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THE NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE INVENTORY AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE IN ESTUARINE DRAINAGE AREAS: A Preliminary Summary for Selected Pesticides ANTHONY S. PAIT, DANIEL R. G. FARROW, JAMISON A. LOWE, AND PERCYA.PACHECO January 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration TD 427 .P35 A37 1989 NOAA's National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory (NCPDI) Prograin The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory (NCPDI) Program is a series of data base development and analytical activities within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Strategic Assessment Program of coastal and estuarine areas. The cornerstone of the program Is a comprehensive data base and compultational.framework that has been developed over the last eight years. The data base contains pollutant loading estimates for all major categories of point, nonpoint, and riverine sources located in coastal counties or the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone that discharge to the estuarine, coastal, and oceanic waters of the contiguous USA (excluding the Great Lakes). The NCPDI Program is part of NOAA's Strategic Assessment Program of the Nation's coastal and oceanic regions. The goal of this program is to develop information and assessment tools to identify and evaluate existing and future conflicts over the use of resources in the coastal zone. These types of assessments are characterized as "strategic" because they are carded out from a comprehensive perspective that focuses on the Nation as a whole or on large coastal or oceanic regions. They are important because they provide synoptic pictures of resource use issues that allow environmental managers to view the overall scale of resource problems in the coastal zone. They bridge the gap between the mountains of very detailed data available for some areas (typically hard to reduce and compare from area to area) and the sparse data available for the rest of the Nation's coastal zone. The pollutant discharge estimates in the NCPDI are made for the base year 1982, but can be considered to approximate pollutant discharge conditions during the period 1980-85. Estimates are made for 18 pollutants in nine major categories: 1) wastewater; 2) oxygen-demanding materials; 3) particulate material; 4) nutrients; 5) heavy metals; 6) petroleum hydrocarbons; 7) chlorinated hydrocarbons; 8) pathogens; and 9) sludges. The pollutant estimates can be aggregated by county or USGS hydrologic cataloging unit. A series of projects are currently underway within the NCPDI Program to improve And refine the estimates for selected pollutant source categories and coastal areas. These improvements include expanding the study area to include more inland areas within estuarine drainage basins, updating the base year to 1987, using improved methods to estimate discharge, and adding a number of toxic pollutants to the inventory. In addition, projects are being undertaken to assess the impact of management practices on nonpoint source pollutant discharges and to develop computer applications that allow a user to better access and query the data base. In 1987, the NCPDI Program began a project to evaluate the impact of both agricuftural and non- agricultural pesticide use and discharge on the health of the Nation's estuarine systems. Funding assistance was provided by the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection. This report presents the results of the first phase of this work. For more information on the National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory Program, write to: Dade] R. G. Farrow Strategic Assessment Branch, Room 600 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 11400 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 (301) 443-0454. AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE IN ESTUARINE DRAINAGEAREAS: A Preliminary Summaq for Selected Pesticides ANTHONY S. PAIT, DANIEL R. G. FARROW, JAMISON A. LOWE, AND PERCY A. PACHECO Wastewater Treatment Plants Direct Industrial Dischargers Upstream Sources 'MR Nonurban NonpoInt Source Urban Nonpoint Source 4 January 1989 Pzwerty of c8c Library Acknowledgments Many individuals contributed to this report by providing valuable background information and reviewing the draft materials. We would particularly like to acknowledge the assistance and advice received from Leonard P. Gianessi of Resources for the Future, Ralph G. Nash and R. Don Wauchope of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Jerome B. Weber of North Carolina State University. We would also like to thank Dolores Toscano and our colleagues Steve Rohmann, Tim Manuelides, Carol Blackwell, and Mark Jacobsen for their assistance during the final preparation of this report. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA C-) COASTAL SERVICES CENTER C.12 2234 SOUTH HOPSON A@IEN(IF %AA rA CHARLESTON, 29405- Contents Page Introduction .....................................................................................................I The Pesticides .................................................................................................1 Assessing Toxicity ............................................................................................2 Pesticide Use and Toxicity In the Estuarine Drainage Areas .................................4 Limitations .......................................................................................................7 How the Data Can Be Used ...............................................................................9 Concluding Comments .....................................................................................9 Figures and Tables ........................................................................................... 13 Figures 1. Key to Estuarine Drainage Areas .................................................... 14 2. Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for Selected Agricultural Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982 .......................... 16 3. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982 .......................................... 17 4. Agricultural Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas by Major Crop, circa 1982 ....................................... 19 5. Agricultural Pesticide Use and Toxicity Normalized Use by Pesticide Class and by Coastal Region, circa 1982 .......................... 20 6. Agricultural Pesticide Use in Estuarine Drainage Areas by Region and by Pesticide Class, circa 1982 ...................................... 21 7. Intensity of Agricultural Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982 .......................................... 22 8. Intensity of Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982 .......................................... 23 9. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area, circa 1982 ...................... 24 Tables 1 . Compounds Included in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base ............... 26 2. Crops Included in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base ......................... 27 3. Toxicological Properties of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base ................................................................ 28 4. Major Crops Grown in Estuarine Drainage Areas, by Coastal Region ......................................................................... 30 5. Ranking of Selected Pesticide Use and Land Use Characteristics in Estuarine Drainage Areas ..................................... 32 Contents (continued) Tables (continued) Page Appendices ..................................................................................................... 33 A. Common/Trade Names of Pesticides in NOAA!s Pesticide Use Data Base ................................................................ 34 B Pesticide Use Estimation Methodologies ........................................ 35 C. Physical Properties of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base ................................................................ 37 D. Environmental Hazard Rating System (EHRS) ................................. 41 E. Pesticides Applied to Selected Crops in NOANs Pesticide Use Data Base ................................................................ 42 F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas ...................................... 44 G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area ............................................ 56 H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State .......... 68 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area ....................................... 96 J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area .................. 112 References ...................................................................................................... 129 (Acronyms on Inside of Back Cover) Introduction This report summarizes the agricultural application of a groupof 28 commonly applied pesticides in the 78 estuarine drainage areas (EDAs) contained in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA). National Estuarine Inventory (NEI) (Figure I)'. Theestimatesof pesticide use are taken f rom a data base developed as part of a joint NOAA/ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) project to assess pesticide use, runoff, and potential impact in the Nation's estuaries. The pesticide use estimates are circa 1982 and are based on county use estimates taken from the National Pesticide Use Inventory compiled by Resources for the Future (FIFF). EPA's Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection provided support for the development of the data base. The primary purpose of the project is to identify estuaries most at risk due to agricultural pesticide use. Two experimental approaches are @aken in this report to assess the potential impact of these pesticides. The first accounts forthe varying toxicity of the 28 pesticides to estuarine organisms. The second approach develops a quantitative measure that can be used to compare and rank estuarine systems with respect to the amount of pesticides applied per unit area of cropland. An analysis of the relative toxicities of the pesticides to aquatic organisms and additional supporting information (for example, a discussion of each pesticide's haft-life in the environment, bloconcentration potential, mode of action, and EPA regulatory status) is also included to provide a more complete picture of the use and potential impact of these pesticides. Because the use estimates are based on typical application rates and assumptions about the percent of crop receiving treatment, estimatesfor specific pesticidelcrop combinations for a particular area may be an over- or underestimate. However, taken over an entire estuarine drainage area the estimates portray the differences in general patterns of use among estuarine systems and coastal regions. 'The Pesticides The 28 pesticides currently in the inventory (Table 1) are appliedto a numberof field and orchard crops (Table 2). A list of common/trade names for these pesticides can be found in Appendix A. The estimates made in this report do not include nonagricultural applications such as mosquito control, golf course use, right-of-way, and residential use which may be important for some compounds. The pesticides were selected jointly by NOAA, FIFF and EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs based on toxicity, quantities used and data availability. Agricultural experts in government and academia were asked to review the list for comprehensiveness and to suggest additional pesticides. In the coming year, 10 additional pesticides will be added to the data base as a result of these recommendations. Regulatory Status. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) enacted in 1972, and amended in 1978, 1985, and 1988 requires the EPA to register newly manufactured pesticides, and to re-register previously manufactured compounds. Under FIFRA, the manufacturer must supply EPA with information on the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of the compound. The EPA then evaluates the risks and benefits of the pesticide and decides if the compound should be allowed to. enter or remain on the market, and if any restrictions will be placed on its use. States can also regulate the use of pesticides provided they do not ease the restrictions placed on the compound. I An EDA, as defined in the NEI, is that portion of an entire watershed that most directly affects the estuary and is delineated bythe limits of the tidal influence and the U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic cataloging units (NOAA, 1985). EDAswere drawn to coincide with the cataloging unit(s) that contains the head of tide and seaward estuarine boundaries. A map of the estuarine drainage areas in the NEI along with their numerical designations is presented in Figure 1. In addition to listing the pesticides, Table 1 also shows the current EPA regulatory classification and the Initial registration dates of each compound. Restricted pesticides can only be applied by certified applicators under specific conditions and only to certain crops. For example, chlorobenzi late was restricted to use on citrus by the EPA in 1979. The EPA can suspend the registration of a compound if the registrant does not comply with the requirements of re-registration, or if the pesticide is judged by EPA to pose an imminent hazard. In this case, suspension is used to prevent further application of the compound while cancellation is underway. At the present time, the registration of the herbicide dinoseb has been suspended, although the EPA has granted partial exemptions to this suspension in the Northwest. A pesticide registration is cancelled if the EPA finds that its continued use presents too great a risk to humans or the environment. A pesticide can also be voluntarily cancelled by the manufacturer as in the case of the fungicide captafol. However, stockpiles of this compound can still be used. Data Sources. Ideally, estimates of pesticide use should be based on actual use or sales records. However, no such nationwide data base exists, and even at state and local levels, this type of information is diff icult to obtain. Consequently, use must be estimated. Estimates of use for each pesticide bycrop and countywere taken f rom the National Pesticide Use Inventory(NPUI) developed by Resources for the Future (FIFF). The estimates were generated using a variety of sources including the 1982 Census of Agriculture (Department of Commerce), the 1982 Crop and Livestock Pesticide Usage Survey (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service) and state data bases. Information was also obtained from state and local agricultural extension agents on the average application rates and percent acres of crop treated with a particular pesticide. A simple algorithm was used to estimate the annual pesticide application by county for each pesticide/crop combination: acres of particular - x percent of crop x pounds/acre/year estimated yearly crop in county receiving pesticide of active - pesticide use for application ingredients crop in county typically applied Estimates of pesticide use by EDA were then made by prorating the estimated yearly pesticide use by the percent of the total agricultural land in the county within the EDA boundary. This percentage was derived from NEI land use data. A more detailed discussion of the estimation methodologies can be found in Appendix B. Assessing Toxicity Pesticides are applied to control a wide variety of plant and animal pests, and ideally, should only affect a specific target organism. Unfortunately, many pesticides are nonspecific, and are toxic to nontarget organisms as well. Table 3 identifies properties of each pesticide that are important when considering the effects of acute (short-term, high dosage) or chronic (long-term, low dosage) exposure to estuarine fish and invertebrates. The pesticides in the table are grouped according to chemical class, and compounds within each class tend to share similar toxicological properties. The following discussion describes in detail each column in Table 3. A discussion of the physical parameters of the pesticides is presented in Appendix C. The Environmental Hazard Rating System (EHRS) in Table 3 provides a graphical summary of the potential hazard to aquatic animals posed by exposure to each pesticide. This classification scheme, similar to the one proposed by Weber (1977), rates the toxicity (as measured by the LCSO) of the pesticide to fish, the persistence of the compound in soil (haft life or TJ, and the potential for each pesticide to accumulate (the bioconcentration factor or BCF) in fish. For each category @toxicity, 2 persistence and bioconcentration), the hazard posed by the pesticide (either low, moderate, or high) is indicated by the degree of shading. According to this rating system, the more hazardous pesticides score high (dark shading) in one or more categories. For example, chlorothalonil is highly toxic and accumulates in fish. The herbicide 2,4-D, in contrast, has a fairly low toxicity, does not accumulate, and therefore poses a lower hazard . It should be noted that an evaluation system based on other classes of aquatic life such as crustaceans or plants would present a somewhat different picture of the potential environmental hazard. The numerical values used to developthe present rating system are given in Appendix D. The Aqueous LC50 (LC,,) is the experimentally determined aqueous concentration of a pesticide that is lethal to 50 percent of test organisms within a specific time (e.g., 24,48 or 96 hours). The LC50 is determined using a statistical transformation of dose/response data, and is frequently given in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams of pesticide per liter of water. The I-C.Is typically the first test performed when. trying to determine the acute toxicity of a chemical. It provides the toxicologist with a preliminary idea of the hazard posed by the pesticide, and helps direct additional testing. The LCSO values shown in Table 3 are for estuarine and freshwater fish. These values provide a relative measure of acute toxicity. The smaller the I-C. value, the more toxic the pesticide. However, an LC50 can vary depending on the environmental conditions, the life stage of the organism, and the species. For example, the 96-hour LCSO for ethoprop using the sheepshead minnow (Cyl2rinodon vadegatuBi is 0.74 ppm; for the pink shrimp (Penaeus duoranim the 96- hour LC 50 is only 0.013 ppm. A Coefficient of Relative Toxicity (CRT) was developed to normalize pesticide application to acutetoxicity. A CRT was computed for each pesticide by dividing its LCSO for fish into the I-C., of the most toxic compound in the inventory (the organophosphate insecticide phorate). The CRT was then multiplied by the use estimate for that pesticide so that the original amount applied in the EDA was translated into units of phorate normalized toxicity. In this way, the total toxic load for all pesticides in the EDA could be evaluated. A heavily used but less toxic compound would contribute less to the toxicity normalized load than would a little used but highly toxic pesticide. For example, if 10,000 pounds of alachlor were applied in an EDA, the toxic loading would be: 0.0013 ppm (12horate LO 5) X 10,000 pounds of alachlor 3.0 pounds of toxicity 4.3 ppm (alach [or LCO applied in an EDA normalized pesticide applied If however, 1,000 poundsof the more toxic pesticide captafolwere applied in an EDA, thetoxic loading would be: 0,0013 ppm (phorateLci X 1,000 pounds of captafol 41 pounds of toxicity 0.032 ppm (captafol LC50) applied in an EDA normalized pesticide applied The application of the CRTs integrates toxicity with use, and provides an initial inclicationof the hazard posed to estuarine systems as a result of pesticide use patterns. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is the ratio of the amount of active ingredient accumulated by an organism from water to the amount remaining in the aqueous phase at equilibrium, and is expressed as: BCF = mg pesticide/kilogram of tissue mg pesticide/liter of water 3 The BCF can be experlmentallydeterrnined by allowing a pesticide to reach equilibrium between the organism and the aqueous phase, or it can be determined using a mathematical model. TheBCF values in Table 3 are for estuarine and freshwater fish. If a BCF was not found in the literature, an estimated value was calculated from water solubility data. The degree of bioconcentration is related to a number of factors. A pesticide with a low water solubility (i.e., a hydrophobic compound), will readily accumulate in an organism, especially in the lipid-containing tissues, in much the same Way that a hydrophobic compound will partition out of the aqueous phase in an. octanol/water mixture. In addition, bioconcentration will be somewhat dependent on the organism, as different species contain varying amounts of lipid. Finally, the extent of accumulation is related to the ability of the organism to metabolize and excrete the pesticide. The breakdown products or metabolites of a compound are usually more water soluble, and therefore easierto excrete. A compound that is rapidly metabolized will have less chance of being accumulated in an organism. In general, fish have a greater ability to metabolize aromatic compounds than crustaceans or molluscs. The BCF values in Table 3 vary widely as do their water solubilities. For example, the trifluralin BCF is 930, while the BCF for the water soluble (Appendix C) metolachlor is only 7. Class of Aquatic Life at Risk is a general classification system designed to indicate the class of aquatic animals (excluding mammals) most at risk due to exposure. Some species are more sensitive to pesticides because of physiological differences. Many of the pesticides, such as parathion and diazinon, pose a risk to both fish and invertebrates, while others, such as methyl parathion, are more hazardous to invertebrates. Atrazine is moderately toxic to fish, and there also remains some concern regarding its effects on aquatic plants. Mode of Action identifies how the pesticide affects the target organism. Most currently used Insecticides affect some aspect of the insect's physiology, usually the nervous system. The organochlorine insecticides are thought to interfere with the essential flow of potassium and sodium Ions across the nerve cell membrane. The organophosphate and carbamate insecticides inhibit the functioning of acetylcholi neste rase (AChE), an enzyme important in the process of muscle contrac- tion. The disruption of the nervous system caused by insecticides most likely leads to death in the target organism, although in many cases, the exact cause is still unknown. Herbicides affect a number of plant processes including photosynthesis, enzyme function, and the hormonal control of plant growth. The triazine herbicides (e.g., atrazine and cyanazine) inhibit energy production during photosynthesis. The carbarnate herbicides affect a variety of enzyme systems which prevent normal growth and functioning of the plant. Alachlor and metolachlor appear to inhibit protein synthesis in the plant. The chlorinated phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and aciiluorfen mimic natural plant hormones, causing improper plant growth. Dinoseb inhibits the production of high energy phosphate compounds necessary for plant metabolism. Chronic Toxicity is the long-term, low dose effects a compound has on an organism. Chronic toxicity tests are designed to predict the effects of a chemical at environmentally realistic concentra- tions. Chronic effects include changes in behavior (e.g. ability to escape predation), biochemistry (e.g., enzyme function), and reproduction (e.g., fertility), which can be detrimental to a species. At the preserittime, limited information existsonthe chronic effectsof pesticidesto estuarine organisms, although it is known that thiobencarb decreases growth in fish and chlorothalonil causes a decrease in fertility. In addition, the organochlorines, along with a number of other pesticides shown in Table 3, are suspected carcinogens. Tests carried out with laboratory animals however, may not be applicable to some classes of estuarine organisms. Organophosphate and carbarnate insecticides generally have a low chronic toxicity due to their shorter environmental half-lives. The herbicides cyanazine and dinoseb are suspected teratogens (i.e., they cause embryonic malformations) in laboratory animals. 4 The Toxicity of the Degradation Products is the hazard posed to an organism by the metabolites or breakdown products of a pesticide. While a pesticide may be rapidly metabolized, the products of this metabolism may also be toxic. In general, the organophosphates and carbarnates degrade to less toxic compounds, although there are exceptions. For example, the organophosphate insecticide disuffoton is metabolized to a series of compounds, some of which inhibit ace- tylcho,linesterase activity to an even greater degree than the original pesticide. The carbarnate Insecticide carbaryl is metabolized to 1-napthol which is very toxic to molluscs. Pesticide Use and Toxicity in the EDAs Crop Pattems In the EDAs. Tables 4a-d show the major acreage crops grown in the four coastal regions of the U.S. by EDA. For the most part, corn, soybeans, wheat and hay are the dominant (highest acreage) crops in the Nation's EDAs. A number of regional crop pattems can also be seen. Corn, soybeans, alfalfa and hay are important crops in a number of EDAs in the Northeast. Soybeans are an important crop, particularly from Hudson River/Raritan Bay to the Chesapeake Bay. In the Southeast, soybeans and corn are by far the dominant crops. In 13of the 18 EDAsinthis region, soybeans are the dominant acreage crop, while corn is a major crop in all EDAs in the Southeast. Citrus is the dominant crop in four Florida EDAs, while sugarcane is the highest acreage crop in the two most southern EDAs in this state, Biscayne Bay and Ten Thousand Islands. In many of the Gulf Coast EDAs from northern Floridato Texas, soybeans are again dominant. In Texas, sorghum is the highest acreage crop from the Matagorda Bay EDA south. In Laguna Madre, cotton is also an important crop. On the West Coast, alfalfa is a dominant crop along with barley and corn, while in the fertile San Joaquin Valley area, corn, grapes, tomatoes and broccoli are the major crops. Farther north in Oregon and Washington, hay, cranberries and peas are dominant. Pasture/range was not included in Tables 4a-d as it is not a true crop. However, areal and pesticide use estimates for pasture/ range are contained in the Appendices. Factors Affecting Pesticide Use and Toidelty In the EDA& Three factors affect pesticide use estimates in the EDAs. The first is the area of cropland within the EDA. An area of heavy use occurs f rom Delaware Bay to Winyah Bay on the East Coast (Figures 2a, 3a, and 3b). In these EDAs, the agricultural acreage is on average about 28 percent of the total land area. A second factor involves the types of crops grown. Field crops such as soybeans and corn are pesticide intensive (e.g., they are treated with as many as 16 of the 28 pesticides (Appendix E)). These two crops received the majority (57 percent) of the 28 pesticides applied agricufturally in the EDAs (Figure 4). As a result, EDAs where these crops are grown receive large amounts of the pesticides. In Appendix F, the area of major crops grown in each EDA is summarized. The third factor involves the size of the EDA. In the Chesapeake Bay EDA (approximately 17,700 square miles), 33 percent of the land area is agricultural. In the smaller Delaware Bay EDA (approximately 4,000 square miles), 42 percent of the land area is agricultural. The Chesapeake Bay EDA has a higher pesticide load (approximately 5.3 million pounds) than Delaware Bay (1.5 million pounds), primarily because of its larger size. Pesticide Use Patterns In the EDA& Annual agricultural application of all pesticides (active ingredients) in the contiguous United States is roughly 800 million pounds (Glanessi, 1988). Approximately 412 rnillion pounds of the 28 pesticides were applied nationwide in 1982 (Gianessi, 1988), representing approximately 50 percent of all pesticides applied agriculturally in the Nation. In the EDAs, 34 million pounds of these 28 pesticides were applied, representing approximately eight percent of their total use nationwide. Figures 2 and 3 show the patterns of pesticide use by EDA. East Coast EDAs (Figure 2a) receive some of the highest applications of these pesticides in the country. The Chesapeake Bay EDA received the greatest amount of pesticides of any in the Nation with approximately 5.3 n-dllion pounds (Figure 3a). Large amounts of pesticides were also applied in three EDAs along the Gulf Coast - Laguna Madre, Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays, and the Matagorda Bay (Figure 3c). 5 Herbicides accounted for more than 70 percent of the pesticides applied in the Nation's EDAs while insecticides accounted for approximately 19 percent. The USDA, Economic Research Service (Delvo et al.,1987) estimates that herbicides account for 85 percent of pesticide use nationally. Pesticide application by coastal region and pesticide class is shown in Figure 5. The highest estimated herbicide application occurred in the Southeast and along the Gulf Coast with a combined 1982 total of over 16 million pounds. The most insecticides were applied in the Southeast (approximately 2.3 million pounds). The USDA/ERS (Delvo et al., 1987) noted that corn and soybean production is responsible for most of the herbicide use in the country, while corn and cotton dominate insecticide use. As noted earlier, both the Southeast and Gulf Coasts are important corn, soybean and cotton growing areas. Figure 6 shows the total application of individual pesticides by EDA. The herbicides alachlor and atrazine dominate use. These two compounds account for 11.7 rnillion pounds or 35 percent of the total amount applied in EDAs in 1982 (Appendix G). Alachloris used on a numbe'rof crops including corn, soybeans, sorghum, and peanuts to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. High use of this herbicide was estimated for a number of EDAs in the Northeast, Southeast, and in the Gulf of Mexico. The heaviest regional application was in the Southeast where nearly 3 million pounds were applied, the majority on corn, soybeans and peanuts in the Albemarle and Pamlico Sound EDAs. The highest application of alachlor in any EDA occurred in the Chesapeake Bay EDA with approximately 1.45 million pounds. Atrazine, which is used mainly on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane was used most heavily in the Northeast (2 million pounds). Approximately 69 percent of the atrazine used in this region was applied in the Chesapeake Bay EDA (1.42 million pounds), the majority on corn. Metolachlor, a herbicide used on a number of crops (Appendix E) was third in terms of individual pesticide use in the EDAs (approximately 2.9 million pounds). In the Northeast approximately 1.1 million pounds of this herbicide were used on crops such as corn, potatoes and soybeans. In the Gulf of Mexico EDAs, approximately 990,000 pounds were used. The major insecticides applied in the EDAs were carbaryl@, carbofuran and methyl parathion. Carbaryl was used heavily in the Southeast (840,000 pounds) in 1982 followed by the Gun of Mexico (620,000 pounds). In the Southeast, carbaryl is applied mainly to soybeans, peanuts and corn. The heaviest application of carbaryl in any EDA occurred in Winyah Bay, with over 290,000 pounds, the majority applied to soybeans. Methyl parathion is used on a variety of crops including soybeans, cottonandrice. In the Atchaf alayatVerrTfilion Bays in Louisiana, over 277,000 pounds. were applied to these crops in 1982. In Winyah Bay over 355,000 pounds of methyl parathion were applied to cotton and soybeans. The four fungicides included in the inventory are chlorothalonil, captafol, metiram, and PCNB. These are used on crops such as apples, potatoes, soybeans and citrus. Their use accounted for approximately eight percent of the total pesticides applied and was well distributed among the Northeast, Southeast, and Gulf Coasts (Figure 5). Fungicide use In the West Coast EDAs was fairly low. In the Gulf Coast EDAs, approximately 930,000 pounds were applied in 1982. Chlorothalonil was applied most heavily in the Southeast and Gulf Coasts. In the Laguna Madre EDA, over 261,000 pounds were applied in 1982, mainly to cantaloupes, cabbage and broccoli. In the Southeast, 165,000 pounds were applied in the Winyah Bay EDA, primarily to peanuts. The nernaticide in the inventory, ethoprop, is used on crops such as corn, peanuts, soybeans and sugarcane and was applied most heavily in the Southeast (474,000 pounds). In Winyah Bay, over 182,000 pounds were applied, mainly to tobacco, soybeans and corn. The only miticide included in the inventory is chlorobenzilate which was restricted to use on citrus by the EPA in 1985. As a result, the EDAs in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Southeast received the largest amount of this pesticide. In the Charlotte Harbor EDA in Florida, approximately 200,000 pounds were applied. Toxicity Normalized Application of Pesticides. Figure 2b (national map of the toxicity normalized use) shows a somewhat different pattern from the map in Figure 2a (national map of 6 pesticide use). The major EDAs in terms of toxicity normalized use are located on the East Coast, with a concentration in the Southeast. For toxicity normalized use eight of the top 10 EDAs in the Nation are located on the East Coast, with five of these located in the Southeast (Table 5b.). Combining use estimates with toxicity is an approach designed to screen those EDAs applying the more toxic pesticides in the inventory. Although the herbicides alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor are the three most widely used pesticides in the inventory, theirtoxicityto fish is fairly low (Table 3). In the bar graph of regional toxicity normalized use (Figure 5b), insecticides and fungicides account forthe majorityof the load, in contrast to that found in Figure 5a. In general, the herbicides are less toxic to fish than either insecticides or fungicides and therefore contribute less to a toxicity normalized load. The pesticides phorate, chlorothalonil, trifluralin, and parathion are the more toxic compounds In the inventory, and the application of these and a few others drive the toxic loadings in the EDAs. The crops that these pesticides are applied to (Appendix E) produce the highest toxicity normalized loadsintheEDAs. In Albemarle Sound, for example, the majority (26,240 pounds) of the normalized load (44,050 pounds) is a result of the organophosphate insecticide phorate applied to peanuts. Phorate is also applied to soybeans and corn, and although the percent acres treated and the average application rateof phorate onthese two crops is low(Appendix H),the large numberof acresof these two crops makes them important in terms of EDA applied phorate. In Albemarle Sound, a substantial amount of the fungicide chlorothalonil is appliedto peanuts, which contributesto the toxic load aswell. A complete listing of the toxicity normalized application by major crop is presented in Appendix 1. In Winyah Bay, over 3,200 pounds of trifluralin (normalized for toxicity) was applied to soybeans. In Laguna Madre inTexas, phorate is applied to sorghum, corn and cotton, while chlorothalonil is applied to cantaloupes, carrots and cabbage. Phorate is also applied to potatoes in the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Hudson River/Raritan Bay and the St. Johns River EDAs. In this last EDA, phorate applied to potatoes is responsible for a substantial amount of the toxic load. The Intensity of Pesticide Use and Toxicity NonnalLred Use. To identify EDAs with the highest per unit area of pesticide application, the square miles of cropland in each EDA was divided into the use and toxicity normalized use values. National maps of this information are presented in Figures 7 and 8. In Figure 9, the intensity of use and toxicity normalized use by individual EDA can be seen. The East Coast from Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts, south to St. Andrew/St. Simons Sound in Georgia is an area of intensive pesticide use (Figure 9). The top 10 EDAs in terms of the intensity of pesticide application (Table 5c), and the intensity of toxicity normalized application (Table 5d), are located in this region. With the exception of Delaware Bay, however, none of these EDAs; are among the top 10 in terms of the percent of agricultural land area (Table 5f). The Albemarle Sound EDA had the highest annual pesticide application per square mile of cropland (1,682 pounds/square mile) and the highest toxicity normalized application (34.7 pounds/ square mile/year) in an EDA(Figure 9). Gardiners; Bay in NewYork, an areaof high potato production, had the second highest rate in terms of use/square mile and toxicity normalized application/square mile. Potatoes are a pesticide intensive crop receiving up to 13 of the 28 pesticides. Appendix J contains a more detailed summary of the intensity of use and toxicity. Several EDAs (e.g., Laguna Madre, Puget Sound, Matagorda Bay, and Hudson River/Raritan Bay) in which pesticide use is high are low in terms of the intensity of application. In most of these EDAs, however, pasture/rangeland accounts for more than half of the land area (land use categories are averaged over the entire EDA). Pasture/rangeland receives relatively little pesticide and "dilutes" the overall intensity of application. These EDAs likely have areas of high application but as a result of averaging across an entire EDA, the intensity of use is low. 7 To properly use the information contained within this report, it is important to understand its limitations. Source of Date. Pesticide use information is based on estimates and not on actual reported data. Ideally, pesticide application data would be available from the states or from sales data but states vary widely in the amount and types of use information collected, and pesticide sales records are usually proprietary. In addition, a national inventory of reported use data does not exist, nor is one being planned (Gianessi, 1987). NOANs pesticide use data base was developed using the county estimates from the NPUI data base created by RFF. The NPUI data base was developed to provide reasonable estimates of pesticide use so that informed decisions regarding pesticide use could be made. The NOAA data base was developed to provide information regarding pesticide use for that part of the watershed that directly affects the environmentally sensitive estuaries. Time-Frame of Estimates. The estimates in the data base are circa 1982. They were generated primarily from information published by the Department of Commerce, the USDA Economic Research Service, and various state data bases. The pattern of pesticide use, however, isadynamicone. Application varies from yearto yeardue to a number of factors including the farmer's preference for certain pesticides, marketing by the manufacturer, the severity of infestation, crop rotation, change in the acres of crops grown overtime, and the governmental regulation of pesticides. The information in this report provides a "window" on the use patterns of 28 commonly applied pesticides. Since 1982, use patterns have changed and this should be kept in mind when using the information. In addition, some of these compounds are currently suspended or being considered for cancellation by EPA. The herbicide dinoseb for example, is a suspected teratogen and its application has been suspended with the exception of certain applications in the Northwest. The present use of this compound is now lower than the estimates in the data base. The fungicide captafol has been voluntarily cancelled and remaining stockpiles are now being used. The miticide chlorobenzilate is a suspected carcinogen and has been restricted to use on citrus. A special review is now underway at EPA which could lead to its cancellation. The Pesticides Considered The 28 pesticides do not represent the universe of pesticides (approximately 600 active ingredients) used in this country. They do, however, account for approximately 50 percent of the total amount of pesticides applied agriculturally in the Nation circa 1982. The estimates in the database are only for the agricultural use of the pesticides. Someofthese compounds have significant nonagricultural usage including right-of-way, residential and other urban applications, and mosquito control. The state of Florida, for example, estimated that 75 percent of the malathion and 38 percent of the carbaryl in that state was applied non-agriculturally in 1978-1979 (IFAS, 1981). Resolution and Unifonnity of Pesticide Use Patterns. Currently, pesticide use patterns in NOAA's data base can be resolved down to the county. The information cannot be used to assess pesticide use patterns or impacts at a more refined level. For example, the data base was not designed to provide information on a certain portion of a county or field in an EDA, because the use estimates were made for the entire county and subsequently prorated to the EDA. The information in the data base is useful, however, for examining pesticide use patterns among counties, EDAs and regions. The information in the data base assumes that crop patterns in the counties and EDAs are uniform. Clearly, this is not the case, as the types and locations of crops vary from farm to farm. In the absence of more detailed data, however, the Census of Agriculture county-level figures represent the best available crop acreage data at the national level. 8 Toxicity Normalization. The toxicity normalized use estimates were generated using LC,, data for estuarine and freshwater fish. These values provide information on the relative toxicity of the compounds to these organisms. However, in many cases, a particular pesticide will be more toxic to bne class of organism than to another. For example, while the methyl parathion LC50 for the sheepshead minnow (Cyl2dnodon vadegatus), an estuarine fish, is greater than 0.8 ppm, the LC50 for this same compound in the pink shrimp ftna= dua[aao, a crustacean, is only 0.0019 ppm. Similarly, algae are often more sensitive to herbicides than aquatic animals. For example, the atrazi ne LCSO for the estuarine fish northern spot (LeigAgmul xanthunis is greater than 1 ppm; the concentration needed to aff ect growth in the algae 52. is only 0.082 ppm. Thus, the toxicity normalized use estimates as presented are most representative for estuarine fish. In the future, CRTs will be developed for other major classes of estuarine organisms. Upstream Inputs. The current use estimates do not account for pesticides carried into the EDA by rivers and streams crossing the inland EDA boundary. In cases where there are large areas of agricultural land upstream of the EDA (e.g., inthe San Joaquin and Sacramento RiverValleys), these pesticide inputs could represent a significant additional load to the estuary. A NOAA project to quantify the contribution from upstream inputs is planned for 1989. Scope of the Information. The information in the data base provides a summary of the application of the pesticides in the EDAs but does not include information on the amount entering the estuaries themselves. In the future, a group of empirically determined runoff coefficients that range between 0.5 and 3 percent of the amount applied (depending on the compound and its formulation) will be appliedto the use estimatesto approximate whatfractionof the pesticides used may be carded away from the field in runoff (Wauchope, 1988). This report is not a detailed risk assessment or model. A risk assessment would provide an analysis of the benefits and risks posed by pesticide use in each EDA, ultimately addressing the effects on man as a result of consurning contaminated seafood. A model to predict pesticide runoff and fate in the estuarine environment would have to Integrate a number of processes, including transport of the pesticide to the system, sorption of the compound onto sediments, bioaccumulation into biota from water and sediment, degradation, and volatilization. An analysis of this type would not be practical at the national scale. How the Data Can Be Used The purpose of this report, and of the project, is to provide a screening tool to point out which estuaries may be at risk due to pesticide application patterns in the EDAs. A detailed on-she investigation and analysis of each estuarine system is neither practical nor possible. All problems cannot be analyzed equally, everywhere. The information contained in this report can be used to prioritize the allocation of avafl able resources to specific sites and problems. In this way, estuaries most likely impacted by pesticides can be evaluated, and some general insights regarding pesticide impacts in estuaries can be obtained by investigating these high risk systems. T)pes of Users. Two types of users are envisioned forthis report. The first isthe decisionmaker who requires information summarized in such a way so that conclusions regarding pesticide use and possible problem areas can be made. The report is organized so that this type of information can be located quickly. The second user will be more concerned about pesticide use patterns in one or two EDAs, and possible implications for the estuary. For this user, the extensive appendices in the report provide this detailed information. For example, pesticide application patterns by EDA and by region are presented in the main body of the report as well as in the appendices. In addition, the amount of pesticides applied to each crop is also presented to illustrate which crops are responsible for the use and toxicity normalized use of the 28 pesticides. The quantity of information presented here lends itself to a variety of applications and levels of investigation. Concluding Comments NOAA's pesticide project was undertaken to summarize the application patterns of a group of environmentally important pesticides in the Nation's estuarine drainage areas, and to provide information on the possible hazards posed by these compounds to the Nation's estuaries. The report summarizes the information collected to date, and provides a mechanism for soliciting feedback on the design, content and utility of the project. Patterns of Pesticide Use and Toxicity. Use of the 28 pesticides is concentrated in the EDAs on the East Coast and along the Gulf of Mexico, the majority of which is applied to soybeans and corn. The highest use occurred in the Chesapeake Bay EDA followed by Winyah Bay, both on the East Coast. While the compounds in the inventory do not include the universe of pesticides used agriculturally, a similar geographic pattern might also be expected for other pesticides. Most of the herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides used throughout the U.S. are applied to corn, soybeans, peanuts, and cotton (Delvo et al., 1987), which are the dominant crops in many of the EDAs in the Southeast and Gulf of Mexico. In terms of toxicity normalized use, the major EDAs at risk appear to be located on the East Coast, particularly in the Southeast. The Albemarle Sound EDA had the highest toxicity normalized use in the country, followed by the Chesapeake Bay which borders the Southeast. Crops such as corn, peanuts, potatoes, sorghum, and soybeans received much of the toxic load. The top 10 EDAs in terms of pesticide application per square mile (Table 5c) were all located on the East Coast, with six of these in the Southeast. Albemarle Sound had the highest intensity of toxicity normalized use in the Nation's EDAs in 1982. This was a result of phorate and chlorothalonil application to peanuts, soybeans and corn. Effects of Pesticides In Estuaries. For the most part, the pesticides currently used agriculturally have relatively short half-lives when compared with the older organochlorines such as DDT, chlordane and lindane. Many of the carbamates, organophosphates, and triazines now applied degrade (T1,2) in soil and water in a period of a few months, weeks, or even days within the environment, as compared with years for DDT. As a result, most of the effects of pesticides in the estuaries or coastal rivers are likely to be short-lived (e.g. a fish kill as a resu It of a runoff event). Effects that result from longer, low level exposure of estuarine organisms to pesticides (impaired enzyme functionality, decreased fertility, or changes in behavior) may occur but are more difficult to pinpoint. Whereas the cause of a fish kill may be directly linked to the introduction of one or two pesticides as a result of runoff , these more subtle eff ects may be related to the interactions of pesticides with other pollutants, as well as the environmental conditions present in the estuary. In addition, any effects are likely to be seasonal because the pesticides in current use, for the most part, are applied during the growing season and few persist long enough to accumulate in the environment. Documented impacts of pesticide residues on estuarine ecosystems are very limited. State and federal agency programs vary widely in terms of field investigations and monitoring. Reasonsinclude the high cost of these types of studies, the fact that the effects are short-lived or subtle, and that residues are often undetectable. There are some indications, however, that pesticides may be causing problems in the Nation's estuaries and coastal rivers. Trim (1987) found that in the period 1977-1984, a total of 128 coastal fish kills were recorded in South Carolina, and that halt of these were the result of pesticides. Evidence of subtle effects is much less conclusive. In the southwest portion of the Biscayne Bay in Florida, Skinner (1982) found an overabundance of gill parasites and gill abnormalities in fish such as the yellowfin mojarra (Gerres cinerews) and the grey snapper 10 g6waL-4. Traces of diazinon, 2,4-D and parathion were found along with heavy metals and ammonia in water samples. Skinner (1982) hypothesized that the pollutants may have acted as an irritant, stressing the fish and reducing its resistance to infection by the parasites. In the Pamlico River, North Carolina in 1984, Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus began to display deep skin lesions. Investigations by Noga and Dykstra (1986) !ound a fungus to be associated with the ulcers. In November of that year, a massive fish kill of the menhaden was observed. Other fish such as the southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) and weakfish (Cynoscion regaims) also developed some degree of ulceration. Noga and Dykstra (1986) did not discover the agent initiating the lesions, but noted that some non-infectious stressor may have been responsible, aliowing the fungi to invade the tissues of the fish. These authors noted that the Pamlico River has become increasingly eutrophic as a result of agricultural and industrial inputs. While at presentthereis nodefinitive evidence linkingpesticide residues in these waters with the abnormalities observed, because the Albemarle/Pamlico Sound EDAs are an area of heavy pesticide use, pesticide residues may be contributing to increased environmental stress on these species, rendering them more susceptible to infection. Further research is needed to determine if a causal relationship exists. Future Activities. A series of projects are currently underway to improve and refine the estimates in NOANs pesticide use data base, and to assess the potential impacts of pesticides in the Nation's estuaries. In the coming year, 10 additional pesticides will be added to NOAA's inventory. The compounds were chosen based on use patterns, toxicity, persistence, and on the recommenda- tions of pesticide experts from around the country. In 1989, all of the use estimates will be updated from a base year of 1982 to 1987. Pesticide use patterns are not static, but change over time as a result of avarietyof factors. The newer estimates will provide a more upto date, and a more complete picture of pesticide application in the coastal areas. The final product of the project will be a volume in NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas Series. The Atlas will contain detailed tabulations of pesticide use and discharge by compound and crop type, for each of the 78 estuarine drainage areas in the NEI. In addition, the Atlas will contain extensive supporting information on the physical and toxicological properties of the pesticides, a summary of the regulatory status and history of use, and an assessment of the policy implications of the use patterns portrayed. The Atlas is scheduled for release in the fall of 1989. In the coming year, a series of interim assessment products will be produced, including an analysis of pesticide risks to other classes of estuarine organisms, an inventory of pesticide related fish kills in the Nation's estuaries and coastal rivers, and a description of a simple screening methodology to identify potential hotspots of agricultural pesticide discharge. Estuaries are some of the most productive systems in the world (Mann, 1982), providing nursery areas and habitats for many commercially and recreationally important species of fishes and invertebrates (Monaco and Emmett, 1988). It is imperative that these systems be protected so that their ecologically important role can continue. At the same time, however, the use of pesticides in the agricultural areas adjacent to estuaries is currently necessary to control plant and animal pests. Without their use, yields for many crops would decline. The toxicity of these compounds, however, requires that they be used in such a way so as to minimize their environmental impact. In this report, we have pointed out estuarine systems, a number in the Southeast, that show the highest potential for impairment from the agricultural use of a select group of pesticides in the EDAs. Additional research is needed before any conclusions can be made regarding effects of pesticide residues in estuaries and coastal rivers. The information in this report can be used to better direct some of these efforts. Figures and Tables Figure 1. Key to Estuarine Drainage Areas. Figure 2. Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for Selected Agricultural Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. Figure 3. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. Figure 4. Agricultural Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas by Major Crop, circa 1982. Figure 5. Agricultural Pesticide Use and Toxicity Normalized Use by Pesticide Class and by Coastal Region, circa 1982. Figure 6. Agricultural Pesticide Use in Estuarine Drainage Areas by Region and by Pesticide Class, circa 1982. Figure 7. Intensity of Agricultural Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. Figure 8. Intensity of Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. Figure 9. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area, circa 1982. Table 1. Compounds Included in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base. Table 2. Crops Included in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base. Table 3. Toxicological Properties of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Table 4. Major Crops Grown in Estuarine Drainage Areas, by Coastal Region. Table 5. Ranking of Selected Pesticide Use and Land Use Characteristics in Estuarine Drainage Areas. P-'TMOSP/J' EKWT Of 13 Figure 1. Key to Estuarine Drainage Areas. Estuarine Drainage Areas Northeast Southeast, 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 2.Oi Albemarle Sound 1.02 Englishman Bay 2.02 Pamlico Sound 2.02 2.03 1.03 Narraguagus Bay 2.03 Bogue Sound .04 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 2.04 New River 1.05 Penobscot Bay 2.05 Cape Fear River 2.05 1.01 1.06 Muscongus Bay 2.06 Winyah Bay 2.06 .02 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 2.07 Charleston Harbor f .03 .07 1.04 1.08 Casco Bay 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 2.08 .05 .09 .06 1.09 Saco Bay 2.09 St. Helena Sound .10 .07 1.10 Great Bay 2.10 Broad River .11 .08 .12 1.1 .09 1.11 Merrimack Bay 2.11 Savannah Sound 2.13 .12 .10 14 .13 1.12 Boston Bay 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 2.15 .14 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 2.13 St. Catherines/Sapelo Sound 2.16 .15 2.17 1.16 1.17 1.14 Buzzards Bay 2.14 Altamaha River .18 1.15 Narragansett Bay 2.15 St. Andrew/St. Simons Sound .19 .20 1.16 Gardiners Bay 2.16 St. Johns River .21 1.17 Long Island Sound 2.17 Indian River 1.18 Great South Bay 2.18 Biscayne Bay .22 .23 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 1.20 Barnegat Bay 1.21 Delaware Bay 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 1.23 Chesapeake Bay .0 Estuarine Drainage Areas Estuarine Drainage Areas 0 100 200 300 0 1W 200 300 Miles miles L Northeast Southeast Figure 1. Key to Estuarine Drainage Areas (continued). Estuarine Drainage Areas 4.1 West Coast Gulf of Mexico 4.01 San Diego Bay 3.01 Ton Thousand Islands 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 4.02 San Pedro Bay 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 3.16 Saline Lake 4 ' 13- 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 3.03 Tampa Bay 3.17 Galveston Bay 4.12 4.04 Monterey Bay 3.04 Suwanee River 3.18 Brazos River 4.11 4.05 San Francisco Bay 3.05 Apalachee, Bay 3.19 Matagorda Bay 4.06 Eel River 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 3.20 San Antonio Bay 4.07 Humboldt Bay 3.07 St. Andrew Bay 3.21 Aransas Bay 4.08 Klamath River 3.08 Choctawhatches, Bay 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 41 4.09 Coos Bay 3.09 Pensacola Bay 3.23 Laguna Madre 4.09 4.10 Winchester Bay 3.10 Perdido Bay 4.11 Columbia River 3.11 Mobile Bay 4.12 Willapa Bay 3.12 Mississippi Sound 4.08 4.13 Grays Harbor 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 4.07-\ 4.14 Puget Sound 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 4.06-, 4.05 4.04 3.14 3.13 3.06 3.17 3.15 3.12 105 3.18 3.16 3.11 3.04 3.19 3.10 3.20 3.09 .21 3.08 3.22 3.07 3.03 3.23 3.02 3.01 4.03 Estuarine Drainage Areas Estuarine Drainage Areas 4.02 0 100 200 300 0 100 2W 300 4.01 Miles miles West Coast Gulf of Mexico Figure 2. Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for Selected Agricultural Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. a. Pesticide Use Legend Total Pesticide Use in Estuarine Drainage Areas with the Highest X Estuarine Drainage Areas Total Pesticide Use (1,000 lbs.applied/year) EDA Pesticide Use Rank Code EDA Name (1,000 lbs./year 1,500 or greater I . 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 5290 2. 2.06 Wnyah Bay 3240 750 to 1,500 3. 2.01 Albemarle Sound 2132 4. 2.02 Pamlico Sound 1963 200 to 750 5. 3.23 Laguna Madre 1902 6. 3.14 Atchafalaya & Vermilion Bays 1564 1.21 EI-Less than 200 7. 1.21 Delaware Bay 1547 8. 3.19 Matagorda Bay 1500 1.23 2.01 2.02 2.06 3.19 3.14 3.23 b. Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use egend Toxicity Normalized Pesticid4 Estuarine Drainage Areas with the Highest Use in Estuarine Drainage Normalized Pesticide Use Areas EDA Tox. Norm. Use (lbs.applied/year) Rank Code EDA Name (1000 lbs.tyear) 10,000 or greater I . 2.01 Albemarle Sound 44 2. 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 31 5,000 to 10,000 3. 3.23 Laguna Madre 28 2,500 to 5,000 4. 2.02 Pamlico Sound 23 1.19 5. 2.06 VAnyah Bay 20 Less than 2,500 6. 1.21 Delaware Bay 18 1.21 7. 2.05 Cape Fear River 12 8. 1.19 Hudson RJRaritan Bay 11 1.23 2.01 2.02 2.05 2.06 3.23 16 Figure 3. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. a. Northeast Total Pesticide Use EDA Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use Code* 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 'I.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.21 (17,817) 1.22 (5.290) 1.23 (30,582) 5,000 v Zooo 15W 1,;Oo 500 0 0 2,ODO 4.000 kOOO' iA00 10,000 IZOOO 44,000 1,000 Pounds Per Year Pounds Per Year b. Southeast Total Pesticide Use EDA Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use Code' 2.01 BLIM(44,055) 2.02 (22,751) 2.03 2.04 2.06 (3.240) 2.06 =LIN (20,430) 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2A6 2.16 2.17 2.18 5,000 Z;w 1 Ar"Oo I.C6 Boo 0 0 2.000 4.000 kODO '8= 16,000 12,000 44ADO 1,000 Pounds Per Year Pounds Per Year See Nure 1. 17 Figure 3. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Nermalized Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982 (continued). c. Gulf of Mexico Total Pesticide Use EDA Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use Code* 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 .09 b.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 (28,383) 5.@00 1 1,600 6 0 2,000 4,00D ;X@ ii 44,000 ZOOD .50D Soo 1000 lom 1,000 Pounds Per Year Pounds Per Year d. West Coast Total Pesticide Use EDA Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use Code' 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 A.13 4.14 5,000 2,600 115'0 0 1 , 500 0 2,000 4,000 6,ODO 8,000 10,000 12,ODO 44,000 1,000 Pounds Per Year Pounds Per Year See FIgUTS 1. Figure 4. Agricultural Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas by Major Crop, circa 1982. 12000- 10000- ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8000- 6000 D 0 V a. -------------------- 4000- @ix 2000- 0. C ch CD E CA C (n Ch 0 C 3 Im :3 :3 0 CD 9D CD 0 C C r- Cx .2 0 tv 0 Cx m CD 0 E Cx 0 - 0 0 :3 (A z tv CL INDIO Crop 19 Figure S. Agricultural Pesticide Use and Toxicity Normalized Use by Pesticide Class and by Coastal Region, circa 1982. a. Pesticide Use 12000- 10000-00 A 8000-00 Pesticide Class i 0 Mifickle 6000-00 ..... .... .................................... E3 Nematicide Fungicide Insecticide '2 -.9 4000-00 Herbicide 2000-00 0- Northeast Southeast Guff Coast West Coast Region b. Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use 00 150- Z' :2 00 ------ 125- 00 100- 00 ---------- -------- Pesticide Class D Miticide 75 Nematicide Fungicide 00 Insecticide 50- Herbicide 00 0 25- Z X 0 Northeast Southeast Gulf Coast West Coast Region 20 Figure 6. Agricultural Pesticide Use in Estuarine Drainage Areas by Region and by Pesticide Class, circa 1982. Ethoprop Nematicide Chlorobenzileadte Miticide PCNB Meliram Fungicides Chlorothalonif Captafol Phorate Parathlon M. Parathion Methamidophos West Coast Insecticides Gulf Coast Malathion Southeast Northeast Disulfoton Diazinon Carbofuran Carbaryl Vernolate Trifluralin Thiobencarb Propanil Herbicides Metolachlor Fluometuron Dinoseb 2,4-D Cyanazine Bensulide Atrazine IMIA Machlor Acifluorfen 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Annual Application (1,000 lbs./year) .......... @21 Figure 7. Intensity of Agricultural Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. Estuarine Drainage Areas with the Highest Intensity of Agricultural Pesticide Use EDA Pesticide Use/Crop Area Rank Code EDA Name (lbs./sq. mi./year) I . 2.01 Albemarle Sound 1,682 2. 1.16 Gardiners Bay 1,620 3. 2.04 New River 1,547 4. 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 1,536 5. 2.02 Pamlico Sound 1,482 6. 1.18 Great South Bay 1,461 1.16 7. 2.05 Cape Fear River 1,437 1.18 8. 2.03 Bogue Sound 1,396 1.20 9. 2.06 Winyah Bay 1,344 1.21 10. 1.20 Barnegat Bay 1,311 11. 1.21 Delaware Bay 1,263 1.22 12 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 1,241 13. 2.18 Biscayne Bay 1,2018 -2.01 2.02 ... 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.08 2.18 Pounds applied/square mile/year 12M or greater 800 to 1,200 400 to 800 Lessthan4OO Figure-8. Intensity of Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use for 28 Pesticides in Estuarine Drainage Areas, circa 1982. Estuarine Drainage Areas with the Highest Intensity of Toxicity Normalized Agricultural Pesticide Use EDA Tox. Norm. Use/Crop Area (lbs./sq. mi./year) Rank Code EDA Name 1 2.01 Albemarle Sound 35 2. 1.16 Gardiners Bay 34 1.13 3. 1.18 Great South Bay 30 4. 2.18 Biscayne Bay 20 1.14 5. 1.20 Barnegat Bay 19 6. 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 19 7. 2.02 Pamlico Sound 17 -1.20 8. 1.14 Buzzards Bay 16 CO -2.01 2.02 K . X-, 2.18 Pounds applied/square mile/year 15 or greater 10 to 15 5to 10 Less Omn 5 Figure 9. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area, circa 1982. a. Northeast Total Pesticide Use EDA Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use Code* 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1*11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1,750 1,500 1,;50 1,@00 750 500 250 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Pounds Per Square Mile Per Year Pounds Per Square Mile Per Year b. Southeast Total Pesticide Use EDA Toxicity Normalized Pesticide Use I Code* I 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,000 750 5L 2;0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 See Figure 1. Pounds Per Square Mile Per Year Pounds Per Square Mile Per Year 24 Figure 9. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area. circa 1982 (continued). c. Gulf of Mexico Total Pesticide Use ED iry Normalized Pesticide Use Code* 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.0 3.06 3.06 3.07 3.08 .09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3A3 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3AS 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,000 7 0 5 0 250 0 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 Pounds Per Square Mile Per Year Pounds Per Square Mite Per Year d. West Coast Total Pesticide Use EDA ity Normalized Pesticide Use Code* 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 TO'Cic 0 1o 1,5 1,760 1,@oo 1,;50 1.@00 750 5@O 22;0 0 2'0 36 3'5 Pounds Per Square Mile Per Year Pounds Per Square Mite Per Year See Figure 1. 25 Table 1. Compounds Included in NOANs Pesticide Use Data Base. Pesticide Pesticide Clac Target Organisms EPA Classification Registration Date Acifluorfen Herbicide Pre- and posternergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1978 Alachlor Herbicide Preemergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1969 Atrazine Herbicide Seasonal control of weeds, mainly in corn and sorghum General Use 1967 Bensulide Herbicide Preemergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1964 Captafol Fungicide Wide range of fruit and vegetable fungi Voluntarily Cancelled 1962 Carbaryl Insecticide Wide range of insect pests on a variety of crops General Use 1958 Carbofuran Insecticide Wide range of insect pests on a variety of crops Restricted 1969 Chlorobenzilate Miticide Citrus mites Restricted 1953 Chlorothalonil Fungicide Wide range of fruit and vegetable fungi General Use 1966 Cyanazine Herbicide Pre- and posternergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds Restricted 1971 2,4-D Herbicide Postemergent control of broadleaf weeds General Use 1948 Diazinon Insecticide Soil insects, pests of fruit and vegetables General Use 1952 Dinoseb Herbicide Weed control in legume fields and orchards Suspended 1948 Disulfoton Insecticide Wide range of insects and mites Restricted 1958 Ethoprop Nernaticide Soil mites and insects on a variety of crops Restricted 1967 Fluometuron Herbicide Preemergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1960 CD Malathion Insecticide Wide range of insect pests on a variety of crops General Use 1956 Methamidophos Insecticide Aphids, mites and lepidopterous larvae on vegetables and fruits Restricted 1980 Methyl parathion Insecticide Wide range of insect pests on a variety of crops Restricted 1954 Metiram Fungicide Wide range of fruit and vegetable fungi General Use 1967 Metolachlor Herbicide Pre- and posternergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1976 Parathion Insecticide Wide range of insect pests on a variety of crops Restricted 1948 PCNB Fungicide Wide range of fruit, vegetable, and seed fungi General Use 1972 Phorate Insecticide Wide range of insect pests on a variety of crops Restricted 1959 Propanil Herbicide Posternergent control of annual grasses and broadleat weeds General Use 1962 Thiobencarb Herbicide Pre- and posternergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1984 Trifluralin Herbicide Preemergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds General Use 1963 Vernolate Herbicide Weeds in soybeans and peanuts General Use 1964 Table 2. Crops Included in NOAA,s Pesticide Use Data Base. Field Crops Orchard Crops alfalfa eggplant rye almonds artichokes garlic safflower apples asparagus guar seed crops apricots barley honeydew melons sod avocado beans hops sorghum cherries beets hot peppers soybeans citrus blackberries lettuce spinach filberts blueberries mint squash grapes broccoli oats strawberries nectarines Brussels sprouts okra sugar beets peaches cabbages onions sugarcane pears cantaloupes other hay sweet corn pecans carrots pasture/range sweet peppers plums cauliflower peanuts sweet potatoes celery peas tobacco collards potatoes tomatoes corn pumpkins walnuts cotton radishes watermelons cranberries rice wheat cucumbers 27 ~0 Table 3. Toxicological P~ir~oper~ties of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base. Compound Environmental Aqueous LC50a Coefficient o~f ~B~loconc~entr~at~ion Class of Aquatic I-~If~e at Risk Mode of Action Chronic Hazard Rat~I~qN Relative Toxicity Factor (BC~F) Aquatic Toxic. Persist. Bioconc. Concentration Exposure Time (CRT) ~q(~M~g~A) (24 hr 48 hr 96 hr) Organ~och~l~or~in~es Chlorob~enzilate 1 (42) 1.30E~-03 d 168 b aquatic Invertebrates (63) neural Inhibitor (80~q) carcIn PCNB 0.88 (47) a 1.48E~-03 260~-590 (51) NF ~qW depressed carcin Organ~aph~o~sphates B~nsulid~o 0.32 (42) ~0 4.06E~-03 100 (31) fish (63) unknown (86) lo~qm Diaz~inon ~1~.~5 (42) ~0 8.67E~-04 18-150 (46) fish and aquatic AChE inhibitor (19) lo~qi Invertebrates (68) ~isu~f~fo~ton 0.52 (42) ~0 2.50E~-03 100 ~q(~8~1) ~qW AChE Inhibitor (19) ~qI~qM E~hoprop 0.18 (42) ~0 7~.22E~-03 15 b fish a~nd aquatic AChE Inhibitor (1~9) ~qI~qM ~@n~v~s~n~eb~ya~l~es ~qt7~l) Ma~la~th~lon 0.32 (42) ~0 4.06E~-03 37 (31) ~qW AChE Inhibitor (1~9) 1& ~~ M~etham~i~dophos 34 (63) ~0 3.82E~-05 no accum~.b aquatic Invertebrates (63) AChE inhibitor (19) ~qlo~qv 0~ ~W~lhyl para~th~ion ~0~.8 (42) ~0 ~S. 1 3E~-04 71 ~q0 1) aquatic Invertebrates (69) AChE Inhibitor (19) possible no Para~th~lon 0.036 (42) ~0 3.61 E~-02 340 (6) fish and aquatic AChE Inhibitor (1~9) possible n~qeur Invertebrates (70) suspected c Phorate 0.0013 (42) ~0 ~1.~0~0E~+~0~0 ~68 NF AChE Inhibitor (19) ~qb ~a~r~b~a~m~all~e~s Carba~ryl 1.6 (42) ~0 8.13E~-04 140 (13) fish and aquatic AChE Inhibitor (45) Invertebrates (77) Carbofuran ~'~.~0~.~1 (42) ~0 6.50E~-03 21 (31~q) fish a~nd aquatic AChE Inhibitor (45) ION Invertebrates (78) Th~lob~encarb 1.4 (42) ~0 ~9.2~9E~-04 450~-470 (46) aquatic Invertebrates (63) plant enzyme Inhibitor (63) depressed V~rno~la~t~e ~'~-~1 (42) 6.50E~-04 50 b fish (63) preem~er~gen~t enzyme ~qlo, inhibitor (16) Abbreviations: ACh~F~, a~ce~tylch~o~l~ines~terase; NF, not found low moderate high aestuarine and freshwater fish; b calculated from K~enaga (1980); c laboratory animal results; dscientific notation, 1 .30 x 10 ~-3 citation, see References ~0 Table 3. Toxicological Properties of Pesticides in NOAA~'s Pesticide Use Data Base (continued). Compound Environmental Aqueous LC5~0a coefficient of Bloconcentr~at~ion Class of Aquatic Life at Risk Mode of Action Chronic Hazard Rating Relative Toxicity Factor (BC~F) Aquatic Toxic. Persist. Bloconc. Concentration Exposure Time (CRT) ~q(~m~g~/~1~) ~q(24 hr 48 hr 96 hr) Ch~fo~roace~ta~m~i~d~gs Alachlor ~2qM 13 ~q1~q:~q1 4.3 (43) ~0 3.02E~-04 d 50 (8) ~qW protein synthesis suspected Inhibitor (28) M~eto~lachlor ~8q0 8 (43) ~0 1~.63E~-04 7 (14) low toxicity to aquatic protein synthesis suspected organisms (64) Inhibitor (28) ~r~iaz~in~es Atraz~ine >1 (42) ~0 6~.50E~-04 3-10 (82) low toxicity to aquatic animals, photosynthesis Inhibitor (15) 1 toxic to a~q~jatic plants (23) Cyanaz~in~e ~q1~q1 ~8q0 E] 1~6 (43) 8.13E~-05 10-34 (31) low toxicity to aquatic photosynthesis Inhibitor (15) suspects organisms ~q(7~9) Ch~l~or~i~na~qW p~h~&no~xy compounds 2~.4-1) 0 0 ~q1~q:~q1 ~1~8~0 (43) ~0 7.22E~-06 ~1 (47) ~qW plant growth regulator (38) d~epr~qe~0qw ~~ Aci~f~l~uor~f~en 0 0 ~2q0 31 (63) ~0 4.19E~-05 ~<1 (6) ~qW plant growth regulator (38) Other Cap~la~tol ~8qM E~ql ~8qM 0.032 (42) 4.06E~-02 ~500 (31) fish a~nd aquatic ~qW suspected (phtha~llm~id~e) Invertebrates (17) Ch~lor~otha~lon~i~l ~8qN ~8q0 ~8qM 0.032 (42) ~0 4.06E~-02 260 (74) fish and aquatic ~qW reduced (~~soph~thalate) Invertebrates (67) suspected DInoseb ~8qM [3 ~q1~q1 ~0~.1~6 (43) ~0 8.13E~-03 62 (8) fish and aquatic plant enzyme Inhibitor (2~9) suspects (n~f~troph~anol) Invertebrates (63) b Fluom~e~turon E~ql ~2q0 ~q1~q1 43 (43) 3.02E~-05 50 ~qW photosynthesis Inhibitor (21) (pher~rylurea) ~Wt~Iram W 32 (~58) ~0 4.06E~-05 ~qW ~qW ~qW (d~ithl~ocarbama~l~e) Propanil E~ql E~ql ~8qE] 18 (43) ~0 7.22E~-05 22b ~qW plant enzyme Inhibitor (2~9) (am~id~e) Tri~f~luralin 0.16 (42) ~0 8.13E~-03 930 (20) fish a~nd aquatic plar~d enzyme Inhibitor (53) ~q1 ~(din~it~roar~t~il~ine) invertebrates (6) Abbreviations: AChE, ace~tylcholir~i~esterase; NF~, not found low ~qI~qM moderate high a estuarine and freshwater fish; bcalculated from Kenaga (1980); c laboratory animal results; d scientific notation, 3.02 x 10~-4 () ~- citation, see References ~0 Table 4. Major Crops Grown in Estuarine Drainage Areas, by Coastal Region. a. Crops Grown in Northeast Estuarine Drainage Areas. Crops ~-E Estuary ~C~L~0 E ~00 as CIL CIO ~~~qM~-~q- ~0~) Passamaquoddy Bay0 00 ~2q0 ............. .......... .... ........ ..... ~X~: ~:~6q0 . ...... .......... .... ................%....... .......... ........ ..... ... .. .. ........................ '~. ~- ~:~:~:~: ~"~- ~"~X~:~:~1p~p~p~ ~i~i~.~:~X~: ............. ~qt ~q6 ~q9.............. ~4qW~~, ... ~W~. . .... Narraguagus Bay0 ~2q0~8q0 0 0 .. .............I................. ...... ............ ..... ................ ......................... ............ ~X~* ~qb~0qWH I .......... .............. ....... .......... Penobscot Bay 0 0 0~2q0 0 .... .........~X................... ...... ... ... . ..... ................ ... . ........ .... ... . . ..... ............................... .... ............ . ........... .. ~.~..~.. ........ ....... ~X~X ......................... .............. ~~*~:~,~;~,~:~*~:~,~.~:~*~:~,~:~:~,~:~,~:~,~:~,~:~:~:~:~:~:~;~:~:~;~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~*~@~.~:~:~,~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~44q:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~;~.~,~.~.~:~.~:~.~:~:~:~;~:~:~:~:~@~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~;~:~: ~- ~:~~: ~4qo~.~:~:~:~. ~.~.~.~:~. ................ ~X ............ Sheepscot Bay 0 0 0 0 -....... ....... . . ........... ..... . ..... ...... .............. ........... .......... ..... ...... ~:~X~x~x . ............. ....... ................... .............. ............. . ................. ...... .................. . ........... ................... S~aoo Bay ~8q0 ~8q0 0 ~X........ ........ ~x~x- ........ ....... . .......... ..... ........ ..... .~..... ... ~s~y~: .... ....... ... ... .... ~X... ~X~~~.~ ~X~. ......... ...... Merrimack River0 0 0~2q0 0 B~qo~qs~qi~qd~n~'B~q4 .................................. Cape Cod Bay ................. ............ ............ ...................... .................... ................... .. .... .................. . .. ....... .......... ~-~X ........... ...... .. . ............ ................ a~z~-~Z~-~i~qb~qi~qn~q1~s~~qB~1~q6 Narragansett Bay ~2q000 0 ~.~.~~. I~1p~... ~'~: ~:~:~:.~: ~, ~'~: ... ................ . . .. . ...... ........I........- ........... ~:~' I::::- ~:~:~:~: ~, ~"~*~:~:~ ..........I......- ..................... ........ .................... Long Island Sound0 ~8q0 0 0 .... . .. .......... ... ..... ......... ~.~4qG~r~a a~U ~ou ..........~x ~. .......... ........ ...... ....... ...... .................... . . . ..... . . .... ................ Hudson R~qiver/Raritan Bay 0 ~2q00 ................. ............ ~x~; ............. . . .... ...... ..... .. ~6- .... ....~..~~~ ~.......~.~..~. ~4q. .... ... . ................ ~X~.~ ~~0q6 ....... ... ................... Delaware Bay 0 0 0 ........................ . ......................... . .. ....... ... ........ . ... ... .. ....... ......... ... ~x~x ~qy. . . . ..... . ... ... ........... Chesapeake Bay 0 0 ~8q0 0 ~2q0 b. Crops Grown in Southeast Estuarine Drainage Areas. Crops ~q4~0~) cc ~q0 ~q1~q1~0~q1 ~.~2~q2~1~. ~0 E Estuary ~0 ~00~0 Q. ~0.~qW (AA Albemarle Sound 00 0~8q0 0 . . . .. ....... .. ...................................... ............... ... . ...... ...... ~;P ~q1~q6~q6~~qh . . . .. ........ ~x~X~x ............ Bogue Sound 0 0~2q0 0 0 . . ....................... . ........... ... ~~......~........ . .. ....... ............... ~qW~: ...... ................. .......... ......... . ...... ......... ..... River 0 0~8q0 0 0 .......... ~q:~q:~q:~q:~:~*~q'~*~q.~q:~q%~q:~q.~q@~q.~q:~.~q@~q.~q@~.~q.~q'~q.~q'~.~q: ... ~q@~0qW-- W . ................. .... . ..... a Charleston ~2qHa~q*~6qr~2qb~6qor 0 0~08q0 0 0 ~qX~qj~qj~qj~qj~qj~q@~q@~:~'~q:~q:~q:~qx ~qX~q, ::No~0qr.~ql~0qK~4qi~0qnd1:~:S~4qo~qu~qt~4qKS~qan~6qi ~q:~0qR~qU... . ...... ............... .. . ....... ............. ........~.... ............................. ....... ~0q6~qt~q'~q. Helena Sound 0 0 0 .... ....... ... ...... ..... ..... .~q..~q. ........ OF ........ ... ...................... .................. ................. ............... .. .... ...... .......... ...... ........~........~.. .................... ..................... ...... . . Savannah Sound 0 ~04q0~04q0~00q0 0 ~q:~2qO~.~2qM~4qb~4qi~8qi~08q*~@~q*~2qS~4qb~4qU~0qf~~ql~8qd~q:~qi~q:~qi~q:~qi~q@~qi~q@~qi~q@~q:~q@~qi~q@~q@~q@~q:~q@~q:~q:~q@~q@~q:~q@~q@~qi~q@~q@~q@~qi~q:~qi~qi~q@~q@~q@~q: . ..... ~q*~q'~q-~q'~q-~q'~q-~q.~q*~q"~q-~q'~q-~q'~q-~q"~,~q-~q.~q-..~q-~q.~q.~q.~q.~q.~q.~q.~q.~q.~q,~:~:~:~q.~q:~q.~q:~q.~q:~q.~q:~q:~q.~q:~q:~:~q:~:~. ...I.... ..... ......... ..... ................... ~~12q0~q*~q:~:~q:~q:~q:~q*~q:~q*~q.~q:~:~q:~q:~q.~q:~q:~q:~q:~q:~..~q.~q:~.~28qO~q.~.~:~q.~q:~q:~q.~28qO~~q:~q.~.~q;~.~q:~.~q:~q.~q:~q.~q.~.~q;~@~q:~~q:~.~:~q,~.~q:~q.~q:~.~q:~~q,~~28q*~q:~q:~q:~q:~q,~.~q:~q:~q:~q:~q: ............... ... .............. ....... St. ~0q6a~q'the~q"~q'r~q:in~q:~q'e~q's~q/S~q'a~q'~0qp~q*e~qIo Sound ...... 00 0. .......... .......... ....... . ..... ..... ~q:~: ~qx ~q:~q:~q; ~q"~q: -~q'~q:~q:~:~q"~q:~q:~q" .~~~~.~.~q.~~~~. .................... .............................. ........................... ............. ...... ...... .............. ... ... n~qL Simons Sound 0 0~16q0 0 0 ................ ....................... .. .... . . ............ .. ........ Johns Rive ~.~d~: .............~:.. ........ ...... . ~qX ~.~q.~q.~:... -- ...... ....... ~q. ...... ....... Indian River ~08q00 0 ........... ............. ~qX........-................... .......... ... ~d~qx. ~20q0~q'~q: ~16q0~q' ~d.... . .......................... ........ ~qX~q; ............... Dominant crop by acreage in EDA 0 - Important crop by acreage in EDA 30 Table 4. Major Crops Grown in Estuarine Drainage Areas, by Coastal Region (continued). c. Crops Grown in Gulf of Mexico Estuarine Drainage Areas. Crops 0 1 1 E E A Estuary N M A 8 Z i@ 0 0 0 < 8 X COL 0. 0. 11. 0) a) V) Ton Thousand Islands 0 0 0 0 0 Charlotte Harbor 0 0 0 0 0. Tampa Bay 0 0 0 .0 0.. Suwanee River 0 0 0 0 Apalachee Bay 0 0 0 Apalachicola Bay 0 0 a 9 0 St. Andrew Bay 0 0 0 . ...... 0 Choclawhatchee Say 0 0 0 0 ....0 Pensacola Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Perdido Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Mobile Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi Sound 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi Delta Region 0 0 0 0 0 Atchafalaya and Verrnillon Bays 0 0 0 0 0 Calcasieu Lake 0 0 0 0 0 Sabine Lake 0 0 0 0 0 Galveston Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Brazos River 0 0 41 0 0 Matagorda Bay 0 0 0 0 0' San Antonio Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Aransas Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Corpus Christil Bay 0 0 0 Laguna Madre 0 0 0 0 0 d. Crops Grown in West Coast Estuarine Drainage Areas. Crops 4n CD E to 'E L3 Estuary E i 1 9 0 1! :@ 1 11o . 1 1 a U 0- CL 0- San Diego Bay 0 0 0 0 0 San Pedro Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Santa Monica Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Monterey Bay 0 0 0 0 0 San Francisco Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Eat River 0 0 0 0 0 Humboldt Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Klamath River 0 0 0 0 0 Coos Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Winchester Say 0 0 0 0 0 Columbia River 0 0 0 0 0 willapa, Bay 0 0 0 0 0 Grays Harbor 0 0 0 0 0 Puget Sound 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Dominant crop by acreage in EDA 0 - Important crop by acreage In EDA 31 Table 5. Ranking of Selected Pesticide Use and Land Use Characteristics in Estuarine Drainage Areas. a. Pesticide Use in EDAs b. Toxicity Normalized Use in EDAs Rank Estuarine Drainage Area Pesticide Use Rank Estuarine Drainage Area Tox. Norm. Use (lbs./year) (lbs./year) 1 Chesapeake Bay 5,290,000 1 Albemarle Sound 44,060 2 Winyah Say 3,240,000 2 Chesapeake Bay 30,580 3 Albemarle Sound 2,133,000 3 Laguna Madre 28,380 4 Pamlico Sound 1,963,000 4 Pamlico Sound 22.750 5 Laguna Madre 1,902,000 5 Winyah Bay 20,430 6 Atchafalaya & Vermilion Bays 1,564,000 6 Delaware Bay 17,820 7 Delaware Bay 1,547,000 7 Cape Fear River 11,770 a Matagorda Bay .1,500,000 8 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 11,290 9 Cape Fear River 1,202,000 9 St. John's River 9,281 10 San Francisco Bay 1,104,000 10 Puget Sound 8,2D9 c. Pesticide Use Per Unit of Cropland d. Toxicity Normalized Use Per Unit of Cropland Rank Estuarine Drainage Area Pesticide Use/Area Rank Estuarine Drainage Area Tox. Norm. Use/Area (lbs./sq. mi./year) (lbs./sq. mi./year) I Albemarle Sound 1,682 1 Albemarle Sound 35 2 Gardiners Bay 1,620 2 Gardiners Bay 34 3 New River 1,547 3 Great South Bay 30 4 Chincoteague Bay 1,536 4 Biscayne Bay 20 5 Pamlico Sound 1,482 5 Barnegat Bay 19 6 Great South Bay 1,461 6 Cape Cod Bay 19 7 Cape Fear River 1,437 7 Pamlico Sound 17 8 Bogue Sound 1,396 8 Buzzards Bay 16 9 Winyah Bay 1,344 9 Delaware Bay is 10 Barnegat Bay 1,311 10 Cape Fear River 14 e. Total Area of Crops in EDAS f. Percent Agricultural Land in EDAs Rank Crop Total Land Rank Estuarine Drainage Area % Agricultural Land (sq. mi.) 1 soybeans 7,012 1 Brazos River 75 2 corn 5,053 2 Matagorda Bay 66 3 sorghum 2,327 3 Galveston Bay 52 4 wheat 2,044 4 Corpus Christ Bay 47 5 hay 1,394 5 Atchafalaya/Vermilion Bays 43 6 rice 879 6 Delaware Bay 42 7 citrus 808 7 Tampa Bay 40 8 cotton 798 8 San Francisco Bay 40 9 sugarcane 548 9 Calcasieu Lake 38 10 alfalfa 499 10 Charlotte Harbor 36 q. Total Land Area of the EDAs h. Fluvial Drainage Area of the EDAs Rank Estuarine Drainage Area Area Rank Estuarine Drainage Area Fluvial Drainage (sq. mi.) Area (sq. mi.) 1 PugetSound 27,660 1 Mississippi Delta Region 1,129,800 2 Chesapeake Bay 17,690 2 Columbia River 252,030 3 Laguna Madre 10,520 3 Atchafalaya & Vermilion Bays 92,600 4 Mississippi Sound 9,951 4 Chesapeake Bay 47.330 5 Winyah Bay 9,560 5 Matagorda Bay 44,400 6 Hudson R./Raritan Bay 7,869 6 San Francisco Bay 44,150 7 San Francisco Bay 6,110 7 Brazos River 44,050 8 St. Johns River 5,910 8 Mobile Bay 39,730 9 Sheepscot Bay 5,838 9 Galveston Bay 20,040 10 Mississippi Delta Region 5,703 10 Apalachicola Bay 17,9W 32 Appe,ndices Appendix A. Common/Trade Names of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Appendix B. Pesticide Use Estimation Methodologies Appendix C. Physical Properties of Pesticides In NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Appendix D. Environmental Hazard Rating System (EHRS) Appendix E. Pesticides Applied to Selected Crops in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas* Appendix G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area PITMOSPY, C#,C, /4 1 33 Appendix A. 'Common/Trade Names of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Pesticide Common/Trade Names Acifluorfen Blazer*, Tackle* Alachlor Alanex*, Pillarzo, Lasso* Atrazine AAtrex* Bensulide Betasan*, Prefar* Captafol Difolatan* Carbaryl Carbamine, Sevin* Carbofuran Furadan*, Yaltox* Chlorobenzilate Acaraben*, Akar*, Benzilan* Chlorothalonil Bravo*, Daconil Cyanazine Bladex*, Fortrol 2,4-D Agrotect*, Chloroxone*, Salvo% Weed Tox Diazinon Diagran, Diazide*, Gardentox*, Spectracide* Dinoseb DNBP, Dinitro, Vertac* Disulfoton Di-Syston*, Solvirex* Ethoprop Ethoprophos, Mocap* Fluometuron Cotoran*, Cottonex*, Lanex* Malathion Cythion*, For-Mal* Methamidophos Monitor% Pillaron*, Tamaron* Methyl parathion Folidol*, Gearphos*, Metacide* Metiram Carbatene*, Polyram* . Metolachlor Bicep*, Codal*, Dual% Primagram* Parathion Bladan*, Ethyl Parathion, Thiophos*, Paraphos% Phoskil* PCNB Avicol*, Earthcide*, Quintozine, Terraclor* Phorate Agdmet*, Granutox*, Rampan*, Thimet* Propanil Drexel, Prop-Job* 3,4, Propanex*, Riselect* Thiobencarb Benthiocarb, Bolero*, Saturn% Saturno* Trifluralin Digermin*, lpersan*, Treflan*, Tdflurex* Vernolate Surpass% Vernam* Trade Name 34 Appendix B. Pesticide Use Estimation Methodologies Source of Pesticide Use Estimates. The pesticide use estimates are part of the National Pesticide Use Inventory (NPUI) data base created by Leonard Gianessi of Resources for the Future (RFF). This data base was developed by RFF to provide information regarding the types and amounts of pesticides used in the country. Gianessi (1987) has noted that there is not a comprehensive set of pesticide use estimates for the country, and that none is under development either at the federal or state level. The NPUI data base does not contain actual pesticide use data with the exception of restricted use compounds in California. Instead, the data base contains estimates of use for 184 pesticides in the contiguous United States, circa 1982. For this project, pesticide use information was obtained for 28 of these active ingredients on 71 crops, in the coastal counties in NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory. RFF made estimates for each of the 28 pesticides only when the pesticide was estimated to be used on more than 1 percent of the acreage for a crop surveyed in a state. The estimates are based on information taken from the 1982 Crop and Livestock Pesticide Usage Survey published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (USDAIERS), the 1982 Census of Agriculture published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, The Pesticide Use Report Annual published by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, and various other state data bases and information provided by local agricultural extension agents. The basic algorithm for each crop/pesticide combination is: acres of crop X percent of crop X pounds/acre/year yearly pesticide in county receiving pesticide of active ingredient use for crop application applied to crop in county Information on the acres of crop in a particular county was obtained primarily from the 1982 Census of Agriculture. The Bureau of the Census performs this survey every five years to provide a statistical picture of the Nation's agdcultural activities. The percent of crop receiving pesticide application and the average annual application rates were gathered from a variety of sources. A primary source of Information for both coefficients was the USDA/ERS 1982 Crop and Livestock Usage Survey. State reports and state extension personnel were also used to confirm the coefficients. If the ERS estimates were in rough agreement with the various state sources, the ERS estimates were retained, If however, the two sets of estimates were markedly different, the state estimates were used. California pesticide use estimates were obtained from the 1982 Pesticide Use Report Annual published by the California Department of Food and Agriculture. The average application rate (pounds/acre/yeat) for fruits and vegetables in the ERS survey was estimated by taking the national pesticide use estimates for that crop and dividing by the national estimate of harvested acres. RFF also found anumberof crops (e.g. Brussels sprouts, sweet potatoes, sugar beets and rye) where the only estimates of pesticide use were contained in the 1982 Pesticide Use Report Annual published by the state of California In these cases, annual application rates were calculated and subsequently multiplied by the number of harvested acres in other states where these crops were grown in order to obtain estimated amounts of pesticide applied. Occasionally, both coefficients were estimated, due to a lack of information. In these cases, the percent of a particular crop receiving pesticide was estimated by either taking the average state crop pesticide usage for states where estimates were available and dividing this by the number of acres of crop for the particular state, or by assigning a value from a nearby state. If an annual application rate was not found, a coeff icient was assigned from a nearby state. Once the estimates of pesticide use had been assigned for a parlicularcrop, the data could then be organized as needed, for example by crop, pesticide, state or region, etc. 35 Proration of Pesticide Use EstlmatestotheEDA. The county pesticide use estimates received from RFF were prorated to the EDA by NOAA using information contained in Volume 11 of NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas Series entitled Land Use Characteristics. The land use estimates in the Atlas were based on data from the U.S. Geological Survey's Land Use and Land Cover (LU/LC) Program. In the Atlas, land use in each coastal county is divided int6seven categories and 24 subcategories. Agricultural land area is divided into two subcategories, cropland and other, with the second subcategory consisting primarily of orchard acreage. The area of each land use type in the Atlas is summarized by the land area within the EDA, outside the EDA, and the total for the county. To prorate the, agricultural acreage in the county to the EDA, the area of cropland or orchard by county within the borders of an EDA was divided into the total county acreage for those land use subcategories. In this way, two proration coefficients were generated for agricultural land area, one for cropland, and one for orchard acreage. The estimate of the yearly amount of pesticide applied to that portion of the EDAwithin the county could then be calculated using the following algorithm and the appropriate proration coefficient: yearly pesticide use X percent of total crop yearly pesticide use by crop in county acreage in county for crop in EDA within EDA boundary The total pesticide use for each EDA was calculated by summing each of these pesticide estimates for the EDA. 36 Appendix C. Physical Properties of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticde Use Data Base The physical and chemical parameters presented in this Appendix are useful in understanding the fAte of pesticides in the environment. These properties govern the degree of compound partitioning between the aqueous and solid phases (waterand soil), which determine how mobile the compound will be in the environment, and provide information on the persistence (half-life) of the compound once applied. Each pesticide is listedwith its Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number,which provides anexact identification of the compound. The pesticides have also been grouped according to their chernical class, and those compounds within a class share certain structural and physical properties. The information was gathered from a variety of sources. Values for K" and K" were calculated if not found in the literature. Water Solubility (WS) is the amount of pure pesticide (active ingredient) soluble in a volume of water. It is frequently expressed in milligrams (mg) of compound soluble in one liter (1) of water, or parts per million (ppm). The solubility of a pesticide is related to its molecular weight and the functional groups within the molecule. This property is extremely important when considering how a compound will partition in the environment. A pesticide that is soluble in water can be removed from the site of appplication as a result of runoff orpercolation through the soil. Acompoundwith a low water solubility will tend to remain at the site of application, bound to the soil, although these pesticides can enter the estuary as well, attached to wind blown or water eroded soil particles. Pesticides are often applied in a formulation, that is bound to some type of solid state carder (wettable powder or granulation) or mixed with an emulsifier. The type of formulation will influence the movement of the pesticide in the environment, in addition to its water solubility. For example, a pesticide applied as a wettable powder will be more mobile than the same pesticide applied in an emulsion. In general, formulations can be ranked in terms of mobility from highest to lowest as aqueous being more mobile than wettable which is more mobile than granular which is more mobile than an emulsion. The NormalizedSorption Coefficient(Kd provides a means forcomparing the degree of sorption between compounds. Sorption is the partitioning of a compound between soil or sediment particles and water, and is often expressed as: KP = mg pesticide/kg soil mg pesticide/I of water where K is the sorption partition coefficient, or the ratio of pesticide associated with the soil to the P amount remaining in the aqueous phase at equilibrium. Water solubility and K Pare inversely related. Compoundswith lowwater solubilities are forced out of solution and subsequently attracted to the soil matrix due to charge and structural similarities. In general, the organic carbon content (percent oc) of the particular soil or sediment (which typically ranges from 0.1 to 5 percent), has a majorinfluence on the degree of organiccompound sorption. As a result, the coefficient K P is usually normalized for organic carbon in the following manner: KOC = K P x 100 percent oc The KOC allows for the direct comparison of sorption coefficients between compounds by normalizing for organic carbon (percent oc). A pesticide with a lower K. value will be more mobile in the partitioning of a pesticide into octanol mimics the partitioning of the compound into lipid material and as a result, is a good estimator of bioaccumulation. A compound that has a high K" (> 5000) will readily partition into blota and soil. 37 The Octan6llftter Partition Coefficient (K,) is a measure of the equilibrium partitioning of the pesticide between a mixture of octanol and water and can be represented as: KOW concentration of pestacide in octanol phase concentration of pesticide in aqueous phase The octanoVwater partition coefficient has been correlated with water solubility, sorption coeff icients, and particularly with the bioaccumulation (accumulation in biota) potential. The degree of organic compound bloaccumulation is directly related to the lipid or fat content of the organism. The partitioning of a pesticide into octanol mimics the partitioning of the compound into lipid material and as a result, is a good estimator of bioaccumulation. A compound that has a high Kow (> 5000) will readily partition into blota and soil. A pesticide's Haff-Lffe (T,,,,j is the time it takes for one half of the pesticide to disappear f rom a particular medium such as soil or water. This value, usually given in days, is the result of a number of processes. In soils, microbial degradation, runoff, vaporization, hydrolysis (splitting of the compound using a molecule of water) and even photolysis (light-induced degradation) can be important. The rate of degradation will also depend on the nature of the compound and the temperature of the environment. Aqueous half-life values are afunctionof the hydrolytic cleaving and volatilization of the molecule, although photolysis can be important for some compounds. The pH of the aqueous phase can also be important. For example, the hydrolysis of organophosphates and carbarnates proceeds much f aster at an alkaline pH (pH > 7) than at a neutral or acidic pH. The persistence of a compound is very important when determining what effect it will have in the environment. For example, the organo- phosphates have a higher acute (short-term) toxicity than the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as chlordane and DDT. However, the organophosphates are much less persistent in the environment and are therefore much less likely to accumulate to harmful levels in soils or organisms over time. A series of mathematical relationships exist between parameters. Water solubility correlates fairly well with KOC and Kow and as might be expected, an inverse relationship exists between water solubility and Koc. For example, the solubility of the dinitroaniline herbicide truluralin is I ppm while the KC is almost 14,000. In comparison, the solubility of 2,4-D is 900 ppm while the KOC is only 20. An inverse relationship also exists between solubility and KOW* Trifluralin, has a KW value of 220,000 and a water solubilty of 1 ppm, while the triazine herbicide cyanazine has a solubility of 171 ppm and a Kow of only 150. It should be noted, however, that for compounds with low water solubilities, it is difficult to measure KOW because very little compound remains in the aqueous phase at equilibrium. A positive correlation also exists between K. and K.W. The soil half-Iffe of a compound is somewhat related to its water solubility as well. A pesticide that has a low solubility (and high Kj, will tend to bind tightly to soil or sediment, and be somewhat resistant to hydrolysis and even microbial attack. 38 Appendix C. physical Propenies of Pesticides in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Compound (Chemical Abstract No.) Organochlorines Chlorobenzilate (510-15-6) PCNB (82-68-8) Organophosphates Bensulide (741-58-2) Diazinon (333-41-5) Disulfoton (298-04-4) Ethoprop (13194-48-4) Malathion (121-75-5) Methamidophos (10265-92-6) Methl parathion (298-00-0) Parathion (56-38-2) Phorate (298-02-2) Carbamates Carbaryl (63-25-2) Carbofuran (1563-66-2) Thiobencarb (408-27-5) Vernoiate (1929-77-7) Use M F H I I N I I I I I I I H H Water Solubility (mg/l) 10 (58) 0.44 (81) 25 (86) 40 (84) 25 (36) 750 (31) 145 (32) 2 x 10E6 (58) 57 (32) 24 (36) 50 (36) 30 (20) 415 (32); 700 (36) 30 (86) 90 (86) Normalized aorption coefficient (Koc) 1,230 a 6,060 (39) 740 (31) 570 (31) 1,600 (56); 1,780 (32) 110a 280 (31); 1,800 (56) 2a 5,100 (56); 9,800 (32) 4,800 (32), 10,650 (56) 655 (5); 3,200 (32) 230, 570 (31) 40 (55); 160 (32) 670a 330a Octanol/water partition coeificient (Kow) 2,280 b 10,000 (6) 1,100 b 1,350 (6) 10,000 (6) 70 b 230 (56); 780 (32) <1 b 82 (32); 2,080 (56) 6,460 (32) 823 (56); 18,200 (5) 209 (5); 230 (32) 650 (56) 40 (32); 207 (56) 4,130b 400 b Half Life in soil (days) 11 - 35 (63) 468 (27) 120-180 (86) 65 (22) 9 (57) 3-56 (71) 11 (1) 1-5 (63) 44 (2) 6 (60) 25 (7) 8 (33) 46-115 (20) 14-21 (86) 10-12 (48) In water (days) NF NF NF 30-180 (20) NF NF 14 (20) 30 (63) 30 (18); 70 (40) 170 (39) 4 (9) 130 (23) 30-40 (54) NF NF Abbreviations: I, insecticide; H, hebicide; F, fungicide; N, nematicide; M, miticide; NF, not found a) Calculated from Lyman et al., 1982 b) Calculated from Kenega and Goring. 1980 c) Experiments performed at pH 6-7 () = Citation, see References 39 Appendix C. Physical Properties of Pesticides In NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base (continued). Compound (Chemical Abstract No.) Chloroacetamides Alachlor (15972-60-8) Metolachior (51218-45-2) Triazines Atrazine (1912-24-9) Cyanazine (21725-46-2) Chlorinated phenoxy compounds 2,4-D (94-75-7) Acifluorfen (62476-59-9) Other Captafol (2425-06-1) (phthalimide) Chlorothalonll (1897-45-6) (isophthalate) Dinoseb (88-85-7) (nitrophenol) Fluometuron (2164-17-2) (phenylurea) Metiram (9006-42-2) (dithiocarbamate) Propanil (709-98-8) Trifluralin (98-16-8) (dinitroaniline) Use H H H H H H F F H H F H H Water Solubility (mg/l) 242 (36) 530(86) 33 (36) 171 (84) 900 (84) 2.5 x 10E5 (56) 1.40 (31) 0.6 (58) 50 (86) 90 (36) very insoluble (58) 225 (31); 500 (86) 1 (36) Normalized sorption coeffiecient (Koc) 190 (32) 140 (31) 102 (26); 149 (32) 116 (55); 200 (32) 20 (32); 32 (26) 5 a 2,070 (5) 5,800 (31) 124 (32) 66 (5); 175 (31) NF 220 (31) 13,700 (32) Octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) 434 (56); 830 (32) 1,350 (14) 476 (32) 150 (32) 646 (80) <1 b 6,760 (5) 21,650 b 198 (56); 4,900 (32) 22 (32); 263 (5) NF 106 (56) 220,000 (32) Half Life in soil (days) 20-40 (86) 30-50 (86) 130 (34) 7 - 30 (20) 7 - 28 (20) 14-28 (86) 4 (73) 30-60 (67) 25 (57) 30 (86) 28-91 (64) <30 (6) 81 (52) In water (days) NF NF 66 (48) NF >40 (10) >56 (63) NF >72 (67) NF 730-1,010 (86) NF NF >30 (65) Abbreviations: I, insecticide; H, herbicide; F, fungicide; N, nematicide; M, miticqide; NF, not found a) Calculated from Lyman et al., 1982 b) Calculated from Kenaga and Goring, 1980 c) Experiments performed at pH 6-7 () = Citation, see References 40 Appendix D. Environmental Hazard Rating System (EHRS) Toxicity Low Toxicity: Moderate Toxicity: High Toxicity: Soil Persistence Low Persistence: Moderate Persistence: High Persistence: Bioconcentration Potential Low Accumulation Potential: Moderate Accumulation Potential: High Accumulation Potential: 10 1,000 ppm 0.1 - 10 ppm 0.001 - 0.1 ppm 1 - 50 days 50 - 250 days 250 365 days 1 - 250 250 -2,500 2,500 25,000 41 Appendix E. Pesticides Applied to Selected Crops in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base Crop (A 0 K 12 0 .1 mm -g0 V Im0 .0 r- (a C Pesticide ig 0a C .9 2N - 0 E w 3 CO CO 0 0 CL m .0 E 0 CL 9 4) 1 3 CO Co 0 Acifluorien ........... .................... ....... ....... ..... ... ...........- .................. .-.... ............ ...... ............... . ........... ...... .. ......... ... .... .... ........ ............. Atrazine 0 ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... . . ..... . ... ..... .. ................ . ......... . ......... ................. dh9ulidd . ...... . ....... .... . ............... .. ........ .......... .. . ........ Captafol 0 0 0 ...... ..... .......... ..... ..... ....... ............ . . ..... ........... ... ... X, .......... .......... ........... ... .. .. .......... 0 OF ....... .... . ...... ........ ..................... ........... ..... ......... .............. .. ......... :xXxxxx Carboturan 0 ............. .... ......... .... ... .......... ..... ..... ... ...... ............. .......... ....... ................. -..... . ..... ............................... ............ ..... ............ ........ . . ........ :,::Ohi6* r6b*6**n*zHatO:*:: ........ . . ...... ... ......... .......... . Chlorothalonil .............. ............... . . ....... ........ .......................... .......... .............. x: . ......... ...... . .................... ........... ...... ............. ....... ........... ...... ..................... ....... ........ ........... .. .... .............................. .... ..... ............. ....... .. . ...... . 2,4-D 0 0 0e -X `X ............... ....... ......... . . .... .... .. . .......... . ..........I........ .-........... ............ . Dinoseb 0 00 0 0 0 ' - * ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' `::@ :::@*: I........ ...... - - ". - - - -.. ............. F... ... . ...................... . . .... ..... ... x . .................. .... .. .............. ..... ...... -0igulf6t6n: ........... .......... Ethoprop ........... .......- .......... ........... . ....... .............................. . ..... ....... ...... :TIu6MdWr6h'.: ..... ....... ..... ...... ....... .............. ............ ..... ....... ... . ... Wathion 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 X.. .... .. . ............. ....... .............................................. ....... .......... .... ...... th Ido ....... .......... ........... 0: ....... .............. ........ . . . ....... ........... . ..... ....... ....... . ... ... . .... ............ ......... .............. Mothyl parathion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..................... ..... .. ........ .... .... . ........ ...................... ... ... ...................... .................... .... .... ..... ......................... ........... ......... ....... ... ......................... ..... .. .. .............. .. . .. ....... ...... . ... ... ....... ......................... ............ ............ ............................. .......... ........... ..... ::.:. : .. ............. Metolachlor 0 0 0 ........... .......... ...... ............. ........ ........ .............. ....... ........ .......-..... ............ ...... ........... .......... .......... :.0:::: X: .... ...... .........- ............ ....... ....... XX.: 1 ............................ ...... ........................ ........................ .......... .... ................. . ...... ...... PCNB 0 ..... ........... ....... ...................................... ....... ...-.......... .......I............ ........... ...........................- ....... . .... .............................. ... ...... .............. ....... ...... ..... ...... .......... .......................... ' ' " ' : ; : : : : : : X X.XX............... ............. -............. .. ............. ........ .............. ....... ........... ................... Propanil .. ................ . .. . .. ... ......... . ............................. X .. . ......... ........................................... . . . .. . ... ................................................ - @: *,::.::::: - - - ' ' ' ' '. -'-*-'-'- -* .... :: " *. @ii X. X ............. ....... ........................ ............ ........... ..... ..... ........... a7hi6b6h6gib .............................................. .... ............................. . ... ......... ........... ....... ........- ....... ....... .............. ........ ..... ..................................... .......... . . . .. ............ ................... Uffuralin 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 ............... .......... .. ....... ... ......... ............. .... ..................... ..x ................. . .................. ..................................... .............. ....... I.... ..: .............................. ........ ............................. ... .... .. .... Appendix E. Pesticides Applied to Selected Crops in NOAA's Pesticide Use Data Base (continued). Crop E CD E 0 CD OD2OD 0 0 E 0.0 � ii Pesticide C 3: 0 B-0 (A (a >.M 1 .2 E ca W 000.93 3: 0 1@ vc 0 a. CL M a- ffr V) CO CO (0 CO CO 37 Acifluorfen 0 00 ............ . . ........ ...... .......... ... ...... . ........ .. .... ..... .. . ......... ...... .... Atrazine . .. ........-. ........ .... .. ..... . . ... ....... 11 . ...... ....... ..... . ...... ... ............. ........ ....... .......... .. . . ..... ......... . Captafol . . .... w:W: .... Carbofuran ..... . . .. . ......... .,@Chlbrbbanzilata .. ....... . .. . ..... ... .... .. ... . ....... ... ..... .... .. . .............. ...... ...... ... ... ................ ... .. ... .. Chforothalonil 0 0 0 .......... . .. .... ... ......... . .. ........ .. . 2,4-D 0 0 000 00 ...... ....... 0 M ........... ....... .... .. .... ........ ........... . ............. .. .. .... . .. ... .... . . . ... .. . ... .... X. Dinoseb 0 0 0 0 ........... . .... bi ... ....... ...... .... . ..... ...... ...... ............. Isu 0 on:: .. . ........ ... Ethoprop .................- . ......... .......... ..... u0me qrdn:::::: . . . ..... ... . ........... .. Malathion 0 0 0000 .. . . ........ .. .. . . ............... :X: q ........ .......... .. ..... ........ ............. .. ...... e am ho ............. M th dop XX .... ..... . .. ... .... ..... . ..... ... ....- ............ ... . .. .. -X Methyl parathion 0 0 x ............ .... .... . ......... ........... .... .... ..... ......... ... . . . ...... .................. ... ............. ........ .............. ............ ...... ............. ........... ................ . @" .' :::@: :::::: ....I .... -- ..................... ............ .......... ...-...... ..... .............. ........ ..I....... ... ... Metolachlor ..................... I.......... ............... ........ ............... .............................. ....... .... ..... ............. ......... ..... . . ....... .......... ...... .................................... .................. X. -T" 10. .. ......... ... ...... ..... . . ...... .. .... ....... ....... PCNB . . ... .......... ........... ....... ..... w.. . ..... ra . ...... Phd ......& . .... ....... ......................... ........ .................................. ..... .... ...... . ..... Propanil .......... . . . . ....... .... .................. ........... T ................... .. ......- 0' War ........... .......... .- X Triffuralin 0 0 ...................................... ...... .......... ............ ................ .... ......... ........ ... ... ..... .... ............ w. b .......... .......... ...... ...... .. . ........... .. . ..... Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas ESTUARY NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 1.02 Englishman Bay 1.03 Narraguagus Bay 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 1.05 Penobscot Bay 1.06 Muscongus Bay 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 1.08 Casco Bay 1.09 Saco Bay 1.10 Great Bay 1.11 Merrimack River 1.12 Boston Bay 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 1.14 Buzzards Bay 1.15 Narragansett Bay 1.16 Gardiners Bay 1.17 Long Island Sound 1.18 Great South Bay 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 1.20 Barnegat Bay 1.21 Delaware Bay 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 1.23 Chesapeake Bay TOTAL SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 2.02 Pamlico Sound 2.03 Bogue Sound 2.04 New River 2.05 Cape Fear River 2.06 Winyah Bay 2.07 Charleston Harbor 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 2.09 St. Helena Sound 2.10 Broad River 2.11 Savannah River 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 2.14 Altamaha River 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 2.16 St. Johns River 2.17 Indian River 2.18 Biscayne Bay TOTAL EAST COAST TOTAL ALFALFA Area <1 <1 <1 <1 4 <1 14 3 2 4 9 1 <1 1 5 <1 44 <1 126 1 47 <1 87 357 <1 <1 0 0 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 1 0 <1 5 363 ALMONDS Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 APPLES Area <1 0 0 <1 <1 <1 7 <1 1 <1 3 <1 0 0 <1 <1 6 <1 44 1 6 0 1 77 <1 <1 0 0 <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 <1 77 AVOCADO Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 11 BARLEY Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 43 <1 209 259 3 <1 0 0 2 4 0 <1 <1 0 0 <1 0 <1 1 0 0 0 12 271 BEANS Area <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 23 <1 17 45 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 0 <1 <1 <1 0 16 21 66 BLUEBERRIES Area 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 AA I of 6 CROPS BROCCOLI CABBAGE CANTALOUPES CITRUS CORN COTTON CRANBERRIES Area Area Area Area Area Area Area 8 All values are in square miles and circa 1982. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 104 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 196 0 0 1 0 6 0 1 0 2 1 0 284 0 3 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 1 1 0 1397 0 0 0 5 3 0 2100 0 18 0 2 ( 1 0 402 20 0 0 1 ( 1 0 450 7 0 0 1 ( 1 0 30 0 0 0 1 ( 1 0 17 0 0 0 1 ( 1 0 270 6 0 0 1 ( 1 0 361 122 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 23 1 0 0 0 1 0 21 1 0 0 0 1 0 45 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 0 0 0 1 0 0 132 1 0 0 16 0 96 6 1 0 .0 0 0 141 3 0 0 0 0 0 15 8 0 0 0 20 1 253 1867 158 0 0 25 4 253 3967 158 18 continued... 45 Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas.* ESTUARY GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 3.03 Tampa Bay 3.04 Suvanee River 3.05 Apalachee Bay 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 3.07 St. Andrew Bay 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 3.09 Pensacola Bay 3.10 Perdido Bay 3.11 Mobile Bay 3.12 Mississippi Sound 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 3.16 Sabine Lake 3.17 Galveston Bay 3.18 Brazos River 3.19 Matagorda Bay 3.20 San Antonio Bay 3.21 Aransas Bay 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 3.23 Laguna Madre TOTAL WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay 4.02 San Pedro Bay 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 4.04 Monterey Bay 4.05 San Francisco Bay 4.06 Eel River 4.07 Humboldt Bay 4.08 Klamath River 4.09 Coos Bay 4.10 Winchester Bay 4.11 Columbia River 4.12 Willapa Bay 4.13 Grays Harbor 4.14 Puget Sound TOTAL NATIONAL TOTAL ALFALFA Area <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 1 8 <1 1 <1 1 1 <1 4 <1 <1 <1 1 28 <1 2 <1 1 71 4 1 <1 <1 1 8 <1 <1 15 108 499 ALMONDS Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 51 APPLES Area 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 2 <1 0 0 0 <1 <1 0 <1 1 5 82 AVOCADO Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 BARLEY Area 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 1 <1 14 41 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 8 <1 <1 11 79 350 BEANS Area <1 <1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 0 0 <1 <1 <1 5 0 <1 <1 1 40 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 43 114 BLUEBERRIES Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 46 2 of 6 CROPS BROMOLI CABBAGE CANTALOUPES CITRUS CORN COTTON CRANBERRIES Area Area Area Area Area Area Area $ All values are in square miles and circa 1982. 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 318 1 0 0 0 1 0 106 1 0 0 0 0 0 (1 41 0 0 0 0 1 (1 102 5 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 1 0 0 0 0 0 45 Is 0 0 0 0 0 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 60 1 0 0 0 0 0 47 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 21 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 I i I (1 17 10 0 1 0 1 1 35 29 0 0 0 1 0 150 21 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 60 71 0 0 0 1 0 56 66 0 9 16 18 114 112 392 0 9 16 18 551 836 639 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 213 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 .1 0 0 0 23 0 0 11 0 0 2 248 0 1 20 42 22 807 5052 797 19 continued... 47 Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas.* ESTUARY NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 1.02 Englishman Bay 1.03 Narraguagus Bay 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 1.05 Penobscot Bay 1.06 Muscongus Bay 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 1.08 Casco Bay 1.09 Saco Bay 1.10 Great Bay 1.11 Merrimack River 1.12 Boston Bay 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 1.14 Buzzards Bay 1.15 Narragansett Bay 1.16 Gardiners Bay 1.17 Long Island Sound 1.18 Great South Bay 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 1.20 Barnegat Bay 1.21 Delaware Bay 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 1.23 Chesapeake Bay TOTAL SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 2.02 Pamlico Sound 2.03 Bogue Sound 2.04 New River 2.05 Cape Fear River 2.06 Winyah Bay 2.07 Charleston Harbor 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 2.09 St. Helena Sound 2.10 Broad River 2.11 Savannah River 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 2.14 Altamaha River 2.15 St. Andrew / Simons Sound 2.16 St. Johns River 2.17 Indian River 2.18 Biscayne Bay TOTAL EAST COAST TOTAL CUCUMBERS Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 4 <1 5 11 <1 2 <1 <1 8 2 <1 <1 1 1 <1 <1 0 0 <1 1 0 <1 19 31 GRAPES Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 1 0 <1 0 <1 2 0 <1 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 0 0 0 <1 3 LETTUCE Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 2 <1 4 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 0 1 1 9 OATS Area <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 1 <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 11 <1 4 0 19 39 2 8 <1 <1 5 23 <1 <1 2 1 1 2 0 1 4 <1 0 0 55 94 ONIONS Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 10 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 11 OTHER HAY Area 2 1 <1 1 31 6 126 19 14 14 19 0 0 0 4 <1 75 <1 147 1 38 0 28 526 2 4 <1 <1 11 35 1 <1 5 3 4 6 <1 5 13 36 <1 1 126 652 PASTURE/RANGE Area <1 1 0 12 90 15 325 41 47 24 60 15 1 19 63 26 258 44 756 25 266 3 1059 3150 68 104 14 2 53 251 16 6 47 23 14 31 <1 46 94 1349 215 201 2534 5684 48 0 3 of 6 CROPS PEACHES PEANUTS PEAS POTATOES RICE SORGHUM SOYBEANS Area Area Area Area Area Area Area * All values are in square miles and circa 1982. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 D 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 55 3 0 0 1 0 0 11 15 0 7 11 0 0 329 0 0 0 1 0 0 30 ( 1 28 7 13 0 0 1293 20 28 16 74 0 0 1721 (1 122 1 9 0 6 432 1 29 1 5 0 1 471 0 1 0 1 0 1 31 0 1 0 1 0 1 17 1 5 1 1 0 1 309 3 10 1 1 0 4 1123 I 1 0 0 0 0 21 0 1 0 0 0 ( 1 23 0 1 0 0 0 ( 1 79 0 1 0 0 0 ( 1 75 0 1 1 0 0 ( 1 64 1 18 1 0 0 4 160 0 1 1 0 0 0 ( I 1 3 1 0 0 1 72 1 13 1 0 0 3 142 0 1 1 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 3 204 1 55 0 22 3028 24 232 17 129 0 22 4149 continued... 49 0 Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas.$ CROPS ESTUARY CUCUMBERS GRAPES LETTUCE OATS ONIONS OTHER HAY PASTURE/RANGE Area Area Area Area Area Area Area GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 2 0 1 0 0 1 848 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 5 0 0 0 0 22 2520 3.03 Tama Bay 2 0 0 0 0 24 1015 3.04 qSuwanee River q(1 0 q0 q1q1 0 2q6 2q1q7 3.05 qApqalacqhee Bay q(I 1 q0 4 0 17 217 3.0q6 Apalachicola Say q0 1 q0 q1 q0 2 49 3.07 St.Andrew Bay q0. q0 0 1 0 1 21 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 0 0 0 13 0 18 150 3.09 Pensacola Bay (1 0 0 8 0 19 180 3.10 Perdido Bay (1 0 0 10 0 4 14 3.11 Mobile Bay (1 0 0 9 0 15 143 3.12 Mississippi Sound (1 0 0 3 0 135 1444 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 0 0 0 0 0 19 349 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 0 0 0 1 0 28 434 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 0 0 0 0 0 2 168 3.16 Sabine Lake (1 0 0 <1 0 26 643 3.17 Galveston Bay (1 0 1 (1 0 31 1091 3.18 Brazos River <1 0 1 (1 0 58 983 3.19 Matagorda Bay 0 0 0 (1 0 96 3111 3.20 San Antonio Bay 0 0 0 (1 0 1 118 3.21 Aransas Bay 0 0 0 (1 0 25 1471 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 0 0 <I (1 0 33 1188 3.23 Laguna Madre 10 0 3 (1 17 52 6142 TOTAL 20 3 66 17 554 22516 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay (1 0 ( 1 0 0 4.02 San Pedro Bay (I I ( I 1 0 1 4.03 Santa Konica Bay (I I ( I 1 0 17 4.04 Monterey Say (1 9 is I 1 0 281 4.05 San Francisco Bay 1 125 1 88 1 13 1885 4.06 Eel River (I 1 0 0 0 0 301 4.07 Humboldt Bay (I 1 0 0 0 0 81 4.08 Klamath River (I 1 0 0 0 0 11 4.09 Coos Say (1 0 0 (1 (1 3 27 4.10 Winchester Bay <1 0 0 q(I <1 13 116 4.11 Columbia River q(I 1 q0 4q6 6q(1 0q14q7 353 4.12 0qW0qil0qla6qpa Bay 0 8q(1 0q0 2q(1 0 0q0 19 4.13 Grays Harbor 8q0 0q(1 2q0 0q(1 2q0 0 22 4.6q16q4 Puget Sound I 2q(1 0q0 0q1 0 0q0 ego TOTAL 3 135 20 0q18q00 2 48q6 3809 NATIONAL TOTAL 55 138 32 261 30 1362 32009 50 4 of 6 CROPS PEACHES PEANUTS PEAS POTATOES RICE SORGHUM SOYBEANS Area Area Area Area Area Area Area s All values are in square miles and circa 1982. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 4 1 0 5 29 1 16 1 1 0 5 93 0 1 38 0 1 9 0 19 1 1 0 5 120 1 17 1 1 0 4 189 0 1 1 2 @0 1 95 I 1 1 3 0 2 107 1 0 1 1 0 8 209 0 0 1 0 1 1 85 0 0 1 0 137 21 805 0 0 0 0 40 0 92 I I I 1 66 1 49 1 2 1 1 204 21 247 1 3 1 1 46 49 27 I 1 0 1 279 467 58 0 0 0 0 1 20 ( 1 1 1 0 0 0 287 0 I I 1 0 0 281 01 I 1 10 5 0 1101 2 1 71 19 13 775 2287 2262 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 103 16 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 5 0 0 0 2 0 49 9 103 16 0 26 303 86 151 879 2325 7031 continued... Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas.* CROPS ESTUARY SQUASH STRAWBERRIES SUGARBEETS SUGARCANE SWEET CORN TOBACCO Area Area Area Area Area Area NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.02 Englishman Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.03 Narraguagus Day 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.05 Penobscot Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.06 Muscongus say 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.08 Casco Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.09 Saco Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.10 Great Bay (1 0 0 0 0 0 1.11 Merrimack River (1 0 0 0 1 0 1.12 Boston say (1 0 0 0 (1 0 1.13 Cape Cod Bay (1 0 0 0 (1 0 1.14 Buzzards Bay (1 0 0 0 (1 0 1.15 Narragansett Bay (1 0 0 0 1 0 1.16 Gardiners Say (I 1 0 0 (1 0 1.17 Long Island Sound (I 1 0 0 1 0 1.18 Great South Bay (1 1 0 0 1 0 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay (1 1 0 0 16 0 1.20 Barnegat Bay (1 0 0 0 2 0 1.21 Delaware Bay 3 1 0 0 15 1 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 0 0 0 0 1 0 1.23 Chesapeake Bay (I 1 0 0 24 44 TOTAL 6 1 0 0 65 44 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 1 1 0 0 0 18 2.02 Pamlico Sound I 1 0 0 0 85 2.03 Bogue Sound 0 1 0 0 0 3 2.04 New River 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.05 Cape Fear River 1 1 0 0 0 52 2.05 Winyah Say I 1 0 0 0 106 2.07 Charleston Harbor 0 0 0 0 0 (1 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.09 St. Helena Sound 0 0 0 0 0 (1 2.10 Broad River 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.11 Savannah River (1 0 0 0 0 (1 2.12 Ossabaw Sound (1 0 0 0 0 2 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 0 0 0 0 0 (I 2.4 Altamaha River 0 0 0 0 0 4 2.15 St. Andrew / St, Simons Sound (1 0 0 0 0 13 2.16 St. Johns River (I 1 0 0 5 ( 1 2.17 Indian River 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.18 Biscayne Bay 5 1 0 62 7 0 TOTAL 7 1 0 62 13 291 EAST COAST TOTAL 13 1 0 52 78 336 52 5 of 6 TOMATOES WATERMELONS WHEAT SUBTOTAL OTHER WS TOTAL Area Area Area Area Area Area * A] i values are in square efles and circa 1982. 10 0 10 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 16 0 16 0 0 0 146 0 146 0 0 0 24 0 24 0 0 0 522 0 $22 0 0 0 70 0 70 0 0 0 72 0 72 0 0 0 48 0 48 0 0 0 104 0 104 0 0 0 17 0 17 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 32 0 32 0 0 0 94 0 94 1 0 1 41 1 42 1 0 1 496 0 497 1 0 1 64 2 67 2 0 16 1402 7 1410 1 0 2 61 1 63 11 1 80 1209 15 1225 1 1 3 62 0 62 12 5 456 4715 6 4722 27 5 560 9230 36 9267 1 2 170 1266 1 1267 1 1 148 1320 4 1324 1 1 3 84 0 84. 1 1 3 44 0 44 1 5 74 810 25 836 1 2 338 2392 18 2411 2 ( 1 6 62 0 62 I ( 1 7 52 0 52 3 1 19 194 1 195 2 18 151 1 153 1 11 121 0 122 0 1 55 328 2 331 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 34 208 1 210 1 1 39 463 3 .467 I 1 1 1547 11 1559 0 0 0 360 a 360 17 1 0 357 13 370 24 17 930 9771 86 9857 52 23 1490 19002 123 19125 continued- 53 Appendix F. Area of Crops in Estuarine Drainage Areas.* CROPS ESTUARY SQUASH STRAWBERRIES SUGARBEETS SUGARCANE SWEET OORN TOBACCO Area Area Area Area Area Area GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands I 1 0 31 1 0 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 2 1 0 is ( 1 0 3.03 Tama Bay 1 5 D 0 ( 1 0 3.04 Suwanee River (1 0 0 0 ( 1 4 3.05 Apalachee Bay (1 0 0 0 ( 1 1 3.06 Apalachicola Bay (1 0 0 0 ( 1 1 3.07 St.Andrew Bay (1 0 0 0 ( 1 0 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay (1 0 0 0 ( 1 0 3.09 Pensacola Bay 0 0 0 0 ( 1 0 3.10 Perdido Bay 0 0 0 0 ( 1 0 3.11 Mobile Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.12 Mississippi Sound 0 0 0 30 0 0 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 0 0 0 188 0 0 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 0 0 0 174 0 0 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.16 Sabine Lake (1 0 0 0 0 0 3.17 Galveston Bay (1 0 0 0 0 0 3.18 Brazos River (1 0 0 0 0 0 @3.19 Matagorda Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.20 San Antonio Say 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.21 Aransas Bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.22 Corpus Christi Say 1 0 0 0 0 0 3.23 Laguna Madre 2 0 0 40 0 0 TOTAL 7 5 0 485 1 6 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay (I 1 0 0 ( 1 0 4.02 San Pedro Bay (1 1 0 0 ( 1 0 4.03 Santa Monica Bay (1 1 1 0 ( 1 0 4.04 Monterey Say (1 1 1 0 ( 1 0 4.05 San Francisco Bay (1 1 62 0 4 0 4.06 Eel River 0 0 0 0 ( 1 0 4.07 Humboldt Bay 0 0 0 0 ( 1 0 4.08 Klamath River 0 0 0 0 ( 1 0 4.09 Coos Bay (1 1 0 0 1 0 4.10 Winchester Bay I 1 0 0 1 0 4.11 Columbia River 1 1 0 0 4 0 4.12 Willapa Bay 0 0 0 0 1 0 03 Grays Harbor 0 0 0 0 1 0 4.14 Puget Sound 0 2 0 0 4 0 TOTAL 1 6 63 0 14 0 NATIONAL TOTAL 21 13 63 547 94 342 54 a of 8 CROPS TOMATOES WATERMELONS WHEAT SUBTOTAL OTHER CROPS TOTAL Area Area Area Area Area Area 8 Al I values are in square miles and circa 1982. ie 5 0 921 8 930 to a 0 2909 9 2919 Is i 1 1180 13 1193 0 10 7 364 5 371 1 3 20 492 8 501 i 1 10 115 0 116 i 1 1 33 0 33 1 1 24 387 1 388 1 1 53 536 4 640 1 1 27 198 1 199 1 1 23 375 15 390 1 1 43 1937 11 1948 0 1 14 659 1 Goo 0 1 50 1692 6 1699 0 0 2 306 0 306 1 1 2 792 0 792 I 1 1 1630 6 1636 1 1 2 1238 2 1241 1 1 12 4202 14 4215 0 0 1 146 0 146 0 1 8 1926 0 1926 I 1 11 1640 0 1640 3 13 13 8096 30 8126 50 48 331 31785 143 3428 6 0 6 It 0 11 21 1 22 2 0 344 is 359 121 1 196 3051 148 3199 1 0 0 313 0 313 1 0 0 82 0 82 1 0 0 It 0 It 0 1 1 31 0 31 0 1 2 134 0 135 0 0 to 426 3 429 0 0 1 21 0 21 0 0 1 25 0 26 0 0 10 816 5 821 125 1 221 5299 175 5414 228 T3 2042 56086 441 56528 Appendix G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 20 Pesticides.by Estuarine Drainage Area HERBICIDES ESTUARY ACIFLOORFEN ALACHLOR ATRAZINE BERSULICE CYANAZ IKE Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax use Tax NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 23 1 75 1 42 1 1.02 Englishman Day 1.03 Narraquagus Bay 1.04 glue Hill Bay 4 1 13 1 1 1 1.05 Penobscot Bay 3115 1 9971 5 5607 1 1.06 Nuscongus Bay 241 1 769 1 432 1 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 12430 3 39786 25 22374 1 1.08 Casco Bay 1104 1 3541 2 1991 1 1.09 Saco Bay 997 1 2878 1 1435 1 1.10 Great Bay 788 1 1686 1 465 1 1.11 Nerrimack River 2845 1 5417 3 176 (1 646 1 1.12 Boston Bay 311 1 464 (1 56 (1 14 1 IM Cape Cod Bay 127 1 317 (I . a (1 19 1 1.14 Buzzards Bay 1894 1 4655 3 330 1 280 1 1.15 karragansett Bay 4257 1 10464 6 691 2 726 1 1.16 Gardiners Bay 752 1 1549 1 271 1 80 1 1.17 Long Island Sound 51948 15 126496 82 133 (1 12515 1 1.18 Great South Say 1079 1 2240 1 374 1 111 1 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 2726 (1 157825 47 137045 89 .4145 16 18144 1 1.20 Barnegat Bay 561 (1 15064 4 4153 2 3497 14 404 1 1.21 Delaware Bay 12732 (1 409527 123 271378 176 28727 116 89017 7 1.22 Chincoteague Say 1002 (1 32312 9 24M 15 42 1 7245 1 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 47348 1 1448682 437 1421657 924 16400 65 412759 33 TOTAL 64369 2 2145325 647 2068693 1344 54850 222 574313 46 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 21154 (1 713864 215 353729 229 138 1 19951 1 2.02 Pamlico Sound 21253 (1 729759 220 387437 251 750 3 13191 1 2.03 Bogue Sound 1351 (1 46517 14 26065 16 7 1 870 (1 2.D4 No River 740 (1 26387 7 15377 9 17 1 513 (1 2.05 Cape Fear River 13601 (1 447818 135 232832 151 2187 11 7971 (1 2.05 Winyah Bay 54275 2 642376 194 376343 244 507 2 32183 2 2.07 Charleston Harbor 1034 (1 13175 3 13354 8 109 1 785 (1 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 1132@ (1 12946 3 11108 7 11 1 693 (1 2.09 St, Helena Sound 3816 (1 41198 12 34873 22 249 1 2141 (1 2.10 Broad River 3749 (1 36403 10 26165 17 220 1 1565 (I 2.11 Savannah River 3068 (1 23863 7 20595 13 76 1 779 (1 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 1408 (1 58153 11 41886 27 89 1 900 (1 2.13 St. Catharines / Sapelo Sound 25 (1 414 1 800 1 - - 15 (1 2.14 Altamaha River 3349 (1 26529 8 33409 21 158 1 706 (1 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 6582 (I V471 24 119042 77 588 2 2619 (I 2.16 St. Johns River 12 (1 5493 1 13812 8 2367 9 - - 2.17 Indian River -- - 1713 1 2570 1 - - - - 2.18 Biscayne Bay - - 7501 2 164578 106 944 3 - - TOTAL 143149 6 2915580 880 1874575 1218 9023 36 85482 6 EAST COAST TOTAL 207518 8 5060905 1528 3943258 2553 53873 259 659795 53 56 I of a HERBICIDES 2,4-D DIIMEB FLUOMETURON METOLACHLOR PROPAKIL Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax use Tax * All values are in pounds &plied per year and circa 1982. Toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 960 - ( 1 199 1 12 1 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 657 ( 1 12 (1, 1 425 1 9 (1 1 Abbreviations: Tax Toxicity 502 ( 1 9 (I - Normalized Use; Not Applied, 2730 ( 1 2253 18 263 1 505 ( 1 47 ( 1 5 (I 9390 ( 1 3477 28 43( (I 1105 ( 1 1134 9 78 (I 1603 ( 1 195 6 990 (I 853 ( 1 21 (1 2358 (i 1795 ( 1 149 1 5984 1 290 ( 1 48 (1 150 1 25 ( 1 6 (1 70 1 352 ( 1 296 2 1037 1 - - 1234 ( 1 3973 32 3009 1 - - 838 ( 1 12635 102 6244 1 - - 5350 ( 1 26815 218 39267 6 1304 ( 1 V469 142 8645 1 29440 ( 1 60472 492 59934 9 1512 ( 1 3062 24 6503 1 37289 ( 1 79838 649 202976 33 483 ( 1 1022 8 16630 2 - 160963 1 83451 678 752232 122 - 259605 1 297193 2418 - -- 1106822 180 60258 ( 1 121998 991 10523 ( 1 139974 22 67638 ( 1 41589 338 3871 ( 1 133764 21 3321 ( 1 1276 10 -- -- 9212 1 1963 ( 1 493 4 -- -- 4975 ( i 39264 ( 1 14059 114 3101 ( 1 79835 13 159222 1 59470 483 50814 1 M733 24 4384 ( 1 940 7 - - 3794 (I 3685 ( 1 1030 8 30 ( 1 3644 (I 4665 ( 1 3541 28 362 ( 1 11508 1 11150 ( 1 3977 32 168 ( 1 10111 1 8220 ( 1 2183 22 43 ( 1 8295 1 28205 ( 1 9684 78 76 ( 1 20429 3 93 ( 1 15 ( I - - 130 (i 19867 ( 1 2830 23 - - 10391 1 32595 ( 1 7702 62 182 ( 1 26402 4 181938 1 43951 357 - - 13758 2 28498 ( I - -- 642 (I 36839 ( 1 9082 73 11595 1 701806 4 324420 2638 69270 2 640192 104 961411 6 621613 5056 69270 2 1741014 284 continued... 57 Appendix G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage AreaJ HERBICIDES ESTUARY ACIFLUORFEN ALACKOR ATRAZINE BENSULIDE CYANAZINE Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands - 743 @ 1 76011 49 2641 10 - 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 5 ( 1 811 ( 1 46781 30 7441 30 - 3.03 Tampa Bay 2 ( 1 954 ( 1 3150 2 2633 10 - 3.04 Suwanee River 1920 ( 1 51693 15 34126 22 239 ( I - 3.05 Apalachee Bay 5152 ( 1 108365 32 86341 56 201 @ 1 2342 ( 1 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 2462 1 39479 11 6092 3 12 (1 46 ( 1 3.07 St.Andrew Bay 594 ( 1 8076 2 577 1 - - - - 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay. 8888 ( 1 113573 34 29119 18 41 (1 124 ( 1 3.09 Pensacola Bay 14188 ( 1 150754 45 43910 28 28 (1 1225 ( 1 3.10 Perdido Bay 8116 ( 1 54903 16 40485 26 66 (1 220 ( 1 3.11 Mobile Bay 9852 ( 1 56277 16 63821 41 269 1 831 ( 1 3.12 Mississippi Sound 15977 ( 1 54440 .16 47003 30 557 2 276 ( 1 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 5676 ( 1 12823 3 19100 12 to (1 .1 ( 1 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 54514 2 141765 42 60280 39 28 (1 1162 ( 1 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 6670 ( 1 13801 4 4 (-1 - - - - 3.16 Sabine Lake 1183 ( 1 3506 1 1641 1 88 ( 1 10 ( 1 3.17 Galveston Bay 3628 ( 1 18231 5 19146 12 1092 4 294 ( 1 3.18 Brazos River 515 ( 1 19240 5 37361 24 566 2 610 ( 1 3.19 Matagorda Bay 860 ( 1 87762 26 211648 137 73 (1 2604 ( 1 3.20 San Antonio Bay 3 < 1 2227 1 6643 4 - -- 55 ( 1 3.21 Aransas Bay - - -37932 11 104469 61 2 ( 1 1036 ( 1 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay -- .-- 36206 10 100855 65 513 2 980 ( 1 3.23 Laguna Madre 62 1 92717 28 348462 226 293713 1192 1937 ( I TOTAL 140337 5 1ID6295 334 1381035 901 310225 1259 14360 1 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay -- - 94 ( 1 15 ( 1 74 ( 1 47 ( 1 4.02 San Pedro Bay ( 1 59 ( 1 229 ( 1 180 ( 1 4.03 Santa Monica Say 106 ( 1 3 ( 1 51 ( 1 10 ( 1 4.04 Monterey Bay 951 ( 1 72 ( 1 68 ( 1 211 ( 1 4.05 San Francisco Bay 44466 43 22361 14 1523 6 52564 5 4.06 Eel River 213 (1 32 (I - - 102 ( 1 4.07 Humboldt Bay 56 (1 8 (1 26 ( 1 4.08 Klamath River 5 (I ( 1 $ (1 2 1 4.09 Coos Bay 96 (1 99 (I I ( 1 39 1 4.10 Winchester Bay. 109 (1 283 (1 10 ( 1 20 1 4.11 Columbia River 4365 1 7083 4 210 ( 1 293 1 4.12 Willapa Bay I (1 13 (I - - -- -- 4.13 Grays Harbor 201 (1 337 (I - - 4.14 Puget Sound 6861 2 10366 5 854 3 TOTAL 157940 47 40739 26 3024 12 63505 5 NATIONAL TOTAL 347855 13 6325146 1909 5371042 3491 377122 1530 737660 59 58 2 Of 6 HERBICIDES 2,4-0 DINDSEB FLUOMETURON KETOLACHLOR PROPANIL Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox 8 All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982. Toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 114126 ( 1 10 ( 1 602 ( I for estuarine / freshwater fish. 333300 2 98 ( 1 309 ( I 138319 ( 1 54 ( 1 1234 ( I Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity W70 ( 1 5444 44 14953 2 Normalized Use; Not Applied. 43552 ( 1 12610 102 3403 ( 1 28945 4 9784 ( 1 6674 54 Is ( 1 7696 1 3094 ( 1 967 7 -- - 1576 ( i 29365 ( 1 20507 166 72 (1 25901 4 37865 ( 1 23628 92 2523 (1 33330 5 10524 1 8854 71 lie (1 12089 1 18199 ( 1 9441 T6 2396 (1 12003 1 118957 ( 1 34348 279 1641 (1 29850 4 55401 ( 1 15536 126 9058 (1 13809 2 555 1 92390 ( 1 150695 1225 16993 (1 162897 26 209014 15 10256 ( 1 17107 M -- - 1055 2 62251 4 11663 ( 1 1566 12 -- -- 23329 3 147936 10 16908 ( 1 139 1 124 (1 135964 22 460680 33 15251 ( 1 62 ( 1 359 (1 34427 5 103876 7 57534 ( 1 16 (1 258 (1 41853 23 530937 45 1886 1 - -- 10 (1 3711 1 3213 1 25667 1 868 (1 57101 9 - - 23293 1 803 (1 55005 8 98sio 1 2916 23 4771 (1 176523 28 1307076 9 310680 2525 43420 1 989271 161 1618465 116 206 1 11 ( 1 -- -- 52 ( 1 -- -- 1656 1 10 ( 1 297 ( 1 52 1 5 ( 1 128 ( 1 3326 ( 1 602 4 979 ( I 91292 ( 1 41310 335 M496 21 18474 1 1088 ( 1 79 ( 1 148 ( I - 207 ( 1 20 ( 1 39 ( I 53 ( i i ( 1 3 ( I 2368 ( 1 11 ( 1 11 ( I 10393 ( 1 108 @ 1 46 ( I - 30868 ( 1 3025 24 1819 ( i - 1282 ( 1 9 ( 1 6 ( I - 1608 ( 1 371 3 195 ( I - 51942 ( 1 8966 72 4848 ( i - 196427 1 $4536 443 140085 22 4414 1 2454915 16 986829 8025 112690 3 2876371 468 1636940 M continued... 59 Appendix G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized M for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area.$ HERBICIDES INSECTICIDES ESTUARY THIOBENCARB TRIFLURALIN VERNDLATE CARBARYL CARBOFURAN Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Say is 1 18 (1 1.02 Englishman Bay I I I (1 1.03 Narraquagus Bay I I t (I I (1 1.04 Blue Hill Bay I 1 6 (I I (I 1.05 Penobscot Bay 215 1 267 (1 1427 9 I.D6 Muscongus Bay 5 (1 26 (1 97 (1 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 413 3 2096 1 5164 33 1.08 Casco Bay 103 (1 199' (1 497 3 1.09 Saco Day 100 (1 500 (1 513 3 i.10 Great Day I (1 159 (1 533 3 1.11 gerrimack River 1 (1 1797 1 1419 9 1.12 Boston Bay I (1 446 (1 76 (1 1.13 Cape Cod Bay I (1 385 (1 37 (1 1.14 Buzzards Bay 2 (1 3662 2 576 3 1.15 Narragansett Bay 72 <1 5970 4 1248 8 1.16 Gardiners Say 1065 a 1950 1 9771 63 1.17 Long Island Sound 353 2 9400 7 14721 95 1.18 Great South Bay 1481 12 2994 2 13501 87 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 1467 12 2137 1 .67456 54 36099 234 1.20 Barnegat Bay 595 4 439 ( 1 5079 4 7995 52 1.21 Delaware Bay 18801 153 5411 3 52760 42 89936 584 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 1100 8 120, ( 1 1109 ( 1 5118 33 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 62760 510 59521 38 80572 65 347974 2262 TOTAL 88550 721 67628 43 236841 192 536721 3490 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 42389 344 145775 94 154351 125 91975 597 2.02 Pamlico Sound 41468 337 53229 34 151095 122 95481 620 2.03 Bogue Sound 2572 20 1571 1 9417 7 6424 41 2.04 New River 1391 11 882 ( 1 5224 4 3601 23 2.05 Cape Fear River 3055a 248 20894 13 98510 80 60615 394 2.D6 Winyah Bay 445238 3620 31291 20 290396 236 165716 1077 2.07 Charleston Harbor 8946 72 302 ( 1 9456 7 3990 25 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 9575 77 328 ( 1 6193 5 4452 28 2.09 St. Helena Sound 32667 265 1177 (1 24916 20 10421 67 2.10 Broad River 30650 249 2055 1 20857 16 8530 55 2.11 Savannah River 17356 141 .4020 2 7564 6 $397 54 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 29719 241 23668 15 12258 9 20443 132 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 107 ( 1 35 ( 1 12 ( 1 372 2 2.14 Altmha River 13445 109 6290 4 6444 4 15350 106 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 26494 215 18169 11 13957 11 58556 380 2.16 St. Johns River 1228 10 29 ( 1 20053 15 16593 107 2.17 Indian River 653 5 -- - 306 ( 1 1276 8 2.18 Biscayne Bay 2699 21 -- -- 13340 10 7975 51 TOTAL 737150 5994 309715 201 843349 685 581168 3779 EAST COAST TOTAL 825700 6715 377343 245 1080190 878 M7889 7269 60 3 of 5 INSECTICIDES DIMIGH DISULFOTON NALATHION METWIDOPHOS METHYL PARATHION Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982. Toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 106 1 179 1 1 ( I for estuarine / freshwater fish. 3 1 5 1 Abbreviations: Tox : Toxicity 1 1 3 1 Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 1 1 1742 4 2917 1 1 (I 32 (1 56 1 1 (I 1606 4 2593 1 7 (I 507 1 846 1 1 (1 344 (1 551 1 12 (I ( I (1 - - 87 (1 36 (1 45 (1 136 (1 21 1 2677 2 14 (1 7 <1 71 (1 11 1 918 (1 716 (1 6 (1 8 (1 2 1 461 (1 5876 5 123 (1 127 (1 101 1 3871 a 7693 a 266 (1 353 1 1152 1 6472 5 142 (1 1321 3 67 (1 5358 1 313 (1 1258 1 2503 6 2987 Q 2283 1 20919 17 200 (1 1824 4 107 ( 1 7404 ( 1 1216 ( 1 12970 11 4289 10 9434 38 2212 ( 1 145277 lie 667 ( 1 209 ( 1 265 1 670 ( 1 7456 6 21664 is $449 21 8726 35 8922 < 1 32607 26 14 ( 1 707 1 561 2 266 ( 1 235 ( 1 20493 17 39324 98 79566 323 6522 ( 1 14145 11 71743 62 63418 158 102408 416 42081 1 236574 192 4084 3 5254 13 12081 49 IM ( 1 11002 8 17359 15 12926 32 4272 17 449 ( 1 17865 14 663 ( 1 569 1 1107 ( 1 145 ( 1 1014 ( 1 701 ( 1 475 1 106 ( 1 10 ( 1 667 ( 1 12860 11 7360 18 2410 10 153 1 11814 9 37439 32 2liI5 52 ilea 4 98 1 355567 289 613 (I $I (1 37 ( 426 ( 1 767 (1 375 (I -- 869 ( I Via 1 57 (1 16 (I - 3855 3 1911 1 8 1 25 (I - 2345 1 733 (1 81 1 12 (I ( 1 1 8449 6 941 (1 945 2 262 1 ( 1 1 31404 25 5 (I ( I I ( I (I -- -- III ( 1 2128 1 154 1 192 (1 4 @ 1 14984 12 5672 4 665 1 497 2 115 ( 1 28187 22 1517 1 1439 3 68 (1 12175 ( 1 6306 5 1493 1 149 1 -- -- - -- ( 1 1 3276 2 1947 4 1263 5 48454 1 7200 5 94340 81 54201 135 22596 92 62979 2 502065 408 166083 144 111619 294 125004 508 105060 4 738739 600 continued... 61 Appendix G, Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage Area.$ HERBICIDES INSECTICIDES ESTUARY THIOBENCARB TRIFLURALIN VERNOLATE -@MiARYL CARBOFURAN Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax GULF OF XEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 131 1 - ( 1 1613 1 1432 9 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 1068 8 34 ( 1 4171 3 993 6 3.03 Tupa Bay 713 5 14 ( 1 5418 4 599 3 3.04 Suwanee River 6252 50 4721 3 10109 8 11518 113 3.05 Apalachee Bay 19561 159 19377 12 31915 26 42226 274 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 5376 43 6131 4 3492 2 3162 20 3.07 St.Andrew Bay 1277 10 1277 ( 1 816 1 322 2 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay - - 17254 140 14081 9 11052 9 9260 60 3.09 Pensacola Bay - - 29450 239 17499 11 29389 23 12183 79 3.10 Perdido Bay - 13983 113 2539 1 7974 6 7548 49 3.11 Mobile Bay - 17245 140 1 ( 1 73086 59 6658 43 3.12 Mississippi Sound - 47562 .386 -- - 59704 48 8330 64 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 186 1 25083 204 1 10190 8 1936 12 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 70254 65 187438 1523 - 63903 61 43294 281 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 20924 19 20450 166 - 5527 4 7032 45 3.16 Sabine Lake 20968 19 13954 113 -- 6740 5 6808 44 3.17 Galveston Bay 62675 58 75882 617 91 1 30314 24 21038 136 3.18 Brazos River 14130 13 17643 143 144 (1 20387 16 1454 48 3.19 Matagorda Bay 85840 79 23596 191 25 ( 1 93391 75 41473 269 3.20 San Antonio Bay 436 1 301 2 -- -- 1041 1 519 3 3.21 Aransas Bay - -- 18206 148 ( I ( 1 14744 12 6577 42 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 11143 139 ( I ( 1 14124 11 6277 40 3.23 Laguna Madre 134976 1097 26 ( 1 124327 101 19904 129 TOTAL 275413 255 694534 5648 66566 43 623487 507 272543 1773 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay -- - 201 1 21 ( 1 109 ( I - - 4.02 San Pedro Bay 338 2 82 ( 1 664 ( 1 125 ( 1 4.03 Santa Konica Bay 155 1 4 ( 1 253 ( 1 24 ( 1 4.04 Monterey Bay 5626 45 99 ( 1 1400 1 353 2 4.05 San Francisco Bay 75600 70 148976 1211 29196 18 83257 67 14201 92 4.06 Eel River - -- 363 2 48 (1 20 (I - - 4.07 Humboldt Bay - - 94 (1 12 (1 5 (I 4.08 Klamath River - - 8 (I I I ( I (I 4.09 Coos Bay - - 1 (1, 31 1 14 (I 4.10 Winchester Bay - 30 (1 126 1 372 (1 39 (1 4.11 Columbia River - 675 5 7459 4 2187 1 636 4 4.12 Willapa Bay - 2 (I le 1 300 (I I ( 1 4.13 Grays Harbor 121 1 460 1 196 (1 3 ( 1 4.14 Puget Sound - 4935 40 14419 9 9187 7 1258 8 TOTAL 75600 70 161525 1314 51974 33 97964 79 16652 108 NATIONAL TOTAL 351013 326 1681759 13677 495883 322 1801641 1465 1407084 9150 62 4 of 6 INSECTICIDES DIAZINOR DISULF070N MALATHION KETHMIDOPHOS KETHYL PARATHION Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tax s All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982. Toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 2892 2 127 ( 1 65 (1 48444 1 1306 1 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 4978 4 195 ( 1 19 (1 31633 1 200 (1 3897 3 221 ( 1 77 (1 50202 1 537 (I Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 540 ( 1 9671 24 195 (1 4235 ( 1 3942 3 Normalized Use; Not Applied. 849 ( 1 13401 33 865 3 3055 ( 1 23135 18 38 ( 1 409 3 18 (1 500 ( 1 503 4 9 ( I ISO ( 1 12 (I U 1 1259 1 112 ( 1 5295 13 88 (1 1237 1 13773 11 372 ( 1 6281 15 566 2 301 < 1 34284 27 201 ( 1 2171 5 74 (1 805 1 6671 5 1302 1 60 ( 1 1500 6 963 1 8131 6 725 ( 1 3 (1 4502 18 616 1 22752 18 55 ( I - - 1617 6 -- - 22798 18 418 ( I - 14164 57 - - 271653 225 2 1 2004 8 - - 30472 24 37 1 42 ( 1 956 3 2 1 19843 16 654 1 856 2 3044 12 65 1 60801 49 12D5 1 1683 4 1642 6 125 1 14899 12 4837 4 7943 19 5949 24 21 1 77791 63 101 1 219 ( 1 23 ( 1 -- - 633 ( 1 1917 1 3989 10 951 3 1 1 7456 5 1883 1 3846 9 962 3 170 1 7081 5 15921 13 58335 ITO 16434 66 39281 1 4TI10 38 42951 37 125907 315 55867 227 181669 6 68794o 559 91 1 -- -- 196 ( 1 469 ( I I ( 1 645 1 3 1 523 2 489 ( 1 295 ( 1 133 1 408 1 87 ( 1 321 ( 1 182 ( I 1966 1 9776 24 1044 4 4042 ( 1 2334 1 77320 61 13886 34 18736 76 $895 ( 1 20021 4 80 1 - - 16 1 - - - 2 1 3 so ( 1 37 1 45 1 6 ( I <1 350 ( 1 379 1 185 1 590 ( 1 536 (1 427 ( I I I I I a ( 1 162 (I 6 ( 1 27 1 2 1 226 ( 1 373 (1 889 ( 1 1961 4 244 1 5903 ( 1 7515 6 81995 71 2648D 66 2482 85 20947 ( 1 31525 25 291029 252 270006 675 20953 821 307676 11 1458204 1185 continued... 63 Appendix G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage AreaJ INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES ESTUARY PARATHION PHORATE 7A-PTAFOL CHLOROTHALONIL KETIRAM Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox. NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 23 1 23 23 30 1 209 a 265 1 1.02 Eng I ishman Bay 1 1 9 1 5 1 1.03 Narraquagus Bay 1 1 6 1 3 1 1.04 Blue Hill Say 5 1 3 1 129 1 1.05 Penobscot Say 382 13 376 376 545 22 3384 137 5711 1 1.06 Muscongus Bay 7 < 1 6 6 29 1 66 2 529 1 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 347 12 334 i34 2049 83 3008 122 38595 2 1.08 Casco Bay 110 3 109 109 254 10 981 39 3776 ( 1 1.09 Saco Bay 74 2 71 71 471 19 639 25 9154 ( I 1.10 Great Bay - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1294 ( I 1.11 Merrimack River 271 9 50 50 2 ( 1 Sig 37 7878 ( i 1.12 Boston Bay 105 3 6 6 1 ( 1 .299 12 1002 ( 1 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 3 1 7 7 895 36 59 2 1 1 1.14 Buzzards Bay 62 2 119 119 7303 296 1942 18 45 1 1.15 Narragansett Bay 1367 49 333 333 11404 463 5322 216 2458 1 1.16 Gardiners Bay 5728 206 343 343 9213 374 8313 339 3356 1 1.17 Long Island Sound 5220 188 2825 2825 4223 171 3927 159 26703 1 1.18 Great South Bay 8012 289 414 474 12736 517 11588 470 5589 1 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 34671 1251 5800 5800 7528 305 68545 2782 167708 10 1.20 Barnegat Bay 1449 268 352 352 5295 214 6111 248 5037 ( 1 1.21 Delaware Bay 35282 1273 10400 10400 26255 1065 75383 3060 17558 1 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 10 ( 1 456 456 295 12 2396 97 -- - 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 229s e2 20793 20793 10600 430 68842 2794 9511 ( I TOTAL 101428 3651 42885 42885 99143 4025 262031 10638 306316 19 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 1537 55 35631 35831 387 15 123860 5028 79 ( 1 2.02 Pamlico Sound 1210 43 11986 17986 1618 65 46556 1890 64 ( 1 2.03 Bogue Sound 40 1 798 798 35 1 1556 63 -- - 2.04 New River 41 1 436 436 34 1 674 27 -- -- 2.05 Cape Fear River 869 31 8779 8779 5435 220 24023 975 30 ( 1 2.06 Winyah Bay 2346 84 5946 5946 1682 68 165356 6713 104 ( 1 2.07 Charleston Harbor 25 ( 1 62 62 422 17 9035 366 - - 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers I ( 1 55 55 73 2 405 162 - - 2.09 St. Helena Sound 11 ( 1 162 162 937 38 20795 844 - - 2.10 Broad River 15 ( 1 120 120 739 30 16882 685 - - 2.11 Savannah River 523 18 41 41 44 1 12576 514 - - 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 6234 225 7 7 -- - 64942 2636 - - 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 3 ( I - - - - 79 3 - - 2.14 Altamha River 2086 75 - -- I ( 1 19339 785 1 ( 1 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 4889 176 18 18 4 ( 1 50538 2051 5 ( 1 2.16 St. Johns River 8463 305 4592 4592 42871 1140 50130 2035 289 ( 1 2.17 Indian River 180 6 -- - 45925 1864 -- - -- - 2.18 Biscayne Bay 8249 297 2883 2883 8291 336 83158 3376 8463 ( I TOTAL 36729 1325 77723 77723 108505 4405 693613 28160 9036 ( I EAST COAST TOTAL 138157 4987 120608 120608 207648 8430 955644 38799 315353 20 64 5 of 5 FUNGICIDES NENATICIDE MITICIDE TOTAL PCNB CHLOROBENZILATE ALL PESTICIDES Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982. Toxicity normlized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 2219 35 for estuarine / freshwater fish, 715 1 461 ( I Abbreviations: Tox : Toxicity 695 ( I Normlized Use; : Not Applied. 40972 591 2880 12 144219 057 16380 181 21173 133 8212 5 32344 118 4314 25 3181 49 32H2 520 68532 1133 69406 1448 360061 3813 98401 2007 25 1 1035835 11291 495 3 83045 1206 2855 20 1547000 17817 517 3 95840 654 122765 886 5289818 30580 126659 914 8958465 72280 2449 3 57899 418 2132819 44054 892 1 101111 730 1963202 22750 - -- 4453 32 118047 1014 - - 3921 28 68670 560 714 1 76606 545 1202376 11766 6037 8 182470 1317 3239992 20429 -- -- 1081 1 72123 584 2 ( 1 3562 25 65241 381 34 ( 1 1618 11 211295 1484 15 ( 1 1019 7 178808 t234 1519 2 974 7 130226 843 17925 26 6554 41 382281 3500 9 ( 1 20 ( 1 2296 7 2967 4 5297 38 186097 1198 12595 18 18669 134 616446 3223 11 ( 1 13 ( 1 61545 80 488829 9280 - - -- - 90584 117 174503 2008 3 ( 1 9969 71 9908 12 447679 7273 45177 66 474245 3424 162037 210 1158103T 131588 45177 66 6DO904 4338 162037 210 20539503 203868 continued... 65 Appendix G. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Estuarine Drainage AreaJ INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES ESTUARY PARATHION PHDRATE CAPTAFOL CHLOROTHALOKIL NETIRAM Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox 'Use Tox Use Tox GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 4219 152 331 331 1066 286 48229 1958 8007 ( 1 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 4717 170 26 26 108082 4388 45733 1856 4891 ( 1 3.03 Tampa Bay 1830 56 84 84 36054 1463 50410 2045 005 ( i 3.04 Suwanee River 7086 255 81 81 4300 174 17072 693 - 3.05 Apalachee Bay 9553 344 457 457 1103 44 54722 2221 377 ( 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 3486 125 88 88 68 2 15442 626 62 ( 3.07 St.Andrew Bay 764 27 7 7 9 1 41`2 19 ( I ( 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 9613 347 300 300 646 26 49030 1990 115 ( 1 3.09 Pensacola Bay 14998 541 523 523 199 8 44367 1801 Is ( 1 3.10 Perdido Bay 5783 208 275 275 929 37 7820 311 23 ( I 3.11 Mobile Bay 6314 227 334 334 1130 45 10559 428 25 ( 1 3.12 Mississippi Sound 2083 75 181 181 550 26 6013 246 22 ( 1 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 67 2 ( 1 ( I - - 1391 56 - - 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Says 97 3 ( I ( I - 14187 600 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 3 (I ( I ( I - 1689 68 3.16 Sabine Lake 87 3 16 16 6 1 356 14 3.17 Galveston Bay 1203 43 506 606 184 7 2449 99 3.18 Brazos River 2522 91 1329 1329 237 9 1789 72 3.19 Matagorda Bay 16730 603 $124 6124 37 1 322 13 3.20 San Antonio Bay 700 25 180 180 -- - - 3.21 Aransas Bay 10832 391 3322 3322 1 1 9 ( I 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 10928 394 3172 3172 258 to 1193 48 3.23 Laguna Madre 61345 2214 10607 10607 43878 1781 261295 10608 TOTAL 114971 6316 28053 28053 204847 8316 635220 25789 22559 1 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay - -- - - I ( 1 175 7 - - 4.02 San Pedro Day 199 7 21 ( 1 332 13 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 125 4 9 ( 1 1402 56 4.04 Monterey Bay 2383 86 1 1 30 1 10752 436 4.05 San Francisco Bay 39591 1429 1940 1940 34990 1420 23595 957 4.06 Eel River - - - - 11 ( I - - 4.D7 Humboldt Say 4 ( I 4.08 Klamath River I ( I 4.09 Coos Bay 4 ( 1 4 4 1 ( I CIO Winchester Bay 143 5 2 2 11 ( I I ( I 4.11 Columbia River 1724 62 2187 2187 393 15 125 5 4.12 Willapa Bay 15 ( 1 9 9 1029 41 610 24 4.13 Grays Harbor 533 19 292 292 50 2 3 ( 1 33 ( 1 4.14 Puget Sound 13067 471 7526 7526 1083 44 70 2 713 ( I TOTAL 57789 2086 11964 11964 37653 1528 37069 1505 747 ( I NATIONAL TOTAL 370917 13389 150625 160625 450149 18275 1627933 65093 338670 21 66 6 of 6 FUNGICIDES NEMATICIDE MITICIDE TOTAL PCNB CHLOMENZILATE ALL PESTICIDES On Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982. Toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LCSO data I ( 1 3045 21 7581 9 328662 2840 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 77 ( 1 1667 13 203686 264 801324 6810 199 ( 1 4 ( 1 68389 88 374123 3786 Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 2130 3 5421 39 12 ( 1 242941 1538 Normalized Use; Not Applied. 14180 20 5114 36 1 ( 1 530994 3853 3371 4 603 4 - - 121613 1004 89 ( 1 13 ( I - 11424 80 12858 19 1537 11 - 373947 3153 11848 17 1413 10 511252 3514 40 ( 1 1060 7 193378 1147 365 ( 1 1055 7 301900 1441 22 ( 1 34 (1 456463 1392 - - 46 (1 195403 455 753 .1 1069 7 1564280 4171 -- -- -- -- 214365 488 11 ( I - 260840 267 6025 8 6 1 922261 1746 9489 14 - -- 307067 1809 1774 2 1499527 7708 - - 21942 220 22 ( 1 295187 4027 77 ( 1 284866 3926 1702 2 - -- 37085 48 1902006 28383 65041 96 22288 160 316753 411 11725775 83838 - - -- -- 39 ( 1 1848 10 3 ( 1 6592 30 3518 65 46102 611 168 1 1104069 7832 - 2221 4 556 1 81 ( I 2706 5 11891 10 65282 2322 3914 78 5058 318 152700 8209 168 1 - - 59 1 1406556 19495 110387 162 623192 4498 478860 621 33671835 307201 Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State Application (lbs/acre/yur) By State PESTICIDE/ AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA KA NO ME NS K WH NJ MY 2,4-0 alfalfa LOO 1.15 0.70 1.00 0.50 1.00 - - 0.60 0.60 1.00 0.20 apples - - - -- -- 2.00 - 0.80 -- - - asparagus 2.56 - - - - - - - - - - - - avocado 0.18 - - - barley 1.01 0.40 - 0.50 0.20 - - 0.50 0.50 0.40 blueberries - - -- -- - 2.00 - - - - citrus 1.04 - 2.00 - corn 0.50 0.68 - 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 f i lberts - - oats 0.50 0.93 -- 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.20 0.50 1.00 0.50 - 0.40 0.40 other hay 1.00 0.85 - - 0.70 1.00 0.50 1.00 - 0.60 0.60 1.00 0.20 - - pasture/range 0.80 0.89 0.70 - 0.70 1.00 0.80 1.30 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.70 peaches - - - - peanuts - pears 1.00 rice 0.87 0.50 - rye - - 0.50 - - - seed crops 0.50 1.00 0.70 - - - sod - - - - 1.0 - - 0.80 1.50 sorghum 0.40 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.90 - -- 0.40 0.50 - - - strawberries - - -- - - - 1.00 - - 1.00 sugarcane 0.50 1.00 - sweet corn - - 0.20 wheat 1.00 1.44 0.50 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.20 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.40 ACIFLUORFEN peanuts 0.40 - - 0.40 - - - - 0.30 - - rice - -- -- -- 0.50 - - -- -- - soybean 0.35 0.34 0.38 0.45 0.29 0.34 0.29 0.40 0.45 - I of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Reference : Resources for the Future. 1988. Use of Selected Pesticides in Agricultural Crop Production by State, Appendix Volume. 1.00 - 1.00 1.50 0.50 1.50 2.00 - - 2.00 1.00 8 Not Applied. 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.80 1.50 - - - - 0.50 0.20 - 0.50 0.80 0.50 0.50 1.00 - 1.00 1.50 0.50 -- - 1.00 0.70 0.70 1.00 0.50 2.00 1.00 -- - - - -- 0.80 - - - 0.30 - - - 1.00 - -- - - 1.00 - - 0.90 - - 0.25 0.50 -- 1.00 0.20 0.70 0.70 0.60 1.00 - 0.50 0.80 1.50 -- -- 0.60 0.40 - - - 0.60 LDO 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.80 - 0.50 0.30 0.50 -- 0.50 0.30 0.45 0.50 continued... Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA ND NE NS K Mi NJ MY ALACHLOR beans -- 3.00 - 1.50 - - -- - -- - -- - -- - - corn 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.00 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.80 2.00 2.00 2.20 peanuts 2.70 -- - - 2.50 2.50 - - - - -- 2.00 - - - potatoes - -- -- -- 2.70 -- -- - - - sorghum 2.00 - 2.80 - 2.00 - 2.00 MO - - soybean 1.45 1.94 2.00 1.50 2.91 1.94 1.91 2.21 2.00 -- sweet corn -- 3.00 1.50 2.00 -- 2.20 1.50 -- - 1.50 2.20 ATRAZINE alfalfa -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.50 - -- - corn 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.60 2.00 1.80 2,00 1.50 1.60 2.00 1.00 1.40 2.00 1.00 1.00 other hay - - -- - -- -- -- -- - -- 1.50 - - - - see d crops sod -- -- 2.50 -- -- sorghum 2.00 1.40 1.20 1.20 2.00 1.20 1.00 sugarcane - -- 4.00 -- 1.50 - - sweet corn 1.50 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 BENSULIDE broccoli 3.86 -- -- -- - - - cabbage 4.81 -- -- cantaloupes -- 6.00 6.00 cauliflower 4.00 -- -- cucumbers 5.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5,00 5.00 5.00 4.50 4.50 honeydew melons -- 4.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- hot peppers - lettuce 4.50 onions - pumpkins 4.00 4.50 sod - 7.50 8.00 squash 4.00 5.00 5.50 -- 4.50 sweet peppers - - - tomatoes -- - watermelons 5.00' 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.40 70 2 of M Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. 1.90 - -- -- - - 2.80 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.70 3.00 - - -- 1.70 3.00 2.10 - 2.72 - - - -- 2.00 - -- 2.00 1.19 2.00 1.93 3.00 2.20 - -- - 3.00 -- -- -- 1.00 -- -- 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.00 2.00 0.20 -- - -- 1.50 1.20 1.50 -- 2.00 2.00 1.50 -- 2.30 -- -- 5.50 -- 5.50 5.50 -- 5.50 -- 5.50 -- 4.30 5.50 4.00 -- 5.50 5.50 4.90 4.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 -- - 5.50 3.16 0.40 4.50 0.40 continued... 71 Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA NO ME NS NC MH NJ MY CAPTAFOL apples 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 cantaloupes -- - - - cherries 9.50 citrus 6.50 - cranberries - -- - 2.70 -- - -- 2.70 - cucumbers 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 - - 2.00 - 2.00 2.00 2.00 eggplant - - 0.50 - plums - 3.60 -- -- -- potatoes 3.00 1.30 6.20 3.00 3.00 4.80 3.00 4.84 3.00 3.00 5.21 tomatoes 2.55 2.19 - 6.50 2.55 - 6.60 - - 6.50 4.44 watermelons - - -- -- 3.30 - -- - - - CARBARYL alfalfa 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 LOO almonds 1.00 -- -- - - - - - apples 1.84 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 - 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 apricots 3.15 -- -- -- -- - - -- asparagus -- 1.00 -- 1.00 avocados 0.50 - barley -- -- -- - beans 3.80 1.00 1.50 3.80 1.50 1.50 3.60 1.50 1.50 beets -- -- -- - -- - - - - broccoli 2.00 -- cabbage - 4.13 -- 4.13 cantaloup es -- - 3.60 -- 3.60 - carrots 1.74 12.00 5.30 - cauliflower -- -- -- 0.90 cherries -- citrus 5.90 -- 1.70 -- corn 2.50 1.00 1.00 -- 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 l.DO 1.00 cotton -- -- - -- -- - - - cranberries -- 1.90 - - 1.90 - cucumbers 3.50 -- 3.50 3.50 0.70 0.70 filberts - - - - Vapes 1.60 5.70 5.70 - 5.70 honeydew melons 3.44 -- - lettuce 1.79 nectarines 2.00 oats 0.70 -- 0.70 - - peaches 7.50 2.82 -- 7.50 1.30 peanuts 1.00 -- 3.00 3.00 1.20 peas -- pecans 14.40 -- 14.40 14.40 14.40 14.40 plum - 0.15 - -- -- - 72 3 of 14 Application (lbs/scre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. 7.00 7.30 LOO 2.70 2.00 2.00 -- 1.46 3.00 6.20 3.00 2.32 -- 3.96 7.03 1.40 - 2.90 0.76 - 1.00 1.51 0.76 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 OJO 0.10 1.30 1.80 1.00 1.00 -- 4.13 4.13 -- -- 8.60 3.60 -- 0.80 - 5.30 0.90 -- 0.90 6.00 -- -- -- 5.30 -- 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.70 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - L90 3.50 3.50 3.50 5.00 - -- 5.70 5.70 1.20 - 1.30 - 1.30 7.50 1.30 -- - 0.70 0.50 2.10 1.20 - -- -- 0.90 - 14.40 14.40 continued... 73 Appendix H, Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ W AL CA CT DC BE FL GA LA KA NO KE HS K NH Nj My CARBARYL (continued... ) potatoes 3.50 2.20 1.90 3.50 1.30 L90 1.26 3.50 - 1.90 2.20 pumpkins -- -- -- -- -- - 4.70 4.70 rice -- 1.23 -- - 0.80 sorghum 1.19 1.46 1.80 1.80 1.00 - -- 0.48 -- - -- - soybean 1.07 -- 1.20 0.40 1.07 1.41 - 1.20 - 1.13 - 1.20 - spinach - squash - 4.70 4.70 4.70 -- - 4.70 430 strawberries 1.21 9.00 -- -- 9.00 - - - sugarbeets 1.31 -- sweet corn - 4.10 3.50 4.10 s wee t peppers 3.46 -- - - sweet potatoes 2.00 -- 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 - 2.00 - tobacco -- -- 1.00 1.00 -- 1.00 - 2.00 - - - tomatoes - 1.59 2.39 -- 5.04 2.39 - 4.23 2.39 4.06 walnuts - 4.00 - watermelons 0.70 -- 2.60 -- 0.70 0.70 2.60 0.70 2.60 wheat 1.60 -- -- 1.60 - 1.60 -- - - CARBOFURAN alfalfa 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 artichokes -- 0.99 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- - -- -- barley - cantaloupes 1.20 -- -- -- 1.20 -- corn 1.20 -- 1.00 0.98 1.49 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.86 1.00 1.00 1.00 grapes -- 7.40 -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- - -- -- -- hot peppers mint oats peaches - 4.00 peanuts 1.90 1.70 1.70 1.10 - -- potatoes 1.60 -- 1.40 1.60 - -- 0.60 1.40 0.62 1.60 - 1.40 3.61 rice -- 0.87 -- -- 0.50 - - - - - -- - sorghum LOO -- - -- - - - - - - -- - Isoybean 1.00 1.00 1.00, - 1.00 - 1.05 - 1.00 - strawberries -- -- - - - - -- -- 1.40 sugarcane -- 0.60 -- - - - sweet corn 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 -- 2.30 2.30 sweet peppers - 1.20 1.20 -- - 1.20 1.20 1.20 tobacco - 2.00 2.00 3.00 4.40 - - wheat CHLOROBENZILATE citrus 2.72 2.00 74 4 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. 1.89 2.20 4.70 -- 0.80 2.08 0.90 1.23 0.78 -- 1.00 -- 4.70 4.70 2.50 9.00 - 2.00 2.00 3.90 1.00 10.21 7.26 2.58 4.23 1.50 1,70 2.60 1.60 -- -- 1.60 -- 0.51 0.75 0.50 0.50 -- 0.55 0.51 0.20 -- 0.20 -- 1.20 -- 1.02 1.00 1.21 1.06 1.73 -- 1.00 1.20 0.70 -- -- 0.20 -- 2.80 0.60 1.90 1.40 -- -- 1.60 -- 0.60 -- 0.57 -- 1.00 -- 1.82 1.40 -- -- -- 1.40 - 0.60 2.30 -- - 1.20 0.80 3.90 -- 3.00 0.18 -- 4.20 continued... 75 Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA KA ND ME KS K KH NJ NY CHLOROTHALONIL apricots 3.90 beans - 1,00 1.00 broccoli 1.20 -- -- Brussels sprout 1.34 -- - cabbage 1.10 1.95 2.32 2.84 - 1.97 2.69 cantaloupes - -- 5.10 6.00 5.10 - 6.00 - carrots 1.44 - - - - - - - cauliflower 1.01 2,00 - 2.00 celery 2.34 7.40 - - cranberries -- - -- 2.00 -- - 2.00 - cucumbers 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 - 3.20 3.20 4.40 4.40 garlic -- - -- lettuce mint onions 1.30 9.10 - - 8.90 peaches -- -- 2.00 2.00 -- peanuts 3.40 -- -- 4.30 4.30 2.70 - - potatoes 5.00 0.90 5.00 6.20 5.00 -- 4.10 6.30 4.11 5.00 5.30 5.09 pumpkins - - -- -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- soybean 2.85 - 2.85 -- 2.85 2.85 -- 2.85 2.85 - -- squash -- 6.90 6.90 - 6.90 - 6.90 6.90 6.90 sweet potatoes - - 2.00 - - - -- - tomatoes 9.76 1.50 4.77 9.76 6.48 - 4.77 8.65 4.77 3.32 watermelons 4.10 -- 2.10 1.60 4.10 4.10 2.10 4.10 2.10 - - CYARAZINE corn 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.60 -- 1.00 -- 2.00 1.60 2.00 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.60 cotton 0.56 1.50 -- -- 1.00 0.64 0.73 -- -- - -- 1.00 -- -- -- sweet corn -- 1.50 76 5 of U Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA s Not Applied. 3.80 3.85 2.84 6.00 6.00 -- 9.10 -- -- 2.00 3.20 3.20 3.20 - 1.30 -- -- -- -- 1.40 2.00 -- 1.70 1.60 -- 2.00 2.00 2.00 -- 3.00 1.20 1.20 -- 2.35 6.28 5.10 -- 1.10 5.00 0.67 -- 6.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.85 -- 6.90 -- 6.90 6.52 8.65 4.54 8.65 - 3.00 2.50 2.10 2.60 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 continued... 77 Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA ND HE MS HC NH NJ MY DIAZINON alfalfa 1.00 0.43 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 almonds -- 2.70 -- - -- -- - - - - - apples 1.60 apricots 1.50 asparagus -- 1.00 1.00 beans 0.97 -- 1.40 broccoli 0.23 -- Brussels sprout - 0.50 - cabbage - 0.69 0.59 0.59 0.95 0.95 cantaloupes - -- -- -- 1.00 1.00 - carrots - 0.67 celery - 0.59 cherries 1.60 citrus -- 3.30 corn 1.00 -- 1.00 1.00 1.00 cranberries -- 2.80 2.80 - cucumbers 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - filberts -- -- -- gropes 1.00 1.00 honeydew melons 0.50 -- lettuce 0.54 1.30 nectarines 15.00 - onions 7.84 2.20 1.80 peaches 1.90 -- - pears -- pecans 0.60 -- 0.60 0.60 0.60 plums -- 1.60 -- -- -- -- pumpkins -- -- 1.00 1.00 sorghum 0.25 0.25 0.25 - - soybean -- -- spinach squash - strawberries - 0.80 0.50 sugarbeets - 0.52 - sweet peppers -- - 1.00 1.00 sweet potatoes 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 tobacco - 0.50 2.50 -- - 2.50 - tomatoes 3.61' .0.52 3.69 -- 0.80 walnuts - 1,60 -- watermelons 78 6 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.40 1.40 - 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.90 1.00 2.20 - 2.20 -- 2.50 -- 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -- - -- -- -- 2.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 3.00 - 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 -- -- 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 -- 0.50 3.00 3.00 2.50 -- - 2.95 0.50 0.80 continued... 79 Appendix H, Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State, Application (lbs/scre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA KA No ME NS K NH NJ NY DINGSEB alfalfa 0.38 1,50 1.50 1.00 almonds 1.26 -- - - apples 5.00 - 1.90 barley -- 0.80 -- -- beans 4.00 0.80 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.70 3.00 3.70 blackberries -- -- -- -- - - - - cherries 1.90 citrus 1.02 - corn 1.74 cotton -- 0.78 0.84 1.50 cucumbers -- - - -- grapes 1.89 oats -- 0.50 - 1.00 other bay -- 1.50 - 1.50 1.00 peaches - 2.00 - - - - peanuts 0.90 -- 1.20 0.50 1.40 - pears - 1.90 PUS -- 3.00 3.00 1.50 3.00 7.50 plums 0.29 -- - - - - potatoes 3.00 1.72 3.60 .3.10 3.00 1.50 3.10 1.50 3.00 3.10 3.66 pumpkins -- -- -- - -- -- - - - - 2.20 rye -- seed crops 0.10 soybean 0.91 0.91 0.80 0.74 -- 0.87 0.72 squash - -- -- -- 4.50 - -- strawberries -- 2.74 sweet corn -- -- 3.00 tomatoes - 2.25 -- walnuts - 3.01 watermelons -- -- 1.00 1.00 wheat - 0.23 - - go I of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied, 1.00 1.90 1.90 1.50 UO 1.50 8.20 3.80 4.50 2.00 1.50 3.50 1.50 0.30 2.35 3.15 4.00 1.70 3.00 2.37 -- 4.50 -- -- -- -- -- 1.00 LOO 0.20 0.10 0.10 1.50 0.75 0,91 -- 3.40 4.50 -- -- 5.30 1.50 1.00 continued... 81 Appendix H. Ayerage Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA NO HE MS K NH NJ NY DISULFOTON barley 0.77 1.00 buns -- 1 80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 broccoli 1.32 - - - Brussels sprout 4.54 cabbage 1.62 cauliflower 1.25 corn 0.81 1.10 1.10 1.00 -- 1.10 1.10 1.10 cotton 0.62 -- - -- 0.14 0.14 grapes - lettuce 1.83 oats -- 1.00 - - - peanuts 1.90 - 1.00 1.00 -- - - - 1.50 - - - potatoes - 3.40 -- - 2.00 3.40 2.03 - 3.40 3.40 2.70 sorghum 0.85 -- 1.00 -- - - - -- -- soybean -- 1.05 -- 1.05 sugarbeets 1.00 -- sugarcane -- sweet peppers 2.18 tobacco -- -- 4.00 2.20 tomatoes 1.00 1.07 - -- wheat 0.77 -- -- 0.80 ETHOPROP corn - 1.00 -- -- 1.00 1.50 peanuts 2.40 2.40 2.40 - - 2.00 soybean - - - - 1.18 sugarcane -- 3.00 -- -- - -- sweet potatoes 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 - 3.10 tobacco -- 5.80 5.80 -- 6.00 - 6.30 - - tomatoes -- 2.07 -- - 82 8 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. 2.90 2.90 0.65 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 -- 2.45 3.41 2.80 3.40 4.35 3.00 3.00 2.TO 4.00 0.31 -- 0.31 - -- 1.00 -- 1.00 - 2.30 1.70 2.49 3.70 3.70 6.00 5.00 continued... 83 Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State, Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA NO HE HS K NH NJ NY FLUOMETURON cotton 0.89 1.50 1.55 0.75 0.81 sugarcane -- -- - 1.50 - MALATHION alfalfa 1.00 1.32 1.50 -- 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.50 asparagus - 1.10 - 1.00 -- - 1.00 - avocado - 3.30 0.50 - - barley 0.80 -- 1.20 beans 1.29 broccoli 1.00 cantaloupes -- carrots 0.93 cherries - 1.DO citrus 2.90 corn 1.00 1.00 -- -- 1.00 cotton -- - 0.38 0.38 - cranberries 1.00 cucumbers - filberts grapes - 1.00 lettuce 0.71 - mint -- -- oats -- 1.20 onions 1.65 -- pasture/range 0.25 pears -- 2.50 pecans 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20 - rice -- -- -- 1.40 -- soybean 1.10 1.05 1.10 1.10 spinach -- -- - - squash 1.00 1.00 strawberries 1.50 -- - 3.10 sugarbeets 1.02 - sweet corn 1.00 1.40 sweet peppers 1.62 - sweet potatoes - -- -- 0.80 tobacco 1.20 1.20- 1.20 1.20 tomatoes -- 1.62 1.86 watermelons 1.00 - wheat 1.00 0.69 84 9 of 14 Application (lbs/acrelyear) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA s Not Applied. 0.76 0.95 1.25 1.06 1.50 1.00 1.86 1.26 4.20 4.20 1.00 1.00 -- 1.00 -- -- 1.40 -- 1.00 -- -- 0.97 3.70 0.70 3.30 1.10 2.50 -- -- 2.50 -- 5.20 5.20 -- -- 1.40 1.00 3.10 1.20 2.90 0.69 continued... Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State, Application (lbsiacre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC DE F[ GA LA MA HD RE MS K NH NJ NY METWIDOPO broccoli 0.70 Brussels sprout 2.06 cabbage 0.78 1.98 1.98 2.33 2.27 2.12 cantaloupes -- -- -- -- - - cauliflower 0.64 2.00 2.60 celery -- 0.83 - -- cucumbers 1.00 - 1.00 1.00 grapes lettuce -- 0.62 -- potatoes 1.60 0.75 1.60 1.10 1.60 2.10 1.10 1.12 1.60 1.10 1.63 sugarbeets -- 0.68 -- -- -- -- -- - - -- - sweet peppers -- -- -- 1.00 1.00 -- -- tomatoes 4.09 0.92 1.88 4.09 -- 1.88 1.88 watermelons -- -- -- 2.60 METHYL PARATHION alfalfa 0.36 0.50 -- 0.50 -- 0.50 - -- 0.50 0.50 apples -- 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 -- 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 artichokes 2.08 -- - -- -- -- -- barley 0.58 0.40 -- -- 0,40 beans 0,18 -- 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 broccoli 0.79 -- -- -- -- -- cabbage - 0.95 0.95 carrots 0.50 1.00 -- celery 0.91 -- cherries -- 2.00 -- 2.00 corn 0.19 0.19 -- - 0.19 0.19 -- 0.9 M9 cotton 1.10 -- -- 2.11 2.11 3.14 -- -- -- cranberries -- -- -- -- 1.00 1.00 cucumbers grapes -- 1.50 1.50 1.50 lettuce -- 0.93 0.60 -- - - cats 0.40 -- 0.40 0.40 0.04 0.40 0.40 onions - 10.79 - 2.80 - - - 2.20 peaches 15-.50 - 15-50 15.50 0.40 - peas - pecans -- 6.30 rice 0.62 - 0.50 sorghum - - -- soybean 0.41 -- 0.66 1.00 0.75 0.99 0.66 0.69 0.69 spinach - 0.96 -- -- -- -- -- - -- strawberries - -- 1.00 1.00 sugarbeets 0.49 -- - sweet corn -- 0.90 3.60 -- 0.90 0.90 2.40 0.90 sweet peppers -- 0.60 0.60 -- -- - - tobacco -- -- -- 1.00 3.80 tomatoes 0.99 -- -- -- - wheat 0.68 -- 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.68 0.58 96 10 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. LOO 1.00 7.88 3.00 2.33 2.50 2.60 1.18 1.12 1.60 1.60 1.72 2.60 6.00 0.40 0.95 i'DO 5.37 1.70 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.60 0.40 0.50 6,90 0.40 15..50 -- 6.30 -- - 0.70 -- 0.48 0.57 0.44 1.00 0.90 - -- 0.60 4.80 0.55 continued... 87 Appendix H. Average Annul Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA NA MD HE HS MC MH NJ NY METIRAN apples 15.00 - 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 cabbage - 0.68 0.68 -- - -- - - potatoes -- 1.60 7.20 - - 7.10 - 7.08 7.24 tomatoes 10.18 - -- 10.78 - -- KETOLACHLOR beans 1.50 2.50 - - 1.20 1.00 1.50 - 1.20 1.50 - - 1.50 1.50 corn 1.00 2.00 2.00 - 1.60 1.50 1.30 2.00 1.50 1.60 - 1.00 1.70 2.00 1.50 2.00 cotton - - -- -- - - 0.50 - - peanuts 2.00 - 1.70 2.30 -- - - - 2.00 peas -- .1.00 1.50 - 1.00 - 1.00 potatoes 1.50 -- 1.50 1.50 1.50 -- 1.50 1.20 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 safflower -- 2.60 - -- - -- - - - - - - sorghum 1.50 1.60 - - 1.50 2.00 2.00 - - 1.00 1.50 - - soybean 1.50 - 1.19 1.12 1.55 1.09 - 1.19 1.33 1.68 1.50 - sweet corn - 2.00 1.20 1.50 - -- 2.00 1.50 - - - 2.20 88 I I of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA s Not Applied. 3.40 15.00 T.20 2.20 - 2.20 -- -- 2.20 2.50 2.00 1.10 2.00 1.30 2.30 0.50 1.70 1.50 1.10 2.20 1.20 1.00 1.80 2.20 -- 1.50 1.20 -- 2.40 1.32 2.00 1.10 4.80 1.80 -- -- -- continued... 89 Appendix H. Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESIICIDE/ W AL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA HD KE MS K KH IU W PARATHION alfalfa 0.25 0.98 - - - 0.40 0.40 almonds - 1.13 - - - - - apple$ - -- 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 apricots - 2.00 -- -- -- - barley - 0.47 - - - 1.80 - beans - 0.67 - - 0.50 0.50 0.50 - - 0.50 0.50 broccoli - 0.54 - - - -- - -- - - - cabbage 1.87 1.87 -- 0.49 - - 1.48 cantaloupes -- -- 1.00 - - 1.00 - carrots 0.81 0.50 1.00 celery 0.91 - -- - cherries 1.00 -- 1.10 citrus 3.54 1.00 - corn 0.96 0.76 -- -- 0.76 -- 0.76 0.76 cotton 0.45 -- -- 0.65 0.65 -- 0.30 - - cucumbers - - garlic - 0.54 grapes - 1.16 -- 1.50 1.50 -- 1.50 lettuce - 0.49 1.20 - - 0.60 - nectarines -- 0.86 - -- - - oats 0.50 - 0.50 0.50 - - onions -- 1.82 -- 1.70 -- - 2.00 peaches 2.30 0.79 2.30 1.80 1.80 - peanuts -- -- 2.40 -- - - pears peas pecans 2.90 -- 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 plums -- 0.96 - -- -- -- potatoes -- 2.40 1.10 1.10 2.45 pumpkins 7.61 -- -- -- - radishes -- 1.00 rice 0.22 -- sorghum 1.00 - - soybean 1.68 -- 1.68 1.68 spinach - 0.47 - - squash - - 1.00 1.00 strawberries - - 1.00 -- sugarbeets 0.70 -- sweet corn - 1.80 2.60 - - 1.80 MO 1.40 1.80 sweet peppers -- 1.00 1.00 - -- - - -- tobacco -- - 0.70 0.70 - - 0.70 -- - tomatoes 0.56 0.67 0.81 0.56 -- - - 0.81 0.81 0.86 watermelons -- - -- 1.30 - - wheat 0.96 0.49 0.96 0.96 90 12 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI sc Ix VA WA Not Applied. 0.40 0.40 5.00 4.40 5.00 1.80 1.80 -- 0.50 -- 2.00 0.49 1.70 1.10 1.10 0.50 0.76 0.16 0.88 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.70 1.90 -- 1.80 1.80 -- 1.80 1.50 1,80 0.50 2.30 -- 2.90 IJI 2.40 1.10 1.08 0.42 J.DD 0.70 - 0,70 - 1.09 -- 0.50 mo 0.25 Om continued... Appendix H, Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State, Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP AL CA CT DC BE FL GA LA MA MD HE HS K NH NJ MY PCN8 Brussels sprout - 50.75 cotton 0.86 -- 0.23 0.23 0.82 0.71 peanuts 8.00 8.40 8.40 - - strawberries - 1.00 -- PHORATE barley - 1.15 -- beans 1.00 - corn - 1.00 1.00 -- -- 1.00 I.Do 0.80 1.00 1.00 cotton 0.45 -- -- 0.65 0.65 -- 0.30 -- - grapes peanuts J.Do -- -- 1.00 -- 1.40 - -- potatoes 3.00 -- 2.80 2.70 3.00 2.10 2.70 2.75 3.00 2.70 2.75. sorghum -- 1.09 -- - -- -- -- - - - - soybean - 1.04 1104 - 1.04 sugarbeets 0.75 -- -- sweet corn -- 0.80 wheat 0.98 -- PROPANIL rice 4.23 3.40 THIOBEKARB rice 3.99 4.00 92 13 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA s Not Applied. 0.84 -- -- 6.50 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 - 1.50 - - -- 1.05 - -- 1.00 1.50 -- 2.70 2.57 2.75 2.80 3.00 2.69 -- -- -- 0.71 -- - 3.20 continued... 93 Appendix H, Average Annual Pesticide Application Rates by Crop by State. Application (lbs/acre/year) By State PESTICIDE/ CROP kL CA CT DC DE FL GA LA MA NO KE HS K Mi NJ NY TRIFLURALIN alfalfa - 0.80 almonds - 2.60 asparagus - i.00 barley - - beans 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.80 0.50 broccoli - 0.50 -- -- - -- - - - - Brussels sprout - 0.50 - -- -- - - cabbage 0.50 0.50 0.64 0.53 0.75 0.62 carrots 0.48 - -- -- - - cauliflower 0.50 0.50 0.80 celery 0.50 - - citrus -- 2.50 collards -- 0.50 corn -- 0.63 -- -- cotton 0.50 0.90 0.50 0.69 0.92 0.98 cucumbers -- 1.00 -- -- -- - grapes 1.10 guar - honeydew melons 1.00 lettuce -- okra 0.50 peanuts -- peas 0.50 -- 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.60 plums -- 3.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- potatoes - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 pumpkins - 1.00 -- -- -- - safflower -- 1.00 soybean 0.79 -- 1.00 0.50 0.93 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.91 squash -- 1.00 -- -- - -- -- -- -- sugarbeets 0.60 -- sugarcane -- 1.00 - - sweet peppers -- - -- 0.80 0.80 0.80 tomatoes 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.24 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 watermelons - 1.00 -- -- - -- - - wheat - - VERNOLATE corn - 4.20 peanuts 2.10 -- - 2.20 2.20 2.40 - - soybean - - - 2.00 1.61 2.62 2.00 - sweet corn -- 4.20 - - - 14 of 14 Application (lbs/acre/year) By State OR PA RI SC TX VA WA Not Applied. 0.50 0.60 - - 0.50 0.50 0150 0.80 0.00 - - - 0.60 - 0.60 0.50 0.75 0.53 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 -- 0.80 0.50 0.50 - - 0.77 0.75 -- 2.40 - - - 2.40 1.50 0.50 1.00 0.75 1.00 1.10 0.80 0.50 0.52 LOO 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.91 0.69 0.80 - 0.15 2.06 1.08 0.75 0.80 - -- 0.80 - 0.50 - 3.00 - - - - 3.30 - - - 2.60 3.10 2.80 - - - - 2.10 - 2.14 -- 3.00 - - - - - 3.60 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area CROPS ESTUARY ALFALFA ALMONDS APPLES AVOCADO BARLEY Use Tax use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay ( I 1 127 ( I 1.02 Englishman Say ( I I - 1.03 Narraquagus Bay ( I I - 1.04 Blue Hill Bay ( I 1 146 ( I 1.05 Penobscot Bay 60 1 3721 6 1.06 Muscongus Bay I (1 559 (I 1.07 Sheepscot, Bay i8s (I - 42570 72 1.08 Casco Bay 36 (I - 3558 6 1.09 Saco Bay 56 (1 - 10157 17 1.10 Great Bay 137 (I - 1511 ( I 1.11 Merrimack River 483 1 11687 10 1.12 Boston Bay 115 (1 2192 3 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 11 (I - - 1.14 Buzzards Bay 209 (1 -- - 1.15 Narragansett Bay 599 2 3644 6 1.16 Gardiners Bay 42 (1 94 1 1.17 Long Island Sound 11759 74 55000 99 1.18 Great South Bay 58 ( 1 2211 4 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 35698 230 375155 975 480 (1 1.20 Barnegat Bay 849 6 18573 265 176 (1 1.21 Delaware Bay 15310 88 62099 862 7767 2 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 36 1 - - 102 (1 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 15876 91 15862 13 23383 2 TOTAL 82524 498 609472 2355 31908 4 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 2 ( 1 131 ( 1 917 1 2.02 Pamlico Sound 96 ( 1 101 ( 1 236 (1 2.03 Bogue Sound - 2.04 New River - 2.05 Cape Fear River 104 ( 1 48 ( I 6D6 1 2.06 Winyah Bay 718 1 162 ( 1 1080 ( 1 2.07 Charleston Harbor 54 ( I -- - - 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers is ( 1 2 ( 1 2.09 St. Helena Sound 399 ( 1 5 ( I 2.10 Broad River 2.11 Savannah River 26 (I - - 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 151 1 12 ( 1 .2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound ( I (I - - 2.14 Altamaha River 298 2 2 ( 1 2.15 St, Andrew / St. Simons Sound 701 6 10 ( 1 146 ( 1 2.16 St. Johns River T65 6 - 2.17 Indian River 2.18 Biscayne Bay 1802 4 TOTAL 3335 20 452 ( 1 1802 4 30DO 4 EAST COAST TOTAL 85859 518 609924 2356 1802 4 34914 9 95 I Of 8 CROPS BEANS BLUBERRIES BROCCOLI CABBAGE CANTALCAPES Use Tax Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox We Tox * All values are in pounds applied W year and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 21 (1 910 ( I - for estuarine / freshater fish. il (1 624 ( I - 8 (1 422 ( I - Abbreviations: Tox : Toxicity I (1 265 ( I - Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 566 4 377 ( I - 24 (1 110 ( I - 2244 16 179 ( I 199 1 42 ( I 517 4 7 1 5 1 495 3 t222 21 139 1 312 5 691 4 1705 29 1644 91 1092 1 450 8 1182 93 24T 2 387 7 79321 5325 1334 H 3668 69 68 ( I - -- -- -- 39580 254 77 1 6343 120 126776 5802 2996 1 5989 91 10848 206 247 (i -- 4007 19 468 19 23 (1 1142 5 13 1 1 1 -- M 2 11 1 2 1 34 1 8 1 356 1 511 2 140 5 173 1 322 1 64 2 263 1 -- -- - - 23 1 333 1 1 1 16 1 2 1 2 1 98 1 259 1 12 1 17 1 12788 273 12771 234 - -- 14585 240 19237 305 713 29 141361 6043 2996 1 25226 396 11561 235 continued... 97 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.$ ESTUARY ALFALFA ALMONDS APP .LES AVOCADO BARLEY Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox, GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands '34 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 226 2 38 1 3.03 Tampa Bay 253 2 - 3.04 Suwan6e River 951 8 3.05 Apalachee Bay .546 4 8 1 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 54 1 3.01 St.Andrew Bay 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 420 3 3.09 Pensacola Bay 885 6 3.10 Perdido Bay 74 (I 3.11 Mobile Say 372 1 3.12 Mississippi Sound 3554 6 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 449 (I 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 605 1 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 72 1 3.16 Sabine Lake 221 1 3.17 Galveston Bay 193 1 3.18 Brazos River 110 1 3.19 Matagorda Bay 501 1 3.20 San Antonio Bay 1 1 7 3.21 Aransas Bay 32 1 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 107 1 3.23 Laguna Madre .211 1 TOTAL 9877 43 8 ( 1. 38 1 1 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay 20 ( 1 45 ( 1 5 (I a 4.02 San Pedro Bay 429 4 149 ( 1 9 (I -- -- 28 ( 1 4.03 Santa Monica Day 83 (1 15 ( 1 1 (1 2 1 7 ( 1 4.04 Monterey Bay 356 1 11 ( 1 413 (I -- - 3051 ( 1 4.05 San Francisco Bay 42895 275 122233 975 791 (I - - 6591 125 4.06 Eel River 169 1 - - 48 (I - - 635 (1 4.07 Humboldt Say 44 (I - - - to? (1 4.08 Klamath River 4 (I - -- is 1 4.09 Coos Bay 50 (I - - 1 1 4.10 Winchester Bay 268 (1 296 3 25 1 4.11 Columbia River 950 4 905 14 1096 6 4.12 Willapa Say 17 (1 - - ( 1 1 4.13 Grays Harbor 6 (1 79 1 19 1 4.14 Puget Sound 114 9 - 6103 iOl - - 102 9 TOTAL 46405 298 122453 976 8649 128 10 1 13059 143 NATIONAL TOTAL 142141 860 122453 976 618581 2484 1850 4 47974 152 98 2 Of 8 WS BEANS BLUEBERRIES BR=LI CABBAGE CAKTALOUPES Use Tox Use lox Use Tax Use Tox use Tax 8 All values are in pounds &plied per year and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 362 6 for estuarine / freshmater fish. 4 1 i9l 4 1730 31 444 9 Abbreviations: Tox : Toxicity ( I I - - NDrolized Use; : Not Applied. 747 8 6 1 98 1 174 1 72 1 98 1 106 1 586 14 25 1 25 1 - - 235 6 13 1 2 ( i - - - -- 10 1 360 ( 1 65505 1055 174320 1994 189158 4723 3786 52 55628 1057 175061 2010 190015 4745 - -- I ( 1 35 ( I - - 112 ( 1 35 ( 1 247 1 - - 285 1 590 10 154 2 - 1539 11 10312 210 270 ( I - 53967 69 116 1 658 5 - 21 (I - 5 1 4 1 55 1 - 432 2 159 ( I 3245 14 2299 5 59T70 99 13521 229 13T5 10 - 204917 6195 2996 1 79149 1286 201662 2417 201576 4980 continued... 99 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* CROPS ESTUARY CITRUS CORN COTTON CRANBERRIES CUC UMB ERS Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax use Tax Use Tax NORTHEAST 1,D1 Passamaquoddy Bay 149 1 1.02 Englishman Bay I I 1.03 Narraguagus Day - -- 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 25 1 I.D5 Penobscot Bay 19938 15 1.05 KuNgus Bay 1537 1 1.07 Sheepscat Say 79579 '63 1.08 Casco Bay 7077 5 1.09 Saco Bay 6677 5 1.10 Great Bay 5819 5 1.11 Karr imack River 14454 61 1.12 Boston Bay 403 6 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 516 8 2449 38 1.14 Buzzards Say T595 120 19969 315 1.15 Narragansett Bay 17756 259 25952 409 1.16 Gardiners Bay 1153 21 - - 519 13 1.17 Long Island Sound 242539 2866 - - 150 3 1.18 Great South Say 1596 29 - - 801 18 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 320962 5049 - - 1747 41 1.20 Barnegat Bay .12102 133 1113 48 2300 53 1.21 Delaware Bay 641826 2656 10507 299 18027 418 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 54291 182 - - 116 2 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 3216909 $162 - - 15042 218 TOTAL 4658904 19655 - - 60590 1112 38162 769 SOUTHEAST. 2.01 Albemarle Sound 828263 2666 23386 528 - - 454 10 2.02 Pamlico Sound 913910 3182 8516 192 - 3355 11 2.03 Bogue Sound 61522 214 - -- - 32 1 2.04 Now River 36300 126 - - - 75 1 2.05 Cape Fear River 548924 1911 6811 154 - 12109 276 2.06 Winyah Bay 799304 2774 428376 1066 - 3343 83 2.01 Charleston Harbor 27769 96 - - - 837 21 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers - - 24324 04 293 ( I - 139 3 2.09 St. Helena Sound - - 72119 249 3551 5 - - 1853 46 2.10 Broad River - - 53675 185 1648 2 - - 1466 36 2.11 Savannah River - 42081 107 423 ( I - - 85 2 2.12 Ossabaw Sound - 82806 153 303 8 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound - 1631 3 - - 2.14 Altamaha River 67393 125 - 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound - 241744 448 730 19 15 2 2.16 St. Johns River 94732 1354 14344 27 - - 5562 134 2.17 Indian River 139481 1994 1473 14 - - 2.4 Biscayne Say 15243 218 19420 36 2215 53 TOTAL 249456 3567 3843002 12407 474043 1918 31609 152 EAST COAST TOTAL 249456 3567 8501906 32052 474043 1978 60590 1112 10371 1522 100 3 Of 8 CROPS GRAPES LETTUCE OATS ONIONS OTS RAY Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 30 1 6 1 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 1 1 4 1 I 1 3 1 Abbreviations: Tox : Toxicity 4 1 5 1 Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 558 1 I 1 22 1 367 1 483 1 24 1 75 (I 1 100 (I -- 308 (I - 490 (1 - 59 1 420 2 30 ( 1 31 1 343 12 24 1 25 ( 1 8 ( 1 163 1 78 2 4175 115 580 3 42 ( 1 43 1 473 16 33 ( I 3965 20 772 1 2470 1 76703 2678 26175 212 - - 240 2 5 1 - - 411 3 223 ( 1 3947 33 231 1 4944 23 443 1 - - 939 1 1511 6 5656 28 5039 36 4868 5 77597 2709 48946 367 - - -- - 600 1 - -- 148 ( 1 200 1 2628 2 254 ( I ( 1 1 88 1 7 1 198 1 105 1 8 (*1 194 1 454 1 754 1 351 1 6278 1 18175 1 II 1 123 (1 831 1 4 (1 67 (1 301 1 10 (1 $26 (1 3594 1 - - 282 (1 2333 (1 9 ( 1 425 (1 1529 (I 26 (1 936 (1 257 8 1559 (I 11 (1 591 ( 1 5018 200 1308 (1 36 (1 1444 ( I - - 3042 (I - - - 7013 (I - -- - 95 1 - - 33 - 258 1 2770 11 34 1 15747 6 6345 209 41219 1 8426 40 5073 37 20615 11 83942 2919 90155 368 continued... 101 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Areo CROPS ESTUARY CITRUS CORN COTTON CRANBERRIES CUCUMBERS Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 11664 165 1268 2 6204 150 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 313632 4484 1748 3 17472 422 3.03 Tama Bay 105297 1505 1936 3 6184 149 3.04 Suvanee River le (1 93583 176 560 13 3.05 Apalachee Bay 2 ( 1 209591 393 13775 364 - 25 ( i 3.06 Apalachicola Bay - - 15208 28 241 3 - - 3.07 St.Andrew Bay - 1514 2 10 1 - 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay - 61610 94 1042 16 - - 3.09 Pensacola Bay - 89521 125 22766 301 - 4 ( i 3.10 Perdido gay - 74073 82 387 2 - 57 1 3.11 Mobile Bay - 102080 82 8014 42 67 1 3.12 Mississippi Sound 82P4 69 515 2 38 (1 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 2044 2 1 1 - - 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 62502 87 44989 12 3.15 Calcasieu LaRe 7 ( I - - 3.16 Sabine Lake 1725 18 - - - 11 ( i 3.17 Galveston Bay 11 ( 1 30818 462 3771 94 - 467 7 3.18 Brazos River 1 ( 1 63970 959 10906 273 - 35 (I 3.19 Matagorda Bay - -- 272798 4090 7862 197 - - 3.20 San Antonio Bay 5770 86 319 8 - 3.21 Aransas Bay 108623 1528 26310 661 - 3.22 C;orpus Christi Bay 102568 1539 24397 611 - 3.23 Laguna Kadre 75642 320 202999 3044 144976 3635 63315 1065 TOTAL 606266 6477 1688170 12985 310341 6288 94505 1815 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay 98 ( 1 127 ( I - - 50 (1 4.02 San Pedro Bay 137 ( 1 15 ( I I 1 15 (1 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 30 ( 1 -- 22 (1 4.04 Monterey Say I ( 1 1042 ( 1 13 (1 4.05 San Francisco Bay 209 ( 1 362813 307 oil 3 4.06 Eel River - - 572 ( I 4.07 Humboldt Bay - 148 ( I 4.08 Klamath River - 11 ( I 4.09 Coas Say - 231 5 4.10 Winchester Bay - 119 2 4.11 Columbia River - 15607 1746 - 333 6 19 (1 4.12 Willapa Bay 46 6 - 2505 61 - - 4.13 Grays Harbor 1251 155 - - - - - 4.14 Puget Sound 37446 4611 - - - 99 ( I TOTAL 475 1 419428 6841 - 2839 76 839 4 NATIONAL TOTAL 750197 10046 10509504 51889 784384 8268 63429 1188 165715 3342 102 4 of 8 CROPS GRAPES LETTUCE OATS ORIONS OTHER RAY Use Tox use TOX Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 7 1 W (I for estuarine / freshwater fish. - - 4292 (I 4660 (I Abbreviations: Tox, : Toxicity 765 2 5044 (I Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 27 1 914 (1 3538 (I - 98 (1 564 (I 7 (1 211 (1 887 3 3251 (I 570 2 2928 (i 671 2 564 (I 545 2 1474 (I 237 1 34762 (I - 5507 (I 50 1 900 (I 904 3392 140 1 17 1 2133 (I 37 1 66 1 3949 (I -- - 26 1 W4 1 -- 1 1 47 (I -- 93 1 1715 (I -- 26 1 2233 (I - - 16885 193 109 1 85866 1059 4175 (1 27 ( 1 17070 195 5181 16 85866 1059 101204 5 52 ( i - - 30 ( I - - - - 69 ( 1 4 ( i ( I ( 1 428 1 - - 4 ( 1 120 ( I ( I @ 1 82 1 - - 4064 31 5318 45 53 ( 1 612 11 - - 67671 514 65 1 3394 ( 1 768 19 580 1 - - 27 1 1 1 2204 1 146 7 1459 12 27 1 2772 1 43 1 259 14 423 3 72309 570 6507 4T 5431 16 1918 33 5057 1 80762 610 28650 279 31227 43 171726 4012 197436 373 continued... 103 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.$ CROPS ESTUARY PASTUREIRANGE PEACHES PEANUTS PEAS POTATOES Use Tax Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 16 ('1 91 ( 1 831 34 1.02 Eng I isbman Bay 28 ( I I ( 1 28 1 1.03 Narraquagus Bay - - - 19 ( 1 1.04 Blue Hill Say 219 (1 6 1 11 (1 1.05 Penobscot Bay 1620 (1 227 1 13705 561 1.06 Nuscongus Say 278 (I I (1 255 10 1.07 Sheepscat Bay 5832 (1 40. 3 12174 499 1.08 Casco Bay 746 (1 602 4 3971 102 1.09 Saco Bay 855 (1 108 (1 2584 106 1.10 Great Bay 446 (1 17 (I - - i.11 Merrimack River 1074 (I - - 55 2 1.12 Boston Say 273 (I - - 27 ( 1 1.13 Cape Cod Say 25 (I - - 4 (1 1.14 Buzzards Bay 352 (I - 294 10 1.15 Narragansett Bay 1125 (i - 10871 301 1.16 Gardiners Bay 476 (1 60 ( 1 59172 1323 1.17 Long Island Sound 4621 (1 42 ( 1 24858 605 1.18 Great South Bay 798 (1 84 (1 81741 1827 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 13553 (1 2406 48 316 2 25258 1388 1.20 Barnegat Bay 450 (1 8489 171 - - 2811 185 1.21 Delaware Bay 4766 (1 40593 824 15260 124 41937 2880 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 56 (1 -- -- - - 2557 147 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 79968 (1 297 6 97278 9280 15546 125 38334 1782 TOTAL 117577 (1 51785 1050 97278 9280 32824 266 321507 11833 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 3759 (1 569 3 559160 31706 36 ( 1 20586 369 2.02 Pamlico Sound 4696 (1 410 1 135247 7372 48 ( 1 11992 215 2.03 Bogue Sound 542 (I - -- 49 2 - - 2372 42 2.04 New River 101 (I -- -- 116 6 - - ( 1 1 2.05 Cape Fear River 2405 (1 468 1 24370 1330 485 3 252 3 2.06 Winyah Bay 11269 (1 20145 83 57258 1245 211 1 220 4 2.07 Charleston Harbor 725 (1 34 1 80 1 - - - - 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 306 (I -- -- To i 2.09 St. Helena Sound 2124 (1 577 10 2.10 Broad River 1036 (1 5177 92 2.11 Savannah River 767 (1 12546 228 21 (1 - - 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 1936 (1 3 1 126314 2374 so (I - - 2.13 St. Catharines / Sapelo Sound 16 (1 -- - 60 1 1 (I - - 2.14 Altamaha River 2859 (1 326 2 20884 393 43 (I - - 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 5830 (1 2 1 88737 1668 87 (I - - 2.15 St. Johns River 172783 1 - - 120 2 9 (1 149001 5754 2.17 Indian River 27539 (I - - - - 2.18 Biscayne Bay 25728 (1 49 ( 1 30817 1188 TOTAL 264522 1 21957 94 1030865 46440 1045 5 215246 7577 EAST COAST TOTAL 382099 2 73742 1144 1128143 55720 33869 273 536753 19411 104 5 of 8 CROPS RICE SORGHUM SOYBEANS SQUASH STRAWBERRIES Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax * All values are in pounds applied per year ad circa 1982; toxicity mrsalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data for estuarine / freshwater fish. Abbreviations: Tax Toxicity Normalized Use; Not Applied. 1530 38 489 12 2824 71 5922 149 368 11 148 1 705 le 65 1 509 15 204 1 77782 49 3731 104 358 1 16061 10 2302 56 -- 429437 1753 27?98 684 651 1 36529 27T -- - - - 1470886 8395 72 1 971 1 -- - 2030795 10486 46417 1167 2397 3 6732 2 618103 8497 75 3 32 1 967 ( 1 716440 10987 53 2 1 1 10 ( 1 47124 723 -- -- I I I ( 1 25842 395 - - - --. 887 ( 1 410192 7212 4614 187 279 1 4112 1 1526013 13513 8 1 43 1 - - 28602 217 - - - 10 ( 1 31422 238 - - 308 ( 1 105482 800 - 576 1 100307 761 - - 338 ( 1 66211 476 54 1 2717 1 134300 912 17 1 - - 473 3 - - 995 ( 1 60748 412 - - 2203 ( 1 119349 811 2477 li 98 ( 1 311 1 1604 48 1 1 - -- - -- 33960 1028 50 ( I 19953 8 4051009 45966 42863 1343 412 ( I 19952 8 6081804 56453 89280 2511 2809 4 continued... 105 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* CROPS ESTUARY PASTURE/RANGE PEACHES PEANUTS PEAS POTATOES Use Use Use Use Use We Use Use Use Use GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Tho usa nd Islands 108625 ( 1 1 32 1 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 322614 2 851 18 10 ( I - - 3.03 Tampa Bay 129940 ( 1 367 8 79 ( 1 31 (1 3.04 Suvanee River 27773 ( 1 25087 542 95D ( 1 39 (I 3.05 Apalachee Bay 24797 ( 1 918 8 112103 2195 336 ( 1 3 (1 3.06 Apalachicola Say 5101 ( I - -- 34670 728 2 ( 1 4 (1 3.07 St.Andrew Bay 2748 ( 1 1046 22 1 ( I I (1 3.08 Choctinifiatchee say 17277 ( 1 108813 2254 49 ( 1 35 1 3.09 Pensacola Bay 19265 ( 1 418 3 95008 1957 55 ( 1 560 28 3.10 Perdido Bay 1368 ( I - - 135 2 26 ( 1 11478 468 3.11 Mobile Bay 8790 ( 1 188 1 lie 2 40 ( 1 14063 573 3.12 Mississippi Sound 66080 ( 1 44 1 83 ( I 8D91 329 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 9871 ( I -- 4 1 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 10850 ( 1 10 1 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 4194 ( I - - - 3.16 Sabine Like 0901 ( 1 66 1 12 1 24 1 79 1 3.17 Galveston Bay 10478 ( 1 56 1 8459 32 12 1 406 12 3.18 Brazos River 9435 ( 1 161 1 13336 50 2 1 115 3 3.19 Matagorda Say 29863 ( 1 220 2 2480 9 - - 31 1 3.20 San Antonio Bay 1141 ( 1 -- -- -- -- 3.21 Aransas Say 14127 ( 1 10 1 29 1 3.22 Corpus Christi Say 11410 ( 1 25 1 98 1 102 1 - - 3.23 Laguna Madre 58961 ( 1 12 1 2392 9 1050 8 9657 301 TOTAL 902615 6 2118 20 405002 7833 2834 11 44724 1724 WEST COAST 4.0 San Diego Bay - - I ( I -- - 150 ( 1 4.02 San Pedro Say 1630 1 261 1 4 ( 1 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 44 1 a ( I I ( 1 4.04 Monterey Bay 298 1 1 ( 1 532 5 4.05 San Francisco Bay 5362 2 2038 19 2907 21 4.06 Eel River 391 1 20 ( 1 230 1 .4.07 Humboldt Bay 103 1 - 60 ( 1 4.08 Klauth River 35 1 5 ( I 4.09 Coos Bay 1761 1 1 ( 1 4.10 Winchester Bay 7448 1 1 ( 1 4.11 Columbia River' 22605 1 2057 31 2135 460 4.12 Willapa Bay 1274 1 32 1 17 3 4.13 Grays Harbor 1434 ( 1 1275 20 755 141 4.14 Puget Sound 44046 ( I -- - 25438 402 16062 2990 TOTAL 86431 3 2329 21 28803 454 22857 3627 NATIONAL TOTAL 1371145 11 18189 1185 1533145 63553 65506 739 604334 24762 106 I Of a RICE MHUM SOYBEANS SQUASH STRAWBERRIES We Use use use Use Use Use Use Use Use * All values are in pounds applied per Year and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data - 6357 192 3 1 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 515 1 4305 403 105 1 889 1 6545 198 368 1 14 Abbreviations- Tox Toxicity 5460 2 44859 144 1245 37 - - Normalized Use; Not Applied. 4616 2 109987 496 2419 72 989 1 57568 191 295 9 104 1 14913 48 2 1 5953 3 151282 515 107 3 5000 3 233214 077 - - 2287 1 87227 511 3558 2 80024 583 - - 13554 5 170014 842 863 1 446 ( 1 96470 378 327190 213 52896 22 963757 3687 91452 53 - - 110827 424 195599 89 1352 ( 1 47523 142 9 1 605860 274 10828 130 223797 618 1218 29 136601 61 24555 296 25273 69 247 5 829786 375 230718 2792 52747 145 - - 4219 1 10097 122 197 ( I -- - 142053 ilia -- - 138763 1679 - - 48 1 -- 544003 6584 2592 7 17066 391 2197570 1079 1198646 13370 2478331 9887 48923 1345 3189 15 -- - -- -- -- -- 45 ( 1 138 1 34 ( 1 1064 1 I ( 1 106 1 65 ( 1 1021 4 114180 155 1650 188 371 2 156 1 51 1 129 2 905 5 114180 155 7650 188 - - SOS 3 4024 15 2311150 1235 1226249 13566 8560135 66340 138788 3859 10622 35 conti nued... 107 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* CROPS ESTUARY SUGARBEETS SUGARCANE SWEET CORN TOBACCO TOMATOES Use Tox. Use Tax Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 1.02 Englishmn Bay 1.03 Warraguagus Bay 1.04 Blue Hill'Bay 1.05 Penobscot Bay 1.06 Muscongus Bay 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 1.08 Cmco say 1.09 Saco Bay 1.10 Great Say 1.11 Merrimack River 2475 3 1.12 Boston Bay 184 1 1.13 Cope Cod Bay 88 1 1.14 Buzzards Bay 1404 2 1.5 Narragansett Day 2516 4 1.16 Gardiners Say 2093 2 - - 413 12 1.17 Long Island Sound 4390 6 - - 183 5 1.18 Great South Say 3083 4 - 502 18 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 46972 125 - 6131 190 1.20 Barnegat Bay 7424 44 - 3453 107 1.21 Delaware Bay 41933 207 147 1 4711t 1440 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 23 1 - - 1450 43 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 40134 77 82424 485 51659 1409 TOTAL 163321 480 82571 486 111071 3227 SOUTHEAST - 2.01 Albemarle Sound 25252 132 416 8 2.02 Pamlico.Sound 118359 619 21 (1 2.03 Rogue Sound 4592 24 29 (1 2.04 New River 4831 25 2 (1 2.05 Cape Fear River 72437 379 1517 30 2.06 Winyah Bay 248953 1480 295 7 2.07 Charleston Harbor 1124 5 8943 236 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 5178 31 793 21 2.09 St. Helena Sound 548 3 -13075 345 2.10 Broad River - - 4202 111 2.11 Savannah River 460 2 243 5 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 4019 23 - - 2.13 St. Cather ines / Sapelo Sound - - 24 ( I 2.14 Altamaha River - - 7114 42 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simns Sound - - 24867 147 20 ( 1 .2.16 St. Johns River - 20410 1629 13 ( 1 51 ( 1 2.17 Indian River - - - - - - 2.18 Biscayne Bay 160567 144 31437 2505 - - 95973 1592 TOTAL 160567 144 51847 4134 517771 2918 125579 2362 EAST MAST TAL 7 160567 144 205158 4615 600342 3405 236650 5590 108 I of a CROPS TOTAL WATERMELONS WHEAT MAJOR CROPS OTHER CROPS ALL CROPS Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values we generated using phorate LC50 data 2181 35 (I (1 241 35 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 69T I (I (1 697 1 452 ( I (I (1 452 ( I Abbreviations: Tax : Toxicity 683 ( I (1 (1 683 ( I Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 40889 591 (I (1 40889 591 2848 12 (I (1 2848 12 144081 657 1 1 144081 657 16330 181 1 1 16330 181 21122 133 1 1 21122 133 8243 5 2 1 8245 5 32248 118 2 1 32250 118 4283 25 1 1 4283 25 3160 49 1 1 3160 49 32647 520 1 1 32647 520 68446 1133 1 1 58446 1133 18 1 67181 1424 2178 23 69359 1448 6 1 359218 3807 576 6 359794 3813 25 1 95285 1973 304 33 98333 2007 2388 1 1026824 11240 8404 51 1035228 11291 380 1 79555 193 3254 12 82809 1205, 934 8 1093 1 1522127 U726 24232 90 1546359 17811 46 1 325 1 95699 653 91 1 95790 654 8398 86 52769 3 5275701 30540 13302 42 5289003 30583 9378 95 72104 5 8899900 72016 55089 261 8954989 72549 772 28 37143 42 2130258 44041 2309 13 2132567 44054 26 1 37617 48 1956351 22712 6374 38 1962725 22750 20 ( 1 864 1 117783 1012 183 1 117966 1014 to ( 1 781 1 68413 559 205 1 68618 560 1386 50 18932 24 1172162 11586 29657 179 120819 11766 1174 44 9427 10 3219475 20331 19919 97 3239394 20429 44 1 1657 (1 71187 582 853 2 12040 584 5 1 2110 (1 55062 381 60 ( 1 65122 381 455 17 5259 (1 210318 1481 792 2 211110 1484 1104 42 4997 (I V7804 1232 920 1 178724 1234 452 15 4035 (1 129728 843 359 ( 1 130087 843 203 5 21428 (1 377057 3490 5045 10 382102 3500 - - 28 (1 2241 7 ( I ( 1 2241 7 363 9 13240 (1 182368 1190 3512 T 185880 1198 1056 26 15415 (1 508242 3205 7920 17 516162 3223 554 17 2 (1 480184 9253 8393 26 488577 9280 - - - 114588 2008 ( I ( 1 174588 20M 1079 32 - 431408 7040 1617T 233 447585 7273 8703 294 254935 128 11474629 130963 102678 634 i157730T 131598 %081 389 327039 134 20374529 202979 157767 895 20532296 204147 continued... 109 Appendix 1. Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 26 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.t CROPS ESTUARY SOGARBEETS SUGARCANE SWEET CORK TOBACCO TOMATOES use TOX use TOX Use Tox Use Tax Use Tox GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ton Thousand Islands - - 81704 73 4639 370 90792 1505 3.02 Charlotte Harbor - - 49886 44 327 27 66394 919 3.03 Tama Bay - - - - 1151 93 101908 1690 3.04 Suwanee River - - 72 6 5468 45 - - 3.05 Apalachee Say - - 221 18 3018 19 4211 70 3.06 Apalachicola Bay - 29 3 40 1 922 15 3.07 St.Andrew Say - 45 4 - - 14 1 3.08 Choctmfttchee Bay - 330 28 - - 1360 22 3.09 Pensacola Bay 664 53 - - 254 4 3.10 Perdido Say - 259 21 - - 267 4 3.11 Mobile Bay - - - - - 288 4 3.12 Mississippi Sound - - 11393 10 - - - - 298 4 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region - - 69418 51 - - - - - - 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Boys - - 64174 56 - 3.15 Calcasieu Lake - 3.15 Sabine Like - 51 1 3.17 Galveston Bay - 869 26 3.18 Brazos River - 231 7 3.19 Matagorda Bay - 9 1 3.20 San Antonio Say - - 3.21 Aransas Say - - 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay - 3 1 3.23 Laguna Madre - - 40730 51 - - - - 16606 500 TOTAL - - 311305 314 7737 625 9626 05 273467 4780 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay - - - - 1 338 1 4.02 Son Pedro Bay - - - - 925 (1 511 9 4.03 Santa Monica Bay I I - - 48 (1 478 10 4.04 Monterey by 480 3 - - 157 (1 1120 28 4.05 San Francisco Bay 35943 406 - - 6085 2 85617 1575 4.05 Eel River - - - - 43 (1 1 4.07 Ubldt Bay - - - - 10 (1 1 4.08 Klamth River - - - I (1 1 4.09 Coos Bay - - - - 42 (I - 4.10 Winchester Say - 379 (I - 4.11 Columbia River - 8017 5 - 4.12 Willapa Say - 2 (I - 4.13 Grays Harbor - 132 (I - 4.14 Puget Sound - 5527 2 - TOTAL 3U24 410 - - 21484 12 - - U 130 326 NATIONAL TOTAL 36424 410 477872 458 211389 5253 809858 3470 598247 0997 110 Of a TOTAL WATERMELONS WHEAT MAJOR wS OTHER WS ALL.WS Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values are in pounds applied per year and circa 19 82; toxicity normalized values were generated using phorate LC50 data 10083 302 322091 2774 5476 65 328567 2840 for estuarine / freshwater fish. 15615 468 796225 6801 4950 8 801175 6810 2082 62 137 1 367314 3173 6659 12 373973 3706 Abbreviations: Tox : Toxicity 17822 534 2743 9 233439 1526 9252 11 242691 538 Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 4821 43 7393 12 504028 3812 26692 41 530720 3853 284 8 3519 il 120664 1003 790 1 121454 1004 34 1 70 1 20719 80 oil 1 21336 80 2729 81 8492 29 369645 3158 4062 5 373707 3163 645 19 18307 62 490289 3548 20565 26 510954 3574 127 3 9433 32 188441 1135 443 12 193284 1147 552 13 8133 27 228502 1341 73193 100 301695 1441 1223 30 6741 3 398915 1311 57167 80 456082 1392 Is 1 3684 1 188775 445 6477 9 195252 455 65 1 14210 1 1550358 4144 13698 26 1564056 4171 - -- 585 1 214041 487 294 1 214335 488 183 4 517 1 257695 263 2968 3 260663 267 531 13 180 2 901165 1725 20814 21 921980 1746 11966 50 382 4 291652 1794 5184 15 306846 1809 342 9 2097 22 1435985 7649 63279 58 11499264 7708 - -- 43 1 21833 220 39 1 21872 220 9 1 1542 15 294626 4027 423 1 295049 4027 2722 69 2051 21 284655 3926 4 1 284669 3926 52401 1333 242D 25 1711492 26324 130201 2058 1901693 28383 114260 3154 92679 287 11252570 81276 468747 2561 1172U17 $3838 4 1 173 ( 1 1458 5 359 5 1817 10 25 1 21 ( 1 6218 24 312 5 6530 30 4 1 4 ( 1 2104 27 1352 37 3456 65 - - 55 ( 1 31894 355 14084 255 45978 Oil 698 3 69307 1434 993676 614 110038 1718 1103714 7832 - - - - 2157 3 42 ( 1 2199 4 - 544 ( 1 9 ( 1 553 1 - 70 ( I - - 70 (I 1 1 50 (1 2654 5 20 ( I -2674 5 18 1 525 (1 11382, 9 468 1 11850 10 -- - 2288 1 6159T 2309 3422 12 65119 2322 I (1 3894 TO - - 3894 78 21 (1 5020 318 4 ( 1 5024 318 2604 (1 146992 8185 6531 24 152629 8209 150 4 7509 1436 1269760 17433 135647 2057 1405407 19495 113091 3548 494776 1858 12896859 301688 76241 5513 33659020 307480 Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use For 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area Cos ESTUARY ALFkLFA ALMONDS APPLES AVOCADO BARLEY Use Tox Use Tax Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 13 1 5643 9 1.02 Englishman say 19 1 - - 1.03 Narraquagus Bay 12 1 - - 1.04 Blue Hil.1 Bay 11 1 5611 9 1.05 Penobscot Bay 13 1 5621 9 1.06 Nuscongus say 13 (1 5625 9 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 13 (1 5523 9 1.08 Casco Bay 13 (1 5622 9 1.09 Saco Bay 21 (1 5445 9 1.10 Great Bay 32 (1 2022 1 1.11 Merrimack River 51 (1 3092 .2 1.12 Boston Say III (1 8451 15 1.13 Cape Cad Bay 112 (I - - 1.14 Buzzards Say 112 (I - - 1.15 Narragansett Say 116 (1 8449 15 1.16 Gardiners Bay 244 1 8407 15 1.17 Long Island Sound 266 1 8396 15 1.18 Great South Bay 244 1 - - 8407 16 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 282 1 - - 8516 22 144 (1 1.20 Barnegat Bay 448 3 - 10624 152 143 (1 1.21 Delaware Say 322 1 - 9447 131 116 (1 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 170 1 - -- -- 105 (1 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 192 1 7962 11 111 (I NORTHEAST 231 1 7878 30 123 1 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 228 1 7646 2 253 1 2.02 Pamlico Sound 235 1 7154 2 277 1 2.03 Bogue Sound - - -- -- - - 2.04 New River -- -- - -- - 2.05 Cape Fear River 233 1 6719 4 276 2.06 Winyah Bay 708 1 7884 9 265 2.07 Charleston Harbor 795 1 - - - 2.08 Korth and South Santee Rivers 198 1 267 2.09 St. Helena Sound 794 1 251 2.10 Broad River - - - 2.11 Savannah River 532 5 - 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 631 5 115 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 640 5 - 2.14 Altamaha River 534 5 110 1 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 633 5 4497 2 114 1 2.16 St. Johns River 603 5 - - - - 2.17 Indian River - - 2.18 Biscayne Bay 612 5 too ( I SOUTHEAST 591 3 7510 5 too ( 1 247 1 EAST COAST 237 1 7878 30 160 ( 1 128 1 112 I Of 8 CROPS BEAM BLUEBERRIES BROCODLI CABBAGE CANTALOUPES Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applied per year / square mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values 1547 It 128 1 were generated using phorate LC50 1642 il 128 ( 1 data for estuarine freshwater 1650 11 128 ( I fish. 1279 10 128 ( 1 1631 il 127 ( I Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 1624 11 127 ( 1 Normalized Use; Not Applied. 425 11 129 ( I 1521 11 130 ( I 1524 11 130 ( I 1554 10 - 1525 11 2081 36 1648 11 2082 36 1627 11 2081 36 2572 139 1037 15 3012 55 3567 278 569 5 3054 56 3390 227 577 6 3155 59 933 5 -- - - - 2287 14 1221 12 396 60 2828 129 128 1 1103 16 3169 59 337 (I -- 1508 7 108 40 264 (1 1506 7 1017 41 457 1 1513 7 821 33 457 1 - 1517 7 872 35 338 (I - 1513 7 W12 41 340 (I - 1500 7 1058 42 335 (I - - -- - - 337 (I - 335 (I - 196 (I 155 4 914 37 950 5 914 37 1012 5 540 a 1010 5 575 -9 761 14 193 N 767 14 - - 684 11 942 14 1005 40 2136 91 128 1 976 15 2795 57 continued... 113 Appendix J. Intensity Of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage AreaJ CROPS ESTUARY ALFALFA ALMNS APPLES AVOCADO BARLEY Use Tox use TOX Use Tox Use Tox Use Tax GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ton Thousand Islands 612 5 - - 162 1 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 605 5 - - 161 1 3.03 Tampa Bay 601 5 - - - 3.04 Suwanee River 503 5 - - 3.05 Apalachee Say 611 5 - - 7680 2 105 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 602 5 - - 7680 2 - 3.07 St,Andrew Say 600 5 - - - 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 560 4 3.09 Pensacola Bay 516 4 3.10 Perdido Bay 435 2 3.11 Mobile Bay 378 1 3.12 Mississippi Sound 437 ( I 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 492 1 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Says 492 1 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 491 1 3.16 Sabine Lake 220 ( I 3JT Galveston Bay 122 ( i 3.18 Brazos River 122 ( I 3.19 Matagorda Say 123 ( I 3.20 San Antonio Bay 122 ( I 3.21 Aransas Bay 123 ( I 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 121 ( I 3.23 Laguna Madre 121 1 GULF OF MEXICO 352 1 - -- 7680 2 161 ( 1 106 ( I WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay 350 1 2036 9 204 ( 1 4 ( 1 13 ( 1 4.02 San Pedro Say 157 1 2034 9 203 ( I - - 16 1 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 135 1 2034 9 242 ( 1 133 t 18 1 4.04 Monterey Bay 259 1 2@27 11 471 ( I - - 216 1 4.05 San Francisco Bay 599 3 2364 18 338 ( I - - 159 3 4.06 Eel River 35 ( 1 - - 202 ( I - - 6931 1 4.07 Humboldt Bay 35 ( I - - - - - 6931 1 4.08 Klamath River 35 ( I - - - - - 6931 1 4.09 Coos Bay 232 ( I - - - - - 136 ( I 4JO Winchester Bay 233 ( 1 - 1933 25 - - 06 ( 1 4.11 Columbia River 119 ( I - 214i 44 - - 124 ( 1 4.12 Willapa Say 68 ( I - - - - - 123 ( I 4.13 grays Harbor 76 ( 3374 58 - - 123 ( I 4J4 Puget Sound it ( 3368 58 -- -- 120 ( I WEST COAST 429 2 2364 18 1477 21 5 ( 1 163 1 2 of 8 CROPS BEANS BLUEBERRIES BROCCOLI CABBAGE WALOUPES Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applied per year / square mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values 768 14 wer e generated using phorate LC50 777 14 T99 17 data for estuarine freshwater 767 14 795 17 fish, 540 11 - - 819 10 992 40 Abbreviations: Tax Toxicity 768 14 -- - Normalized Use; Not Applied. 800 14 895 9 853 9 828 13 1001 5 1013 5 564 1 523 1 7243 116 10737 124 10091 250 516 1 7243 116 -- - 10054 264 -- - -- -- - 10616 213 543 1 - -- 490 1 -- 10065 272 523 1 7199 M 10795 123 10166 253 754 10 7199 115 10310 118 10163 253 - - 320 12 620 14 -- - 1248 1 1568 21 7305 33 1602 8 1371 23 1034 15 1528 10 1164 23 11836 25 1339 1 1626 22 1728 % 1248 1 - -- 1247 1 1248 1 2574 15 2574 15 2512 14 1450 4 1280 5 -- -- 1280 5 - 1627 1 1446 4 1303 2 1220 20 2097 16 continued... Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Kajor Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.$ CROPS ESTUARY CITRUS CORN COTTON CRANBERRIES CUCMERS Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tax NORTHEAST 1.0i Passamaquoddy Bay 2048 1 1.02 Englishman Bay 2048 1 1.03 Narraquagus Bay -- - 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 2041 1 1.05 Penobscot Say 2048 1 1.06 Nuscongus Bay 2049 1 1.07 Sheepscot Day 2047 1 1.08 Casco Bay 2041 1 1.09 Saco Bay 1789 1 1.10 Great Bay 1425 1 1.11 Nerrimack River 1425 6 1.12 Boston Bay 1725 27 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 1726 27 3501 55 1.14 Buzzards Say 1726 27 301 56 1.15 Narragansett Bay 1872 27 3501 55 1.16 Gardiners Say 1477 26 - - 4639 107 1.17 Long Island Sound 2329 27 - - 4660 107 1.18 Great South Bay 1477 26 - - 4639 107 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 1629 25 - - 4561 107 1.20 Barnegat Bay 2001 22 2752 78 4639 107 1.21 Delaware Bay 2279 9 2755 78 37h 86 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 2302 7 - - 1747 35 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 2301 5 - - 2608 37 NORTHEAST 2218 9 3319 60 3264 64 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 2055 6 1130 25 1424 32 2.02 Pamlico Sound 2030 7 1130 25 1428 32 2.03 Bogue.Sound 203D 7 -- -- 1453 33 2.04 New River 2030 7 -- - 1453 33 2.05 Cape Fear River 2030 7 1129 25 1428 32 2.06 Winyah Bay 2208 7 3502 8 1286 31 2.07 Charleston Harbor 2263 7 - -- 1271 31 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 2263 7 3906 5 1274 31 2.09 St. Helena Sound 2263 7 3906 5 1272 31 2.10 Broad River 2263 7 3906 5 1273 31 2.11 Savannah River 1990 5 3906 5 1273 31 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 1820 3 2661 69 - - 2.13 St. Catharines / Sapelo Sound 1821 3 - - 2.14 Altamaha River 1820 3 - - i9m V 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 1820 3 2651 70 2015 68 2.16 St. Johm River 985 M 2234 4 -- - 3004 72 2.17 Indian River 985 14 2234 4 - 2.18 Biscayne Say 985 14 2233 4 3007 72 SOUTHEAST 985 14 2057 6 2991 12 1588 37 EAST COAST 985 3567 2142 32052 2991 1978 3319 1112 2214 1522 116 3 of 8 CROPS GRAPES LETTUCE OATS ONIONS OTHER HAY Use Tax Use Tax Use lox Use Tax Use Tax * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applied per year / square mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values 289 (I - - 3 ( I vere generated using phorate LC50 288 (I - - 3 ( I data for estuarine I freshwater 295 (1 - 3 ( I fish. 274 (I - 3 ( I 298 (I - 3 ( I Abbreviations: Tax : Toxicity 286 (I - 3 ( I Normalized Use; : Not Applied. 288 (1 3 ( 1 284 (1 3 ( I 283 (1 6 ( 1 21 ( 1 25 ( I 12 ( 1 2297 12 288 (1 221 (1 7032 245 134 1 2297 12 294 (1 222 (1 7032 245 187 1 2297 12 289 (1 221 (1 7032 245 134 1 2301 12 316 (1 218 (1 7027 245 177 1 - - 837 6 207 (I - - 336 2 3109 12 831 6 55 (1 127 ( I 3099 12 -- -- 49 ( 1 53 ( 1 2374 12 649 4 125 (1 7027 245 91 ( I -- -- -- - 271 (I - -- 64 ( 1 3123 13 303 (1 63 ( I ( I ( 1 302 (1 64 ( 1 3084 12 304 (1 53 ( 1 3107 12 303 (1 63 ( 1 3115 12 266 (1 515 ( 1 3245 13 258 (1 624 ( 1 3125 13 258 (1 623 ( 1 3386 13 258 (1 623 ( I - - 258 (1 623 ( I WD 25 309 (1 356 ( 1 3429 20 322 (1 8395 276 224 ( 1 4159 25 -- -- -- -- 224 ( 1 4360 30 322 ( 1 8410 276 224 ( 1 3839 22 322 ( I - - 224 ( I - - 22 ( 1 65 (I i9l ( I 23 ( I - - 192 ( 1 3128 13 23 ( 1 286 ( 1 8409 276 307 ( 1 2581 40 545 31 219 11 7116 2919 134 368 continued... Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Norm lized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* CROPS ESTUARY CITRUS CORN COTTON CRANBERRIES CUCUMBERS Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox use Tox Use Tox GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 985 14 2233 4 - - - - 3008 72 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 985 14 2235 4 - - - - 3008 72 3.03 Tampa Bay 985 14 2235 4 - - - - 3008 72 3.04 Swanee River 981 14 2233 4 - - - - 3004 72 3.05 Apalachee Bay 1280 26 2045 3 2651 10 - - 2032 58 3.06 Apalachicola Bay - - 2127 4 1694 25 - - - - 3.07 St.Andrew Bay - - 2235 4 1694 25 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay - - 2023 3 1690 25 3.09 Pensacola Bay - - 1960 2 1513 20 - - 1983 TO 3.10 Perdido Bay - - 1826 2 1030 5 - - 2819 10 3.11 Mobile Bay - - 1700 1 1030 5 - - 2948 71 3.12 Mississippi Sound - 1726 1 1033 5 - 3040 72 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region - 2646 3 2560 3 - - - 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 2975 4 2505 4 - 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 2773 3 - - - 3.16 Sabine Lake 2091 21 - - - 5763 93 3.17 Galveston Bay 639 2 1810 27 359 9 - 5236 104 3.18 Brazos River 640 3 1810 21 369 9 - - 6192 103 3.19 Matagorda Say - -- 1810 27 369 9 - - - - 3.20 San Antonio Bay 1810 27 369 9 - - - - 3.21 Aransas Say 18io 27 369 9 - - - - 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 1810 27 369 9 - - - - 3.23 Laguna Madre 657 2 1810 21 369 9 - - 6175 103 GULF OF MEXICO 917 1899 15 485 9 - - 4503 88 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Say 137 ( 1 1529 ( I - - - - 384 2 4.02 San Pedro Bay 76 ( 1 1568 ( 1 464 1 388 2 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 537 4 - - - - 384 2 4.04 Monterey Bay 73 ( 1 1624 ( 1 390 2 4.05 San Francisco Say 770 ( 1 1701 1 383 2 4.05 Eel River - - 1785 ( 1 213 1 4.01 Humboldt Bay - - 1785 ( 1 213 1 4.08 Klamth River - - 1785 ( 1 213 1 4.09 Coos Bay - 2413 52 38 ( 1 4.10 Winchester Bay 2395 52 38 ( 1 4.11 Columbia River 1627 181 - - 2106 56 59 ( i 4.12 Willapa Bay 1553 193 - - 2105 55 - 4.13 Grays Harbor 1553 192 - - - - - 4.14 Puget Sound -- 1563 192 - - - - 61 ( I WEST COAST 157 ( 1 1685 27 454 1 2106 56 218 1 4 of 8 CROPS GRAPES LETTUCE OATS ONIONS OTHER RAY Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox 8 All values, including regional estimtes, are in pounds applied per year / square aile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values 23 1 192 ( I w e generated using phorate LC50 - 191 ( I data for estuarine freshater 191 ( I fish. 65 ( 1 192 ( 1 3303 22 193 ( 1 198 ( I Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 2986 25 89 ( 1 193 ( I Normlized Use; - Not Applied. - -- 55 ( 1 191 ( I 65 ( 1 171 ( i 66 ( 1 153 ( I 65 ( 1 128 ( I 65 ( 1 95 ( I 54 ( 1 256 ( I - 286 ( 1 64 ( 1 319 ( i -- 319 ( I 45 ( 1 126 ( 1 5510 53 208 ( 1 67 ( I 5510 63 210 ( 1 67 ( I - - 209 ( 1 67 ( I 195 ( 1 67 ( I 215 ( 1 67 ( 1 3840 38 215 ( 1 67 ( I -- -- 5555 63 215 ( 1 4809 59 61. ( 1 3297 22 5012 57 79 ( 1 4809 59 149 ( 1 397 3 -- - 56 1 - - - -- 459 3 40 ( 1 29 1 13152 59 - 426 3 206 ( 1 4 1 13297 60 - 438 3 332 2 32 1 3898 Ti - 538 4 94 2 38 1 408 10 42 1 1254 io - - - - - - - 1264 10 1254 10 - - 122 1 2559 42 160 1 - - 122 1 2559 42 150 1 1293 67 215 1 2972 30 159 1 540 2 236 2 - - - - 1057 34 236 2 1294 67 238 2 533 4 318 2 54 1 920 16 126 1 continued... Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* CROPS ESTUARY PASTURE/RANGE PEACHES PEANUTS PEAS POTATOES Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox use Tox Use Tox NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 17 ( 1 5164 41 3201 130 1.02 Englishman Day 17 ( 1 5120 41 3162 114 1.03 Narraqu 'agus Bay - 3175 118 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 17 (1 5119 41 2925 36 1.05 Penobscot Bay 17 (1 5166 42 3203 131 1.06 Nuscongus Bay 17 (1 5120 41 3176 121 1.07 Sheepscot Bay 17 (1 5179 42 3202 130 1.08 Casco Bay 17 (1 5167 42 3201 130 1.09 Saco Bay 17 (1 5174 42 3201 131 1.10 Great Bay 17 (1 5150 4t - - 1.11 Merrimack River 17 (I - - 3766 130 1.12 Boston Bay 11 (I - 3902 42 1.13 Cape Cod Bay 17 (I - 3814 123 1.14 Buzzards Say 17 (1 3795 131 1.15 Narragansett Bay 17 (1 4631 128 1.15 Gardiners Bay 11 (1 5178 42 5795 129 1.17 Long Island Sound 17 (1 5169 42 5230 12l 1.18 Great South Bay 17 (1 5178 42 5795 129 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 17 (1 2619 52 5177 42 4245 232 1.20 Barnegat Bay 17 (1 2623 52 - - 3891 255 1.21 Delaware Bay 17 (.1 2507 52 1979 16 3724 255 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 18 (I - -- - - 3101 111 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 75 (1 1148 23 1452 329 1948 15 2853 132 NORTHEAST 37 (1 2576 52 3452 329 2042 16 4332 169 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound 55 (1 3537 23 4560 259 1852 14 2228 39 2.02 Pamlico Sound 44 (1 5641 22 4649 253 1842 14 2221 39 2.03 Bogue Sound 44 (1. 4634 245 - - 2229 40 2.04 Now River 44 (1 4634 245 - - 1280 4 2.05 Cape Fear River 44 (1 5639 22 4649 253 1821 14 2151 23 2.06 Winyah Bay 44 (1 5673 23 5052 123 1820 14 2219 40 2.07 Charleston Harbor 44 (1 7253 20 5884 88 - - - - 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers 44 (1 -- -- 5906 88 - - - - 2.09 St. Helena Sound 44 (1 5910 88 - - - - 2.10 Broad River 44 (I 59il as - - - - 2.11 Savannah River 53 (1 6568 IV 746 1 - - 2.12 Ossabaw Sound 61 (1 6720 61 6821 128 776 1 - - 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound 61 (I - - 6820 128 780 1 - - 2.14 Altamaha River III (1 5795 49 5821 128 766 1 - - 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound 61 (1 1279 46 6821 128 763 1 - - 2.15 St. Johns River 127 (I - - 5341 135 198 ( 1 4500 176 2.17 Indian River 127 (I - - - - 2.18 Biscayne Bay 127 (1 193 ( 1 4560 115 SOUTHEAST 104 (1 5586 23 5039 226 1051 6 1888 136 EAST COAST 67 2 3068 1144 4847 55720 1982 273 4142 19411 120 5 of 8 CROPS RICE SORGHUM SOYBEANS SQUASH STRAWBERRIES use Tox We Tox We Tax Use Tox Use Tox * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applied per year / square mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values we generated using phorate LC50 data for estuarine freshwater fish. Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity Normalized Use; Not Applied. 7503 189 7457 189 7545 190 7521 189 7519 189 5920 180 1049 1 7052 187 1057 2 5920 180 1049 1 1395 (1 6541 183 1054 2 1396 (1 7648 187 - -- 1301 5 7649 187 4798 5 12li 9 -- - -- - 1136 6 7959 190 4781 5 1179 6 7465 187 2203 3 1040 ( 1 1429 19 4421 179 1131 1 1039 ( 1 1518 23 4415 179 1011 ( I 1034 ( 1 1518 23 -- -- 914 ( I 1034 ( 1 1518 23 -- - - - 1040 ( 1 1518 23 4416 179 1309 1 980 ( 1 1357 12 4408 119 1185 1 - - 1330 10 - - - -- 928 ( 1 1330 10 928 ( 1 1330 10 927 ( 1 1330 10 789 1 1022 7 6765 185 669 ( 1 835 5 6703 185 - - 834 5 - - 569 ( 1 835 5 - - 569 ( 1 835 6 5381 184 1051 ( 1 1541 4 6056 183 589 2 - - - - 6047 183 668 2 875 ( 1 1338 15 5828 182 1129 1 815 8 1280 56453 6578 2511 1929 4 continued... 121 Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.$ CROPS ESTUARY PASTURE/RANGE PEACHES PEANUTS PEAS POTATOES Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 127 ( 1 193 (1 4560 175 3.02 Charlotte Harbor i2l ( 1 $343 135 iS3 (I - -- 3.03 Tampa Bay 127 ( 1 6343 135 191 (1 4053 59 3.04 Suwanee River 128 ( 1 6341 136 191 (1 4562 81 3.05 Apalachee Bay 113 ( 1 5682 49 6680 130 230 (1 1920 15 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 124 ( I -- - 6439 135 190 (1 4845 224 3.07 St.Andrew Bay 128 ( I - 6341 137 202 (1 5006 137 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 114 ( I - 5471 113 224 1 4757 123 3.09 Pensacola Say 106 ( 1 5649 49 5392 Ill 212 (1 4299 179 3.10 Perdido Bay 95 ( I - -- 4522 86 210 (1 4320 176 3.11 Mobile Bay 61 ( 1 5707 48 4533 84 253 2 4320 175 3.12 Mississippi Sound 45 ( 1 5672 49 - -- 255 2 4320 175 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 28 ( I -- 256 2 - - 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 24 ( 1 265 2 3.15 Calcasieu Lake 24 ( I -- - -- 3.16 Sabine Lake 10 ( 1 2346 27 3626 16 124 1 1806 39 3.17 Galveston Bay 9 ( 1 2418 26 3630 13 103 ( 1 1815 52 3.18 Brazos River 9 ( 1 2450 26 3630 13 ill (1 1812 51 3.19 Matagorda Bay 9 ( 1 2391 27 3631 13 1913 39 3.20 San Antonio Bay 9 ( I - - -- -- - 3.21 Aransas Bay 9 ( 1 1904 26 3629 13 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay 9 1 227T 30 3631 13 102 ( I 3.23 Laguna Madre 9 ( 1 1920 27 3532 13 102 ( 1 1804 56 GULF OF MEXICO 40 ( 1 4159 39 5671 109 44 ( 1 3271 125 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay -- - 604 1 - -- - - 1067 6 4.02 San Pedro Bay 1483 ( 1 740 5 - 720 2 4.03 Santa Monica Bay 2 ( 1 740 5 - 720 2 4.04 Monterey Say 1 ( 1 4150 121 - 2202 25 4.05 San Francisco Bay 2 ( 1 1019 9 2223 16 4.06 Eel River I ( 1 591 1 431 3 4.07 Humbold Bay I ( I - - 431 3 4.08 Klamath River 3 ( I - - 431 3 4.09 Coos Bay 63 ( I - - 2559 20 539 ( 1 4.10 Winchester Bay 64 ( I - 2559 20 639 ( 1 4.11 Columbia River 64 ( I - 603 9 2518 540 4.12 Willap Bay 64 ( I - 582 9 2858 532 4.13 Grays Harbor 64 ( 1 582 9 2858 532 4.14 Puget Sound 64 ( I -- 582 9 2854 530 WEST COAST 22 ( 1 911 8 583 9 2503 396 122 6 Of a RICE SORM SOYBEANS SQUASH STRAGERRIES use TOX Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applied per year / souare mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values -- 6048 183 680 2 we generated using phorate LC50 1053 ( 1 6047 183 711 2 data for estuarine fresWater 1053 ( 1 6047 183 704 2 f ish. 1053 ( 1 1543 4 6050 183 - - 918 ( 1 1180 5 6168 183 - Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 1009 ( 1 1503 5 6062 183 Normalized Use; Not Applied. 1052 ( 1 1543 4 6054 183 1123 ( 1 1303 5 5926 182 1235 ( 1 1230 5 - -- 1306 ( 1 911 5 1408 1 746 5 1585 ( 1 810 4 2384 1 1396 ( 1 1131 4 2384 1 2460 1 1196 4 2384 1 - - 1196 4 2945 1 2446 1 954 2 8322 197 2969 1 493 5 906 2 8462 193 2969 1 493 5 906 2 8462 193 2969 1 493 5 906 2 -- 2969 1 493 5 906 2 - - 493 5 -- - 493 5 -- -- 8463 193 493 5 906 2 8457 194 2832 1 524 5 1095 4 6794 186 704 2 - -- - - -- -- 383 2 751 2 384 2 1879 3 386 2 807 2 383 2 961 4 1103 1 454 11 384 2 131 2 550 4 407 1 550 4 407 1 541 4 380 1 - - 319 1 1103 1 454 11 397 2 603 2 continued... 123 Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* WS ESTUARY SUGARBEETS SUGARCANE SWEET CORN TOBACCO TOMATOES Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox NORTHEAST 1.01 Passamaquoddy Bay 1.02 Englishman Bay 1.03 Marraguagus Bay 1.04 Blue Hill Bay 1.05 Penobscot Bay 1.06 Muscongus Bay 1.01 Sheepscot Bay 1.08 Casco Bay 1.09 Saco Bay 1.10 Great Bay 1.11 Merrimack River 1906 3 - - 1.12 Boston Say 1909 3 - - 1.13 Cape Cod Say 1906 3 - - 1.14 Buzzards Day 1906 3 - 1.15 Narragansett Bay 1906 3 - 1.16 Gardiners Bay 2798 3 - 1728 52 1.17 Long Island Sound 2404 3 - 1738 52 1.18 Great South Bay 2797 3 - 1730 52 1.19 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 2932 7 - 3048 93 1.20 Barnegat Bay 3305 19 -- 3945 122 1.21 Delaware Bay 2695 13 510 2 3978 121 1.22 Chincoteague Bay 1561 2 - - 4059 120 1.23 Chesapeake Bay 1655 3 1852 10 4304 117 NORTHEAST 2338 7 1843 10 3994 115 SOUTHEAST 2.01 Albemarle Sound - - 1391 7 5558 111 2.02 Pamlico Sound - 1390 7 4709 81 2.03 Bogue Sound - 1390 7 5238 104 2.04 New River - 1390 7 2560 2 2.05 Cape Fear River - 1390 7 5814 114 2.06 Winyah Say - 2344 13 4188 105 2.07 Charleston Harbor - - - 2602 15 4233 111 2.08 North and South Santee Rivers - - - 2603 15 4233 111 2.09 St, Helena Sound - - - 2603 15 4232 111 2.10 Broad River - - - - 4229 111 2.11 Savannah River - - - 1781 10 4229 lit 2.12 Ossabaw Sound - - - 1780 10 - 2.13 St. Catherines / Sapelo Sound - - - 1779 10 2.14 Altamaha River - - 1180 10 2.15 St. Andrew / St. Simons Sound - 1780 10 714 18 2.16 St. Johns River 3958 315 1460 10 5344 80 2.17 Indian River - - - - - - 2.18 Biscayne Bay 2579 2 3959 315 - - .5475 90 SOUTHEAST 2579 2 3959 315 1776 10 540 96 EAST COAST 2579 2 2608 59 1785 10 4530 IOT 124 I of .8 CROPS WATERMELONS WHEAT MAJOR CROPS Use Tox Use Tox Use Tox * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applied per year J square mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values 204 3 were generated using phorate LC50 89 (I date for estuarine freshwater 109 (I fish. 43 (1 278 4 Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 118 (I Normalized Use; Not Applied. 276 1 231 2 292 1 169 (I 309 1 248 1 1227 18 993 15 721 11 49 ( 1 1636 34 50 ( 1 123 7 49 ( 1 1468 30 141 ( 1 732 8 - - 147 ( 1 1300 19 1794 17 202 ( 1 1259 14 1577 16 107 ( 1 1532 10 1557 15 115 ( 1 1118 6 1579 16 128 ( 1 964 8 273 9 218 ( 1 1682 34 255 9 254 ( 1 1481 17 261 10 254 ( 1 1396 12 251 10 254 ( 1 1540 12 274 9 254 ( 1 1446 14 410 17 270 ( 1 1345 8 517 19 271 ( 1 1146 9 507 19 211 ( 1 1246 7 513 19 272 ( 1 1082 7 514 19 272 ( 1 1171 8 563 19 338 ( 1 1067 6 739 18 381 ( 1 1147 10 - - 387 ( 1 1189 4 742 18 387 ( 1 873 5 742 18 387 ( 1 1095 6 1783 53 344 1 310 5 - - -- - 484 5 1766 52 - -- 1206 19 493 16 274 ( 1 1174 ill 764 16 219 ( 1 1072 11 continued... 125 Appendix J. Intensity of Agricultural Use and Toxicity Normalized Use for 28 Pesticides by Major Crop by Estuarine Drainage Area.* CROPS ESTUARY SUGARBEETS SUGARCANE SWEET CORK TOBACCO TOMATOES Use Tax Use Tax Use Tax use Tax Use Tax GULF OF MEXICO 3.01 Ten Thousand Islands 2579 2 3959 315 5475 90 3.02 Charlotte Harbor 2579 2 3945 315 5476 90 3.03 Two Say - - 3953 314 5475 90 3.04 Suwanee River - - 3841 309 1460 10 - - 3.05 Apalachee Bay 3976 323 1609 10 5132 85 3.06 Apalachicola Bay 4060 329 1528 10 5207 86 3.07 St.Andrew Bay 4042 320 - - 5745 128 3.08 Choctawhatchee Bay 3947 323 - - 5812 93 3.09 Pensacola Bay 3930 312 - - 5339 90 3.10 Perdido Bay 3956 316 - - 5842 95 3.11 Mobile Bay - - - - 5914 95 3.12 Mississippi Sound 368 ( I - - 5759 91 3.13 Mississippi Delta Region 367 ( I 3.14 Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays 367 ( 11 3.15 Calcasieu Lake - 3.16 Sabine Lake 3303 111 3.17 Galveston Bay 4238 128 3.18 Brazos River 4262 127 3.19 Matagorda Bay 2999 118 3.20 San Antonio Bay - - 3.21 Aransas Bay - - 3.22 Corpus Christi Bay -- 3899 123 3.23 Laguna Madre 1004 1 - - 4280 128 GULF OF MEXICO $53 1 3955 315 1504 10 5373 23 WEST COAST 4.01 San Diego Bay - - 1522 ( I - - 387 1 4.02 San Pedro Bay 1522 ( i - - 1350 23 4.03 Santa Nonica Say 124 1 1520 ( 1 - - 1498 33 4.04 Monterey Day 440 3 1531 ( I - 376 9 4.05 San Francisco Bay 575 6 1524 ( I - 705 12 4.06 Eel River - - 1487 ( I - 32 1 4.07 Humboldt Bay - - 1487 ( I - 31 1 4.08 Klamath River - - 1487 ( I - 32 1 4.09 Coos Say - - 3580 3 - - 4.10 Winchester Bay - 3614 3 - 4.11 Columbia River - 1831 1 - 4.12 Willapa Say - 1142 ( I - 4.13 Grays Harbor - 1138 ( I - 4.14 Puget Sound - ilia ( I - - WEST COAST 573 6 1492 ( I - 699 12 126 8 Of 8 CROPS WATERMELONS WHEAT NAN CROPS Use Tox Use Yox Use Tox * All values, including regional estimates, are in pounds applie6 per year / square mile and circa 1982; toxicity normalized values 1166 52 349 3 we generated using phorate LC50 1766 52 274 2 data for estuarine freshater V82 52 345 1 311 3 fish. 1766 52 345 1 640 4 1610 47 365 1 1023 8 Abbreviations: Tox Toxicity 1559 45 346 1 1041 9 Normalized Use; Not Applied. 1917 57 345 1 615 2 1686 50 345 1 955 8 1535 45 344 1 914 7 850 22 344 1 951 6 737 18 344 1 609 4 745 18 154 1 206 (i 776 16 251 1 286 (1 733 18 283 1 916 2 - -- 284 1 698 2 1000 25 233 1 325 1 3983 101 175 1 553 1 3975 101 175 1 235 1 4001 100 175 1 342 1 - - 176 1 148 1 3979 100 V5 1 152 2 3977 101 175 1 174 2 3977 101 175 1 218 2 2355 64 280 (1 366 2 391 2 1534 (1 270 (1 385 2 23 (1 612 2 385 2 23 (1 102 (I -- - 202 (1 92 1 389 2 351 7 346 2 6 1 6 1 5 1 650 17 209 (1 84 1 650 17 209 (1 84 1 - - 222 (1 146 4 - - 249 (1 182 2 - - 249 (1 192 12 -- - 256 (1 180 10 393 2 338 5 251 3 127 Reterences 1. 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Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL. 515 pp. *U.S. Gover=ent Printing Officei 1989-238-914 134 AChE Acetylcholinesterase BCF Bioconcentration Factor CRT Coefficient of Relative Toxicity 2,4-D 2,4-Dichloropherioxyacetic Acid DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetfiane EDA Estuarine Drainage Area EHRS Environmental Hazard Rating System EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERS Economic Research Service FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act LC50 Lethal Concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms NCPDI National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory NEI National Estuarine Inventory NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPUI National Pesticide Use Inventory PCNB Pentachloronitrobenzene RFF Resources for the Future USDA United States Department of Agriculture 4KOO,( Of CO wr+ iot ,A 1.41" % a r If III I YES Of #10 ,"A . @ all 3 6668 00002 0604