted:  ( ) no   ( ) yes, How Long?
    Samples Taken:                                 Disposition:
    Comments:

    Signature:                                       Date & Time:

                                                                           July 1984

                                                                      4.0 LOGISTICS AND EQUIPMENT
                                                                                  / MAP

                                       :                                                                    ::
    *                                        *                                                                         \~~~~~~

                                             4-1

    4.0   LOGISTICS AND  EQUIPMENT

         This section provides a description of equipment and manpower available

    to combat an oil spill in North Myrtle Beach  area.   These sections provide a
    local listing of equipment available from nearby communities, from local con-

    struction companies, and from regional spill contractors. Much of this infor-
    mation changes  rapidly,  so  it must  be  periodically  updated.   The  final por-
    tion of this section contains a summary of beach access points and potential

    debris and equipment storage areas.

    4.1 REGIONAL COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE*

         REPRESENTATIVE                   MANPOWER                          EQUIPMENT

    Director of Public Works            Up to 22 people        Front-end loader (1), backhoe (1),
    City of Myrtle Beach                                       backhow (1), dump trucks (4)
    626-7645 (ext 129)
    Chairman                            25-30 plus             Bulldozer (1), backhoe (1), motor
    Georgetown County Council           prison workers         graders (6)
    546-4189
    Recreation Director                 15-20                  Shovels, picks, rakes, etc.
    Georgetown County
    546-4189
    Administrator                       1-30                   Road grader (1), backhoes (3)
    City of Georgetown
    546-2556
    Administrator                       3-5                    Front-end loader (1), backhoes (2),
    City of Conway                                             small motor grader (1)
    248-7351
    Administrator                       4-5                    Front-end loader (1), backhoes (2),
    Surfside Beach                                             large motor grader (1), small
                                                          tractor (1)
    238-5531
    Mayor                               None                   None
    Briarcliffe Acres
    272-6772
    Manager                             3-4                    Front-end loader (1), tractor and
    City of North Myrtle Beach                                 and rake (1)
    272-4000 (ext 221)
    Director of Public Works            Up to 60               Bulldozers, backhoes, draglines,
    Horry County                                               motor graders, etc.
    448-2486/248-6247

          *All of the  above  equipment  was  volunteered  after  it was  understood
    that it would be available (a) for short periods of time and (b) only if it
    would not cause a reduction in the government's ability to provide its ser-

    vices. (Data are accurate as of 18 July 1984.)

                                                                                  July 1984

                                                   4-2

    4.2 LOCAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

          COMPANY          CONTACT PERSON    PHONE NUMBER            EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE         EMPLOYEES

    Vereen's Const. Co.   Office               249-1312         5 - dump trucks                     12
    Hwy. 17, North         Raeford Vereen    249-1693           2 - bulldozers
    N. Myrtle Beach,       Jerry Vereen       249-4641          1 - motor grader
    South Carolina                                              2 - front-end loaders
                                                              1 - backhoe
                                                              5 - chain saws
                                                              1 - portable generator,
                                                                  welder, and cutting
                                                                  torch unit
                                                              2 - big pumps, portable

    Hardee, A. O. &        Office              249-1264         4 - bulldozers                      25
     Son Drainage Co.      Hardee, A. O.      249-3316          1 - front-end loader
    Hwy. 17                Hardee, Benjy       249-2153         5 - dump trucks
    Little River,                                              4 - draglines
    South Carolina                                              1 - road grader
                                                              4 - pans
                                                              1 - low boy, trailer, chain
                                                                  saw and small equipment

    McLamb, E. L. &        Office              249-2633,        4 - bulldozers                      12
     Sons Const. Co.                          249-4312          1 - motor grader
    Hwy. 17                McLamb, Thurman   249-2519           1 - backhoe on tracks
    Little River,          McLamb, Kenny      249-3396          1 - truck and low boy trailer
                                                              1 - road scraper & loader
                                                              1 - dragline
                                                              2 - chain saws
                                                              4 - farm tractors with blades
                                                              1 -portable generator

    Bellamy, Bryon         Bellamy, Bryon    249-1810           1 - dump truck                       4
    Little River Hgts.                                          1 - front-end loader &
    Little River,                                                   backhoe
    South Carolina                                              3 - chain saws
                                                              1 - 3" high-pressure pump
                                                              1 - portable 2000 KW
                                                                   generator
                                                               1 - small farm tractor
                                                                  with blade on rear

    Stevens Const. Co.    Office              249-3221          4 - dump trucks                      8
    Route 1                Mrs. R.E.                            1 - low boy trailer & truck
    N. Myrtle Beach,         Stevens           249-3221         1 - front-end loader
    South Carolina         Douglas Stevens   249-3221           2 - bulldozers
                           Dannie Stevens    339-8319          1 - backhoe and loader
                                                                   on tracks
                                                               1 - farm tractor
                                                                   with rear blade
                                                               2 - chain saws
                                                               1 - welder and cutting
                                                                   torch

    Joe Stevens            Stevens, Ray       249-1627          2 - dump trucks                      2
    Nixon Crossroads                                            1 - bulldozer                     (Others
     Section                                                    1 - track loader                    are
    N. Myrtle Beach,                                            2 - backhoes                     available
    South Carolina                                              1 - farm tractor                    as
                                                                   with rear blade               needed)
                                                               2 - small 1-ton
                                                                   flatbed trucks
                                                               2 - chain saws
                                                               1 - portable generator,
                                                                   cutting torch,
                                                                   welder, etc.

                                                                                             July 1984

    .       LI4.3  REGIONAL SPILL-RESPONSE GROUPS

                The following material is excerpted from the State of South Carolina
           Contingency Plan (effective summer 19 84) and the Coastal Oil Spill
           Emergency Response Inventory prepared by the South Carolina Department
           of Health and Environmental Control, 23 October 1981.

                                                                           July 1984

                                            4-4

                                   CLEANUP CONTRACTORS

    The Emergency Response Section of the South Carolina Department of Health and
    Environmental Control attempts to maintain a complete listing of cleanup
    contractors available in and around the state. Anyone having a need for these
    services may contact the Emergency Response Section for assistance.  The
    Emergency Response Section will not recommend or endorse any company, it's
    service or product, but will try to help locate a contractor nearest the spill
    or business site.

    Aaxon Industrial, Inc.
    1017 St. George Ave.
    Colonia, NJ 07067
    Working Hours - (800) 526-2181
    All Hours - (201) 636-1581

    Anti-Pollution, Inc.
    P.O. Box 885
    1319 Front St.
    Morgan City, LA   70381
    All Hours - (504) 384-9517

    Bryson Industrial Services, Inc.
    411 Burton Rd.
    Lexington, SC   29072
    All Hours - (803) 359-7027

    C Enterprises, Inc.
    P.O. Box 6183
    Charleston, SC   29405
    Working Hours - (803) 723-7318
    Emergency Numbers - 572-7561 (beeper)
                        572-7280 (beeper)
                        571-0489, 763-4470,
                        or 873-4713 (employee phones)

    Ferguson Harbor Service, Inc.
    P.O. Box 8153
    Nashville, TN   37207
    All Hours - (615) 822-3295

    Ford Oil Spill Recoveries, Inc.
    4900 Young St.
    Lilburn, GA   30247
    All Hours - (404) 923-9166

    Hazardous Waste Technology Services (Haztech)
    3300 Marjan Drive, NE
    Atlanta, GA   30340
    Working Hours - (404) 451-9877
    All Hours- (404) 4517-9942

                                                                            July 1984

                                              4-5

    CLEANUP CONTRACTORS - Page Two

    Maintenance Overflow
    1629 Newberry Ave.
    Columbia, SC   29210
    Working Hours - (803) 781-9694
    Emergency Number - (803) 781-0816

    Marine Supply Company
    266 Union Ave.
    Memphis, TN   38103
    Working Hours - (901) 527-8396 or (901) 522-8625
    Emergency Numbers - (901) 685-5319
                         (901) 458-3342
                         (901) 795-3128

    O.H. Materials Company
    16406 V.S. Rt. 224 E.
    P.O. Box 551
    Findlay, Ohio 45839
    All Hours - (800) 537-9540

    Oil Mop, Inc.
    P.O. Drawer P
    Belle Chase, LA   70037
    All Hours - (504) 394-6110

    Peterson Maritime Services, Inc.
    14101 Old Gentilly Road
    New Orleans, LA   70129
    All Hours- (504) 254-3600

    Peterson Maritime Services, Inc.
    1660 South Beltline Highway
    Mobile Alabama   36609
    All Hours - (205) 666-3500

    Triangle Resource Industries (TRI)
    P.O. Box 210
    Reidsville, NC   27320
    All Hours - (919  272-2222

                                           0:~~                                ~~~~~July 1984

                         0  ;                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~July 1 984~

                                                              4-6

                                                                                    %- t ',          c _'

                                                                                    :,               X

    MILITARY

    238-7520, 24-hr. 238-7410

    U. S. Coast Guard
    Charleston, South Carolina                                X           X    X                 X           X                 X
    724-4218,  24-hr. 723-5602

    U.S. Navy
    Charleston, South Carolina                          X    X X    X           X    X        X        X    X         X        X
    743-3890, 24-hr. 743-3890

    GOVERNSMENT
    Adjutant General, Office of
    Columbia, South Carolina                                  X                                        X        X

    . Conwavy Public Works
    Charlesonway, South Carolina                                                                 X    X
    248-9051

    FlCo orence Pub    lic Works
    Florence, South Caroli na                     X    X                                                                       X
    665-3136,  24-hr. 665-3191

    Health & Environmental Control,
    S. C. Department of
    Columbia, South Carolina                                  X X               X    X           X           X                x
    758-5496,  24-hr. 758-5531

    Highways & Public Transportation,
    S. C. Department of
    Columbia, South Carolina                      X           X
    758-2256,  24-hr. 758-2815

    Loris Public Works
    Loris, South Carolina                         X    X                             X    X                                    X
    756-4004,  24-hr. 7564000

    Myrtle Beach Public Works
    NMyrtle Beach, South Carolina                 X           X                      X
    448-8316,  24-hr. 448-3111

                                                               CO"UY/ 7       HORRY

                                                                                                     October  1981

                                                            4-7

                                                        R 4i                      <     R     -    '      '8

     Surfside Public Works

     Water Resources,  S.C.
    SColumbia     , South Carolina                 X           X
    758-2514, 24-hr. 532-49092811

    Wildlife & Marine Resources,  S.C.
    Columbia, South Carolina                       X           X
    758-004 2

    Wildlife & Marine Resources, S.C.
    Georgetown, South Carolina                                 X
    546-3283 or 546-8524

    CONSTRUCTION
    ACME Construction Company
    Johnsonville, South Carolina                   X           X                                X
    386-2021,  24-hr. 386-2150

    Baker Brothers of Grasharn
    Florence, South Carolina                       X           X                       X                                        X
    362-0275 or 423-2211

    Construction Equipment
    Charleston Heights, South Carolina             X                                   X                                        X
    747-7391,  24-hr. 886-6254

    Gallup Landscape & Construction
    Pawley's Island, South Carolina                X                                   X    X                                   X
    237.4077,  24-hr. 2374077

    Polote Builders, Inc.
    Savannah, Georgia                              X    X                                                                        x
    (912) 232-1188,  24.hr. (912) 236-0578

    Poston's Machine Shop
    Andrews, South Carolina                        x    x      x    x                  x    X                  X
    264-5943, 24-hr. 264-8624

    Smith & Smith, Inc.
    Charleston, South Carolina                     X
    554-1382,  24-hr. 556-1144 or 766.1774

                                                            CO UNTY/  HO RRY

                                                                                                  October  1981

                                                            4-8
                                                                                           ---a

                                                                                           -0 ::

                                                                                                s'  r"   Ca a

    (912) 964-5761,  24-hr. (912) 964.5761

    Tapp Marine Construction, Inc.
    Bowen, South Carolina                         X                X                 X    X    X                             X
    795-8653, 24-hr. 795-8778

    Wise              Construction Company
    Hemingway, South Carolina                     X                                  X    X                                  X
    662-7521

    Woodbury Associates
    Marion, South Carolina                        X                                  X    X                                  X
    4234490

    OIL TRANSPORTATION
    Allen Oil Company
    Florence, South Carolina                      X    X                                   X          X              X
    662-1466, 24-hr. 669-7243

    Battle Oil
    Nichols, South Carolina                             X    X
    392-3121

    Bay Enterprises
    Hilton Head, South Carolina                         X                            X    X                                  X
    785-3440

    Chapin Company
    Myrtle Beach, South Carolina                  X    X
    448-7778,  24-hr. 4484885

    Conway Transport
    North Charleston,  South Carolina             X          X                             X
    552-5094, 24-hr. 871-3207

    Paul Creel Oil Company
    Conway,  South Carolina                       X    X    X                                         X
    248-9113

    Dilmar Oil Company
    Latta, South  Carolina                        X    x                                   X
    752-5611,  24-hr. 752-7342

                                                            COUlTrY /   HORRY

                                                                                                October  1981

                                                             4-9

                                                      '-cS                         E oE-                              -

    Seabrook Oil
    Charleston, South Carolina                           XX                                        X    X
    766-5929

    Stuckey Oil Company
    Hemingway, South Carolina                      X     X                                                                       X
    558-3223

    OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP
    Environmental Coastal Pollution
    Columbia, South Carolina                       X     X    X            X    X    X       X    X            X    X            X
    754-9112,  24-hr. 754-9112

    O. H. Materials, Inc.
    Covington, Georgia                             X     X    X            X    X    X    X                                X    X
    (404)?787-3834,  24-hr. 1-800-537-9540

    0. H. Materials, Inc.
    Findlay, Ohio                                  X     X    X            X    X      X    X                              X    X
    (419) 423-3526,  24-hr. 1-800-537-9540

    Pepper Industries, Inc.
    Charleston, South Carolina                     X     X                 X                 X           X                       X
    24-hr. 577-9452

    EQUIPMENT RENT-AL
    Jack Barry Rentals
    Savannah, Gerogia                              X           X                       X                                         X
    (912) 354-1433,  24-hr. (912) 944-8066

    Contractors Service & Rental
    Charleston, South Carolina                     X                                   X    X                                    X
    747-9002

     EMERGENCY MANAGEIENT
     Columbus County Emergency Management
     Whiteville, North Carolina                     X     X    X                  X                                               X
     (919) 6424728, 24-hr. (919) 642-6551

                                                               CO6T~Y/  HORRY

                                                                                                   October 1981

                                                                 4-10

                                                                                                      I.-

    PAVING
    Central Grading & Paving
    Florence, South Carolina                          X     X
    669-8220, 24-hr. 6690614

    Janicula Paving Company
    Charleston, South Carolina                        X                                    X            X                        X
    723-6235

    RETAIL BUSLNESS
    Carmicheal Oil Company
    Lake View, South Carolina  X                                                                                                       x
    759-2232

    Carolina Sales & Rental
    Florence, South Carolina                         X      X
    665-5030

    DISTRIBUTOR
    Diesel Engineers
    Charleston Heights,  South Carolina               X                                    X                                           X
    554-5151

    INDUSTRIAL CLEAN-UP
    Phillips Industrial Service Corporation
    Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina                      X                                    X                                           X
    884-8566 or 884-0106

    HIGH PRESSURE CLEAN-UP
    Energen of C arolina
    Charleston, South Carolina
    556-6506

    CHEMIICAL DISTRIBUTOR
    Carolina Chemical Equipment
    Charleston, South  Carolina                                                                                           X            X
    554-0880

                                                                  COUNSTYR/  HORRY

                                                                                                           October 1981
        Charleston, South Carolina                                                                                                     X~~~~~~~~~

                                                                        ~~-.   ~ ~ ~ .
                                                 4"I 1~ ~~4

    Lois Suh Caolnax
                                                    =~~~~~~~~~~~0 -

               MAR~~qE      T       O       W      I       N      G      s
                                                         MrnInu s0

       SEPTIC TANK SERVICE
       Mackleen Septic Tank
       Loris, South Carolina                 X   x
       293-2275

       ~MARINUE TOWING
       Maxine Industries
       Georgetown, South Carolina                      x
       546-5467 or 5468721

                                              CQU'NTY/   HORRY

                                                                        October 1981

                                              4-12

    4.4 ACCESS AND DEBRIS STORAGE SITES

         The following table presents a listing of all beach access roads and

    sites for the temporary storage of oily debris and  equipment.   Although most

    of the access roads are public, several sites are privately owned and

    permission must be obtained before using them.

          Sites are summarized in terms of fair (F), good (G), or excellent (E)

    ratings. The site number refers to the map of North Myrtle Beach included

    at the  end  of this  section.   Poor  or  limited  access  points  are  not marked.

    The City of North Myrtle Beach has designated numerous beach-access

    walkways;  however,  these single pathways  are not included unless a parking

    lot is nearby. Asterisks (*) mark the better sites for access and storage.

                                             TEMPORARY
       SITE NUMBER       ACCESS    EQUIPMENT   OILY-WASTE                      COMMENTS
       AND STREET                    STORAGE       STORAGE

      1) 48th Ave. S.        F          C             G        Parking lot is privately owned by Long
                                                         Bay Motel/Apartments.

      2) 46th Ave. S.        F          G             C        Access limited to stairs over a sea-
                                                         wall. By Tricia-Lyn Motel/Apartments.

      3) 44th Ave. S.        E          F             F        Road goes directly onto beach.  A large
                                                         undeveloped lot is nearby.

     *4) 39th Ave. S.        E          GC            C        Good road access and large parking lot.

      5) 100 yds north       F          E             E        Contains a large undeveloped lot but
         of 37th Ave. S.                                       only walkways (2) go over the dunes.

      6) 33rd Ave. S.        F          F             F        Contains a limited but paved parking
                                                         lot and a set of stairs for access.
                                                         Located between two condominium devel-
                                                         opments.

      7) S. Carolina         C          E             E        Undeveloped access at the base of the
                                                          street could easily be opened. Lots
                                                         of room for storage.

     *8) Atlantic            E          E             E        Paved road leads onto beach.  Lots of
                                                          room for equipment and storage.

      9) 27th Ave. S.        G          F             F        Road onto beach needs improvement.  A
                                                         walkway is also present.

    *10) 25th Ave. S.        G          G             C        Moderate-sized public lot with good
                                                          access way.

     11) 21st Ave. S.        F          C             C        Moderate-sized public lot, but access
                                                          is limited to a single walkway.
     12) 18th Ave. S.        F          F             F        Limited public parking, and access is
                                                          limited to a single walkway.

     13) 17th Ave. S.        F          C             F        Paved public lot, but access limited
                                                          to a single walkway.  A large public
                                                          parking lot is across the street.

                                                                                    July 1984

                                                  4-13

                                                 TEMPORARY
       SITE NUMBER                   EQUIPMENT         RARY
                         AND MER  ACCESS    EU S MGE    OILY-WASTE              COMMENTS
       AND STREET                     STORAGE

     14) 16th Ave. S.        E           F             F         Paved access road, but limited park-
                                                               ing and storage.

     15) 14th Ave. S.        G           F             F         Paved access road, but limited park-
                                                               ing and storage.

     16) 9th Ave. S.         G           C             G         Access road needs some improvement.
                                                               The parking area is unpaved and
                                                               four lanes wide.

    *17) 6th Ave. S.         G           E             E         Good, sandy access road with a wide,
                                                               sandy parking lot for storage.

     18) 2nd Ave. S.         G           F             F         Access road needs improvement.  Only
                                                               limited parking available.

     19) 1st Ave. S.         F           C             G         Road access is difficult.  A walkway
                                                               and large paved lot are present.

    *20) Main St.             F          E             F         Easy access to beach (utilized greatly
                                                               by the public) with a large, paved
                                                               parking lot.

     21) 3rd Ave. N.         C           G             G         Access needs improvement for vehicle
                                                               use.  Parking is limited, but the
                                                               adjacent motel lot (sandy) greatly
                                                               increases the site's storage capacity.

     22) 4th Ave. N.         F           F             F         Access is only by a single walkway.
                                                               Parking is limited.

     23) 5th Ave. N.         F           F             F         Access is only by a single walkway.
                                                               Parking is limited.

     24) 11th Ave. N.        F           E             E         Vehicle access needs work.  A large,
                                                               unimproved sand lot is available for
                                                               storage. Privately owned, Tilghman
                                                               Estate.

     25) 21st Ave. N.        F           F             F         Limited parking (paved).  Access is by
                                                               stairs only, over a seawall.  The adja-
                                                               cent hotel has additional parking.

     26) 22nd Ave. N.        G           C             G         Contains a moderate-sized sand lot for
                                                               storage.  Road access is 100 ft to the
                                                               north.

     27) Sea Mountain Rd.   E            G             C         Contains a paved lot and paved access
                                                               road.

     28) 50th Ave. N.        C           F             F         Vehicle access needs some improvement.
                                                               Parking and storage are very limited.

                                                                                            July  1984

                                                                                                                                      5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                                                                                          CONSIDERATIONS

    Is 0                                0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    5.0  ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

        The  following section contains a description of the shoreline habitats
    and wildlife of North Myrtle Beach as well as an estimate of spill probabilities
    in the area.

    5.1 SHORELINE HABITATS AND PREDICTED OIL INTERACTIONS

        After risks to human health and safety, the environment is of a major
    concern. A shoreline sensitivity analysis undertaken by DHEC and Research
    Planning Institution (1982) delineated seven major shoreline habitats, listed
    below in order of increasing sensitivity:
            Exposed Vertical Seawalls.
            Fine-grained Sand Beaches.
            Exposed Tidal Flats (low biomass).
            Exposed Riprap.
            Sheltered Coastal Structures.
            Sheltered Tidal Flats (high biomass and oyster beds).
            Marshes.
         The relatively low-ranked, fine-grained sand beaches compose over 85
    percent of the entire shoreline. Exposed vertical seawalls and riprap struc-
    tures are common shore-protection devices found along the backshore of the
    sand beaches. The sheltered environments are found along the northern and
    southern ends of the City of North Myrtle Beach. The inlets which feed
    into these areas must serve as a focal point for collecting incoming oil and
    preventing its passage into the calmer backwater environments.
         The following is a physical and biological description of the shoreline
    types found in North Myrtle Beach:

    EXPOSED VERTICAL SEAWALLS

         O Physical
           - Man-made structures in back of a narrow beach.
           - Exposed to strong waves and currents along open-ocean shorelines.
         O Plants
           - Dominant plants are attached green algae such as Ulva and
             Enteromorpha.
           - Zonation is controlled by exposure to waves.
           - Surface plant coverage is moderate to high, depending on height of
             wall with respect to tidal level.

                                                                      July 1984

                                       5-2

        O Animals
          - Barnacles are dominant animals.
          - Barnacles have maximum densities in the upper intertidal zone.
          - Infauna are minimal due to solid substrate.
          - Low diversity, moderate to high density, and low species richness.

    FINE-GRAINED SAND BEACHES

        o Physical
          - Usually gentle slope with broad, flat profile.
          - Often exposed to moderate and high wave energy.
          - Shell accumulations may be present in the lower intertidal zone or
            back-beach area.
        o Plants
          - Scattered beach grasses and plants growing at the base of natural
            dunes.
          - Beach wrack composed of decaying Spartina grasses.
         O Animals
          - Insects and amphipods associated with each wrack are present.
           - Burrowing amphipods and polychaete worms are present in the up-
             per and mid-intertidal zones.
           - Some burrowing clams are present in the lower intertidal to subtidal
             zones.
           - Diversity, density, and species richness low to moderate.
           - Ghost crabs are common at base of dunes along back beach areas.

    EXPOSED TIDAL FLATS (LOW BIOMASS)

         O Physical
           - Sediments are generally fine-grained sand.
           - Sediments are very mobile due to waves and tidal currents.
           - Associated with tidal deltas and, in some areas, front sand or mixed
             sand and shell beaches.
         O Plants
           - Very little flora present.
           - Mobile substrate prevents attachment of algae.
         O Animals
           - When present, benthic infauna are dominant organisms.
           - Species diversity, density, and richness vary with substrate.
           - Clams, polychaetes, and burrowing crustaceans are the most common
             macroorganisms.
           - Faunal density is lowest at high intertidal zone, increasing at mid
             and low intertidal zones.
           - In sand-bottom flats exposed to high wave energy, deep-burrowing
             clams dominate simple benthic communities.
           - Birds utilize exposed flats as roosting and foraging areas.

                                                                       July 1984

                                       5-3

    EXPOSED RIPRAP

        0 Physical
          - Predominantly gravel to boulder-sized riprap revetments.
          - Riprap is composed generally of quarried Piedmont granite or
            high-grade metamorphic rocks (e.g., gneiss).
          - Most common along back-beach areas as shore protection for devel-
            oped property.
         o Plants
          - Green filamentous algae and Ulva observed on some riprap in the
            intertidal zone.
         o Animals
          - Epifaunal densities are moderate to high.
          - Barnacles are patchy with densities ranging as high as 19,500 indi-
            viduals per square meter.

    SHELTERED COASTAL STRUCTURES

         o Physical
           - Includes bulkheads, riprap, piers, and docks.
           - Dependent on seasonal storm activity.
           - Typically a low-energy environment generally associated with more
             sensitive back-barrier environments.
         o Plants
           - Low to moderate growths of Enteromorpha and Ulva.
         o Animals
           -Intertidal zones contain moderate to heavy populations of oysters
             and their associated biota.

    SHELTERED TIDAL FLATS

         o Physical
           - Composed of mud or silty sand.
           - Sheltered from major wave and tidal activity.
           - Usually located in back-barrier areas.
           - Occur with extensive oyster colonies in many areas.
         o Plants
           - Mud flats are generally devoid of vegetation.
         o Animals
           - Macroinfauna species diversity, density, and richness high.
           - Extensive clam and oyster populations are present.
           - At high tide, these flats support a large epibenthic community of
             blue crabs, flounder, channel bass, spotted sea trout, and other
             vertebrate and invertebrate species.
           - At low tide, many species of birds feed on tidal flats.

                                                                      July 1984

                                       5-4

    MARSHES

         O Physical
          - Generally fronted by a sheltered tidal flat.
          - Well-sheltered from extreme wave and current action.
         O Plants
           - Three types of coastal marshes are present:
             1) Low marsh - predominantly Spartina alterniflora occurs in the
                mid to upper intertidal areas.
             2) High marsh - occurs in the upper intertidal to supralittoral
                 zones;  some common  high marsh  plants are Spartina patens,
                 Salicornia  virginica,  S.  bigelovii,  Batis  maritima, Limonium
                 carolineanum, Sporobolus virginica, and Distichlis spicata.
             3) Brackish freshwater marsh - dominated by Juncus roemerianus
                 and Spartina cynasuriodes.
         o Animals
           - Associated invertebrates include marsh periwinkles, fiddler crabs,
             pulmonate snails, polychaetes, amphipods, clams, and mussels.
           - Densities of both epifauna and infauna range from moderate to high.
           - Marshes  utilized  by  numerous  birds,  alligators,  raccoons,  and
             rodents for feeding and reproductive habitat.

                                                                       July 1984

    5.2  OIL INTERACTIONS

        A summary of predictive oil interactions by oil type and shoreline habi-
    tat follows:

      LIGHT VOLATILE OILS

         Examples: Distillate fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and No. 2 fuel oil.
         Physical/Chemical Properties:
             o Spreads rapidly.
             o High rate of evaporation.
             o Highly soluble.
             o Tend to form unstable emulsions.
             o Very toxic to biota.
             o May penetrate substrates.
             o Can be removed by simple agitation and low-pressure flushing.
         Shoreline Interactions:
             o Fine-grained Sand Beaches - May penetrate rapidly into the beach
               sands, but will be rapidly cleaned by natural processes.
             o Seawalls and Riprap - Will form a very light coating but would be
               removed by wave action and evaporation.
             o Tidal Flats and Marshes - May kill organisms within the marsh
               and tidal flat under heavy concentrations.   Recovery will take
               several years. Marsh grasses will be less affected in areas of
               moderate flushing.

      MODERATE TO HEAVY OILS

         Examples: Medium to heavy, paraffin-based, refined, and crude oils.
         Physical/Chemical Properties:
             O Moderate to high viscosity.
             o Toxicity variable depending on light fraction composition.
             O In summer months, rapid evaporation and solution form less toxic.
             o Light fractions may contaminate interstitial water.
             o Tend to form stable emulsions under high physical energy con-
               ditions.
             O Variable penetration, a function of substrate grain size.
             o Potential for sinking after weathering and uptake of sediment.
             o Weather to tar balls and tarry residue.

                                                                       July 1984

                                      5-6

        Shoreline Interactions:
            o Fine-Grained Sand Beach - Oil will tend to accumulate on the up-
              per beach face. Under depositional conditions oil will be buried.
              Penetration will be slight because of well compacted sediments.
            o Seawalls and Riprap - Vertical seawalls, bulkheads, and riprap
              will be blackened with oil. Residence time will be lengthy if oil is
              allowed to harden.
            o Tidal Flats and Marshes - Oil will pass over exposed, sandy flats
              (carried by the rising tide), but may kill resident organisms. On
              sheltered flats, oil may mix with the muddy sediments and a kill-
              ing of resident organisms is likely. On marshes, plants and or-
              ganisms will be killed if concentrations are heavy.

     RESIDUAL OILS

        Examples: Asphalt, Bunker C, No. 6 fuel oil, and waste oil.
        Physical/Chemical Properties:
            O Form tarry lumps at ambient temperatures.
            o Nonspreading.
            O May soften and flow when stranded in sun.
            o Difficult to recover from water surface using most cleanup equip-
              ment.
            o Easily removed manually from beaches.
            O Toxicity varies, but generally less toxic than lighter oils.
        Shoreline Interactions:
            o Fine-Grained Sand Beach - Oil will not penetrate deeply into sub-
              strate and will tend to accumulate on the upper  beach  face.
              When large quantities of oil are present, oil will cover entire
              beach face.
            o Seawalls and Riprap - Accumulations would be light and residence
              time short on vertical seawalls and bulkheads. Oil would adhere
              to riprap, and   well into the structure.  Residence time would
              be lengthy.
            o Tidal Flats and Marshes - On sand flats exposed to strong tides
              and waves, oil will pass across the flat.  On sheltered flats, oil
              will be deposited along the upper fringes and become incorporated
              in the mud for several years.  On marshes, light accumulations
              will coat the grasses with little damage. Heavy accumulations will
              quickly coat the marsh surface; damage will be extensive and
              long-term.

    5.3 OTHER BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

        The altas illustrating the sensitivity of coastal environments and wildlife
    to spilled oil, completed by Research Planning Institute (1982) for DHEC,

                                                                      July 1984

                                       5-7

    shows that the wildlife of the North Myrtle Beach area consists primarily of
    oysters in Hog Inlet Estuary and pelicans along the beaches.   Pelicans are
    protected under the federal list of endangered species.   Numerous shore-
    birds also utilize the beaches seasonally.  In all cases, should an oil spill
    affect these organisms,  DHEC  and the U.S.  Fish and Wildlife Service in
    Charleston should be notified.  The Fish and Wildlife Service, in particular,
    has access to the latest bird cleaning and handling techniques and has the
    financial support to rapidly set up cleaning centers with the appropriate ex-
    pertise.

    5.4 OIL SPILL PROBABILITY

         The major risk of oil impacts on North Myrtle Beach is associated with
    the tanker and barge transport of petroleum products.  Future risks, how-
    ever, may include those connected to offshore drillings on the continental
    shelf. Ports of entry for petroleum products lying adjacent to North Myrtle
    Beach include Georgetown (approximately 40 miles away) and Wilmington (ap-
    proximately 40 miles away) [See Figure 2]. Charleston is also a major petro-
    leum facility but lies over 90 miles from the study site.  A refinery is cur-
    rently proposed for Georgetown; its completion would double the number of
    ship calls and triple th quantity of oil handled by Georgetown.
         Explicit oil spill risk analyses for tanker traffic have not been pub-
    lished for North Myrtle Beach.  However, due to prevailing winds and cur-
    rents, projected impacts on North Myrtle Beach resulting from spills at these
    port entrances is likely to be very low.  Data generated by the U.S. Geo-
    logical Survey as part of the outer continental shelf studies program reveal
    that the probability of oil impacting Myrtle Beach from proposed lease sites
    or pipeline routes, for the life of the basin and including spills from existing
    tanker traffic, is near zero for oil floating for less than 10 days and only 1
    percent for impacts within 30 days after the incident.  Areas to the north
    and south are much more likely to be impacted, 6 and 9 percent within 30
    days.
         However, the low statistical occurrence of impacting oil spills should not
    be a signal for complacency.  The washing up of 650 oiled birds onto Myrtle
    Beach during February 1981, as well as a ship collision just off Nags Head
    (North Carolina) with resulting shoreline pollution, indicate that oil spills do
    continue to occur in spite of low statistical probabilities.

                                                                       July 1984

                                           FIGURE 2.

                OIL SPILL TRANSPORT WILMINGTON. N.C. TO SAVANAH, GA.

                                                 'Petroleum Products Flow(Barrels)
              Commercial Port
                                                                      30O,00OO0O

      18,58 655Petroleum Products
      18,84,55Movement 1974 (Barrels)200000

              Petroleum  Products                    1974 flow only
    (11,275'250) Movement, 1977( Barrels)                                l00,ooo,000

              Flow within a Principal                   a9,999,999 -1,000,000
         (~) Harbor or Port and its               ~=999,999 500,000
                              Vicinity                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< 500,000

     EM~    Proposed Offshore                                           Local Traffic Flow
              Lease Sites4--

                                   WILMINGTON  3~3,775,246
                                              (33,864,611)

                                                            Cr; bbeow
                                                            nCeetra
                                                               America
                                                            Suth America
                                                            Europe
                         GRAND STRAND          didde Eost
                                                           aurt   Rico  and Virgin Islands

                        CHARLESTON I

                                        (44 784 838)  Caribbean
                                                    Central America
                                                     Sout America
                                                    Mi ddle East
                                                    ueto Rico and  Virgin Islands

                                                   Caribbean
                                                    Central America
                                                    South Amnerica

                                                    Perto Rico and Virgin Islands

          Diagram showing the potential for shoreline impact by spilled oil,
          oil  transport  traffic,  and proposed effective  lease  sites  (modi-.
          fied from Ray et al., 1980).

    'did APPENDICES

    .~~~~sisI

                                   APPENDI CES

    The appendices included in this document are:

    A.   Inventory and Evaluation of Recreational Opportunities

    B.  Vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's Tourism Industry to an Oil Spill

    C.   Cleanup Guidelines

    D.   Disposal Guidelines

    E.   Other

                                                                      July 1984

                                        A. RECREATIONAL
                                         OPPORTUNITIES

    C S                                                                                                                                                   �

                                      A-1

    A.0  INVENTORY AND EVALUATION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

    A.1 Summary of Growth and Facilities
        North Myrtle Beach is the northeastern portion of the South Carolina
    coastal beach area known as the Grand Strand, an area 60 miles long with a
    populated area only a few blocks wide.  North Myrtle Beach is about four
    miles south of the North Carolina Line and has approximately 9 miles of
    continuous beach-front.   The  beaches are of a fine white sand and the
    coastal water is relatively clean as there are no harbors, shipping, or major
    industries in the area.
         The town of North Myrtle Beach was incorporated in 1968 when the
    municipalities of Cherry Grove, Ocean Drive, Crescent Beach and Windy Hill
    voted to incorporate into one municipality.  Development over the last ten
    years  has  changed  the character  of the area  somewhat  from  that of a
    low-country residential seaside area into a major resort area.
         Between 1970 and 1980, North Myrtle Beach grew from 1,957 permanent
    residents to 4,150, a growth  of 112 percent.   The  projected  permanent
    population for North Myrtle Beach by 1985 is 6,500.  North Myrtle Beach
    currently  has  a peak  summer  population  of 85,000  with  9,880  rentable
    bedrooms in the City.
         Employment in North Myrtle Beach is primarily concentrated in retail
    trade and services, a reflection of its tourist-oriented economy.   It was
    estimated in 1981 that approximately 60.6 percent of the employed persons
    living in North Myrtle Beach were in retail trade, entertainment, recreation,
    repair services,  personnel  services and professional and related services.
    Only 10.4 percent of the citizens were working in manufacturing, while 5.9
    percent were working in transportation or public utilities.
         According to a recreation survey conducted in 1984 by the Recreation
    Department of the South Carolina Division of Parks Recreation, and Tourism
    (PRT), North Myrtle Beach had the highest per capita expenditure for rec-
    reation of all the cities and counties in South Carolina.  This phenomenal
    figure of $55.45 per resident compared with Charleston which spends $25.32,
    with Greenville which spends  $25.18, and Columbia which spends $19.23.
    The study estimated that a resident population of slightly more than 4,000
    actually serves,  in terms of recreational  facilities, a population of 20,000
    persons.  With a full-time recreation staff of 2 persons, supplemented by 3

                                                                     July 1984

                                        A-2

    additional on a seasonal basis, the City operates the following recreational
    facilities:

                 Facility                                  Number

                 Parks                                        4
                 Ball fields                                  2
                 Community centers                            1
                 Tennis Courts                                7
                 Basketball courts                            3
                 Soccer fields                                1
                 Picnic shelters                              1
                 Boat ramp                                    1

         Water-oriented recreational facilities within the City Limits of North
    Myrtle Beach are tabulated below:

         Water-Oriented Recreation
         A)  Beach - 9 miles, continuous
         B) Sport Fishing Piers (6)
             1)  Kit's Pier
             2)  Old Windy Hill Pier
             3)  Holiday Inn Pier
             4)  Tilghman's Pier
             5)  Cherry Grove Pier
             6)  Inlet Pier
         C)  Marinas
             1) Palmetto Shores Marina
             2)  Vereen's Marina (Intracoastal Waterway)
             3) City Boat Ramp
         As can be noted in the above tabulation, water-oriented recreational fa-
    cilities  in  North  Myrtle  Beach  are  centered  primarily  around  swim-
    ming/sunning, fishing and boating activities. North Myrtle Beach has one of
    the widest and most stable recreation beaches along the Grand Strand.
    North Myrtle Beach has twice as many  fishing piers as the larger municipal-
    ity of Myrtle Beach.  In addition to the standard variety of marina services,
    Vereen's Marina also offers ocean cruises aboard a boat capable of transport-
    ing large groups for sightseeing, deep-sea fishing and dinner cruises.
         Recreational facilities in North Myrtle Beach which are not water orient-
    ed are shown in the tabulation below:

                                                                        July 1984

                                      A-3

        Non-Water-Oriented Recreation
        A) Golf Courses
            1) Golf Hills Par 3
            2) Azalea Sands
            3) Beachwood
            4) Possum Trot
            5) Gator Hole
            6) Surf
            7) Robbers Roost
        B) Parks
            1) McLean Memorial Park
            2) Central Park
            3) Mini-Parks (2)
        C) Community Center
            1) North Myrtle Beach Civic Center
        D) Miscellaneous
            1) Amusement Park (several)
            2) Miniature Golf (numerous)
            3)  Water Slide
            4) Outlet Shopping
        As noted in the tabulation above there are seven 18-hole golf courses in
    North Myrtle Beach, only one of which is a par 3.  There are two major
    parks and  two mini-parks  in North Myrtle Beach.   McLean  Park on Oak
    Street in North Myrtle Beach has a lighted ball field, two tennis courts,
    basketball courts,  picnic shelters, a recreational lake, and a playground.
    Swimming is not permitted at McLean Lake.
        North Myrtle Beach Central Park contains baseball and football fields, 4
    tennis courts, a picnic area, a playground and restrooms.  Two additional
    fields are in the works.
        The North Myrtle Beach Community Center offers an enclosed space for
    a variety of recreational functions and entertainment.
        There are numerous commercial recreation opportunities in North Myrtle
    Beach.   Centrally located is the Amusement Park at Highway 17 and Main
    Street in the section formerly called Ocean Drive. Adjacent to this is a very
    popular water slide operation. There are numerous miniature golf operations
    and similar facilities dispersed throughout the more commercial areas of North

                                                                     July 1984

                                       A-4

    Myrtle Beach.  Outlet shopping is also a popular tourist pastime, as evi-
    denced by the wide variety of operations in the area.

    A.2 Seasonal Use and Capacities

         Consultations with the Chamber of Commerce at North Myrtle Beach and
    with selected business people in the area indicate that most public and com-
    mercial recreational facilities could easily absorb a 100 percent increase in
    patronage.  Based on previous and current surveys, this additional capacity
    would easily accommodate any individuals and families who wished to remain
    in the North Myrtle Beach area in the event of an oil spill. Moreover, North
    Myrtle Beach is surrounded by numerous golf courses, marinas, and other
    recreational opportunities which do not lie within its corporate boundaries.
    Additionally, the more intensively developed City of Myrtle Beach lies direct-
    ly to the south with even more numerous opportunities for recreation which
    would not necessarily be water-oriented. Among these are extensive amuse-
    ment and golfing opportunities, the Waccamaw Pottery/Outlet Complex, and a
    full range of recreational opportunities which the larger tourism area can of-
    fer.

                                                                       July 1984

    B. TOURIST INDUSTRY
      VULNERABILITY

                                                                I                       S

                                       B-1

    B.0 VULNERABILITY OF NORTH MYRTLE BEACH'S TOURISM
        INDUSTRY TO AN OIL SPILL

        The vulnerability of North Myrtle Beach's tourism industry to an oil
    spill is directly related to the dependence of the industry on beach and wa-
    ter-oriented activities.  Critical  factors include the length of beach which
    may be affected by an oil spill, the vulnerability of the local economy, and
    the seasonal nature of the tourist trade.  The potential extent of beach af-
    fected by a spill is discussed in other Tasks.   Information concerning the
    other critical factors was developed through a combination of two sources.
    First, data concerning the contribution of tourism to the Grand Strand econ-
    omy, particularly North Myrtle Beach, were gathered from available sources.
    This information was used to assess the value of tourism to the North Myrtle
    Beach area economy. Second, surveys of North Myrtle Beach businesses and
    visitors were conducted.   From these two surveys,  more  information  was
    gathered, including the percentage of beach-oriented visitors, their reaction
    to a potential oil spill, the seasonal nature of the tourist trade would mean
    to business in the Grand Strand Area.

    B.1 The Grand Strand Tourism Industry

         Tourism is the area's most important economic activity; indeed, it is the
    economic base of the community.   According  to figures provided  by  the
    Horry County  Development and tourism Commission, tourist spending  ac-
    counted for 73 percent of the Grand Strand Area's total economic activity in
    1980.  In fact, Grand Strand tourist spending exceeded $700 million during
    1980.

    B.1.1  Impact on the North Myrtle Beach Economy

         "New" or "outside" money added to the area's economy by tourism is
    vital to public well-being.  The true significance of tourist sector spending
    is evident from the impacts of the multiplier effect.  It is estimated that
    every "new" dollar brought into the area generates four additional dollars in
    other  economic  activities.   To  illustrate,  money  spent  by  visitors  for
    lodging, food, entertainment, automobile services, gifts, and other purchases
    is filtered to other sectors of the economy.   Funding  packages for the
    construction of tourist and  related commercial establishments also promote
    local spending.  Examples of such construction include golf courses, service

                                                                      July 1984

                                       B-2

    and retail outlets, and general recreation and amusement areas.  As total
    tourist visits and expenditures have increased, the construction of additional
    lodging facilities has kept pace.  As new facilities are staffed and become
    operational, the area payroll is increased through direct wage payments and
    subsequent spending and respending cycles.

    B.1 .2 Tourist Spending

         Grand Strand tourist spending, as mentioned previously, exceeded $700
    million in 1980.  Taxable  retail sales for the Grand Strand Area during this
    year totalled $258,626,000.   This figure represents a 221 percent increase
    from the 1968 level of $117,025,000.  In the six years prior to 1980, the
    leisure industry along the Grand Strand showed a constant growth of
    approximately 12 percent per annum.
         Total visitors to the Grand Strand Area in 1980 numbered 7,000,000.
    Per capita spending totaled approximately $100.  There were 47 million over-
    night accommodations throughout 1980, with over 60 percent taking place in
    the summer season.  The average length of stay per tourist was 4.3 days
    resulting in an average daily tourist expenditure of $23.26.   During the
    summer season of 1980, the peak overnight accommodations for transient per-
    sons totalled 228,000. This resulted in expenditure exceeding $5,000,000 on
    these days of tourist activity.

    B.2  Survey of Tourists

         A survey of tourists who regularly vacation in the Grand Strand Area
    was conducted in order to give some qualitative perspective to visitors' atti-
    tudes and to determine how tourist visits might be affected by an oil spill.
    The questions posed to the visitors can be separated into two groups:  (1)
    those designed to provide background information on the tourist and (2)
    questions concerning the visitors' response to a theoretical oil spill.
         The first set of questions concerned the primary purpose for the visit.
    The second set addressed alternatives to water-oriented activities that might
    be of interest to the visitor.  The answers to these questions indicate the
    non-water-oriented activities that are appealing to tourists whose primary
    purpose for visiting is water-related.

                                                                      July 1984

                                       B-3

    B.2.1  Conduct of the Study

        The original survey was conducted during the early winter of 1982 with
    a supplemental study conducted during June 8, 1984.  In the original survey
    it was determined that surveying winter tourists in the Grand Strand Area
    would be biased toward golfers and others not particularly interested in
    water-related activities.  It was therefore decided that a telephone survey
    using lists provided by the Myrtle Beach Area Chamber of Commerce would
    be most reliable.  These  lists contained names of people who had either
    vacationed on the Grand Strand in the past or had requested information
    packets form the Chamber of Commerce.  It was estimated by the Chamber's
    Director that roughly 80 percent of those requesting information eventually
    visit the Grand Strand Area.  Names from these lists were randomly selected
    and the individuals were interviewed by telephone.  It was believed that this
    survey method would provide a more varied sample.
         Supplemental surveys were conducted of individual tourists at North
    Myrtle Beach  motels during the early part of June, 1984.  Also surveyed
    were selected businesspersons in North Myrtle Beach.

    B.3 Visitor Survey Results

         A survey was conducted to gather information on the following points of
    interest:
         o   A  general background on visitor trips including frequency,
            average stay, and purpose.
         o   Visitor reaction to an oil spill.
         The visitor survey provided a good sampling of annual visitation fre-
    quencies and average lengths of stay but was dominated by beachgoers as
    opposed to golfers and other nonbeach patrons. The survey revealed a gen-
    eral similarity between visitor responses and businessperson responses to a
    subsequent survey regarding expected reactions to an oil spill.  Less than
    one-fourth of the tourists said their vacation at North Myrtle Beach would
    continue uninterrupted in the event of an oil spill, and most businesspersons
    believed a maximum continued stay of two to three days could be expected
    before an appreciable tourist outflow following an oil spill would occur.
         The business survey also verified an expected short-term decline of
    tourist patronage from the viewpoint of businesspersons.  Specific financial
    impacts were not estimated.

                                                                     July 1984

                                      B-4

    B.3.1  Visitors' Origin

        Current  or  former  visitors  surveyed  reside  in 14  states and  the
    Canadian Province of Ontario.  North Carolina and South Carolina together
    accounted for 31 percent of those surveyed.   The  home states of those
    interviewed is shown in Table 1.

    B.3.2  Trips Per Year

        Grand Strand trips taken annually range from 1 to 12.  Forty percent
    (40 percent) of respondents average one trip per year, and 16 percent of
    respondents make 2 visits to the Grand Strand Area.

    B.3.3 Time of Year

         The most popular time of year to visit the Grand Strand is, as
    expected, the summer months. A significant number of the respondents also
    make trips during the spring and fall. Those who visit in the summer
    exclusively or as one of multiple annual trips account for almost 60 percent
    of respondents.

    B.3.4  Length of Stay

         More than 62 percent of those surveyed replied that their average
    length of stay is between one and two weeks.  Twenty percent (20 percent)
    from two to five weeks during any one of their Myrtle Beach stays.  The
    remaining 18 percent said their visits are usually 3-5 days.

    B.3.5  Primary Purpose for Visit

         All of the persons interviewed said the principal reason for visiting the
    area is to enjoy the :beach and ocean.  A  number  of them added that,
    although they do not actually spend time on the beach, it is still the primary
    area attraction.   For  38 percent of them,  camping  is the second  most
    important reason for visiting the area.  Golf and tennis is the third most
    popular attraction, while fishing places are a close fourth.

    B.3.6 Alternative Activities

         This  section  of  the  visitor  survey  concerned  the  alternative
    non-water-oriented activities that people might consider if the beach were off

                                                                     July 1984

    limits for a period of several days  during  their vacation.   The  people
    interviewed were given a scenario in which an oil spill occurred during the
    middle of  their  vacation.   They  were  then  asked  if there  were  some
    alternative activities  in the Grand  Strand area  in which they might be
    interested.  Assuming that the spill cleanup would last 3-4 days, the tour-
    ists were given the following attractions now existing in the area as possible
    activities for participation:
         o   Golf/tennis.
         o   Deep sea fishing.
         o Excursions to sites of cultural/historical interest (Brookgreen
            Gardens, Georgetown, Charleston, etc.).
         o ;  River cruise of plantations.
         o   Convention center activities (i.e., antique show, boat show,
             etc.).
         o   Other activities.
         Of all the people interviewed, 91 percent felt that there was at least
    one alternative activity in which  they would  be  interested.   Of the 91
    percent  that  did  not  designate  an  alternative  activity  of  interest,
    three-fourths were from South Carolina and the other fourth from North
    Carolina.  These Carolina respondents average from 7 to 12 trips to the
    Myrtle Beach area annually.  Half of them felt they would definitely cut their
    visit short and one-fourth thought an early departure was highly probable,
    but the remaining one-fourth would not leave early.
         The most popular activity mentioned by those surveyed was the excur-
    sion  to sites of cultural/historical  interest.   Seventy-eight  percent  (78
    percent) said they would be interested in that type of activity.  A river
    cruise of plantations would be popular with 58 percent of those surveyed.
    Under the category of other activities, shopping in the area was mentioned
    by 65 percent of those surveyed.  Golf/tennis was chosen by 29 percent,
    deep  sea  fishing  by  20  percent,  and  activities  at  the  Myrtle  Beach
    Convention Center by 4 percent.  In most instances, three or four different
    alternatives  were  designated.   Eleven  percent  (11  percent)  of  the
    respondents designated only one alternative activity.

                                                                      July 1984

                                               B-6

    .:   ~ B.3.7  Probability of Reducing Length of Visit

                This section was designed to give some indication of how visitors would
            react to an oil spill.  Interviewees were asked whether an oil spill would
           cause them to cut their Grand Strand stay short.  Although 24.4 percent
            said there was no possibility of cutting a visit short if an oil spill occurred,
            more than 75 percent said that there would be some probability of shortening
            a visit.  Close to 100 percent of those supplemental  surveys  conducted
            during the summer of 1984 said they would seriously consider cutting short
            their vacations.

            B.3.8 Summary of Visitor Survey

                 The survey indicated two important visitor reactions if an oil spill
            occurred:
                 1) A major percentage 75.6 of the visitors surveyed said they
                    would consider (to varying degrees) cutting short their Grand
                     Strand vacation in the event of an oil spill.
                 2) There are one or more alternative activities in the area that
                     the tourists would enjoy if restricted from beach use.

            B.4  Survey of Businesses

                 A survey of business located in the Grand Strand area was undertaken
            with a twofold purpose. One purpose was similar to that of the visitor sur-
            vey--that is, to predict what effect an oil spill might have on visitors.  The
            assumption made was that persons who are in the business of serving tour-
            ists would have some insight into tourist behavior and attitudes by exposure
            and because it is the nature of their business to predict tourist behavior.
            The second purpose was to determine the effects of a short-term decline of
            tourism on specific types of businesses, facilities, or activities.
                 The businesses were asked to establish the seasonal pattern of their
            business as it relates to dependence on tourism.  They were also asked to
            estimate the percentage of tourists they felt could be lost for a brief period
            of time as a result of an oil spill without imposing financial hardship on the
            business.

                       0I~~~~~~~~~~~~July 1984

                                                                              July 1984

                                      B-7

    B.4.1 Business Survey Results

        The business types that responded to the questionnaire fall into three
    primary categories:  hotel/motel, retail, and amusement.  Fifty-nine percent
    (59 percent) of the respondents are engaged in retail business, including
    shopping centers.  Thirty-five (35 percent)  percent of the business are
    either hotels or motels. The remaining six percent of respondents are in the
    amusement  business.   Eighty-two  percent (82 percent) of the businesses
    responded that their busiest sales period is from June to September. Twelve
    percent (12 percent) indicated longer busy periods of from 6 to 9 months.
    Shopping centers replied that business remains fairly stable year-round.

    B.4.2 Percentage of Tourist Customers

        As expected, almost all of the businesses surveyed indicated that a
    large percentage of their customers are tourists, at least during certain
    times of the year. Shopping centers represent one business type that is not
    completely dependent  upon  the tourist trade.   Even  during  the summer
    months, shopping center managements estimate that only 20 percent of their
    customers are tourists. However, at the other extreme are 12 percent of the
    businesses that estimate 100 percent of their customers to be tourists
    throughout the year.

    B.4.3 Tourist Trade That Can Be Lost

         The respondents were asked to estimate how much their tourist trade
    can drop before losses will be incurred.  Not surprisingly, the declines are
    very small.  Fifty-three percent (53 percent) of the businesses can afford
    no decline in trade. The other respondents are able to withstand a limited
    decline,  provided  the decline does not occur in the June-August  period.
    Most tourist-related businesses depend on the summer trade to overcome
    income deficiencies during other times of the year.  In these cases, any
    business decline will have negative effects.
         Along these lines, the businesses were asked to estimate the period of
    time that beach-related activities could be restricted before the business
    would operate at a loss for the year. The responses fell into four time peri-
    ods:

                                                                     July 1984

                                      B-8

        1) No Time - Eighteen percent (18 percent) of the respondents
            did not feel their businesses could afford beach use being
            restricted for any length of time.
        2) 2-3 Days - Thirty-five percent (35 percent) of the businesses
            felt the beach could be closed for two or three days before
            they incurred financial difficulty.
        3) 1 Week - Twenty-nine percent (29 percent) responded they
            could withstand closed beaches for one week.
        4) 2-3 Weeks - Eighteen percent (18 percent) of the respondents
            indicated  their  business  could  handle  this  relatively  long
            period of restricted beach use.

    B.4.4  Summary of the Business Survey

        The survey of Myrtle Beach businesses produced a consensus:   busi-
    nessmen  are justifiably frightened  by  the prospect of a spill.   This  is
    particularly the case considering the possibility of a spill occurring during
    the peak summer season. A number of the people surveyed felt that an oil
    spill could be devastating.  Their primary concern is the handling of the
    incident by the news reporting media.  It is felt to be of the  utmost
    importance that the media be kept constantly abreast of what occurs during
    and after an oil spill since the type of publicity that the area receives can
    make or break the business community.
        Other points brought out in the survey include the following:
         o   Largest volume of customers occurs during the summer season.
         o  Most  businesses  are  heavily  dependent  upon  tourists  as
            customers,  at  least during  the  spring,  summer,  and  fall
            seasons.
         o Very little of this tourist business can be lost without serious
            economic impact.
            The businessmen do not believe that tourists will stay in the
            area for very long if an oil spill occurs.

                                                                      July 1984

                                                                            C. CLEANUP GUIDELINES

                                                   I~~~~~~~
    i  s            :                                                       0 is:                                                                   0
                                                                     :                                /f f X:

    *                                                                       *                                                                       �

                                             C-I

          C.0 CLEANUP GUIDELINES

          C.1  Properties of Spilled Oil

               Petroleum products are transported in a variety of forms from crude oil
          to gasoline.  Each form of oil has a specific set of chemical and physical
          properties which affect their interaction with water and sediments. Weather-
          ing processes, water/sediment residence time, environmental damage, and ul-
          timately cleanup and recovery methods vary greatly with each type of oil. A
          list of oil types and the effects each will have on the shoreline environments
          present along North Myrtle Beach has been presented in Section 5.
               Light, volatile oils (gasolines, kerosines, diesels, etc.) tend to spread
          over the water surface very rapidly. Almost immediately , evaporation and
          photooxidation begin to "weather" or break down the oil, eliminating as much
          as 45 percent of the volume in 24 hours.  Lighter oils also tend to be more
          soluble and the oil is easily mixed into the water column.  As a result, oil
          reaching the beaches often appears as a light multicolored sheen.  It may
          penetrate into sandy sediments if large enough quantities are present, but
          will be removed quickly by agitation from wave activity.  Aesthetically, at
    .     least, a spill of this type would be least damaging to the North Myrtle Beach
          shoreline.  Depending on the among of petroleum spilled, it may go largely
          unnoticed visually and may take only a few hours to a few days for the
          beaches to be free of oil accumulation.
               Heavier oils, (crudes,  bunkers and residual products) create a more
          complex impact problem for the North Myrtle Beach shoreline. When the oil
          is spilled into seawater, it can form  either an oil-in-water (o/w) or a wa-
          ter-in-oil (w/o) emulsion.  The o/w emulsion (more common with lighter pe-
          troleum products) is distributed throughout the water column and is exposed
          to  degradation  processes.   Conversely,  w/o  emulsion  (called  "mousse")
          generally forms from heavier petroleum products and is more resistant to
          weathering.  The emulsion floats and  is viscous enough to retard evapo-
          ration.  Further, the emulsion has twice the volume of the original oil, is
          very stable, and assumes a rather sticky, taffy-like  viscosity that readily
          adheres to most substrates.
               With heavier oils, impact to the North Myrtle Beach area shoreline is
          potentially far worse aesthetically and physically than lighter oils.  In small-
          er spills, oil would tend to accumulate along the upper beach face where it
          may percolate into the sediment. With larger spills where vast quantities of

                                                                            July 1984

                                       C-2

    oil may be deposited on the shoreline, the oil will accumulate in both the up-
    per and lower intertidal zones.  There is a greater likelihood that oil would
    become more deeply incorporated into the beach face as sediment reaches
    saturation levels. In either case, once oil impacts the shoreline, it renders
    the beach unusable to tourists until it has been removed.

    C.2 Guidelines for Shoreline Cleanup

         The primary shoreline types of the North Myrtle Beach area are:
             o Exposed Vertical Seawalls
             o Fine-grained Sand Beaches
             o Exposed Tidal Flats
             o Exposed Riprap Structures
             o Sheltered Coastal Structures
             o Sheltered Tidal Flats and Oyster Beds
             o Marshes
         The following tables outline various methods to clean oil from the shore-
    line types found in North Myrtle Beach.  The format is based on guidelines
    produced by the American Petroleum Institute.

    EXPOSED VERTICAL SEAWALLS

    Preferred Response:

      Booms                     Use to divert and  collect oil before it comes
                                shore.
      Skimmers                  Avoid  trampling  of biota  during  placement of
                               equipment.
      Natural Cleansing         Useful in exposed areas.

    Viable Response:

      Low-Pressure Flushing    Valid on fresh, unweathered oil.
                               Avoid hot or fresh water.
                                Avoid trampling.
                                Recover flushed oil.
      Sorption                  Recover oiled sorbents.
                                Less effective on large spills.
      Manual Removal            Labor intensive.
                                Avoid slopping recovered oil.
      Vacuum Pumping            Avoid sucking up biota.

                                                                       July 1984

                                        C-3

    Not Advisable Response:

      Burning                   Avoid population centers.
                                Less effective on emulsified and weathered oil.
      Dispersant                Spray offshore ahead of the oil slick.
                               Must have adequate flushing and dilution.

    Avoid Response:

      High-Pressure Spraying   Use when contamination is severe.
      Sand Blasting             May assist recolonization.
      Steam Cleaning            Avoid  trampling  or  dragging  equipment  over
                                unoiled areas.

    FINE-GRAINED SAND BEACHES

    Preferred Response:

      Booms, Skimmers,
       and Sorbents             Used to divert or collect oil while still offshore.
      Manual Labor              Useful to limit sediment removal.
                                Labor intensive.
                                Avoid contaminating clean, back-beach areas by
                                  sloppy handling techniques.
      Mechanical Cleanup        Useful only on hard, flat beaches.
                                Wait until most if not all oil has come onshore.
                                Avoid excessive sediment removal.
                                Avoid contaminating clean, back-beach areas.
      Natural Cleansing         Particularly  appropriate  for  most  beaches  of
                                North  Myrtle  Beach  where  wave  energies  are
                                moderate.
      Vacuum Pumping            Useful only for thick layers of low-viscosity oils.
                                Line  sump   pits  with  plastic  to  limit  oil
                                  penetration into beach sediments.

    Viable Response:

      Dispersants               Use only on beaches of low productivity.
                                Spray ahead of the advancing tide.
                                Avoid contaminating adjacent areas.
                                Do not use with sorbents.
      Low-Pressure Flushing    Viable only for low viscosity oils.
                                Only for limited areas.
                                Use sorbent pads or booms immediately following
                                  the standing of oil.
                                Recover all sorbent material after use.

                                                                        July 1984

    Avoid Response:

      Burial
      Burning
      Mixing
      Substrate Removal

    EXPOSED TIDAL FLATS

    Preferred Response:

      Skimmers, Booms,
       and Sorbents             Used to control or divert incoming oil.
      Natural Cleansing         Most effective on active, sandy flats.
                                Will probably occur before cleanup equipment will
                                  arrive.
      Manual Removal            Most effective on oiled sandy flats.
                                Avoid grinding in the oil by human or vehicular
                                  traffic.

    Viable Response:

      Mechanical Cleanup        Effective on the hard flats readily accessible.
                                Avoid grinding in the oil by human or mechanical
                                  activities.
      Sorption                  Limited  effectiveness  on  weathered  or  highly
                                  viscous oils.

    Not Advisable Response:

      Dispersant                Spray ahead of advancing tide.
                               Avoid overdosing.
                                Do not use with sorbents.
      Substrate Removal         Remove  oiled  sediments  only  to depth  of oil
                                  penetration.

    Avoid Response:

      Burial
      Mixing
      High-Pressure Flushing

                                                                       July 1984

                                        C-5

    EXPOSED RIPRAP STRUCTURES

    Preferred Response:

      Skimmers, Booms,
       and Sorbents              Used to divert or collect incoming oil.
      Natural Cleansing          Appropriate  for  outer  structures  exposed  to
                                  moderate to high wave energies.
      Manual Collection          Use sorbent material.
                                Avoid sloppy handling of oily debris.
                                Collect all used sorbent material.
      Low-Pressure Flushing    Collect flushed oil.
                                Do not use hot or fresh water.

    Viable Response:

      Dispersant                 Preferred only for low-viscosity oils on moderate
                                 to high energy structures.

    Not Advisable Response:

      High-Pressure Flushing   Use only as a last resort after other techniques
                                 have failed.
      Sand Blasting              Will destroy biological community.

    Avoid:

      Steam Cleaning
     Substrate Displacement
      Substrate Removal

    SHELTERED COASTAL STRUCTURES

    Preferred Response:

      Booms                      Use  to divert and  collect oil before  it comes
                                 ashore.
     Skimmers                   Avoid  trampling  of biota  during  placement  of
                                 equipment.
     Natural Cleansing          Useful   only   in  exposed   areas;   generally
                                 ineffective for North Myrtle Beach areas.

                                                                       July 1984

                                        C-6

    Viable Response:

      Low-Pressure Flushing    Valid on fresh, unweathered oil.
                               Avoid hot or fresh water.
                               Avoid trampling.
                                Recover flushed oil.
      Sorption                   Recover oiled sorbents.
                                Less effective on large spills.
      Manual Removal             Labor intensive.
                                Avoid slopping recovered oil.
      Vacuum pumping             Avoid sucking up biota.

    Not Advisable Response:

      Burning                   Avoid population centers.
                                Less effective on emulsified and weathered oil.j
      Dispersant                 Spray offshore ahead of the oil slick.
                                Must have adequate flushing and dilution.

    Avoid Response:

      High-Pressure Spraying   Use when contamination is severe.
      Sand Blasting              May assist recolonization.
      Steam Cleaning             Avoid  trampling  or  dragging  equipment  over
                                  unoiled areas.

    SHELTERED TIDAL FLATS AND OYSTER BEDS

    Preferred Response:

      Skimmers, Booms,
        and Sorbents             Particularly important in controlling or diverting
                                  the spill before it enters this habitat.
      Dispersants                To be applied for offshore to prevent oil from
                                  entering this habitat.
      Natural Cleansing          Applicable only along the flats where waves are
                                  present.

    Viable Response:

      The soft muds of this habitat make access and cleanup extremely difficult.
      Most operations involving men and machinery will only grind the oil deeper
      into flat sediments, thereby increasing oil persistence and biological dam-
      age.  Because of this, it is even more important to have available an ef-
      fective offshore response for large spills.

                                                                        July 1984

                                              C-7

    *     Not Advisable Response:

            Manual Removal             Extremely difficult due to very soft substrate.
                                      Will grind oil deeper into sediments and disturb
                                        biota.
            Sorption                  Difficult to apply and collect after use because
                                        of the soft substrate.
                                      Can apply and collect from boats offshore.
            Low-Pressure Flushing    Difficult to gain access to the flat.
                                      Flushing will resuspend sediment and oil, which
                                        should be collected form shall-draft boats.
            Substrate Removal         Difficult due to lack of cohesive sediments and
                                        will destroy biota.

          Avoid Response:

            Burial
            Mixing
            High-Pressure Flushing
            Sediment Displacement

          MARSHES

          Preferred Response:

            Skimmers, Booms,
              and Sorbents            Particularly important in controlling or diverting
                                       the spill before it enters this habitat.
            Dispersants               To   be  applied  far  offshore   (with   USCG
                                       permission)  to prevent oil from entering this
                                       habitat.
            Natural Cleansing         Applicable only on light oil coatings.

          Viable Response:

            Manual Removal             Use with extreme caution not to grind oil deeper
                                       into sediments.
                                     Should be used only for moderate to heavy oil
                                       concentrations.
            Low-Pressure Flushing    Use seawater; avoid trampling.
                                     Flushed oil should be collected using sorbents
                                       and shallow draft vessels.

                                                                             July 1984

                                                C-8

    *      ~~Not Advisable Response.

             Enhanced Biodegradation Requires fertilizers to sustain bacterial activity;
                                         takes too long.
             Vegetation Cropping       Cutting  reduces  plant  growth  rates  during
                                         recovery.
                                       Avoid grinding oil deeper into sediment.

           Avoid Response:

             Burial
             Mixing
             High-Pressure Flushing
             Sediment Displacement
             Sinking Agents

                                                                              July 1984

                                                             D. DISPOSAL GUIDELINES  I

    �                                                :                      *

    D.0 DISPOSAL GUIDELINES

        Recovered spilled oil, contaminated soil, and cleanup materials require
    proper disposal.  If not carefully planned, this disposal can pose immediate
    and long-range problems. Improper disposal methods can result in a second-
    ary environmental problem--essentially, another spill.  Under optimal condi-
    tions, disposal sites and methods should be carefully thought out in ad-
    vance.
         Under all circumstances, approval of the site and method of disposal
    must be approved by DHEC. As a general guideline, the following disposal
    techniques may be considered.

    D.1  INCINERATION

        Incineration of oily waste is a common practice in may parts of the world
    using either advanced-technology stationary units or portable field stations.
    These units are able to: cleanse debris, soil, and water of:
         a)  Crude bunker fuel, distillates, table oils, waste oils, etc.
         b) Several types of hazardous wastes.
         c)  Viscous  liquids  and  mixtures  such  as  paint,  creosote,
             monomers, and partially polymerized plastics.
         d) Waste,  sludge, and bottoms from chemical and  petrochemical
             industries.
         e)  Pesticides.
         f)  Shreddable and combustible containers.
         Preferably, material should be placed into an approved incinerator or
    one designed to withstand very  high' temperatures  (12000F or 650�C).  A
    second alternative is the burn box method which utilizes a contained box,
    such as an old dump truck bed or solid waste receptacle.  The burn box is
    simply filled with material and  ignited;  however,  water may  have to be
    drained to maintain burning. The incineration process is repeated until all
    materials are reduced to ashes.

    D.2 SANITARY LANDFILL

        Oily debris of any sort may be disposed of at any properly designed and
    operated sanitary landfill.  However, leaching of oily water is a particular
    problem especially in regions of high rainfall.  In some cases, ignition of oily
    debris may occur.   Installation of a proper bottom seal or liner (e.g.,

                                                                       July 1984
            i     :                         ;

                                           D-2

    benthonite or clay) is a necessity in all cases.   Possible problems and solu-

    tions with sanitary landfill procedures are presented below.

                Possible Problem                                      Solution
    o Oil not absorbed by refuse.                    O More mixing with refuse until adequate
     Oversaturated mass.                              mix is secured.
     Undersaturated mass.
    o Ignition of oily debris/refuse mass.           O Extinguish flames:  prevent by installing
                                                   spark arrestors on equipment and assuring
                                                  they have mufflers above equipment.
    o Leaching of oil into ground water (ground      o Reduce groundwater level by trenching or
     water flows through refuse).                     pumping.  Excavate material and install
                                                   liner.
    o Leaching of oil into ground water              O Dig up landfill and reseal bottom.
      (vertical migration down through bottom).
    o Erosion of cover soil.                         o Reduce percolation by improving cover
                                                   material: slope surface to encourage
                                                   runoff.

    D.3 LAND CULTIVATION

         Land cultivation is a viable method in areas with sufficient soil depth
    (10-15  cm)  and  where  surface  slopes do  not exceed 6 percent.   With  this
    method,  naturally occurring  bacterial  populations  will multiply  satisfactorily
    to decompose the oily debris.   Decomposition will vary with extent of oil/soil
    mixing,  oxygen  content,  moisture,  nutrients  (primarily nitrogen  and  phos-
    phorous), and pH conditions. Land cultivation should be avoided in areas of

    washouts or flooding.
         The procedure for land cultivation includes:
         a)  Spreading of debris evenly on the oil surface in a layer 3-13
              cm  thick.   In  some  areas,  the oil is allowed  to weather  for
              several weeks before stage (b).
         b)  Mixing the oil thoroughly  into the soil with a rototiller, plow,
              or discs.   At Ileast two complete passes over the site at right
              angles are necessary.
         c)  Further mixing at increasing intervals (from weekly at first, to
              seasonally  after  two  years)  greatly  increases  the  rate  of
              composition.
         d)  Adding fertilizer may be necessary to aid bacterial growth.
         e)  Planting may be necessary to stabilize the treated area.

                                                                              July 1984

                                          D-3

    .  D.4 BURIAL (ANAEROBIC)

           Burial of oil spill debris without refuse usually requires excavation of a
       pit or trench for disposal.  In some cases, however, the oil spill debris can
       be contained within a berm mounded aboveground and covered with soil, with
       little or no excavation involved. Burial aboveground may be preferable since
       any lateral leakage can be readily observed without subsurface exploration.
       Alternative layering of oil spill debris and soil is usually employed in any
       burial disposal operations.
           As in sanitary landfilling, the debris is sequestered under cover, great-
       ly reducing or eliminating the possibility for aerobic microbial decomposition
       of oil.  Burial may involve more site preparation and longer term monitoring,
       but eliminates the subsequent mixing required of the land cultivation method.
           Land requirements for landfilling without refuse will depend upon:
           a) The volume of debris generated by the oil spill.
           b)  The depth and lateral extent to which the site can be excavated.
           c)  The particular burial method selected.
           As with sanitary landfills, loss of an oily leachate is a major problem.
       Usually layers of debris and soil are alternated and compacted.  Encapsula-
       tion of the oily debris minimizes volatization.  Because the oil remains unde-
       graded for long periods, there will always be the potential for long-term
       pollution.  Monitoring or the burial site is necessary.

       D.5 THE SOLIDIFICATION/ENCAPSULATION PROCESS

           This process has gained very wide acceptance in Europe and recently in
       Canada.  It consists of treating all types of hydrocarbon wastes with a spe-
       cial lime-based material.  The end product is a hydrophobic clay with encap-
       sulated oil, gray in color with little smell or feel of the original waste oil.
       This end product has been very satisfactorily used as a road-building mate-
       rial when compacted.  The treatment is exothermic, but poses no health or
       pollution problems.  In Europe, this process has proven immensely successful
       in treating 1,500 m3 of lignite tar in West Germany; 4,000 m3 of heavy fuel
       oil in Austria;  41,000 m3 of acid tar in Dollbergen, West Germany;  and
       22,000 m3 of refinery sludge in France.  The process has undergone exten-
        sive government testing and has been found to have few leachate or pollution
       problems.

                                                                          July 1984

                                       E. OTHER    .\

    0�                                �

    Contingency Plan for
    Spills of Oil and Other
    Hazardous Substances-

    South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
    Second Edition 1980

    Prepared by Special Services Section
    Water Surveillance and Laboratory Analysis Division
    D H EC-027 12/80

    Simplified Procedure for Reporting
    a Spill of Oil and/or Hazardous Material

    Initial Observer
    1. Spiller
    2. S.C.D.H.E.C. field personnel
    3. EPA or USGC
    4. Citizen
    5. Other state or local government agency

    S.C. Dept. of Health and Env. Control Contact
    Twenty-four (24) hr. emergency number 803-758-5531

    U.S. Government Contact
    Twenty-four hr. emergency no. 1-800-424-8802

    Information to Report by Telephone
    Location of spill
    Source of spill
    Time of spill
    Volume of spill
    Potential hazard of spill
    Has containment been accomplished
    Has spill material reached a body of water
    Responsible party(s) (name, address, telephone
      number, official to contact, etc.)
    Weather conditions at spill site

    Introduction

         The State Contingency Plan has been prepared in coordination with the

    National Contingency Plan and supersedes any previously published State

    Contingency Plan for Oil and Hazardous Material Spills.  It is designed to

    serve as a working document in response to spills of oil and hazardous

    materials.

    Authority.  This State Contingency Plan has been developed in compliance

    with Section 48-43-540 of the South Carolina Code of Law, 1976, as

    amended.

    Purpose and Objectives

         Spill prevention is the best possible method of controlling spills

    of oil and hazardous material.  This thought is the focal point in the

    preparation of this plan and is stressed by encouraging all individuals

    who handle such materials to prevent spills through planning, good house-

    keeping, adequate equipment, proper maintenance and safe operation of

    related equipment.  Should a spill of oil of other hazardous material

    occur, immediate action by all responsible parties and jurisdictional

    agencies is required.  Therefore, the purpose and objectives of this

    Contingency Plan are:

         1.   To encourage industry and transportion to eliminate spills.

         2.   To establish a simple, effective procedure for reporting spills

              so that the first observer of a spill incident can initiate

              the alert, thus, insuring the earliest possible notice to

              the appropriate State and Federal agencies.

         3.   To designate a State Response Team and a State On-Scene Coor-

              dinator (SOSC) who have the ability to alert and coordinate

              the resources of manpower, equipment and materials, and to

             supervise the control, containment, clean-up and disposal of

             spills, in cooperation with other state agencies.

        4.   To provide for efficient, coordinated and effective action to

             minimize environmental damage from oil and hazardous substance

             discharges, including containment, dispersal (if necessary),

             removal and disposal.

        5.   To develop a system which will allow the State of South Carolina

             to be reimbursed for reasonable costs incurred in the clean up

             of spills of oil and/or hazardous materials.

        6.   To encourage the development of local contingency planning and

             mutual assistance groups so that spillers themselves can take

             prompt, effective action in control and clean-up operation,

             thereby, minimizing their financial liabilities for cost of

             clean-up, restoration, and damage to the environment.

    Scope.  The State of South Carolina Contingency Plan is effective for

    all the waters of the state (coastal and inland). The provisions of the

    plan are applicable to all State Agencies referenced in Section 48-43-570

    of the South Carolina Code of Laws, 1876, as amended. Implementation of

    the Plan is compatible with and complimentary to current State and Federal

    legislation.

    State Policy. Section 48-43-520 of the S.C. Code of Law, 1976, as

    amended states: (1) The General Assembly finds and declares that the

    highest and best use of the seacoast of the State is as a source of

    public and private recreation; (2)  The General Assembly further finds

    and declares that the preservation of this use is a matter of the highest

    urgency and priority, and that such use can only be served effectively

    by maintaining the coastal waters, estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, and

    public lands adjoining the seacoast in as close to a pristine condition

                                         -2-

       as possible, taking into account multiple use accommodations necessary

       to provide the broadest possible promotion of public and private interests.

       (3)  Further, The 1976 S.C. Code of Laws as amended, Section 48-1-20

       states:

                "It is declared to be the public policy of the State to maintain

                 reasonable standards of purity of the air and water resources

                 of the State, consistent with the public health, safety, and

                 welfare of its citizens, maximum employment, the industrial

                 development of the State, the propagation and protection of

                 terrestrial and marine flora and fauna, and the protection of

                 physical property and other resources.  It is further declared

                 that to secure these purposes and the enforcement of the

                 provisions of this act, the Department of Health and Environ-

                 mental Control shall have authority to abate, control and

                 prevent pollution."

       Statewide Notification Procedures for Spills of Oil and Other

       Hazardous Substances.

            The notification process developed here establishes mobilization

       procedures for the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental

       Control Emergency Response Team personnel in response to reports of spills

       of oil and other hazardous substances occurring in this State.

            It is the responsibility of the first person notified of a spill

       incident to initiate proper notification procedures within the South

       Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC).  This

       notification should be through his immediate supervisor if readily avail-

       able, then to a member of the Emergency Response Section of the Division

       of Biological, Stream and Facility Monitoring, and Emergency Response

       of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

                                            -3-
    :    :                 I

    (803-758-5531).  The State On-Scene Coordinator and the Emergency Response

    Team shall determine that the following are executed properly:

              (1) source control and containment of the pollutant;

              (2) protection of the environment;

              (3) cleanup, recovery, and disposal of the pollutant.

    State On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) for spills of Oil and Other Hazardous

    Substances.

         The Manager of the Emergency Response Section, SCDHEC, shall be the

    State On-Scene Coordinator (SOSC) unless otherwise designated by him or

    the Deputy Commissioner of the Office of Environmental Control.

         The SOSC's so designated have jurisdiction over all spills of Oil

    and Other Hazardous Substances within the State Boundaries.  In the event

    that the spill is of the nature requiring the U.S. Environmental  Pro-

    tection Agency or U.S. Coast Guard to send a representative, decisions

    affecting the spill activities will be closely coordinated. (See Appendix

    III for pre-designated boundary lines between U.S. EPA and U.S.C.G.).

         The SOSC shall:

                   Protect human life at all times.

                   Prevent further contamination of the environment.

                   Keep a chronological log of the spill incident.

                   Maintain progress reports for parties concerned.

                   Coordinate performances at the spill (such as work teams,

                   clean-up and recovery operations, etc.).

                   Release the responsible party at the spill.

                   Protect the interest of all parties concerned.

                                         -4-

              If the SOSC determines that the spill magnitude is such that addi-

    *);   tional personnel, equipment and material are needed, he will contact

         other SCDHEC District Offices, other State agencies, the U.S. EPA or U.S.

         Coast Guard and/or industrial or mutual assistance groups in accordance

        with the needs and his knowledge of available resources.  If, in the

         opinion of the SOSC, the spiller's performance is inadequate to protect

         the environment in any phase of the containment and clean-up, the SOSC

        will initiate necessary operational procedures to insure that protection.

         If necessary, he will augment the Emergency Response Team with any addi-

         tional SCDHEC personnel required to accomplish the task.  These requests

        will be made and/or closely coordinated with the Manager of the Emergency

         Response Section.

             The SOSC will not be expected to know how to neutralize or decon-

         taminate all of the thousands of hazardous chemicals that are already

        in existence or which may be produced in the future.  If one of these

         chemicals is spilled, the SOSC is charged with obtaining any technical

        assistance or information necessary to minimize the impact of the spill.

         A continuing training program will be conducted to keep the SOSC and

         Emergency Team personnel abreast of new, safe methods of oil and hazardous

        material spill containment, neutralization, decontamination, clean-up,

         removal, and disposal.

             The SOSC will keep himself informed of the availability of spill

         response resources in this State, adjoining States, and Federal Agencies.

         He should determine the availability of Vac-All trucks, septic tank pumpers,

         and other equipment which can be readily used in clean-up operations.  It

         is not necessary to stock readily available materials but he should be

         familiar with their sources in his State.  Emergency Response Team personnel

         in District Offices will assist the SOSC in obtaining this information.

                                             -5-

         In many cases, the initial response to a spill situation is by a

    local, county, or state police agency or by a fire department. These

    agencies are requested to immediately contact the Emergency Response

    Team of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

    (803-758-5531).  It should be realized that by allowing spilled oil,

    hazardous or potentially hazardous materials to flow or be flushed to

    storm drainage systems, ditches or bodies of water, which often flow

    through populated areas, a dangerous situation may only be compounded.

    Emphasis is placed on containment, clean-up and proper disposal of the

    spilled material. When evaluating a spill incident to determine its

    effect on human life, containment and removal at the spill site is

    generally preferable to movement of the problem to some unknown and

    often inaccessible area where monitoring and clean-up of the spill

    may be impossible.

         Extreme caution should be taken by the first individuals arriving

    at a spill site. All effort should be made to identify the spilled

    material before exposing oneself or others to the material.  A general

    listing of spill handling procedures is located in Appendix 4.

    Emergency Response Team for Spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances

         Personnel of the Office of Environmental Quality Control, SCDHEC,

    are designated Emergency Response Team members.  They will serve at the

    direction of the SOSC.  The SOSC is charged with maintaining a current

    list of Emergency Response Team members home telephone numbers to be

    utilized when additional manpower is necessary to minimize environmental

    damage which might result from spills of oil and/or other hazardous sub-

    stances.

                                         -6-

        A twenty-four answering service is maintained by the State and

    Federal agencies for emergency situations only (Figure 1).  Current list-

    ings of home phone numbers shall be maintained by the answering service

    to assure immediate response by personnel so designated.

    Procedure for Reporting Spills

         Anyone observing or having knowledge of a spill of Oil and/or Other

    Hazardous Substance within the State or its contiguous waters must imme-

    diately notify the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental

    Control (SCDHEC), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or the

    United States Coast Guard (USCG).  These agencies have twenty-four (24)

    hour emergency telephone numbers:

              SC Environmental Control Element, Columbia, S.C. 803-758-5531

              Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, GA        404-881-4062

              U.S. Coast Guard at Charleston, S.C.                803-724-4218

                        After 4:30 PM and Week-ends               803-723-5602

              U.S. Coast Guard at Savannah, Georgia               912-232-4353

                        (After 4:00 PM and Week-ends)             912-786-4106

              National Response Center Washington, D.C.

                          Toll Free Number                      1-800-424-8802

    As much pertinent information as possible should be given,: including:

              Location of spill

              Source of spill

              Time of spill

              Volume of spill

              Nature and potential danger of spilled material

               Anticipated movement of spill

               Responsible party(s)  (include address, phone number, and personnel)

                                          -7-

                 Action already taken and anticipated

                 Weather conditions at spill

            The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control,

        upon receipt of a spill notification, shall initiate proper and immediate

        response action to assist at the spill site (Figure 2). Notification shall

        be made by the agency to all other persons, agencies, industries and/or

        businesses throughout the State, who could possibly be affected by the spill.

        In cases in which the spill material may have a detrimental effect on air

        quality and/or threaten drinking water supplies, notification is made

        to the proper program area within the Department by the State On-Scene

        coordinator or his designee.

             Notification of this reporting procedure, along with telephone

        numbers for alert, shall be distributed to all police and fire stations,

        County Sheriff Departments, Government Agencies, industries and busi-

        nesses which may have use for the enclosed.

        Spill Containment and Cleanup

             It is the responsibility of the spiller to properly contain and

        cleanup the spill in a timely and diligent manner.  Containment involves

        building dikes, deploying booms and other barriers to prevent the spread

        of the pollutant, limiting access to only authorized persons if a hazardous

        situation exists, and other measures to minimize health and environmental

        damage.

             Removal of the spill material from the site usually involves physical

        measures such as skimmers, sorbent materials, and other mechanical means

        of removal.  Vacuum trucks are an ideal means of removing quantities of

        the pollutant pooled behind a barrier, with the exception of pollutants

        with a very high or very low viscosity.  In circumstances in which extreme

    . 5 fire danger, other unusually hazardous circumstances exist or severe

                                             -8-

    environmental damage may result from physical cleanup, other cleanup

    methods may be employed as approved by the SOSC.

    Disposal

         Disposal of the pollutant and/or pollutant contaminated material

    will be in a manner and location as approved by the South Carolina

    Department of Health and Environmental Control.

    Cost Recovery

         In very unusual circumstances, the containment and cleanup of a

    spill may be done by the SCDHEC. If a spill is from either an unknown

    source or if the spiller is unable or unwilling to take the proper actions

    to contain and/or remove the spill,} and the spill is not reaching a body

    of water, the State On-Scene Coordinator has the authority to activate any

    or all portions of the Emergency Response Team in order to accomplish spill

    cleanup activities.  Personnel from other State or Federal Agencies and/or

    private spill cleanup contractors may also be requested to assist in the

    containment and cleanup of the spill.

         Once cleanup operations have been completed and the spiller has been

    identified, SCDHEC will initiate actions as specified in Section 27 of Act

    179 to recover all cost incurred by the State.  This availability of funds

    for cleanup operations by state personnel and any contracted services of

    private cleanup firms is contingent on the approval of a State Contingency

    Fund by the South Carolina Legislature.  Cleanup actions cannot be authorized

    until these moneys are available.

         Spills, as described above which enter the waters of the State, are

    handled identically with respect to containment and cleanup actions.

    However, in accordance with Section 48-43-560 of the S.C. Code of Law,

    1976, as amended and the Region IV portion of the National Contingency

    Plan, moneys from the Federal Contingency Fund will be expended to

    finance the containment and/or cleanup operations.
                                         -9-

                                           Flow Sheet No. 1
                             Numbers for Spill Notification Procedures for
                                 Oil and Other Hazardous Substances

                               Initial Observer

                               1. Spiller
                               2. S.C.D.H.E.C. field personnel
                               3. EPA or USCG
                               4. Citizen
                               5. Other state or local government agency

    S.C. D.H.E.C. Contact*                                U.S. Government Contact**

    Twenty-four (24) hour emergency                       Twenty-four (24) hour emergency
    no. 803-758-5531                                      no. 1-800-424-8802
    Personnel on call will be contacted
                                                          ** See Appendix II for regional federal
    through the answering service between the            *office            II for regional federal
    hours of 5:00 pm an 8:30 am on week-
    days and all day on week-ends and
    holida'
    *See Appendix for district office numbers.

                                           Figure No. 2
                                      Procedural Flow Diagram
                                      for Response to Spills

                                               Spill

                    I                                                          i
    Notification to State and Federal                               Notification to Other
    Environmental Control Elements                              Federal, State, Local Agencies
       (S.C.D.H.E.C., EPA' USCG)

                    0   I                                                      I
         State and Federal           I                        I Necessary Implementation of
    Fontingency Plan Implementation[                          I Emergency Programs for Spill

                    I                      0                                   I
       Containment, Clean-up- and   |  Public Information          Dismissal of All Enacted
       Recovery Operation for Spill            Press                lEmergency Programs
                                              Rad io
      *             |        :             \   TV

        Completion and Dismissal
      of Containment, Clean-up and
      Recovery Operations for Spill
                    I

     Final Report of Accidental Spill I
       and Measures Implemented

                                      APPENDIX I

                     S.C.D.H.E.C. DISTRICT OFFICES MAY BE CALLED

                         Monday - Friday   8:30 AM - 5:00 PM

    Appalachia I                  Anderson                             (803)225-3731
    Appalachia II                 Greenville                           (803)242-9850
    Appalachia III                Spartanburg                          (803)582-5681
    Catawba                       Fort Lawn                            (803)285-7461
    Central Midlands              State Park                           (803)758-4415
    Low Country                   Beaufort                             (803)524-9760
    Lower Savannah                Aiken                                (803)648-9561
    Pee Dee                       Florence                             (803)662-3522
    Trident                       Charleston Heights                   (803)554-5533
    Upper Savannah                Greenwood                            (803)223-0333
    Waccamaw                      Myrtle Beach                         (803)448-8407
    Wateree                       Sumter                               (803)773-5511

                                     APPENDIX II

                        REGIONAL FEDERAL OFFICE PHONE NUMBERS

    1)   Report all inland spills to EPA, Atlanta #404-881-4062

    2)j  Report all coastal spills to U.S. Coast Guard:

         A.   Charleston District (Edisto River north to State line)

                   Daytime #803-724-4218   r    ~-  iC
                   After 4:30 PM and weekends #803-723-5602

         B.   Savannah District  (Edisto River south to State line)

                   Daytime#912-944-4347
                   After 4:00 PM and Week-ends#912-944-4353

    3)   National Response Center - Washington, D.C. -  1-800-424-8802

                                         -12-

                                 APPENDIX III

                     BOUNDARY LINES BETWEEN USEPA AND USCG

        The USCG has Federal OSC jurisdiction over all areas of South Carolina

    East of a Line north from Savannah, Georgia, along 1-95 to the intersection

    with State #63, then, east on state #63 to U.S. 17 Alt. Then northeasterly

    on U.S. 17 Alt to state #41 at Jamestown, S.C.  Then Northerly on state #41

    to U.S. 76 at Mullins, S.C.  Then follow U.S. 76 Northeasterly to the

    N.C./S.C. Border (Figure 3).

         The USEPA has OSC jurisdiction over inland spills in South Carolina

    west of the line, described above.

         The Division of Jurisdiction between the Savannah, Georgia CG

    Office and Charleston CG Office is as follows: From the southern

    tip of Bay Point Edisto Island, South Carolina; Thence northerly along

    the eastern bank of the Edisto River to 32�41' N Latitude: Thence

    westerly to the intersection of 1-95.

                                        -13-

    Figure 3
    Federal Spill Jurisdiction

                                                  3

                            \

    I - Charleston Coast Guard Office
    II - Savannah Coast Guard Office
    III - United States Environmental Protection Agency

                                   APPENDIX 4

    SPILL HANDLING PROCEDURES*

    When spilled material is not identified, assume it is hazardous and DO:

    1.   Rope off area, or otherwise prevent contact of anyone or anything

         with spilled material.  If it is a gas, dust or volatile liquid,

         evacuate surrounding and downwind area.  If a dust or powder, cover

         with canvas, plastic sheets or other material.

    2.   Provide first aid, decontaminate with soap and water, remove

         contaminated clothing and take anyone affected by the spilled

         material to the nearest emergency hospital.  Note where they

         are sent.

    3.   In a safe manner, find out what the spilled material is.

    4.   Detain vehicle from which spill occurred.  Note any contaminated

         cargo.  Detain persons and property who have contacted spilled

         material.

    5.   Report incident to fire, police and health agencies, and ask for

         assistance.

    When spilled material is not identified, assume it is hazardous

    and DO NOT:

    1.   Wash unidentified material off roadway into a waterway or sewer

        without official authorization.

    2.   Handle leaking container or go into truck van without full pro-

         tective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus.

    3.-  Walk in spilled material or otherwise contaminate skin, boots

         clothing or vehicles.

    4.   Allow vehicles to ride over spill.

    5.   Allow anyone to eat or smoke near the spill, or provide source

         of ignition.

    When Spilled Material is Identified DO:

    1.   Obtain expert advice on what the hazards are and deal with them

         accordingly.  Health agencies, fire departments and chemical

         manufacturers can provide advice, assistance and information.

    2.   Forward the name of material to the hospital or doctor to which

         anyone was sent because of exposure.

    3.   Notify manufacturer of spilled chemical and request services

         of an expert decontamination team.

    When Spilled Material is Identified DO NOT:

    1.   Attempt to clean up any toxic material without adequate protec-

         tive clothing and appropriate equipment.

    2.   Wash any material into a waterway or sewer without official

         authorization.

                   *California State Department of Public Health
                Bureau of Occupational Health, Berkeley, California

                                        -16-

                                       South Carolina Department of
                                     Health and Environmental Control
                                             2600 Bull Street
                                          Columbia,'S.C. 29201

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