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OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS IN EAST ROCKAWAY INLET County of Nassau, New York 4`0 A X11 Nol IDS 9-0 p A N!4E I A T L A N T I C 0 C E A N Long I s I a m dR e g i o m a IP I a m m I N gB o a r d H L e eDennison 0 1 f i c eB u i I d i n g V e t e r a n sM e m a r i a IH i g h w a y TD Hauppauge, N . Y -117 88 427 P4 Dr. L e 9F . KoppolmoN 0383 1982 P r o j e c t0 i r e c t c r OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS IN EAST ROCKAWAY INLET COUNTY OF NASSAU, NEW YORK Prepared by Long Island Regional Planning Board H. Lee Dennison Office Building Veterans Memorial Highway Hauppauge, New York 11788 January 1982 CEIP Agreement D165576 Task 5.3 CEIP Grant-In-Aid Award No. NA-81-AA-D-CZ013 The preparation of this report was financially-aided through a Federal grant from the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. This report was prepared for the New York State Department of State. S - DEPARTMENT OF (30MMERCE NOAA "OASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE MARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 1AA OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS IN EAST ROCKAWAY INLET COUNTY OF NASSAU, NEW YORK Prepared By Long Island Regional Planning Board H. Lee Dennison Office Building Veterans Memorial Highway Hauppauge, New York 11788 Dr. Lee E. Koppelman Project Director Staff - DeWitt Davies Edward Mc Tiernan Mark Riegner Ronald Verbarg Michael Volpe Clarke Williams, Ph.D. Cartography Anthony Tucci S.!@pp2y@t_�t a f f Lucille Gardella Edith Sherman Jeanne Widmayer Consultants Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Francisco, CA Carl Foget Michael A. Acton Tetra Tech, Inc., Pasadena, CA James Pagenkopf Henry L.M. Fong Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................... 1 1.1 Study Overview ............................... 1 1.2 Technical Consultants .......................... 3 1.3 Review Comments ............................... 4 1.4 Background Information ........................ 4 2. Oil-Spill-Scenarios, ................................ 6 2.1 Oil Spill Scenarios ............................ 6 2.2 Likelihood of Spill Events as Described in the Scenarios ............................... 7 3. Conclusions and Recommendations ................... 8 4. drographic-.Conditions at East Rockaway Inlet ...... 10 4.1 Hydrographic Setting ........................... 10 4.2 Hydrographic Characteristics of East Rockaway Inlet ................................. 10 5* Recommended Oil Spill Response Actions,__....... 14 5.1 Introduction ................................... 14 5.2 Priority Analysis ............................... 14 5.3 Details of Oil Spill Scenario A ............... 16 5.3.1 Scenario A Parameters ................... 16 5.3.2 Spill Movement .......................... 17 5.4 Response Actions for Scenario A ................ 18 5.5 Equipment Performance for Scenario A .......... 31 5.6 Details of Oil Spill Scenario B ................ 38 5.6.1 Scenario B Parameters ................... 38 5.6.2 Spill Movement .......................... 38 5.7 Response Actions for Scenario B ................ 40 .5.8 Equipment Performance for Scenario B ........... 43 6. Re.ferences Appendix A - Review of Comments on Draft Report Submitted by Interested Parties ..... Al Appendix B - Part I - Inventory of Oil Spill Contractors & Equipment in the Long Island Region ....................... B1 Part II - Publicly Owned Oil Spill Containment & Clean-Up Equipment .... B16 Part III - Spill Equipment Owned by Long Island Terminal Association Members B20 Part IV - Spill Equipment Owned by Private Companies ................... B23 Appendix C - Oily Waste Disposal ................. C1 Appendix D - Dispersants ......................... DI Appendix E - Filter Fence/Sorbent Barrier ........ El List of 11:_gyres. 1. Location of East Rockaway Inlet Study Area ..... 11 2. Tetra-Tech Link-Node Model Results Maximum Spring Tide Flood Currents (Knots) ............. 13 3. Initial Shoreline Contamination Without Response Action Implementation - Scenario A ............ 19 4. Response Action Locations ...................... 21 5. Initial Shoreline Contamination Without Response Action Implementation Scenario B ............. 41 iv List of Tables Table Pag 1. Booming Locations and Eqdipment/Manpower Requirements 22 2. Estimated Deployment Times for Response Actions ..... 25 3. Estimated Response Times for Oil Spill Contractors in the East Rockaway Inlet Area ..................... 26 4. Estimated Deployment Times for Response Actions ...... 28 5. Equipment Rental Cost for One 10-Hour Day ........... 32 6. Labor Cost for One 10-Hour Day ...................... 33 7. Skimmer Performance Criteria ........................ 36 8. Oil Recovery Effectiveness of Skimmers for Crude Oil Spill ..................................... 37 v Acknowledgements The staff of the Long Island Regional Planning Board was greatly assisted in the preparation of this report by Mr. Harold Udell, Commissioner, Town of Hempstead, Department of Conservation and Waterways, and Mr. Tom Doheny, Director of the Department's Conservation Division. The Department provided the results of tidal current studies and also made the arrangements for a field survey of East Rockaway Inlet and the adjoining bay environments. Special thanks are due Mr. Joseph Shapiro of Commander Oil Corporation, Oyster Bay, New York, and his associate, Mr. Edgar J. Barnett, Jr.. for their efforts in organizing a Long Island Oil Terminal Association (LIOTA) oil spill cooperative. The members of LIOTA have responded by providing listings of oil spill equipment and contacts. Thanks is also extended to M;. Raymond Storwick of Cirillo Bros. Petroleum, Island Park, New York for providing a listing of oil spill equip- ment controlled by Oil City Petroleum Cooperatives. vi SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1.1 STUDY OVERVIEW The Long Island Regional Planning Board (LIRPB) with funds provided by the N.Y.S. Department of State under the Coastal Energy Impact Program, and with the assistance of the Regional Marine Resources Council and State and local government entities, initiated a three phase program in 1978 to develop options for the protection of all Long Island south shore bay environments from oil spills originating either from Atlantic Outer Con- tinental Shelf (OCS) oil production activities or the tanker transport of petroleum products in the New York Bight. There are five shallow tidal inlets along the Island's south shore that link the bay environments with the Atlantic Ocean: Shinnecock, Moriches, Fire Island, Jones and East Rockaway Inlets. Under Phase I, the LIRPB prepared a report that contained recommended response actions for the containment and cleanup of oil spills impacting the Fire Island Inlet region (Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1979). Phase II, which was completed earlier in 1981, recommended response actions for oil spills impacting Jones and Shinnecock Inlets (LIRPB, 198la-, 1981b). The subject report, Oil Spill Response Actions in East Rockaway Inlet., and a companion report for Moriches Inlet represent the final phase in this planning effort. All of the response plans prepared under this program provide detailed site specific information for use by the U.S. Government On-Scene Coordinator in responding to significant oil spill events. The program addresses the need as identified in the N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation report, New York State and Outer Continental Shelf Developn@er@t_-_An Assessment-of-Impacts, for the development of adequate oil spill cleanup capability. Oil spills - either from OCS activities or the tanker transport of petroleum - will continue to occur in the future in or near New York's coastal zone.* Coastal areas are fortunate if oil spills occur offshore. However, spills resulting from tanker transport activities in, and around, the south shore inlets pose crises requiring a rapid response if meaningful attempts are to be made to safeguard valuable marine resources found in shallow bays.** While little can be done to prevent the spill from impacting natural areas, certain response actions, as identified in this report can, to a limited degree, contain and collect oil before it fouls widespread portions of the pro- ductive habitats found in the barrier beach lagoons. Oil spill contingency plans usually take the form of chain-of-command lists that identify responsibility for spill cleanup, and contain the addresses of potential contractors who have spill cleanup equipment. The state-of-the-art of such plans has been improved through the development of detailed, feasible oil spill cleanup strategies for the East Rockaway region. The strategies contain information on how and where available oil spill containment-cleanup equipment can be most effectively deployed in an initial response effort. *The worst oil spill in Long Island waters since authorities began keeping records of such incidents in 1972 occurred on 11 January 1978 when the tank barge Bouchard 100 spilled 210,000 gallons of heating oil into Long Island Sound waters near Eatons Neck. **On 23 February 1981, the Coast Guard informed the LIRPB that a barge contain- ing 2.7 million gallons of #6 oil was adrift in heavy seas eight miles south of Shinnecock Inlet. The barge broke from tow and there were no people aboard the vessel. The wind direction in the afternoon was from the southeast, and It was expected to shift to the southwest during the course of a storm pre- dicted for the evening of 23 February. Coast Guard vessels were on the scene, and an attempt was being scheduled to reconnect the tow rope apparatus. For- tunately, the barge was reconnected during the early morning hours of 24 February and there was no spillage of oil. There are probably many events of this nature occurring that do not result in actual spills. However, the events continue to pose the potential of major oil spills along the south shore of Long Island that could seriously impact not only the ocean shoreline, but bay shorelines as well. 2 The potential oil spill problem and its relationship to the south shore bays has been documented in N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation (1977), Long Island Regional Planning Board (1979), Hardy, Baylor, Moskowitz and Robbins (1975), and Stewart and Devanney (1974). These reports contain information on the susceptibility of Long Island's south shore to oil spills, as well as the environmental and economic con- sequences associated with such spills. Suffice it to say that an oil spill impacting the south shor e bays could have a devastating ef f ect on estuarine habitats that support extensive commercial and recreational fisheries and waterfowl populations. These bays are also used extensively for recreational boating and water-related recreational activities. The three oil terminals and tank farms at Island Park and Oceanside depend upon petrol eum products shipped through East Rockaway Inlet and Reynolds Channel. The volume of tanker traffic in the region an d obstacles to navigation together pose a potential oil spill threat to the extensive wetland system north of Reynolds Channel. Special measures recommended in this report will be required to mitigate potential environmental losse s from further spills in the area. 1.2 TECHNICAL CONSULTANTS The conduct of this study required the services of consultants having expertise in: 1. oil spill containment and cleanup technology, and; 2. hydrodynamic modeling. Woodward-Clyde Consultants of San Francisco, CA and Tetra Tech, Inc., of Pasadena, CA were retained by the LIRPB for these services. The process employed by the LIRPB in selecting consultants is reviewed in Long Island 3 Regional Planning Board (1979) and other documentation prepared under Contract D142688 for the Fire Island Inlet spill response study. 1.3 REVIEW COMMENTS Review comments on all phases of the work performed in the development of this spill control plan for East Rockaway Inlet were solicited by the staff. Meetings with local government personnel and the Regional Marine Resources Council were utilized to monitor consultant performance and dis- cuss the technical aspects of oil spill control. Appendix A contains a digest of comments raised by interested parties regarding the oil spill contingency plan presented here. This digest is an integral part of this report, as it contains information pertaining to the implementation of re- commended strategies detailed in Section 5. 1.4 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Part of this program was devoted to the preparation of inventory informa- tion on subjects germane to the cleanup and disposal of oily wa;te. Appendix B contains an inventory of oil spill equipment available in the Long Island region. This appendix is in four parts: 1. equipment owned by'spill contractors and spill cooperatives; 2. equipment owned by Federal, State and local agencies; 3. equipment owned by members of the Long Island Oil Terminal Association (LIOTA) under cooperative cleanup agreement; and 4. equipment owned by private companies. Appendix C consists of an up-to-date listing of facilities that are capable of processing oily waste, as well as a listing of approved waste oil collectors located in the New York Metropolitan Region. Preparation of this appendix was necessary because of the problems associated with finding a location for the disposal of oilcontaminated materials resulting from spill cleanup. 4 Information on dispersants, their application techniques and environ- mental effects is contained in Appendix D. Appendix E deals with sorbent barrier construction for use at the entrances to mosquito ditches and other low current areas. SECTION 2 OIL SPILL SCENARIO The primary objective of this study is the development of recommended initial response actions to prevent or minimize oil pollution in the Nassau County south shore bay system that might result from oil spills occurring in the East Rockaway Inlet. In order to develop initial response plans it was necessary for the LIRPB staff to define an oil spill scenario that would reflect various factors influencing the selection of response actions. The scenarios described below represent "worst case" situations and are based on the characteristics of petroleum transport activities in East Rockaway Inlet. 2.1 OIL SPILL SCENARIOS Of the five inlets on the south shore of Long Island, East Rockaway Inlet receives the most significant amount of petroleum product, on the order of 12-14 barges per week. While both small and large spills associated with tanker casualties Are not uncommon events when viewed on a global scale, it is not possible to make accurate predictions of spill events, and the prob- abilities associated with them on local time and space scales. In general terms, smaller spills are more probable than larger spills, but again, quanti- fication of the likelihood of such spills was not attempted in this report. The following scenarios, developed by the staff for the preparation of a spill response plan at East Rockaway Inlet, reflect petroleum transport acti- vities in the inlet region. Scenario A: A 60,000 barreZ capacity barge on its way to the Hog IsZand ChanneZ power pZant strikes a jetty or coZZides with another vesseZ in the narrowconfines of the inZet during summer weather conditions. One of the barge's main cargo tanks wouLd be dconaged.,.causing the immediate reZease of 7,800 barreLs of No. 6 residuaZ oiZ. 6 Scenario B: A 60,000 barrel capacity barge collides with a bridge support of the Atlantic Beach Toll Bridge in Reynolds Channel during winter weather conditions. one cargo tank would be dcanaged, releasing 7,800 barrels of No. 6 residual oiZ. The oil spill technology consultant was instructed to amplify these scenarios through the provision of sufficient detail that would be required in the formulation of spill control strategies. 2.2 LIKELIHOOD OF SPILL EVENTS AS DESCRIBED IN THE SCENARIOS The oil spill events described above are based on characteristics of petroleum transport in East Rockaway Inlet. The scenarios were designed to include spills occurring during both summer and winter and reflect the possibility of a barge casualty occurring within the inlet. While both small and large spills associated with oil transport are not uncommon events when viewed on a global scale, it is not possible to make accurate predictions of spill events, and the probabilities associated with them on local time and space scales. For the purposes of oil spill planning, it was necessary to relate response actions to an event whose occurrence is possible in the inlet, and has the potential for causing a major environmental disruption. 7 SECTION 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In both scenarios presented here, only limited time would exist in which to implement the necessary spill response action. This is due to the close proximity of the spills to various sensitive areas within Hempstead Bay. Oil from either of the spills would reach Broad Channel in approximately three hours, where it would pose a serious threat to the extensive marshlands of Brosewere and Hewlett Bays. Waterfront property in Long Beach, Harbor Isle, and Island Park would also be threatened within a very short time span. while Atlantic Beach and Lawrence Marsh would be exposed almost immediately. To protect as many of these areas as possible, an effective, very rapid spill response effort would be vital. To insure this effort, spill response equipment would have to be stored, ready for deployment, at a location such as Hempstead Town Marina West. With adequate equip- ment stored on hand, response actions by local groups could be implemented in approximately 3.5 hours, limiting oil contamination to the western end of Reynolds Channel. Also necessary for this effort would be the use of a supercompactible boom. The compactible boom has an advantage over the conventional boom because more of the boom can be carried in a boat for deployment at the site. This lowers the response times because the boats can travel.to the response locations at 15-20 knots with the boom on board, as opposed to a speed of 2-4 knots with the boom in tow. Therefore. it is recommended that 1,000 ft. of Kepner Supercompactible Boom be purchased for storage at Hempstead Town Marina West. This boom has the performance char- acteristics necessary for quick deployment and effective containment of oil. The approximate cost of this boom would amount to $15,000, or $15 per foot. 8 If no spill response equipment is stored locally, and the response is mounted by outside contractors with their own equipment, roughly 7 hours would be required to carry out the predetermined response action. By this time, oil would have already been carried up into the marsh areas at Brosewere Bay, and along Reynolds Channel toward Island Park. There- fore, it is strongly recommended that adequate spill response equipment be stored at a strategic location such as Hempstead Town Marina West, The use of skimmers for cleaning oil under the wintertime conditions presented in Scenario B would most likely be infeasible due to the highly viscous, solidified nature of the oil. Other alternatives for oil pickup on water include using debris or scavenger boats, "boatadozers", LCM's with opening front bays, and boats with boom or netting deployed between them to corral the oil and tow it ashore for cleanup. The construction of permanent anchor points at all shoreline boom termination points is advisable to help minimize spill response times. This would provide stable anchoring points for booms with high tensile forces placed on them (i.e., diversion booms) and would eliminate the need for response crews to locate suitable anchoring points during an actual response when time is limited. Spill response actions implemented after the first day are not con- sidered in this report due to the difficulty in predicting oil movement once it has contacted shoreline. Water and shoreline cleanup typically could take up to fourteen days. 9 SECTION 4 HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS AT EAST ROCKAWAY INLET In order to assess those environmental factors which would constrain oil spill containment and cleanup operations it was necessary to review and analyze the existing hydrographic data for East Rockaway Inlet. It was determined that computer modeling of currents in and around East Rockaway Inlet would be used to supplement available data (Tetra Tech, Inc. 1981). 4.1 HYDROGRAPHIC SETTING East Rockaway Inlet connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Nassau County south shore bay system, a series of interconnecting estuaries on the south shore of Long Island. Figure 1 shows the location of the study area. East Rockaway Inlet is located at the western terminus of this bay system and interacts with Jones Inlet, towards the east, in this region. Reynolds Channel, located on the shore side of the barrier beach, is the main con- nection between East Rockaway and Jones Inlet. Approximately 700 million cubic feet of water passes through East Rock- away Inlet on an average tide. Water transport and exchange through East Rockaway Inlet primarily affects Hempstead Bay located to the west of Middle, East and South Oyster Bay. The major channels in Hempstead Bay, from west to east, are Woodsburgh, Broad and Hog Island which are all dredged to depths of about 10 feet. Between the channels are tidal flats, marshes and built-up islands. To the north and east are two open areas of water known as Hewlett and Broswere Bays, both of which are bounded by highly urbanized areas. Broswere Bay is very shallow while Hewlett Bay, which makes up north central Hempstead Bay, is dredged to about 35 feet in some places. 4.2 HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EAST ROCKAWAY INLET The tides within the study area are semi-duirnal, with a period of 12.42 hours. The mean tidal range at the mouth of East Rockaway Inlet is about 4.1 10 m SEE SEE m ME m m NEW m SEE m C 14EO Poll%% So 100 0 n9 co s LOCATIOt ........... MV0 001 (n) EAN 06 GRAPHIC -rL.A N A 10 50 FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF EAST ROCKAWAY AND MORICHES INLET STUDY AREA feet, with a spring range of 5.0 feet. The maximum observed ocean storm tide south of Jones Inlet, slightly to the east, was 9.4 feet above mean sea level (MSL) and the minimum tide has been estimated at 6 feet below MSL (Tetra Tech, Inc. 1981). Along the south shore of Long Island the prevailing winds are from the, southwest. On a seasonal basis, the prevailing winds are from the southwest from April through October, from the west in November and December, and from the northwest in January, February and March. At sea, winds from the west- erly quadrants prevail. The East Rockaway Inlet area is also subject to hurricanes and extratropical cyclones, known as northeasters (Tetra Tech, Inc. 1981). The currents within East Rockaway Inlet and its interior channels are primarily controlled by tidal action. As a result, current velocities vary with tidal stage and directions reverse approximately every 6.2 hours. NOAA current tables indicate average maximum currents in the inlet of 2.2 and 2.3 knots on flood and ebb tides, respectively. The LIRPB contracted with Tetra Tech, Inc., to conduct a detailed analysis of tidal and wind induced currents in the vicinity of East Rockaway Inlet. The purpose of this analysis was to define current magnitudes and directions under varying tide and wind conditions. This analysis included the application of a semi-one-dimensional link-node model of the south shore bay system which was used to fill data gaps. The model was used to calculate mean tidal ranges, co-tidal lines with arrival times and current velocities under spring and neap tide conditions. Model results for spring tide current velocities are summarized in Figure 2. The full results of this analysis can be found in Tetra Tech, Inc., (1981). 12 F ... p-t 0...... d. -j 'pe WWMUM MEASURED FLOOD VELOCITY -rA; Station Maximum Flood Vel (knots) F G 0 :8 6 1.8 all, F., R..k..., J. 0.6 0 1.3 P-? L-k..f 14 -Ationfic Bw ch Udo 8-h ArLANrIC OCEAN AtE V-1 0 --c Ir FIGURE 2 TETRA TEcH LINK-NoDE %DEL RESLILTS MAXIMUM SPRINGTiDE FLOOD CLRREN-rs (KNOTS) SECTION 5 RECOMMENDED OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION East Rockaway Inlet connects the Atlantic Ocean with the series of interlinking bays and estuaries that comprise Hempstead Bay at the west end of Long Island's South Shore Bay System. The shoreline areas surrounding Hempstead Bay are heavily populated. The waterways that criss-cross the area are lined with private docks and marinas and are used extensively for boating, fishing, and other recreational activities. Lawrence Marsh, on the north side of Reynolds Channel, as well as the marsh areas in Brosewere and Hewlett Bays, are important habitatsfor a variety of waterfowl and fish. Barges laden with oil must periodically pass through East Rockaway Inlet to supply the power plant facilities in Hog Island Channel on and near Anderson Island. Because of this barge traffic, the potential for an oil spill to occur does exist. An oil spill at or within the Inlet could have adverse effects on the ecological and economic resources in the area. If efficient spill containment and cleanup actions were imple- mented these detrimental effects could be minimized. The degree to which these spill -response actions can be effectively implemented is predicted using a wide variety of incident specific factors, such as ocean and channel currents and tides, type and quantity of oil spilled, prevailing winds, and available spill response resources. By examining hypothetical spill scenarios that approximate potential local spill incidents, the feasibility and effectiveness of response actions can be predicted with sufficient accuracy for planning purposes. 5.2 PRIORITY ANALYSIS An oil spill at or near the entrance to East Rockaway Inlet would adversely affect the natural, residential, commercial, and industrial 14 resources of the area. In the event of such a spill, certain of these resources should receive protection and cleanup priority because of their environmental or economic sensitivity to the effects of spilled oil. All marshland located in Hempstead Bay should receive priority con- sideration, and every effort should be made to exclude oil from entering these areas. Not only are these marshlands susceptible to the toxic and smothering effects of spilled oil, but oil also tends to persist for longer periods of times in these areas. In addition, they provide necessary wild- life habitat areas, some of the more important of which include: o Crooked Creek nesting area for Gallinules. Least Terns, and Clapper Rails o Lawrence Marsh wintering waterfowl (e.g. Canada Geese, and Brant) o Hicks Beach - heron rookery o North Green Sedge - heron rookery o Pearsalls Hassock - largest heron rookery on Long Island in 1979 o East Channel Islands - important shellfish area The town beach on Hog Island Channel, across from East Meadow, should receive priority consideration because of its recreational value. Resi- dential shoreline areas such as the Lido Canals, and commercial-recreational areas, including Harbor Isle, Island Park Channel, Shell Creek, and the Upper Hog Island Channel Terminal, while not as environmentally sensitive as the wildlife areas, should also receive priority consideration. The entire south shore of Reynolds Channel from East Rockaway Inlet to eastern Long Beach is characterized by extensive bulkheading and mooring berths and should receive secondary consideration in spill protection and cleanup. 15 5.3 DETAILS OF OIL SPILL SCENARIO A The scenario was evaluated using the following procedure: � Slick Modeling. The general trajectory and spread of the spill was predicted for the scenario conditions. Key data desired from this effort included net movement of the slick within the inlet and probable extent of water and shoreline contamination. � Priority Analysis. This analysis considered the resources of the immediate area and their biological, aesthetic. recreational, and economic values. These resources were assigned primary or secondary protection priorities according to both their sensitivity to spilled oil and their values. � Local/Regional Response. Local and regional oil spill response re- sources were inventoried and their probable response times evaluated. Response time evaluations were based on an initial reaction and mobi-- lization period, estimated travel time to the response site, and es- timated deployment time as a function of equipment type. � Lquj2p,@nt_Performance.. Most spill control equipment only functions effectively within a certain range of environmental conditions. This evaluation considered any limiting characteristics of the inlet and vicinity, limiting scenario criteria such as winter temperatures, and performance characteristics of locally and regionally available equip- ment. o Scenario Assessment. The preceding factors were assessed for response feasibility, effectiveness, and generalized impacts. 5.3.1 Scenario A Parameters This scenario considers a spill at the entrance to East Rockaway inlet. The source of the spill would be a 60,000-barrel capacity barge on its way 16 to the Hog Island Channel power plant. Two likely causes of the accident involve the barge striking a jetty or a collision with another vessel in the narrow confines of the Inlet. One of the barge's main cargo tanks would be damaged, causing the immediate release of 7,800 barrels of No. 6 residual oil. Other pertinent spill scenario parameters include the following: Spill Size. Loss of one main cargo tank is assumed, approximate volume 7,800 barrels (327,600 gallons), total release within minutes. Oil Characteristic. Oil density at .970 gm/cm 3 (10 API Gravity), pour point of 18-700F, viscosity of 800 sus at 1000F. Season. Summer. Tide. Accident would occur at the start of flood tide. Winds.. From the south at 10 knots. Waves., Calm conditions, waves less than 1 foot at East Rockaway Inlet. Temperature.. 800F. 5.3.2 Spill Movement Predictions of oil slick movement were extrapolated from current modeling provided by Tetra-Tech (1981). Since the spill incident occurred at the start of flood tide, the slick would be carried eastward with the incoming tide. Winds from the south would tend to drive the oil toward the north bank of Reynolds Channel. One of the first areas to be contaminated by oil'would be the beach on the north side of the Inlet. Oil would tend to collect there behind the numerous jetties. After approximately 3 hours the slick would contaminate Lawrence Marsh and would then move north up Broad Channel and farther east along Reynolds Channel. Aided by both currents and south winds, 17 oil moving up Broad Channel would impact the marshlands of Brosewere and Hewlett Bays. By the end of the initial flood tide, migration of oil would extend east along Reynolds Channel to Garretts Lead and East Channel. It is here that the flood tides from East Rockaway and Jones Inlet meet. Oil reaching this area from East Rockaway Inlet during flood tide would not move farther east along Reynolds Channel due to the opposing flood tide moving west from Jones Inlet. Southerly winds would force oil in this zone up into Garrett Lead. During the ensuing ebb tide, some of this oil would then be carried farther east along Reynolds Channel and out Jones Inlet. Figure 3 also shows the extent of shoreline contamination without the implementation of the predetermined spill response actions. Approximately 18 miles of shoreline, 14 of which are marsh, would be impacted bv the oil slick. If response actions were effectively carried out, oil could be ex- cluded from entering much of Lawrence Marsh as well as the marsh areas of Brosewere Bay and Broad Channel. The southerly winds would tend to push oil away from the south side of Reynolds Channel. No. 6 residual oil is a heavy oil, subject to small evaporative losses under these circumstances. During the initial flood tide following the spill, approximately 10 percent (780 barrels) of the initial 7,800 barrels would be lost through evaporation. 5.4 RESPONSE ACTIONS FOR SCENARIO A Response to an oil spill typically includes attempts to contain the spilled oil, to exclude it from environmentally sensitive areas, and to remove it. When considering overall impact, response actions that limit the area of oil contamination are most significant. For the scenario in question, feasible protection response actions to the predicted movement of the spilled oil were considered. These actions were developed by setting priorities for sensitive areas that might be impacted by spilled oil. Type 18 n, 7, -7, - 'o. EAST MCKAW Y X .61 F4,Y( Hfj 6TI ,NAL A @,POR' 7 v,- 4-s@ %, @_i, W@ @@k gg 11WN HF. 1@tt' pa, 'sw y @JFA,k'. H- lett;Rt3@ Harb- V1, NIS tit V@ L NWOOD :,F"': 'j,' 5,1 5 "N -0 7, r,6, -,"J" I N w 0 0 ij N@ 4 09- 0 tk Lip. r, A P.,k Fax R-k.way 4 c rrk N-Z .rr A_ .8 0.7 c P, IN -_0.6 R Av :2 N 0 1.2 0.8 qp ATLANTIC BEACH k n I I a 17 A WGI It .4", @F 'r-T" 7 Ow.. T A T L A N T I C 0 C E A N 0 1/2 mile and amount of oil spill equipment available in the New York area, pre- vailing environmental conditions (water depth, current velocities, access, areas of natural oil accumulation, air and water temperatures), and spill response time were all considered in determining the feasibility of the responses. Because of the spill's location, only a minimal amount of time would be available in which to mobilize a concerted spill response effort. As one can see from Figure 3,oil would reach the Hicks Beach-Lawrence Marsh area in approximately three hours. Since the incoming tide and southerly winds would tend to drive the oil toward the northern shore of Reynolds Channel, diversion and exclusion booms deployed on this shore at creek and marsh entrances, across channels, and in between islands would prevent or limit contamination in Lawrence Marsh and the marshlands adjoining Broad Channel. Booms deployed out into Reynolds Channel to divert oil ashore at strategic locations should also be utilized. Figure 4 shows the locations of booming sites and points where vacuum trucks and small skimmers would be used to recover oil. Small skimmers would be used in conjunction with the two diversion booms on Reynolds Channel, as well as with the exclusion booms at the Long Island Railroad Trestle Swing Bridge and the Long Beach Bridge. Staging area for the spill response effort would be Hempstead Town Marina West. Table 1 lists the spill response actions for the East Rockaway Inlet area. Deployment of spill response equipment at the recommended locations should not be a problem because of the predominance of deeper water (greater than six feet deep) and lack of fast currents over 1 knot (see Figure 3). 20 rl 4V 4 vtJ T1, Dj- % _oj" 'T MCKAWA k EA,1 N't 0, J., MW ON A L Pj T I Rfi, 4 T A I IR P 0 P T P"A N, H-1,tt` a, k' rc) dob. F@ V1. A,.A Ba, gz VV,,--,dsburgh rz "t ze Say -mk P. L Far R..k.,,A 'land 41' ",Zx Park J@-'74 Z 1b . al 0 00-0 if- J14 10 C - 11- -A 16 R y 0 L D [13:$e 70 f fr-nl 1 t-t N-' ATLAN11c nEAGIfy C6 7 . ..... J f @1. j F @T, j X 95 V @1 to. R i T op 71 I C mile Tablo 1. BOOMING LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT/MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS Estimated Equipment and Manpower Response Time First Day Booming Number Length and Boom Required to Deploy and a From Hempstead Respons b and Location Type Required Maintain Booms and Skim Oil Town Marina West Action C:st 1. Cedarhurat Yacht Club 300 ft Kepner I - Boat v/2 man crew 1.0 hr. 350 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 2 - Anchors Boomd 2. Crooked Creek 200 ft Kepner I -Boat v/2 man crew 1.0 hr 300 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 2 -Anchors Boom 3. Lawrence Marsh-Creek 100 ft Kepner I -Boat w/2 man crew 0.8 hr $ 200 Entrance Supercompactible 2 -Anchors Exclusion Booming Boom 4. Lawrence Harsh-Creek 100 ft Kepner I -Boat w/2-man crew 0.8 hr $ 200 Entrance Supercompactible 2 -Anchors Exclusion Booming Boom 5. Lawrence Marsh-Creek 100 ft Kepner I -Boat w/2-man crew 0.8 hr $ 200 Entrance Supercompactible 2 -Anchors N3 Exclusion Booming Boom 6. Say Canal 100 ft Kepner I -Boat v/2-man crew 0.8 hr $ 200 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 2 -Anchors Boom 7. Anchor Basin 100 ft Kepner I -Boat v/2-man crew 0.8 hr $ 200 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 2 -Anchors Boom 8. Hicks Beach 1000 ft Kepner I -Boat v/3-man crew would 1.6 hr $ 1400 Diversion Booming Supercompactible remain to tend boom Boom I -Small skimmer w/2-man crew Ion shore' I -500-gallon pillow tank c 4 -Anchors 9. Long Beach 1000 ft-Kepner I -Boat w/3 man crew would 1.6 hr 1500 Diversion Booming Supercampactible remain to tend boom Boom I -Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 4 -Anchors 10. Broad Channel-West 1500 ft Kepner I -Boat w/3-man crew 2.3 hr 1000 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 6 -Anchors Boom 11. Broad Channel-East 250 ft Kepner I -Boat w/2-man crew 0.8 hr 300 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 2 -Anchors Boom Table 1. BOOMING LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT/MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS (concluded) Estimated Equipment and Manpower Response Time First Day Booming Number Length and Boom Required to Deploy and a From Hempstead Re Pon eeb t! and Location Type Required Maintain Booms and Skim Oil Town Marina West Ac Ion cost 12. Rog Island Channel- 300 ft Kepner 1 -Boat w/2-man crew 0.8 hr 350 West Supercompactible 2- Anchors Exclusion Booming Boom 13. Hog Island Channel- 300 ft Kepner I- Boat w/2-man crew would 0.8 hr 700 East Supercompactible remain to tend boom Exclusion Booming Boom 2- Anchors 14. Island Park Channel 200 ft Kepner I- Boat v/2-man crew 0.6 hr 250 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible 2- Anchors Boom 15. L.I.R.R. Trestle 1000 ft Kepner I Boat v/3-man crew would 1.5 hr 1500 Swing Bridge Supercompactible remain to tend boom Exclusion Booming Boom I Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 4- Anchors 15. Long Beach Bridge 800 ft Kepner I- Boat w/3-man crew would 1.2 hr 1400 Exclusion Booming Supercompactible remain to tend boom Boom I- Vacuum truck and 2-man crew v/small skimmer an shore 3- Anchors Deeper Water@- 300 ft Optimax 6- Boats w/2-man crews $11,000 Self-Propelled Curtain Boom 3- Self-propelled skimmers Skimmers VVV0 (2-50' sections w/2-man crews Booms v/each skimmer) aSource: C.R. Foget et al., 1979. bSource: C.R. Foget 1981. cFlexible, portable, rubber storage bag. d Kepner Supercompactible Boom is the ideal boom for use in a spill situation in which a rapid response is required. Locally available MP Boom, although not ideal, is adequate for purposes of this plan. Shallow water would hamper boat travel to response locations, boom deploy- ment, and skimming operations. Currents in excess of I knot would cause booms to lose much of their effectiveness in containing oil or water. One particular factor that could make response actions difficult to conduct would be the closing of the railroad trestle bridge across Reynolds Channel. Under normal operating conditions, the bridge is usually only closed for approximately ten minutes to allow passenger trains to cross the channel. However, in the past, due to mechanical failure (or other problems), the bridge has remained closed for days at a time, impeding boat traffic along Reynolds Channel. If the bridge was stuck in the closed posi- tion at the time of a spill, vessels from Hempstead Town Marina West would be prohibited from responding to a spill west of the bridge. In the event that such a situation arose, response boats could be launched west of the bridge at Nassau County Police Headquarters or Long Beach Sports Marina. Both locations have boat ramps. Table 2 gives the estimated total response time for boom deployment at each location with equipment supplied by local spill contractors. These re- sponse times take into account a period at 4.5 hours (average taken from Table 3) for the contractors to transport their equipment to Hempstead Town Marina West and get the equipment into the water. A lag time is also added to some of the response times because it may not be possible to have separate boats respond simultaneously to each booming location. In computing these spill response times, 10 boats were used for boom deployment. As one can see from Table 2, total response times vary between 5 and 7 hours. As shown in Figure 3, after approximately 4 hours,the oil slick already would have con- taminated Lawrence Marsh, as well as the marsh areas adjoining Broad Channel. 24 Table 2. ESTIMATED DEPLOYMENT TIMES FOR RESPONSE ACTIONS Average Minimum Response Time To Travel Time to Time Required Total Hempstead Town Boom Deployment to Deploy Boom Lag Response Marina East Location at Location Time Time (hours) Booming Location (hours) (hours) (hours) (hours) Response by 4.5 1 - Cedarhurst Yacht Club 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.0 Contractors with their 4.5 2 - Crooked Creed 0.5 0.5 0 5.5 own equipment 4.5 3 - Lawrence Marsh Creek Entrance 0.4 0.4 0 5.3 4.5 4 - Lawrence Marsh Creek Entrance 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.7 4.5 5 - Lawrence Marsh Creek Entrance 0.4 0.4 0.8 6.1 4.5 6 - Day Canal 0.4 0.4 0 5.3 Ln 4.5 7 Anchor Basin 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.7 4.5 8 Hicks Beach 0.3 1.3 0 6.1 4.5 9 Long Beach 0.3 1.3 0 6.1 4.5 10 Broad Channel-West 0.3 2.0 0 6.8 4.5 It Broad Channel-East 0.3 0.5 0 5.3 4.5 12 - Hog Island Channel-Went 0.3 0.5 0.4 5.7 4.5 13 - Hog Island Channel-East 0.3 0.5 0.9 6.2 4.5 14 - Island Park Channel 0.2 0.4 0 5.1 4.5 15 - L.I.R.R. Trestle Swing Bridge 0.2 1.3 0 6.0 4.5 16 - Long Beach Bridge 0.2 1.0 0 5.7 @Mw moo ww" me ww@ am M W@ wm@ Table 3. ESTIMATED RESPONSE TIMES FOR OIL SPILL COWMCTORS IN THE EAST ROCKAWAY INLET Am (To Hempstead Tovn Marias, West) Distance Mobiliza- a Travel Boom Deplor Boat Deploy- Contractor to Inlet tion Time Time ment Time meat Time Total Response Time Clean Harbors 24 ai 1.5 bra .5 br Compactible--I hr .25 hr 3.25 to 4.25 bra (Verrazano Bridge) Standard--2 bra Clean Harbors 32 ni 1.5 bra .75 br Compactible--I hr .25 hr 3.5 to 4.5 bra (Upper Arthur Kill) Standard--2 bra Clean Harbors 39 mi 1.5 bra I br Compactible--I hr .25 hr 3.75 to 4.75 bra (Perth Amboy) Standard--2 bra Clean Venture 35 mi 1.5 bra I br Standard--2 bra .25 hr 4.75 bra (Linden) Coastal Services 32 ni 1.5 bra .75 hr Standard--2 bra .25 hr 4.5 bra (Elizabeth) Marine Pollution 48 ni 1.5 bra 1.25 bra Standard--2 bra .25 hr 5 bra Control (Port Jefferson) Clean Water 65 ni 1.5 bra 2 bra Standard-2 bra .25 br 5.75 bra (Tome River) A&A Pollution 23 mi 1.5 bra .5 hr Standard-2 bra .25 hr 4.25 bra (Long Island City) Moran-Crovley 38 mi 1.5 bra I hr Standard--2 bra .25 hr 4.75 bra (Carteret) aIncludes .5 bra for notification and I hr to got equipment on the road. bAverage speed of 40 mph. CTime required to unpack, assemble, and launch 1,000 ft of boom. In order to protect these sensitive areas from oil contamination, a more rapid spill response effort is required. Such an effort is feasible if selec- ted oil spill equipment is stored at Hempstead Town Marina West, and spill response actions are implemented by the Town of Hempstead Department of Conservation and Waterways. A locally mounted spill response effort using equipment stored at the staging area would require 1.5 to 3.5 hours to exe- cute, as shown in Table 4. This would provide adequate time to deploy booms at the majority of predesignated locations prior to arrival of the oil slick. Spill response equipment now available in the East Rockaway Inlet area is stored at a number of locations. The list of oil companies operating locally includes B.P., Exxon, Gulf, Sunoco, and Cibro. These companies are members of Oil City Petroleum Cooperative and maintain a total of approximately 3,500 feet of boom. Excluding Cibro, all the companies are members of the Clean Harbors Cooperative. The towns of Hempstead and North Hempstead have 1,500 and 600 feet of boom, respectively. The Town of Babylon is in the process of purchasing 1,300 feet of boom. Finally, the U.S. Coast Guard maintains 1,500 feet of boom at their local stations. This gives a total of approximately 8,500 feet of boom that is or will soon be on location near East Rockaway Inlet. Having this boom stored at various locations could increase the time in which it takes to mounta spill response effort. Idso, none of this locally available boom is of a compactible type, making it: more difficult to fit the necessary amounts of boom into response vessels. To aid in assuring more rapid spill response times, 1,000 feet of Kepner Supercompactible boom should be stored at Hempstead Town Marina West. This boom would be deployed at the diversion point on flicks Beach. Boom stored in a trailer by Hempstead Town is available for rapid deployment at Long Beach. The timely and effective deployment of booms at these two locations is vital 27 an moo wMaw""'aw 40"AW90 MMME 'Table 4. ESTIPATED DEPLOYMENT TusS VOR RESPONSE ACTIONS Average Kin Response Time To Travel Time to Time Required Total Hempstead Town Boom Deployment to Deploy Boom Lag Response marina East Location at Location Time Time (hours) Booming Location (hours) (hours) (hours) (hours) Response by Town 1.0 1 - Cedarhurst Yacht Club 0.5 of Hempstead Dept. 0.5 0.5 2.5 of Conserv.rtogg 1.0 2 - Crooked Creed 0.5 0.5 0 2.0 and Waterways. if oil spill 1.0 3 - Lawrence Marsh Creek equipment is Entrance 0.4 0.4 0 1.8 stored at Hempstead Town 1.0 4 - Lawrence Marsh Creek Marina West Entrance 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.2 (Vacuum trucks frogs local 1.0 5 - Lawrence Marsh Creek contractors) Entrance 0.4 0.4 0.8 2.6 N) 1.0 6 - Bay Canal 0.4 0.4 0 1.8 00 1.0 7 - Anchor Basin 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.2 1.0 8 - Hicks Beach 0.3 1.3 0 2.6 1.0 9 - Long Beach 0.3 1.3 0 2.6 1.0 10 - Broad ChAnnel-Ve&t 0.3 2.0 0 3.3 1.0 11 - Broad Channel-East 0.3 0.5 0 1.8 1.0 12 - Hog Island Channel-Went 0.3 0.5 0.4 2.2 1.0 13 - Rog Island Channel-East 0.3 0.5 0.9 2.7 1.0 14 - Island Park Channel 0.2 0.4 0 1.6 1.0 15 - L.I.R.R. Trestle Swing Bridge 0.2 1.3 0 2.5 1.0 16 - Long Beach Bridge 0.2 1.0 0 2.2 in limiting the spread of the oil slick. Boom from the oil companies, the towns of Hempstead and North Hempstead, and the Coast Guard Station at Short Beach could be used for exclusion deployment at the sensitive areas immediately threatened by contamination. Additional boom from less adjacent sources such as the Town of Babylon and the Coast Guard Group Rockaway Station could be used to protect sites where an extra hour or so is available in which to respond prior to the slick's arrival. Locally available boom should be adequate for use at locations requiring less than approximately 200 feet. Separate boom segments would most likely have to be coupled to meet the long lengths required at some of the sites such as the railroad trestle swing bridge and Long Beach Bridge. The use of a compactible boom type is essential in assuring these rapid spill responses. Instead of boats towing booms to the various loca- tions at a slow speed (approximately 2 knots), compactible booms could be carried inside the boats to be deployed at the site. Using this method the boats could travel much more rapidly (15-20 knots) to the booming locations. Compactible boom is advantageous to use because when packed it takes up less space than conventional boom, so the required amounts can be easily fit into response boats. One disadvantage to this is that boom is more difficult to deploy from a boat than from a dock or boat launch. A boat would have to remain at each of the diversion booming locations at Hicks Beach and Long Beach to tend the boom. Boats would also have to be stationed at the L.I.R.R. swing bridge and Long Beach Bridge to reposition the boom so as to allow unimpeded vessel traffic (i.e. spill response boats from Hempstead Town Marina West) along Reynolds Channel. If barge traffic is permitted up Hog Island Channel to the power plant, a boat would have to be positioned to move the boom there also. 29 The total response times given are for optimum conditions. Calls or assistance during other than working hours (nights, weekends, or hfolidays), poor road conditions, heavy road traffic, or inclement wea- ther, would increase these times by a factor of two or three, Also, in both contractor and local group responses, anywhere from 3 to 10 hours are required for vacuum truck arrival. Open water skimming should be employed to help pick up oil. Seven self-propelled skimmers are now or soon to be available in the New York City area. These skimmers would be able to operate freely in the main channels because of the abundance of water with a depth greater than feet (all but one of these vessels have a 6 foot draft or minimum opera- ting depth). Attaching booms to the skimmers in a "V" configuration would increase their efficiency of oil recovery. Because of the more narrow confines of some of the channels, "V" booms might not reach the 100 foot length normally recommended for open water skimming, with 50 feet being more likely. It should be noted that it is unlikely that all seven of the skimmers would be made available at one time, especially since six belong to one organization, Clean Harbors Cooperative. Three self-propelled skimmers operating at a spill inside East Rockaway Inlet is a more realistic number. If a member company of Clean Harbors Cooperative was responsible t or the spill, it would be possible to have more of their skimmers aid in he cleanup. Figure 2 shows probable locations for these self-prbpelled skimmers. Oil that went ashore on the beach north of the Inlet would tend to collect behind the jetties located there. The oiled beach could be cleaned up using motor graders, elevating scrapers, front-end loaders. and vacuum trucks. 30 The estimated costs for implementation of spill response actions at each location during the first day (10 working hours) are given in Table 1. The total amount of equipment required and their rental co 3ts are listed in Table 5. Total number of man-hours required and labor rates are given in Table 6. The $14,200 equipment rental cost and $7,800 labor cost give a total first day response action cost of approximately $22,000. This daily total cost would probably increase on subsequent days as additional booms, boats, and vacuum trucks were used and shoreline cleanup operations initiated. Spill response activities conducted after the first day are beyond the scope of this report because of the difficulty in predicting spill behavior once oil has contacted a shoreline. Under the circumstances presented in this scenario, the cleaning of oil from water and shorelines could take up to 14 days. 5,5 EOUIPMENT PERFORMANCE FOR SCENARIO A The Kepner Supercompactible Boom listed in Table 1 for each response action has the performance characteristics best suited for the booming actions required. Not only are they stable and effective in both deep and shallow draft water use, but just as importantly, they can be compacted and transported in a minimum of space. To fit the necessary amounts of boom into the response boats for deployment at the site requires the use of a compactible boom. This deployment of boom from boats at the site ensures a more rapid response time than if the boom was towed to the site in the water behind a boat. over 15,000 feet of this Kepner Supercompactible boom is available for use in the East Rockaway Inlet area, which is far greater than the 6,350 31 Table 5. EQUIPMENT RENTAL COST FOR ONE 10-HOUR DAY Amount/Number Rental Equipment Required Cost Total Boom 6650 ft .35/ft 2,300 Work Boats 16 200/day 3,200 Small Skinmers 4 50/day 200 Vacuum Trucks 3 300/day 900 JBF 3003 Skimmer 1 4,000/day 4,000 Bennett ME Skimmer 1 2,600/day 2,600 Harco Class ID Skimmer I 1,000/day 1,000 TOTAL 14,200 32 Table 6. LABOR COST FOR ONE 10-BOUR DAY Man Hours Required Labor Activity in 10-Hour Day Rate Total Boom Deployment 70 $ 15.00/hr $ 1,050 Boom Maintenance 140 15.00/hr 2,100 Skimmer Maintenance 80 15.00/hr 1,200 Vacuum Truck Support 30 15.00/hr 450 Self-Propelled Skimmer 60 15.00/hr 900 "V" Boom Boats 120 15.00/hr 1,800 .Miscellaneous 20 15.00/hr 300 Total 520 Total $ 7,800 33 feet required to carry out the necessary response actions. The 300 feet of boom to be used in conjunction with the self-propelled skimmers does not have to be of a compactible type. American Marine Optimax is well- suited for this use as well. The four small skimmers to be used with the spill containment booms and vacuum trucks at points of natural oil accumulation would have the capacity to pick up oil at a rate of approximately 125 barrels (5,300 gallons) per day. Most of the water in the main channels, such as Reynolds, Broad, and Hog Island, is deep enough (greater than 6 feet) to allow for the operation of the self-propelled skimmers. However, the narrow confines of some of the channel areas could limit the length of booms to be used with the skim- mers in "V" configurations. Skimmers with "V" booms and two work boats can be difficult to maneuver in tight channels. The use of "V" booms with these skimmers increases their oil encounter rate by increasing their skimming width. The encounter rate is the volume of oil that a skimmer will encounter on a water surface over a given period of time. Factors influencing the en- counter rate include the thickness of the oil slick on water, the skimming path width, and the skimmer's forward speed. Deploying a short length of boom from each side of the skimmer's bow increases its sweep width. In open waters, skimmer sweep width can be increased by a factor of four by using two 100-foot lengths of boom in a "V" configuration (i.e.. a skimmer with a skimming width of 15 feet can skim a 60-foot swatch). Using shorter boom lengths or no boom at all decreases the sweep width, but allows the skimmer to operate in tighter quarters and at faster speeds of up to 2 knots instead of the 1 knot with booms. 34 Table 7 lists performance criteria for the four types of self-propelled skimmers currently or soon to be available in the New York area (4 JBF 3003, 1 JBF 3001, 1 Marco Class ID--all belonging to Clean Harbors Corpora- tion of Perth Amboy, N.J., and 1 Bennett Mark 6E--belonging to Clean Venture of Linden, N.J.). It is unlikely that more than three of these skimmers (two from Clean Harbors and the Bennett Mark 6E) would respond to a spill in East Rockaway Inlet, unless the spill involved a Clean Harbors member company, in which case more of Clean Harbors' skimmers might respond. Clean Harbors' basic area of interest is New York City, and they would be reluctant to send all or most of their self-propelled skimming equipment out of the area, leaving themselves vulnerable in the event of a spill in their local waters. Table 8 gives the daily oil recovery rates that could be expected from these skimmers with and without "V" booms. With three skimmers operating (I JBF 3003, 1 Marco Class ID, 1 Bennett Mark 6E), a total of 380 barrels (16,000 gallons) could be recovered daily. Additional oil (approximately 125 barrels daily) would be recovered at shoreline recovery points in con- junction with the diversion and selected exclusion booms. The rates given are average theoretical values over the period of operation. Initially, oil recovery rates would be higher and would decrease with time as the slick breaks up and dissipates. Actual recovery rates in a real spill could var y considerably from these average values, depending on weather conditions, pre- sence of debris, local concentrations of oil, slick thickness, etc. 35 Table 7. SKIMMER PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Water Depth Kai. Oil Skimming On-board Oil Recovery Oil Contsut Needed for Skimming Pickup Skimming Width Storage Off-Loading Factora - Factor Skimmer Skinner Speed Capability Width w/"v" Boom capacity Capacity Diesel Crude Diesel Crude JBF - 6 ft 0-3 kts 450 GPM Is ft 72 ft 4000 gal 450 GPM 65% 801 40% 60% 3003 JBF - 4 ft 0-3 kto 100 GPM 15 ft 60 ft 1500 gal 50 GPM 652 802 40% 602 3001 Bennett 6 ft 1-2 kta 350 GPM 14 ft 56 ft 2500 gal 350 GPM Sol Sol 52% 60% Mark 63 Marco 6 ft 1-2 kta 50 GPM 10 ft 40 ft 500 gal 50 GPM 65% 801 401 60Z Class ID 0@ Volume of Oil Recovered aOil Recovery factor Volume of oil presented to skimmer. bOil Content Factor - Percentage of oil in the liquid recovered by skimmer. Source: L.S. Solaberg at &1., 1977; W.F. Purree and L.B. Soleberg 1978; W.J. Logan at al., 1975. Table, S. OIL RECOVERY ZFF=VMIZSS Of SIDWRs FOR CRUDE OIL SPILL Total Amount of Oil Actual Oil Your* of operation Time Required That Could be Recovered Average Daily OiL Total Daily Oil Recovery Rate Until Storage to Offload at In 10-Hour Day Recover Number of Recovery GallonslHr Capacity is Reached b Point lookout (gallons) Y d Altallons/day) Skimmers (gallons/day) Skimmer Skimmer Skimmer Skimmer Marinac Skimmer Skimmer Skimmer Skimmer Available in the Skimmer Ski Skimmer Only w/"v" Boma Only WVV.1 BOOKS Hours Only WVV" Boom Only w/"v" Boma New York Area only W/ "v" Booms JBF 3003 19310 2,620 2.2 1.1 1.0 8,650 13.000 6.500 7,800 4 26.000 31,200 JIF 3001 1,090 2,180 1.0 0.5 1.0 5,450 6,500 4.100 4,500 1 4.100 4,500 Bennett 1,020 2,040 .1.75 0.9 1.0 6,500 10,000 4.900 6.000 1 4.900 6.000 Mark 6Z Marco 730 1,450 .56 0.25 1.0 2.600 3,000 2,000 2,200 1 2,000 2.200 Class ID Recovery rates would increase significantly if Skimmers could be offloaded by barge at the Skimming site. 'Actual Recovery Rate - Encounter Rate x Oil Recovery factor - Encounter Rate calculated from skimming speed of 2 kta tor free Wasting and I kt for ski-ing with booms, swap width. and oil thickness - Oil Loading: Crude Oil Thickness of 0.32 ms. hAdjusted for oil content factor. cIncludes travel time to and from skismizut area. dAdjusted for downtime and maneuvering. 5.6 DETAILS OF OIL SPILL SCENARIO B The scenario was evaluated using the same procedures employed for scenario A (see section 5.3). 5.6.1 SCENARIO B PARAMETERS This scenario considers a spill in Reynolds Channel at the Atlantic Beach Toll Bridge. A 60,000-barrel capacity barge would spill 7,800 barrels of No. 6 residual oil after colliding with a bridge support. (Experience has shown this to be a trouble spot for barge navigation.) Pertinent spill scenario parameters include the following: SpLll_Size.. Loss of one main cargo tank, approximate volume 7,800 barrels (327,600 gallons), total release within minutes. Oil Characteristics. Oil density 0.970 gm/cm 3 (10 API Gravity), pour point 18 0- 200F, viscosity 800 sus at 1000F. Season. Winter. Tide.. Accident occurs at the start of flood tide. Winds. From the northwest at 10 knots. Waves.. Rough conditions, waves 2-3 feet at East Rockaway Inlet. Temperature 350F. 5.6.2 SPILL MOVEMENT No. 6 residual oil is a highly viscous oil with a high pour point. When exposed to the extreme environmental conditions (low air and water temperatures) presented in this scenario, this oil could lose most of its liquid properties and act more as a solid. Following the spill, the oil would tend to remain in one large mass. As the mass broke up, the oil would stay clumped together in what are commonly referred to as "tar balls." 38 These tar balls can be several feet in diameter, and their consistency can range from thin (like that of chocolate mousse) to thick (like that of peanut butter). Currents and winds would influence the movement of a slick consisting of solidified No. 6 oil, but internal spreading of the oil would be far less in the solid form, keeping more of the oil in a large mass. Because of its greater shearing strength, a more viscous oil tends to mix less in the water column. Wintertime slicks consisting of this type of oil have been known to reach a thickness of several feet. Since the spill incident would occur at the beginning of flood tide, the slick would initially be carried eastward along Reynolds Channel. Winds from the northwest would tend to drive the slick away from the north shore of Reynolds Channel, protecting the Lawrence Marsh area from contamina- tion. Oil would tend to collect on the south shore of Reynolds Channel, affecting mostly private mooring berths and bulkheads, After approximately three hours, the slick would reach the junction of Broad and Reynolds Channel. The northwest winds would allow the currents to carry the oil slick up Broad Channel only to the southern end of South Green Hedge and into Post Lead. Currents would carry oil up Hog Island Channel to West Meadow. The slick would continue to move east along Reynolds Channel for five hours until it reached the Garrett Lead-East Channel area. where the incoming flood tide from Jones Inlet would prohibit the slick from further eastward movement until the tide changed. During ebb tide, some of this oil would then migrate east with the tide and out Jones Inlet. Oil initially reaching the Garrett Lead-East Channel area would be averted from moving north out of Reynolds Channel by the northwest winds. 39 The hourly advance of oil inside East Rockaway Inlet is shown in Figure 5. This figure also shows the extent of shoreline contamination without the implementation of the predetermined spill response actions. Under those circumstances, approximately 8 miles of shoreline area would be affected by the slick. Most of this contamination would occur along the bulkheads and mooring berths that comprise the south shore of Reynolds Channel. This shoreline is not particularly sensitive to the adverse effects of spilled oil, and does not receive priority consideration in spill containment and cleanup. Marshland comprises approximately 2 of the 8 miles of shoreline that would be affected. Under the wintertime conditions of this scenario, evaporative losses of the No. 6 residual oil would amount to less than 10 percent of the initial 7,800-barrel volume. 5.7 SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS FOR SCENARIO B The type of response actions implemented to combat a spill of No. 6 residual oil under winter conditions would vary according to the oil's pour point. No. 6 residual has a high pour point, and in low temperatures it would resemble a solid mass with a consistency similar to that of mousse. During winter transport of these high pour point oils, chemical agents are sometimes added to the oil to aid in its handling. These agents decrease the pour point of the oil, making it less viscous, or more fluid. Pumping and offloading times of this lower pour point, lower viscosity oil would be much more rapid than for heavier oils. Under mild winter conditions this lower pour point No. 6 might still remain a liquid if spilled from a barge. If the oil remained a liquid once spilled, the same response actions as recommended in Scenario A should be implemented. Scenarios A and B are similar, except that the slick in Scenario B would reach the response locations approximately one hour sooner 40 41W' A iV A\ III -k@w'y TROC Mill J ti;N f K E NN t D Y RA*r CIIAL A kPORT t A it 7 ty OW - N Iml, w "Woodst), h, iN, I N w 0 ().u 0 9 I- L 0.2 Ae, 0.7 Bay ir E T.", ih an Far It d,.kulway g- "M rark i o DI ` @O 8 +:-tt7!- - '7- bt INRi IV @.4 0 7 H- -A 17" qW, -0.6 A F IT., 1 -1 1 T 2 ...... 1.0- 2 R E y 0 0 8-- r-g ATLANTIO BCACII dow r 17 _f- jo... JE rh Is 4 - -'LJ - =1' -r --- 'v- I , I -17 hl --T. A T L A N T I C 0 C E A N 0 1/2 1 1 mile U@ 0, 3 -@j 4.1 than in Scenario A because of the more easterly location of the Scenario B spill. Also, in Scenario B, northwest winds would tend to keep oil away from the north shore of Reynolds Channel and would limit the spread of the slick up Broad Channel. Although Lawrence Marsh borders the north side of Reynolds Channel, it should still be boomed due to its extreme environmental sensitivity and the close proximity of the spilled oil. A more likely occurrence under winter conditions would be for spilled No. 6 residual oil to form tar balls or larger solid masses upon contact with cold water. Under these circumstances, implementation of the boom deployment actions described for Scenario A (Figure 4) is also recommended. The use of both small and self-propelled skimmers is not recommended because they are ineffective in picking up this heavy oil. Several alternative methods (other than small skimmers and vacuum trucks) are available to pick up oil collected at diversion and exclusion booming locations. If the boom terminates on a beach, motor graders and front-end loaders could be used to collect and pick up oil stranded on the beach. If no vehicular access exists, workers with shovels and buckets could accomplish this. Modified pitchforks with screens could be used to collect oil out of the water. If a boom terminates at a point with a steep or vertical shore- line, scoops or buckets with holes to allow for water drainage could be low- ered into the water to pick up solidified oil. Backhoes, tow trucks, or small cranes could be used to mechanically lift loads of oil out of the water. Also, a conveyor belt system with two wire mesh belts could lift oil out of the water and into storage bins or waiting trucks. Collected oil should be transported in lined dump trucks to appropriate waste disposal sites. Since self-propelled skimmers are ineffective under these circumstances, 42 other methods would have to be employed to pick up oil in the open water areas. If the slick remained in sizable masses, workboats with boom or reinforced netting strung between them could be used to corral the oil and tow it to land, preferably to a beach to be cleaned up with front-end loaders. Workboats with open front bays could be used to recover both tar balls and larger masses of oil. Workers positioned in the front of the boat with shovels or modified pitchforks could pick oil out of the water. Debris or scavenger boats with large scoops or clamshells deployed in the main channels would also be effective in cleaning up large oily masses. Marine Pollution Control of Port Jefferson, New York, has one such debris boat (a "boatadozer"), as well as four LCMs with opening front bays. Clean Venture of Linden, New Jersey, also has one LCM. It should be noted that some of these larger vessels cannot be transported overland and would take approximately 12 hours to travel by water from Port Jefferson to East Rockaway Inlet. Once at the scene, they would be positioned where the greatest accumu- lations of oil were, just as in Scenario A. 5.8-EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE FOR SCENARIO B The efficiency of the self-propelled skimmers is drastically reduced when dealing with a heavy oil such as No. 6 residual. Not only is it dif- ficult to get a very viscous oil into the collection well of a JBF skimmer, but once the oil is in the well it tends to pile up there because of its incompatability with the pumping system. All pumps have difficulty in hand- ling this heavy oil. The buildup of oil in the well overloads the skimmer's belt system, which can cause a mechanical breakdown. The bar screen at the skimmer's bow would have to be removed when dealing with tar balls or larger oily masses. 43 The addition of heating coils to the skimmer's collection well and pump system could improve pump efficiency and aid in the emptying of the collection well by increasing the temperature of the collected oil and lowering its viscosity. When offloading, the coils could be hooked up to a shoreline steam supply, where steam of up to 150 psi could be used to heat the oil. Even with these modifications, skimmers would still not be effective tools for cleaning up a spill of high pour point No. 6 oil. The Marco Class ID is also ineffective when skimming this type of oil. If the skimmer's -liophilic belt is removed, the backup belt can be in- stalled to form a conveyor belt system. Shovels can be used to remove oil and tar balls from the belt. However, just aa with the JBF skimmers, clog- ging of the collection well is a problem due to the decreased pumping effi- ciency associated with this viscous oil. Small skimmers and vacuum trucks would experience problems similar to those previously mentioned. The use of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers debris barges proved to be very effective tools in cleaning up a large spill of Bunker C oil in San Francisco in January 1971. This oil is similar in characteristics to No. 6 oil. These barges employ large scoops with small holes (to permit water drainage) to remove debris from water. This system also works extremely well in re- moving solidified oil or tar balls from water. When using booms to contain liquid oil, the oil collects behind the boom, forming a thin layer on the water surface. Several feet behind the boom the oil forms deeper pools, displacing water and extending farther below the water surface. Since this liquid oil has a low shear strength, currents can easily pull oil off the bottom of these pools and carry it under the skirts of booms. This is a common form of boom failure, and in currents greater than 44 1 knot, large amounts of this pooled oil can be entrained under the boom. When oil is very viscous and solidified, it has a high shear strength, making it difficult for currents to remove portions of the solidified masses and carry them underneath the skirts of booms. This makes booming of this type of oil very efficient. These solidified oil masses collecting behind a boom can reach a con- siderable thickness, creating increased stress on the boom, If booms are not periodically checked and maintained while deployed, a large mass of collected oil could cause a boom failure. Therefore, oil must be con- tinually removed from behind the boom to prevent this occurrence. 45 0 SECTION 6 REFERENCES Foget, C.R. 1981. Memorandum Report on Existing Oil Spill Equipment, ------------------------------ Foget, C.R., E. Schrier, M. Cramer, and R. Castle. 1979. Manual of Practice for Protection and Cleanup of Ocean, Estuarine and Inland Shorelines, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (In Press). Hardy, C.D., E.R. Baylor, P. Moskowitz and A. Robbins. 1975. The Prediction of Oil Spill.-Movement in the Ocean South of Nassau and Suffolk Countie -New York. Tech. Rep. Series No. 21. Stony Brook, N.Y., Marine ciences Research Center. Logan, W.J., C.W. Ross, and L.B. Solsbery. 1975. Report on Mechanical Oil Recovery Equipment. Canadian Environmental Protection Service. Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1979. Oil Spill Response Actions in Fire Island Inlet, County of Suffolk, New York. Hauppauge, N.Y. Task 5.2 report, contract D142688. Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1981a. Oil Spill Response Actions in Jones Inlet, County of Suffolk. New York. Task 7.3 report, contract D164093. Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1981b. Oil Spill Response Actions Hauppauge, N.Y. in Shinnecock Inlet County of Suffolk, New York r Task 7.3 repo t, ontract D164093. N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation. 1977. New Y ork State and Outer Continental Shelf Development--- An Assessment of ImpactIS. Albany, N.Y. Purres, W.F. and L.B. Solsberg. 1978. Pumps for oil Spill Cleanup Cleanu Canadian Environmental Protection Service. February 1798 Solsberg, L.B., W.G. Wallace, and M.P. Dunne. 1977. F ield Evaluation of Oil_Spill Recovery Devices: Phase II Canadian Environmental Pro- Stewart, R.J. and J.W. Devanney Ill. 1974. Probabilistic Trajectory Assessment for Offshore Oil Spills -Impacting Long Island .. Cambridge, Mass. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tetra Tech, Inc. 1981. Littoral Forces Within the East Rockaway Inlet Study Area That May Influence the Selection and Effectivenes of oil spill containment and cleanup equipment Long Island Regional Planning Board. Hauppauge, New York. Task 1.1 report. contract D165576. 46 APPENDIX A Review of Comments Submitted.k. Parties Interested in_2iL S2L11 Control Tom-Doheny, Town of Her@pstead,"Dept. of Conservation and Waterways Comments: a. The draft report implies that 7,500' of supercompactible boom would have to be purchased and stored in the East Rockaway Inlet vicinity. It should be noted that currently approximately 4,000' of boom are available in the Inlet vicinity thus reducing the purchase re- quirement to 3,500' of boom. b. The easterly tidal excursion in Reynolds Channel does not end in Shell Creek after eight hours. The separation point for the meeting of the East Rockaway and Jones Inlet incoming tidal waters occurs 100 yards west of Cinder Creek. However, the incoming and out- going phases of the tides at each inlet is such that the outgoing tide to Jones Inlet occurs prior to the easterly extent of the incoming water at East Rockaway and as such there is, depending on meteorological conditions, at least 11-2 and at most 211 hours of East Rockaway water being drawn easterly and out into Jones Inlet by the outgoing tide exiting from Jones Inlet. B@sp2n2e.: The final report-was revised to clarify these points, Comments: c. There should be an additional section called, "Channels and Tidal Flats - Important Shellfish Areas". d. It would be helpful if there was an added column showing .the amount of boom containment and deployment at each location per each time. e. The report for this particular area of the Hempstead Bay Estuary should contain more oil spill preparation than what has been addressed. It should address a diurnal tide situation which represents immense logistical problems for cleanup. f. It should provide a section which addresses separate spills associated with offloading. g. It should provide a section whereby existing local, county and state laws already enacted and existing could be displayed for every- onels information. Along with this comment is the fact that the County of Nassau, which in addition to the Town of Hempstead has laws regulating offloading, has rescinded the booming regulation for the months of December 15 to March 15 of each year, as per a Board of Supervisors Resolution passed February, 1981. This poses a problem for two reasons,. A 1 #1 because most of the oil companies believe they were under regulation of only Nassau County during all this time, even though the Town of Hempstead, Dept. of Conservation and Waterways had responded to all the spills and have had existing oil spill prevention laws on the books since 1977 and 1978: and #2 since the booming contractor is not being paid for those three months, equipment from the terminal facility has been removed; therefore-, putting the terminal facility in noncompliance with.a further sub- chapter of county law which stipulates that each facility must main- tain an adequate supply of containment equipment in case of emergency. Response: The scope of this study precluded text modification to accommodate all suggestions and recommendations. Matt Milhous-..Regional Marine Resources Council ---------- - Comment: Does the report recognize the size limits on barges traversing East Rockaway Inlet? R!!,spoT@s he scenario presented in the report describes an accident 4: T involving a barge with a capacity of 70,000 barrels. Research indi- cated that barges of this size commonly travel through the Inlet. Comment.: Assuming there is barge traffic at night, would it not prove extremely difficult to contain and clean-up spilled oil. f!_s22pfe.: The construction of permanent anchor points at key locations wi 11 greatly facilitate evening containment and clean-up activities. 3. John Black. Regional Marine Resources Council Comment: What is done with the collected oil? What percentage of the collected liquid is oil? Le,s22nse: The oil is pumped into oil tankers and shipped to a refinery. The olly'waste is landfilled. Approximately 80-90% of the collected liquid is oil. 4. Richard Miller, Executive Secretary,[email protected]. Fishermen's Assoc. ---------- Comment.: The use of dispersants will destroy marine life. Response: The use of dispersants as proposed in the scenario for Moriches Inlet will prevent an oil slick from entering Moriches Bay which supports extensive marine life for both commercial and recreational purposes. The oil dispersed in the open ocean will have an increased surface area there- by facilitating its biodegradation and evaporation. The impact on marine life will be minimal. Permission from the federal government is needed prior to use of dispersants. The federal policy on dispersal use is pre- sently being re-evaluated. The use of dispersants probably will become a more commonly used alternative in combating oil spills. A 2 Robert Smolker, Regional Marine Resources Council Comment: The control of boat traffic is not mentioned in the report. Res-P2nse.: It is assumed that the U.S. Coast Guard will utilize their authority to control boat traffic. - Comment: Reynolds Channel and adjacent marshes are very important wintering areas for brant. It would be a good idea to deploy devices such as air guns to disturb the brant and deter them from using an area where oil has collected. [email protected].: It is so noted. A 3 APPENDIX B Part I - Inventory of Oil Spill Contractors and Equipment in the Long Island Region In the event of an oil Spill, an efficient and effective response is essential and can be achieved partially by familiarization with the con- tractors and equipment available for use in combatting oil spills. This Appendix identifies the local contractors and various operational aspects of oil spill equipment available in the Long Island area. The type, manufacturer, quantity and location of the oil spill equip- ment owned by each contractor is listed in Table 1. Equipment which can be operated effectively in shallow water is denoted with an asterisk. The rental costs for use of oil spill cleanup equipment are competitive and standardized throughout the industry. The costs are, however, subject to frequent change as are the equipment inventories of the various con- tractors. Table 2 gives the present rental costs for the equipment owned by two of the oil spill contractors listed in the previous table. Equipment. The primary types of equipment used in the containment and recovery of spilled oil are booms, skimmers and pumps. There are many varieties of each type of equipment available with some being better suited for certain purposes than others. A discussion of the characteristics of the different varieties of equipment is provided to enable the reader to determine which one is best suited for a specific purpose. Booms,. Booms are used primarily for containment or diverting spilled oil or for protecting areas from contamination. The brands of booms available from the various contractors are listed in Table 3 along with their specif- ications and capabilities. B 1 APPENDIX B Part I - Inventory of Oil Spill__Contractors and Equipment in the Long Island Region In the event of an oil spill, an efficient and effective response is essential and can be achieved partially by familiarization with the con- tractors and equipment available for use in combatting oil spills. This Appendix identifies the local contractors and various operational aspects of oil spill equipment available in the Long Island area. The type, manufacturer, quantity and location of the oil spill equip- ment owned by each contractor is listed in Table 1. Equipment which can be operated effectively in shallow water is denoted with an asterisk. The rental costs for use of oil spill cleanup equipment are competitive and standardized throughout the industry. The costs are, however, subject to frequent change as are the equipment inventories of the various con- tractors. Table 2 gives the present rental costs for the equipment owned by two of the oil spill contractors listed in the previous table. Equipment. The primary types of equipment used in the containment and recovery of spilled oil are booms, skimmers and pumps. There are many varieties of each type of equipment available with some being better suited for certain purposes than others. A discussion of the characteristics of the different varieties of equipment is provided to enable the reader to determine which one is best suited for a specific purpose. Booms. Booms are used primarily for containment or diverting spilled oil or for protecting areas from contamination. The brands of booms available from the various contractors are listed in Table 3 along with their specif- ications and capabilities. B 1 0 Table 1. INVENTORY OF OIL SPILL CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT Clean Harbors Cooperative(Verrazano Bridge)(201) 738-2438 loans 9,000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" 3,000 ft Kepner Supercompactible Sea Curtain 12" x 18" 5,000 ft Kepner Supercompactible Sea Curtain 8" x 12" Skimmers JDF 3003 self-propelled vessel Centrifugal Systems Oil Mop w/500' of rope Marco Class JD self-propelled vessel boats *4 Raider 34' work boats w/2 - 150 hp motors *4 Ores 22' deployment boats w/2 - 85 hp motors 0il/Water Separation Equipment None Clean Harbors Cooperative (Upper Arthur Kill) Booms *14,000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" * 3,500 ft Kepner Supercompactible Sea Curtain 8" x 12" Skimmers 2 JBF 3003 self-propelled vessel *1 Centrifugal Systems Oil Mop v/500' of rope Boats *1 Bennet 27' Sealander w/2 - 150 hp motors *6 Orca 22' deployment boats w/2 - 85 hp motors 0il/Water Separation Equipment None Clean Harbors Cooperative (Perth Amboy) Booms *13,000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" * 3,500 ft Kepner Supercompactible Sea Curtain 8" x 12" B 2 Table 1. Continued Skimmers 1 JBF 3003 self-propelled vessel 1 JBF 3001 self-propelled skimming vessel 1 Centrifugal Systems Oil Mop v/500' of rope Boats 1 Bennett 27' Sealander w/2 - 150 hp motors 5 Ores 22' deployment boats w/2 - 85 bp motors Oil/Water Separation Equipment None AAA Pollution Specialist, Inc. (Long Island City, NY) 212-729-2122 Booms 5,500 ft Uniroyal Sealdboom 6" x 12" *30OO ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" Boats 2 30 ft vork boats 1 21 ft MAKO w/115 hp *15 mall vork boats w/outboard motors Skimmers *5 ACHE Model 400 skimmers *2 ACME FS-40 Electric skimmers Oil/Water Separation Equipment 4 3,000-5,000 gal vacuum trucks 3 4,400 gal tank trucks 5 3,000 gal tank trucks Spill Response Trailers 1 32' communications and repair trailer Communiication Systems 6 sets Walkie-talkies 3 sets Mobile units (in vehicles) 55 channel marine band B 3 Table 1. Continued Advanced Enviromental Technology Corp. (Morris Plains, NJ) 201-539-7111 A New York State licensed collector and transporter of hazardous wastes. Booms None Boats None Skimmers None Oil/Water Separation Equipment None Spill Response Trailers 4 22' trucks 1 14' truck 5 44' trucks Communication Systems 12 sets Civilian band radios Clean Venture (Linden, NJ) 201-862-5500 Booms *13,000 ft 6" x 12" harbor boom 2,000 ft 12" x 24" Goodyear offshore inflatable high seas barrier boom Boats 1 42' LCM twin screw 280 hp, 18 ton DWT 2 30' steel work boat 1 30' steel harbor tug *6 22' work boats *20 15'-19' work boats B 4 Table 1. Continued Skimmers I Bennett Mark 6E oil skimmer *4 Swiss Oels skimmers *4 Duck bill skimmers *1 MK 209 oil mop skimmer & 300' mop Oil/Water Separation Equipment 3 5,000 gal vacuum tractor trailer trucks 3 2,500 gal vacuum trucks (straight) 1 3,400 gal vacuum tractor trailer trucks 1 4,200 gal vacuum tractor trailer trucks Communication Systems 10 sets Communication trailer 8' x 35' roadable marine and land lease communications (Motorola) 19 sets Hand-held walkie-talkies Spill Response Trailer 1 8' x 40' roadable - user: change area, eating area, first aid, shelter Clean Water Inc. (Toms River, NJ) 201-341-3600 Ship salvage and oil spill consultants affiliated with Smit International (America), Inc. Booms 4,000 bags Filter Fence Sorbent C (Biodegradable) 4 cu ft 18 lb/bag 4,000 ft 5' filter boom (in one trailer) 2,250 ft Harbor boom 12" x 26" 1,000 ft Sea sentry boom 12" x 24" Boats None Skimmers None 0il/Water Separation Equipment 2 12' x 4' x 5' API separators B 5 Table 1. Continued Spill Response Trailers 1 40' parts trailer Communication Systems 3 sets VRF 14 channel 8 sets Walkie-talkies Special Equipment 1 K350 36" wide track front end loader (marshland work) *14 Mortar pans (marshland work) 1 International boom truck w/winch and boom (marshland work) Marine Pollution Control (Port Jefferson, NY) 516-473-9132 Booms *5,000 ft MPC harbor boom 6" x 12" 2,000 ft Uniroyal Sealdboom 6" x 12" Boats 1 65' utility boat 1 60' crew boat 1 40' crew boat 3 56' LCM-6 1 50' LCM *2 24' workboat *2 18' outboard workboat *2 12' aluminum workboat 1 Boston Whaler w/50 hp motor 1 Debris boat (Boatadozer) 1 80' salvage barge w/60 ton crane 1 10,000 gal vacuum barge Skimmers *2 Parker weir type (Oil Hawg) *2 Slurp weir type Oil/Water Separation Equipment 3 2,500 gal vacuum trucks 1 1,100 gal skid mounted vacuum unit 1 8,200 vacuum truck trailer 4 tractor B 6 Table 1. Continued Spill Response Trailers None Communication Systems 15 sets VHF ship-to-shore units in boats and vehicles Morgan Crowley Environmental Services Company (Carteret, NJ) 201-499-9777 Rooms *5,000 ft Harbor boom 6" x 12" Boats *5 18 aluminum boats *3 21 vorkbosts Skimmers 1 33 LPI skimmer *2 Metropet skinmers Oil/Water Separation Equipment 1 5,000 gal vacuum truck 2 3,000 gal vacuum trucks 1 3,000 gal stainless steel vacuum truck 7 5,000 gal stainless steel storage tanks Spill Response Trailers 20 Command Port Travel-all Communication Systems 6 sets Walkie-talkies(marine band) I set 40 channel marine band New England-Pollution Control (Norvalk, CT) 203-853-1990 Booms *28000 ft. Harbor boom 6" x 12" 2,000 ft. Harbor boom 6" x 18" *10000 ft. Inshore 611 6x 6" B 7 Table 1. Continued boats *4 15 and 18' workboars (up to 40 hp) 1 65 work barge Skimmers *2 Swiss Oela *6 Skim Pak *2 Slick Bar Manta Ray Oil/Water Separation Equipment 1 60000 gal vacuum truck 1 3,500 gal vacuum truck 1 39000 gal vacuum truck Spill Response Trailers 1 24' Command trailer Communication Systems 4 Rand-held Motorola (USCG Freq.) 4 base station Peabody Clean Industry. Inc.-(Perth Amboy) 201-925-6010 and Staten Island 212-729-2l2l boom$ *2,200 ft.. Coastal boom 4" x 1411 2,300 ft. Coastal boom 12" x 29 Boats 1 161 aluminum whaler 100 hp 2 IS' flat bottom boats 25 hp *1 161 work boat 15 hp *1 14' work boat Skimmers *2 Swiss Oela skimmer *6 Slurp skimmer I Kash 400 skimmer *3 Parker weir skimmers (Oil Hawg) B 8 Table 1. Continued Qillwaier Separation Equipment 2 3 000 gal vacuum trucks (straight) 5 6,000 gal vacuum trucks (tractor trailer) 1 4,000 gal vacuum truck 2 3,500 gal vacuum trucks I Vactor unit (large material =over) Ivill Response Trailers Mobile Field Office Communication Center (in Boston) Gommunication Systems 10 sets Walkie-talkies B 9 Table 2. EQUIPMENT RENTAL COSTS Contractor and Equipment Rental Costs Marine Pollution Control All Boom $0.33/ft/day 1.15/ft cleaning) Slurp Skimmer $46.00 Parker Skimmer $46.00/day 80 ft Salvage Barge v/ 60 ton Crane $115.00/hour 65 ft, Utility Boat $60.00/hour 60 ft Crewboat $60.00/hour 40 ft, Crewboat $50.00/hour 56 ft LCM-6 $60.00/hour 50 ft LCM $60.00/hour 24 ft Workboat $35.00/hour IS ft Outboard Workboat $15.00/hour 12 ft Aluminum Workboat $85.00/day Boston Whaler (50 hp) $15.00/hour Boatadozer $35.00/hour 2.500 gal Vacuum Truck $37.00/hour 10,100 gal Vacuum Unit (skid mount) $29.00/hour 8,200 gal Vacuum Truck Trailer Tractor $51.00/hour 10,000 gal Vacuum Barge $60.00/hour -Clean Venture Boom up to 18 in. $0.35/ft/day Boos over IS in. $0.40/ft/day Bennet Mark 6E Skimmer $260.00/hour ME 209 Oil Mop 470.00/28qhour B 10 Table 2. Concluded Contractor and Equipment Rental Costs Slurp Skimmer $60.00/day Swiss Skimmer $60.00/day Oil Hawg Skimmer $300.00/day Duckbill Skimmer $60.00/day 30 ft Harbor Tug $37.00/hour 22 ft Workboat $28.00hour 15-19 ft Power Workboats $150.00/day Vacuum Trucks (Tractor-Trailer) $47.50/hour Vacuum Trucks (Straight Job) $41.00/hour Vacuum Unit (Skid Mount) $27.00/hour Tractor Trailer v/Pumps $33.50/hour 11 Skimmers. Skimmers are the primary means by which oil is recovered from the water surface. They work on a variety of principles with their effec- --tiveness being dependent on the environmental conditions and oil type.- Table-____ 4 lists the skimmers available locally and their specifications and capabil- ities. The majority of skimmers are -small, portable units with the remain- der being mounted externally or internally to a vessel. Pumps. Because of the wide variety of pumps available from each contractor, pumps have been listed by type rather than separately. Table 5 lists the pump type with a few manufacturer's names given for each. In general, cen- trifugal trash pumps are the most common and most widely used in oil spill cleanup with single and double diaphragm pumps also experiencing heavy use. Both are well suited due to their ability to pump heavy oils and pass limited amounts of debris. Even though centrifugal types have a high emulsification potential, this is a secondary consideration and does not affect the capacity of the pump. Other pumps are also well suited for oil spill cleanup bu't are not widely available. It should be noted, however, that rating pumps by type is not absolute as a few different models or manufacturers of the s pump type may have different capabilities than those listed in Table 6. B 12 Table 3. BOOM CAPABILITIES max. MAX. Shallov Boom Wave Current Water Boom Type Freeboard Draft Reight Speed Stability Use -Metropolitan Curtain 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Moderate Good Petroleum Metropolitan Curtain 12 in* 24 in. 5 ft I kt Moderate Limited Petroleum Uniroyal Fence 6 in. 12 in. 1-2 ft 1 kt Poor Poor Sealdboom Coastal Fence 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Poor Poor Coastal Fence 12 in. 24 in 1-3 ft I kt Poor Poor B.F. Goodrich Pence 12 in. 24 in. 3-5 ft 1 kt Good Poor Acme Curtain 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Moderate Good Slickbar HX-6 Fence 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Moderate Poor American Curtain 7 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1.5 kt Good Good marine Opt. Kepner Cuitain a -In. -72 in. 1-3 ft I lit Noderafe Good Supercompactible Sea Curtain Kepner Curtain 12 18 in. 1-3 ft I kt Moderate Limited Supercompactible Sea Curtain Sea Sentry Curtain 12 in. 24 in. 1-3 ft I kt Good Limited B 13 Table 4. SKIMMER CAPABILITIES Portable Effectiveness Max. Required or Vessel vs. Oil Type Wave Skim:mInj Water Skimmer Mounted Light Medium Heavy Solid Height Speeds Depth JBF 3003 V.M. High Moderate Low Low 2-3 ft 0-3 kts 6 ft to High JJF 3001 V.M. High Moderate Low Low 2-3 ft 0-3 kto 4 ft I to High Bennett Mk 6E V.M. High Moderate Low Low 2-3 ft 1-2 kts 6 ft 1061a "Swiss" P Moderate Moderate Low Mot 61' NA to High Effective Slurp P Low Moderate Moderate Not 1 ft NA I ft Effective Oil. Ravg P Low Moderate Moderate Not 611 NA 61& to High Effective Oil Mop P High High Low to Not 6" NA 601 Moderate Effective Mauta Ray P Low Moderate Low Not 61* NA 611 Effective Acme P Low Moderate Low Not 616 NA 1 ft Effective Coastal V.M. Moderate Moderate Low Not 1 ft 1-2 kts 3 ft Barge Skimmer --Ef f ective I-D V.M. Moderate Moderate High High 2. ft 0-2 kto 3 ft to High 2-3 ft 1-4 kta 3 ft LPI V.M. Moderate High High Not Effective Skia Pak P Moderate Moderate Low Not 686 NA 6'1 Effective Effectiveness improved with preheater. 2jor vessel mounted types only. B 14 too, im ]MR WN VEW 'ANW-1 I I Table 5 Pump CaRabi lities Hilh Viscos- Small Moderate lea Emulsification Pump Type Ity Oils - Debris (,cV') Debris (Small pieces Potential Disadvantages Centrifugal Poor Good Good Good High Post standard types cannot (Monarch, Hato) handle highly viscous oil$ at all. tentrifugal--Tras Moderate Good to Good to tood to High Typically, the higher the (Homelite, to Good Excellent Excellent Excellent debris handling ability of Gorman-Rupp) the pump the lower the high viscosity pumping and self- priming ability. Single Disphragn Good to Good* Moderate* Good6 Low Iligh degree of surging (110melite. from Gorman-Rupp) E.xc6llent to Good diaphragm action--not appli- cable for skimmers requiring Double Diaphragm Good to even suction (Slurp). Good* Moderate* Good* Low Slight surging--Many dia- (Wilden, Excellent to Good phragm pumps are pneumatic US Sandpiper) requiring a compressor-- Diaphragms are susceptible to puncture by debris. Ln Sliding Shoo Good Good to Good Good Moderate Pump should be operated (Megator) Bxcellent against a total head of at least 10 ft to seat shoes Progressive Cavity and maximize efficiency. Excellent Good to Good to Good to Low Not designed for mobile (Moyno) Excellent** Excellent** Excellent field use. may be fixed to oor Poor deck of barge, Sliding Vans Moderate P Poor Moderate Cannot tole r, e any dab (Blackmers) to Good and is ill suited for cold weather. Rotary Gear Good Poor Poor Moderate High Can crush small pieces of (Rotoking) ice but intolerable to most Aolid debris. Hydro3ynamic Excellent Good Moderate Good Moderate Cannot handle long ple@_esof (Spate) to Good -debris, i.e., twigs, pencils. *Some diaphragm pumps claim to handle debris up to 211. "Depending on model. Part II - Publicly Owned Oil Spill Containment and Clean-Up Equipment Nassau County Police Department 1-42' patrol boat 3-32' patrol boats (on duty 24 hrs from April to January; one (1) boat on duty from January to April) 2-27' patrol boats (3 are generally on the North Shore; 3 are on the South Shore) Nassau County Department of Health 1-23' Mako 2-16' Boston Whalers Town of Oyster Bay 1-30' Columbia OBH 1-20' Boston Whaler 1-16' Boston Whaler 1-20' Garvey 1-35' Amphibious Landing Craft w/500 gal. container 1-12' Dinghy Town of Hempstead 1 Ford Van 1 Diesel Scout 4 x 4 1 3100 lb trailer containing 1000ft of containment boom, sorbent sweeps and pads and sorbent boom, and related equipment 6 Various sized vessels for boom deployment Material Stockpile: 500 ft M-P boom 100 boxes of sorbent pads 200' sorbent boom 400' sorbent sweeps Town of North Hempstead 1-31' Bertram (with a 150 gpm water pump) 1-18' Boston Whaler 2-300' of Slickbar boom Suffolk County Police Department 2-37' Egg Harbors 1-31' Chris Craft 4-30' Columbias 2-20' Shamrocks 1-22' Aquasport 1-19' Revenge 3-16' Challengers 3-16' Boston Whalers 1-15' Airgator 3-16' Grummans 1-14' Wolverine B 16 Town of Brookhaven 1-31' Uniflite 2-20' Sealarks 1-19' Garvey 2-191 Shamrocks Town of Babylon 1-301 Silverton (no winter service) 1-22' Airslot 1/0 Town of Huntington 2-231 Patrol Boats 1-26' Work Boat 1-12' Shiff 1 4 x 4 GMC Pick-up 1 6 Wheel Drive Truck and Trailer ff Material Stockpile: 30W absorbent sweeps 500 absorbent pads 501 absorbent collars Town of Islip In process of equipment inventory Town of Southampton 1-361 Amphibious Lark 1-301 Dongan III 1-26' Dongan I 1-M/2 Dongan. 11 1-20' Pro-line (outboard) 1-%17' McKee Craft (outboard), 1-161 Bayrunner 1-141 Hampton Whaler 1-141 Garvey 1-14' Grumman A 1-14' Duranautic 1-241xlO' Work Barge with Hydraulic Winch -A Fire Island National Seashore 4 Vehicles 3 4 x 4 Cherokee Jeeps 3 4 x 4 Chevy Subarbans 1 4 x 4 Dodge Rack Truck 1 4 x 4 Dodge Club Cab 1 4 x 4 Chevy Pick-Up B 17 Boats 1-321 FINS III Inboard Diesel 1-30' FINS II Inboard Diesel 1-27' FINS IV Inboard Diesel 1-27' Boston Whaler Outrage 3-22' Boston Whalers Revenge 1-21' Stiger Outboard U.S. Coast Guard, Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) Equipment in New York Area *indicates equipment available for use in shallow water Group Rockaway 1,000 ft Oil containment boom 5401 Sorbent boom (3M type) 6 bales 3M sorbent pads 1 bag Sorbent pads Station Ro.S@wa *400 ft Sorbent boom * 8 bales 3M sorbent pads 1 44'. boat with radar 2 41' boats with radar * 1 21' boat with outboard Station Short Beach *400 ft Oil containment boom (12") * 8 bales-3M sorbent pads k 44' boat with radar 1 41' boat with radar * 1 21' boat (stored Nov.-Feb. in shed) * 1 17' boat (stored Nov.-Feb. in shed) Station Fire Island *100 ft Sorbent boom (3M) 6 bales 3M sorbent pads 1 44' boat with radar (year-round) 1 41' boat with radar (year-round) * 1 21' boat (no winter use) * 1 20' boat (no winter use) Group New York *300 ft Slickbar harbor boom * 14 bales 3M sorbent pads * 23 bales Sorbent Sweep (100'/bale) * 4 bags Oil Snare sorbent * 1 Slurp skimmer B 18 2 41' boats with radar 5 32' boats without radar 1 30' boat 4 Response vehicles (suburban vans) 1 Command Post (16' trailer) 1 Boom trailer U.S. Coast Guard Atlantic Strike Team (Elizabeth,_NC) Booms 5,508 ft USCG open water(high seas) boom* *1,000 ft Whittaker harbor boom *1,000 ft Spilldam. harbor boom Skimmers 1 Lockheed 2004 disc drum skimmer (self-propelled) 1000 gpm *1 Lockheed disc drum skimmer 50 gpm *1 Slurp skimmer Boats 1 22' Boston whaler (v-hull) two 85 hp 1 21' Boston whaler (Tri-hull) two 85 hp *5 Zodiac boats 35 hp *3 18' assault boats 25 hp Other ADAPTS type 1 Emergency Tanker Lightering Systems 1 250,000 gal Dracone barge 2 50,000 gal Dracone barge 1 10,000 gal Dracone barge Communication Systems USCG systems - commercial equipment may not be able to interphase easily Long Island State Parks and Recreation Commission 2-18' Boston Whalers 1 Work Barge with Crane New York State Department of Transportation sorbent material stored at Hauppauge 500' Oil Containment Boom - Harbor Type 50, Light Emergency Containment Boom 160' Light Absorbent Boom 4 bales absorbent sheets 2 bales absorbent rolls B 19 Part III - Spill Equipment Owned by Long Island Terminal Association Members Carbo-Concord - Contact: Arnold Seltzer/James Grimaldi (516) 293-2500 400' Optimax boom 12 Bundles 3M sorbent pads, booms and sweeps 1 Pump with 200' suction hose Commander Oil Co. Inc. - Contact: Joseph G. Shapiro/Leonard Shapiro/ E.J. Barnett (516) 922-7000 Emergency No. (516) 676-9393/(516) 922-7694 1 13' Boat on trailer/25HP motor 700' Containment boom 100-50 lbs. of absorbant 4 bales (400') Sorbent sweeps (T126) 2 1/2 bales (100') Sorbent booms (T270) 6 1/2 bales(1300') Sorbent sheets (T151) 10 bales 3M Sorbent pads Glenhead Terminal Corp./Harbor Fuel Co., Inc. Contact: Donald Death, Jr. (516) 676-2500 Emergency No. (516) 676-0618 600' Slickbar boom 4 bundles Sorbent pads 1 bundle Sorbent boom 24 bags Oil Absorbent 25-50 401b. bags Speedi-Dri absorbent Itawkins Cove Oil SupplX Co. - Contact: Bruce Hawkins (516) 676-7200/759-0227 150' Harbor boom 4 cases Sorbent pads 4 bags Sorbent pellets 10 bags Oil Dry Reliance Utilities - Contact: Lawrence F. Caputo (516) 931-6800 Unspecified quantity of Speedi-Dri, Sorbent Pads and Chemical Dispersant. B 20 Lewis - Contact: P. Miglietta (516) 883-1000/767-2434 800' Boom 20 bags Sorbent pellets 2 bails 3M Sorbent pads 2 boxes Metro Sorbent pads 1 161 Utility Boat 15 HP Northville Industries Corp. Riverhead Terminal - Contact: Capt. John Dudley/Zenon Czujko (516) 727-5600 1 Aluininum Skiff 25 HP 1 Parker Systems Skimmer Mod. 100; Ser. 88 with accessories 1 Floating Power Skimmer with associated equipment 750'xl2" Floatation, Oil containment boom 30.0'xl2" Containment boom 1200'x6' Containment boom 100'x8" Sorbent filtering boom 1 Edson Diaphragm pump In addition the Riverhead terminal has an assortment of Sorbent materials and oil spill response support equipment such as hoses; floats and coils of polyprophylene line. Plainview Terminal - Contact:' Pete Miloski (516) 349-8071/727-7286 1 Scavenger Pump 30 bags Speedi-Dri Haltsville Terminal - Contact: Jeff Burns (516) 475-5060/727-6378 1 Portable pump 60 bags Speedi-Dri Consolidated Petroleum Terminal (Pt. Jefferson Dock) - Contact: Mr.Vandermark (516) 941-4040 Emergency No. John Reiff/Walter Remsky (516) 941-4040 1 12' Fiberglass Skimmer Boat 2 HP 1,600' NFL Harbor Oil spill boom 3,000' 3M Sorbent sweep 26 boxes Sorbent pads 6 boxes Sorbent pillows B 21 6 cases Type 300 Oil snare 150' Sorbent blanket 1 Edson pump 1 Lister pump with assorted hoses and equipment Skaggs-Walsh Inc. - Contact: Peter F. Heaney (212) 353-7000 Emergency No. Tony Sabatino (516) 389-7247 Bill Michnowitz (516) 352-2571 1 Row-boat w/oars 2000 lbs. Sorbent material 55 gals Dispersant 300' Boom 1 Skimmer 200 Sorbent pads Windsor Fuel Oil Inc. Contact: D. Leoguande (516) 746-5900 150' Boom 7 boxes 3M Sorbent pads 1 10' Row Boat 10 Bales Ray Universal Utilities Inc. - Contact: Joseph Shapiro (516) 922-7000 Emergency No. E.J. Barnett (516) 922-7694 2 bales (200') Sorbent sweeps (T126) 2 bales (80') Sorbent booms (T270) 3 1/2 bales (750') Sorbent sheets (T151) 600' Containment boom B 22 Part IV Spill Equipment Owned by Private Companies A. OIL CITY PETROLEUM COOPERATIVE (includes B.P. Oil, CIBRO, EXXON, GULF, SUN OIL and LILCO) Location - Gulf Oil Company Terminal Garage Contact - Mr. Ray Storwick (516) 432-3900 List of Equipment: 1 Utility Trailer 1 Skimmer 1 Gasoline powered pump 50 Bags absorbent 200' Metropolitan boom B. LILCO Location - E. S. Barrett, Power Station Contact - Mr. Dittmeier, Chief Engineer (516) 432-1400 1. South End of Storeroom a. 40 bags fiber-pearl absorbent b. 5 - 100' sections of booms with connectors c. 48 oil absorbent pillows d. 3 boxes of oil filtering boom e. 4 - 100' oil absorbent sweeps f. 1 gas-engine powered skimmer with hose g. Boston Whaler on dolly with motor 2. At Dock a. 600' containment boom for off-loading 3. Adjacent to Plant a. 350 gal. tank for use with skimmer C. B.P. OIL CORP. Location - 3631 Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact - Mr. L. Parisi (201) 748-6724 or Mr. P. Becker (516) 489-9261 List of Equipment 25 Bags absorbent C Supply of absorbent pads 15 Cans No Lite 500' Boom (in water) Foam cans B 23 D. CIBRO TERMINAL Location --s-7 Washington Ave., Island Park, New York Contact - Mr. Ray Storwick (516) 667-2854 or Mr. M. Marasco (516) 431@7305 List _o f-EquipMi@t. 150 Cans powder foam 150' New Boom - packaged 25 Bags absorbent C Supply of absorbent pads Rack truck with lift gate 800' Boom in-water E. EXXON- CO.I_R.� L.. Location Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact Mr. J. Colligan (516) 742-3623 or Mr. 0. Runge (516) 842-1980 List of @_qRjpq@@pt. Sorbent C 54 bags 18 CBS Liquid foam 100 5 gal. cans XL-3 NFSI Oil Spill Pillows 2-40 lb. boxes 80 ft. Oil Absorbent Boom - 8' x 10' sections F. GULF-'O IL COMPAN@ Location - Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact - Mr. S. Beanland (516) 661-6136 or Mr. Darow Forbes (516) 764-3487 List-of - Lqai:p,,@@T@t 1000 ft. of MP Boom in water 15' Boston Whaler with 35 HP motor in water 50 Bags of Sorbent 275 Gallons of 3% liquid foam in five gallon cans Assorted rakes and shovels G. SUN OIL COMPANY Location - Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact - Mr. P. Caldwell (516) 654-3671 or Mr. J. Vitowski (516) 587-3455 List-of-Equipment. 1000' Metropolitan Boom in water 50 bags of sorbent 900 Gallons - 3% protein foam in tank ready for use 11-55 Gallon drums XL3 22- 5 Gallon cans of national foam B 24 APPENDIX C Oily Waste Disposal The disposal of recovered oil and of oil-contaminated materials can pose immediate and long-range problems. Recovered oil is most easily dealt with by separating out any water that may be present and refining it locally or shipping it to its original destination. Disposal of contaminated debris is more difficult. Legal requirements for its disposal are established by the New Jersey Department of Environ- mental Protection for New Jersey and the New York Department of Environmental Conservation or the New York City Department of Sanitation for the New York area. In most cases, contaminated wastes should not be burned. They can be buried safely on laud in approved disposal sites if correct procedures are followed. It is often advisable during waste handling, transfer, or storage to cover the area of operation with plastic sheets to prevent co n- tamination. Disposal can pose several problems. The first is storage and transport of oil and contaminated material to the disposal sites. Remote locations and areas sensitive to vehicular traffic impose limits on access. Heli- copters or boats may be necessary to remove pillow tanks and other small storage containers. In the case of a large spill or extended containment or cleanup activities, an access road should be constructed to permit the use of heavy equipment to transport material from the recovery area to the dis- posal site. The second problem involves the several available disposal methods. They include oil and water separation, burial, and natural degradation. The specific disposal method selected depends on the nature of the oil- contaminated material, the location of the spill, and the prevailing weather conditions. C 1 Disposal of Recovered Oil In most spill situations the oil recovered will contain a large per- centage of water which should be separated out prior to disposal or recycl- ing. In the event of a major spill, a large-scale oil/water separation operation should be set up at a local refinery, processing plant, or other facility possessing separation equipment. Many authorized waste oil and chemical processing facilities exist throughout New York and New Jersey but are oriented to chemicals and may be limited as to the quantity of material they can handle. Table 1 lists these facilities. A list of the regional liquid waste oil collectors is given in Table 2. Disposal of Oiled Material Oil spills can generate large quantities of oil-contaminated material consisting primarily of debris, vegetation, sediments, and sorbenst. Dis- posal of such debris is a major problem as only a few sites are authorized. to receive oily wastes. The disposal regulations for New York and New Jersey are discussed below. New York. In the State of New York there are presently no predesignated sites approved by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for disposal of oily wastes. In the event of a spill the DEC will consider requests for disposal on a case-by-case basis. Most landfill operations on Long Island are hesitant to accept oily wastes unless directed to do so by the DEC. There are three lined landfills on Long Island at Brookhaven, Oyster Bay and North Hempstead, which may take oily wastes. The NY DEC would like local communities to accept oily sand and debris collected from their own areas. A form letter sent by the NY DEC to local landfills would request their assistance. The form letter would describe the waste, state its volume, name the waste carrier and state there is no contamination (e.g., heavy metals, PCB's, etc.) in the oil. If contamination is suspected the C 2 Table 1. AUTHORIZED CHEMICAL WASTE PROCESSING FACILITIES* (DISPOSAWRECYCLING OF LIQUTD WASTES) Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted New Jersey Advanced Environmental Transfer. Storage Packed laboratory chemicals, Technology Corp. vegetable oils, motor oils, The Dayton Bldg. compressor oils, laboratory 520 Speedwell Ave. chemicals, solvents, pesti- Morris Plains, NJ cides, silver, platinum, 07950 gold, copper salts, acids, (210) 539-7111 alkalis. dyes, pigments, solution AntiPallution Systems, Incineration Waste oils. emulsion, water- Inc. methaaal waste, pigments, 350B W. Delilah Rd. dyes Pleasantville. NJ 08232 (609) 641-1119 3 4 L Oil Corp. Reprocesser Crankcase oil, fuel oil, 472 Frtllnghuysen Ave. hydraul4c all Newark, NJ 07114 (201 ) 248-7925 Browning Ferris In- Transfer, Storage Flammable solids, paint, dustries pigment, ink sludge. oil, 714 Division St. solvent, slurries. flam- glizabeth, NJ 07207 mable liquids, non-flannable (201) 352-2222 liquids Clark Systems Oil Recovery OL1 and oil emulsions Formerly Blackwood Carbon Products Little Gloucester Rd. Blackwood, NJ (906) 589-7301 Duane Marine Oil/vater separation Oil and oil emulsions. 26 Washington St. and reprocessing. Perth Amboy, N.J. Storage facility. (201) 925-6010 Earthline Co. Organic reclamation, Organic, aqueous wastes. 100 Lister Ave. from contaminated solvents, chlorinated Newark, NJ 07105 aqueous waste, acid/ solvents, bily wastes, acids. (201) 465-9100 base neutralization. alkalis, cyanides, sized hazardous waste de- heavy metal waste, waste tox1f1cation (oxl- fuel and lubricating oils dation reduction), fuwl reclamation C 3 Table 1. Continued Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted Eastcoast Pollution Transfer, Storage Cleanup debris, waste oil, Control, Inc. mixed solvents, still Cenco Blvd., P.O. bottoms Box 275 Clayton. NJ 08312 (906) 881-5100 Elco Solvent Corp. Transfer, Storage Flammable, non-flamable 3C Amor Avenue liquids, solvents Carlstadt, NJ 07072 (601) 460-4000 Inland Chemical Corp. Reclamation, Re- Solvents, organic liquids, 600 Doremus Ave. cov*ry squ*ous-organic emulsions, Newark, NJ lacquer, paint. pigment (201) 5 89-4085 residues Kit Enterprises Inc. Reclamation, Re- Oil lubricants, fats and 475 Division St. covery, Blending, fatty oils, heavy and light Elizabeth, NJ 07201 Treatment hydrocarbons (201) 574-8804 L 4 L Oil Service Transfer, Storage, Waste oil and all sludge Inc. Reprocesser, Blend- 740 Lloyd Rd. Ing Aberdeen, NJ 07747 (201) 566-2785 Llonetti Waste Oil Storage, Blending Motor oils, fuel oils, Service Inc. hydraulic oils 9 Lint Rd. Holmdel, NJ 07733 (201) 946-2505 Marisol Incorporated Transfer,.Storage. Oils, emulsions, solvents, 125 Factory Lane Reprocesser, Re- flammable organic liquids, Middlesex, NJ 08846 clamation, Recovery, non-flammable liquids, paint, (201) 469-5100 Blending, Treatment pigment residues, flammable liquids Modern Transportation Tra nsftr, Storage. Oils, emulsions, acid, alkali 75 Jacobus Ave. Reclamation, Re- solutions, wastewaters. acids Kearny, NJ 07032 covery. Treatment, alkalis (201) 589-0277 Disposal C4 Table 1. Continued Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted- Oil Recovery Co. Inc Storage. Reprocesser, Waste oil, solvents. Cenco Blvd. Reclamation, Recovery. oil sludge P.O. Box 345 Blending Clayton, NJ 08312 (609) 881-7400 Rollins Environmental Incineration. Neutra- Sludges, contaminated Services lization, Chemical residues, spill debris, P.O. Box 221 Treatment, Recovery, process wastewater, slurries, Bridgeport, NJ 08014 Reclamation, Transfer, tank cleanings, solvents (609) 467-3100 Storage S & W Waste, Inc. Transfer, Storage Paint, dyes, pigment 25 Delmar Rd. residues. heavy metal Jersey City, NJ residues, flammable (201) 344-4004 solids, oils, emulsions, flammable liquids, acids, alkalis, solvents Safety-Kleen Corp. Reclamation. Recovery Oil, oil emulsions, oil Almo Inaustrial Park sludges, mixed solvents Clayton, NJ 08312 (609) 881-2526 Standard Tank Cleaning Recovery, Storage Oils, emulsions, organic CO. sludges. non-flammable 184 Hobart Avenue liquids, flammable liquids Bayonne, NJ 07002 (201) 339-5222 Now York Chemical Waste Processing/Treatment. Sludges, paint, oil. lab Disposal Corp. Recycling/Reclamatlon chemicals, plating waste. 42-19 19th Ave. Distillation for oil chlorinated solvents Astoria, MY recovery (212) 274-3339 Frontier Chemical Processing/Treatment Waste oil/Industrial waste, Waste Process, Inc. Recycling/Reclamation reusable chemicals, nonchlo- 4626 Royal Avenue r1nated oil, burnable liquid Niagara Falls, NY wastes, recovered methanol, 14303 recovered oil, chlorinated (716) 285-8200 solvents Haa-0-Waste Corp. Processing/Treatment Solvents, waste oil, burnable. Canal Road Recycling/Reclamatlon liquid wastes, acids. alkalis. Wampsville, NY Distillation sludges (315) 682-2160 C 5 Table 1. Concluded Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted NEWCO Chemical Waste Processing/Treatment Hazardous/toxic wastes and most Systems, Inc. Recyclln&!Reclat-ation every other waste stream except 4626 Royal Ave. radioactive and shock-sens1t1ve Niagara Falls, NY 14303 explosives (716) 278-1811 SCA Chemical Waste Processing/Treatment Solvents. acid, heavy metal Services, Inc. Recycling/Reclamatlon sludge, paint wastes, PCB solids 1550 Balser Rd. Secure landfill and sludges, contaminated soil. Model City, NY 14107 organic liquids (716) 754-8231 Sources: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and New York Department of Environmental Conservation - *Check authoriz;tion status with the New York D.E.C. (212) 488-3862 or the New Jersey D.E.P. (609) 292-5560 prior to use. C 6 Table 2. APPROVED WASTE OIL COLLECTORS (LIQUID HAULING) Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks New York Ace Waste Oil, 71-34 58th Avenue, Maspeth, NY 11378 Akba Waste Oil, 3836 Rahn Ave., Bethpage, NY 11714 A-Z Waste Service, Inc. 60 Harmon St., Falconer, 9 -KY 14733 Albany Waste Oil Corp., RD #2, Clifton Park, 2 NY 12065 Alboro Construction Co., 90-48 Corona Ave., Elmhurst I NY 13209 Allied Chemical Corp., P.O. Box 6, Milton Ave., Solvay, 6 NY 13209 Allied Waste Corp., 88-13 204 St., Hollis, NY 11423 3 American Chemical Disposal Corp., Oser Ave., Hauppauge, NY 11778 Buckner Waste Oil Service, 21 Stonecrest Dr., New Windsor, 1 NY 12550 Certified Waste Oil, 320 Court House Rd., Franklin Square, NY 11010 0 & F Pollution Control, Inc., 3266 Taylor St., Schenectady, 4 NY 12306 Chamberlain's Septic Service. 1835 Route 104, Union Hill, 6 NY 14563 Chemical Management, Inc., 340 Eastern Parkway, Farmingdale, NY 11735 Chemical Waste Disposal Corp., 42-14 19th Avenue, Astoria, 2 NY 11105 C.R. Heist Corp., 505 Fillmore St., Touavanda, NY 14150 5 Coastal Pollution Control Services, Inc.. P.O. Box 140, 4 Renesselser, NY 12144 Cortlandt's Septic Tank Service, Inc., P.O. Box 351-, 6 22 Albany Post Rd., Mentrose, NY L0548 C 7 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks County Tank Lines, Inc., Rte. 58 - E. Main Street, Riverhead, NY 11901 County Waste Oil, Inc., 57 Brown Place, Harrison, 3 NY 10528 Domermuth Petroleum Equipment and Maintenance Corp., 6 Box 62, Clarksville, NY 12041 Duane Marine Corp., P.O. Box 435, Staten Island, XY 10308 East Coast Tank Lining Corp., 700 Hicks St., Brooklyn 3 NY 11231 Elmwood Tank Cleaning Corp., 62 West Market St., Buffalo, 5 NY 14204 Environmental Oil, Inc., P.O. Box 315, Syracuse, NY 13209 5 S.W. Wllsworth and Sons Sanitation Service, 2 219 Mitchell Ave., Mattydale, NY 13211 Fourth Coast Pollution Control, La Grasse St., 3 Waddington, NY 13694 Frank Masone, Inc., 368 Ocean Ave., Lynbrook, NY 11563 4 Frank's Bay City Oil Service, 1117 Olympia Rd., No. Bellmore, NY 11710 Frontier Chemical Waste, 4626 Royal Avenue, Niagra Falls, 3 NY 14303 General Electric Co., P.O. Box 8, Room 2C13 K-1, 1 Schenectady, NY 12301 General Waste Oil Co., 37 Longworth Ave., Dix Hills NY 11746 Harrison Radiator Div. GMC, Upper Mountain Rd., Lockport, 3 NY 14094 Industrial Oil Tank and Line Cleaning Service Co., 307 East 4 Garden St., Rome, NY 13440 Inland Pollution Control Inc., P.O. Box 357, 63 Columbia St., 2 Rensselaer, NY 12144 C 8 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks J.B. Waste Oil Co., 18-18 41st St., Long Island City, NY 11105 James Parks, 2734 Chestnut St., York, NY 14592 1 Janic Waste Oil Corp., Bay Street, Freeport, NY 11520 J.K. Waste Oil Service, 280 Grank Blvd., Deer Park, 2 NY 11729 J.W. Lenza Oil Company, 3 Court St., Staten Island, 1 NY 10304 Kroll Associates, 19 Woodgate Rd., Tonawanda, NY 14150 RENTAL Loeffel's Oil Service, RD #2, Narrowburg, NY 12764 3 Lomasney Combustion, Inc., 366 Mill St., Poughkeepsie, 2 NY 12602 Long's Landscaping, 2106 Love Rd., Grand Island, NY 14072 1 Luzon Oil Company, P.O. Box 19, Hurleyville, NY 12747 2 Manhattan Oil Service, 21-11A 46th St., Astoria, NY 11105 1 Marine Pollution Control, Inc., 460 Terryville Rd., 4 Port Jefferson Station, NY 11776 New Era Oil Services Inc.$ 402 Parsons Drives Syracuses 5 NY 13219 Niagra Mohawk Power Corp., 300 Erie Blvd., West Syracuse, 2 NY 13202 Niagra Tauk and Pump Co., 262 Carlton St., Buffalo, I NY 14204 Oceanside Equipment Rental Corp., 10 New St., Oceanside, 3 NY 11572 Oldover Corp., P.O. Box 2, Saugertiers, NY 12477 1 Patterson Chemical Co. Inc., 102 Third St., Brooklyn, NY 11231 RGM Liquid Waste Removal, 972 Nicola Rd., Deer Park, NY 11729 C 9 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks Rice Tank Cleaning Corp., 434 Suffolk Ave., Box 296, 7 Central Islip, NY 11722 Wa. F. Sheridan, Jr. Industrial Oil Corp., 114 Peconic Ave., Medford, NY 11763 Southgate Oil Services, Inc., P.O. Box A, 2699 Transit Rd., 9 .Elma, NY 14059 Stage Construction Co., Inc., 105 Commercial Ave., Vestal, 2 NY 13850 Strebel's Laundry, 644 Montauk Highway, Westhampton, NY Superior Pipecleaniug, Inc., 168 Woodlawn Ave., Woodlawn, 5 NY 14219 Swanson Chemical Laboratories, Inc., 4 West First St., - I Lakewood, NY 14750 Timber Lake Campground, Plato Maples Rd., RFD #1, Box 72, 1 3 St., Otto, NY 14729 United Pump and Tank of Rochester, Inc., 779 Arnett Blvd., 1 Rochester, NY 14619 Verdi Construction, Route 31, Savannah, NY 13146 6 Wizard Method, Inc., 1100 Connecting Rd., Niagra Falls, 14 NY 14304 W.L. Oil Co., Inc., 178 North Elting Corners Rd., Highland, 2 NY 12528 W.M. Spiegel Sons, Inc., 461 E. Clinton St., Elmira, 7 NY 14902 World Wide Pollution Control, Inc., P.O. Box 702 New 3 Station, New Paltz, NY 12561 New Jersey A.M. Environmental Services, Inc., 1031 Market St., 7 Paterson, NJ 07513 Angus Tank Cleaning Corp., One Ingham Ave., Bayonne, 6 NJ 07002 C 10 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks Clean Venture, Inc., P.O. Box 418, Foot of South Wood Ave., 1 Linden, NJ 07036 Depalma Oil Co., 21 Myrtle Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07305 4 Eastcoast Pollution Control, Inc., Cenco Blvd., Clayton, 12 NY 08312 Energall, Inc., 411 Wilson Ave., Newark, NJ 07105 18 Essential Trucking Corp., Fanny Rd., Boonton, NJ 07005 3 lisko Transportation Co., Inc., 504 Raritan St., 1 Sayerville, NJ 08872 Loeffel's Waste Oil Service, Inc., P.O. Box 6519 3 Old Bridge, NJ 08857 Marisol, Inc., 125 Factory Lane, Middlesex, NJ 08846 4 Nalco Chemical Co., 1927 Nolte Drive, Paulsboro, NJ 08066 1 Red's Waste Oil Service, P.O. Box 375, Newton, NJ 07860 4 Phil's Waste Oil, 13 Ronald Drive, Z. Hanover, NJ 07936 1 Robert More Waste Oil, 124 Baltimore St., North Arlington, 1 NJ 07032 SCA Chemical Services, Earthliue Division, 100 Lister Ave., 47 Newark, NJ 07105 Solvents Recovery Service of New Jersey, Inc., 2 1200 Sylvan St., Linden, NJ 07036 T/A Samson Tank Cleaning, 101 E. 21st St., Bayonne, 3 NJ 07002 Other Acne Services, Inc., 985 Plainfield St., Johnston, 7 RI 02919 Barks Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 305, Douglassville, 4 PA 19518 C 11 Table 2. Concluded Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks Colvin's Waste Oil Service, 24 Marrer St., Warren, PA 16365 1 G & H Oil Co., 455 Hemlock Rd., Warren, PA 16365 1 Hitchcock Industrial Liquid Waste, 40 California St., 5 Bridgeport, CT 06608 Jet Line Services, Inc., 441R Canton St., Stoughton, is MA, 02072 New England Marine Contractors, Inc., 189 Lakeside Ave., 6 Burlington, VT 05401 New England Pollution Control Co., Inc., 7 Edgewater Pl, 6 1. Norfolk, CT 06855 Schofield Oil Ltd., P.O. Box 40, Breslau, Ontario, 3 Canada NOB 1MO Solvents Recovery Service of New England, Inc., Lazy Lane, 6 Southington, CT 06489 The Crago Co., Inc., Route 26, P.O.Box 409, Gray, 3 HE 04039 Tanseuviromental Corp., 500 Ford Blvd** Hamilton, OR 45011 1 Tricil Limited, 602 Rte. 132, Ste. Catherine, Quebec, Canada 1 C 12 NY DEC would analyze the contents. This plan is still in the fromative stages. New York City. All requests for information relative to disposal of oil- contaminated solid wastes shall be channeled through the NYC Department of Sanitation, Operations Control Office, Bureau of Waste Disposal at the following numbers: (212) 566-5326/5327 The following locations have been designated for receipt of oil-contam- inated solid waste generated during and as-a result of oil spill cleanup op- erations. Use of the following disposal fa cilities will be'limited to those carriers possessing a "NYS DEC Industrial Waste Collector Certificat of Registration" (SW-3) and either a Department of Consumer Affairs Waste Con- veyance License or-a Department of Sanitation Construction Waste Permit. Disposal of materials will be from 0800 to 1600, Sundays and holidays ex- cluded. NYC Disposal Sites - Fountain Avenue Landfill Fountain Ave. Belt Parkway Brooklyn, N.Y., Edgemere Landfill Beach 49th St. & Beach Channel Dr. Rockaway, Queens, N.Y. Brookfield Avenue Landfill Arthur Kill Rd. & Brookfield Ave. Staten Island, N.Y. A list of qualified and approved regional oily solid waste carriers is given in Table 3. If further information be required, Mr. Gus Fischetti, Engineer in Charge of Landfills, should be contacted, (212) 272-9811. New Jersey. For disposal of oil-contaminated solid wastes within the State of New Jersey, contact the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for an approved dump site at (609) 292-5560. There are currently no C 13 Table 3. APPROVED OILY WASTE CARRIERS (SOLID WASTE BUILDING) Active Oil Service, Inc. National Oil Recovery Corp. 374 Main Street Book Road & Commerce Street Belleville, NJ 07109 Bayonne, NJ 07002 (201) 482-4600 (201) 437-7300 Atlantic B.C., Inc. Nevtovn Refinery Corp. 145 Van Dyke Street 37-80 Reviev Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11231 Long Island City, NY 11101 (212) 522-3260 (212) 729-7660 Chemical Control Corp. Oceanside Equipment Rental Corp. 23 South Front Street 70 Nev Street Elizabeth, NJ 07202 Oceanside, NY 11572 (201) 351-5460 (516) 678-4466 Earth Linet Inc. Oil Tank Cleaning Corp. End of Wood Avenue 107-127 27th Street Liuden, NJ 07036 Brooklyn, NY 11232 (201) 862-4747 (212) 499-9608 East Coast Tank Lining Co. Petroleum Tank Cleaners, Inc. 700 Hicks Street 145 Huntington Street Brooklyn, NY 11231 Brooklyn, NY 11231 (212) $55-7272 (212) 624-4842 Guardino & Sons, Inc. Royal Tank Cleaning Corp. 80 Broad Street 687 S. Columbia Avenue Now York, NY 10004 Mount Vernon, NY 10550 (212) 943-6966 (914) 664-7070 Mobil 'Oil Corp- Samson Tank Cleaning Corp. 4165 Arthur Kill Road 101 East 21st Street Staten Island, NY 10307 Bayonne, NJ 07002 (212) 948-5400 (201) 437-1044 Modern Transportation Co. Standard Tank Cleaning Corp. 75 Jacobus Avenue One Ingham Avenue S. Kearney, NJ 07032 Bayonne, NY 07002 (201) 589-0277 (201) 339-5222 C 14 approved dump sites in New Jersey. Approval for dumping oil-contaminated solid wastes is granted on a case-by-case basis. All vehicles used in the collection or haulage of solid waste---s-'hafl properly and conspicuously display the New Jersey Solid Waste Administration (NJSWA) registration number in letters and numbers at least 3 inches in height, and shall carry the current Solid Waste Administration registration certificate in the vehicle. In addition, in letters and numbers at least 3 inches in height, the capacity of the vehicle in cubic yards or in gallons, with the appropriate unit designated, shall be marked on both sides of the vehicle so as to be visible to the operator of the solid waste facility. Further, all vehicles containing oil-contaminated waste shall be con- spicuously placarded by the special waste hauler. Such placarding shall meet the requirements of the United States Department of Transportation for the transport of hazardous materials (49 CFR 170 et seq.). No special waste facility shall accept oil-contaminated waste unless the vehicle is properly placarded in accordance with this section. Temporary, Waste Storage. If there are large quantities of materials,for disposal, a temporary storage site should be established. A temporary storage site provides a location to store oily sediment and debris removed during shoreline cleanup operations until a final disposal site has been located, approved, and made operable. The temporary storage sites should be located in areas with-good acce*ss to the shoreline cleanup operation and to nearby streets and highways. Good storage site locations are flat areas such as parking lots (paved or unpaved) or undeveloped lots adjacent to the shoreline. Temporary storage sites should be selected and prepared to minimize contamination of surrounding areas from leaching oil. Therefore, storage sites should not be located on or adjacent to ravines, gullies, streams, or C 15 the sides of hills, but on flat areas with a minimum of slope. Once a location is selected, certain site preparations are usually necessary to contain any leaching oil. An earth berm should be constructed around-the perimeter of the storage site. If a paved parking lot is used, earth would have to be imported from nearby areas; if an unpaved surface is used, ma-. terial can be excavated from the site itself and pushed to the perimeter thereby forming a small basin. Entrance and exit ramps should be construct- ed over the berm to allow cleanup equipment access to the site. If the sub- strate or berm material is permeable, plastic liners should be spread over the berms and across the floor of the storage site in order to contain any possible oil leachate. A front-end loader should be stationed at each storage site to evenly distribute the dumped oily material and to load trucks removing the material to final disposal. C 16 APPENDIX D Dispersants Introduction Spills of crude oil and petroleum products in the marine environment can result in varying types and degrees of enviranmental damage. In some cases spills may even involve threat of fire and explosion. To reduce these threats, various specialized techniques and equipment have been developed and used with different degrees of success. In almost all cases, limitation of spread and physical recovery of the spilled material represent the most environmentally acceptable actions and should always be given first consideration. However, as a result of spill size, weather, and other fac- torss control and recovery are not always adequate or even possible. Other options to minimize impacts should be explored in these situations. An alternative to conventional methods of contairment and recovery is the use of chemical dispersants. Dependant on the oil characteristics dispersants can assist the breakup and mixing of oil slicks into the water column, accelerating dilution and degradation rates. In addition, they may be used in sea states where conventional techniques are no longer effective. Federal Regulation The use of chemical dispersauts is closely regulated by the federal government and.can only be initiated in situations where it is deemed the most effective and least environmentally hazardous alternative. While advo- eating physical control and removal of spilled oil, the National Oil and D 1 Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan provides the basis f or case- by-ease utilization of chemical dispersants and other treating agents. Known as Annex X, this schedule permits consideratioa'of chemical dispersion in the following circumstances (40 CFR 1510, Annex X, Sections 2003.1-1 to 2003.1-1.3): 9 In any case when, in the judgement of the federal On--Scene Coordinator (OSQ, their use will prevent or substantially re- duce hazard to human life or limb or substantially reduce ex- plosion or fire hazard to property. a For major or medium discharges when, in the judgement of the on-scene Environmental Protection Agency representative, their use will prevent or reduce substantial hazard to a major segment of the population(s) of vulnerable species of waterfowl. 9 For major and medium discharges when, in the ju@gement of the Environmental Protection Agency response team member in consul- tation with appropriate state and federal agencies, their use will result in the least overall environmental damage, or interference with designated water uses. Principals of Dispersion Dispersion may be defined as the act or state of being broken. apart and scattered. Oil floating on water will ultimately disperse naturally in re- sponse to currents and waves. As the degree of surface energy increases, the rate of natural dispersion iL%creases.' Typically, however, the natural process is slow and agitation of some oils often results in the formation of extremely persistent and difficult to treat water-in-oil emulsions (tar balls, mousse). For some oil types dispersants can greatly increase the rate of dispersion and prevent the formation of'water-in'-oil emulsions reducing the potential damage associated with floating slicks. Dispersant formulations contain varying amounts of surface active agents (or surfactants). Technically, surfactants act to modify (reduce) the oil surface tension. Each surfactant molecule may be thought of as polar in nature, one end having an affinity for oil, and the other an affinity for D 2 water. When applied to fl.oating oil, the surfactant diffuses through the oil and individual surfactant molecules orientate themselves along the surface with their water attracting ends out. (It is critical that the dispersant contact the oil and not be' applied to the surrounding water.) As the slick is broken apart by natural or ma-ade energy, treated particles are separated and repelled, preventing slick reformation. Eventually, treated oil particles are broken into small enough drops that they remain suspended and dispersed in the water. Because the oil particles are surrounded by surfactant molecules, they tend not to adhere to.solid objects such as boats, shorelines, etc. In dispersed form, the spilled oil has a much larger surface area which serves to accelerate solution, evaporation, photo-oxidation, and biodegradation rates. Environmental Effects The acceptance of. chemical dispersants as a means of combatting oil spills has been deterred by real and inferred environmental damages associated with a few misapplications of early high toxicity products and a limited knowledge of the potential effects of the'modern, low toxicity dispersant formulations. However, there has been little evidence from actual field use of dis- persants to prove or disprove significant effects resulting from the proper application of chemical agents. In contrast, the ecologic realities asso- ciated with spilled oil - particularly in coastal and shoreline areas - are dramatic and far better understood. When predictable damage or threats asso- ciated with untreated oil are compared with the known and unknown aspects of chemically treated oil, it may be possible to identify cases in which one action has significantly less total risk than another. D 3 Toxicity data on golernmen't accepted dispersants are available f rom the EPA in the form of LC50 is. Using the effective dosage rates, the potential concentrations of dispersants In the water coll-n can be estimated and com- pared to their LC50 valuese The comparison can then be used to predict possible ecologic consequences* Some laboratory and field evidence suggests that chemically produced oil dispersions may be more toxic than naturally produced dispersions. It has been hypothesized that this phenomenon is a synergism between oil and.disper- sant which produces more toxic end products. C ertain toxic components in the oil are activated, and therefore, preferential release of other toxic compo- nents occurs. A dispersaut can increase therate at which volatile fractious of oil are available to enter the water column. It is generally believed, however, that the "I ncreased toxicity" of a dispersion is more related to the increased availability of the oil to various marine organisms. By breaking the oil up into minute droplets, the dispersaut enhances the uptake and in-- corporation of certain oil components by many marine organisms through their breathing and feeding mechanisms. For this reason, dispersed oil at a given concentration may have a more adverse impact on a biological amenity than untreated oil at the same couce:atration. Undispersed oil in nearshore 'areas and on shorelines can smother orgam- isms and plants and cause extensive physical and aesthetic impacts. Undis- persed oil is difficult and expensive to clean up be cause it typically adheres to shoreline surfaces. Use There are three basic types of modern dispersants: water-base, solvent- base, and concentrate. They differ mainly in the nature of their carrier D 4 Table B-1. DISPERSANT APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES Type of Equipment Application Technique Dispersant Type gand-operated Manual application from vestal Premixed solvent garden sprayer or dock base, water base or concentrate Portable pump and Manual application from vessel Premixed solvent hand-carried spray or dock base or concen- nozzle trate Spray boom and low Direct application from vessel Premixed solvent pressure pump at sea. agitation with breaker base boards Spray boom, high pres- Direct application from vessel Concentrate or sure pump and eductor at sea. agitation with breaker water base or metering pump boards, water streams or prop- diluted on- wash Optional board with sea water Fire sonitor/hose, Direct application from vessel Concentrate or high'pressure pump, at sea or from dock: agitation water base and eductor or meter- Optional dilluted. on- Ina pimp board or dock- side with me& water Ballcopter with spray Aerial application:' agitation Undiluted con- home from wind and waves centrates Light aircraft with Aerial application: agitation Undiluted can- crop dusting apparatus from wind and waves centrates Heavy aircraft with Aerial application-. agitation Undiluted con- spray boems from wind and waves cautrates D 5 medium and the ease with which dispersions are formed. Dispersion using water-base formulations typically requires more time and energy. Because they use water as a solvent, these products can be diluted on-site with seawater, thus lending themselves to vessel application. Solvent-base formulations tend to disperse more easily, but are generally more toxic and require higher dosage rates. They are ineffectual when diluted with water. Concentrates contain high percentages of surface active agents. Depending on the pro-duct, they may be used neat, diluted with seawater, and/or diluted with hydrocarbon solvents. The "self-mixing" type of concentrate requires extremely low levels of mixing energy. By virtue of their versatility, dispersant concentrates lend themselves to most methods of applicatione Dispersant use is greatly affected by the type of oil Rapidly spread- ing oils are more easily dispersed than heavy or slowly spreading oils. Solvent base dispersants were formulated primarily for use on heavy or paraf- finic oils as they are harder to break down. Chemical dispersion of highly weathered oils or water-in@-oil emulsions is typically very difficult, if not Impossible. Application Techniques and Equipment There are three basic techniques used to apply dispersants to floating oil; each has its own variety of application equipment. The three applica- tion techniques are: manual, vessel and aerial. The actual equipment and technique used depends on the type of dispersant to be*applied, and the size and location of the spill. Table B-1 lists the type of equipment needed for the various dispersing agents and application techniques. D 6 Manual Application. Manqal application is typically limited to use In very small spills or confined areas. The equipment consists of three-to-five- gallon garden sprayers, usually the backpack type, or portable pumps with hand-carried nozzle sprayers. Equipment should'be fitted with nozzles producing a coarse spray for applying dispersants. Manual application is usually done from the shoreline, a dock or pier, and can also be done from small boats. Vessel Application. Basically, there are three types of vessel mounted appl.ication systems: bow spray, Warren Spring 'Laboratory (WSL) - type, and high-pressure jet spray. The bow spray and WSL systems both use booms fitted with spray nozzles to apply the dispersants. The nozzles produce coarse flat.sprays which overlap slightly at the water surface. The bow spray system has the booms mounted near the vessel bow. With the WSL sys- tems booms are positioned slightly aft of midship* The WSL system also incorporates breaker boards.towed behind the spray booms to provide external mixing energy. Bow wakes and propellor wash from several small boats and high-pressure water streams from fire fi ghting equipment can also be used to supply energy. The third system uses fire fighting monitors or hand-held nozzles to apply dispersants. The high-pressure streams are directed in an arc up over the slick or played back and forth across the oil. In most cases the ves- sel's own salt-water fire fighting system is usede These systems are used primarily to apply water-base or concentrated dispersants in heavily diluted solutions. The systems operate by drawing vater from the sea and supplying it to the booms or monitors at high pressures D 7 and volumes (100 psi and .100-250 gpm respectively). The dispersant is in- troduced into the mainstream of water using an eductor or metering pump at a rate which produces the desired concentration. Also available is a WSL low pressure volume system for applying hydro- carbon-base dispersants. In this case the agent is supplied directly to the booms with no dilution. Aerial ApElication. Three types of aircraft have been used in aerial appli- cation of dispersants: helicopters, light, and heavy fixed-wing aircraft. Suitable aircraft typically come fitted with agricultural or fire fighting spray systems which require only minor modification for dispersant use. The spray systems are usually supplied with misting or atomizing nozzles which must be replaced with ones producing a coarse spray. Two types of spray systems are available for use with helicopters. One is the on-board'type which has the spray booms, tanks, and motor fitted directly to the helicopter. The other system has a single unit consisting of the booms, tank and pump, which is slung underneath the helicopter. The advantage of this system is that it can be hooked up in a matter of minutes to almost any available helicopter. Dosage Dosage required for effective dispersion will vary with each spill, situ- ation. Most manufacturers supply or can provide dosage recommendations with their products. Subject to regulatory approval, these recommendations can be used as a starting point for dosage determination. The optimum dosage (number of gallons of dispersant applied per acre of slick), is primarily governed by thi slick thickness. Generally, the amount of dispersant required is directly D 8 proportional to the thickness, and therefore the volume of oil per acre. Under normal conditions the recommended dosage for most dispersants is 5 to 10 gallons per acre for an average slick thickness of 0.5 to 2.0 mm. By trial application, dosage should be adjusted to achieve the desired result at the minimilm application rate. D 9 APPENDIX E Filter Fence/Sorbent Barrier Permeable barriers constructed onsite and made of wire screen or mesh and sorbents can be used to contain or exclude oil from interior areas such as marsh, channelsand mosquito ditches. Permeable barriers offer the advantages of noninterference with flow, conformance with bottom configura- tion, and response to tidal variation. Because of flow reverses in tidal areas, double barriers are required. A diagram of a typical permeable bar- rier is shown in Figure A-1. While a variety of screen and mesh fencing is available, heavier materials are recommended. When subjected to high cur- rents and debris, lighter material such as chicken wire will probably fail. Single-sided permeable barriers may be constructed in small stream or channels having continual water flow in one direction.- In this case a single line of posts is driven into the stream bottom with the screen fastened to the upstream side. Sorbent is also placed on the upstream side of the bar- rier only, relying on the current to hold it in place. The screen height in both cases must be sufficient to prevent sorbent from going over the top at high tide and under the bottom at low tide. The -screen mesh size must be compatible with the type and size of the sorbent used. E 1 Pipe Supports Cyclone Fence Floating Sorbent Water -Le;-el ZM, v S-upport A Cable (optional) 'N v AA Ax A . ......... NQ Yi J. .. jr Cut A A A Current Al A. Figure 1. TYPICAL PERMEABLE BARRIER E2 I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I 3 6668 00001 1983 1 L