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GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER
        ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY

                        October 1, 1992
                   Modified October 1, 1995
























                         State of Connecticut
                  Department of Environmental Protection
                     Bureau of Water Management


                      Printed on Recycled Paper








                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. AUTHORITY ......................................................................... Page 1

PART IL DEFINITIONS ....................................................................... Page 1

PART I. FEES .............................................................................. Page 3

PART IV. COVERAGE UNDER THIS GENERAL PERMIT .........................................Page 3
      A. CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY ................................................ Page 3
      B. GEOGRAPHIC AREA .......................................................... Page 4
      C. EFFECTIVE DATE AND EXPIRATION DATE ...................................... Page 4
      D. EFFECTIVE DATE OF COVERAGE .                                              Page 4
      E. ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT ......................................... Page 4

PART V. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS .................................................... Page 4
      A. DUTY TO REGISTER .                                                        Page 4
      B. SCOPE OF REGISTRATION ..................................................... Page 4
      C. CONTENTS OF REGISTRATION ................................................. Page 4
             1. Facilities Information ..................................................... Page 4
            2.  Stormwater Discharge Information .......................................... Page 5
             3.    Any additional information requested by the Commissioner ..................... Page 5
      D. SIGNATURE OF REGISTRANT ..................................................Page 5
      E. WHERE TO SUBMIT A REGISTRATION ..........................................Page 5
      F. TRANSFER OF COVERAGE ..................................................... Page 5
      G. FAILURE TO REGISTER ........................................................ Page 5
      H. ADDITIONAL NOTIFICATION .................................................Page 5

PART VI.    PERMIT CONDITIONS FOR STORMWATER ACTMITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
             INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES ......................................................Page 6
      A.  CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN DISCHARGES ..........................Page 6
      B.  STORMWATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PLANS .               .        .Page 6
             1. Development of Plan ..Page 6
             2.    Deadlines for Plan Preparation and Compliance ............................... Page 6
             3. Signature and Plan Review ................................................. Page 6
             4. Keeping Plans Current .................................................... Page 7
             5. Contents of Plan ......................................................... Page 7
                    a. Pollution Prevention Team .......................................... Page 7
                    b.    Descrintion of Potential Pollutant Sources .Page 7
                    c. Measures and Controls ............................................. Page 8
                    d.    Comanrehensive Site Comnliance Evaluation .......................... Page 10
                    e. Additional reauirements ........................................... Page 10
                    f.  Consistency with other olans ....................................... Page 10
                    g.    Additional Reouirements for Salt Storage ............................ Page 10
             6.    Professional Engineer Certification.                            Page 11
      C.  MONITORING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS .               .        ............................Page 11
             1. PARAMETERS TO BE MONITORED .....................................Page 11
             2.  STORMWATER MONITORING PROCEDURES ............................Page 12
             3. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS .......................................... Page 14
             4.  STORMWATER DATA PREVIOUSLY COLLECTED .......................Page 15
      D. OTHER REQUIREMENTS ........................................................Page 15

PART VII. GENERAL CONDITIONS ........................................................... Page 15










                          GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER
                                    ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY


PART I. AUTHORITY

This general permit is issued under the authority of Section 22a-430b of the Connecticut General Statutes, as amended by Public
Act 91-263.

PART II. DEFINITIONS

The definitions of terms used in this general permit shall be the same as the definitions contained in Sections 22a-423 and 22a-
207 of the Connecticut General Statutes and Section 22a-430-3(a) of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies. The
definition of the term "coastal area" shall be the same as the definition contained in section 22a-94. The definition of the term
"high tide line" shall be the same as that contained in section 22a-359 of the Connecticut General Statutes. The definition of the
term "coastal tidal waters" shall be the same as the definition contained in section 22a-29 of the Connecticut General Statutes.
In addition, the following definitions shall apply:

"Industrial activity" means:

       (1) An activity subject to stormwater effluent limitation guidelines, new source performance standards, or toxic pollutant
           effluent standards under 40 CFR Subchapter N (except facilities with toxic pollutant effluent standards which are
           exempt under category (10) of this paragraph);

       (2) An activity classified as Standard Industrial Classifications "Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Executive
           Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget 1987" 24 (except 2434), 26 (except 265 and 267), 28
           (except 283 and 285), 29, 311, 32 (except 323), 33, 3441, 373;

       (3) An activity classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 10 through 14 (mineral industry) including active or
           inactive mining operations (except for areas of coal mining operations meeting the definition of a reclamation area
           under 40 Code of Federal Register 434.11(1)) and oil and gas exploration, production, processing, or treatment
           operations, or transmission facilities that discharge stormwater contaminated by contact with or that has come into
           contact with, any overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished products, by-products or waste products;

       (4) Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities, including those facilities operating under interim status or
           a permit pursuant to section 22a-449(c) or 22a-454 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

       (5) Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classification 4953 including, but not limited to, solid waste facilities (i.e.
           landfills, land application sites, transfer stations, woodburning facilities, biomedical waste treatment facilities, volume
           reduction plants and open dumps) which have received any industrial wastes (waste that is received from any of the
           facilities described under this subsection) including but not limited to those facilities that are subject to regulation
           under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. sections 6901, et seq., recycling centers
           and resource recovery facilities, all such facilities and centers as defined in Section 22a-207 of the Connecticut
           General Statutes;

       (6) The recycling of materials including metal scrap yards, battery reclaimers, salvage yards, and automobile junk yards,
           including but not limited to those classified as Standard Industrial Classification 5015 and 5093;

       (7) Steam electric power generating facilities, including coal handling sites;









     STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/11/95


       (8) Transportation facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 40, 41, 42 (except 4221-25), 44, 45, and
           vehicle service and storage facilities (including, but not limited to, public works garages) operated by federal, state
           or municipal government which have vehicle (including watercraft) maintenance shops, equipment cleaning or
           maintenance operations, or airport deicing operations. Only those portions of the facility that are either involved in
           vehicle or equipment maintenance (including rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling, and lubrication),
           vehicle or equipment cleaning operations, road salt storage, airport deicing operations, or which are otherwise
           identified under paragraphs (1) through (7) or (9) through (1 l1) of this subsection are included in this definition;

       (9) Treatment works treating domestic sewage or any other sewage sludge or wastewater treatment device or system, used
           in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal or domestic sewage, including land dedicated to
           the disposal of sewage sludge that are located within the confines of the facility, but not including farm lands,
           domestic gardens or lands used for sludge management where sludge is beneficially reused and which are not
           physically located in the confines of the facility, or areas that are in compliance with 40 CFR 503;

      (10) Facilities under Standard Industrial Classifications 20, 21, 22, 23, 2434, 25, 265, 267, 27, 283, 285, 30, 31 (except
           311), 323, 34 (except 3441), 35, 36, 37 (except 373), 38, 39, 4221 - 25, (and which are not otherwise included within
           categories (2) through (9), (11) or (12)), including only those areas where material handling equipment or activities,
           raw materials, intermediate products, final products, waste materials, by products or industrial machinery are exposed
           to stormwater.

     (11) Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classification 5171 (Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals).

     (12) Road salt storage facilities (including facilities storing pure salt or salt mixed with other materials) as regulated
           pursuant to Section 22a-474 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Fresh-tidal wetland" means a tidal wetland with an average salinity of less than 0.5 parts per thousand.

"Inland wetland" means a wetland as that term is defined in section 22a-38 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Intermediate processing facility" means a facility where glass, metals, paper products, batteries, household hazardous waste,
fertilizers and other items are removed from the waste stream for recycling or reuse.

"Municipal separate storm sewer" means conveyances for stormwater (including roads with drainage systems, municipal streets,
catch basins, curbs, gutters, ditches, man-made channels or storm drains) owned or operated by any municipality and discharging.
directly to surface waters of the state.

"Permittee" means any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, originates or maintains a discharge to the waters of
the state; which discharge is covered under this general permit in accordance with Part IV of this general permit.

"Point Source" means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel,
tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, landfill leachate collection
system, vessel or other floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged.

"Recycling facility" or "recycling center" means land and appurtenances thereon and structures where recycling is conducted,
including but not limited to, an intermediate processing facility as defined above.

"Registrant" means a person who or municipality which submits a complete registration in accordance with Part V of this general
permit.


                                                           Page 2









    STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


"Site" means on the same or geographically contiguous property which may be divided by public or private right(s)-of-way.

"Stormwater" means waters consisting of precipitation runoff.

"Stormwater discharge associated with industrial activity" means the discharge from any conveyance which is used for collecting
and conveying stormwater and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or material storage areas at an industrial
activity.

"Tidal wetland" means a wetland as that term is defined in section 22a-29 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Transfer station" means any location or structure, whether located on land or water, where more than ten cubic yards of solid
waste, generated elsewhere, may be stored for transfer or transferred from transportation units for movement to another location,
whether or not such waste is stored at the location prior to transfer.


PART Ill. FEES

A fee of $250.00 for any person shall be paid with the registration required by Part V of this general permit except that any
municipality shall not be required to pay a registration fee for any industrial activity which was not regulated by this general
permit prior to its modification. On and after January 1, 1993, registration and annual fees, if applicable, shall be paid in
accordance with applicable regulations, including but not limited to Sections 22a-430-6 and 22a-430-7 of the Regulations of
Connecticut State Agencies.

PART IV. COVERAGE UNDER THIS GENERAL PERMIT

     A. CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY. This general permit covers only discharges comprised solely of stormwater
           associated with industrial activity, provided that the following conditions are met prior to coverage under this general
           permit.

           1. The discharge is not covered by a permit issued under Section 22a-430 of the Connecticut General Statutes;

           2. The stormwater is not discharged to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) or to ground water;

           3. No effluent limitations, standard or guideline adopted by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under the
               Federal Clean Water Act is applicable to the discharge;

           4. The stormwater is discharged from a point source which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or
               material storage areas at an industrial activity, including but not limited to stormwater discharged from ground
               surfaces immediately adjacent to manufacturing areas, processing or material storage areas; immediate access
               roads and rail lines used or traveled by carriers of raw materials, manufactured products, waste materials, or
               by-products used or created by the facility; material handling sites; refuse sites; sites used for the application or
               disposal of process waste waters (as defined at 40 CFR 401); sites used for the storage and maintenance of
               material handling equipment; sites used for residual treatment, storage, or disposal; shipping and receiving areas;
               manufacturing buildings; storage areas (including tank farms) for raw materials, and intermediate and finished
               products; and areas where industrial activity has taken place in the past and materials remain and are exposed to
               stormwater;

           5. The stormwater is not discharged from an industrial activity owned by a municipality with a 1990 census
               population of less than 100,000, unless the stormwater discharge is from municipally-owned airports, power

                                                          Page 3








    STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


               plants, facilities identified in paragraph 5 of the definition of industrial activity in Part II including uncontrolled
               landfills (e.g., landfills which do not meet the requirements of run-on and run-off controls established pursuant
               to subtitle D of the Solid Waste Disposal Act.) and facilities identified in paragraphs 8 and12 of the definition of
               industrial activity in Part II.


     B.    GEOGRAPHIC AREA.  This general permit covers all areas of the State of Connecticut.

     C.    EFFECTIVE DATE AND  EXPIRATION DATE.  This general permit was issued on October 1, 1992. The
           modification to this general permit is effective October 1, 1995. This general permit, as modified, expires on October
           1, 1997 for all industrial activities.

     D.    EFFECTIVE DATE OF COVERAGE.  The effective date of coverage under this general permit is the effective
           date of this permit listed in Part IV Paragraph C above, or the date the industrial activity is initiated, whichever is
           later.

     E.    ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERUIT. Under Section 22a-430b of the General Statutes, when an individual
           permit is issued to a person or municipality for stormwater discharges at the site otherwise covered by this permit,
           the applicability of this general permit to the individually permitted discharge is automatically terminated on the
           effective date of the individual permit.

PART V. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS

     A.    DUTY TO REGISTER. Any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, originates or maintains a discharge
           described in Part IV Paragraph A of this general permit shall submit to the Commissioner a registration which satisfies
           the requirements of this part either (1) 60 days after the date of issuance of this permit for any discharge initiated,
           created, originated or maintained on or before the date of issuance of this permit, or (2) 60 days after the effective
           date of the modification of this general permit for any discharge not regulated by this general permit prior to its
           modification, or (3) for any other discharge, no later than the date the industrial activity is initiated. If the facility or
           activity for which a registration is submitted under this permit is owned by one person or municipality but is leased
           or, in some other way, the legal responsibility of another person or municipality (the operator), the operator is
           responsible for submitting the registration required by this general permit. The permittee is responsible for compliance
           with all conditions of this general permit.

     B.    SCOPE OF REGISTRATION. A registrant may only include on a registration those discharges which are operated
           by such registrant on one site. A registrant may not submit more than one registration per site under this permit.

     C.    CONTENTS OF REGISTRATION.  The registration shall be submitted on forms prescribed by the Commissioner
           and shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following information:

           1. Facilities Information
              a. Name, Address of owner and operator and status as federal, state, private, public or other entity
              b. Site address if different from a. above
              c. Site contact person and phone number
              d. Primary activity; up to four four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.
              e. A list of other DEP permits currently in force for the site, including discharges of non-stormwater to the
                  stormwater outlets
              f. An original 8ï¿½" x 1 I" copy of the applicable section of a United States Geological Survey Quadrangle Map
                  or other location map showing the site boundaries and a radius of at least Vz mile.

                                                          Page 4









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


      2. Stormwater Discharge Information

          a.  Number, type (e.g. swale or pipe) and size of conveyances, outfalls or channelized flows that run off the site;

          b.  Location and material of construction (if applicable) of the conveyances, outfalls, channelized stormwater
              flows discharging from the site shall be shown on the map required in paragraph C. 1. above;
          c.  Confirmation of the existence of any analytical laboratory stormwater quality data associated with the site
          d.  The name of the receiving water(s), or if the discharge is through a municipal separate storm sewer, the name
              of the operator of the storm sewer, and the ultimate receiving water(s).
          e.  The name of the watershed in which the site is located.

      3. Any additional information requested by the Commissioner

 D.   SIGNATURE OF REGISTRANT. Any person who or municipality which submits a registration under this general
      permit shall sign the registration and shall make the following certification:

      "I certify under penalty of law that I have read and understand all conditions of the General Permit for the Discharge
      of Stormwater Associated with Industrial Activity issued on October 1, 1992 (as modified on October 1, 1995), and
      that all conditions for eligibility for coverage under this general permit are met. This document and all attachments
      were prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to ensure that qualified
      personnel properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who
      manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information contained in
      this registration is, to the best of my knowledge and belief; true, accurate and complete. I am aware that there are
      penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making
      false statements."

 E.   WHERE TO SUBMIT A REGISTRATION. Persons who or municipalities which submit a registration under this
      general permit shall submit such registration to the Department of Environmental Protection at the following address:

          Central Permit Processing Unit
          Department of Environmental Protection
          79 Elm Street
          Hartford, CT 06106-5127

 F.   TRANSFER OF COVERAGE.  Any coverage under this general permit shall be non-transferable. However, any
      person registering a discharge which has previously been registered under this permit may adopt by reference the
      stormwater pollution prevention plan developed by the previous permittee. The new registrant shall amend the Plan
      as required by Part VI, B. 4. prior to submitting a registration.

 G.   FAILURE TO REGISTER.  Any person or municipality who fails to submit a registration, and who initiates,
       creates, originates or maintains a stormwater discharge to the waters of the State without coverage under a general
      permit issued under Section 22a-430b of the Connecticut General Statutes or an individual permit issued under
       Section 22a-430 of the Connecticut General Statutes, is in violation of the Connecticut General Statutes, and is subject
      to injunction and penalties of up to $25,000 per day per violation under Chapter 446k of the Connecticut General
       Statutes.

 H. ADDITIONAL NOTIFICATION. Facilities that discharge stormwater associated with industrial activity through
       a municipal separate storm sewer system shall also submit a copy of the registration to the owner and operator of that
       system.

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    STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


PART VI. PERMIT CONDITIONS FOR STORMWATER ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL
           ACTIVITIES

     A. CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN DISCHARGES

           1. Any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, or originates a discharge of stormwater associated with
               industrial activity after the date of issuance of this general permit or after the effective date of modification for
              those industrial activities only covered by this general permit as of that effective date pursuant to Part IV.C.,
              which discharge is located less than 100 feet from a tidal wetlands which is not a fresh-tidal wetland, shall
              discharge such stormwater through a system designed to store the volume of stormwater runoff generated by 1
              inch of rainfall on the site.

          2. Any person who or municipality which discharges stormwater into coastal tidal waters for which a permit is
              required under either the Structures and Dredging Act in accordance with Section 22a-361 of the Connecticut
              General Statutes or the Tidal Wetlands Act in accordance with Section 22a-32 of the Connecticut General
              Statutes, shall obtain such permit(s) from the Commissioner.

     B. STORMWATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PLANS.

           1.  Development of Plan

                  The permittee shall develop a stormwater pollution prevention plan ("Plan") for each site. The Plan shall be
                  prepared in accordance with sound engineering practices. The permittee shall perform all actions required
                  by the Plan in accordance with the schedule set forth in Part VI Paragraph B.2 below. Permittee shall maintain
                  compliance with the Plan thereafter.

          2. Deadlines for Plan Preparation and Compliance.

              a. For a discharge that is initiated, created, originated or maintained on or before the date of issuance of this
                  general permit, the Plan shall be completed on or before 180 days after the date of issuance of this general
                  permit. For industrial activities only covered by this general.permit as of the effective date of modification
                  pursuant to Part IV.C., the Plan shall be completed on or before 180 days after that date. The permittee shall
                  perform all actions required by such Plan as soon as possible, but in no event later than three hundred and
                  sixty-five days after the date of issuance of this general permit or three hundred sixty-five days after the
                  effective date of modification pursuant to Part IV.C. for those industrial activities only covered by this general
                  permit as of that date, and shall maintain compliance with such Plan thereafter.

              b.  For any stormwater discharges associated with industrial activity which activity is initiated after the date of
                  issuance of this general permit or after the effective date of modification for those industrial activities only
                  covered by this general permit as of that effective date pursuant to Part IV.C., the Plan shall be prepared on
                  or before the date such activity is initiated. The permittee shall perform all actions required by such Plan as
                  soon as possible, but in no event later than 60 days after the date the industrial activity is initiated, and shall
                  maintain compliance with such Plan thereafter.

          3. Signature and Plan Review

              a. The Plan shall be signed as follows: for a corporation, by a responsible corporate officer or a duly authorized
                  representative thereof, as those terms are defined in RCSA 22a-430-3(b)(2); for a municipality, state, Federal,
                  or other public agency, by either a principal executive officer or a ranking elected official, as those terms are

                                                         Page 6









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


              defined in RCSA 22a-430-3(b)(2); for a partnership or a sole proprietorship, by a general partner or the
              proprietor, respectively. The Plan shall be certified in accordance with Part VI Paragraph B.6 by a
              professional engineer licensed in the State of Connecticut. The Plan shall be retained on site at the facility
              which generates the stormwater discharge.

          b. The permittee shall make a copy of the Plan available to the Commissioner immediately upon request, and,
              in the case of a stormwater discharge associated with industrial activity which discharges through a municipal
              separate storm sewer system, to the operator of the municipal system upon request.  In the case of a
              stormwater discharge associated with industrial activity which discharges to a water supply watershed, make
              copies of the plan available upon request to the public water supply company.

          c. The Commissioner may notify the permittee at any time that the plan does not meet one or more of the
              requirements of this Part. Unless otherwise notified by the Commissioner in writing, within 30 days of such
              notification from the Commissioner the permittee shall revise the plan, perform all actions required by the
              revised plan, and shall submit to the Commissioner in writing that the requested changes have been made
              and implemented, and such other information as the Commissioner requires.

      4. Keeping Plans Current. The permittee shall amend the plan whenever; (1) there is a change at the site which
          has an effect on the potential to cause pollution of the waters of the state; or (2) the actions required by the Plan
          fail to ensure or adequately protect against pollution of the waters of the state; or (3) the Corimissioner requests
          modification of the plan. The permittee shall amend the plan as necessary to address any sources or potential
          sources of pollution identified as a result of a Comprehensive Site Compliance Evaluation conducted pursuant
          to Part VI.B.5.d. of this general permit. The amended plan shall be completed and all actions required by the plan
          shall be completed within 60 days of the date the Permittee becomes aware or should have become aware that
          either condition above has occurred.

      5. Contents of Plan. The plan shall include, at a minimum, the following items:

          a.  Pollution Prevention Team. Each plan shall identify a specific individual or individuals for the site who shall
              serve as members of a stormwater Pollution Prevention Team ("team"). The team shall be responsible for
              developing the stormwater pollution prevention plan and assisting the permittee in the implementation,
              maintenance, and revision of the plan. The plan shall clearly identify the responsibilities of each team
              member. The activities and responsibilities of the team shall address all aspects of the plan.

          b. DescriDtion of Potential Pollutant Sources. Each plan shall describe the potential sources of pollutants which
              may reasonably be expected to affect stormwater quality at the site or which may result in the discharge of
              pollutants during dry weather from the site. Each plan shall identify all activities and materials which may
              bea source of stormwater pollution at the site. In addition, each plan shall include, but not be limited to the
              following:

              (i) Drainage.

                  (a) A site map (at a defined or approximate scale) showing an outline of the drainage area of each
                       stormwater outfall, existing structural control measure installed to reduce pollutants in stormwater
                       runoff, receiving surface water body, location where materials are exposed to precipitation, location
                       where major spills or leaks identified under Part VI Paragraph B.5.b.(iii) of this permit have
                       occurred, and each location of the following activities where such activities are exposed to
                       precipitation:   fueling stations, vehicle and equipment maintenance and/or cleaning areas,


                                                      Page 7









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


                       loading/unloading areas, locations used for the treatment, storage or disposal of wastes, liquid storage
                       tanks, processing areas and storage areas.

                  (b) For each area of the site that generates stormwater discharges associated with industrial activity, the
                       direction of flow, and the types of pollutants which are present or likely to be present in the
                       discharge, including but not limited to discharges with a potential for causing erosion in the area of
                       the receiving water.

              (ii) Inventory of Exnosed Materials. An inventory of the types of materials handled at the site that may be
                  exposed to precipitation. Such inventory shall include a list of materials that have been handled, treated,
                  stored or disposed in a manner to allow exposure to stormwater between the time of three years prior to
                  the date of the issuance of this permit and the present; method and location of on-site storage or disposal;
                  materials management practices employed to minimize contact of materials with stormwater runoff
                  between the time of three years prior to the date of the issuance of this permit and the present; the location
                  and a description of existing structural and non-structural control measures to reduce pollutants in
                  stormwater runoff; and a description of any treatment the stormwater receives.

            (iii)  Spills and Leaks. A list of spills and leaks of five gallons or more of toxic or hazardous substances which
                  could affect stormwater, as those terms are defined in section 22a-430-4 Appendix B Tables II, III and
                  V, and Appendix D of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies, and 40 CFR 1 16.4, that occurred
                  at the facility after the date of three years prior to the effective date of this permit.

            (iv) Monitorine Proeram.  A description of the monitoring program and sampling data for stormwater
                  discharges at the site, in accordance with Part VI. C. 1. of this general permit.

              (v) Summary of Potential Pollutant Sources. A narrative description of the potential pollutant sources at the
                  following areas: loading and unloading operations; roof areas; outdoor storage activities; outdoor
                  manufacturing or processing activities; dust or particulate generating processes; and on-site waste disposal
                  practices. The description shall specifically list any potential source of pollutants at the site and, for each
                  potential source, any pollutants associated with the potential source.

          c.  Measures and Controls. Each plan shall describe the stormwater management controls appropriate for the
              facility. The permittee shall implement such controls. The appropriateness and priorities of controls in a plan
              shall reflect identified potential sources of pollutants at the site. The plan shall include but not be limited to
              a schedule for implementing such controls and the following components:

              (i) Good Housekeeninz - The plan shall provide for the maintenance of a clean, orderly facility. The plan
                  shall provide at a minimum that no washing of equipment or vehicles shall be allowed at the site which
                  would allow wash waters to enter any storm drainage system or receiving water.

              (ii) Preventive Maintenance - The plan shall include a preventive maintenance program, which shall include
                  but not be limited to the inspection and maintenance of stormwater management devices (e.g., cleaning
                  oil/water separators, catch basins); the inspection and testing of equipment and systems on the site to
                  identify conditions that could cause breakdowns or failures resulting in discharges of pollutants to surface
                  waters, and the appropriate maintenance of such equipment and systems.

            (iii) SDill Prevention and Resnonse Procedures - Areas where potential spills can occur, and their
                  accompanying drainage points shall be identified clearly in.the plan. Procedures for cleaning up spills


                                                      Page 8









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/11/95


                  shall be identified in the plan and made available to the appropriate personnel. The necessary equipment
                  to implement a cleanup shall be available to personnel.

                  The plan shall provide that all areas in which chemicals are stored are provided with impermeable
                  containment which will hold at least the volume of the largest chemical container, or 10% of the total
                  volume of all containers in the area, whichever is larger, without overflow from the containment area.
                  For industrial activities initiated after the date of this general permit, all chemicals and their containers
                  shall be stored under a roof which minimizes stormwater entry to the containment area, except for those
                  chemicals stored in containers of 100 gallon capacity or more, in which case a roof is not required.

                  The plan shall also provide that all dumpsters used to store waste materials are supplied with attached
                  covers with drain plugs intact, or are in roofed areas which will not allow dumpster leakage to enter any
                  stormwater drainage system.

             (iv) Inspections - In addition to or as part of the Comprehensive Site Evaluation required under Part VI
                  Paragraph B.5.d. of this permit, qualified personnel shall be identified to inspect designated equipment
                  and areas of the site at appropriate intervals specified in the plan, but at an interval no greater than once
                  every six months. A set of tracking or follow up procedures shall be used to ensure that appropriate
                  actions are taken in response to the inspections. Records of inspections shall be maintained.

              (v) Emnlovee Trainino - The plan shall provide for employee training programs designed to inform all
                   appropriate personnel of the components and goals of the stormwater pollution prevention plan. Training
                  shall address topics such as spill response, good housekeeping and material management practices. The
                  plan shall identify periodic dates for such training, but at intervals no greater than once per year.

             (vi) Non-Stormwater Discharges - The plan shall include the following certification, signed by a professional
                   engineer, licensed to practice in Connecticut.

                   "I certify that in my professional judgement, the discharge from the site consists only of stormwater, or
                   of stormwater combined only with groundwater seepage and/or wastewater covered by an effective
                  permit issued under Section 22a-430 or Section 22a-430b of the Connecticut General Statutes. This
                   certification is based on testing and evaluation of the stormwater discharge from the site. I further certify
                   that all potential sources of non-stormwater at the site, a description of the results of any test and/or
                   evaluation for the presence of non-stormwater discharges, the evaluation criteria or testing method used,
                  the date of any testing and/or evaluation, and the on-site drainage points that were directly observed
                  during the test have been described in detail in the stormwater pollution prevention plan prepared for the
                   site. I further certify that no interior building floor drains exist which are connected to any storm drainage
                   system or which may otherwise direct interior floor drainage to exterior surfaces, unless such floor drain
                   connection has been approved and permitted by the Commissioner.  I am aware that there may be
                   significant penalties for false statements in this certification, including the possibility of fine and
                   imprisonment for knowingly making false statements."

            (vii)  Sediment and Erosion Control - The plan shall identify areas which, due to topography, activities, or other
                   factors, have a potential for soil erosion, and shall identify measures to limit erosion.

           (viii)  Management of Runoff- The plan shall contain a discussion of the need for stormwater management or
                  treatment practices other than those which control the source of pollutants which practices shall be used
                   to divert, infiltrate, reuse, or treat stormwater runoff in a manner that reduces pollutants in stormwater
                   discharges from the site. The plan shall provide that management or treatment measures determined to

                                                       Page 9








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


                  be reasonable and appropriate to prevent pollution of the waters of the state shall be implemented and
                  maintained at the site. The permittee shall consider the potential of various sources at the facility to
                  contribute pollutants to stormwater discharges associated with industrial activity when determining
                  reasonable and appropriate measures. Appropriate measures may include: vegetative swales or buffer
                  strips, reuse of collected stormwater (such as for a process or as an irrigation source), oil/water separators,
                  snow management activities, infiltration devices, and wet detention/retention basins.

            (ix) The plan shall identify roof areas which may be subject to drippage from exhausts or vents or other
                  sources of pollution, shall include an inspection program of such areas to determine if any potential
                  sources of stormwater pollution are present, and shall contain steps to be taken to eliminate such sources
                  or potential sources of pollution, and a schedule for performing such steps.

          d.  ComDrehensive Site Comnliance Evaluation. The plan shall provide that qualified personnel shall conduct
              site compliance evaluations at appropriate intervals specified in the plan, but in no event less frequently than
              twice a year. Such evaluations shall include:

              (i) Visual inspection of material handling areas and other potential sources of pollution identified in the plan
                  for evidence of, or the potential for, pollutants entering the stormwater drainage system. Structural
                  stormwater management measures, erosion control measures, and other structural pollution prevention
                  measures identified in the plan shall be observed to ensure that they are operating correctly. A visual
                  inspection of equipment needed to implement the plan, such as spill response equipment, shall be made.
                  Inspections should be made during rainfall events if possible.

              (ii) Preparation of a report summarizing the scope of the inspection, personnel making the inspection, the
                  date(s) of the inspection, major observations relating to the plan, and actions taken shall be made and
                  retained as part of the stormwater pollution prevention plan for at least five years. The report shall be
                  signed by the permittee.

          e.  Additional requirements for stormwater discharges associated with industrial activitv through municinal
              senarate storm sewer svstems serving a nonulation of 100.000 or more.  In addition to the applicable
              requirements of this general permit, sites covered by this permit shall comply with applicable requirements
              in municipal stormwater management programs developed under NPDES permits issued for the discharge
              of the municipal separate storm sewer system that receives the facility's discharge, provided the discharger
              has been notified of such conditions.

          f.  Consistency with other Dlans. Stormwater pollution prevention plans may reference requirements contained
              in Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plans and other plans required by state, federal or
              local law for the prevention or control of spillage.

          g. Additional Reauirements for Salt Storage. The plan shall provide that within one year of the date of issuance
              of this permit or one hundred eighty days after the effective date of modification established in Part IV.C. for
              those industrial activities only covered by this general permit as of that date, storage piles of salt (including
              pure salt or salt mixed with other materials) used for deicing or other commercial or industrial purposes and
              which generate a stormwater discharge associated with industrial activity which is discharged to waters of
              the state, shall be enclosed or covered by structural means or by waterproof canvas, polyethylene cover or
              other waterproof material to prevent exposure to precipitation, except for exposure resulting from adding or
              removing materials from the pile. In addition, on or after October 1, 1995 no new road salt storage facilities
              shall be located within a 100-year floodplain as defined and mapped for each municipality under 44 CFR 59


                                                      Page 10









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


              et seq. or within 250 feet of a well utilized for potable drinking water supply or within a Level A aquifer
              protection area as defined by mapping pursuant to Section 22a-354c of the Connecticut General Statutes.

      6.  Professional Engineer Certification

          The plan shall contain the following certification, signed by a professional engineer, licensed in the State of
          Connecticut.

          "I certify that, in my professional judgement, the stormwater pollution prevention plan prepared for this site meets
          the criteria set forth in the General Permit for the Discharge of Stormwater Associated With Industrial Activity
          issued on October 1, 1992 (as modified October 1, 1995). This certification is based on my review of the
          stormwater pollution prevention plan for the site and an inspection of the site. I am aware that there are
          significant penalties for false statements in this certification, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment
          for knowingly making false statements."

  C. MONITORING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

      1. PARAMETERS TO BE MONITORED

          a.  Annual stormwater monitoring shall be conducted by all industrial activities as defined in Part II (except road
              salt storage facilities as defined in Part II, category 12) no later than 365 days after their date of coverage
              under Part IV.C of this permit, and annually thereafter (except as provided in Part VI.C. 1 I.d. and e. below)
              for the parameters listed below:

              Total Oil and Grease (mg/l)
              pH (S.U.)
              Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
              Total Suspended Solids (mg/I)
              Total Phosphorous (mg/l)
              Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/I)
              Nitrate as Nitrogen (mg/l)
              Fecal Coliforms (#/100 ml)
              Total Copper (mg/l)
              Total Zinc (mg/l)
              Total Lead (mg/l)
              Aquatic Toxicity (LC50)

              Pollutants limited or required to be monitored under a discharge permit issued by the Commissioner to the
              site for process water.

              Pollutants limited in an EPA effluent guideline to which the permittee is subject.

          b.  In addition to the list of parameters in Paragraph C.l.a. of this Part, uncontaminated rainfall pH shall be
              measured at the time the runoff sample is taken.

          c.  In addition to the list of parameters in Paragraph C. l.a of this Part, for airports with stormwater discharges
              associated with industrial activities from areas where aircraft or airport deicing operations occur (including
              runways, taxiways, ramps and dedicated aircraft deicing stations), monitoring shall be conducted no later than
              365 days after the date of issuance of this permit, and annually thereafter for the primary ingredient used in

                                                     Page 11








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


              the deicing materials used at the site (e.g., ethylene glycol, urea, etc.). All monitoring shall be performed
              immediately following deicing operations during a storm event and samples shall be collected in such a
              manner that they are representative of stormwater quality resulting from deicing operations.

          d. For industrial activities that employ twenty-five (25) employees or less and for federal, state or municipally
              operated industrial activities, monitoring shall not be required after the first year unless required in writing
              by the Commissioner.

          e.  For any discharge monitored by an industrial activity which does not exceed the levels listed in subparagraph
              (i) of this paragraph for a period of two consecutive years commencing on October 1, 1995, sampling may
              be suspended for one year following this period. This provision shall apply only to those discharge points at
              the industrial activity which remain below these levels. Pollutants limited in an EPA effluent guideline to
              which the permittee is subject and pollutants limited or required to be monitored under a discharge permit
              issued by the Commissioner to the site for process water must be monitored for the entire term of the permit.

              (i) Total Oil and Grease (mg/l)                       20
                  Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)                     50
                  Total Suspended Solids (mg/1)                     50
                  Total Phosphorous (mg/l)                         0.5
                  Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l)                   3.0
                  Nitrate as Nitrogen (mg/l)                       3.0
                  Fecal Coliforms (#/100 ml)                    2,000
                  Total Copper (mg/l)                            0.200
                  Total Lead (mg/1)                              0.050
                  Total Zinc (mg/l)                              0.500
                  Aquatic Toxicity                       LC50 > 50%


              Stormwater discharges associated with industrial activities include areas where aircraft or airport deicing
              operations exist as specified in Part VI Paragraph C. 1.c. above.

          f.  Representative Discharae. When a facility has two or more outfalls that, based on a consideration of features,
              (e.g. grass vs. pavement, slopes, catch basins vs. swales), and activities within the area drained by the outfall,
              the permittee reasonably believes discharge substantially identical effluents, the permittee may test the
              effluent of one of such outfalls and report that the quantitative data also applies to the substantially identical
              outfalls. In addition, for each outfall that the permittee believes is representative, an estimate of the size of
              the drainage area (in square feet) and an estimate of the runoff coefficient of the drainage area shall be
              provided in the Plan. In no case shall one outfall test be substituted for more than 5 outfalls.

      2. STORMWATER MONITORING PROCEDURES

          a.  Annual samples shall be collected from discharges resulting from a storm event that is greater than 0.1 inch
              in magnitude and that occurs at least 72 hours after any previous storm event of 0.1 inch or greater. Where
              feasible, the rainfall during the first 30 minutes of the storm event monitored shall be between 0.1 and 0.75
              inches. Runoff events resulting from snow or ice melt cannot be used to meet the minimum annual monitoring
              requirements. Grab samples shall be used for all monitoring. Grab samples shall be collected during the first
              30 minutes of a storm event discharge. The uncontaminated rainfall pH measurement shall also be taken at
              this time.


                                                     Page 12









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


          b. Storm Event Information

              The following information shall be collected for the storm events monitored:

              (1) The date, temperature, time of the start of the discharge, time of sampling, and magnitude (in inches) of
                  the storm event sampled.

              (2) The duration between the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater than 0.1
                  inch rainfall) storm event.

          c.  Test Procedures

              (1) Unless otherwise specified in this permit, all pollutant parameters shall be determined according to
                  methods prescribed in Title 40, CFR, Part 136 (1990), promulgated pursuant to Section 304(h) of the
                  Federal Water Pollution Control Act.


              (2) Acute toxicity biomonitoring tests shall be conducted according to the procedures specified in Methods
                  for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine
                  Organisms, 4th edition, EPA 600/4-90/027. The following specific conditions apply:

                  *   Tests shall employ neonatal (less than 24 hour old) Daphniapulex as test organisms.

                  *   Tests shall be conducted at 20 +/- 1 degrees Centigrade.

                  *   Tests shall be 48 hours in duration.

                  *   Synthetic freshwater prepared as described in EPA 600/4-90/027 and adjusted to an approximate
                      hardness of 50 mg/l as CaCO3 shall be used as dilution water in all tests.

                  *   The following test dilution series shall be utilized, expressed as percent stormwater sample: 100%,
                       50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 0%.

                  ï¿½   A minimum of twenty test organisms shall be exposed to each stormwater concentration, with each
                       test chamber containing no more than ten test organisms.

                  *   Test organisms shall not be fed during the test period.

                  * Test results shall be reported as the LC50 value determined by the computational method (Binomial
                       Distribution, Probit Analysis, Moving Average Angle, Spearman Karber) which yields the smallest
                       95% confidence interval and LC50 value which is consistent with the dose-response data.

                  ï¿½   Toxicity tests shall be initiated within 36 hours of stormwater sample collection.

                  * Any test in which the survival of test organisms is less than 90% in the combined control test vessels
                       or failure to achieve test conditions as specified, such as maintenance of environmental controls,
                       shall constitute an invalid test and will require stormwater resampling and retesting as soon as
                       practicable.


                                                     Page 13








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95



              (3) Recording of Results

                  For each measurement or sample taken pursuant to the requirements of this permit, the discharger shall
                  record the following information:

                  (a) the place, date, and time of sampling

                  (b) the person(s) collecting samples

                  (c) the dates and times the analyses were initiated

                  (d) the person(s) or laboratory who performed the analyses

                 (e) the analytical techniques or methods used

                 (f) the results of all required analyses

          d. Records Retention

             All records and information resulting from the monitoring activities required by this general permit including
              all records of analyses performed and calibration and maintenance of instrumentation shall be retained for
             a minimum of five (5) years following the expiration of this general permit, or longer if required by the
             Commissioner.


      3. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

          a.  All results of monitoring conducted pursuant to this general permit shall be submitted on the Stormwater
             Monitoring Report (SMR) attached hereto, including all supporting chemical/physical measurements
             performed in association with the toxicity tests as well as dose-response data. A separate SMR form shall
             be used for each discharge monitored. All SMR forms shall be submitted within 90 days of the date of
             sampling to:

                 Department of Environmental Protection
                 Bureau of Water Management
                 79 Elm Street
                 Hartford, CT 06106-5127
                 Attention: Water Toxics Program Coordinator

             In the case of stormwater discharges through a municipal separate stormwater system, these results shall also
             be made available to the operator of that system upon request.

         b. Additional Monitoring by Permittee

             If the permittee monitors any pollutant at the location(s) designated herein more frequently than required by
             this permit, using approved analytical methods as specified above, the results of such monitoring shall meet
             the reporting requirements of Part VI Paragraph C.3.a. above.


                                                   Page 14









    STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


          4. STORMWATER DATA PREVIOUSLY COLLECTED

          Data collected for the purpose of completing the Environmental Protection Agency Form 2F prior to adoption of this
          general permit may serve to meet the first year of monitoring required by this permit (Part VI Paragraph C. 1).

       D. OTHER REQUIREMENTS

           1. There shall be no distinctly visible floating scum, oil or other matter contained in the stormwater discharge.
              Excluded from this are naturally occurring substances such as leaves and twigs provided no person has placed
              such substances in or near the discharge.

          2. The stormwater discharge shall not result in pollution due to acute or chronic toxicity to aquatic and marine life,
              impair the biological integrity of aquatic or marine ecosystems, or result in an unacceptable risk to human health.

PART VII. GENERAL CONDITIONS

       A. The permittee shall comply with the following Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies which are hereby
           incorporated into this general permit, as if fully set forth herein:

           I. Section 22a-430-3:

              Subsection (b) General - subparagraph (1)(D) and subdivision (2), (3), (4) and (5)
              Subsection (c) Inspection and Entry
              Subsection (d) Effect of a Permit - subdivisions (1) and (4)
              Subsection (e) Duty to Comply
              Subsection (f) Proper Operation and Maintenance
              Subsection (g) Sludge Disposal
              Subsection (h) Duty to Mitigate
              Subsection (i) Facility Modifications, Notification - subdivisions (1) and (4)
              Subsection (i) Monitoring, Records and Report Requirements - subdivisions (1), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (11) (except
              subparagraphs (9) (A) (2) and (9) (C)
              Subsection (k) Bypass
              Subsection (m) Effluent Limitation Violations
              Subsection (n) Enforcement
              Subsection (p) Spill Prevention and Control
              Subsection (q) Instrumentation, Alarms, Flow Recorders
              Subsection (r) Equalization

           2. Section 22a-430-4

               Subsection (t) Prohibitions
               Subsection (p) Revocation, Denial, Modification
              Appendices

       B. The permittee shall comply with the following additional terms and conditions:

           1. Discharge of any substance which is not from the activities described in this general permit shall be considered
               a violation of this general permit unless it is authorized by an individual permit issued under Section 22a-430 of
               the General Statutes.

                                                        Page 15








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 10/1/92, MODIFIED 10/1/95


  C. The permittee shall at all times continue to meet the conditions for eligibility set forth in Part IV of this general
      permit.

  D.  Within fifteen days after the date the registrant or permittee becomes aware of a change in any information submitted
      to the Commissioner in a registration or pursuant to this general permit, or that any such information was inaccurate
      or misleading or that any relevant information was omitted, the registrant or permittee shall submit the correct or
      omitted information in writing to the Commissioner.

  E. Nothing in this general permit shall relieve the registrant or permittee of other obligations under applicable federal,
      state and local law.

  F.  Any document, including but not limited to any notice, which is required to be submitted to the Commissioner under
      this general permit by the permittee shall be signed by the permittee and by the individual or individuals responsible
      for actually preparing such document, each of who shall certify in writing as follows: "I have personally examined
      and am familiar with the information submitted in this document and all attachments and certify that based on
      reasonable investigation, including my inquiry of those individuals responsible for obtaining the information, the
      submitted information is true, accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief, and I understand that
      any false statement made in this document or its attachments may be punishable as a criminal offense."

  G. Any false statement in any information submitted pursuant to this general permit may be punishable as a criminal
      offense under Section 22a-438 of the General Statutes or, in accordance with Section 22a-6, under Section 53a- 157
      of the General Statutes.



                                                    SIDNE-'1. HOLNROOK                  Date
                                                    COMMISSIONER

























                                                       Page 16






                         STATE OF CONNECTICUT
            DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

                           STORMWATER MONITORING REPORT


FACILITY INFORMATION
       Name, Address (owner, operator)
       Site Address
       Contact Person                                                            Phone:
       Receiving Water (name, basin)
       Stormwater G.P. Registration #                                SIC Code

       Check this box if number of employees is 25 or less, or if operated by a municipality:   D

SAMPLING INFORMATION
       Sample Location
       Date/Time Collected
       Person Collecting Sample
       Storm Magnitude (inches)                          Storm Duration (hours)
       Date of Previous Storm Event                                 Rainfall pH

MONITORING RESULTS

       Parameter               Method          Results (units)               Laboratory
       Oil & Grease
       pH                                       _
       COD
       TSS
       TP
       TKN
       NO3-N
       Fecal Coliform
       Total Copper
       Total Zinc
       Total Lead
       24 Hr. LC50
       48 Hr. LC50

Attach separate page(s) to report additional parameters monitored pursuant to Part VI.C. L.a of the General Permit.

                              STATEMENT OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I certify that the data reported on this document were prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with
the General Stormwater Permit. The information submitted is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, true,
accurate and complete.
Authorized Official:

Signature:                                                 Date:
                                 (Printed on Recycled Paper)
                         79 Elm Street  *  Hartford, CT  06106-5127
                               An Equal Opportunity Employer






                  STORMWATER ACUTE TONICITY TEST DATA SHEET

Source:
Date Begin,                                     Date End:
Technician:                                                     Starting Hour
Dilution Water Synthetic Freshwater 50 ï¿½5 mao/L as CaCO,
Test Species: Daiohnia vuiex < 24 hours old
# I ndividualsConcentration:                       Temp..Range: 20 +-I "C

Start Time:
 DILUTION%    OA  IOB 16YA  6/B 112V.Aj12Y.BI 25A 1258.  5QA   5OB  I1OOAj IOOB3
 0o.0
 pH
 TEMP.
 COND.

24 Hours
 %SURVIVALI                                     
 0.0.
 pH
 TEMP.
 COND.

48 Hours
 %SURVIVALI                               
 D.O.
 pH
 TEMP.
 COND.

                            REFERENCE TOXICANT RESULTS

  Test Species   j Date           Referance Toxicant          Source     f       LC50
 Daphnia pulex

                                       COMMENTS






              STATE OF CONNECTICUT
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
        BUREAU OF WATER MANAGEMENT                                         DEP USE ONLY
                                                                      DEP USE ONLY
     REGISTRATION UNDER A GENERAL PERMIT                                    REG#
                 CGS SECTION 22a-430b
                            for                                           PERMIT #
   STORMWATER DISCHARGE ASSOCIATED WITH F
                INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITYAC. ID.


type or print neatly
                                       I. Facility Information

A. Name and address of owner                               B. Name and address of operator







Ownership status: Federal    , State-, Public_, Private    , Other

C. Site address

D. Site contact person                                                 Phone: (   )

E. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code for industrial activities, up to four four-digit numbers
(primary # first):        (secondary #s if applicable)        /       /       and primary SIC description


F. Other DEP Permits currently in force for the site: NPDES #                     , Air Yes:      No:_,
RCRA#                 , Number and type of other general permit discharges to stormwater system


G. Attach 8 1/2" x 11" copy of the applicable section of a USGS quadrangle map or other location map
showing site boundaries and location of all conveyances, ouffalls, or channelized flows on the site.


                               II. Stormwater discharge information

A. Number, type (e.g. swale or pipe) and size of conveyances, outfalls, or channelized flows that run
off the site:

B. Material of construction, if applicable, of the conveyances, ouffalls, or channelized flows:


Mod. o1011/95                                                                                        (over)






C. Where does stormwater discharge to?

  ï¿½ Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System? No:    Yes:    (Name):
  ï¿½ Surface water body or wetlands? No:         Yes:       (Name):
  * Is discharge located less than 100 feet from a tidal wetland which is not a fresh-tidal wetland?
     No     .     . Yes         (Only for discharges initiated after October 1, 1992.)
  ï¿½  Seeps into ground?  No:-  Yes:- (If yes, Well:-              Seepage Pit:--Detention Pond:_
     Other:

D. Name of the watershed where the site is located or nearest waterbody to which it discharges:


E. Have any stormwater quality analytical data been previously collected? No:      Yes:_    (If yes,
maintain data from past three (3) years on site.)

F. Has this site been previously registered by a different permittee? No:     Yes:      If yes, name
of previous permittee:



                                         mI. Certification

I certify under penalty of law that I have read and understand all conditions of the general permit for
the discharge of stormwater associated with industrial activity issued on October 1, 1992 (as modified
on October 1, 1995), and that all conditions for eligibility for coverage under this general permit are
met. This document and all attachments were prepared under my direction or supervision in
accordance with a system designed to ensure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the
information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or
those persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information contained in this
registration is, to the best of my knowledge and belief; true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that
there are penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment
for knowingly making false statements.


Name of Registrant (please print)                              Title


Signature                                                      Date

Fee attached $           A fee of $250.00 for any facility shall be paid with the registration. (Make
your check payable to the Department of Environmental Protection and annotate check: Water
Management Permit fee.) State and Town owned facilities are not required to pay a registration fee.

Mail registration, location map, and fee to:

       Central Permit Processing Unit
       Department of Environmental Protection
       79 Elm Street
       Hartford, CT 06106-5127




























 GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER AND
DEWATERING WASTEWATERS FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

                          October 1, 1992

























                          State of Connecticut
                   Department of Environmental Protection
                       Bureau of Water Management


                        Printed on Recycled Paper









                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART L AUTHORITY ...........................................................1

PART 1. DEFINITIONS ......................................................... 1

PART III. FEES ............................................................... 2

PART IV. COVERAGE UNDER THIS GENERAL PERMIT .............................. 2
     A. CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY ..................................... 2
     B. GEOGRAPHIC AREA .............................................. 2
      C. EFFECTIVE DATE AND EXPIRATION DATE ............................ 2
     D. EFFECTIVE DATE OF COVERAGE ................................... 2
     E. ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT ................................ 2

PART V. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ........................................ 2
     A. DUTY TO REGISTER .............................................. 2
     B. SCOPE OF REGISTRATION ......................................... 3
     C. CONTENTS OF REGISTRATION ...................................... 3
     D. SIGNATURE OF REGISTRANT ....................................... 4
     E. WHERE TO SUBMIT A REGISTRATION ............................... 4
     F. TRANSFER OF COVERAGE ......................................... 4
     G. FAILURE TO REGISTER ........... 4
     FL ADDITIONAL NOTIFICATION ....................................... 4

PART VI    PERMIT CONDITIONS FOR STORMWATER DISCHARGES ASSOCIATED
           WITH CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY ................................... 5
     A.  SPECIAL CONDITION FOR CERTAIN DISCHARGES ..................... 5
     B.   CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY STORMWATER POLLUTION CONTROL
           PLAN ........................................................... 5
           1. General .................................................... 5
           2. Keeping Plans Current ........................................ 5
           3. Contents of the Plan .......................................... 5
                 a. Site Description ........................................ 6
                 b. Controls ............................................. 6
                      (i)  Erosion and Sediment Controls ...................... 6
                      (ii) Dewatering Wastewaters ........................... 7
                      (iii)  Post Construction Stormwater Management ............. 7
                      (iv) Other Controls .8
                 C. Inspection ............................................ 8
                 d. Contractors ............................................ 8
     C. RETENTION OF RECORDS .......................................... 9

PART VIL GENERAL CONDITIONS ............................................... 9








                   GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER
            AND DEWATERING WASTEWATERS FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

PART L AUTHORITY

This general permit is issued under the authority of Section 22a-430b of the Connecticut General Statutes, as
amended by Public Act 91-263.

PART IL DEFINITIONS

The definitions of terms used in this general permit shall be the same as the definitions contained in Section 22a-423
of the Connecticut General Statutes and Section 22a-430-3(a) of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies. The
definition of the term "coastal area" shall be the same as the definition contained in section 22a-94. The definition
of the term "high tide line" shall be the same as that contained in section 22a-359 of the Connecticut General
Statutes. The definition of the term "coastal tidal waters" shall be the same as the definition contained in section
22a-29 of the Connecticut General Statutes. In addition, the following definitions shall apply:

"Construction activities" means activities including but not limited to clearing, grading, excavation, and dewatering.

"Dewatering wastewater" means wastewater with water generated from the lowering of the
groundwater table, the pumping of accumulated stormwater from an excavation, or the pumping of surface water
from a coffer dam, or pumping of other surface water which has been diverted into a construction site.

"Fresh-tidal wetland" means a tidal wetland with an average salinity level of less than 0.5 parts per.thousand.

"Guidelines" means the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, as amended, established
pursuant to section 22a-328 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Inland wetland" means a wetland as that term is defined in section 22a-38 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Municipal separate storm sewer" means conveyances for stormwater(including roads with drainage systems,
municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters, ditches, man-made channels or storm drains) owned or operated by
any municipality and discharging directly to surface waters of the state.

"Permittee" means any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, originates or maintains a discharge to
the waters of the state; which discharge is covered under this general permit in accordance with Part IV of this
general permit. '

"Registrant" means a person who or municipality which submits a complete registration in accordance with Part V
of this general permit."

"Site" means on the same or geographically contiguous property associated with one project which may be divided
by public or private right(s)-of-way.

"Stormwater" means waters consisting of precipitation runoff.

"Tidal wetland" means a wetland as that term is defined in section 22a-29 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Upland soils" means soils which are not designated as poorly drained, very poorly drained, alluvial, or flood plain
by the National Cooperative Soils Survey, as may be amended from time to time, of the Soil Conservation Service
of the United States Department of Agriculture and/or the Inland Wetlands Commission of the Community in which
the project will take place.  









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

PART IL. FEES

     A fee of $250.00 for any person and $125.00 for any municipality shall be paid with the registration required
    by Part V of this general permit. On and after January 1, 1993, registration and annual fees, if applicable shall
    be paid in accordance with applicable regulations, including but not limited to Sections 22a-430-6 and 22a-430-7
    of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies.

PART IV. COVERAGE UNDER THIS GENERAL PERMIT

    A. CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY. This general permit covers only discharges comprised solely of
        stormwater and dewatering wastewater from construction activities which result in the disturbance of five
        or more total acres land area on a site, provided that the following conditions are met prior to coverage
        under this general permit.

        1.   The discharge is not covered by an individual permit issued under Section 22a-430 of the Connecticut
             General Statutes;

        2.   The stormwater is not discharged to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works or to ground water;

        3.   No effluent limitations, standard or guidelines adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             under the Federal Clean Water Act are applicable to the discharge;

        4.   The discharge shall not cause pollution due to acute or chronic toxicity to aquatic and marine life,
             impair the biological integrity of aquatic or marine ecosystems, or result in an unacceptable risk to
             human health.

    B. GEOGRAPHIC AREA. This general permit covers all areas of the State of Connecticut.

    C. EFFECTIVE DATE AND EXPIRATION DATE. This general permit is effective on October 1, 1992
        and expires on October 1, 1997.

    D. EFFECTIVE DATE OF COVERAGE.  The effective date of coverage under this general permit is the
        same as the effective date of the permit listed in Part IV Paragraph C above, or the date construction
        activities are initiated, whichever is later.

    E. ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT. Under Section 22a-430b of the General Statutes, when an
        individual permit is issued to a person or municipality otherwise covered by this general permit, the
        applicability of this general permit to the individually permitted discharge is automatically terminated on
        the effective date of the individual permit.

PART V. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS

    A. DUTY TO REGISTER. Any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, originates or maintains
        a discharge described in Part IV Paragraph A of this general permit shall submit to the Commissioner a
        registration which satisfies the requirements of this part either 30 days after the date of issuance of this
        permit if the discharge was initiated, created, originated or maintained on or before the date of issuance of
        this permit, or at least fifteen days before the initiation of construction activities for any other discharge.
        If the site for which a registration is submitted under this permit is owned by one person or municipality
        but is leased or, in some other way, the legal responsibility of another person or municipality (the operator),
        the operator is responsible for submitting the registration required by this permit. The permittee is

                                                     2 '








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

        responsible for compliance with all conditions of this permit.

    B. SCOPE OF REGISTRATION.  A registrant may only include on a registration those discharges which
        are operated by such registrant on one site. A registrant may not submit more than one registration per site
        under this general permit.

    C. CONTENTS OF REGISTRATION.  The registration shall be submitted on forms prescribed by the
        Commissioner and shall include but not be limited to the following information.

        1.   The location of the construction activity for which the registration is submitted. An 8 1/2"x 11" copy
             of the applicable section of a United States Geological Survey Quadrangle Map showing the
             boundaries of the construction activity.

        2.   The landowner's name, address, telephone number and status as: federal, state, private, public or other
             entity.

        3.   The registrants name, address, telephone number and status as federal, state, private, public or other
             entity.

        4.   The name, address, and telephone number of the general contractor(s) that have been identified at the
             time of the registration submittal if known.    Name and telephone number of the on-site contact
             person. If unknown at the time of registration, the name and telephone number of the general
             contractors(s) shall be provided at least 48 hours prior to the start of construction.

        5.   Stormwater Discharge Information

             a.  Number of existing or proposed outfalls or channelized flows of stormwater from the site;
             b.  Location or proposed location of the outfalls, or channelized stormwater flows discharging from
                  the site shall be shown on the map required in paragraph C.1. above;
              c. Confirmation of whether any analytical laboratory data exist on stormwater quality for the site.

        6.   A brief description of the project; estimated timetable including date when contractor began or will
              begin site disturbance; estimates of the number of acres of the site on which soil have been or will
              be disturbed; statement that a site-specific erosion control plan has been or will be prepared for the
             project; and

        7.   The following certification, signed by an independent professional engineer licensed to practice in
              Connecticut and not in the regular employ of the registrant or permittee:

              "I certify that, in my professional judgement, a stormwater pollution control plan has been prepared
              for the site in accordance with the Guidelines, and the conditions of the General Permit for the
              discharge of stormwater and dewatering wastewaters from construction activities issued on October
              1, 1992, and the controls required by such plan are appropriate for the site. This certification is based
              on my review of the stormwater pollution control plan for the site and an inspection of the site. I am
              aware that there are significant penalties for false statements in this certification, including the
              possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making false statements."

        8.   Any additional information requested by the Commissioner.









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

    D. SIGNATURE OF REGISTRANT

        Any' person who or municipality which submits a registration under this general permit shall sign the
        registration and shall make the following certification:

        "I certify under penalty of law that I have read and understand all conditions of the general permit for the
        discharge of stormwater and dewatering wastewaters from construction activities issued on October 1, 1992,
       that all conditions for eligibility for coverage under the general permit are met, all terms and conditions of
       the general permit are being met for all discharges which have been initiated and are the subject of this
        Registration, and that a system is in place to ensure that all terms and conditions of this general permit will
        continue to be met for all discharges covered by this general permit at the site. This document and all
        attachments were prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to
        ensure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry
        of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering the
        information, the information contained in this registration is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, true,
       accurate and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information,
       including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making false statements."

    E. WHERE TO SUBMIT A REGISTRATION. Persons who or municipalities which submit a registration
       under this general permit shall submit such registration to the Department of Environmental Protection at
       the following address:

             Department of Environmental Protection
             Bureau of Water Management
             Engineering & Enforcement Division
             165 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106
            Attention: General Permit Coordinator

    F. TRANSFER OF COVERAGE. Any coverage under this general permit shall be non-transferable.
       However, any person registering a discharge which has previously been registered under this permit may
       adopt by reference the stormwater pollution control plan developed by the previous permittee. The new
       registrant shall amend the Plan as required by part VI B. 2.

   G. FAILURE TO REGISTER. Any person or municipality who fails to submit a registration, and who
       initiates, creates, originates or maintains a stormwater discharge to the waters of the State without coverage
       under this general permit, or who is determined by Commissioner to be discharging without a permit as
       described in Part V Paragraph C. 6 above, except those covered by an individual permit issued under
       Section 22a-430 of the Connecticut General Statutes, is in violation of the Connecticut General Statutes, and
       is subject to injunction and penalties of up to $25,000 per day per violation under Chapter 446k of the
       Connecticut General Statutes.

   H. ADDITIONAL NOTIFICATION. For sites covered by this general permit that discharge stormwater
       associated with construction activity through a municipal separate storm sewer system, a copy of the
       registration shall also be submitted to the owner and operator of that system.








                                                     4








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

PART VI PERMIT -CONDITIONS FOR STORMWATER DISCHARGES ASSOCIATED WITH
             CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY


    A. SPECIAL CONDITION FOR CERTAIN DISCHARGES

        Any person who or municipality which discharges stormwater or dewatering wastewaters from construction
        activity into coastal tidal waters for which a permit is required under either the Structures and Dredging Act
        or the Tidal Wetlands Act shall obtain such permit(s).

    B. CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY STORMWATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLAN.

        The permittee shall develop a stormwater pollution control plan ("plan")-for each site covered by this
        general permit and shall perform all actions required by such plan and shall maintain compliance with the
        plan thereafter.  The stormwater pollution control plan shall be designed to address two components of
        stormwater pollution: (1) pollution caused by soil erosion and sedimentation during and after construction;
        and (2) stormwater pollution caused by use of the site after construction is completed, including but not
        limited to parking lots, roadways and the maintenance of grassed areas. Stormwater pollution control plans
        shall be prepared in accordance with good engineering practices. The plan shall ensure and demonstrate
        compliance with the guidelines.

        1. General

             a.  For construction activities covered by this general permit which are initiated on or before the date
                  of issuance of this general permit, the permittee shall prepare the stormwater pollution control
                  plan no later than thirty days after the date of issuance of this general permit.

             b. For construction activities covered by this general permit which are initiated after the date of
                  issuance of this general permit, the permittee shall prepare the stormwater pollution control plan
                  no later than fifteen days before the date of initiation of the construction activity.

             c.  The permittee shall provide a copy of the stormwater pollution control plan, and the registration
                  set forth in Pirt V of this general permit immediately upon request to: the Commissioner; the
                  local agency approving sediment and erosion plans, grading plans, or stormwater management
                  plans; or in the case of a stormwater discharge through a municipal separate storm sewer system,
                  the municipal operator of the system.

             d.  The Commissioner may notify the permittee at any time that the plan does not meet one or more
                  of the minimum requirements of this permit. Within 7 days of such notice the permittee shall
                  make the required changes to the plan, perform all actions required by such revised plan, and
                  submit to the Commissioner a written certification that the requested changes have been made and
                  implemented, and such other information as the Commissioner requires.

        2.   Keeping Plans Current. The permittee shall amend the plan whenever there is a change in contractor
             or subcontractor at the site, or a change in design, construction, operation, or maintenance at the site,
             which has the potential for the discharge of pollutants to the waters of the state and which has not
             otherwise been addressed in the plan or if the actions required by the stormwater control plan fail to
             prevent pollution.

        3.   Contents of the Plan. The plan shall include the following items:

                                   ::~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~    ~     ~       ~     ~     ~    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : :'I  i          








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

             a. Site Description.

                  (i) A description of the nature of the construction activity;

                  (ii) A description of the intended sequence of major activities which disturb soils for major
                       portions of the site (e.g., grubbing, excavation, grading);

                  (iii) Estimates of the total area of the site and the total area of the site that is expected to be
                       disturbed by construction activities;

                  (iv) An estimate, including calculations if any, of the average runoff coefficient of the site after
                       construction activities are completed and existing data describing the soil or the quality of
                       any discharge from the site;

                   (v) A  site map indicating drainage patterns and approximate slopes anticipated after major
                       grading activities, areas of soil disturbance, the location of major structural and non-structural
                       controls identified in the plan, the location of areas where stabilization practices are expected
                       to occur, areas which will be vegetated following construction, surface waters (including
                       inland wetlands, tidal wetlands, and fresh-tidal wetlands), and locations where stormwater
                       is discharged to a surface water; and

                  (vi) The name of the immediate receiving water(s) and the ultimate receiving water(s), and areal
                       extent of wetland acreage on the site.

             b.  Controls.  Each plan shall include a description of appropriate controls and measures that will
                  be performed at the site to prevent pollution of the waters of the state. The plan shall clearly
                  describe for each major activity identified in the registration submitted under this general permit,
                  the appropriate control measures and the timing during the construction process that the measures
                  will be implemented. (For example, perimeter controls for one portion of the site will be installed
                  after the clearing and grubbing necessary for installation of the measure, but before the clearing
                  and grubbing for the remaining portions of the site. Perimeter controls will be actively
                  maintained until final stabilization of those portions of the site upgradient of the perimeter control.
                  Temporary perimeter controls will be removed after final stabilization.) The description of
                  controls shall address the following minimum components:

                  (i) Erosion and Sediment Controls.

                      (a)  Stabilization Practices. A description of interim and permanent stabilization practices,
                           including a schedule for implementing the practices.  Site plans shall ensure that
                           existing vegetation is preserved where attainable and that disturbed portions of the site
                           are stabilized. Stabilization practices may include but not be limited to: temporary
                           seeding, permanent seeding, mulching, geotextiles, sod stabilization, vegetative buffer
                           strips, protection of trees, preservation of mature vegetation, and other vegetative and
                           non-structural measures as may be identified by the guidelines. Where construction
                           activities have permanently ceased or have temporarily been suspended for more than
                           thirty days, or when final grades are reached in any portion of the site, stabilization
                           practices shall be implemented within seven days.

                      (b) Structural Practices.  A description of structural practices to divert flows away from
                           exposed soils, store flows or otherwise limit runoff and the discharge of pollutants from








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

                           the site.  Such practices include but may not be limited to silt fences, earth dikes,
                           drainage swales, sediment traps, check dams, subsurface drains, pipe slope drains, level
                           spreaders, storm drain inlet protection, rock outlet protection, reinforced soil retained
                           systems, gabions, and temporary or permanent sediment basins.  Unless otherwise
                           specifically approved in writing, structural measures shall be installed on upland soils.

                           For common drainage locations that serve an area with more than 5 disturbed acres at
                           one time, a temporary or permanent sediment basin, designed in accordance with the
                           guidelines, shall be designed and installed, which basin shall provide a minimum of 134
                           cubic yards of water storage per acre drained and which basin shall be maintained until
                           final stabilization of the site. This requirement shall not apply to flows from off-site
                           areas and flows from the site that are either undisturbed or have undergone final
                           stabilization where such flows are diverted around the sediment basin.

                       (c) Maintenance.  Maintenance shall be performed in accordance with the guidelines,
                           provided that if additional maintenance is required to protect the waters of the state
                           from pollution, the plan shall include a description of the procedures to maintain in
                           good and effective operating conditions all erosion and sediment control measures,
                           including vegetation, and all other protective measures identified in the site plan.

                  (ii) Dewatering Wastewaters. A description of the operational and structural practices which
                       will be used to ensure that all dewatering wastewaters will not contain suspended solids in
                       amounts which could reasonably be expected to cause pollution of waters of the State.
                       Dewatering wastewaters shall be discharged in a manner which minimizes the discoloration
                       of the receiving waters.

                  (iii) Post Construction Stormwater Management. A description of measures that will be
                       installed during the construction process to control pollutants in stormwater discharges that
                       will occur after construction operations have been completed. Unless otherwise specifically
                       provided by the Commissioner in writing, structural measures shall be placed on upland
                       soils. This general permit only addresses the installation of stormwater management
                       measures, and not the ultimate operation and maintenance of such structures included in such
                       measures after the construction activities have been completed and the site has undergone
                       final stabilization.

                       (a) For construction activities initiated after the issuance date of this general permit, the
                           permittee shall install post-construction stormwater management measures designed to
                            remove suspended solids from stormwater.  A goal of 80 percent removal of total
                            suspended solids from the stormwater discharge shall be used in designing and installing
                            stormwater management measures. Such measures may include but are not limited to:
                            stormwater detention structures (including wet ponds); stormwater retention structures;
                            flow attenuation by use of open vegetated swales and natural depressions; infiltration
                            ofrunoffon-site; vegetated buffer strips; and sequential systems (which combine several
                            practices).

                       (b) Velocity dissipation devices shall be:placed at discharge locations and along the length
                            of any outfall channel as necessary to provide a non-erosive velocity flow from the
                            structure to a water course so that the natural physical and biological characteristics and
                            functions are maintained and protected (e.g., maintenance of hydrologic conditions, such
                            as the hydrodynamics present prior to the initiation of construction activities).

                                                       7









STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

                  (iv) Other Controls.

                       (a) Waste Disposal. A description of best management practices to be performed at the
                           site, which practices shall ensure that no litter, debris, building materials, or similar
                           materials are discharged to waters of the State.

                       (b) Off-site vehicle tracking of sediments and the generation of dust shall be minimized.

             c.  Inspection. Qualified personnel (provided by the permittee) shall inspect disturbed areas of the
                  construction activity that have not been finally stabilized, structural control measures, and
                  locations where vehicles enter or exit the site. at least once every seven calendar days and within
                  24 hours of the end of a storm that is 0.5 inches or greater. Where sites have been temporarily
                  or finally stabilized, such inspection shall be conducted at least once every month for three
                  months.

                  (i) Disturbed areas and areas used for storage of materials that are exposed to precipitation shall
                      be inspected for evidence of, or the potential for, pollutants entering the drainage system.
                      Erosion and sediment control measures identified in the plan shall be observed to ensure that
                      they are operating correctly. Where discharge locations or points are assessable, they shall
                      be inspected to ascertain whether erosion control measures are effective in preventing
                      significant impacts to receiving waters. Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site shall
                      be inspected for evidence of off-site sediment tracking.

                  (ii) Based on the results of the inspection, the description of potential sources and pollution
                      prevention measures identified in the plan shall be revised as appropriate as soon as
                      practicable after such inspection. Such modifications shall provide for timely implementation
                      of any changes to the plan within 7 calendar days following the inspection.

                  (iii) A report summarizing the scope of the inspection, name(s) and qualifications of personnel
                      making the inspection, the date(s) of the inspection, major observations relating to the
                      implementation of the stormwater control plan, and actions taken shall be made and retained
                      as part of the stormwater control plan for at least three years after the date of inspection.
                      The report shall be signed by the permittee.

             d. Contractors

                 (i) The stormwater pollution control plan shall clearly identify each contractor and subcontractor
                      which will perform on the site actions which may reasonably be expected to cause or have
                      the potential to cause pollution of the waters of the State, and shall include a copy of the
                      certification statement shown below signed by each such contractor and subcontractor. All
                      certifications shall be included in the stormwater control plan.

                 (ii) Certification Statement. The stormwater pollution control plan shall include the following
                      certification signed by each contractor and subcontractor identified in a stormwater pollution
                      control plan as described above:

                      "I certify under penalty of the law that I have read and understand the terms and conditions
                      of the general permit for the discharge of stormwater associated with construction activity.
                      I understand that as a contractor or subcontractor at the site, I am covered by this general
                      permit, and must comply with the terms and conditions of this permit, including but not

                                                                         8~~~~~~~~~~~~j








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

                       limited to the requirements of the stormwater pollution control plan prepared for the site."

                       The certification shall include the name and title of the person providing the signature; the
                      name, address and telephone number of the contracting firm; the address (or other identifying
                       description) of the site; and the date the certification is made.

    C. RETENTION OF RECORDS

        1.   The permittee shall retain copies of stormwater pollution control plans and all reports required by this
             general permit, and records of all data used to complete the registration to be covered by this general
             permit, for a period of at least three years from the date that construction at the site is completed
             unless the Commissioner specifies another time period in writing.

        2.   The permittee shall retain a copy of the stormwater pollution control plan required by this general
             permit at the construction site from the date construction is initiated at the site until the date
             construction at the site is completed.

PART VIL GENERAL CONDITIONS

    A. The permittee shall comply with the following Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies which are hereby
        incorporated into this general permit, as if fully set forth herein:

        1.   Section 22a-430-3

             Subsection (b) General - subparagraph (1)(D) and subdivision (2), (3), (4) and (5)
             Subsection (c) Inspection and Entry
             Subsection (d) Effect of a Permit - subdivisions (1) and (4)
             Subsection (e) Duty to Comply
              Subsection (f) Proper Operation and Maintenance
              Subsection (g) Sludge Disposal
              Subsection (h) Duty to Mitigate
              Subsection (i) Facility Modifications, Notification - subdivisions (1) and (4)
              Subsection (j) Monitoring, Records and Report Requirements - subdivisions (1), (6), (7), (8), (9) and
             (11) (except subparagraphs (9) (A) (2) and (9) (C)
              Subsection (k) Bypass
              Subsection (m) Effluent Limitation Violations
              Subsection (n) Enforcement
              Subsection (p) Spill Prevention and Control
              Subsection (q) Instrumentation, Alarms, Flow Recorders
              Subsection (r) Equalization

        2.   Section 22a-430-4

              Subsection (t) Prohibitions
              Subsection (p) Revocation, Denial, Modification
             Appendices




                                                f   :           :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-








STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, 10/1/92

    B. The permittee shall comply with the following additional terms and conditions:

             Discharge of any substance which is not from the activities described in this general permit shall be
             considered a violation of this general permit unless it is authorized by an individual permit issued under
             Section 22a-430 of the General Statutes or another general permit issued under Section 22a-430b of the
             General Statutes.

    C. The permittee shall at all times continue to meet the conditions for eligibility set forth in Part IV of this general
        permit

    D. Within fifteen days after the date the registrant or permittee becomes aware of a change in any information
        submitted to the Commissioner in a registration or pursuant to this general permit, or that any such
        information was inaccurate or misleading or that any relevant information was omitted, the registrant or
        permittee shall submit the correct or omitted information in writing to the Commissioner.

    E.  Nothing in this general permit shall relieve the registrant or permittee of other obligations under applicable
        federal, state and local law.

    F. Any document, including but not limited to any notice, which is required to be submitted to the Commissioner
        under this general permit by the permittee shall be signed by the permittee and by the individual or individuals
        responsible for actually preparing such document, each of whom shall certify in writing as follows: "I have
        personally examined and am familiar with the information submitted in this document and all attachments and
        certify that based on reasonable investigation, including my inquiry of those individuals responsible for
        obtaining the information, the submitted information is true, accurate and complete to the best of my
        knowledge and believe, and I understand that any false statement made in this document or its attachments
        may be punishable as a criminal offense."

    G. Any false statement in any information submitted pursuant to this general permit may be punishable as a
       criminal offense under Section 22a-438 of the General Statutes or, in accordance with Section 22a-6, under
        Section 53a-157 of the General Statutes.











                                                                           ROBERT E. MOORE
                                                                        DEPUTY COMMISSIONER




                                                                                    Date





                                                      10




                 STATE OF CONNECTICUT
                                                                          DEP USE ONLY
   DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
           BUREAU OF WATER MANAGEMENT                                       REG#
       REGISTRATION UNDER A GENERAL PERMIT
                   CGS SECTION 22a-430b                                     PERMIT #
                             for
STORM WATER AND DEWATERING WASTEWATER FROM                                  FAC. ID.
               CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

type orprint neatly
                                      I. Facility Information

A. Location of construction site                      C. Name and address of registrant



                                                    Telephone no. () 
B. Name and address of land owner
                                                    D. Name and address of general contractor


Telephone no. (
                                                    Telephone no. ( )
Ownership status: Federal   ,   State      , Public     , Private    , Other

Registrant status: Federal  ,   State     , Public   ,  Private    , Other

E. Site contact person                                           Phone:(   )

F. Attach 8 "/2 x 11" copy of the applicable section of a USGS quadrangle map showing site boundaries
and location of all stormwater conveyances. outfalls. and channelized flows that run off the site.

                              II. Stormwater discharge information

A. Number of existing or proposed outfalls or channelized flows from the site (as shown on attached
map):

B. Where does stormwater discharge to?
  ï¿½  Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System? No:         Yes:    (Name):
  ï¿½  Surface water body or wetlands? No:    Yes:     (Name):
  ï¿½  Seeps into ground?  No:       Yes:    (Ifyes, Well:         Seepage Pit:    Infiltration Pond:__
     Other:                            )

E. Have any stormwater quality analytical data been previously collected? No:    Yes:       (If yes,
maintain data from past three (3) years on site.)

F. Has this discharge been previously registered by a different permittee? No:        Yes:_If yes,
name of previous permittee:
                                                                                          (over)

                                                                           :              :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




E. Nature of Construction Activity:
Brief description:


Start date:              Anticipated completion date:            ,          Major milestone date:
Estimate number of acres to be disturbed:
Has a site specific erosion control plan been prepared?  Yes:            No:
Is construction in accordance with guidelines established under Section 22a-329 of Soil Erosion and
Sedimentation Act:  Yes:           No:
Is construction in accordance with local soil erosion and sediment ordinances?  Yes:               No:


                                              III. Certification

I certify that, in my professional judgment, a stormwater pollution control plan has been prepared for the site in
accordance with the Guidelines, and the conditions of the General Permit for the discharge, of stormwater and
dewatering wastewaters from construction activities issued on October 1, 1992, and the controls required by such
plan are appropriate for the site. This certification is based on my review of the stormwater pollution control plan
for the site and an inspection of the site. I am aware that there are significant penalties for false statements in this
certification, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making false statements.


Name of professional engineer (please print)                          Company


Signature                                                            Date                    P.E. #

I certify under penalty of law that I have read and understand all conditions of the general permit for the discharge
of stormwater and dewatering wastewaters from construction activities issued on October 1, 1992, that all
conditions for eligibility for coverage under this general permit are met, all terms and conditions of the general
permit are being met for all discharges which have been initiated and are the subject of this Registration, and that a
system is in place to ensure that all terms and conditions of this general permit will continue to be met for all
discharges covered by this general permit at the site. This document and all attachments were prepared under my
direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to ensure that qualified personnel properly gather and
evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or those
persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information contained in this registration is, to the
best of my knowledge and belief; true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are penalties for submitting
false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making false statements.


Name of Registrant (please print)                                     Title


Signature                                                            Date

Fee attached $            . A fee of $250.00 for any person and $125.00 for any municipality shall be paid
with the registration. (Make your check payable to the Department of Environmental Protection and annotate
check: Water Management Permit fee.) State owned facilities are not required to pay a registration fee.
Mail application to:     Department of Environmental Protection
                         Bureau of Water Management
                         165 Capitol Avenue
                         Hartford, CT 06106
                         Attention:  General Permit Coordinator












































GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER
       ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY

                       AUGUST 1, 1995













                       State of Connecticut
                Department of Environmental Protection
                    Bureau of Water Management


                     Printed on Recycled Paper





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS



PART I. AUTHORITY ...............................................................................................................................Page 1

PART II. DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................................... Page 1

PART m. AUTHORIZATION UNDER THIS GENERAL PERMIT ................... . ................................Page 2
        A.    REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION .......................................Page 2
        B.    GEOGRAPHIC AREA .........................................Page 2
        C.    EFFECTIVE DATE AND EXPIRATION DATE .............. . ..................................................Page 2
        D.    EFFECTIVE DATE OF AUTHORIZATION .......................................age 2
        E.    ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT..................................Page 2

PART IV. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ............. .   . ..........................................Page 2
        A.    WHO MUST SUBMIT A REGISTRATION .........................................................................Page 2
        B.   SCOPE OF REGISTRATION .............. ....................................................................................Page 3
        C.    CONTENTS OF REGISTRATION ....... ......... ........................................Page 3
                1. Fees .............Page.............................................................................................Page 3
                2.    Registration Form......................................................................................................Page 3
        D.    WHERE TO SUBMIT A REGISTRATION . .........P............age 4
        E.  CORRECTION OF INACCURACIES           . . .......................................................................Page 4
        F.  FALSE STATEMENTS ..          . ............................................................................................................Page 4
        G.    ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ...............................................Page 4
        H.    DISAPPROVAL AND REJECTION OF A REGISTRATION   ..............Page 4
        L   TRANSFER OF AUTHORIZATION . . ........................Page 4

PART V.    PERMIT CONDITIONS FOR STORMWATER ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
                INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES ................................................Page 5
        A.    CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN DISCHARGES ..................................Page 5
        B.    STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN...............        . ............................Page 5
                1.   Deadlines for Plan Preparation and Implementation ..............................................age 5
                2.   Stormwater Management Measures ...........................................................................Page 5
                        a. Pollution Prevention Team ........................................................age 5
                        b. Sweeping ...................................................................................................................Page 5
                        c. Outside Storage    ...............                 Page 5
                        d. Washing ......................................Page 6
                        e. Spill Control...............................Page 6
                        f. Maintenance and Inspection ...........................................Page 6
                        g. Employee Training..............................Page 7
                        h. Comprehensive Annual Stormwater Evaluation and Inspection .......................Page 7
                        i Record Keeping ...........................Page 7
                        j. Future Construction .............         .....Page 7
                3.   Keeping Plans Current .... ............................Page 7
        C.  REPORTING REQUIREMENTS . . ..........................Page 7
        D.  OTHER REQUIREMENTS .. . .....................................................Page 8

PART VI. GENERAL CONDITIONS .............................Page 8

PART VIL UNAUTHORIZED ACTIVITIES ................................................................e....................................Page 9

LIST OF SIC CODE GROUP DESCRIPTIONS    .    . .................................................................................Appendix A





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


                     GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER
                              ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY


PART I. AUTHORITY

This general permit is issued under the authority of Section 22a-430b of the Connecticut General Statutes, as amended
by Public Act 91-263.

PART IL DEFINITIONS

The definitions of terms used in this general permit shall be the same as the definitions contained in Section 22a-423 of
the Connecticut General Statutes and Section 22a-430-3(a) of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies. The
definition of the term "coastal area" shall be the same as the definition contained in section 22a-94. The definition of
the term "high tide line" shall be the same as that contained in section 22a-359 of the Connecticut General Statutes. The
definition of the term "coastal tidal waters" shall be the same as the definition contained in section 22a-29 of the
Connecticut General Statutes. In addition, the following definitions shall apply:

"Commercial activity" means:

      Any activity or facility under Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) (as defined in "Standard Industrial
      Classification Manual, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget 1987") 50-59 and
      70-79, with five (5) acres or more of contiguous impervious surface. Impervious surface means roof area, paved
      walk, paved parking area, paved driveway, paved roadway and any other paved surface. An activity or facility
      with an SIC code already covered by the General Permit for the Discharge of Stormwater Associated with
      Industrial Activity is not included in this definition. See Appendix A for SIC code descriptions.

"Fresh-tidal wetland" means a tidal wetland with an average salinity of less than 0.5 parts per thousand.

"Inland wetland" means a wetland as that term is defined in section 22a-38 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

"Municipal separate storm sewer" means conveyances for stormwater (including roads with drainage systems,
municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters, ditches, man-made channels or storm drains) owned or operated by any
municipality and discharging directly to surface waters of the state.

"Permittee" means any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, originates or maintains a discharge to the
waters of the state, which discharge is covered under this general permit in accordance with Part III of this general
permit.

"Point Source" means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to, any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, landfill
leachate collection system, vessel or other floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged.

"Registrant" means a person who or municipality that submits a complete registration in accordance with Part IV of this
general permit.

"Site" means on the same or geographically contiguous property that may be divided by public or private
right(s)-of-way.

"Stormwater" means waters consisting of precipitation runoff

"Stormwater discharge associated with commercial activity" means the stormwater discharge from a point source,
which discharge is directly related to the commercial activity, access thereto or parking therefor, including but not
limited to stormwater discharged from: ground surfaces within or immediately adjacent to said activity and its access


DEP-PERD-GP-004                                     1 of 9                                                  Rev. 811/95





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


and parking areas; material handling areas; refuse storage or disposal areas; areas used for the storage and maintenance
of material handling equipment; shipping and receiving areas; manufacturing buildings; storage areas for raw materials,
intermediate products and finished products; and areas where industrial or commercial activity has taken place in the
past and where materials remain and are exposed to stormwater.

"Tidal wetland" means a wetland as that term is defined in section 22a-29 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

PART ILL AUTHORIZATION UNDER THIS GENERAL PERMIT

   A. REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION. This general permit authorizes only discharges comprised
       solely of stormwater associated with commercial activity, provided that the following conditions are met prior to
       coverage under this general permit.

       I. The discharge is not covered by a permit issued under Section 22a-430 or 22a-430b of the Connecticut
          General Statutes;

      2. The stormwater is not discharged to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) unless such discharge
          consists only of runoff from areas associated with gardening or nursery materials and such discharge has
          been approved by the POTW. Portions of the site associated with commercial activity discharging to surface
          waters or a municipal separate storm sewer are still covered by this general permit.

      3. The stormwater is not discharged to ground water. Portions of the site associated with commercial activity
          discharging to surface waters or a municipal separate storm sewer are still covered by this general permit.

   B. GEOGRAPHIC AREA. This general permit covers all areas of the State of Connecticut.

   C. EFFECTIVE DATE AND EXPIRATION DATE.  This general permit is effective on August 1, 1995 and
      expires on August 1, 2000.

  D. EFFECTIVE DATE OF AUTHORIZATION.  The effective date of coverage under this general permit is the
      effective date of this general permit listed in Part III Paragraph C above, or the date the commercial activity is
      initiated, whichever is later.

  E. ISSUANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL PERMIT.  Under Section 22a-430b of the General Statutes, when an
      individual permit is issued to a person or municipality for stormwater discharges at the site otherwise covered by
      this permit, the applicability of this general permit to the individual permittee is automatically terminated on the
      effective date of the individual permit.

PART IV. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS

  A. WHO  MUST SUBMIT A REGISTRATION.   Any person who or municipality which initiates, creates,
      originates or maintains a discharge described in Part HI Paragraph A of this general permit shall submit to the
      Commissioner a registration which satisfies the requirements of this part either (1) within 180 days after the date
      of issuance of this permit for any discharge initiated, created, originated or maintained on or before the date of
      issuance of this permit, or (2) for any other discharge, no later than the date the commercial activity is initiated.
      If an individual facility or activity for which a registration is submitted under this permit is owned by one person
      or municipality but is leased or, in some other way, the legal responsibility of another person or municipality
      (the operator), the operator is responsible for submitting the registration required by this general permit. If the
      facility or activity for which a registration is submitted under this permit is owned by one person or municipality
      but is leased or, in some other way, the legal responsibility of more than one other person or municipality, the
      owner is responsible for submitting the registration required by this general permit. The permittee is responsible
      for compliance with all conditions of this general permit.




DEP-PERD-GP-004                                     2 of 9                                                  Rev. 8/11/95





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


  B. SCOPE OF REGISTRATION. A registrant may only include on a registration those discharges that are
      operated by such registrant on one site. A registrant may not submit more than one registration per site under
      this permit.

  C. CONTENTS OF REGISTRATION.

      1. Fees

           a. A fee of $250.00 for any facility shall be paid with the registration required by Part IV.A. of this general
              permit. On and after August 1, 1995, registration fees shall be paid in accordance with applicable
              regulations, including but not limited to Sections 22a-430-6 and 22a-430-7 of the Regulations of
              Connecticut State Agencies. A registration shall not be deemed complete and no activity shall be
              authorized by this general permit unless the registration fee has been paid in full.

           b. The registration fee shall be paid by check or money order payable to the Department of Environmental
              Protection.

           c. The registration fee is nonrefundable.

      2. Registration Form: The registration shall be submitted on forms prescribed by the Commissioner and shall
      include but need not be limited to the following information:

           a. Facility Information

              i.  Name, address of owner and operator of the commercial facility;
              ii. Site address if different from i. above;
              iii. Site contact person and phone number at the site;
              iv. Primary activity; up to four four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes;
              v.  A list of other permits issued by the DEP currently in force for the site, including discharges other
                  than stormwater to the stormwater outlets;
              vi. An 8-1/2 x 11" copy of the applicable section of a United States Geological Survey Quadrangle Map
                   or other location map showing the location of site boundaries, stormwater conveyances, outfalls or
                   channelized flows and latitude and longitude, if known.

           b. Stormwater Discharge Information

              i.  Number, type (e.g. swale or pipe), material (e.g. concrete or metal pipe, grass swale) and size of
                   conveyances, outfalls or channelized flows that conduct runoff from the site;
              ii. Location of the conveyances, outfalls, channelized stormwater flows discharging from the site shall
                  be shown on the map required in paragraph C.2.avi. above;
              iii. If stormwater quality data associated with the site has been collected, a summary of such data;
              iv. The name of the immediate receiving water(s), or if the discharge is through a municipal separate
                   storm sewer, the name of the operator of the storm sewer, and the ultimate receiving water(s);
              v.  The name of the watershed in which the site is located or the nearest waterbody to which it
                   discharges.

           c. Signature Of Registrant. Any person who or municipality that submits a registration under this general
           permit shall sign the registration and shall make the following certification:

           "I certify under penalty of law that I have read and understand all conditions of the General Permit for the
           Discharge of Stormwater Associated with Commercial Activity issued on August 1, 1995, and that all
           conditions for eligibility for authorization under this general permit are met." This document and all
           attachments were prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to
           ensure that the information submitted has been properly gathered and evaluated. The Stormwater


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STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


           Management Plan has been prepared and implemented in accordance with the requirements of this general
           permit. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly
           responsible for gathering the information, the information contained in this registration is, to the best of my
           knowledge and belief, true, accurate and complete. I am aware that there are penalties for submitting false
           information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making false statements."

           The registration shall be signed as follows: for a corporation, by a responsible corporate officer or a duly
           authorized representative thereof, as those terms are defined in RCSA 22a-430-3(b)(2); for a
           municipality, state, Federal, or other public agency, by either a principal executive officer or a ranking
           elected official, as those terms are defined in RCSA 22a-430-3(b)(2); for a partnership or a sole
          proprietorship, by a general partner or the proprietor, respectively.

           d. Any additional information requested by the Commissioner

   D. WHERE TO SUBMIT A REGISTRATION. Persons who or municipalities that submit a registration under
      this general permit shall submit such registration to the Department of Environmental Protection at the following
      address:

          Central Permit Processing Unit
          Department of Environmental Protection
          79 Elm Street
          Hartford, CT 06106-5127

  E. CORRECTION OF INACCURACIES.  Within fifteen days after the date the registrant or permittee becomes
      aware of a change in any information submitted to the Commissioner in a registration or pursuant to this general
      permit, or that any such information was inaccurate or misleading or that any relevant information was omitted,
      the registrant or permittee shall submit the correct or omitted information in writing to the Commissioner.

  F. FALSE STATEMENTS. Any false statement in any information submitted pursuant to this general permit
      may be punishable as a criminal offense under Section 22a-438 of the General Statutes or, in accordance with
      Section 22a-6, under Section 53a-157 of the General Statutes.

  G. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. The Commissioner may require a registrant to submit additional
      information which the Commissioner deems necessary to evaluate the consistency of the commercial activity
      with the requirements for authorization under this general permit.

  ILH. DISAPPROVAL AND REJECTION OF A REGISTRATION. The Commissioner may disapprove a
      registration (a) for the same reasons for which he may, under section 22a-430 of the General Statutes, require an
      individual permit, including without limitation, if he finds that the commercial activity is inconsistent with the
      requirements for authorization under this general permit, (b) if he finds that the commercial activity is
      inconsistent with any of the applicable standards and criteria of section 22a-430 of the General Statutes, or (c)
      for any other reason provided by law.

  L   TRANSFER OF AUTHORIZATION. Authorization under this general permit shall be non-transferable.
      However, any person registering a discharge that has previously been registered under this permit may use as
      part of such registration any pertinent information including the Stormwater Management Plan prepared by the
      previous permittee. The new registrant shall amend the Plan as required by Part V. B. 3. prior to submitting a
      registration.









DEP-PERD-GP-004                                     4 of 9                                                  Rev. 8/11/95





 STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


PART V.   PERMIT CONDITIONS FOR STORMWATER ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
              COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES

   A. CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN DISCHARGES

       1. Any person who or municipality which initiates, creates, or originates a discharge of stormwater associated
           with commercial activity after the date of issuance of this general permit, which discharge is located less
           than 100 feet from a tidal wetland which is not a fresh-tidal wetland, shall discharge such stormwater
           through a system designed to store the volume of stormwater runoff generated by 1 inch of rainfall on the
           site.

       2.  Any person who or municipality which discharges stormwater into coastal tidal waters for which a permit is
           required under either the Structures and Dredging Act in accordance with Section 22a-361 of the
           Connecticut General Statutes or the Tidal Wetlands Act in accordance with Section 22a-32 of the
           Connecticut General Statutes, shall obtain such permit(s) from the Commissioner.

    B. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN. The permittee shall prepare, implement and maintain a
       Stormwater Management Plan (the "Plan") which shall consist of all records, schedules, narrative, instructions or
       other materials kept on file at the registrant's facility in accordance with the Stormwater Management Measures
       and other provisions of Part V of this general permit.

       1. Deadlines for Plan Preparation and Implementation.

           a. For a stormwater discharge associated with commercial activity that is initiated, created, originated or
           maintained on or before the date of issuance of this general permit, the permittee shall prepare and
           implement the Stormwater Management Measures as defined below in Part V.B.2. on or before 180 days
           after the date of issuance of this general permit and shall maintain this Plan thereafter.

           b. For stormwater discharges associated with commercial activity which activity is initiated after the date
           of issuance of this general permit, the Stormwater Management Measures as defined below in Part V.B.2.
           shall be implemented on or before the date such activity is initiated and shall be maintained thereafter.

       2. Stormwater Management Measures

           The Stormwater Management Plan shall be maintained on a form prescribed and provided by the
           Commissioner and shall, at a minimum, contain the following:

           a. Pollution Prevention Team

               The permittee shall designate a pollution prevention team consisting of personnel, at least one of whom
               must be working at the site, to carry out the provisions of these Stormwater Management Measures.

           b. Sweeping

               All parking areas, sidewalks, driveways and other impervious surfaces (except roofs) shall be swept
               clean of sand, litter and any other possible pollutants at least twice a year, once between November 15
               and December 15 (after leaf fall) and once during the month of April (after snow melt) and at other
               times as may be necessary.

            c. Outside Storage

               Any raw materials, intermediate products, by-products, final products, waste materials, accessories or
               equipment stored outside shall be covered or moved inside, if possible, or maintained in such as manner



 DEP-PERD-GP-004                                    5 of 9                                                Rev. 811/95





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


               as to avoid, if at all possible, the risk of any of these materials or their residue passing to a stormwater
               discharge.

           d. Washing

               No water resulting from washing of any raw materials, intermediate products, by-products, final
               products, waste materials, accessories, equipment, storage areas, outside sales/garden areas, loading
               docks, parking areas or vehicles shall be discharged to a stormwater collection system or waters of the
               state (including, but not limited to, surface waters or wetlands) except in accordance with a permit issued
               by the DEP pursuant to Section 22a-430 or 22a-430b of the Connecticut General Statutes.

           e. Spill Control

               The permittee shall prepare and implement a Spill Control and Response Plan ("Spill Plan") for any raw
              materials, intermediate products, by-products, final products, waste materials, accessories or equipment
              present at the facility which could possibly discharge to the stormwater collection system or waters of
              the state. The Spill Plan shall include measures to avoid spills in areas exposed to rainfall or from
              reaching areas exposed to rainfall. The Spill Plan shall also include response measures to best prevent a
              spill from being exposed to stormwater or entering a stormwater collection system or waters of the state
              once it has occurred.

               The Spill Plan shall identify areas where potential spills can occur and the location of associated
              collection and discharge points. The Spill Plan shall include procedures for cleaning up spills including,
              without limitation, procedures for insuring that appropriate personnel are trained or otherwise notified of
              measures to take in the event of a spill. The necessary equipment to implement a cleanup shall be listed
              in the Spill Plan and locations designated such that this equipment shall be available to personnel in all
              areas where spills may occur.

               The Spill Plan shall provide that all areas in which a spill could potentially discharge to stormwater and
              where liquid chemicals are stored are provided with impermeable containment which will hold at least
              the volume of the largest chemical container, or 10% of the total volume of all containers in the area,
              whichever is larger, without overflow from the containment area. For commercial activities initiated
              after the date of this general permit, the Spill Plan shall provide that all chemicals in containers of 100
              gallons or less shall be stored under a roof that minimizes stormwater entry to the containment area.

               The Spill Plan shall also provide that all dumpsters used to store waste or recyclable materials are
              supplied with attached covers and have drain.plugs intact, or are in roofed areas that will keep rain out of
              the dumpster and will not allow dumpster leakage to enter any stormwater drainage system.

           f.  Maintenance and Inspection

               The permittee shall prepare and implement a facility maintenance plan. The facility maintenance plan
              shall include good housekeeping measures to ensure that all areas exposed to stormwater are kept in
              such a condition as to minimize the possibility of discharging pollutants into a stormwater collection
              system or waters of the state. The plan shall include provisions for a monthly inspection by a member of
              the Pollution Prevention Team of all areas covered by the plan, a weekly inspection of the site for
              surface debris and the monthly inspection of all stormwater structures and outfalls on the site for floating
              or surface debris and sediment. Structures and outfalls shall be cleaned of sediment and debris at least
              once a year during the month of April and at other times as necessary to prevent the discharge of
              pollutants from structures or outfalls.






DEP-PERD-GP-004                                     6 of 9                                                  Rev. 8/1195






STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


          g. Employee Training

              The permittee shall ensure that all employees whose activities may affect stormwater quality receive
              training upon employment and at least once a year thereafter to make them familiar with these
              stormwater management measures. Training shall be conducted by a member of the Pollution Prevention
              Team.

          h. Comprehensive Annual Stormwater Evaluation and Inspection

              Once a year, a member of the Pollution Prevention Team shall conduct a Comprehensive Annual
              Stormwater Evaluation and Inspection. All aspects of the stormwater collection and/or treatment system
              shall be inspected for consistency with the Stormwater Management Plan. A report of the results of this
              inspection shall be prepared and a copy maintained on site. This report shall also be reviewed and
              signed by the permittee as specified in Part IV.C.2.c. above. Based on this report, the permittee shall
              revise the Plan as necessary to maintain consistency with this general permit.

           i  Record Keeping

              The permittee shall keep at the site a record of all weekly and monthly inspections, the facility spill
              control and response plan, sweeping schedule, stormwater structure cleaning schedule, employee
              training schedule, annual stormwater evaluation and inspection reports and a list of designated Pollution
              Prevention Team members. This record shall be made available to the Commissioner for inspection
              immediately upon request.

          j. Future Construction

              The permittee shall ensure that oil and sediment control structures or devices are used within the
              drainage system for all construction which i) may impact the drainage system and ii) occurs on site on
              or after the effective date of this general permit. Note that any construction activity that disturbs greater
              than 5 acres must be registered and conducted in accordance with the General Permit for the Discharge
              of Stormwater and Dewatering Wastewaters from Construction Activities. In addition, the permittee
              shall avoid, wherever possible, the use of copper or galvanized roofing or building materials for any new
              construction where these materials will be exposed to stormwater.


      3.  Keeping Plan Current

           The permittee shall update the Plan annually and shall amend the Plan whenever; (1) there is a change at the
           site which may affect the potential of stormwater discharges from the site to cause pollution of the waters of
           the state; (2) there is a change in the Pollution Prevention Team; (3) the actions required by the Stormwater
           Management Measures fail to ensure or adequately protect against pollution of the waters of the state; or (4)
           the Commissioner requests modification of the Plan. The permittee shall amend the Plan as necessary to
           address any sources or potential sources of pollution identified as a result of a Comprehensive Annual
           Stormwater Evaluation and Inspection conducted pursuant to Part V.B.2.h. of this general permit. The
           amended Plan and all actions required by the Plan shall be completed within 60 days of the date the
           permittee becomes aware or should have become aware that any condition identified in this paragraph has
           occurred.

   C. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

       1. The permittee shall keep a copy of the Stormwater Management Plan onsite at all times. The permittee shall
           make a copy of the Plan available to the Commissioner immediately upon request, and, in the case of a
           stormwater discharge associated with commercial activity that discharges through a municipal separate
           storm sewer system, to the operator of the municipal system upon request. In the case of a stormwater


DEP-PERD-GP-004                                    7 of 9                                                Rev. 8/1195





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1/95


           discharge associated with commercial activity that discharges to a water supply watershed, copies of the
           Plan shall be made available upon request to the public water supply company.

       2. The Commissioner may notify the permittee at any time that the Plan does not meet one or more of the
           requirements of this Part. Unless otherwise notified by the Commissioner in writing, within 30 days of the
           date of such notification from the Commissioner, the permittee shall revise the Plan, perform all actions
           required by the revised Plan, and shall submit to the Commissioner, in writing, certification that the
           requested changes have been made and implemented and such other information as the Commissioner may
           require.

    D. OTHER REQUIREMENTS

         1.  The stormwater discharge shall contain no distinctly visible floating scum, oil or other matter except
             naturally occurring substances such as leaves and twigs provided no person has placed such substances in
             or near the discharge.

         2. The stormwater discharge shall not impair the biological integrity of aquatic or marine ecosystems or
             result in an unacceptable risk to human health.

PART VI. GENERAL CONDITIONS

    A. The permittee shall comply with the following Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies which are hereby
         incorporated into this general permit, as if fully set forth herein:

         1.  Section 22a-430-3:

             Subsection (b) General - subparagraph (1)(D) and subdivision (2), (3), (4) and (5)
             Subsection (c) Inspection and Entry
             Subsection (d) Effect of a Permit - subdivisions (1) and (4)
             Subsection (e) Duty to Comply
             Subsection (f) Proper Operation and Maintenance
             Subsection (g) Sludge Disposal
             Subsection (h) Duty to Mitigate
             Subsection (i) Facility Modifications, Notification - subdivisions (1) and (4)
             Subsection (k) Bypass
             Subsection (n) Enforcement
             Subsection (p) Spill Prevention and Control
             Subsection (q) Instrumentation, Alarms, Flow Recorders
             Subsection (r) Equalization

        2.  Section 22a-430-4

             Subsection (t) Prohibitions
             Subsection (p) Revocation, Denial, Modification
             Appendices

    B.  The permittee shall comply with the following additional terms and conditions:

        Discharge of any substance that is not from the activities described in this general permit shall be considered a
        violation of this general permit unless it is authorized by an individual permit issued under Section 22a-430 of
        the General Statutes.                                                      - -- .

    C.  The permittee shall at all times continue to meet the conditions for eligibility set forth in Part III of this general
        permit.


DEP-PERD-GP-004                                    8 of 9                                                Rev. 8/1/95





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1195



    D. Nothing in this general permit shall relieve the registrant or permittee of other obligations under applicable
        federal, state and local law.

    E.  Any document, including but not limited to any notice, which is required to be submitted to the Commissioner
        under this general permit by the permnittee shall be signed by the permittee and by the individual or individuals
        responsible for actually preparing such document, each of who shall certify in writing as follows: "I have
        personally examined and am familiar with the information submitted in this document and all attachments and
        certify that based on reasonable investigation, ,including my inquiry of those individuals responsible for
        obtaining the information, the submitted information is true, accurate and complete to the best of my
        knowledge and belief and I understand that any false statement made in this document or its attachments may
        be punishable as a criminal offense."

PART VIL UNAUTHORIZED ACTVITIES

Any person or municipality who fails to submit a registration, and who initiates, creates, originates or maintains a
discharge to the waters of the State without coverage under a general permit issued under Section 22a430b of the
Connecticut General Statutes or an individual permit issued under Section 22a-430 of the Connecticut General Statutes,
is in violation of the Connecticut General Statutes, and is subject to injunction and penalties of up to $25,000 per day
per violation under Chapter 446k of the Connecticut General Statutes.






                                                                        SIDNErJ. HOLBROOK
                                                                             COMMISSIONER


                                                                                    Dat-a



























            DEP-PERD-GP-0049 of 9                                                                           Rev. 8s1/95





STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT FOR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, 8/1195



                                APPENDIX A

 LIST OF STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (SIC) CODE GROUPS
     COVERED BY THE GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF
      STORMWATER ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY

If you are unsure of which SIC group you may fall under or require a more detailed
description of specific SIC codes within these groups, please contact the Stormwater
Permit Coordinator for the DEP at 424-3018. Descriptions are as indicated in the
Standard Industrial Classification Manual  1987, Executive Office of the President,
Office of Management and Budget.



Group 50: Wholesale Trade - Durable Goods
Group 51: Wholesale Trade - Nondurable Goods
Group 52: Building Materials, Hardware, Garden Supply, and Mobile Home Dealers
Group 53: General Merchandise Stores
Group 54: Food Stores
Group 55: Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations
Group 56: Apparel and Accessory Stores
Group 57: Home Furniture, Furnishings, and Equipment Stores
Group 58: Eating and Drinking Establishments
Group 59: Miscellaneous Retail

Group 70: Hotels, Rooming Houses, Camps, and Other Lodging Places
Group 71: Not assigned
Group 72: Personal Services
Group 73: Business Services
Group 74: Not assigned
Group 75: Automotive Repair, Services, and Parking
Group 76: Miscellaneous Repair Services
Group 77: Not assigned
Group 78: Motion Pictures
Group 79: Amusement and Recreation Services






               STATE OF CONNECTICUT
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
         BUREAU OF WATER MANAGEMENT                                         DEP USE ONLY
                                                                       DEP USE ONLY
     REGISTRATION UNDER A GENERAL PERMIT
                                                                       REG.#
                  CGS SECTION 22a-430b
                             for                                          PERMIT #
   STORMWATER DISCHARGE ASSOCIATED WITH
                COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY                                        FAC. ID.


type or print neatly
                                        I. Facility Information

A. Name and address of owner                               B. Name and address of operator









C. Site address

D. Site contact person                                                 Phone:(   )

E. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code for commercial activities, up to four four-digit numbers
(primary # first):    (secondary #s if applicable)           .               and primary SIC description


F. Other DEP Permits currently in force for the site: NPDES #                     , Air Yes:     No:_,
RCRA#                 , Number and type of other general permit discharges to stormwater system


G. Attach 8 1/2ï¿½" x 11" copy of the applicable section of a USGS quadrangle map or other location map
showing site boundaries and location of all conveyances, outfalls, or channelized flows on the site.


                               II. Stormwater discharge information

A. Number, type (e.g. swale or pipe) and size of conveyances, outfalls, or channelized flows that run
offthe site:

B. Material of construction, if applicable, of the conveyances, outfalls,"or channelized flows:


                                                                                             (over)






    C. Where does stormwater discharge to?

     *  Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System? No:         Yes:    (Name):
      *  Surface water body or wetlands? No:       Yes:      (Name):
      * Is discharge located less than 100 feet from a tidal wetland which is not a fresh-tidal wetland?
         No           Yes           (Only for discharges initiated after August 1, 1995.)
     *  Seeps into ground?  No:        Yes:      (If yes, Well:    Seepage Pit:    Detention Pond:
         Other:

    D. Name of the watershed where the site is located or nearest waterbody to which it discharges:


    E. Have any stormwater quality analytical data been previously collected? No:    Yes:_     (If yes,
    maintain data from past three (3) years on site.)

 : 4:F.; Has this site been previously registered by a different permittee? No:  Yes:     If yes, name:
 of previous permittee:



                                            III. Certification

    I certify under penalty of law that I have read and understand all conditions of the general permit for
   the discharge of stormwater associated with commercial activity issued on August 1, 1995, and that
  - all conditions for eligibility for coverage under this general permit are met. This document and all
 i  attachments were prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to
    ensure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on my
f~' inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for
 a4'gathering the information, the information contained in this registration is, to the best of my
   knowledge and belief; true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are penalties for submitting-.
   :false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowingly making false
   "statemnents.


   Naiie of Registrant (please print)                            Title


   Signature                                                    Date

   Fee attached $      .   A fee of $250.00 for any facility shall be paid with the registration. (Make
   your check payable to the Department of Environmental Protection and.: annotate check:  Water
   Management Permit fee.) State and Town owned facilities are not required to pay a registration fee.

   Mail registration, location map, and fee to:

           Central Permit Processing Unit
           Department of Environmental Protection
           79 Elm Street
           Hartford, CT 06106-5127






                                                                  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                       Table of Contents    COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                                  2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
     Introduction                                               CHARLESTON, SC  29405-2413
     Acknowledgements                                                                        ii

     Chapter 1 - Stormwater as a Nonpoint Source of Pollution
            How is stormwater nonpoint source pollution?                                    1-1
            Why is it important?                                                           1-1
            What harm does it pose?                                                         1-3
            Are municipalities required to address nonpoint sources of pollution?           1-7
            What is the goal in managing stormwater?                                        1-9
            What is the implementation mechanism?                                         1-14
            What is the enforcement mechanism?                                            1-19
            Model Ordinance                                                                1-21
            Where can I turn for help and additional information?                          1-28
            Appendix - Stormwater BMPs
                   Comparative BMP Pollutant Removal/Beneficial Effects                  A-1-1
                   BMP Application/Advantages/Limitations Tables                         A- 1-2
                   BMP Diagrams and Description                                         A-1-10

     Chapter 2 - Soil Erosion and Sedimentation as a Nonpoint Source of Pollution
            How are soil erosion and sedimentation nonpoint source pollution?              2-1
            Why is it important?                                                            2-3
            What harm does it pose?                                                         2-4
            Are municipalities required to control soil erosion and sedimentation?         2-6
            What is the goal in managing soil erosion and sedimentation?                   2-7
            What is the implementation mechanism?                                          2-9
            What is the enforcement mechanism?                                            2-15
            Model Regulations                                                             2-16
            Where can I turn for help and additional information?                         2-30
            Appendix - Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs
                   Mulch                                                                 A-2-2
                   Soil Stabilization Blankets                                           A-2-5
                   Sediment Barriers                                                     A-2-7
                          Silt Fence                 Property of CSC Library             A-2-8
                          Hay Bales                                                     A-2-10:
                          Stone Check Dam                                               A-2- II
                   Water Bar                                                            A-2-12
                   Construction Entrance                                               -A-2-13      :
                   Turbidity Curtain                                                    A-2-14'

     Chapter 3 - On-site Sewage Disposal Systems as a Nonpoint Source of Pollution
            How are on-site sewage disposal systems nonpoint sources of pollution?          3-1
      Rj :   Why is it important?                                                          3-1
*     >:  tWhat harm can it pose?                                                           3-2

      No\       X                 -                f                 i                               i









       Are municipalities required to address potential nonpoint sources
              of pollution from septic systems?                                           3-3
       What is the goal in designing and locating septic systems?                         3-4
       What is the implementation mechanism?                                              3-7
       What is the enforcement mechanism?                                                3-10
       Where can I turn for help and additional information?                             3-11

Chapter 4 - Marinas as a Nonpoint Source of Pollution
       How are marinas nonpoint sources of pollution?                                     4-1
       Why is control of marina nonpoint source pollution it important?                   4-1
       What harm does it pose?                                                            4-3
       Are municipalities required to address nonpoint sources of pollution
              from marinas?                                                               4-5
       What is the goal in managing nonpoint sources of pollution at marinas?             4-6
       What is the implementation mechanism?                                              4-8
       What is the enforcement mechanism?                                                4-20
       Where can I turn for help and additional information?                             4-23

Glossary



J       INTRODUCTION 












































     *                            Is                            'is









                                     INTRODUCTION


        Nationwide, great strides have been made in controlling point sources of water pollution, being
pollution emanating from discreet points such as discharge pipes. As a result, federal attention has turned
to the problem of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution which results from more diffuse sources such as
stormwater runoff. As part of federal efforts to address this water quality issue, the federal Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) was given the role of establishing a national NPS program in 1987 through
Section 319 of the Clean Water Act. Further, during reauthorization of the Coastal Zone Management Act
in 1990, Congress added Section 6217 which requires states with federally approved coastal management
programs to develop Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs (CNPCP) or permanently lose Coastal
Zone Management and Clean Water Act funding.

        Development of a CNPCP in Connecticut has been a joint effort by the DEP's Office of Long
Island Sound Programs, which administers the state's coastal management program, and Water
Management Bureau which is the state's water quality agency and administers the Section 319 NPS
program. The state's CNPCP must comply with specific management measures to address significant
sources of coastal nonpoint pollution or identify alternative measures to ensure comparable pollution
control. Program requirements were jointly developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration and the U.S. EPA, and specific guidance in developing state programs and management
measures were published in January 1993.

        One of Connecticut's major efforts in the area of water quality protection has been the Long Island
Sound Study which was sponsored in part by the EPA. Connecticut, New York and the EPA established a
Management Conference involving federal, state, interstate and local agencies, universities, environmental
groups, industry and the public which developed a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan
(CCMP) for protecting and improving the health of Long Island Sound. In response to some of the interim
findings of the CCMP, the Connecticut General Assembly passed Public Acts 91-170 and 91-389 (codified
in Connecticut General Statutes Sections 8-2, 8-3b, 8-23 and 8-35a) which require reasonable
consideration for the restoration and protection of Long Island Sound. While this legislation specifically
identified the reduction of hypoxia, pathogens, toxic contaminants and floatable debris, it also highlighted
the need to provide municipalities with assistance regarding not only these Acts (in particular, what they
mean and how to comply with them) but also water quality protection in general.

        In response to all these initiatives, the Office of Long Island Sound Programs developed this
manual to provide municipal land use officials with some basic approaches to coastal water quality
protection. It consists of four chapters which address stormwater, soil erosion and sedimentation control,
on-site disposal systems, and marina development and operation. It also includes listings of best
management practices (BMPs), their applications, and a glossary of terms.

        These four chapters and their accompanying BMP listings are not meant to comprehensively cover
the subject of nonpoint source pollution. Rather, they are intended to provide the basics for nonpoint
source pollution control in those areas where land use officials can make a difference. The manual was
developed in loose-leaf form to allow for the inclusion of additional and/or updated chapters and other
relevant information. It is our hope that readers will find this manual informative, easy to use, and
applicable to their day-to-day tasks and decisions.






                                                  -1-









                           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS




       This document Coastal Water Quality Protection: A Guide for Local Officials was
prepared by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection's Office of Long Island
Sound Programs. The office appreciates the contributions of staff within the Department's
Bureau of Water Management as well as staff from the Connecticut River Estuary Regional
Planning Agency, the University of Connecticut's Cooperative Extension Service, Middlesex
County Soil and Water Conservation District, and the towns of Groton and Waterford.




























A publication of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection pursuant to National
             Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA57OZ0366.


                        Printed on recycled paper: 20% post-consumer content








                                        I CHAPTER I - STOE1WATER











































i\                                                                                                               9   I










       STORMWATER AS A NONPOINT SOURCE OF
                                  POLLUTION




 HOW IS STORMWATER NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION?

Pollution can originate in one of two ways:

"point" sources of pollution - pollution which
       originates from well-defined, usually
      manufactured "points" or locations such as
      municipal and industrial sewage treatment
      plants, combined sewer overflows and other
       wastewater discharge pipes; and


"nonpoint" sources of pollution - pollution
       originating from land use and man's activities,
       having no well-defined point of entry, such as
       urban stormwater runoff including street and
       parking runoff, agricultural and lawn runoff, soil
       erosion and leachate from landfills and failing
       septic systems.

Stormwater runoff is the major contributor of nonpoint source pollution. As stormwater runs
over and off of land and manmade structures, working its way into the ground and brooks,
streams, and coastal waters, it picks up a wide variety of substances, many which serve to pollute
surface and ground waters. These pollutants include oil, grease, gasoline and sand from
roadways, litter, decaying vegetation and fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides from lawns and
agricultural areas.


                          WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

Pollution of our surface and ground waters has been a recognized problem for many years.
While great strides have been made in controlling point sources of pollution primarily through
the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program and
corresponding state regulatory programs, there is a new awareness of the importance of
controlling nonpoint sources of pollution. Since water quality is strongly linked to land use,
local planners and decision makers play a vital role in controlling this source of pollution and in







Stormwater                                                                          Page 1-2

restoring and protecting our coastal and inland ground and surface waters. The manner in which
land is developed and used is a major determinant as to whether stormwater adversely impacts
the quality of these water bodies. Therefore, it is essential that individuals working in all
different aspects of municipal land use understand this source of pollution and how to control it.







.   Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-3


                             WHAT HARM DOES IT POSE?

    Nonpoint source pollution results from clean runoff becoming polluted and transporting various
    contaminants to ground and surface waters.

            Runoff is the portion of precipitation, snow melt or irrigation that flows over
            the ground (instead of being absorbed into the ground or retained on the
            surface) which eventually makes its way to surface waters.

            Polluted runoff is rainwater and snowmelt which has become contaminated after picking
            UP pollutants and sediment as it runs off streets, lawns, parking lots, agricultural lands,
            marinas, landfills and any other sites being used for activities which can generate
            pollutants.

    Land development or urbanization has an effect on both the quantity and quality of stormwater
    runoff. In terms of quantity, the placement of buildings and associated structures results in:

            - decreased vegetation
            - increased impervious land cover
0         ~ ~~~- decreased infiltration into the soil
            -~ reduction in wetland and depression storage
            - engineered conveyance systems designed to move water quickly to receiving waters

    in turn, these changes in the land result in:

            - increased volume of runoff
            - higher runoff flow velocities
            - higher peak flow rates
            - increased channel erosion
            - increases in flood hazards and resultant damage
            - water quality degradation

    The impact of development on stormwater flows is best understood in the context of the
    hydrologic cycle:







Stormwater                                                                   Page 1-4 






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                           1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,ON ,~~


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                                       .HYDROLO.G.XC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 CYCm..








.   Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-5



    In addition to increased volume and velocity of runoff, water quality is also affected by a variety
    of pollutants associated with the urban environment, such as oil-based contaminants, heavy
    metals (copper, lead, zinc), nutrients and bacteria, which are carried in runoff in increasing
    amounts.

    Pollutants picked up in stormwater include:

    - road sand                                        - rubber
    - road salt                                        - litter (paper, plastic, foam products, cans,
    - petroleum products from vehicles (oil, gas,             bottles)
           grease)                                    - asbestos
    - fertilizer-based nitrogen and phosphorus         - road pavement
    - pesticides, domestic and agricultural            - decaying vegetation (leaves, grass
     herbicides, domestic and agricultural                    clippings)
     -heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper)             - accidentally spilled products
     -eroded soil and sediment                         - manure and pet waste
     -leachate from sanitary landfills                 - decaying animal carcasses
     -bacteria                                         - atmospheric deposition
     viruses                                          - chemicals from agricultural use


    In terms of land use, these pollutants can be grouped as follows:

           Urban stormwater pollutants - consist
                   largely of materials which
                   accumulate on paved surfaces such.
                   as automobile products (fuel,
                   exhaust byproducts, rubber, brake
                   linings, oil lubricants), deicing and
                   traction control materials, asphalt
                   products, airborne materials,
                   anim Al wastes, spilled materials
                   and litter                           Litter collecting at catch basin

            Residential pollutants - pollutants from
                   lawns, gades improper dsposa of waste, pet wastes, impervious surfaes;
                   lawns and gardens contribute fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and leaf decay

            Rural pollutants - natural pollutants from soil and vegetation (eroded sediment, nitrogen,
                   and phosphorus from vegetative decay) and animal wastes

            Agricultural pollutants - runoff which includes fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides,
                   manure, eroded sediment, bacteria and viruses







Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-6


Transnort of Pollutants

Understanding the transport of pollutants is important in controlling them:

       Dissolved pollutants are soluble and mixed in with stormwater. As a result, they are
               difficult to remove. Dissolved pollutants include salts, phosphorus, and nitrogen.

       Suspended pollutants are particulate materials that float on the water surface or are held
               within the water by flow. Suspended pollutants are usually removed through the
               use of sedimentation basins and vegetated buffer zone filters. Suspended
               pollutants include lighter soil particles and vegetative debris.

       Bedload sediments are particulate materials that are pushed, rolled, dragged, or bounced
               along the stream or pipe by the flowing water. These sediments are usually
               heavier soil particles such as sand and gravel.

Therefore, the choice of a method to trap these pollutants and prevent them from reaching ground
and surface waters depends upon the type of pollutants present and how they are transported.

Treating Pollutants

In terms of treating pollutants in stormwater, one of the key factors is the collection and
treatment of the first half inch to inch of rainfall, also known as the first flush, which has been
shown to have the highest concentration of pollutants.

       First flush - feature where the initial stormwater runoff has higher pollutant
               concentrations than subsequent runoff. Rain rapidly "washes" dry weather
               deposits off of paved surfaces with a high initial concentration level and a
               subsequently declining concentration later in the storm. This effect is more
               pronounced when precipitation begins with intense rainfall.

Therefore, land use officials should ensure that at least the first half inch of runoff is properly
treated.


In sum, the replacement of undeveloped vegetated areas with impervious surfaces in the form of
buildings, driveways, roads, sidewalks, and parking lots causes changes in runoff quantity,
quality and rate. This results in decreased infiltration (and subsequent decreases in the filtering
of pollutants) and an increase in the volume and rate of water running off a site into adjacent
water bodies and ultimately to Long Island Sound. Therefore, land use commissions must be
aware that these changes in land cover are a source of pollution and must act to minimize and
mitigate them as much as possible.







Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-7


ARE MUNICIPALITIES REQUIRED TO ADDRESS NONPOINT
                         SOURCES OF POLLUTION?

Yes. The Connecticut legislature recognized the impact of nonpoint sources of pollution to Long
Island Sound when it passed Public Act (P.A.) 91-170 and P.A. 91-398 (codified in Connecticut
General Statutes (C.G.S.) Sections 8-2, 8-3b, 8-23 and 8-35a) which require reasonable
consideration for the restoration and protection of Long Island Sound in zoning regulations,
plans of conservation and development, and regional plans. While this legislation is directed
toward coastal municipalities, all towns should be working to better control nonpoint sources of
pollution in order to restore, protect and enhance their own ground and surface water resources.
Ultimately, many of these resources connect to Long Island Sound or downstream neighbors who
will share the benefit of your local improvements. C.G.S. Section 8-2(b) which is a subsection
of the state's planning and zoning statutes dealing with municipal zoning regulations specifically
requires the following:

       In any municipality that is contiguous to Long Island Sound the regulations
       adopted under this section shall be made with reasonable consideration for
       restoration and protection of the ecosystem and habitat of Long Island Sound
       and shall be designed to reduce hypoxia, pathogens, toxic contaminants and
       floatable debris in Long Island Sound. Such regulations shall provide that the
       commission consider the environmental impact on Long Island Sound of any
       proposal for development.

What are hypoxia, pathogens, toxic contaminants and floatable debris?

Hypoxia is the condition of low dissolved oxygen that negatively affects fish and other aquatic
       life. It is caused by excess nutrients, in particular, nitrogen in coastal waters. Nutrients in
       large concentrations act like aquatic fertilizers and result in excess growth of algae which,
       upon decay, use up life-sustaining dissolved oxygen, thereby endangering oxygen-
       dependent aquatic life. Sources include sewage treatment plants, on-site septic systems,
       and runoff containing fertilizers.

Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses which come from
       the fecal wastes of humans and animals. These microorganisms can result in illnesses
       such as cholera, hepatitis, gastroenteritis and typhoid. Sources include faulty sewage
       treatment plants, improperly functioning septic systems, and runoff containing animal
       wastes.

Toxic contaminants are substances that can harm the health of aquatic life and/or human beings.
       They include heavy metals (e.g. copper, zinc, lead), pesticides and organic compounds
       like PCBs. Sources include oil, grease and gasoline spilled or leaked on roadways and
       driveways, improper disposal practices, atmospheric fallout and chemicals used in the
       home, garden and on farm crops.







Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-8


Floatable Debris is waste material which, upon entering surface and coastal waters, causes
       aesthetic problems and can pose a threat to aquatic organisms through ingestion or
       entanglement. Debris often takes the form of street litter which is carried in runoff to
       waterways but also originates from shore areas and boats.


As an additional consideration, basic water quality parameters are important to all water courses
and can be disturbed by changes in runoff volume or quality or poor land practices. Such
disturbance is yet another form of pollution. These parameters are:

       dissolved oxygen - The measure of the water's oxygen content which is important for
               supporting aquatic life. Excessive levels of oxygen consumption by decaying
               organic material and algae can deplete oxygen levels leading to fish kills, habitat
               loss and odor.

       temperature - Fish and other aquatic species have distinct temperature range preferences,
               generally preferring cooler water which holds more oxygen. Removal of trees and
               buffer zones will raise water temperature by exposing water bodies to prolonged
               sunlight and cause fish to relocate or to die.

       algal blooms - Excess levels of nutrients lead to nuisance algae blooms, reduced clarity,
               odor and low oxygen levels.

       turbidity - A way of defining the clarity of surface waters, specifically the ability of light
               to penetrate through the water. High turbidity deters recreational use, is less
               attractive and inhibits aquatic life. Turbidity levels are easily affected by soil
               erosion and urban runoff when fine sediments remain suspended in the water
               column rather than settling to the bottom or through algal blooms.

Therefore, in light of this new legislation and its purpose, not only should all municipal officials
be working to protect their water resources by controlling nonpoint sources of pollution, but
officials in municipalities contiguous to Long Island Sound are required to consider water quality
in their land use regulations and plans of conservation and development.







Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-9


      WHAT IS THE GOAL IN MANAGING STORMWATER?

When controlling any type of pollution, the general objectives are:

First:        Prevent pollution at its source, primarily through preconstruction planning.
Second:       Control unavoidable pollution as close to the source as possible through best
                     management practice (BMP) selection and associated maintenance plans.
Third:        Mitigate for existing sources of pollution, often through retrofitting in already
                     developed areas.


Stews to Better Stormwater Management

- Provide reasonable drainage facilities for local upland areas: protect streets and property from
       overland flooding, direct runoff away from buildings, prevent nuisance problems at
       neighborhood level.
- Minimize adverse changes (increased flooding) in downstream runoff due to upstream
       development.
- Minimize adverse environmental impact on water bodies.


Urban Runoff Oualitv Control Concents

1.     Control pollutants at their source
2.     Design for frequent runoff events
3.     Minimize impervious cover
4.     Maintain/reduce runoff rates and volumes where appropriate
5.     Use multiple best management practices
6.     Emphasize total suspended solids removal
7.     Trap floating materials, oil and litter
8.     Encourage infiltration into suitable soils where water supplies are not at risk
9.     Use long duration detention
10.    Wet detention basins are preferred over dry basins
11.    Use grass and vegetative filter zones


Tvnieal Stormwater Management Guidelines

Preconstruction Planning

         Limit disturbance of natural drainage features and vegetation








Stormwater                                                                      Page 1-10


       ï¿½ Limit land disturbance activities such as clearing and grading


       ï¿½ Minimize the amount of paved or impervious surfaces on the site to the
              maximum extent practicable
                     Cluster development helps reduce the amount ofpavement and provides
                     large open space and retention areas. On a larger scale, municipalities
                     should review regulations and ordinances regarding requirements for
                     road width, curbing, paving and walks.

       ï¿½ Coordinate erosion control measures with longer-term stormwater management
              measures
                     For example, a sediment basin may sometimes be converted to a detention
                     or retention basin for use after the completion of construction.

       ï¿½ Identify and assess stormwater runoff flows from drainage areas above the site,
              including the potential runoff effects downstream
                     A general assessment can be made during initial development plan
                     reviews and detailed engineering calculations and considerations can be
                     made at a later stage in the approval process.

       * Coordinate stormwater management plans with         a    .?   ':?tIM
              open space plans for the site, encouraging the
              multiple use of drainage courses and
              stormwater management areas whenever
              possible


                              Leakoff into a spreader mechanism
                              with ultimate discharge to a large   _l
                              open space recreation/detention area
                              Groton, CT




       ï¿½ Delineate stormwater easements on development plans which will be used for
              maintenance purposes
                     The relationship of stormwater easements to utility easements should be
                     shown on the development plan.








Stormwater                                                                         Page 1-11


Volume and Quantity Control

       * Consider water quality as well as the quantity of water
                      Consideration of quantity is particularly important in coastal areas.
                     Discharges into tidal wetlands should generally be prohibited due to the
                      resultant dilution of the high marsh salinity and encouragement of the
                      invasion of brackish or upland species, specifically Phragmites.
                      Stormwater drainage systems should distribute the runoff over a broad
                      area and avoid point discharges.

       ) Encourage infiltration of stormwater: Use depressions, swales, and other natural
              drainage areas to hold stormwater and provide for a slow release to
              groundwaters, where soils permit
                      The use of natural drainage concepts can save storm drain construction
                      costs while adding recreational and open space amenities. However,
                      special care must be taken in areas of sensitive groundwater resources
                      such as public water supply areas, individual well areas and sources of
                     public water in order to prevent their contamination.

                                                       Use of stormwater infiltration systems is
                                                       generally appropriate in coastal areas
                                                       where suitable pervious soils exist.
                                                       Such systems help to renovate water
                                                       quality, recharge groundwater and
                                                       reducespeak discharges. However,
                                                       infiltration systems should not be used
                                                       in areas with on-site sewage disposal
                                                      problems.



                                             Vegetated swale adjacent to curbless road
                                             Groton, CT



        - Encourage groundwater recharge of clean runoff, where soil conditions permit
               and aquifers are not at risk
                      For example, roof runoff can be separatedfirom other types ofrunoff and
                      directed into the ground where soils allowfor infiltration.







Stormwater                                                                      Page 1-12


       ï¿½ Retain on-site the first 0.5 to 1.0 inches of rainfall, with 1.0 inch retained adjacent
              to tidal salt marshes and estuarine waters
                     While urban flood control systems are planned and designedfor large,
                     infrequent rainfall events, urban runoff quality control measures are
                     proportioned for the smaller and more frequent runoff events. This is
                     because most urban runoffpollutants are generated on a continuous basis
                     and are conveyed into water bodies by smaller routine rain events.
                     Stormwater drainage systems should include pretreatmentfor sediment,
                     toxic contaminants, floatables and pathogens, distribute the runoff over a
                     broad area and avoidpoint discharges.

                     Discharges into tidal saltwater wetlands should not be allowed due to the
                     resultant dilution of the high marsh salinity and encouragement of the
                     invasion of brackish or upland species, specifically Phragmites.

       'Manage stormwater so that both the volume and rate of the outflow from the site
              after development does not exceed the outflow from the site prior to the
              development

       * Strive to remove 80% of annual total suspended solids (TSS) loadings or
              reduce post-development loadings of TSS so that average annual loadings are
              no greater than pre-development levels

       ï¿½ Coordinate the timing of detention basin outflows to avoid the peak runoff
              periods of other watercourses

       ' Identify stormwater routing and storage for the 2 and 10 year storm events, as
              well as the 100 year storm event


Long-term Maintenance

       * Assign and require clear responsibilities for long-
              term maintenance of catch basins, sediment      AH
              traps and retention and detention basins
              including periodic cleaning of filters, V
              removal of debris and sediment, and weed
              cutting

                 Pumping of catch basin to remove accumulated  -
                 sediments







Stormwater                                                                        Page 1-13



                     Consider the use of a performance bond iffacility maintenance is assigned
                     to a homeowners' association. Restrictive deed covenants should be used
                     to assure that maintenance responsibilities are legally binding.

       * Institute pollution prevention measures such as providing trash cans and
              requiring sweeping of parking lots and roads







Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-14


         WHAT IS THE IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM?


Best Management Practices (BMPs) - practices that reduce or prevent the discharge of
       pollutants to ground and surface waters and have been determined to be acceptable based
       upon technology and economic and institutional feasibility.


Selection of Best Management Practices

       Proper selection of BMPs depends upon the anticipated pollutants, site conditions and
       characteristics of the receiving water body. This is particularly true for stormwater
       management BMPs. Ground and surface water classifications should be identified along
       with specific factors which may include identification of existing problems in receiving
       waters such as flow rates, sedimentation, erosion, eutrophication, bacterial or
       contaminant-related problems of receiving surface waters and bacterial, contaminant, or
       water table level related problems of groundwaters. Also, all uses involving or affecting
       the water resources of the area should be investigated. Once these data are assembled,
       BMP selection can begin.


       Special Note on the Selection of Stormwater Runoff Collection BMPs

              Stormwater BMPs which direct runoff into the soil and/or vegetative areas should
              be utilized In contrast, low maintenance artificial drainage systems which
              provide little opportunity for settlement or infiltration of pollutants have become
              increasingly popular. Unfortunately, these systems are designed to collect and
              convey surface runofffrom developed areas to discharge points as quickly as
              possible and to be self-cleaning. The result has been that these systems collect
              and concentrate pollutants in runoff augmenting their transport to watercourses.
              Therefore, to allow for maximum treatment ofpollutants, BMPs which allow for
              infiltration should be selected while BMPs which convey runoff quickly with little
              opportunity for pollutant removal should be avoided.


Priorities of Pollution Control:

First:        Prevent pollution at its source, primarily through preconstruction planning
Second:       Control unavoidable pollution as close to the source as possible through BMP
                     selection and associated maintenance plans
Third:        Mitigate for existing sources of pollution, often through retrofitting in already
                     developed areas








 Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-15


These priorities should be applied to each site, undeveloped or developed, through application of
the following principles:

1. Design the development of a site for minimum disturbance. This can be done for
       undeveloped or developed sites.
2. Install state-of-the-art BMPs to address unavoidable disturbances and potential pollution
       sources. These BMPs should deal with both the quantity and quality of stormwater
       runoff.
3. Once BMPs are selected, maintenance schedules should be developed and instituted, and
       compliance and adherence with maintenance schedules should be assured. These BMPs
        should include housekeeping-type pollution prevention practices such as street sweeping,
        collection of pet wastes and fertilizer and pesticide application plans.
4. For existing sources of pollution, retrofit facilities where possible to minimize or eliminate
       these sources.

First: Pollution Prevention at the Source through Primarv and Secondarv Stormwater
       Runoff Control

        Stormwater runoffquality control measures are designed to prevent or mitigate nonpoint
       source pollution on a per site basis. Primary and secondary runoff quality control
        measures begin with proper site design within the bounds of topography, surficial
       geology and infrastructure and extends to the use of Best Management Practices.

        Intent:
               Primary measures - to keep pollutants from entering stormwater conveyance
                      systems comprised of pipes and channels; applicable to virtually all sites.
               Secondary measures - to provide conventional low maintenance treatment for
                      stormwater at local and regional scales.



        Primarv measures                           Parking area with
                                                    individual curb
               * minimal site disturbance          stops to encourage
               ï¿½ pervious surfaces                 runoff. Vegetative
                                                    filter strip and
                                                    natural vegetation
               ï¿½ grass swales                      allows for
               ï¿½ no curbs                          maximum
               > sheet flow                        infiltration of
                 >vegetative filters                stormwater.
                                                    Groton, CT








Stormwater                                                                            Page 1-16


                                                    Wet basin with   ï¿½.
       Secondary measures                          wetland habitat;
                                                    provides habitat 
               ' sediment chambers                 value, landscape
                                                    amenity and
                 infiltration systems              amt an 
                         ~ sediment basins         high removal of
                 sediment basins
                                                    sediment, metals
                 detention basins and nutrients
                vegetative filters
                 extended duration ponds           Stoneheights, 
                                                    Waterford, CT
                                                    Photo courtesy of Pat
                                                    Snarski

Second: Control of Unavoidable Pollutants through Source Control Measures

       These measures or BMPs are intended to limit the concentration of unavoidable urban
       pollutants and minimize their entry into urban drainage systems. The control of urban
       runoffpollutants at their source is also effective in reducing the accumulation of erosion-
       borne material.

       Intent:
              To minimize pollutant generation and to keep potential pollutants at their source.

 TvDical Source Control Best Manaaement Practices

       These measures are fairly self-explanatory:

       ï¿½ street and parking lot sweeping
       ï¿½ collection of waste oils and other
              hazardous wastes
       ï¿½ reduction of lawn fertilization
        l     eaf collection
         recycling of cans, bottles, tires, plastics
       ï¿½ erosion control
       ï¿½ trash racks on catch basins, pipe outlets
         elimination of combined sewer overflows
       ï¿½ prevention of illegal dumping
       ï¿½ proper automobile maintenance                Trash rack cover for outlet pipe into basin
         accident and spillage clean ups
         limited usage of deicing chemicals           Waterford Landing Waterford, CT
                                                        Photo courtesy of Pat Snarlki
       ï¿½ oil traps
       ï¿½ public education








Stormwater                                                                          Page 1-17


Third:  Mitigate for Existing Sources of Pollution. Often through Retrofitting

       These measures are used to capture existing nonpoint sources of pollution in areas which
       have already been developed without such pollution controls. I These measures are often
       implemented during redevelopment or expansion or where serious problems exist that
       require more immediate attention.

       Intent:
               To treat existing sources of pollution in developed areas where pollution control is
               lacking.

       TvDical Measures

       * retrofit catch basins with sumps and hooded outlets
       ï¿½ install gross particle/floatables removal
               chambers in existing systems


                         Retrofitting of existing
                         stormwater system through
                         the installation of a swirl-
                         type gross particle
                         separator/sediment chamber

                         Middletown, CT

        * replace impervious surfaces with pervious surfaces
        ï¿½ install vegetative islands and buffer areas
        ï¿½ install swales with riprap check dams
        ï¿½ remove curbing, add slotted curb stops if appropriate


The BMP Selection Chart and individual BMP sheets found in the appendices of this
chapter can be used to aid in the selection of appropriate BMPs.

The most effective BMPs are those which allow for pretreatment and infiltration of stormwater.
Therefore, in most cases, such BMPs should be selected over those that do not provide these
functions. Some general characteristics can be assigned to these two types of BMPs as follows:

  Preferred stormwater BMPs which allow for infiltration:

       - discontinuous pavements, using grass shoulders and vegetative islands to break up sheet
               flow and allow for infiltration;







Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-18


       - no curbs, encourage overland flow to buffer areas;
       - grass swales to encourage settlement and filtration of pollutants;
       - sediment traps; and
       - infiltration devices.

  Less desirable stormwater management practices with little pretreatment:

       - curbed pavement surfaces 'that trap and channel runoff on the pavement, minimizing soil
               infiltration;
       - paved channels;
       - catch basin inlets that drain surface runoff into underground pipes;
       - storm drain pipes that carry all roadway and parking lot runoff and pollutants to
               watercourses; and
       - direct discharges.

The BMPs listed in the appendices fall into the first category and, therefore, should be selected
over less desirable management practices.








i    Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-19


                 WHAT IS THE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM?

     Municipal Enforcement

            Municipalities should adopt a stormwater ordinance or regulations to provide additional
            authority to enforce stormwater management standards over and above those already
            provided for in zoning regulations. Following adoption, enforcement can be achieved
            through the site plan review process. Further, bonding can be required as part of the site
            plan approval process to assure compliance with a municipal stormwater management
            ordinance, regulations or conditions of site plan approval.

     State Enforcement

             Water Pollution Control Statutes

             C.G.S. Section 22a-427 disallows the pollution of any of the waters of the state or the
             maintenance of a discharge of any treated or untreated wastes by any person or
             municipality.

             If the DEP Commissioner finds that any person or municipality has initiated, created,
             originated, or is maintaining any discharge, point or nonpoint, into the waters of the state
             without a permit as required or in violation of such permit, he may issue an order to abate
             pollution, or he may request the attorney general to bring an action in superior court to
             enjoin such discharge until a permit is received or compliance with an issued permit is
             achieved. In addition, any activity which would result in a discharge to the waters of the
             state which violates the state's water quality standards cannot be permitted. Any
             noncompliance with an issued water quality certificate is also enforceable pursuant to the
             state's water pollution control statutes.

             C.G.S. Section 22a-432 allows the DEP commissioner to issue an order to correct a
             potential source of pollution where it is found that a person has established a facility,
             created a condition, or is maintaining any facility or condition which reasonably can be
             expected to create a source of pollution to the waters of the state. Thus, the commissioner
             is authorized to take a proactive role in protecting against sources of pollution in addition
             to correcting existing pollution problems.

             If the Commissioner finds that any person has established a facility or created a condition
             before or after June 25, 1985, or is maintaining any facility or condition which reasonably
             can be expected to create a source of pollution to the waters of the state, he may issue an
             order to such person to take the necessary steps to correct such potential source of
             pollution. If the Commissioner finds that the recipient of any such order fails to comply
             therewith, he may request the attorney general to bring an action in superior court to







Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-20


       enjoin such person from maintaining such potential source of pollution to the waters of
       the state or to take the necessary steps to correct such potential source of pollution.

       In addition, any activity which would result in a discharge to the waters of the state which
       violates the state's water quality standards cannot be permitted.

       Stormwater General Permit

       In accordance with C.G.S. Section 22a-430b, the Department administers a stormwater
       general permit program for all construction activities with land disturbance of five acres
       or more, commercial activities with five acres or more of contiguous impervious surface,
       industrial activities, and for municipalities in excess of 100,000 population with separate
       sanitary and storm sewers. Municipal garages are included as well. Eligible applicants
       must register with the DEP, and a stormwater pollution control plan must be developed
       and kept at the site.

       For construction activities, each pollution control plan must include soil erosion and
       sedimentation controls, effective both during and after construction, and long-term water
       quality controls. For industrial activities, each plan must include measures and controls
       appropriate for potential pollutants as identified by the permittee, based on a required
       inventory of exposed materials. Permittees for industrial activities are also responsible
       for annual stormwater monitoring and recording of analyses results. For commercial
       activities, each pollution control plan must provide for regular sweeping of parking areas,
       sidewalks and driveways, and for the proper storage of potential pollutants such as raw
       materials, intermediate and final products, by-products and waste materials. The DEP
       has oversight responsibilities and enforcement authority.

       C.G.S. Section 22a-430b(c) authorizes the DEP to require individual permits if the
       Commissioner of the DEP determines that an individual permit would better protect the
       waters of the state from pollution than the general permit.








      Stormwater                                                                          Page 1-21


                                     MODEL ORDINANCE

      Background

      In 1991, the Connecticut General Assembly passed Public Acts 91-170 [amending C.G.S.
      Sections 8-2(b), 8-3b and 8-35a] and 91-398 [amending C.G.S. Section 8-23(a)]. These Acts
      require, in part, that zoning regulations and plans of conservation and development adopted by
      coastal municipalities be made with reasonable consideration for greater protection of Long
      Island Sound water quality. In particular, the Acts required municipalities to adopt regulations
      and plans with reasonable consideration and protection of the ecosystem and habitat of Long
      Island Sound and to design them to reduce hypoxia, pathogens, toxic contaminants and floatable
      debris in Long Island Sound. It is well documented that improperly managed stormwater flows
      do make significant contributions to coastal pollution, resulting in hypoxic (low dissolved
      oxygen) conditions and increases in pathogens, toxic contaminants and floatable debris.
      Therefore, improved stormwater management and treatment will result in decreases in these
      pollutants.

             In order to assist municipalities in meeting the substantive as well as legal requirements
*,    of this legislation, we are providing the enclosed Model Stormwater Ordinance for your use. The
      approach of providing a model ordinance as opposed to zoning regulations was selected due to
      the need for consistent approaches to stormwater management in various municipal regulations
      such as zoning regulations including coastal site plan reviews, wetland regulations,
      sedimentation and erosion controls and aquifer protection regulations. Thus, rather than provide
      model site plan regulations which may conflict with existing municipal regulations, we have
      suggested an ordinance as a means of ensuring consistency among the various municipal
      regulations.

             Depending upon the current format of your regulations, portions of this ordinance can be
      inserted where appropriate. Therefore, the first task is to identify appropriate sections. For
      example, should your regulations have an environmental section, this may be the most
      appropriate place for incorporation; however, you may have a drainage section which would be
      more appropriate. Since the system of regulations varies from town to town, this model may
      have to be significantly reorganized in order to match an existing format. Thus, prior to adopting
      any stormwater regulations, the municipality's legal counsel should be consulted.

             As the following model regulations were being developed, workshops were held to solicit
      input from municipal officials on the most effective ways to incorporate a stormwater ordinance.
      Comments received at the workshops suggested that modification of municipal coastal site plan
      regulations would be an effective method. While this approach was seriously considered,
      pollution of Long Island Sound caused by stormwater runoff is not a problem isolated to the
      coastal boundary (though proximity to the Sound plays a role in the degree of pollution reaching
      the Sound). Therefore, stormwater management regulations should not only be applied within







Stormwater                                                                         Page 1-22


the coastal boundary, but throughout coastal municipalities and in inland municipalities
throughout the state as well. In reviewing the model ordinance, please note that suggested
ordinance language is in normal type; explanations or commentary are in italics.








Stormwater                                                                             Page 1-23


 MODEL ORDINANCE FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT


Purnose and Authoritv

       In accordance with the provisions of Chapters 98, 124, 126, 440, 444, and 446h of the
General Statutes of the State of Connecticut, as amended, the Town of           hereby adopts
the following Stormwater Management Ordinance for the following purposes:

        Increased development without proper consideration of stormwater impacts can be a
significant source of pollution to Long Island Sound, its tributaries, and other waters of the state.
The state's water resources are valuable natural, economic, recreational, cultural and aesthetic
resources. The protection and preservation of these waters is in the public interest and is
essential to the health, welfare and safety of the citizens of the state. It is, therefore, the purpose
of this ordinance to protect and preserve the waters within (town name) from nonpoint
sources of pollution through the proper management of stormwater flows and minimization of
inputs of suspended solids, pathogens, toxic contaminants, nitrogen and floatable debris to these
flows.


Definitions

aquifer - a geologic formation, group of formations or part of a formation that contains sufficient
        saturated, permeable materials to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs

 BMPs - best management practices - techniques or structural devices that are effective practical
        ways of preventing or reducing pollution, including but not limited to those techniques
        and devices described in the DEP document entitled COASTAL WATER OUALITY
        PROTECTION: A Guide for Local Officials.

 "first flush of rain" - the initial runoff, usually the first inch, of rainfall during a single event.
        The initial runoff fiom the first inch of rain contains higher pollutant concentrations than
        the subsequent runoff, due to initial washing off of dry weather deposits in significantly
        higher concentrations than those washed off later in a storm. This effect is particularly
        pronounced with initial heavy rainfalls.

 groundwater - water found beneath the ground surface that completely fills the open spaces
        between particles of sediment and within rock formations

 impervious surface - material or structure on, above or below the ground that does not allow
        precipitation or surface water to penetrate directly into the soil







Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-24


site - a single parcel, together with any adjacent waters, which is the subject of an application for
       zoning approval, subdivision approval, coastal site plan review, or an inland wetlands
       permit

sediment - solid material, either mineral or organic, that is in suspension, is transported, or has
       been moved from its site of origin by erosion

trash hood - feature in a catch basin which traps debris such as litter and keeps it from being
       discharged from the catch basin

urban stormwater runoff - precipitation that falls onto the surfaces of roofs, streets, parking lots,
       roads and the grounds of developed areas. Urban precipitation is not absorbed by the
       ground or retained in its surface, but collects and runs off, carrying a wide variety of
       pollutants such as oil-based contaminants, heavy metals (copper and lead), nutrients and
       bacteria


AnDlication Reauirements

Stormwater management plans should be strongly encouragedfor all land use and development
projects, even where they are not required. A stormwater management plan shall be included as
a part of any application for zoning approval, subdivision approval, coastal site plan review, or
an inland wetlands permit where:

       1.    the application pertains to a development or construction project disturbing five or
               more acres of total land area on a site; Applicants should be made aware that any
               development which calls for a total disturbance of over 5 acres also requires the
               submission of registration to the Connecticut DEP under the General Permit for
               the Discharge of Stormwater and Dewatering Wastewaters from Construction
              Activities.

       2.     the application pertains to any site with one acre or more of impervious cover;

       3.     the application proposes new residential development of three or more units;

       4.     the application pertains to any new industrial or commercial project; Applicants
              should be made aware that a commercial project with five or more acres of
              contiguous impervious surface or an industrialproject may require the
              submission of registration to the Connecticut DEP under the General Permit for
              the Discharge of Stormwater Associated with Commercial Activity or the General
              Permit for the Discharge of Stormwater Associated with Industrial Activity,
              respectively. or








Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-25


       5.     the commission which has jurisdiction over the application has required
               submission of a stormwater management plan pursuant to written findings that the
               activity proposed in the application has the potential to cause significant nonpoint
               source pollution to ground or surface water drinking supplies, or to Long Island
               Sound or any other waters of the state. Such findings may be based upon a
              written request by the Commissioner of Environmental Protection.

If the commission determines that the activity proposed in an application may result in
significant nonpoint source pollution to ground or surface water drinking supplies, or to Long
Island Sound or any other waters of the state, it may refer the application, including the
stormwater management plan, to the Commissioner of Environmental Protection for a
determination as to whether a discharge permit under section 22a-430 of the General Statutes, or
other state authorization, is required.


Contents of stormwater manafgement nlan:

Where a stormwater management plan is required, such plan shall provide, at a
minimum, the following information:

1.     Soil characteristics of the site.

2.     DEP ground and surface water quality classification of the site.

3.     Location of the closest surface water bodies and wetlands to the site, and the depth to any
       groundwater or aquifer areas on or adjacent to the site. In the case of tidal waters,
       provide the mean high water and high tide elevations.

4.     Location and description of all proposed stormwater control BMPs for both construction
       activities and post-construction long-term stormwater control.

5.     Proposed maintenance and operation manual or schedule for any trash hoods, catch
       basins, or other BMP devices used to prevent or treat stormwater.

For applications which the commission finds will not have the potential to cause significant
nonpoint source pollution to groundwater or surface water drinking supplies, or to Long Island
Sound or any other waters of the state, the commission may waive submission of the following
information:

6.     Calculations of stormwater runoff rates, suspended solids removal rates, and soil
       infiltration rates before and after completion of the activity proposed in the application.







Stormwater                                                                            Page 1-26


7.     A hydrologic study of pre-development site conditions. Hydrology studies shall be
       conducted at a level of detail commensurate with the probable impact of the proposed
       activity and should extend downstream to the point where the proposed activity causes
       less than a five percent change in the peak flow rates.


Standards and Criteria for Decision

In order to approve any application for which a stormwater management plan is required, the
commission shall find the stormwater management plan consistent with the following criteria. If
such application is also subject to the requirements of an aquifer protection overlay zone or any
other requirements for nonpoint source pollution control, the more stringent requirements shall
control.

1.     Direct channeling of surface water runoff into adjacent ground and surface waters and
       tidal wetlands shall be prohibited.

2.     No net increase in urban stormwater runoff from the site shall result from the proposed
       activity.

3.     Design and planning for site development shall provide for minimal disturbance of pre-
       development natural hydrologic conditions, and shall reproduce such conditions after
       completion of the proposed activity, to the maximum extent feasible.

4.     Pollutants shall be controlled at their source to the maximum extent feasible in order to
       contain and minimize contamination. Such an approach is not only cost-effective but
       more efficient, by reducing the needfor extensive restoration efforts. Methods include
       but are not limited to sweeping of streets and parking lots, especially in the early spring,
       the use of oil traps and sediment basins prior to infiltration, the use ofpervious surfaces
       and encouragement of sheetflow to filter strips.

5.     Stormwater management systems shall be designed and maintained to manage site runoff
       in order-to eliminate surface and groundwater pollution, prevent flooding and, where
       required, control peak discharges and provide pollution treatment.

6.     Stormwater management systems shall be designed to collect, retain and treat the first
       inch of rain on-site, so as to trap floating material, oil and litter. BMP techniques to
       achieve treatment of the first inch of rainfall include oil and grit separators, and trash
       hoods.







 Stormwater                                                                          Page 1-27


7.     On-site storage of stormwater shall be employed to the maximum extent feasible. On-site
       storage methods include but are not limited to landscaped depressions, grass swales,
       infiltration trenches and retention or detention basins.

8.     Stormwater runoff rates and volumes shall be controlled by slowing runoff velocities and
       encouraging infiltration. Post-development runoff rates and volumes shall not exceed
       pre-development rates and volumes. BMP methodsfor controlling runoffand
       encouraging infiltration include the minimization of impervious surfaces, minimization of
       curbing and collection, the use of grass or vegetative filter zones, landscape depressions,
       slotted curb spacers, perforated pipes for conveying stormwater, establishment of buffers
       ifrom streams, wetlands and waterbodies, and any combination of methods, where
       appropriate.

9.     Stormwater treatment systems shall be employed where necessary to ensure that the
       average annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS) following the completion of the
       proposed activity at the site are no greater than such loadings prior to the proposed
       activity. Alternatively, stormwater treatment systems shall remove 80% of TSS from the
       site on an average annual basis. BMP methods for stormwater treatment include
       infiltration through vegetative strips, grass swales and detention basins.







Stormwater                                                                          Page 1-28


       WHERE CAN I TURN FOR HELP AND ADDITIONAL
                                INFORMATION?


AVAILABLE INFORMATION

PUBLICATIONS

      - U-nstream Solutions to Downstream Pollution - A Citizens' Guide to Protecting
             Seacoasts and the Great Lakes by Cleaning Ur Polluted Runoff, 1993. Sarah
             Chasis, Jessica Landman, Beth Lillemann, Diane Cameron and Ann Notthoff,
             principal authors.
             Good overview of nonpoint source pollution, not too technical
             Available through the Natural Resources Defense Council and Coastal Alliance
             (send $7.50 plus $1.45 shipping and handling to: NRDC Publications Department,
             40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10.011)

      - Guidance Snecifving Management Measures for Sources of Nonnoint Pollution in
             Coastal Waters - EPA, January, 1993.
             Contains guidance developed in accordance with Section 6217 of the 1990 federal
             Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments specifying management measures
             to control sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters
             Contact EPA Office of Water, Washington, D.C. by calling (202)260-7100.

      - Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control - CT DEP/CT Council on Soil
             and Water, 1988.
             Contains methods and techniques for minimizing soil erosion and sedimentation
             Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store Level,
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

      - Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv (prepared for the CT DEP by Milone &
             MacBroom, Inc.), February, 1992.
             Provides information to help evaluate the needfor and use of stormwater
             management systems
             Draft document available from Milone & MacBroom, Inc., (203)271-1773.


      - Connecticut Nonnoint Source Material Summary - Bibliography of Publications
             available through the DEP including the following:

                                                                                               S








Stormwater                                                                           Page 1-29


              - Assessment of Nonroint Sources of Pollution in Urbanized Watersheds: A
                     Guidance Document for Municipal Officials - (Shreve-Gibb, B. and W.
                     Boucher, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.), CT DEP Bulletin #22, April 1995.
                     Provides information on stormwater and nonpoint source pollution
                     prevention and control; provides a process to follow for evaluating and
                     improving existing regulations and practices
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Nonnoint Source Pollution: An Assessment and Management Plan - CT DEP,
                     February 28, 1989.
                     An assessment of the state's nonpoint source problem, providing a
                     management strategy to address Connecticut's nonpoint source concerns
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Best Management Practices for Coastal Marinas. Final Renort (prepared for the
                      CT DEP by Fugro McClellan), August, 1992.
                     A program of BMPs to minimize the adverse impacts of marina
                      construction, expansion and operations on Connecticut's coastal water
                      quality
                     Available through the DEP Office of Long Island Sound Programs -
                      (860)424-3034.

              - Protecting Connecticut's Water-Suimlv Watersheds: A Guide for Local Officials
                      - Doenges, J.M., C.P. Allan, J. Benson, and R.J. Jontos, Jr. (Eds.), 1993.
                     Provides municipalities with guidance and information on existing and
                      recommended programs for protection ofpublic surface water supplies
                      Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                      Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Best Management Practices for the Protection of Groundwater. A Local
                      Official's Guide to Managing Class V Underground Iniection Control
                      Wells - Inglese, O., Jr. 1992.
                      Discusses the operations commonly associated with many types of
                     facilities, the materials used and the wastes generated; describes shops
                      and services such as printing, dry cleaners, auto service and repair,
                      beauticians and non-agriculturalpesticide application
                      Available from the DEP Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                      Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.







Stormwater                                                                        Page 1-30



STAFF

      DEP Office of Long Island Sound Programs staff
             79 Elm Street
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127
             (860)424-3034

      DEP Water Bureau Staff:
             Long Island Sound water quality:: 860-424-3020
             Stormwater management and water quality enforcement: (860)424-3018
             79 Elm Street
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127


      UCONN Cooperative Extension Service
             Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials - (NEMO)
             1066 Saybrook Road, P.O. Box 70
             Haddam, CT 06438
             (860)345-4511

      Soil and Water Conservation Districts/County Offices:
             Fairfield (203)743-5453
             Hartford (860)688-7725
             Litchfield (203)567-8288
             Middlesex (860)345-3219
             New Haven (203)269-7509
             New London (860)887-3604
             Tolland (860)875-3881
             Windham (860)774-0224

      Regional Planning Agencies

      EPA Nonpoint Source Bulletin Board Online - (301)589-0205



  _~a~             ~CHAPTER I - APPENDIX





























*                                         I* 







                                     APPENDIX


                   BMP TABLES AND DESCRIPTIONS


The following BMP tables and descriptions are meant to provide a quick reference to various
stormwater BMPs and their functions. The first page consists of a table of comparative BMP
pollutant removal and beneficial effects followed by Stormwater BMP Application/Advantage/
Limitations Tables providing quick reference to various BMPs. The following BMP Diagram
and Descriptions section provides larger and more legible diagrams and includes design criteria
for each BMP.


Comparative Pollutant Removal and Beneficial Effects of Different
              Stormwater BMPs                                                          A-1-1
Stormwater BMP Application/Advantages/Limitations Tables
       Gravel Road Surface                                                             A-1-2
       Modular Paving                                                                  A-1-2
       Catch Basin with Sump and Hooded Outlet                                         A-1-2
       Catch Basin Perimeter Filter                                                    A-1-3
       Vegetative Filter                                                               A-1-3
       Vegetative of Grassed Swale                                                     A-1-3
       Riprap Check Dam (used with Vegetative or Grassed Swale)                        A-14
       Level Spreader                                                                  A-14
       Infiltration Trench                                                             A-1-4
       Catch Basin with Dry Well                                                       A-1-5
       Sediment Chamber                                                                A-1-5
       Infiltration Gallery with Level Side Overflow                                   A-1-5
       Rooftop Infiltration Via Dry Well                                               A- 1-6
       Sediment Basin                                                                  A-1-6
       Sediment Basin Outlet (used with Sediment Basin)                                A-1-6
       Sediment Forebay/Riprap Filter Berm
               (for use in Sediment, Infiltration or Detention Basins)                 A-1-7
       Infiltration Basin                                                              A-1-7
       Wet Basin                                                                       A-1-7
       Extended Duration Detention Basin                                               A-1-8
       Underground Exfiltration Storage                                                A-1-8
       Wetland Treatment Systems                                                       A-1-8
       Sand Filters                                                                    A-l-9

Stormwater BMP Diagrams and Descriptions
       Modular Paving                                                                 A-1-10
       Catch Basin Sump and Hooded Outlet                                             A-l-l I
       Catch Basin Perimeter Filter                                                   A- 1-12







Stormwater BMP diagrams and Descriptions (cont.)

      Vegetative Filter                                                            A-1-13
      Grassed Swale                                                                A-1-14
      Riprap Check Dam                                                             A-1-15
      Level Spreader                                                               A-1-16
      Infiltration Trench                                                          A-1-17
      Catch Basin - Dry Well Combination                                           A-1-18
      Sediment Chamber                                                             A-1-19
      Infiltration Galley with Level Side Overflow                                 A-1-20
      Rooftop Infiltration Via Drywell                                             A-1-21
      Sediment Basin                                                               A-1-22
      Sediment Basin Outlet                                                        A-1-23
      Sediment Forebay/Riprap Filter Berm                                          A-1-24
      Infiltration Basin                                                           A-1-25
      Wet Pond                                                                     A-1-26
      Extended Duration Detention Basin                                            A-1-27
      Underground Exfiltration Storage                                             A-1-28
      Wetland Treatment Systems                                                    A-1-29





       COMPARATIVE POLLUTANT REMOVAL AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
                                OF DIFFERENT BMPs

                                      POLLUTANT REMOVAL/BENEFICIALEFFECTS


                                            (a0       00
                                                      E                     U
                                                  0 >
                                               .0>
                                         ~~ ~ E
                                              ~ Lu ~ 0 Lu 0>0 0 =
                                                  U- OC                 000




  TYPICAL STORMWATER BMPs            Wj O  O          z 0  M   ~C)~ ~ -
  Gravel Road Surface                X  X                       X            X
  Modular Paving                     X X                        X            X
  Catch Basin with Sump and Hood            X  X  X
  Catch Basin Perimeter Filter       X X                                     X
.Vegetative Filter                    XX X                      X X          X
  Swale                              X X                        X
   Riprap Check Dam                  X      X                   X
  Level Spreader                     X      X                   X X
  Infiltration Trench                X  X  X                              X
  Sand Filter                        X X x            XX X
  Catch Basin with DryWell           XxXXXX                 X         xX
  Sediment Chamber                          xXXX
  Infilt. Gallery wI Level Side Overflow    X
  Rooftop Infiltration Via Drywell   X                                xXX
  Sediment Basin                     xXXX         X                   X
   Sediment Basin Outlet                          X~           X
   Sediment Forebay/Riprap Filter Berm     X      X
  Infiltration Basin                 X  X  X                          X      X
  Wet Pond/Basin                     X XX             X~                     X
  Extended Duration Detention Basin  X  X  X                                 X

  Underground Exfiltration Storage   X  X                             X
  Wetland Treatment System           X X  Xi          X  X x  X~  X          X

  Based upon Mllone &. MacBroomn, Stormwater Management Quantity and Quality, Draft, February, 1992











         Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                      Page A-1-2







                                            X -   Driveways                           Encourages infiltration           Low traffic volume required
                                               Rural roads                            Filters particulate pollutants   Occasional maintenance
                                          E4 Emergency access                         Reduces impervious surface          required
                                            '   Overflow parking                     Delays runoff


                                                                                       drainage facilities







                      ~  :~ ....... NINE.                                              Encourages  infiltration          Mowing maintenance
                              W7Landscaped areas                                      Renovates pollutants              Low traffic volumes necessary
                                              Overflow parking                       Maintains natural look            Possible frost action in
                                            ( i_   1-~J4BF   -     wtrwy,  aerbdisanReduces impervious cover              clayey soils
Ki DS WrrHt HGA SL     aT.                                                             Reduces need for downstream       Labor intensive installation
                                                                                      drainage facilities             Permeability may be reduced
                                                                                    Delays runoff                       over time due to traffic
                21  PARET MAT IAL-A  ADELTER iJ                                       Reduces runoff volume                load





                                        "ï¿½AV  %Large commercial/industrial parking    Floating hydrocarbons captured   Emulsified and dissolved
                                                areas                                Adsorbed hydrocarbons settle        hydrocarbons difficult to
                                             i  Systems having direct discharge to     with particulates                 trap mechanically



                                                Note    I minputs                    Simple to retrofit head           Organics and stagnant water
                                                    FebruaLow cost                                                      may be flushed out upon
                       II~~~54>1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~um troutine cleaning



        CATCH BASIN





       Note: Information in tables based upon rilone    MacBroom,  Btorwater Manaaement O                         rantitv and Osalitv, Draft,
               February, 1992










        Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                          Page A- 1-3





                                               Highway medians                         Filters particulate pollutants    Large area required
                        E1,    t                Parking lots                            Islands may be a landscaped        Maintenance
                                               Parks                                     feature






             -\..~~~~~~~~~  ... II111111 /,  2







                     y'::, ~.~.' ~     ......   Immediately abutting impervious         Reduces pollutant loads            Mowing maintenance
                                                 surfaces                              Increases time of concentration   Channels formed from non-
                                               Downstream of level spreaders           Protects soil from erosion           sheet flow may short-
                                               Place in areas of high particulate      May double for                       circuit filter
        & O^w BIM WE PlREASE                      loads, organics and metals              aesthetic/recreation use         Periodic sediment
?    sc~eor nacsm CRB STOP  Pretreatment step for infiltration                            Can provide wildlife habitat         accumulation at top of
                                                 systems                               Relatively inexpensive to            strip
                                              -~~~~ L~~~~~""   ~~ ~establish                                              Should be used on slopes of
                                                                                                                         5% or less







                      _t 4in      i


   4 *-0~~~      ~Xh`~m.:.:`~~~````~ 'developments                                       Attenuates small flows                to achieve stormwater
                , N. . ..}E.i{  .....'.~Highway medians                                 Filters particulate pollutants       management goals
           '~:~:~ i|~ ~ ~g ._A _._Alternate to curb and gutter systems   Usually less expensive than                       Maintenance required more
     ,l    opes ltnoeual  WmK to OR5%ow
               mwg ~~~~~~~~t DR4SiuX       i @8  Slopes less than or equal to 5%          curb and gutter systems             than curbed systems
                                             H Can be used with infiltration trench   Keeps water away from street         Less compatible with
                              Ye~'~or         TAFBlXat base                              surface                             sidewalks










        Note: Information in tables based upon Milone & macBroommtormwater Man&=ement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draf
               bruary, 1992 
                  11.











          Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                        Page A-1-4







                                   ONION ~:   W IN  Temporary or permanent measure for    Acts to settle out coarse          Maintenance/stone replacement
                                                              existing channels;           material                         Must periodically remove
                                       W ill Useful in new temporary or permanent   Delays runoff timing for small            accumulated sediments from
                                                    drainage swales                        storms                             behind dam
                        ~:~SWL '                 Used to reduce velocity in grass        Reduces velocity
                                                    swales                               Distributes water over channel
                                              o g ./ X                                    Increases infiltration in
                                        . cAtNEL                    .                     swales

        %.gg~~ SLtTO C~EH VATION





    44bu. A M.,&,:            CROSS SECtON
II.          . _   __,.       :

                                                 ..Discharge to filter strips or          Slows erosive velocities           Periodic maintenance after
                                                    vegetated swales                      Converts concentrated flow to       large rainfall events
                     ' . ... : , //:t:/    SW : OS:O Construct preferably on undisturbed   sheet flow
                                   " O -  .D ow     soils discharging to stabilized      Settles coarse sediment
                  WIULï¿½ :-cll" +I   u+      M     OOdownstream areas with moderate       Encourages infiltration
                                                    slopes











             :BOOT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i .s.mT... A..
                     ~~~~                                       laesReduces runoff to                                            monitor function



                                                  Rooftop runoff                          Encourages infiltration           Can clog with sediment
                                                  Adjacent to parking areas with Grass   Filters pollutants, metals           grass buffers must be
                               Kt.-   n~filter strips receiving sheet                       proven  to bind to soils          installed in association to
                                   ;.:~rw  ~.~;~ flow                                    Can nearly reproduce natural         capture sediment
                                                  Highway medians                          hydrological conditions Possible risk of groundwater
                                                  Below swales                           Maintains baseflow                   contamination from spills
                               :: j  ", Residential- lots and small                      Easy to fit into site             PRegular maint enance required
                                                                                                                             Rarely achieves peak runoff
                                                  ,: ~  "" .  I m ~ Rooftop runoff        Encourages infilrationcontrol







         Note: Infoxuation in tableo baied upon Milone & MacBroom, Stosmwater Manasaement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Drafti
                 1 -   IFebruary, 9a  m e ed










         Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                      Page A-1-5


                                              \ 'S    MOM Ogg . ...  . ~ *4X  ....*~II47  444~4.'.'>.'~.'4''47$47~ï¿½... ...  .-. $4   \'>  4   g,.,



                                               Areas with moderate pollutant and       Maintains groundwater table and  Inspect yearly for ponding
                                         kt   k     k   hydrocarbon loads                 base flows                      Cannot clean infiltration
                                             .'  Should be used in areas with well-    Renovates pollutants in first       surface
          %'.  cM- _  ~   . : ,B%   drained soils to take advantage                      flush and frequent small        Signs of contamination are
                                              '" of infiltration                         storms                            out of view
                                ~,~ ~-~~2 1' :T "TOF    .   Suitable for minor residential roads    Reduces peak flows
      OlET ......W.-W,=OR~..T   ï¿½~1 ~1/  ~  ' ï¿½ 6::~. and small parking lots




      PN:^L CItTH NAS~d    L   = o a    i Nl'U  47 O;  w






                     4!i  WN 'R        " '.0-  Parking lot systems                     Traps floatables                   Sediment removal required
                       ......   ........'      Temporary measure during                Trapscoarse sediment               Periodic inspection and
      "N' ~       A..              * '"" " '   'f    construction                      Groundwater recharge                 maintenance required
                                         W4 .Permanent measure on large                Pollutant filtering
                                    .t T  .  ma   developments with high anticipated
   _                                  A _  -. .... :' sediment load








m .. ....     .. ...          . M. ..;    , E


                                            , Serves as an outlet for small            Infiltrates runoff from small    Runoff must be pretreated to
                                                 drainage systems                        storms                            prevent clogging of soil
                                          . ',, May be used for rooftop drainage       Excess overflows similar to
                          47':  'il:...  't '  Parking lots, driveways, recreation       level spreader and vegetative







        SECTION               PLAN VIE      ' 4 
-            q













        Note ;   formation in tables based upon Milone & MacBroom    ormwater Manaaement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draf@
              ~wbruary, 1992










          Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                       Page A-1-6





                                                Rooftop runoff from residential and      Reduces runoff volume             Clogging possible
                                                  commercial buildings                   Provides clean water              Periodic rejuvenation may be
                                        . .: Locate away from building                     infiltration to enhance           required
                                                  underdrains to prevent                   groundwater supply
                                                  infiltration short-circuit             Reduces size of' storm drains
                                                                                           required downstream
                                ,,~monnos v * * .~                      .                 gHelps maintain base flow










                                  ~  T        ' W  Parking lot systems                   Traps floatables                  Sediment removal required
                       ...... .    'g~ ~Temporary measure during construction   Traps coarse sediment                       Periodic inspection and
                                                Permanent measure on large               Groundwater recharge                maintenance required
                                                 developments with high anticipated     Pollutant filtering
                            ~ '11AP '             sediment loads





.    Ior.....E.SIIV   .,,'.                   .





              M g  g                      . B::
                                      .....  [   .  V.? ' ':Sediment basins (temporary and    Hood traps floatables        Does not accommodate high
                 ï¿½'   ~ ':.' :4'~"< .   '    'j.. .   permanent)                         Slow metered discharge              flows
                                                Infiltration basins                        encourages settling             Periodic cleaning of stone








                               :  erary 1992 tra  InfI






         Note:  Information in tables based upon Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Manaaement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft,
                February, 1992









         Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                      Page A-1-7



                                                                                            M~~~#ï¿½&\ileSMSXTO

           ~~" ~4fliaen .~~~~ a                 ediment basins                          Prolongs life of basins           maintenance required
                                               infiltration basins                     Provides zone to trap coarse      Filter fabric may clog and
                           4  4                ~~~~~Dry detention basins                  sediment before it fills          have to be replaced
               C    B                          ~~~~~~~~~shallow wet basins                entire basin
             4  NA                            ~~~~~~~~~Extended Detention basins        Traps floatables




       """""~~* CtAESSO#*tASS~~~'CALANOY
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~................. .. ...... -  M . . ...


S10     ev                              e      i       omentbsis Prollotnts High                     ofbasilur raitenance required
                                               DuIngfiontruction, botmsulCasnseProvies larne dorainagearese IFilterat  ratei may co  n

                                                seydimentio basins  Mybusedimen reforeaitfionls  Raequoibes replatelylag
                                               AySitellot well drasinedsis saentireasi
            ~"~'~"~ï¿½~'"--~~~~~cntmian s pll Extendely contamnation frominsr
                                                                                       iTraps ch loesand














       Ob~gSTCIICM    IME  0'~             
           v~~~~~~~~1 fow., se whTere high nurient coto                       sDwsra   urpi                     nLreln                  arqie
     44
  SL RE        *oet n   s r~  .mas..
:A 3'  CRS  SEnCTION          PLAN~ 










::X .    g                       1"I  rqi         e iclui n diohrgs t mangeenoteta for thra
'4.                    ".*4~.,.     .~..
       >7 ... .       . C.              .~..'
                       REMOVE'    Commervaoli and larke Aestheticulate   Fairly frequent maintenance








                               ":~' ,~,,~ ~W:t:rshe:s  :.  t:d.. ,mCommercia and Welands creatoosibedifficult
                                  444<44'  t*    Lar 'ge  r   developments                pollutants                      Hgh failure rate due to poor
                                                 acresainagize wiease ofltow0 acrufCan control peak discbarges             soils and poor design
                                                ...During construction, bottom should  Can serve large drainage areas    Infiltration rate may
   If'/j     N..M~. E _ nOS.E. .     :            be left at 2 feet above final         Groundwater recharge                ultimately be determined by
                                    mau~n~ otsn.  grade and used as a temporary         Preserves natural water balance     accumulated sediments
4,   .'                  .N    sediment.basin                                           May be used as recreational       Requires relatively large
   7 .... uUE7                              >3Any site with well drained soils            space                            area
           !0 -.    = ame 1                    Should not be used in areas where                                          Possible risk of groundwater
 :]i         MEnW--- 7/jrnno               r~    contaminant spills are likely                                              contamination from very
         Note go-mation                          (industrial)                                                               soluble pollutants such as
               PLAN    Mb.                                                                                                 nitrates, chlorides and
   ~.         .      > ..   ï¿½.4.,4~ .                                                                                        gasoline



                        ~--'~.,~   =~    ~~ Use where high nutrient control is          Downstream eutrophication         Large land area required
                                                 required including discharges to        management                      Potential for thermal
              ...... ~j~                     ~~~~~ reservoirs and lakes                 Aesthetic and habitat value          discharges
           $44K~~ ~t~s~~r-  ~r  ~.' Watersheds of tidal embayments and                  Wetlands creation                 Possible difficulty
                         suans-  -'         4~~~~~~  estuaries ~~~~Less maintenance than dry                               permitting in existing
             Q.~~~~~~"- -% ''.!  Larger developments greater than 20                      basins                            wetlands
                           *  INWUESOE  ~  ,,,, acres in size with base flow runoff   High removal of sediment,           Occasional nuisance problems
    ~'~~~~~ ,,,.-   '          ~ 4 5                                                      metals, BOD, and nutrients        (odor, debris, algae)
           ~.,~-'~ ~ ~~~~~~~~WEEOT                                                        amnt                            Posil  saet  /-r-oble--mI
                    ~:'~/  / //G  "'~ '~ [7 \   I~  ~    ~    ~ ~ ~~Recreation and landscape                              Periodic sediment removal
   :[    '   PLA             I'"OFLS.! M.&a.,.,.,Ua,. I'~..~..                         Can provide runoff peak control

:~'.' "'3..r ....* ,.' ...., .............~'' " : 3
    3?,  >.-.-...~-~ . . . -...,. 34,  4....4*-..-- -2: ~"   3""





                  Nat  gfrmaio   intabesbased upon Kilone & Kaala~oowtonnwater Kanaaement Ouantitv and  0uality,  Dra4
                  ~bruary,1992











     Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                           Page A-1-8


   SIMON,~       ~ ~ ~        Pro,                                                    4~,.                                        *4  


           ____                             Retrofit for ex~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~isting drybsn  Flood Control                    Ocsoa   usnei  e
          Mg'i                         VNIIW~~, Large residential developments,        Particulate removal                  portion
                                               commercial and industrial complexes   Soul   oltnsrmoda  wihMdrate maintenance
                                             Regional control measure                   wet pond                          sediment removal
                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Possible recreational use and                                      Unattractive
                                   0                                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~habitat  Liability concerns
                  fW21  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Easy to retrofit old                                                           Questionable impacts on
cW.                                                                                      installations                       wildlife



            PLAN         ~~~~PROPNA
                             I MiM A MoOr."I~.  ~



                                             Unde  pakn  los due to space             Commercially available              Cost
                    ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~considerations                                    Takes little area                  Difficult to restore
                                             Applicable where basins may be           out of sight                          infiltrative capacity it it
        IW                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~unsightly                     Groundwater recharge                 fails
    ~~~~~~~~~sm~~nnwcIs.oI III               Can be oversized to control peak          Pollutant filtering                Difficult to monitor
                                               discharegs by storing runoff           Reduces peak flows                  Frequent cleaning of
                             o   ~ ~ ~    ~        ~       ~        ~        ~       ~        ~       ~       ~       ~       ~      ~     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sediment traps required

                                 JL---A    ----    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Requires pretreatment of
                                                                                                                             runoff


     SLOrrED PIPE SECTIN  END SECTON 




                                             sites with large pollution and runoff   Multiple treatment systems           Rqie   idsoe
                                               loads                                  Nutrient an   eiet                  Requires larger land ae

                                 ~~ ~  ~~  M~elps mitigate the loss of natural           reductions                       Biologically sensitive
                                             wetlands                                 Helps wildlife and groundwater    Nutrient removal varies
                                                                                         recharge                         organic soils necessary
       SEMIMO~i TEMP  - EOTLAME






                              MAA. A  O .  I.







    Zqote: Xnforraation in tables based upon Milone &  acBroom, Storswater Manaaement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft,
            February, 1992










Stormwater BMP Tables                                                                                                               Page A- 1-9





         K|  k Zt~~ta<~~  ~"~"Adaptable to most development sites                   Removes sediment                    May not be applicable in
                                       Where poor soil infiltration exists        Removes trace metals                  colder climates
                                       W here groundwater concerns restrict       Removes nutrients, BOD and          Requires frequent maintenance
            .................ause of most infiltration techniques                    coliform bacteria moderately    Does not control water
                                       Appropriate for '4 to 10 acre               well                                 quantity
                         | |             | | | watersheds with maximum watershed   Useful for groundwater               Can produce odor problems
                                         size for effective treatment no            protection                        Costly but long lived
                                         more than 50 acres                       Can enhance effectiveness with
                                                                                  layers of peat, limestone
                                                                                  and/or topsoil and may be
                                                                                  overplanted with grass











































Note  formation in tables based upon Milone & MacBroo                          ormwater  Manaaement Ouantitv and Oualitv,    ra4
     I bruary, 1992








O      Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                        Page A-1-10



                                           MODULAR PAVING



               FILL VOIDS WITH SOILATTICE OR SIMI
                                                                -~CONCRETE LATTICE OR SIMILAR
               PLANT WITH GRASS





                                                                                     GRADED FILTER

              PARENT MATERIAL
                                                                                         Milonc & MacBroom, Inc.







      DESIGN CRITERIA
        Place in areas of well drained soils (Hydrologic Groups A & B)
        Place in low traffic areas, such as driveways
        Design for maximum anticipated vehicle load
        Tamp soil into voids
        Seed with grass


     APPLICATIONS
        Emergency a,'es-ways
        Landscaped areas
        Overflow parking areas


     ADVANTAGES                                                   LIMITATIONS
       Encourages infiltration                                       Mowing maintenance
       Renovates pollutants                                          Must be placed in areas of low trafic volumes
       Maintains natural look and reduces impervious                 Possible frost action in clayey soils
       cover                                                         Labor intensive installation
       Reduces need for downstream drainage facilities
       Delays runoff
       Reduces runoff volume


                 Source: Milone & MacBroom, Storrnwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









  Storinwater BMIP Descriptions                                                                       Page A-1-1lI



                                         CATCH BASIN

                           SUMP & HOODED OUITLET




                                 '~~~~"'"'   ~**   '~~'~'~"~'                               CAST IRON HOOD
                                                                                        LEBARON MODEL L 204
                                                                                        OR SIMILAR
                                                      OUTLE
                                                      PIPE



                         HOOD-
                                         INLET
                                        PIPE

   OUTLET
   PIPE                     SM
                          2' MIN.



                   CATCH BASIN


                                                                                      Milonc  M~acBroom, Inc.




DESGN CRITERIA
   None



APPLICATIONS
  Uarge commercialifindustrial parldng areas
  Systems halving direct discharge to waterways, water bodies and wetland~s
  Areas with potential petroleum inputs



ADVANTAGES                                                    LIMITATIONS
  Floating hydrocarbons captured                                  Emulsified and dissolved hydrocarbons difficult to trap
 Adsorbed hydrocarbons settle with particles                     mechanically
 2 foot sump traps coarse sediments                              Maintenance - sumip cleaning 3 times yearly in maintain
 Floaktables prevented from exiting                              effectiveness
 Simple to retrofit hood                                         Organics and stagnant water may be flushed out upon
 Low cost                                                        subsequent flow without routine cleaning



           Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992










O      Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                          Page A-1-12





                          CATCH BASIN PERIMETER FILTER




                   PAVEMENT
              20'GRASS IITER   GRaSS HEIGHT 4' TO 6' 
                                           46 ~ ~ i\~ Fl  <~- SH ADE. EVERGREEN OR ORNAMENTAL
                                                    f ~~L~  \    \            \TREES (Optional)   NO CURB

         GRADE TODi \i  1/ GRADE TO    A || | |/ii i.
         DRAIN \                                      DRAIN /                                 ï¿½ i... . .
                                         DRAN ; ...SHRUS- .- 
                                                            (Optional)
                                                            - rNO CURB              ' -'               j



                                         j/                                       ~~~~~~~~~FLAT TOP BASSIN 
                               ffit~~~~ i/~ ~~                                      ~ ~CONCRETE CURB STOP (Typ.)

                            CATbCH ASIN OR YARD DRAN                      |.||          |i                
                        ~SHALLOW STONE TRENCH TO
                            ACT AS LEVEL SPREADER
                              DETAIL                                       TYPICAL PARKING LOT APPLICATION


                                                                                        Milone & MacBroonl, Inc.


       DESIGN CRITERIA

         Grade filter uniformly to avoid concentrated flow
         Grade paved areas to drain to low area with basin and filter
         Sheet flow only, avoid concentrated flows
         Determine grate capacity as usual
         Provide sandy subsoil below grass
         Place on flat grade
         Provide shallow stone trench on perimeter as a level spreader


       APPLICATIONS

         Highway medians
         Parking lots
         Parks


       ADVANTAGES                                                    LIIllTATIONS
         Filters particulate pollutants                               Large area required
        Islands may be a landscape feature                           Maintenance


                 Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









 Storinwater BMP  Descriptions                                                                           Page A-1- 13

                                    VEGETATIVE FILTER


                   SHALLOW STONE TRENCH                                         DENSE GRASS FILTER,
                    & LEVEL SPREADER                                             HEIGHT 4'-6'
      SLOTTED CONCRETE CURB STOP

















                                                                                         Milone & MacBroom, Inc.

DESIGN CRITRIA
  Depth of water should not exceed grass height
  Select vegetation via use of CT Guidelines for Sediment and Erosion Control and
  Appendix B
  Servesa contri'buting area of 5 acres or kws
  Uniformly grade to avoid depressions or swales
  Grass height should be 4' to 6'
  Perflormance best on slopes less than 5%
  Filters should receive only sheet flow
  Minimum length of Z5', 50' to 75' optimal plus 4 ' for each additional percent slope
  Recommended in topsoils of loamy sand to silt loam
  Combine with forested strips where possible
  A longer strip length provides more filtration

AP.PLICATIONS
  Immediately abutting impervious surfa~ces
  Downstream of ;ev'el sprilTrs
  Place in areas with high particulate loads, organics and
  metals
  Pre-treatinent step for infiltrative systems

Al)VANTAGES                                                     LIMITATIONS
  Reduces pollutant loads                                        Mowing maintenance
  Increases time or concentration                                Channels formed from non-sheet flow may short-
  Protects soil from erosion                                      circuit filter
  May double for aesthetic/recreational use                       Periodic sediment accumulation 2t top of strip
  Can provide wildlife habitat

             Source: Milone & MacBroomn, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992








         Stonmwater BMIP Descriptions                                                                      Page A-1- 14



                                               GRASSED SWALE


                             SWALE SLOPES   AS       CLOSESIDE SLOPE 3:1 OR LESS
                  TO ZERO AS DRAINAGE


                                                                                      OPTIONAL RIPRAP CHECK DAM
                                                                                     (SEE DETAIL) OR RAILROAD TIE


              VEGETATIVE PLANTING,

              SEE APPENDIX B.


              MODIFIED FROM REFERENECE 92                                                         Milone & Macl~roomj Inc.




         DESIGN CRITERIA
           Establish dense cover ofwat~er toler-ant, erosion reistanitgrass See
0       ~~~Appendix B3.
           ?lace in soils with moderate to high permeability
           Bottom should be tilled prior to planting
           Check dams of stone or railroad ties can be i nstalled to promote addi-
           tional infil1tration and settling
           Place in areas with groundwater deeper than 2 fetet
          Swales which receive concnietrated flows should be sodded or planted
           instead of seeded

        APPLICATIONS
          Single family residential developments
          Highaway medians
          Alternative to curb and gutter systems
          Slopes less than or equal to 5%
          Can be used with infiltration trench at base

        ADVANTAGES                                                  LIMITATIONS
          Promotes infiltration                                        Must often be used in combination with other BMP's
          Attenuates small flows                                       to achieve stormwater management goals
          Fil1ters particulate pollutants                              Maintenance (similar to lawn care) is reuired more
          Usually less expensive than curb and gutter systems          than curbed systems
          Keeps water away from street surface                         Less compatible with sidewalks
                                                                     May require larger right-of-way





                   Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Manammerent Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992








Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                      Page A-1-15




                              RIPRAP CHECK DAM

                                                          . /9)/i'  '-SWALE
                                                                                               2



                                                                                           HANNEL
                                                        CHOKE STONES TO FILL                   INVERT
                                                        VOIDS BETWEEN STONES
                                                                        ELEVATION
                                                                             /_/  r-12' MODIFIED
                                                                       X[fe  iFO/   RIPRAP


                                                                                     I    CHANNEL
                                                 1/2' CRUSHED                                   INVERT
                                                 STONE

  Milonc & MncBroom, inc.                                                CROSS  SECTION





DESIGN CRITERIA
  Size to fit swale or channel dimensions
  Size swale and dams to avoid overbank flows




APPLICATIONS
  Temporary or permanent measure for existing channels
  Useful in new temporary or permanent drainage swales
 Used to reduce velocity in grass swales



ADVANTAGES                                                 LIMITATIONS
 Acts to settle out coarse material                         Maintenance/stone replacement
 Delays runoff timing for small storms                      Must periodically remove accumulated sediments
 Reduces velocity                                           from behind dam
 Distributes water over channel
 Increases infiltration in swales




           Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









0    Stormawater BMP Descriptions                                                                      Pagec A-1-16




                                         LEVEL SPREADER


                                                                                    MODIFIED RIPRAP

                                                                                    TOP OF BERM
                                  ENDWALL   ~~~~~~~~~~~TO BE LEVEL

                                                                                    EX.GRADE


           PIPE DIAMETER (0)PRFL
           ENERGY DISSIPATOR AS NEEDED



                            END WALL                    1           0 C          TOP OF BERM



                   OUTLET PIPE                                                    MODIFIED RIPRAP


                   TIE INTO GRADE

                                                    PLAN                               Milone &MacBroom, Inc.




   DESIGN CRITERAA
    Utilize for moderate flows and small drainage areas
    Adjust dimensions for varying pipe sizes, flows, velocities
    Not suitable for velocities > 10 fps, diameter > 3 ft
    For larger outlets requiring energy dissipation, refer to Reference R17


  APPLICATIONS
    Discharge to filter strips or vegetated swales
    Construct preferably on undisturbed soMi discharging to stabilized
    downstream areas with m~oderate slopes



  AD VANTAGES                                                 LUMITATIONS
   Slows erosive velocities                                    Periodic maintenance required after large r~ainfall
   Converts concentrated flow to sheet flow                    events
   Settles coarse sediment
   Encourages infiltration



               Source: Milone & MacBroomn, Storrnwater Manatyerent Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









 Stormwater BMP Descritions                                                                           Page A-1 -17

                                       INFILTRATION TRENCH

                 GRASS FILTER STRIP         OBSERVATION WELL.
                                                                                        OBSERVATION WELL. OF 6'
                                                                                        PERFORATED PVC PIPE
                                                                             CAP--\     ANCHORED WITH RE.11AR





                                                      l'r CRLUSKED STONE,--.-              -NON-WOVEN
                                                     VOID RATIO 30-40%           -GEOTEXTILE
                                                     COMIPACT WIN 1 LIFTS       ..FILTER FABRIC


                                                RATE >0.27 INJWL                         ~~~~~Mione & McBroom, Inc. 


 DESIGN CRITERIA
  Cannot be located in fill
  L~ocate a minimum 100 feet from a water supply well
  Provide 4 ft minimum clearance from trench bottom to bedrock
  Provide 2 to 4 ft minimum clearance from trench bottom to seasonally high water "ale
  Locate 10 ft downgradient and 100 ft upgradient of foundations
  Design for 3 day maximum draining time, 6 ]hours minimum
  Design to serve 5 acres or kws
  Design to bold 1/2 inch of runoff from impervious acreage at a minimum
  AUl runoff should be pre-treated via sediment chambers or vegetative filter strips
  Drip line of trees should not extend over trench
  Trench bottom should be level
  Hydrologic Soil Groups A & B

VARIATIONS
   May be used with stone reservoir only
   May be located at base of vegetated swales behind check dams
   May be used in combination with a. high level overflow pipe for partial exriltration
   May be used with overflow berm or level spreader

APPLICATIONS
  Residentia lots and small commercial areas
  Rooftp runoff
  Ac4acent to parking areas with grass finte r strips receiving sheet flow
  Highway Medians
  Below swales

ADVANTAGES                                                  LIMITATIONS
  Easy to fit into site                                     Periodic inspection required to monitor function
  Reduces ruinoff                                           Can clog with sediment
  Encourages infiltration                                   Possible risk of groundwa ter contlamination from spills
  Filters pollutants, metals proven to bind in sails        Regular maintenance required
  Can Dearly reproduce natural ]hydrological conditions     Rarely achieves peak runolT control
  Maintains bastflow
              Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Manapement Ouantity and Quality, Draft, February, 1992









O       ~Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                     Page A-1-18



                                   CATCH BASIN - DRYWELL


                                             COMBINATION


            -PVMN CRSSSLP



                                                                                     PRECAST CONCRETE RISER
                                                                                     WICONCRETE TOP TO GRADE
                                                                                      -PRECAST CONCRETE OR
                                        MATCH WITH INVERTMAORDREL
                                        OF OUTLET PIPE             ....:.*

                                          PITCH- 

                             2M1U.     HOODED OUTLET                 o




                TYPICAL CATCH BASIN                             I-                                   BROKEN STONE
                                                                                            OR SCREENING


                                                                                          Milone & Miacfroorn, iec.



        DESIGN CRIT ERIA
          Drywell must be located in soils with suitable infiltration capacity, hydrologic Groups A &B
          Distance of 2 to 4 feet from drywell bottom to seasonally high groundwater &- bedrock req'd.
          Must pretreat runoff w/catch basin sump and hooded outlet to minimize clogging




        APPLICATIONS

          A~reas with moderate pollutant and hydrocarbon Icads
          Should be used in areas with well-drained soils to take advantage of infiltration
          Suitable for minor residential roads and small parking lots


        ADVANTAGES                                                  LIMITATIONS
          Maintains groundwater table and base flows                 Inspect yearly for pondIng
          Renovates pollutants in first flush and frequent small     Cannot clean infiltration surface
          storms                                                     Signs or contamination are out of view
          Reduces peak flows




                   Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stoi-mwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992








Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                         Page A- 1-19




                                SEDIMENT CHAMBER



   TRASH RACK----- ,                                                                              CLEAN OUT
   (HAFOUD             .                                                        '.                TO GRADE
   PSIFORATED
                                                            D1A.     v-o 
                     ~INLET~ i  1L a                                                    ,,      OUTLET


                             a r, ELBOW                 4.03
                             (OPTIONAL)                              i ,:j
                      ;.'):                        j      - 0' MIN.                    2,,




                                                                                     Milone & MacBroom, Inc.



 DESIGN CRITERIA
   Provide 400 cubic feet of storage per acre of contributing impervious area
   Minimize contributing area to 1 acre or less per unit
   Provide a high flow bypass where possible




APPLICATIONS
  Small and large parking areas with large hydrocarbon and sediment loads and vehicular traffic
  Use as a pretreatment prior to infiltrative systems to prevent clogging




ADVANTAGES                                                   LIMITATIONS
 Removes coarse sediments                                      Must inspect 3 times yearly
 Removes floatables                                            Limited pollutant removal capacity
 Removes various hydrocarbon films                             Possible re-suspension of fine settled pollutants





          Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









*    Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                            Page A-1-20



     INFILTRATION GALLEY.WI LEVEL SIDE OVERFLOW



                                   r-RIPRAP - SET TOP ROW OF                     INLOW STORM DRAIN
                                   KOPENINGS ABOVE GRADE


        4~DRAI

                    4-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I



                    SECTION                                                           PLAN VIEW
                                                                                        Milone & Macl~room, Inc.






.     DESIGN CRITERIA

       Must'be located in soils with suitable infiltrative capacity, hydrologic soil groups A and B
       Distance of 2 to 4 feet from galley invert to seasonally high groundwater and bedrock required
       Pro-tret runoff through hooded catch basin with sumup or sediment chamber






    ACPPLICATIONS
      Sea-yes as an outlet for small drainage systems
      May be used for rooftop drainage
      Parking, lots, driveways, recreation areas






    ADVANTAGES                                                     LIM41TATIONS
       Infiltrates runoff from small storms                            Runoff mrust be pre-treated to prevent clogging of
       Excess over-flows similar to level spreader and vegetative      soil
       filter




                  Source: Milone & MacBroomn, Stormnwater Manazement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992








 Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                      Page A-1-21



                       ROOFTOP INFILTRATION VIA

                                         DRYWELL

                             I         OVERFLOW PIPE

   ROOF LEADER
                                                       CAP WITH LOCK
   DRY WELL 
   INLET PIPE         M ........
                            \~cr I   ~Y)5~f~12   INCHES TO DRYWELL
  BULDING POUNDATION 
                              OND__ ATI .. O. o N  ï¿½o -0    o oQ   ~           FILTER FABRIC LINES TOP.
                                       ï¿½- ..:... : o 00         .:--BOTTOM AND SIDES
                                                   - ;.~:::~.*,o:- . ''*.    oF DRY WELL
  12 INCHES TO
   PERFORATIONS
  STONE FILL                "                               0-.TEST WELL OF PERFORATED
  1.5-3.0 INCH DIAMETER                                                            PC PIPE, ANCHORED
                                    1.'."'- MLg1<M  !'?'0                      WITH REBAR

       L>                                    t                 tTB A I dl              Milone & MacBroom, Inc. 



DESIGN CRITERIA
  Hydrologic Soil Groups A & B only
  Size with a volume to capture frequent storms up to 1/2"
  rainfall
  Provide gutter screens to protect from clogging with
  leaves
  Provide overflow pipe
  Proide two to four feet above groundwater & bedrock

APPLICATIONS
  To accept rooftop runoff from residential and
  commerrial buildings
  Should not be placed near building underdrains
  otherwise infiltration will be short-circuited

ADVANTAGES                                                 L.MITATIONS
 Reduces runoff volume                                    Clogging possible
 Provides clean water infiltration to enhance groundwater    Periodic rejuvenation may be required
 supply
 Reduces size of storm drains required downstream
 Helps maintain base flow



           Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









  *    Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                       Page A- 1-22



                                               SEDIMENT BASIN




              TOP OF                                                                         TOP OF
               BERM                                               SEE OUTLET DETAIL 7        BR~           RS

                                                                                                 \-AU1JXILIARY
                         R.C. FLARED END                                                              SPLLWAY
                              INTERMEDIATE RIPRAP APRON                                                ANTI-SEEP
                                                                                                     COLLAR
                                               SEDIMENT   ~~~~~~~~~~~~FLARED END
                              OREBAY           BASIN INVERT---                                             1LEYEL
                                                                                         '              ~~~SPREADER
                                        '-_RIPRAP FILTER BERM

                                                                                             Milone & Macl3room, Inc.





       DESIGN CRITERA

*        ~~~Provide I to 4 feet to groundwater                         Plant with dense growth oa water-tolerant grass,
          Provide 2to 4  et to bedrock                                selection of which is slte-spfc (App.BR)
         Provide maintenance seem                                    Till1 bottom periodically and after maintenance
         Provide auxiliary spillway outlet                           Pre-treat runoff
         Maximize' length of basin and length from inlet to outlet   Functions best as an off-11ne system with large flows
         Utilize sediment forebay                                    bypassing
         Provide landscaped buffer at perimeter                      3:1 max1imum side slopes
         Size to capture frequent storms (1/2")                      Design basin floor with slope near zero




       APPLICATIONS

         Parking lot' systems
         Temporary measure during construction
         Permanent measure an large developments with high
         anticipated sediment load




       ADVANTAGES                                                  12MIATI0NS

          Traps floatables                                             Sediment removal required
          Traps coarse sediment                                        Pleriodic inspection and maintenance required
          Grounidwater recharge
          Pollutant filtering




                   Source: Milone & MacBroomn, Stormwater Manatyement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992





  Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                   Page A-1-23


                              SEDIMENT BASIN OUTLET
             ~~~~~~~~~~~RES
     CMP HOOD WITOP
     RISER OVERFLOW                               j20.                       LTEDPP
                                                                         PERFORATED OR
     2'CRUSHED                          77

                                               ... ~~~~~NONWOVEN GEOTEXTILE SECURELY
                                                                          ATCHED TO CIRCUMFERENCE
     PERFORATIONS TOZ
    STOP I' ABOVE
                      BA~~~iN INVERT                                        IJ~~~~~~~TLET PIPE SHALL
                                                                          HAE WATERTIGHT
                     BASIN INVERT                       iT            ~       ~~~~~~RUBBER GASKET JOINTS
                                                                        ANT I-FLOTATION
                                                      .::.-;1 124CONCRETE BASE

                                                  4 DIAMETER                        Milone & ~~~~~MacBroom, Inc.
                                                                                                         -4

DIESIGN CRITERIA
  Auxiliary spillway should be provided for high flows
  May be used for setting basins or infiltration basins due
  to metered outlet
  Provide hood to trap floatables

APPLICATIONS
  Sediment basins (temporary and permanent)
  Infiltration basins
  Ideal for off-line systems that capture small frequent
  storms

ADVANTAGES                                                1,BfITATIONS
 Hood traps floatables                 Dloes not accomnodate high flows
 Slow metered discharge encourages settling               Periodically clean stone filter


            Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Managzement Ouantitv and Ouality, Draft, February, 1992









Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                     Page A-1-24




       SEDIMENT FOREBAY/RIPRAP FILTER BERM




  CENTER OF BERM 24' MAX. ABOVE
 SEDIMENT BASIN INVERT LEVEL    /

                SEDIMENT BASIN
                                                                             FILTER BERM



                                     ENT BASIN                      DON OR
  CHOKE STONES TO FILL             INVERT                            SEDIENT BASIN
  VOIDS BETWEEN STONES                              O    ET
              ELEVATION VIEW                                                               FOREB
                     IF OWNSET LONG AXIS OF
  FILTER CLOTH-P        a     .f STONE PARALLEL
                \~-GRAVEL. ~ .    TO STREAM FLOW
             G RAVELSEDIMENT BASINL '
                     2a{ t ~ L~ INVERT
              CROSS SECTION                                                 PLAN



                                                                              Milone & MacBroom, Inc.





DESIGN CRITERIA
 Place around basin inlets to create sediment forebay
 Size riprap for expected incoming velocities
 Typically use 4" dia. riprap with 1/2" dia. chokestone


APPLICATIONS
 Sediment basins
 Infiltration basins
 Dry detention basins
 Shallow wet basins
 Extended Detention Basin


ADVANTAGES                                                 LIMITATIONS
 Prolongs life of basins                                     Maintenance required
 Provides zone to trap coarse sediment before it fills       Filter fabric may clog and have to be replaced
 entire basin
 Traps floatables




           Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992










Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                                      Page A-1-25


                                          INFILTRATION BASIN


                 25' VEGETATIVE FLTER                 -            GRADE BASIN WITH SLOPE
                 SIDE SLOPES 3:1   M          AX.                  APPROACING ZERO                           RESTRiCTIVE
                                                                                                          -l\O.ET RISER
          RIPRAP F-ER BERMI                                             .  DENSE GRASS 
                       ~~~RIPRAP7,~ J        /         \RIPRAP FLER BERI-7 
         APRON

                   SEDAIMENT      BOTTOM WITH         1           I NE 

                                                                                            OUTFALL PROTECTION


                             PLAN                                                     PROFILE
                                                                                                 Milonc & MacBroom, Inc

         DESIGN CRITERIA
           Maximize surface area of basin floor                      Design for 3 day maximum draining time, 6 hour min.
           Pre-treat runoff to remove excess sediment load,          Do not locate in fill soils
           floatables, and hydrocarbons                              Perform test borings and permeability tests
           Route flow through entire length of basin                 Provide 2 to 4 feet minimum clearance to bedrock
           Prevent concentrated flow through basin, utilize sheet    Provide 2 to 4 ft clearance to seasonally high groundwa-
           flow over entire width                                    ter table
           Provide for flow control should basins infiltration fail  Locate a minimum 10 feet from drinking water wells
           Utilize riprap apron at inlets                            Locate a minimum 10 ft downgradient and 100 f
           Utilize sediment forebay                                  upgradient of foundations
           Flat basin floor to promote uniform ponding               Minimum infiltrative rate of 0.5 in/hr desired
          Side slopes should not exceed 3:1                         Provide maintenance accs
          Establish dense turf of water tolerant grass to maintain  Provide a 25 ft vegetated buffer around the basin
          infiltration, trap poilutants, and uptake solubles (App. B)   perimeter
          Basin should be tilled after final grading and perlodi-   Area should be protected during site construction to
          caily thereafter                                          avoid soil compaction and raw sediment input
                                                                   Basin should be mowed regularly, clippings removed
       VARIATIONS

          LA frst flush basin where the first L/2 inch of runoffis directed to the basin. All larger flows bypass. This
          provides more efficient pollutant removal
          2. Combination detentionrmnfltration basin whereby more frequent flows are detained to infiltrate with.no outflow.
          Larger storms utilize the basin's volume to attenuate peak flows in conjunction with a controlled outlet.
          3. Full infiltration basin whereby all design storms are fully detained and infiltrated. An emergency overflow system
          should be provided in case infiltration fails.

      APPLICXTIONS
          Commercial and large residential developments
          Drainage areas of S to 0 acres
          During construction, bottom should be left at2 ft above final grade and used as a temporary sediment basin
          Any site with well drained soils (hvdrologic Groups A & B)
          Should not be used in areas where contaminant spills are likely (industrial areas)
      ADVANTrAGES                                                 LIMTITATIONS
         Removes soluble and particulate pollutants                 Fairly frequent maintenance
         Can control peak discharges                                High failure rate due to poor soils and poor design
         Can serve large drainage areas                             Infiltration rate may ultimately be determined by
         Grouod*ater recharge                                       accumulated sediments
         Preserves natural water balance                            Requires relatively large area
         May be used as recreational space

             Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                        Page A-1-26



                                              WET POND


      SHALLOW LITTORAL ZONE WITH           OUTLET
      AQUATIC VE'ETAION         7          RISER  1AUXLARY SPLLWAY
      SHALLOW                  / 
     KFOREBUAY  7TOULET  SER

      PON7  1M t"                                                          DEPTH -..-T 6-  _
                f   ,                 }           I ,UjRqARGE STORAGE
                                               ~ -                                   APEMYEN   \t 


     25 LANDSP                               /                SCAWENT STOR      E
     BUFFER/Fl. TER               v
                                                                                   OUTFALL PROTECTIONJ
                         PLAN                                                  PROFILE
                                                                                       Milone & MacBroom, Inc.


 DESIGN CRITERIA
   Provide storage volume 2.5 times watershed runoff vol       Surcharge storage may be provided for flood control
   Provide average hydraulic residence time of 2 weeks         Provide stilling basins at pond inlets
   Mean depth (VISA) of 3 to 6 feet, avoid thermal stratifi    Provide emergency low level outlet
   cation                                                      Utilize sediment forebay
   Minimum permanent pool surface area of 025 acre             Provide 25 ft vegetated landscaped buffer around pond
   20 - 25 acre minimum drainage area desired                  utilizing marsh and wetland species
   Side slopes 3:1 or flatter                                  Submerged baffles may be used to lengthen flow path
   Loam and plant 2 ft. below and 1 ft above normal stage      Littoral zone should cover 30% of pond's area
   Maximize length to width ratio (3:1 minimum) and            Provide shallow slope (6.1) for littoral zone 2 ft deep
   distance from inlet to outlet                               Forebay way be utilized in upper littoral zone
   Locate in poorly drained soils (C, D) or compact existing
   soils to minimize drawdown

 APPLICATIONS
   Use where high nutrient control is required including discharges to reservoirs and lakes

   Watersheds of tidal embayments and estuaries

   Applicable to larger developme-riigreater than 20 acres in size with base flow runoff


 ADVANTAGES                                                   IMITATIONS
   Downstream eutrophication management                        Large land area required
   Aesthetic and habitat value                                 Potential for thermal discharges
   Wetlands creation                                           Possible difficulty permitting in existing wetlands
   Less maintenance than dry basins                            Occasional nuisance problems (odor, debris, algae)
   High removal of sediment, metals, BOD, and nutrients        Periodic sediment removal
   Recreation and landscape amenity                            Possible safety problem
   Can provide runoff peak control



          Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Manaeement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                             Page A-1-27


          EXTENDED DURATION DETENTION BASIN



                                                                      ACCESS  AUXARY SPILLWAY
  25- LANDSCAPED SUFFER          0                 f    oOUTLET RISER
                             a  _     7ANDSCAPD  1BUFFER G            FLOOD CONTROL ZONE
  RFIIPRP APRON/                                _                 FREOUEN    INDATED  ZONE
  STILUNG BAS\/
                  HIGH STAGE    i  FREQUENT                r l.
                                                      IN\~I I
      U?                 'tLOOD Io-stg eign          I I   e fows a         r        a i  ti
     tNLET        COTROL  \           ZONE

                         o    ~~~                    - -----__  1         '_  iSHALLOW MARSH
                                                                   t6'-7 2' DEEP
                     0             @       OUTLET                                      OUTFALL PROTECTION
                                                ~ ~RISER
                               SHALLOW MARSH
                               (OPTIONAL)
                          PLAN                                                PROFILE

                                                                                        Miinc &E MaccB3rorm, hTe.



 DESIGN CRITERIA
  Create optional small 6"-12" deep wet pool or marsh             The lower stage should be sized to accept the runoff
  at riser outlet to treat soluble pollutants.                    from the mean storm event and structured to accept
  Utilize two-stage design to pass excessive flows and            regular inundation.
  detain smaller, more frequent flows.                            The upper stage should be graded to drain quickly and
  Design to control a range of storms.                            only be inundated infrequently.
  Side slopes should not exceed 3:1                               Locate preferably in B or C soils
  Capture first flush (=12") volume minimum and release           Provide maintenance access
  over 24 hours or longer.                                        Provide 25' landscaped buffer/filter
  Maximize distance between inlet and outlet.                     Provide emergency low level outlet to drain wet pool
  Maximize length to emulate plug flow particulate settling       For dry detention basins, provide perforated under-
  Install stilling basin or riprap apron to slow inlet            drain auxiliary outlet
  velocities
  Sediment forebay may be utilized


APPLICATIONS
  Retrofit for existing dry basins
  Large residential developments, commercial and
  industrial complexes
  Regional control measure


ADVANTAGES                                                      LIMITATIONS
  Flood control                                                   Occassional nuisance in wet portion
  Particulate pollutant removal                                   Moderate maintenance
  Soluble pollutants removed with wet pool                        Sediment removal
  Possible recreational use and habitat                           Unattractive
  Easy to retrofit old installations

          Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992








*      ~~Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                        Page A- 1-28


                               UNDERGROUND EXFILTRATION

                                                    STORAGE



                                                                             RESTRICTOR PLATE With High Level
                                                                             Ovei~fow Or Restrictive Olifice

                                   =~~~~C =
        PIPE
        SIZEI
                          =~~~~C CM    C M                _

                                                                               EXFIIYRATIVE PERFORATIONS
                                                                               OR SLOTS
                         SLOTTED PIPE SECTION                                      END SECTIO1N

                    9                                                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mionc:& Maiclkrom, Inc.


        DESIGN CRITERIA
          Provide two to four feet from pipe invert to groundwater
          Two to four feet to bedrock
          Pre-trest runoff to remove sediment
          Use in moderate and well drained soils
          Place pipes flat with no slope
         Size for 1/2" runoff minimum before outflow
         Can store more runoff in combination with stone bed

      APPLICATIONS
           Under parking lots clue to space considerations
          Applicable where basins may be unsightly
           Can oversize to control peak discharges by storing runoff

       ADVANTAGES                                                  LIM[ITATIONS
         Comimercially available                                      cost
         Takes little area                                            Difficult to restore infiltrative capacity if it fail
         Out of sight                                                 Difficult to monitor
         Groundwater recharge                                         Frequent cleaning of sediment traps required
         Pollutant filtering                                          Requires pretreatment of runoff
         Reduces peak flows


                   Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Maneaement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992









  Stormwater BMP Descriptions                                                                               Page A-1-29



                    WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS






             SEDIMENT TRAP
                                                        -VEGETATED
             OR BASIN                                             WETLAND

                 INFLOW                                                         OD OR   DISCHARGE



                                               ROCK FILTER




                                                                                     Milone & MacBroom, Inc.



 DESIGN CRITERIA

     Usually a sequence of multiple cells, consisting of a sediment basin, nutrient removal
      (vegetated wetland) and a clarifier (pond or marsh).
     Pollution removal occurs due to sedimentation, filtration, biological use, chemical reduction.
     Size should be 1-3 percent of watershed.


APPLICATIONS

     Sites with large pollution and runoff loads
     Helps mitigate the loss of natural wetlands



ADVANTANGES                                                       LIMITATIONS

    Multiple treatment systems                                        Requires mild slopes
    Nutrient and sediment reductions                                  Requires larger land area
    Helps wildlife and groundwater recharge:                          Biologically sensitive
                                                              Nutrient removal varies
                                                              Organic soils necessary



            Source: Milone & MacBroom, Stormwater Manaeement Ouantitv and Oualitv, Draft, February, 1992



                              HAPTER 2 - SBOIL MSI 


































0                                     *                                    s









        SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION AS A
              NONPOINT SOURCE OF POLLUTION




HOW ARE SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION NONPOINT
                            SOURCE POLLUTION?


Pollution can originate in one of two ways:

"point" sources of pollution - pollution which originates frommwell-defined, usually
       manufactured "points" or locations such as municipal and industrial sewage treatment
       plants, combined sewer overflows and other wastewater discharge pipes; and

"nonpoint" sources of pollution - pollution originating from land use and man's activities,
       having no well-defined point of entry, such as urban stormwater runoff including street
       and parking runoff, agricultural and lawn runoff, soil erosion and leachate from landfills
       and failing septic systems.

Soil erosion and sedimentation qualify as a nonpoint source of pollution with unstabilized soils
being eroded and transported over the surface of the land, and often deposited in unfavorable
locations.

Erosion - wearing away of the surface of the land by the action of water, wind, ice and gravity

Sedimentation - the deposition of transported soil particles due to a reduction in the rate of flow
and transport energy of water carrying these particles

The process of soil erosion and sedimentation occurs in three stages:

                     detachment 4 transport 4 deposition

Once soil is worn away by erosion, the eroded soil is transported and ultimately deposited.
Natural or geologic erosion and sedimentation occur at a very slow rate over long periods of
geologic time resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the building up of floodplains,
some coastal plains, deltas, etc. Erosion and sedimentation become a problem when they are
accelerated beyond natural rates. Accelerated erosion and sedimentation are much more rapid
than natural erosion and sedimentation. They are primarily the result of influence of man's
activities on the environment. Once exposed, unprotected soil is then subject to rapid erosion,
primarily by the action of water.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-2

Land use officials should focus on accelerated water erosion rather than erosion caused by
wind, ice and gravitational forces.


Tvnes of Erosion

raindrop erosion or raindrop splash  starts the erosion process. Individual soil particles and
       small soil -aggregates are detached and transported with splashing water droplets as the
       raindrop impacts the soil. Very fine sediments can become suspended in water and then
       are susceptible to sheet erosion.

sheet erosion is the removal of a thin, fairly even layer of soil from the'land surface caused by
       shallow sheets of water running off the land. The water flow transports soil particles
       which: are detached by raindrop impact.

ril erosion develops as shallow surface flows begin to concentrate in the low spots of the
       irregular conformation of the land surface. As the flow changes from the shallow sheets
       to deeper flow in these low areas, the velocity and turbulence of flow increase. The
       energy of this concentrated flow is able to both detach and transport soil materials. These __
       soil particles bump into other particles, increasing sediment and cutting tiny channels.W
       Rills are these small but well-defined channels which are only a few inches deep.

gully erosion occurs as the flows in rills come together to form larger gully channels. Gullies are
       too large to be repaired with conventional tillage equipment and usually require heavy
       earth moving equipment and special stabilization techniques.

stream channel erosion occurs as the volume and velocity of runoff concentrate in drainage
       channels and cause movement of the streambed and bank materials.

shoreline erosion occurs as daily high tides, wave action and storm surges erode coastal and
       estuarine shorelines.







.   Soil Erosion and: Sedimentation                                                        Page 2-3


                                WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

   The act of erosion results in the transport of soil as sediment as well as the transport of associated
    nutrients and pollutants which adversely impact streams, rivers, wetlands and coastal waters.
   The disturbance of land during development results in the removal of vegetative cover. Further,
   excavation, filling and stockpiling operations result in uncompacted soil being subjected to the
   erosive action of concentrated surface flows. These land use changes are the source of much of
   this polluting sediment transport. The high sediment volumes resulting from rill erosion require
   costly on- and off-site clean-up and the continual need for site stabilization during site
    development.

   This potential for erosion and sedimentation during land disturbance activities is one example of
   how land use is strongly linked to water quality. Erosion and sedimentation is one type of
    nonpoint source pollution, being pollution with no well-defined point of origin, which should be
    controlled at its source through the site plan review process. Due to the great potential for
   pollution of inland and coastal surface waters by erosion and sedimentation, it is essential that
   individuals working in all different aspects of municipal land use understand this source of
    pollution and how to control it.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                     Page 2-4


                            WHAT HARM DOES IT POSE?

As erosion occurs, soil washes into waterways and wetlands increasing the suspended soil
particles ini the water and, in turn, causing impacts ranging from clogged gills in fish to
impediments to navigation in rivers and harbors. These impacts can be grouped in terms of
biological, chemical and physical consequences with specific impacts dependent upon the
particle size of the sediment.

                                     Biological Impacts

Course particles:
   - burying of benthic (bottom dwelling) organisms
   - habitat degradation by damaging rooted plants and changing substrate (e.g., cobble to sand)
   - decrease in biological diversity

Fine particles:
   - loss of aquatic eggs, larva and fry
   - clogging of fish gills increasing disease susceptibility
   - damage to food chain
   - decreased biological diversity
   - increased algal blooms in downstream impoundments
   - reduced ability to grow plants on eroded land

                                     Chemical Impacts

Course particles:
   -water temperature increase from increased sunlight absorption caused by shallowing of
       water body

Fine particles:
   - adsorption of pollutants on fine particles, e.g., oils and metals
   - nutrient transport (causing increased eutrophication of downstream water bodies and lost
      .fertility from eroded land)
   - water temperature increase from sunlight absorption caused by water cloudiness or turbidity
   - low dissolved oxygen levels
   - decreased light penetration due to cloudy conditions

                                     Physical Impacts

Course particles:
   - reduced channel capacity resulting in navigational obstructions requiring dredging
   - reduced flood storage resulting in increasing future damage from floods and increasing
       frequency of floods







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-5

   - increased maintenance on culverts and storm drains
   - loss of reservoir storage capacity for drinking and industrial water supply

Fine particles:
   - turbidity adversely affecting use of surface water for drinking supply and manufacturing uses
       (increased filtration costs)
   - poor aesthetics


Stormwater runoff is the most prevalent transporter of sediment with clean runoff picking up and
transporting soil particles to surface and coastal waters.

       Runoff is the portion of precipitation, snow melt or irrigation that flows over
       the ground (instead of being absorbed into the ground or retained on the
       surface) which eventually makes its way to surface waters.

       Polluted runoff is rainwater and snowmelt which has become contaminated by picking
       up pollutants and sediment as it runs off streets, lawns, parking lots, agricultural lands,
       marinas, landfills and any other sites being used for activities which can generate
       pollutants.


Land development activities can have an effect on the amount of sediment leaving a site via
stormwater runoff depending upon the sediment and erosion controls utilized. Development
activities result in:

       - decreased vegetation
       - decreased infiltration into the soil
       - reduction in wetland and depression storage
       - increased impervious land cover

In turn, these changes in the land result in:

       - increased volume of runoff
       - higher runoff flow velocities
       - higher peak flow rates
       - increased channel erosion
       - increases in flood hazards and resultant damage
       - water quality degradation

Therefore, land use officials must be aware of these changes in land cover as a potential source of
pollution and act to minimize and mitigate it as much as possible.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-6


     ARE MUNICIPALITIES REQUIRED TO CONTROL SOIL
                    EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION?

Yes. C.G.S. sections 22a-325 through 22a-329,' inclusive, known as the Soil Erosion and
Sedimentation Control Act, establishes the state's soil erosion and sediment control program.
The program is a statewide coordinated effort to re duce the danger from stormwater runoff,
minimize nonpoint sediment pollution from land being developed, and conserve and protect the
land, water, air and other environmental resources of the state. The Act mandates that after July
1, 1985, municipal zoning and subdivision regulations include provisions for soil erosion and
sediment control. The regulations are also mandated to require the, submission and certification
of a soil erosion and sediment control plan with any application for development when the
disturbed area is more than one-half acre. Disturbances of less than one-half acre and single
family homes that are not part of a subdivision are exempt.

Further, in accordance with C.G.S. Sections 22a-28 through 22a-45, the Inland Wetland and
Watercourses Act, eroded sediment is a pollutant and the processes of erosion and sedimentation
are regulated activities. The Act mandates that municipalities regulate inland wetlands and,
watercourses within their boundaries in order to prevent pollution caused by eroded soil.







.! Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                          Page 2-7


        WHAT IS THE GOAL IN MANAGING SOIL EROSION AND
                                     SEDIMENTATION?


     Kev Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control

     The goal of soil erosion and sedimentation control, as provided for in state statute, is to reduce
     the danger from stormwater runoff, minimize nonpoint sediment pollution from land being
     developed, and conserve and protect the land, water, air and other environmental resources of the
     state. The following principles constitute the key guidelines of soil erosion and sedimentation
     control:

            - plan development to fit environmental conditions
            - keep land disturbance to a minimum
            - slow the flow of water over the site
            - keep off-site generated runoff segregated from on-site conditions
            - reduce on-site potential internally, installing perimeter controls as backup
            - implement a thorough maintenance and follow-up program


     Plan development to fit environmental conditions

     Select sites that are suitable by their nature for specific proposed activities. Sites should be
     developed in conformance with the limitations of resource constraints rather than attempting to
     modify sites to conform with the proposed activities. Goals are to insure that roadways,
     buildings and other permanent features of development conform to the natural characteristics of
     the site by minimizing cut and fill requirements, avoiding or minimizing alterations to wetlands,
     watercourses, beaches, dunes and steep slopes, avoiding the placement of obstructions in flood
     hazard areas and floodplains, and taking into account erodability and slope of the soil to be
     disturbed.

     Keen land disturbance to a minimum

     Keeping land disturbance to a minimum not only involves minimizing time of exposure but also
     extent of exposure of disturbed soils through techniques such as early slope stabilization, phasing
     and sequencing. Phasing and sequencing of construction should be done thoughtfully. For
     example, consideration should be given to restricting the start of subsequent phases until earlier
     phases are stabilized. Also, natural vegetation should be preserved as much as possible.

     Slow the water flow

     Detachment and transport of eroded soil must be kept to a minimumby absorbing and reducing







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-8


the erosive energy of water. This erosive energy increases as the volume and velocity of runoff
increase. These increases occur during development as a result of reduced infiltration rates
caused by the removal of existing vegetation and the creation of impervious surfaces. From
raindrop splash to gully erosion, these increases must be taken into account when providing for
erosion control. The erosion and sedimentation controls must be used to absorb the erosive
energies within their structural limitations. In addition, many erosion and sedimentation controls
must be designed and installed to have the capacity to store previously eroded sediments.

Keep off-site generated runoff segregated from on-site conditions

The smaller the volume of the sediment-laden, water requiring filtration, the easier and cheaper it
is to filter runoff and collect sediments. Erosion controls and stormwater management measures
should be positioned to prevent clean water from entering and running over disturbed areas.
Additionally, the mixing of clean off-site generated runoff with on-site sediment-laden runoff
should be prevented until after adequate filtration of on-site waters has occurred.

Reduce on-site potential internally. installing Derimeter controls as backup

While it may seem less complicated to collect all waters to one point of discharge for treatment
and just install a perimeter control, it is more effective to apply internal controls to many small
sub-drainage basins within the site and use perimeter controls as backup. By reducing sediment
loading from within the site, the chance of perimeter failure and the potential off-site damage that
it causes is reduced. The repair of off-site damage is generally more expensive than installation
of proper internal controls. Control sediment generation and deposition within the site and use
perimeter controls as a backup.

Imolement a thorough maintenance and follow-un program

A failing control that is not promptly repaired is like having no control at all. A site cannot be
effectively controlled without thorough periodic checks of the erosion and sediment control
measures and subsequent repairs of failures. These measures must be maintained just as
construction equipment must be maintained and materials checked and inventoried. Monitoring
and maintenance of erosion and sediment controls is essential to the success of an erosion and
sediment control plan.







X    Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-9


             WHAT IS THE IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM?

     State statutes mandate that municipalities require the submission and certification of a soil
     erosion and sediment control plan with any application for development when the disturbed area
     is more than one-half acre. Disturbances of less than one-half acre and single family homes that
     are not part of a subdivision are exempt. These plans include the use of control measures, also
     known as best management practices.

            Best Management Practices (BMPs) - practices which reduce or prevent the
            discharge of pollutants to surface and groundwaters and which have been
            determined to be acceptable based upon technology, economic  and
            institutional feasibility.


     Below is a: listing of various types of BMPs for soil erosion and sedimentation control. For a
     complete description of each measure, Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment
     Control (1984), as amended, should be consulted.

*    Three categories of measures:

     Vegetative Measures
     Non-structural Measures
     Structural Measures

            Vegetative Measures

             Temporary vegetative cover (TV)
             Permanent vegetative cover (PV)
             Sodding (SO)
             Trees, shrubs, vines and ground cover (GC)
             Tree protection (TP)
             Vegetative streambank stabilization (VP);

            Nonstructural Measures

             Temporary mulching (MU)
             Permanent mulching (PM)
             Dust control (DC)
             Topsoiling (TO)
             Land grading (LG)
             Sediment barriers (ST)
             Silt curtain (SI)







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                    Page 2-10



       Structural Measures

        Grassed waterway (GW)
        Diversion (DV)
        Permanent lined waterway (LW)
        Sediment basin (SB)
        Detention basin (DB)
        Construction entrance (CE)
        Outlet protection (OP)
        Subsurface drain (SD)
        Riprap (RR)
        Gabions (G)
        Reinforced concrete retaining wall (RW)
        Precast cellular blocks (CB)
        Prefabricated retaining wall (PW)
        Grade stabilization structure (GS)
        Temporary stream crossing (SC)
        Temporary channel lining (TL)


Selection of the most appropriate BMPs is critical in achieving the most effective control of soil
erosion and sedimentation. The following flow chart/planning matrix and basic steps for
selection can be used to guide the choice of control measures.



















                                                                         Control HMeasure Selecton Process



92        IDENTIFY CONTROL PROBLEM         IDENTIFY PROBLEM       IDENTIFY REQUIRED STRATEGY   IDENTIFY CONTROL.   SELECT SPECIFIC CONTROL MEASURE        PLAN
oI                                               AREAS                                           MEASURE GROUP                                             KEY

          CONTROL SOIL HOVEHEIIT          Graded Areas                                                              Temporary Vegetative Cover             TV
           Sheet and Rl11Eroslon          Slopes                                                Vegetative          Permanent Vegetation Cover             PV
           Wind Erosion                   Small Areas'                  Protect Surface         Soil                Sodding                                SO
           Protect Onsite Areas            Exposed Areas             Manage Surface Water       Cover                Trees, Shrubs, Vines & Ground Cover  CC.
;te        lNatural Resource Degradation   Travel Areas                                                              Vegetative Streambank Protection       VP
v:.                     0                  PBorrow and Stockpile                                 Nonvegetative        Temporary Mulching                    MU
                                             Areas                                              Soil Cover           Permanent Hulching                    PHM       i
                                                                     Manage Site Resources     Environmental        Tree Protection                       TP
                                                                        Protect Amenities       Enhancement          Topsoiling                            TO   C
o.                                                                                                                   Land Grading                           LG
          CONTROL WATER HOVEMENT          Drainageways                   Direct Runoff          Dlversions           Diversion                             DV
            Cully Erosion                   Watercourses                                                              Grasosed Waterway                     GW
            Channel and Stream Erosion     Steep Slopes                   Convey Runoff          Waterways           Temporary Channel Lining               TL
c4         protect Onsite and Offsite      Long Slopes                                                               Permanent Lined Waterway              LW
              Areas                                                     Stabilize Outlets        Outlets             Outlet Protection                      OP
            lIatural Resource Degradation                            Intercept Ground Water      Enclosed Drainage   Subsurface Drain                       SD
                                                    :0~~~~~~ .r~~~~~~~~~ 0  ;   \                                    Rlprap         0                      RR
                             ~  -                                                                                   ~--)~ G~Cablons;  C
                                                                     Stabilize Steep Slopes     Stabilization        Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall   RW
u  :  :                ;                                             Stabilize Watercourses     Structures           Precast Cellular Blockl                CD
                                                                                                                     Prefabricated Retaining Walls         PW
                                                                                                                     Grade Stabilization Structure         CS
('        CONTROL SEDIHENT MOVEHENT        Large Areas                    Trap Sediment          Sediment Control    Sediment Basin                         S
=          Protect Offslte Areas           Small Areas                    Detain Runoff                              Detention Basin                        Dll
            Wind Erosion                   Waterbodles                                                               Temporary Stream Crossing              SC
  Ilsnatural Resource Degradation   Travel Areas                         Control Sediment        Mud and Dust         Dust Control                          DC
                                            Borrow and Stockpile                                   Control            Construction Entrance                 CE
                                              Areas                      Filter Sediment         Sediment Filters    Sediment Barrlers                      ST
                                                                                                                     Slit Curtain                          Si

                       STEP 1                        STEP 2                  STEP 3                                              - STEP   STEP 5







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                     Page 2-12

While commission members and municipal land use staff should not be expected to design soil
erosion and sedimentation controls for applicants, they should have an understanding of these
controls in order to adequately evaluate land use proposals under their review.


Selection of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures

In determining the most effective erosion and sedimentation measures, the first concern should
be minimizing soil detachment followed by soil transport and lastly soil deposition. Proposed
plans should aim to keep the soil covered as much as possible with temporary or permanent
vegetation or with various mulch materials.

Proposed practices should keep runoff velocities to a minimum, and effectively isolate the
development site from surrounding areas as a backup to internal controls. Infiltration of runoff
from disturbed soils should be allowed prior to discharge into off-site runoff.

Five basic steps in selecting the most appropriate BMPs:

1. Identify Problem Areas

       Identify areas that are to be disturbed. Areas where erosion is to be controlled will
       usually fall into the three categories of slopes, graded areas and drainageways. Slopes
       include graded rights-of-way, stockpile areas, and all cut or fill slopes. Graded areas
       include all stripped or filled areas other than slopes. Drainageways are areas where
       concentrations of water flow naturally or artificially and the potential for gully erosion is
       high.

       Problem areas where sediment is to be controlled fall into two categories:
               small areas - usually considered to be areas of one acre or less where filtering or
                      settling of sediment can be accomplished
               large areas - include any drainage area larger than one acre where sediment must
                      be trapped

2. Identify the Control Problem

       The three basic methods used to control erosion and sedimentation on construction sites
       are:
               1. soil stabilization
              2. runoff control
              3. sediment retention

       1. Soil stabilization should be used as the first line of defense, particularly where soil
       properties and topography of the site make the design of sediment trapping facilities







.   Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-13


            impractical or where much of the site will not be disturbed and much of the existing
            vegetation can be preserved. Where soil stabilization is not possible, select runoff control
            and sediment control measures for installation before the contributing area of soil
            disturbance is expected to occur.

            2. Runoff control is necessary to direct runoff around and through disturbed areas or
            areas in the process of being stabilized. They divide the erosion areas into sufficiently
            small sub-watersheds so that sediment retention measures like sediment barriers can be
            effective.

            3. Sediment retention is used on large developments where major grading is planned,
            where it is impossible or impractical to control erosion. It is also used on large and small
            sites where sensitive areas such as wetlands and watercourses can be impacted by off-site
            sediment deposition.

     3. Identify the Required Strategy

            There may be several strategies used individually or in combination to provide the
            solution. For example, if there is a cut slope to be protected from erosion, the strategies
W=, may be to protect the ground surface, divert water from the slope or shorten it. Any
            combination of the above can be used.

            When combination strategies are proposed, techniques to establish vegetation should be
            implemented as early as possible, using mulch whenever areas are seeded or not actively
            being worked. If no rainfall except that which falls on the slope has the potential to cause
            erosion and if the slope is relatively short, protecting the soil surface is often all that is
            required to solve the problem.

            Structures are generally more costly and less efficient than vegetative controls. However,
            they are often necessary since not all disturbed areas can be protected with vegetation.
            Structural measures are often used as a second or third line of defense to capture
             suspended sediment before it leaves the site.

            -diversions, stone dikes, silt fences and similar measures can be used to break flow lines
                    and dissipate stormwater energy
             - runoff should be directed and filtered to adjoining undisturbed areas to minimize the
                    creation of concentration of flows
             - concentrated runoff from development should be safely conveyed to a stable outlet using
                    riprapped channels, stable waterways, diversions, storm drains or similar
                    measures
             - construction site runoff should be kept isolated from wetlands, watercourses and
                    drainageways that flow through or near the development until the sediment in that
                    runoff is trapped or filtered







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                     Page 2-14


       - conveyance systems should be designed to withstand the velocities of projected peak
               discharges
       - trapping and detaining runoff should be considered when there is a potential for
               flooding and damage to downstream facilities resulting from increased runoff
               from the site
       - sedimentation basins are recommended for discharges with disturbed drainage areas
               greater than five acres

4. Identify Control Measure Group

       Once required strategies to solve the erosion and sedimentation problem are identified,
       the planning matrix leads to the group or groups of control measures that will accomplish
       one strategy. Control measures within each group have similar purpose, scope,
       application, design criteria, standard plans and construction specifications.

5. Select Specific Control Measures

       The final design for sedimentation and erosion control involves adaption of any control
       measures within a group to solve the specific erosion and sedimentation problem. The
       one measure which is most economical, practical, efficient and adaptable to the site
       should be selected.

Plan Keys

Once the specific control measure has been selected, the plan key symbol given in the matrix can
be placed on the erosion and sediment control site plan to show where the measure will be used.
Standardized design, plan, and construction specification sheets can then be completed for each
control measure. This also facilitates installation in the field.

Monitoring and Maintenance

A requirement for monitoring and maintenance is very important in any approval of a
sedimentation and erosion control plan. Sites that are heavily traveled must have grades
maintained in the travelway on a daily basis to insure the proper functioning of diversions,
swales, leakoffs and constructed storm drain systems. No travelway or portion of the site being
actively worked should be left at the end of any work day without the grades and control
practices checked and corrected or repaired in the event of an overnight rainfall. Responsibility
for implementation and maintenance of control measures should be identified and assigned to
one person at the construction site by the owner/applicant/permittee.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                           Page 2-15


           WHAT IS THE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM?

Once a site plan which includes adequate sedimentation and erosion controls is approved,
enforcement of those controls is carried out by the municipal zoning enforcement and/or inland
wetlands agent. A municipality can also require bonding for sedimentation and erosion control
plans to ensure that a required plan is indeed implemented.

Should an applicant fail to implement required controls which results in pollution of the state's
waters or wetlands, the DEP has the authority to intervene. Such action can take the form of an
order to abate the pollution. In addition, any activity which would result in a discharge to the
waters of the state which violates the state's waterquality standards is notpermitted. Any
noncompliance with an issued water quality certificate is also enforceable pursuant to the state's
water pollution control statutes.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                          Page 2-1 6











                        MODEL REGULATIONS


                                         From

               Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control





            Note: These Guidelines are currently undergoing revision by the DEP.
                 When available, the updated Regulations should be used.







.   Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                         Page 2-17

               MODEL SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS
                                     FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT


    INTRODUCTION

    Until a 1983 state law was passed, municipalities had the option to regulate activities regarding
    soil erosion and sedimentation. Now municipalities must provide for erosion and sediment
    control within certain land use activities associated with development.

    These model regulations have been prepared by the Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Task
    Force's Model Regulations Subcommittee under the direction of the Connecticut Council on Soil
     and Water Conservation to help municipalities comply with the 1983 legislation.

    Public Act Number 83-388 entitled "An Act Concerning Soil Erosion and Sediment Control"
     amends Sections 8-2, 8-13d and 8-25 of the General Statutes. Towns must be in compliance
     with these amendments on or before July 1, 1985. This will require that towns revise their
     zoning, planned unit development and subdivision regulations authorized by the above stated
*..   General Statutes, to provide for proper provisions concerning soil erosion and sediment control
    during development. Towns with existing erosion and sediment control regulations may have to
     revise these regulations to be in compliance with the provisions of the new law. The Act
     requires:

            1.     soil erosion and sediment control plans be submitted with each development
                   application;

            2.     certification of such plans by the review authority to assure compliance with local
                   erosion and sediment control regulations; and

            3.     Inspection of control measures during construction.

     The Act also establishes minimum requirements for soil erosion and sediment control plans and
     provides for assistance to towns from the County Soil and Water Conservation Districts.

     The legislation's purpose is to minimize soil erosion and sedimentation that occurs as a result of
     the construction of residential, industrial and commercial development. - Accelerated soil erosion
     caused by land use changes necessitates costly repairs to gullies, washed out fills, roads, and
     embankments. In addition, erosion destroys the soil's capabilities to support vegetation. The
     resulting sediment entering water bodies and wetlands is a major pollutant and reduces: water
     quality and supply.

*    Aesthetic, rereeational and fish and wildlife habitat values are also degraded. Sediment
     deposition clogs storm sewers and road ditches, reduces channel capacities which can result in







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                        Page 2-18

flooding, reduces water depth and volume, may cause subsequent erosion and may damage
adjoining properties. The expense of sediment removal also identifies prevention as the cost-
effective alternative.

An examination of the legislative proceedings leading to the Act's passage identifies the
legislative intent to exclude agricultural activities.

Providing adequate soil erosion and sediment control is very site specific, and many factors
contribute to determining how complex a control plan must be. Topography, disturbed area size,
concentration and direction of runoff water, solid characteristics, vegetative cover and time of
year are some factors to evaluate in predicting: which types of erosion are likely to occur and to
identify preventive measures which should be taken.

Creating the ideal town regulation is challenging. The regulations should contain enough criteria
to assure prevention of off-site sediment and at the same time provide flexibility to preclude ahty
unnecessary burden on an applicant in less erosion prone situations.:

As part of the assistance to towns in establishing regulations for adequate soil erosion and
sediment control, the Act requires the Connecticut Council on Soil and Water Conservation to
develop model regulations. The following model regulations are the result of a cooperative effortW
by many agencies and organizations. The regulations were constructed to meet the minimum
statutory requirements and to contain the technical and administrative guidance and clarification
deemed necessary for effective regulations and control.

Those portions of the model regulations in italics are adapted from P.A. 83-388. The remaining
text complements the statutory requirements with the technical and administrative clarification.
Appended to the model regulation are notes which provide further explanation and guidance on
many sections of the regulations.

All towns will need to take action to fully comply with the Act. They will have to amend any
existing zoning, subdivision and planned until development regulations. This can be
accomplished by supplementing the existing regulations by:

       1.     adopting a "stand alone" document, such as the model provided; or

       2.     incorporating directly into the existing regulations those select portions of the
               model which satisfy the statutory requirements.

The first alternative above will likely be less costly, and easier to adopt and use.

Many municipalities may already provide for erosion and sediment control through regulations or
administrative procedures under the jurisdiction of planning, zoning and conservationW
commissions or other town agencies. These proisions will be helpful in coordinating local
implementation of P.A. 83-388.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-19




          MODEL SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS
                               FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT



                                SECTION 1. DEFINITIONS

1.1    "Certification" means a signed, written approval by the
       Commission (its designated agent or the                                    County Soil
       Water Conservation District) that a soil erosion and sediment control plan complies with
       the applicable requirements of these regulations.

1.2    "Commission" means the                                 Commission of the Town (or
       City) of

1.3    "County Soil and Water Conservation District" means the
                                     County Soil and Water Conservation District established
       under subsection (a) of section 22a-3 15 of the General Statutes.

1.4-:  "Development" means any construction or grading activities to improved or unimproved
       real estate.

1.5    "Disturbed area" means an area where the ground cover is destroyed or removed leaving
       the land subject to accelerated erosion.

1.6    "Erosion" means the detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water,
       wind, ice or gravity.

1.7    "Grading" means any excavating, grubbing, filling (including hydraulic fill) or
       stockpiling of earth materials or any combination thereof, including the land in its
       excavated or filling condition.

1.8    "Inspection" means the periodic review of sediment and erosion control measures shown
       on the certified plan.

1.9    "Sediment" means solid material, either mineral or organic, that is in suspension, is
       transported, or has been moved from its site of origin by erosion.

 1.10   "Soil" means any unconsolidated mineral or organic material of any origin.

1.11   "Soil" Erosion and Sediment Control Plan" means a scheme that :minimizes soil erosion







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                          Page 2-20


       and sedimentation resulting from development and includes, but is not limited to, a map
       and narrative.


SECTION 2. ACTIVITIES REOUIRING A CERTIFIED EROSION AND SEDIMENT
CONTROL PLAN

A soil erosion and sediment control plan shall be submitted with any application for development
when the disturbed area of such development is cumulatively more than one-half acre.


SECTION 3. EXEMPTIONS

A single family dwelling that is not a part of a subdivision of land shall be exempt from these
soil erosion and sediment control regulations.


SECTION 4. EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN

4.1    To be eligible for certification, a soil erosion and sediment control plan shall contain
       proper provisions to adequately control accelerated erosion and sedimentation and reduce
       the danger from stormwater runoff on the proposed site based on the best available
       technology. Such principles, methods and practices necessary for certification are found
       in the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control (1985) as amended.
       Alternative principles, methods and practices may be used with prior approval of the
       Commission.

4.2    Said plan shall contain, but not be limited to:

       A.     A narrative describing:

              1.     the development;

              2.     the schedule for grading and construction activities including:

                     a.     start and completion dates;

                     b.     sequence of grading and construction activities;

                     c.     sequence for installation and/or application of soil erosion and
                             sediment control measures; and

                     d.     sequence for final stabilization of the project site.







 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-21



               3.     the design criteria for proposed soil erosion and sediment control measures
                      and stormwater management facilities.

               4.     the construction details for proposed soil erosion and sediment control
                      measures and stormwater management facilities.

               5.     the installation and/or application procedures for proposed soil erosion and
                      sediment control measures and stormwater management facilities.

               6.     the operations and maintenance program for proposed soil erosion and
                      sediment control measures and stormwater management facilities.

       B.  i A site plan map at a sufficient scale to show:

               1.     the location of the proposed development and adjacent properties;

               2.     the existing and proposed topography including soil types, wetlands,
                      watercourses and water bodies;

               3.     the existing structures on the project site, if any;

               4.     the proposed area alterations including cleared, excavated, filled or graded
                      areas and proposed structures, utilities, roads and, if applicable, new
                      property lines;

               5.     the location of and design details for all proposed soil erosion and
                      sediment control measures and stormwater management facilities;

               6.     the sequence of grading and construction activities;

               7.     the sequence for installation and/or application of soil erosion and
                      sediment control measures; and

               8.     the sequence for final stabilization of the development site.

        C.     Any other information deemed necessary and appropriate by the applicant or
               requested by the Commission or its designated agent.


SECTION 5. MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE STANDARDS

5.1    Plans for soil erosion and sediment control shall--be developed in accordance with these







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-22


       regulations using the principles as outlined in Chapters 3 and 4 of the Connecticut
       Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control (1985), as amended. Soil erosion and
       sediment control plans shall result in a development that minimizes erosion and
       sedimentation during construction; is stabilized and protected from erosion when
       completed; and does not cause off-site erosion and/or sedimentation.

5.2    The minimum standards for individual measures are those in the Connecticut Guidelines
       for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control (1985), as amended. The Commission (or County
       Soil and Water Conservation District) may grant exceptions when requested by the
       applicant if technically sound reasons are presented.


5.3    The appropriate method from Chapter 9 of the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion
       and Sediment Control (1985), as amended, shall be used in determining peak flow rates
       and volumes of runoff unless an alternative method is approved by the Commission.


SECTION 6. ISSUANCE OR DENIAL OF CERTIFICATION

6.1    The                               Commission (or the
       County Soil and Water Conservation District) shall either certify that the soil erosion and
       sediment control plan, as filed, complies with the requirements and objectives of this
       regulation or deny certification when the development proposal does not comply with
       these regulations.

6.2    Nothing in these regulations shall be construed as extending the time limits for the
       approval of any application under Chapters 124, 124A or 126 of the General Statutes.

6.3    Prior to certification, any plan submitted to the municipality may be review by the County
       Soil and Water Conservation District which may make recommendations concerning such
       plan, provided such review shall be completed within thirty days of the receipt of such
       plan.

6.4    The Commission may forward a copy of the development proposal to the conservation
       commission or other review agency or consultant for review and comment.


SECTION 7. CONDITIONS RELATING TO SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL

(*7.1) The estimated costs of measures required to control soil erosion and sedimentation, as


(*7. 1) This first 7.1 is adapted for use in subdivision or planned unit development regulations.







.    Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-23

            specified in the certified plan, may be covered in a performance bond or other assurance
            acceptable to the Commission in accordance with the provisions specified under Section
                 __ of the regulations.

                                                    OR

     (**7. )The estimated costs of measures required to control soil erosion and sedimentation, as
             specified in the certified plan, that are a condition of certification of any modified site
            plan may be required to be covered in a performance bond or other assurance acceptable
             to the Commission in accordance with the provisions specified under Section         of
            the regulations.

     7.2    Site development shall not begin unless the soil erosion and sediment control plan is
             certified and those control measures and facilities in the plan scheduled for installation
             prior to site development are installed and functional.

     7.3    Planned soil erosion and sediment control measures and facilities shall be installed as
             scheduled according to the certified plan.

O    7.4    All control measures and facilities shall be maintained in effective condition to ensure the
             compliance of the certified plan.


     SECTION 8. INSPECTION

     8.1    Inspections shall be made by the Commission or its designated agent during development
             to ensure compliance with the certified plan and that control measures and facilities are
             properly performed or installed and maintained. The Commission may require the
             permittee to verify through progress reports that soil erosion and sediment control
             measures and facilities have been performed or installed according to the certified plan
             and are being operated and maintained.


     NOTES ON MODEL REGULATIONS

             The purpose of these notes is to provide municipalities with further insight, explanation
             and guidance on the Model Regulations. The notes emphasize administrative procedures
             which can be helpful in implementing these regulations. These notes also focus on other
             important issues concerning management of erosion and sedimentation not specifically
             referred to within the state law. It may be prudent to discuss these issues with your town


     (**7.1) This second 7.1 is adapted for use in zoning's site plan review regulations.-







Sail Erosion and Sedimentation                                                          Page 2-24

       attorney prior to promulgation of the regulations by the town to ensure that the
       regulations conform with the Law. The notes first address the Model Regulations
       specifically by sections and then on a general basis.


       SECTION 1. DEFINITIONS

       Other definitions may be deemed appropriate to add to this section dependent on local
       circumstances.

       If erosion and sediment control provisions are. to be. incorporated directly into the existing
       regulations (as compared to adoption of the "stand alone" document), then the definitions
       section in the existing regulations will require a revision to add the model's definitions.
       Remember to retain proper alphabetical order.

       Also check for conflicting or inconsistent definitions in the existing and in the -model
       regulations. Revise as needed.


       SECTION 2. ACTIVITIES REOUTRING A CERTIFIED EROSION AND SEDIMENT
       CONTROL PLAN AND SECTION 3. EXEMPTIONS 

       Municipalities that already have existing erosion and sediment control regulations should
       review those regulations for conformity with the new law with special attention given to
       the requirements contained in Sections 2 and 3 of the Model Regulations.

       It is suggested that the contents of these sections be included in any use and/or zone tables
       and in any descriptions of the permitted uses and/or various zones which may appear
       within the existing regulations.

       Based upon the legislative history of PA 83-388, agricultural activities are deemed
       exempt from erosion and sediment control regulations.

       The Law exempts the development of an individual residential building lot for residential
       purposes from the erosion and sediment control regulations. However, it is not the intent
       of the Law to allow a fragmented parcel-by-parcel development of a subdivision without
       the required erosion and sediment control provisions. Therefore, subdivision approvals
       should provide for erosion and sediment control during development.


       SECTION 4. EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN

              4.1 (Basis for Plan)







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-25



               The applicant has the responsibility to develop his control plan based on the best
               available technology. The Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment
               Control publication is specifically referenced as the current state-of-the-art source
               and readily available from the Department of Environmental Protection's Natural
               Resources Center. However, there are other acceptable publications which
               contain the principles, methods and practices for certified plans.

               The phrase, "reduce the danger from stormwater runoff' relates to erosion only,
               for example, downstream streambank conditions. Towns have always had the
               authority to require stormwater management provisions.- Some towns already do
               this and it may be the timely thing to do along with erosion and sediment control.
               However, PA 83-388 does not mandate storm water management. Agencies
               which can assist towns in developing stormwater management regulations are the
               Department of Environmental Protections, county soil and water conservation
               districts, USDA Soil Conservation Service, University of Connecticut
               Cooperative Extension Service and regional planning agencies.

               4.2.A (Narrative)

               The narrative is extremely useful to the certifier, inspector, enforcer, developer
               and developer's contractor. Erosion and sediment control is a procedure often
               calling for written descriptions to explain the basis for any proposed plan, detailed
               control measures, and interactions such as timing of earth moving or stabilization.

               The narrative is an appropriate place to include provisions for contingency plans if
               unforeseen erosion or sedimentation problems arise. Contingency plans may be
               handled by requiring statements within the narratives that identify the permittee's
               (and the contractor's) responsibilities to deal with unforeseen erosion and
               sedimentation problems and to have the capability to deal effectively with such
               problems.

               Other components of a good narrative would include self-monitoring and active
               maintenance procedures. A good erosion and sediment control plan will identify
               someone (engineer, contractor, etc.) responsible for monitoring control measures
               with whom an inspector representing the town would be able to communicate
               routinely. On-site operational and maintenance procedures for erosion and
               sediment control measures should be required on a daily basis.

               Having the narrative printed on the site plan map as noted is beneficial so long as
               it does not clutter the map. Specific components of the narrative are needed for
               the contractor to properly review, install and apply measures. Such components
               appear on the site plan map requirements so they do not become detached from
               one another.







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-26



               4.2.B (Map!

               An appropriate map scale for soil erosion and sediment control measures is site
               specific. Normally, a linear scale of 1 inch = 40 feet and contour intervals of 2
               feet provide enough site plan detail for most projects. Circumstances may warrant
               more or less detail. Flexibility is highly desirable to meet site-specific needs and
               to not unnecessarily burden the applicants.

               All of the site plan map requirements are important for soil erosion and sediment
              control. Such information is important in evaluating a proposed erosion and
               sediment control plan and in predicting the plan's effectiveness. The information
               is needed by the contractor in explicit detail so control measures can be properly
              located and installed or applied. The information is needed by inspectors to check
              if installation, operation and maintenance are as planned. The information
              becomes more crucial when the development site is large and/or an
              environmentally sensitive area.

              As stated earlier, the site plan map requirements also contain components of the
              narrative, namely B(6), (7) and (8). The components are needed by the contractor
              during construction to tell him when and how to implement the control plan.
              These components will appear in the narrative, as required by law, but by having
              them also appear on field construction plans is advantages. The construction
              workers would then only need the plan to work from and have before them only
              relevant narrative details, thus reducing the chances of the narrative being
              "forgotten about" during construction.

              All of site plan map requirements should be integrated with mapping requirements
              in the existing regulations, not repeated.

              4.2.C (Other Information)

              This section provides a "catch all" for those development sites requiring
              additional or special control measures or facilities not covered in Section 4.2(A)
              and (B). This section also allows for special controls or plan features to meet site
              specific situations that either the applicant or the commission wishes to address.


       SECTION 5. MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE STANDARDS

       Subsections 1 through 3 again reference the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and
       Sediment Control as a source for establishing the "what to do" and "how to do it" in
       devising a control plan. Otherwise, a more lengthy section specifically covering the







    Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-27

            seemingly unlimited standards would evolve. Referencing these Guidelines provides the
            flexibility needed for site-specific development.

            Performance standards are the desired goal for control of soil erosion and sediment, and
            the source from which control measures were designed are secondary. The Guidelines
            are meant to be a readily-available source to attain these desired performance standards.


            SECTION 6. ISSUANCE AND DENIAL OF CERTIFICATION

                   6.1 (Commission Shall Certify or Denvy)

                   It is suggested that the certifier keep public records defining the basis for all
                   decisions. It is important that good public records be kept.

                   6.2 (Time Limits)

                   With the new Law, an application before the planning and/or zoning commission
                   is automatically "incomplete" unless there is a control plan. Once a "complete"
_S[                application is received, the timetable a commission must adhere to in their actions
                   is established by statute. Proper provisions for soil erosion and sediment control
                   must be done within the established timetable. THEREFORE, IT IS
                   IMPERATIVE that commissions act promptly to review plans for certification,
                   including prompt submittal of plans to others if their review is deemed necessary.

                   6.3 (Review bv Countv Soil and Water Conservation Districts)

                   If the County Soil and Water Conservation District is to be designated as the
                   certifying authority, then delete this subsection.

                   6.4 (Other Review)

                   Communication and coordination usually need to be improved upon among all
                   parties interested in environmental safeguards. The municipal wetlands agency
                   has a role in erosion and sediment control as part of its statutory charge for
                   protecting wetlands and watercourses.


            SECTION 7. CONDITIONS RELATING TO SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT
            CONTROL

            An additional component to consider in Section 7 would be titled "Compliance with Plan
            Requirements." It would state, "Any person engaged in development activities who fails







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                      Page 2-28


       to file a soil erosion and sediment control plan in accordance with these regulations, or
       who conducts a development activity except in accordance with provisions of a certified
       plan shall be deemed in violation of these regulations."

               7.1 (Bonding Ontions)

              When the "stand alone" document approach is taken, the user should cross-
              reference the applicable bonding provisions similar to how they appear in the
              Model Regulations. THERE ARE TWO WAYS for such bonding requirement
              provisions to be stated in the regulations. The one used depends upon the
              regulations being amended. -The. first, 7. 1, is only, legal for subdivision of planned
              until development regulations. The second, 7. 1, is only legal for zoning's site
              plan review regulations and is also conditional to that portion of the modified site
              plan.

              Bonding should be effected according to the normal bonding procedures
              established by each municipality, but may not have to be implemented at the time
              of soil erosion and sediment control, plan certification. Bonding at the time
              building permuits are requiested meay be preferable.

              Establishing who (i.e., town engineer) is to recommend "the estimated costs
              required to control soil erosion and sedimentation" may be stated in the
              regulations.


       SECTION 8. INSPECTION

       Although the inspection section is brief, it is very important. Inspection is mandated by
       state law and should be seriously accomplished to protect the town's liability.

       The second sentence of 8. 1, beginning with "The Commission may require...... can be
       considered an "as-built" requirement that can be used on large, complex or sensitive
       developments. Progress reports are not necessary for all control plans, but in special
       instances can be used to guarantee compliance by the applicant. Normally, the applicant
       would be expected to pass this responsibility on to the consultant who prepared the
       control plan.

       Inspection records or reports should be kept in the event of possible enforcement action.
       Types of information for such inspection records include: inspection dates, weather
       conditions, people spoken to on-site, what was looked at, discussed, and agreed upon.
       Additionally, inspection reports may include drawings, sketches, or photographs of
       relevant features or problem areas.







.   Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                       Page 2-29


            Check the existing regulations for inspection and investigation provisions which grant
            access to the development site. Consider such provision here if they do not exist in the
            regulations.


            OTHER NOTES

            Delegation of the certifying authority responsibilities may be possible for a municipality,
            especially where existing erosion and sediment control mechanisms are already in place.
            It is recommended to consolidate past mechanisms with new requirements, especially the
            certification and inspection responsibilities.

            Any Preapplication process for development that may be ongoing between the town and
            the potential applicant should consider including the county soil and water conservation
            district as a source of resource information concerning soil erosion and sediment control.

            Amendments to an existing certified soil erosion and sediment control plan may be
            sought at a later date. Adherence to the plan amendment-provisions already appearing in
            existing regulations will need to be enforced. The Act does not contain provisions for
            amendment to certified plans. It is recognized that municipalities already deal with minor
            technical changes to approved plans in a variety of ways. Each municipality should
            consider including in their regulations a formal erosion and sediment control amendment
            provision for substantive changes.

            However, experience will bear out that unforseen circumstances during construction will
            necessitate technical changes and contingency measures.

            Enforcement proceedings by a municipality can be kept to a minimum if the municipality
            insists that carefully prepared and well-thought-out soil erosion and sediment control
            plans be submitted, properly reviewed for certification and implemented. Substandard
            plans must be rejected or denied, and certified plans, when implemented, must be
            inspected periodically by the town enforcement agent. For significant development
            applications, bonding and the requirement for as-built soil erosion and sediment control
            measures have been shown to increase compliance with environmental laws.

            Inland wetlands authorities can independently exercise enforcement action when soil
            erosion and sedimentation impacts upon their regulated areas. The State of Connecticut,
            Department of Environmental Protection can ultimately enforce situations that pollute the
            waters of the state.




                              : I: -'---i: - i::ï¿½:~~







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                     Page 2-30


       WHERE CAN I TURN FOR HELP AND ADDITIONAL
                                INFORMATION ?

PUBLICATIONS

       - Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control - CT DEP/CT Council on Soil
             and Water, 1988.
              Contains methods and techniques for minimizing soil erosion and sedimentation
             Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store Level,
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555

      - Connecticut Erosion and Sedimentation Control Pocket Guide - CT DEP, Bureau of
             Water Management, 1994
             Afield guide intended for use by contractors, inspectors and those responsible for
             the control of erosion during construction or other disturbances
             Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store Level,
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555

      - Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv (prepared for the CT DEP by Milone &
             MacBroom, Inc.), February, 1992
             Provides information to help evaluate the need for and use of stormwater
             management systems
             Draft document available from Milone & MacBroom, Inc., (203)271-1773.

      - "Unstream Solutions to Downstream Pollution" - A Citizens' Guide to Protecting
             Seacoasts and the Great Lakes by Cleaning Un Polluted Runoff, 1993. Sarah
             Chasis, Jessica Landman, Beth Lillemann, Diane Cameron and Ann Notthoff,
             principal authors.
             Good overview of nonpoint source pollution, not too technical
             Available through the Natural Resources Defense Council and Coastal Alliance
             (send $7.50 plus $1.45 shipping and handling to: NRDC Publications Department,
             40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011)

      - Guidance Soecifving Management Measures for Sources of Nonnoint Pollution in
             Coastal Waters - EPA, January, 1993
             Contains guidance developed in accordance with Section 6217 of the 1990federal
             Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments specifying management measures
             to control sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters
             Contact EPA Office of Water, Washington, D.C., by calling (202)260-7100.

      - Connecticut Nonnoint Source Material Summary - Bibliography of Publications
             available through the DEP including the following:







Soil Erosion and Sedimentation                                                     Page 2-31


              - Assessment of Nonnoint Sources of Pollution in Urbanized Watersheds: A
                     Guidance Document for Municinal Officials - (Shreve-Gibb, B. and W.
                     Boucher, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.), CT DEP Bulletin #22, April 1995.
                     Provides information on stormwater and nonpoint source pollution
                     prevention and control; provides a process to follow for evaluating and
                     improving existing regulations and practices
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Nonnoint Source Pollution: An Assessment and Management Plan - CT DEP,
                     February 28, 1989.
                     An assessment of the state's nonpoint source problem, providing a
                     management strategy to address Connecticut's nonpoint source concerns
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555

              - Protecting Connecticut's Water-Supplv Watersheds: A Guide for Local Officials
                     Doenges, J.M., C.P. Allan, J. Benson, and R.J. Jontos, Jr. (Eds.), 1993.
                     Provides municipalities with guidance and information on existing and
                     recommended programs for protection of public surface water supplies
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.



STAFF

       DEP Office of Long Island Sound Programs staff
              79 Elm Street
              Hartford, CT 06106-5127
              (860)424-3034

       DEP Water Bureau Staff:
              Long Island Sound water quality: (860)424-3020
              Stormwater management and water quality enforcement: (860)424-3018
              79 Elm Street
              Hartford, CT 06106-5127

       Connecticut Council on Soil & Water Conservation - (860)424-3905

       Soil and Water Conservation Districts/County Offices:
              Fairfield (203)743-5453







Soil Erosion & Sedimentation                                                   Page 2-32

             Hartford (860)688-7725
             Litchfield (860)567-8288
             Middlesex (860)345-3219
             New Haven (203)269-7509
             New London (860)887-3604
             Tolland (860)875-3881
             Windham (860)774-0224

      UCONN Cooperative Extension Service
             Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials (NEMO)
             1066 Saybrook Road, P.O. Box 70
             Haddam, CT 06438
             (860)345-4511



CHAPTER 2 - APPENDIX































        ï¿½                                                        ï¿½









                              APPENDIX


SOIL EROSION & SEDIMENTATION CONTROL BMPs


     The following pages, taken from the Connecticut Erosion and
     Sedimentation Control Pocket Guide, provide site applications,
     installation steps and maintenance scenarios for the most commonly used
     soil erosion and sedimentation control measures. A complete listing and
     description of BMPs related to soil erosion and sedimentation control can
     be found in the document Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and
     Sedimentation Control.






          !B e g                  W g-.- ,    g gg4^  av e  Moriogemena t








         IELI;0g4<  :P--a , gyP g&0,Da E,:,  :uii :l 21 ï¿½ ?: '!.? : ? . i:::.







Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                                   Page A-2-2

Mulch

* Definition
Plant residues or other biodegradable materials, applied on a temporary basis, to prevent soil erosion and/or
promote vegetative growth.

* Application
* 100% coverage of disturbed soil for best results.
* Not for use in areas of concentrated flow.
* Use mulch anchor in windy areas (hilltops, long-exposed slopes or adjacent to high-speed
  roadways).
* Soil stabilization blankets can be used in place of anchored mulch.
* Select mulch material based on soil, site conditions, season and use (e~g., landscaping).

        MULCH ONLY
        When disturbed soils will not be brought to final grade within 30 days and/or temporary seeding is
        not feasible use:
        *Hydromulch as tackifler for straw or hay.
        *When grass seed is to be applied at a later date, remove wood chips or till into ground with
          nitrogen application prior to seeding.

        SEED MULCH
        In areas of disturbed soils when temporary or permanent seeding is required, use:
        * Quickly decaying organic materials.

        LANDSCAPING MULCH
        For use in conjunction with tree, shrub and ground cover plantings:
        ï¿½ Use slow decaying organic materials.
        * Apply additional nitrogen when composition of organic material reduces soil infertility.

* Installation
1. Prior to mulching, complete grading and install needed sediment control practices.
2. Lime and fertilize (seed mulch).
3.Roughen surface by tracking or light disking (seed mulch).
4. Seed area prior to mulching, where seed is applied as part of hydroseeder slurry containing fiber mulch
   or following winter spread of hay (seed mulch).
5. Mulch material shall be spread uniformly by hand or machine.
6. Mulch liberally in mid-summer and prior to winter, and on cut slopes and southern exposures.

* Maintenance
1. Inspect all mulched areas for rilling weekly and follow rain event of ï¿½," or greater or exposure to high
   winds; make repairs as needed.*
2. Periodically inspect mulch seed with ornamental planting, throughout the year for soil coverage and
   decay.
3. Apply additional mulch as needed.

*See following Troubleshooting chart








O  Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                       Page A-2-3




     Mulch           Exposure    How            Limitations/Considerations
     Type             Period       Applied


     Hay              0-6 months  by hand or  ï¿½ preferred over other mulches
                                    machine    * requires anchoring in windy areas
                                   blown       * hay will supply weed seeds

     Wood Chips       >1 year      by hand or  . must be removed or tilled into ground before
                                    graded by     seeding or planting
                                    machine    * may reduce soil fertility during decay process
                                                 requiring subsequent fertilization for plant
                                                  growth
                                                a lasts longer than hay
                                                * no anchoring required

     Bark Chips/ 0-1 year          by hand   ï¿½  same as wood chips
     Shredded Bark



     Hay            0-6 months   machine    * requires anchoring in windy areas
                                  blown       * hay will supply weed seeds

     Cellulose      0-6 months   spray in     * reduces volunteer weed seeds in lawn seeding
     Fiber*                      slurry       * wood fiber per unit cost generally more
                                  with water    expensive than paper fiber, but requires less
                                                product for equivalent coverage
                                               * may be used in summer with seed only with
                                                adequate irrigation



     Wood chips   >1 year        by hand or  * may reduce soil fertility during decay
                                  graded by     process, requiring application of nitrogen
                                  machine    * slippage may occur on steeper slopes if wood,
                                                chips are applied over a large area
                                               * may be underlain with weed barrier, i.e. ,plastic
     Bark Chips/   0-1 year      by hand      * same as wood chips
     Shredded
     Bark
    ï¿½See CT Guidelines for special concerns on the use of various cellulose mulches.







Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                           Page A-2-4









   rill* erosion from top of    concentrated flow entering    install top of slope diversion
   slope                       area                           and/or temporary downslope
                                                               drain

   rills start internal to slope   mulch too thin             apply additional mulch

                                slope too long, too steep     install silt fence, hay bales or
                                without bench                 stone check dam to slow flow
                                                               and re-mulch or regrade and
                                                               install blanket - repeated failure
                                                               may require regrading to
                                                              installation of bench
   mulch cover diminishing,   wind blowing                    apply additional mulch with
   exposing soil                                              tackifier, netting or replace with
                                                              blanket

                                mulch decaying                apply additional mulch
  *linear channel erosion








Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                           Page A-2-5

   Soil Stabilization Blankets (also known as mats)

  *  Definition
  Manufactured combination of mulch and anchoring material on seeded surface of a steep
  slope, channel, road shoulder, or shoreline to promote vegetative growth.

  *  Application
   ï¿½ Blankets are more costly than mulches, but may reduce overall stabilization costs due to
     fewer repairs.
  ï¿½ Manufacturers specifications shall be matched to site conditions, due to wide array of
     available blanket materials.
  ï¿½ For use on smooth soil surfaces since blankets need continuous contact with soil.

  *  Installation
   1. Grade soil to provide even, smooth surface.
   2. Clear surface of extraneous debris.
   3. Lime, fertilize and seed in accordance with planting plan.
  4. Install per manufacturer's recommendations.

   *  Maintenance
   ï¿½ Inspect weekly and after every rainfall greater than '/2" or exposure to-high winds.
   * Repair as necessary.

   *See following Troubleshooting chart










                              :5Y










                    (Fa~aw mn ufclurrs  u       t : 'Srne for  ipnti  a aN 6 b ., rioqu ie s 2' ' ; )







Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                         Page A-2-6






















         (Foll,1ow '.'mufac turs 'S' instru-ctl. ons*   f nonr s p.ec ic: :nsL on~ requiremets) 








   edge of                                                                regae ar il
            a  blanket not installed with flow line in centerd
               blanket too narrow for swale flows

               on slopes, blanket placed on grades higher
               than surrounding ground
   rills      flows too high, contributing watershed too    replace with riprap channel (see
   develop    large                                         CT Guidelines)
   under
   blanket  oblanket stretched during installation         remove blanket, regrade smooth,
                                                             reseed, reinstall
               applied to rough soil surface

               improper stapling

   general    did not match need to manufacturer           check manufacturer 
   blanket    limitations                 t                specifications, change blanket or
   failure                                                 measure








  Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                               Page A-2-7

      Sediment Barriers

      *  Definition
      Silt fences, hay bales and stone check dams, and similar temporary sediment barriers composed of
      natural or synthetic materials, designed to intercept and retain eroded sediments within small areas of
      disturbed soils.

      * Application
      See comparison chart below.

      * Maintenance
      * Inspect weekly, repair or replace as necessary, following each rainfall greater than /2".
      * Remove sediment deposits when they reach approximately /2 the height of barrier or install new
         control immediately upslope from existing control.
      * Remove control only after upslope area has been permanently stabilized.
      . SPECIAL CASE REPAIRS DURING FROZEN GROUND CONDITIONS FOR CRITICAL
         WATER RESOURCES AREAS: at point of discharge, lay bed of loose hay sufficient to provide a
         flat surface for hay bales. Place hay bales to form dam, wedge joints, and cover with 2'/2" - 3" stone
         to angle of repose extending ends to prevent water from running around end of barrier.


I                                                                 .


       maximum slope             150'              150'                           150'
       length

       maximum drainage          1 acre            1 acre                         1 acre
       area

       life expectancy           <3 months         per manufacturer's specs    >1 year

       time of year to install              before ground freezes                year round

       location on landscape            install on soft surface to allow             allow on hard
                                       proper entrenching or anchoring                 surfaces

       * sheet flows - toe of    on the contour        on the contour 0-10'      not advised
         slope               \    0-10' below           from toe to slope
                                   toe of slope
       ï¿½ swales
                                 not advised       "U" shaped across swale    "U" across swale


       ï¿½ catch basins                                         ring basin
         - in hallows

         - on slopes                        twin "U" shaped up- and downslope of basin








Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                                  Page A-2-8







   SiltFne(lokonoNitrFne

            K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .I. ..f.ll.o..i.n




                                   Loc~i~c ~s neciryfcrappkation~sceda~attsJ                          51N

                                  Excavate u dih~~~~~tnii~~ith~~ih6'~~ deep bj 6EC"w4 --I
                                  on upsiope side ofk~~~ke~orslopesexieUS[



                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ST D~ieIAi~cdti    (I V   I


                           MG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ).. ..nssp  .......knc    ... ...
                 at a rnatxarflth~~~~~~~ ~~pad6~~ of to' 'at:                    FLO~~~~~~~t..  .....T..%
                             closer ~~~~~~~ Jun-i 5" "triiitraied flows iir&  " '           - owci~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ...I..
                    ï¿½~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IntLp~T  1-'. ..

                               4  9vepk or ~c~i'tc fdnaï¿½ Ia Mkc& pin-'  ,                    i~KPlLEfl








                         mann k~~~~~rnrefs iJT~~~~~~~trL!C110nW511&~~~~~~~ tAt








Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                               Page A-2-9
















                                                                                  F ILL


     < ia S-::i ,,:,,g   ^ g-













    fallen fence or drainage area too     change to stone check dam and add additional controls
    broken stakes   large                 upslope to reduce velocities and sediment loading (see CT
    due to water                          Guidelines for other measures available)
    pressure
                     flo ws too  j   re      pair or   replace f ence, increase staking frequency, angle
                     concentrated           stake upslope, consider adding guy wire for support

                     stake not driven      repair or replace fence, increase stake depth
                     deep enough

                     fabric not properly   check manufacturer's instructions on attachment and
                     attached to stakes    reattach

     undercutting,    poor trenching or    install new fence properly or retrench, drive stakes deeper
     toe failure     inadequate            as necessary to bury enough fabric, fill and compact trench
                     compaction, not       and downslope rills
                     enough fabric buried

     water running   not extending end of  extend fence far enough upslope so that bottom of fence
     around ends fencing dam far           end is higher than top of lowest portion of fence
                     enough upslope








Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMIPs.                                                 PaeA       l


                            H~~~~~~~~ayJ3.ales~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O
                     *  Iti~~~~~~~fo~~~~k~~~Wion ~ ~ g
             2.' i~iva~e~ twnch, on co~to~. . .........











                  2,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ..t  .a .~e ..... ..gi ..W ..~hi . .. ...  ... 








                                                                IL~~~~~~~~~~~~1DE 'k?. ...













                            CR055~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i SETO


                         I d~Iflh p~4jI~.L~ fflJWI~iU~fl    ~iE. .. ......  .1.  C*  U    UW



                                                                 CATCH DAS~~~      ~~IN I   ERE510IN.APPLIATO






         Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                        Page A-2-11

*


          undercutting   inadequate trenching    either reset bales properly of if failure is small,
                                                  backfill downslope rills, fill and compact under
                                                  failing bale, wedge joints with hay, backfill upslope
                          spaces between bales    side of bale with 4" wedge of wood chips or
                                                   compacted soil; replace bales as necessary
          rilling        not extending end of    extend hay bales far enough upslope so bottom of last
          around end    hay bales far enough    bale is higher than top of lowest bale
                          upslope
          hay bales      watershed too large     change to stone barrier
          removed
                          flows too concentrated  change to silt fence or stone check dam
                          inadequately staked     fill and compact any rills at hay bales, reinstall bale,
                                                   wedge joints, backfill and compact, increase staking
                                                   depths



         Stone Check Dam

         * Installation

         1. Set spacing of check dam to assure the elevations of the crest of the downstream dam is at the
            same elevation of the toe of the upstream dam.
         2. Place ConnDOT stone size =2 or =3 (average 2'2" - 31/2") stone at angle of repose across
            swale such that center of check dam is at least 6" lower than outer edges with a minimum
            height of 24" and a maximum height of 36".
         3. Ensure that structures within the channel such as culvert entrances below check dams are not
            subject to damage or blockage from displaced stones.





          water running         not extending end of check   extend check dam far enough upslope so
          around ends           dam for enough upslope       that bottom end of stone barrier is higher
                                                               than top of central portion of stone
                                                               barrier
          check dam washed    velocities too great,          review hydraulic analysis to determine if
          out                   watershed too large          other measures are needed, or increased
                                                               frequency of check dams may
                                                               sufficiently reduce velocity
I::  : l ::: 9::                            ::                  






Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                          Page A-2-12
















   Wate~riD Bar (als known               a     s        Dvrsi~    UHT~on
             0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                         DeBW fini~ E~tCion
               A channel w~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aitharideo opce olo h onlpesdcntutdars nacs
                      road  or similar disturbed slope, to reduce flow length and erosion potential.~~~~~~.


             0~~~~~~~~~RS ApplcationI~

                 Life expectancy o one year or less
               Sp~~~~~~~~~~~~~acigo ae a sdpneto odgae Refr oCT Gielns









2.Isalwater bar (aslsokown as acsrodisvearediond)rdd

3*Cmaterhnwtrbrt designseifction.

4rocate oute sinilardisturbed, stblopzo educ lwlnt anerosooental.

. Proide otetxproectinc as oneyedro ess.

1 Spacing fwterbridenetonrodgad.(ertoCGuelnes


3. Inspect afeartheavneiceue wekyandater evryraifl utoeign stabilizationiscmlt.



ï¿½ Remove sediment from channel and make repairs as necessary.






Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                         Page A-2-13

Construction Entrance

* Definition
An entrance to the site specifically designed to reduce the amount of sediment tracked off site by
vehicles.

* Application
ï¿½ Located where construction vehicles enter and leave work site onto public rights-of-way.
ï¿½ Reduces but may not eliminate need for street sweeping.
ï¿½ For sandy or gravelly soil on site, minimum length is 50'. For silty or clayey soils on site,
   minimum length is 100'.
ï¿½ Plan to make stone available for maintenance of entrance.

*  Installation
1. Clear entrance of all vegetation and extraneous materials and excavate to a minimum of 4".
2. At poorly drained location, install subsurface drainage, proved for surface water conveyance
   under entrance with culverts as needed.
3. Place filter fabric underliner over the full width and length of entrance and cover with
   ConnDOT =3 (2"-4") stone to a depth of no less than 4".
4. As needed, install wash racks and sedimentation facilities for washing, when majority of mud
   is not removed from vehicles traveling over stone. Sediment should be intercepted and
   trapped so it can be removed and stabilized.

*  Maintenance
ï¿½ As required, apply additional stone or wash and rework existing stone.
. Remove any sediment from roadways or storm drains whenever necessary.
ï¿½ Inspect weekly or following every rainfall greater than ï¿½/2".
















                                                            .HB ~ .0B  .@ e    BB.~ .B a .  .~ ^'.~ .' ~ .'B~ .  .  . .   i         -: : :.:    . .




               ,333*E;ISVNG GB3BB BROUNs~a3 |s '2VB  M3 IM  tr r~Cidt~EG~--
            it' ' ' '>''B e'iy'i<LENGTH At.V BBBB WJPW FIB    
            a 0   23g    2,B'*;~t3ai222tia B>; g B   2;3  j 0 q B lF3I      ~g i    2taa;   3a<020Orja2 







Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMPs                                          Page A-2-14



Turbiditv Curtain (also known as Silt Curtain)

* Definition
A floating pervious barrier anchored in water that is at least 3 feet deep to isolate construction
waters from clean waters.

* Application
ï¿½ Obstruct that flow of water as minimally as possible to reduce chance of failure.
ï¿½ To be used along tidal and non-tidal water bodies when construction work is occurring in or
   on the banks of a water body.
ï¿½ Use curtains only in low velocity situations. For high velocity situations use coffer dams and
   diversions.

* Installation
* For each type of curtain installation, follow manufacturer's design standards.
ï¿½ Extend curtain entire depth of watercourse. In situations of heavy wind or tidal conditions,
   leave a minimum 1" gap between end of skirt and bottom.
* In flowing streams, always locate curtain parallel to flow direction.

a Maintenance
* Repair kits are available from geotextile fabric manufacturers.
, Entrapped material is typically removed by backhoe or dragline.
* Remove sediment in stages since disturbance causes suspension.
ï¿½ Minimize turbidity when the curtain is to be removed; allow sediment to settle for a minimum
   of 6-12 hours prior to removal.
ï¿½ Inspect weekly for anchoring and wear on load lines; replace and repair as necessary.

Type I

1. Set anchor points, tow the curtain in the furled position out and attach to anchors.
2. As necessary, set additional stakes or buoyed anchors to curtain to maintain curtain location.
3. Cut furling lines to let curtain skirt drop.

Tvne  . II.   & IV

1. Set all curtain anchor points prior to placing furled curtain in the water.
2. Utilize anchor buoys on all anchors to prevent submergence; anchor both sides of curtain
   when water is tidal.
3. Secure furled curtain to upstream anchor point and then sequentially attach to each next
   downstream anchor point.










.   Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control BMI~Ps                                           Page A-2-15





                      4. Cut [urling~~~~~hes to allow skirt tachup.ia~_a

                       5~~~~~~~~~~~~~a~el Al;ays aflwdi i richot [hP: o tlw flot~ici
                                      davice, not talcnitrn oituaa'ut~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                                      ;~ ta t~[LB~t iJB~~:ii~i3~0~:;~:j:~its~QfMTIL  RPM:tJC 4Ii:r

                          *T~~~~r4M't'U~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~YJ:EJi OttA DAM*~:~D-~
             6:~~:81_191~ ~ ~ ~      >    eL1aBeI U. F. 13tOY
                                                                   .ï¿½~~~  '~S7ANCiRlCitJhII&WN
                                                                      i;:"~~a-i~~s'sY"M9$ruaurr,



                                                      ii   l~lfE'ï¿½a
             NQTEP"~~lï¿½E KH3IG44L3Yt'            tnrb. SF
             &~CtS/N,  tt~~ER~i~A


                                  9 ~ ~   ~     ~     ~    ~     '         ::'' r
                                    TIALWTE   AILIAIO  (ye  V  xmpe



                               CHAl1ER 3 - Gf-SrIE SEWAM
                                DISPOSAL SYSIM3









































0 










        ON-SITE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS AS A
              NONPOINT SOURCE OF POLLUTION




        HOW ARE ON-SITE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
                NONPOINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION?

An on-site sewage disposal system, also known as a subsurface sewage disposal system but most
commonly referred to as a septic system, is a system which provides for the treatment and
disposal of domestic sewage. The system usually consists of a tank where organic solids settle
out and are partially broken down, a distribution box, and a leach field where the remaining
liquid waste water is dispersed and treated by passage through the soil.

Improperly working systems can become nonpoint sources of pollution when pollutants,
especially pathogens, begin to disperse throughout the surrounding soil and migrate to distant
locations. In addition, even properly functioning systems release nitrogen which can adversely
affect coastal water quality if systems are proximal to coastal waters.

"point" sources of pollution olluton - polluion which originates from well-defined, usually
       manufactured "points" or locations such as municipal and industrial sewage treatment
       plants, combined sewer overflows and other wastewater discharge pipes

"nonpoint" sources of pollution - pollution originating from land use and man's activities,
       having no well-defined point of entry, such as urban stormwater runoff including street
       and parking runoff, lawn runoff, soil erosion and failing septic systems




                          WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

Septic systems are important because improperly working systems can be a source of nonpoint
source pollution and can create a significant health threat. Water quality is strongly linked to
land use including the installation and operation of septic systems. Due to the potential for
pollution of inland and coastal surface and ground waters by malfunctioning septic systems or
even outdated cesspools, it is essential that individuals working in all aspects of municipal land
use understand this potential source of pollution and how to control it.







On-site Disposal Systems                                                             Page 3-2


                         WHAT HARM CAN IT POSE?

Septic systems can pollute groundwater and surface water supplies when they are not sited or
operating properly. Improper operation can be due to factors related to: location, design,
installation and maintenance. Septic systems must be located in suitable soils and adequately
setback from wetlands and watercourses, properly designed and installed, and regularly
maintained to prevent discharge of pollutants to the surface of the ground and into ground waters
that are closely hydrologically connected to surface waters. Otherwise, they can pose a public
health risk and result in water contamination. The primary pollutants of concern are pathogens
and nutrients but, when systems are used improperly, toxic contaminants may also be a problem.

Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses which come from
       the fecal wastes of humans and animals. In unsuitable soil conditions, these microbes are
       not adequately treated by a septic system, can migrate considerable distances through
       surface and groundwater passages and contaminate drinking water supplies. Further,
       pollutants can flow to coastal waters resulting in contamination of commercial and
       recreational shellfish beds. Such contamination can result in illnesses such as cholera,
       hepatitis, gastroenteritis and typhoid.

Nutrients in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus emanate from properly functioning septic
       systems at reasonable densities and in acceptable levels. However, high nitrogen levels in
       drinking water can pose a health risk, and high nitrogen and phosphorus levels can cause
       algal blooms in coastal and fresh waters, respectively. Further, nutrients in large
       concentrations result in excess growth of algae which, upon decay, use up life-sustaining
       dissolved oxygen, thereby endangering oxygen-dependent aquatic life. This low oxygen
       condition is called hypoxia and poses a significant threat to the health of Long Island
       Sound.

Toxic contaminants are substances which can persist indefinitely and can harm the health of
       aquatic life and/or human beings when they enter groundwater resources and, in turn,
       surface waters. They are added from a variety of sources and include heavy metals (e.g.
       copper, zinc, lead), pesticides and organic compounds. Sources include chemicals used
       in the home and garden. When substances containing these contaminants are poured
       down a drain or flushed down a toilet, they can work their way into ground and surface
       waters, potentially harming people and aquatic life.







On-site Disposal Systems                                                                    Page 3-3


ARE MUNICIPALITIES REQUIRED TO ADDRESS POTENTIAL
      NONPOINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROM SEPTIC
                                    SYSTEMS?

Each new septic system constructed in the state must be located, designed, installed, and operated
in accordance with technical standards established in the public health code to prevent nonpoint
sources of pollution from septic systems. Applicants must demonstrate that their plan for a new
subsurface sewage disposal system complies with the design and location requirements contained
in the Connecticut Public Health Code, Regulations and Technical Standards for Subsurface
Sewage Disposal Systems. The health code and technical standards ensure that new septic
systems are properly located and operated, thereby preventing the discharge of pollutants to the
surface of the ground and to reduce discharge into groundwaters.

Municipal directors of health are responsible for ensuring that new systems meet the health code
and its standards. Therefore, municipal land use officials should work to support an adequate,
professional health department for the municipality, coordinate the health department review into
planning, zoning and wetland reviews, and heed the advice of the health department
professionals.








On-site Disposal Systems                                                              Page 3-4


WHAT IS THE GOAL IN DESIGNING AND LOCATING SEPTIC
                                      SYSTEMS?

Main Obiectives in SeDtic Svstem Location

The main objective in locating and installing septic systems is to prevent the discharge of
pollutants to the surface of the ground and into
ground waters that are closely hydrologically                  .. 'Tr'EM
connected to surface waters. In general, this is                   HAEITATION OTER TH
achieved by:                                                  BeuL.ING SERVED, 50 FEET 
                                                      w LL           \
- locating septic systems away from unsuitable                                           Fxo 3ET/O
       areas such as poorly or excessively drained        7 FEET ToWEL  SuRACE WAXT
       soils, and prohibiting their installation          cR SIN  /
       where high ground water, surface                . X                 ___ :
       flooding, or ledge rock will interfere with
       their effective operation;                               --    ,  rE

- locating individual septic systems at least 50, feet                                  i0 FEET
                                                               UILODING.SERVED           TO
       from any open watercourse; and                        TO LEACHING FIELD         PROPERTY
                                                      * BUILDING SERVED TO SEPT= TANK
                                                        WINOUT FCUNDATION OOT20NG ODRAINS. 15 FEET
- complying with all separation distances as             WITH FOUNDATION FOoTNGr DRAINS, 25 FEET
       established in the public health code.      Separation distances required by the Connecticut
                                                   Public Health Code
                                                   Source: Septic Systems Manual: A Guide to On-Site Subsurface Sewage
                                                   Setic Sstem GuDisposal for Local Land-Use Officials
Sentic Svstem Guidelines

Specific measures directed toward meeting the above objectives include the following:

 No permit or approval may be issued for any subsurface sewage disposal system where:

       - it would discharge or overflow any sewage or treated effluent to any watercourse;

       - the soil conditions inthe area of the leaching system are unsuitable for sewage disposal
              purposes;

              unsuitable soil conditions - conditions where the existing soil is
              impervious, or where there is less than 4 feet depth of suitable
              existing soil over ledge rock, or where the ground water is less than
              18 inches below the surface of the ground for a duration of one
              month or longer during the wettest season of the year








On-site Disposal Systems                                                           Page 3-5


       - the surrounding naturally occurring soil cannot adequately absorb or disperse the
              expected volume of sewage effluent without overflow, breakout, or detrimental
              effect on ground or surface water (Section 19-13-B103e of the Public Health
              Code); and

       - it would allow for the, discharge to any subsurface disposal system of oils, greases,
               industrial or commercial wastes, toxic chemicals, waste from water treatment, or
               other liquids that will adversely affect the operation of the subsurface sewage
               disposal system or which may pollute wells.

  In flood-prone areas, new and replacement septic systems must be designed to minimize or
       eliminate infiltration of flood waters into the systems and discharges from the systems
       into flood waters. Further, septic systems must be located to avoid impairment to them
       or contamination from them during
       flooding.
                                                                     GROUND LEVEL
  Technical standards recommend that septic       HOUSE      .CLEAN-CUT MANHOLES\
                                                     SEWER PIPE
       tanks be cleaned out every two to four
       years, determined on the basis of 100             F   S 

       year. As an additional consideration, the
       use of a garbage disposal increases solids   - [  6     cu      /
       by approximately 50 percent, thereby            AFFL 
       necessitating the pumping out of tanks      -        ! 
       twice as often. Accordingly, the                                  S.UDE 
       installation and use of garbage disposals
       with septic systems is specifically       Typical septic tank installation
       discouraged.                              Source: Septic Systems Manual: A Guide to On-Site
                                                    Subsurface Sewage Disposal for Local Land-Use Officials


Septic Systems in Areas of Special Concern

Disposal systems for areas of special concern merit particular investigation and special design.
The following have been determined to be areas of special concern:

       - designated as wetland under the provisions of Sections 22a-36 through 22a-45 of the
               Connecticut General Statutes (Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Act); or

       - located within the drawdown area of an existing public water supply well with a
               withdrawal rate in excess of fifty gallons per minute, or within five hundred feet
               of land owned by a public water supply utility and approved for a future well site
               by the Commiissioner of Public Health; or







On-site Disposal Systems                                                              Page 3-6

        - soils with slopes exceeding twenty-five percent; or

        - maximum ground water less than three feet below ground surface; or

       - a minimum soil percolation rate faster than one inch per minute; or

       - a minimum soil percolation rate slower than one inch in thirty minutes; or

       - ledge rock less than five feet below ground surface; or

       - consisting of soil types interpreted as having severe limitations for on-site sewage
               disposal by most recent edition of the National Cooperative Soil Survey of the
               Soil Conservation Service.

In Connecticut's shallow glacial till soils, one of the principle causes of septic system
malfunction is the lack of hydrogeologic capacity of the site to transmit additional water. A
common symptom of this type of problem is a system that will function adequately except during
the spring high ground water period, when effluent reaches the ground surface before being
properly treated. This problem can generally be overcome if lot layout and system design are
based upon the flow of water in the soil. The State Department of Public Health has incorporated
a form of hydrogeologic analysis into their technical standards referred to as the Minimum          0
Leaching System Spread (MLSS) requirement. As of 1994, all new systems must be designed to
meet this requirement. Each-proposed system is evaluated using this formula to determine the
length that must be spread along a contour line, thereby determining the hydraulic load on a
given cross section of soil. The required length along a contour line combined with the required
system size determines the system's design. Determination of MLSS is made by entering
percolation rate and depth to restrictive layer or ground water into a formula that also includes a
calculated sewage flow factor. The result is given as the MLSS. This analysis must be done
unless a full site specific hydrogeologic evaluation is done, as may be required in areas of special
concern.

Plans for new subsurface systems in areas of special concern must be prepared by a professional
engineer registered in the state of Connecticut, and must include all pertinent information as to
the basis of design and soil conditions, test pit locations, ground water and ledge rock elevations,
both original and finished surface contours and elevation, property lines building locations, open
water courses, ground and surface water drains, nearby wells, and water service lines.

Thus, the application of the public health code ensures that all septic systems within the
jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Public Health are properly located, designed, installed,
operated, inspected, and maintained to prevent discharge of pollutants to the surface of the
ground and into ground waters that are closely hydrologically connected to surface waters.

                                                                                                      0I








On-site Disposal Systems                                                             Page 3-7


         WHAT IS TIHE IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM?

To assure that on-site disposal systems do not become a nonpoint source of pollution, two steps
are necessary:
                                                                            QU--.0NU EARTH FILL
1)     proper design, location and installation                             1O ALLOW FOR SETTLiNG
                                                                              -ONE INCH BROK(EN STOlE
       of systems, which is primarily the                            -    OR SREED GRAVEL
       responsibility of the municipal health                          ..E
       official, coordinated with the review by
                                                     INCHES~ --- -~~2 ~:-:.'
       land use officials, as discussed above;     tl' "JI   '  '- .    |I.2 ES MINIMUM
       and                                               W.NOT ~OR--- '   -LEVEL, FLAT  8-T.0.
                            :             7               ,~~~~~~~~~~~ THEN 3 FEfT-' 
2)     proper operation and maintenance of       Typical leaching trench specifications
       systems which is primarily the            Soorce: Septic Systems Manual: A Guide to On-Site Subsurface
                  responsibility of the individuals  Sewage Disposal for Local Land-Use Officials
       responsibility of the individuals
       utilizing the systems.
       This step is KEY to effective treatment!

Proper operation and maintenance is achieved in large part through the use of best management
practices.


Best Management Practices (BMPs) - practices which reduce or prevent the discharge of
       pollutants to surface and ground waters and which have been determined to be acceptable
       based upon technology and economic and institutional feasibility

       Operational and maintenance BMPs for septic systems are universally applicable to all
       systems, and, therefore, do not require selection based upon site-specific conditions and
       anticipated pollutants.

       The most important BMP is to educate homeowners about septic systems, their operation
       and maintenance. Therefore, municipalities should develop programs to disseminate
       information on septic systems and to ensure that these BMPs are followed.

Operation and maintenance BMPs for septic systems:

- Pump septic systems at least once every five years.
        Some systems may need more frequent pumping based upon their age, size and use,
        especially if garbage disposals are utilized routinely. The need for frequent pumping
       could be a sign of system failure.







On-site Disposal Systems                                                             Page 3-8


- Conserve water and avoid overloading the system.
       Fix leaks
       Use water-saving devices
       Spread the use of water-using appliances over the entire week

- Do not use chemical additives even though they are heavily promoted.

- Do not use bacteria and enzyme additives to treat a malfunctioning system. There is no
       credible, scientific evidence that any septic system additive will improve the performance
       of a system, and some additives can cause very serious problems.

- Do not pour substances containing toxic substances down the drain or into the toilet. They kill
       the bacteria necessary for the proper operation of the system. In older improperly sited
       systems, this practice can result in ground and surface water contamination.

- Use garbage disposals sparingly or not at all. They can result in clogs as well as more frequent
       pumping of the system.

- Do not use the toilet as a trash can. Tissue, paper towels, baby wipes, disposable diapers,
       sanitary napkins and tampons are slow to decompose.

- Protect the leach field.
       Know where it is and mark the tank access for easy pumping
       Do not drive vehicles over it
       Do not allow roof drains to flow to the leach field
       Do not connect sump pump to a domestic drain
       Do not cover the field with impervious surface such as asphalt or concrete
       Keep trees and shrubs at least 10 feet away from a leach field
       Plant densely-rooted grass and shallow-rooted plants over the leach field


Residential Densities in Septic System Areas

Communities can establish minimum residential densities in areas served by septic systems and
on-site wells in order to protect water resources from failing septic systems.

In Connecticut, the residential densities on the following page are recommended. These figures
are based on septic system reliability as well as other environmental and health standard
considerations such as pollutant impacts, stormwater runoff, construction impacts, and water
quality.








On-site Disposal Systems                                                                  Page 3-9


                              w/o Public Water              w/ Public Water

Minimum lot area              1 unit per acre                1 unit per 0.6 acre

In public water               1 unit per 2 acres             1 unit per 2 acres
supply watershed

In high yield aquifers         I unit per 2 acres            1 unit per 2 acres

In inland and coastal          1 unit per 1.5 acres          1 unit per 1.5 acres
  waterfront areas

       Note: All figures are exclusive of wetlands

Source: Report for the Blue Ribbon Commission on Housing, on the Land Required to Support Residential
       Development in Connecticut
        Prepared by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Water Compliance Unit, May 1989


Therefore, not only are municipal officials responsible for the proper location and operation of
septic systems, but the individuals using the systems must also be aware of BMPs in order to
allow for their septic systems' optimal operation.







On-site Disposal Systems                                                               Page 3-10


           WHAT IS THE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM?

All installers of subsurface sewage disposal systems must be certified by the Commissioner of
Public Health. The Department of Public Health (DPH, formerly the Department of Public
Health and Addiction Services) licenses approximately 3,000 subsurface sewage disposal system
installers and septic tank cleaners, and 320 registered sanitarians are employed by local health
departments. The DPH is responsible for taking action against licensed individuals when
complaints are received or when violations of the Public Health Code and Statutes occur.

Under Chapter 446k (Water Pollution Control) of Connecticut's general statutes, the
Commissioner of Environmental Protection has: full authority to require the correction of any
malfunctioning septic system of any size. The Commissioner has authority to issue orders and
seek civil penalties up to and including fines of $25,000 per day of violation. In addition, the
Commissioner can determine that a problem such as a cluster of failed septic systems is a
"community pollution problem," best solved by municipal action. Under those circumstances he
can require resolution by the municipality.

C.G.S. Section 19a-206 (formerly 19-79) delegates enforcement to local directors of health
(DOH) with respect to permitting and enforcement of on-site sewage disposal systems. This
includes both civil and criminal penalties for persons who maintain a "nuisance or source of
filth." The local DOH will normally try to remediate problem septic systems in an informal
manner seeking the owner's cooperation. If this is not forthcoming, the DOH will normally issue
a Notice of Violation which constitutes an order to remedy the particular situation. If the
property owner remains in non-compliance, civil penalties ($250.00/day) would normally be
sought (C.G.S. Section 19a-206). In some cases of non-compliance, criminal penalties ($100 or
up to three months imprisonment) could be sought.








On-site Disposal Systems                                                             Page 3-11


       WHERE CAN I TURN FOR HELP AND ADDITIONAL
                                INFORMATION?


AVAILABLE INFORMATION

PUBLICATIONS

       - Septic Systems Manual: A Guide to On-Site Subsurface Sewage Disnosal for Local
             Land-Use Officials, 1985, published by the DEP.
             Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store Level,
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

       - Connecticut Public Health Code: Regulations and Technical Standards for Subsurface
             Sewage Disposal Systems, State of Connecticut Department of Health Services,
              (860)240-9277.

       - Design of Subsurface Sewage Disnosal Svstems for Households and Small Commercial
             Buildings, State of Connecticut Department of Health Services, (860)240-9277.

       - Unstream Solutions to Downstream Pollution - A Citizens' Guide to Protecting
              Seacoasts and the Great Lakes by Cleaning Up Polluted Runoff, 1993. Sarah
              Chasis, Jessica Landman, Beth Lillemann, Diane Cameron and Ann Notthoff,
              principal authors.
              Good overview of nonpoint source pollution, not too technical
              Available through the Natural Resources Defense Council and Coastal Alliance
              (send $7.50 plus $1.45 shipping and handling to: NRDC Publications Department,
              40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011)

       - Guidance Snecifving Management Measures for Sources of Nonnoint Pollution in
              Coastal Waters - EPA, January, 1993
              Contains guidance developed in accordance with Section 6217 of the 1990federal
              Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments specifying management measures
              to control sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters
              Contact EPA Office of Water, Washington, D.C., by calling (202)260-7100.

       - Connecticut Nonnoint Source Material Summary - Bibliography of Publications
              available through the DEP including the following:

              - Carrving Canacitv of Public Water SutDlv Watersheds: A Literature Review of
                     Imrnacts on Water Oualitv from Residential Develonment, DEP Bulletin
                     11, 1990 - Doenges, J.M., C.P. Allan, R.J. Jontos, Jr., and C.A. Liebler.







On-site Disposal Systems                                                             Page 3-12


                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Assessment of Nonnoint Sources of Pollution in Urbanized Watersheds: A
                     Guidance Document for Municinal Officials - (Shreve-Gibb, B. and W.
                     Boucher, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.), CT DEP Bulletin #22, April, 1995.
                     Provides information on stormwater and nonpoint source pollution
                     prevention and control; provides a process to follow for evaluating and
                     improving existing regulations and practices
                     Available from CT DEP, Map- and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Nonnoint Source Pollution: An Assessment and Management Plan, CT DEP,
                     February 28, 1989
                     An assessment of the state's nonpoint source problem, providing a
                     management strategy to address Connecticut's nonpoint source concerns

              - Protecting Connecticut's Water-Sunolv Watersheds: A Guide for Local Officials
                     - Doenges, J.M., C.P. Allan, J. Benson, and R.J. Jontos, Jr. (Eds.), 1993.
                     Provides municipalities with guidance and information on existing and
                     recommended programs for protection of public surface water supplies.
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Best Management Practices for the Protection of Groundwater. A Local
                     Official's Guide to Managine Class V Underground Iniection Control
                     Wells - Inglese, O., Jr., 1992.
                     Discusses the operations commonly associated with many types of
                     facilities, the materials used and the wastes generated; describes shops
                     and services such as printing, dry cleaners, auto service and repair,
                     beauticians and non-agricultural pesticide application.
                     Available from the DEP Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

STAFF

       Municipal health officials, sanitarians

       Regional health districts staff


       DEP Water Bureau Staff:
              Subsurface Disposal Unit







On-site Disposal Systems                                                         Page 3-13


             79 Elm Street
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127
             (860)424-3018

      DEP Office of Long Island Sound Programs staff
             79 Elm Street
             Hartford, CT 06106-5127
             (860)424-3034

      UCONN Cooperative Extension Service
             Nonpoint Source Education for Municipal Officials (NEMO)
             1066 Saybrook Road, P.O. Box 70
             Haddam, CT 06438
             (860)345-4511



CCHAPTER 4 - MARINAS










      MARINAS AS A NONPOINT SOURCE OF POLLUTION




      HOW ARE MARINAS NONPOINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION?

     At marinas, potential sources of pollution include boat discharges to surface waters, spills during
     fueling and sewage pumping operations, discharges from stormwater or other discharge pipes
     and polluted runoff entering waters from parking and boat maintenance areas.


     Pollution at marinas can originate in one of two ways:

     "Point" sources of pollution - pollution which originates from well-defined, usually
            manufactured "points" or locations such as stormwater discharge pipes originating from
            parking lots and other waste water discharge
            pipes 

     "Nonpoint" sources of pollution - pollution having no
            well-defined point of entry, originating
            from upland and in-water maintenance
            activities, vessel repair and vessel operation
            such as contaminated stormwater sheet
            runoff from car parking areas, boat storage
            and outdoor hull maintenance areas, and
            spills during fueling and sewage pumpout
            operations


     Many of the potential sources of pollution at marinas
     fall into the category of nonpoint source pollution.           Typical marina bulkhead with high
                                                          potential for nonpoint sheet runoff



           WHY IS CONTROL OF MARINA NONPOINT SOURCE
                             POLLUTION IMPORTANT?

     Due to their location on the waterfront, marinas and associated activities have the potential to
     adversely affect both inland and coastal water quality. Procedures associated with the
     construction of marina facilities and their subsequent use such as day-to-day marina operations
*,   and boat maintenance procedures can contribute sediments, nutrients, toxic organic compounds,







Marinas                                                                               Page 4-2

heavy metals, oils and grease, and other contaminants to ground and surface waters. Further, the
improper operation of boat heads can contribute pathogens to surface waters. Due to this
potential for the release of various types of pollution to inland and coastal surface and ground
waters, individuals working in all aspects of municipal land use must understand the potential
sources of pollution presented by marinas and how to control them.








     Marinas                                                                              Page 4-3


*) 0                S WHAT HARM DOES IT POSE?

     Due to their location right on the water's edge with little, if any, buffering, pollutants generated
     at marinas can easily enter the water with little or no treatment. Further, the diverse nature of
     marina operations can expose coastal waters to a wide variety of pollutants, with a good portion
     resulting from clean runoff becoming polluted and transporting various contaminants to ground
     and surface waters. In addition, because marinas rely on natural or manmade wave protection,
     circulation and flushing is often less than that which is available at more open locations.

             Runoff is the portion of precipitation, snow melt or irrigation that flows over
            the ground (instead of being absorbed into the ground or retained on the
             surface) which eventually makes its way to surface waters.

             Polluted runoff at marinas is rainwater and snowmelt which has become contaminated
             after picking up pollutants and/or sediment as it runs off driveways, lawns, parking areas,
             maintenance areas, docks and boat surfaces.

     Site layout, development and marina operation have an effect on both quantity and quality of
     stormwater runoff. General stormwater concerns applicable to most development, including
     marinas, are discussed in the stormwater chapter. However, the nature of marina operations
     poses additional concerns above and beyond generic site development considerations.

     Marina Pollutants

     A variety of pollutants are associated with marina operations such as oil-based contaminants,
     metals, nutrients and bacteria. Typical pollutants include:
             - petroleum hydrocarbons from fuel including fuel mixed with bilge waters;
             - copper from antifoulant boat paints (scraping, power washing);
             - oil-based paints and varnishes (scraping, power washing);
             - fecal coliform bacteria and nutrients from boat heads (toilets);
             - floatable debris from improperly discarded trash;
             - detergents and other boat cleaning substances;
             - arsenic from paint pigments, pesticides and wood preservatives;
             - zinc from zinc anodes used to deter corrosion of metal hulls and engine parts;
             - lead from fuel and ballast;
             - tin from butyltin, a biocide used in paint (its use in bottom paints is now regulated);
             - antifreeze;
             - nutrients from lawn fertilizers; and
             - sediment which can contain many of these pollutants.

      These pollutants can enter coastal and ground waters as a result of many activities performed at
     marinas such as boat maintenance (scraping and power washing hulls, painting and varnishing







Marinas                                                                             Page 4-4


hulls and topsides of boats), conditioning motors, winterizing, fueling boats, pumping heads, and
disposing of garbage. While not advised, some of these activities are carried out while boats are
in the water when they would be better performed on land where resultant pollution can be better
controlled. Further, due to marina locations immediately adjacent to coastal waters, pollutants
from land are easily washed into the water.

The variety of potential pollutants at marinas pose many hazards to coastal waters which can be
broken down into four general categories as follows.

Hypoxia is a condition which occurs as the result of excess nutrients, in particular, nitrogen in
       coastal waters. Excessive amounts of nitrogen can enter coastal waters from marinas in
       the form of fecal wastes from spills during the pumping of heads or marine toilets into
       shore-based disposal facilities, deliberate emptying of heads directly into the water, septic
       systems (see chapter on on-site sewage disposal systems) and from nitrogen-laden runoff
       from upland activities such as excessive lawn fertilization. Nutrients in large
       concentrations result in excess growth of algae which, upon decay, use up life-sustaining
       dissolved oxygen, thereby endangering oxygen-dependent aquatic life.

Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses which come from
       the fecal wastes of humans and animals and which can result in illnesses such as cholera,
       hepatitis, gastroenteritis and typhoid. Sources include spills during the pumping of heads
       to shore-based disposal facilities, deliberate emptying of heads directly into the water,
       and faulty or improperly installed and/or maintained septic systems (see chapter on on-
       site sewage disposal systems).

Toxic contaminants are substances that can harm the health of aquatic life and/or human beings.
       They are created in a variety of ways and include heavy metals (e.g. copper, zinc, lead),
       pesticides and organic compounds like PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Sources at
       marinas include oil and grease from boat maintenance and operation, certain paints and
       varnishes, antifreeze, grease, oils and gasoline from parking lots and chemicals used on
       lawns.

Debris is waste material which, upon entering surface and coastal waters, causes aesthetic
       problems and can pose a threat to aquatic organisms through ingestion or entanglement.
       Sources include trash cans which are infrequently emptied, careless disposal of trash,
       blowing garbage and runoff which picks up improperly discarded garbage.








Marinas                                                                                  Page 4-5


ARE MUNICIPALITIES REQUIRED TO ADDRESS NONPOINT
            SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROM MARINAS?

Yes. The Connecticut legislature recognized the impact of nonpoint sources of pollution to Long
Island Sound when it passed Public Act (P.A.) 91-170 and P.A. 91-398 (codified in Connecticut
General Statutes (C.G.S.) Sections 8-2, 8-3b, 8-23 and 8-35a) which require reasonable
consideration for the restoration and protection of Long Island Sound. While this legislation is
directed toward coastal municipalities, all towns should be working to better control nonpoint
sources of pollution in order to restore, protect and enhance their ground and surface water
resources, many of which ultimately flow to Long Island Sound. C.G.S. Section 8-2(b)
specifically requires the following:

       In any municipality that is contiguous to Long Island Sound the regulations
       adopted under this section shall be made with reasonable consideration for
       restoration and protection of the ecosystem and habitat of Long Island Sound
       and shall be designed to reduce hypoxia, pathogens, toxic contaminants and
       floatable debris in Long Island Sound. Such regulations shall provide that the
       commission consider the environmental impact on Long Island Sound of any
       proposal for development.

Further, coastal municipalities are required to conduct coastal site plan reviews (C.G.S. Sections
22a-105 through 22a-109) for the development of new marinas or the significant alteration of
existing marinas. Before receiving approval from municipal land use boards and commissions,
applicants must demonstrate, in part, that proposed activities will not degrade water quality
through the significant introduction into either coastal waters or ground water supplies of
suspended solids, nutrients, toxics, heavy metals or pathogens, or through the significant
alteration of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen or salinity [(C.G.S. Section 22a-93(15)(A)].
Municipalities should carefully review and analyze marina proposals for potential pollution
sources, e.g., proposed industrial-type activities and proximity of such activities to coastal
waters.

Finally, it should be noted that all work waterward of the high tide line, e.g., the installation or
repair of docks, bulkheads and floats and dredging of bottom sediments, requires prior
authorization from the DEP's Office of Long Island Sound Programs and the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers prior to initiation.







Marinas                                                                                Page 4-6


  WHAT IS THE GOAL IN MANAGING NONPOINT SOURCES    0
                       OF POLLUTION AT MARINAS?

When controlling any type of pollution, the general goals are:

First:        Prevent pollution at its source, primarily through preconstruction planning.
Second:       Control unavoidable pollution as close to the source as possible through BMP
                      selection and associated maintenance plans.
Third:        Mitigate for existing sources of pollution, often through retrofitting at already
                      developed marinas.

Pollution prevention, which is the most efficient and cost effective means of pollution control, is
best achieved during the siting and design of marinas which includes considerations for marina
operation and maintenance activities. However, few new marinas are being proposed in
Connecticut as compared to existing operations. Therefore, the review of proposals for
modifications to existing marinas should include careful examination of ways to minimize
existing sources of pollution. For example, the use of toxic chemicals for which there are
nontoxic substitutes could be prohibited, and activities which could be particularly toxic to the
niarine environment could be prohibited from areas which do not allow for proper containment
of the pollutants generated.

Some potential sources of pollution, e.g., fueling and pump-out facilities, are an integral part of
some marinas. Therefore, such facilities should be planned for during the siting and design of
new marina facilities or examined for retrofitting in the case of modifications to existing marina.
Fueling and  pump-out facilities should be located away from the most sensitive resources on the
site, if possible, in order to protect them in the event of a spill. Further, the facilities themselves
should be safeguarded as much as possible to first, prevent spills, and second, to contain any that
might occur.

Stormwater has the potential to carry marina-related pollutants rapidly to coastal waters due to
their waterfront location. The proposed or existing path of stormwater and what can be picked
up based upon the proposed or existing design of a marina should be carefully scrutinized during
the site plan review process. For example, stormwater should not be allowed to pass through
boat maintenance areas, thereby possibly picking up toxics such as oils, chemicals and paints
prior to discharge. Such areas should be enclosed to allow for containment of pollutants, easy
clean up and proper disposal, preferably by being indoors. At a minimum, impervious surface
material and curbing should be installed to prevent toxic substances from entering ground and
coastal waters.

Once again, applications for modifications to existing marinas should be seen as an opportunity
to upgrade existing facilities. Local officials should look for opportunities to retrofit existing
operations to eliminate existing and potential pollution sources. For example, maintenance areas
can often be improved through the installation of impervious surface and curbing, and catch








    Marinas                                                                                   Page 4- 7


*   basins can be retrofitted with gross particle separators, thereby preventing pollutants from being
    washed off into ground or coastal waters.







Marinas                                                                             Page 4-8


         WHAT IS THE IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM?

The implementation mechanism for control of nonpoint sources of pollution at coastal marinas is
the use of best management practices.


Best Management Practices (BMPs) - practices which reduce or prevent the discharge of
       pollutants to ground and surface waters and which have been determined to be acceptable
       based upon technology and economic and institutional feasibility


The document Best Manaeement Practices for Coastal Marinas is available through the DEP.
The following description and discussion of best management practices is condensedfrom this
document. For a full discussion of the following BMPs, this document should be consulted.


BMPs at marinas fall into two general categories:
       I - Marinas Siting, Design and Site Improvements
       II - Routine Operations and Maintenance


Within these categories, management practices can be grouped based upon their intent:

       - source reduction
              Discontinue the use of undesirable materials or practices, implement approaches
              to reduce potential spills, and employ strategies to minimize the generation or
              transport of pollutants.

       - treatment
              Employ strategies to removed pollutants once generated.

"Source reduction" efforts are preferred over "treatment" techniques because, in general,
prevention of discharges is far more effective, and less costly, than providing treatment after
a discharge has occurred.

The BMPs below are grouped as follows:

       I -Marina Siting. Design and Site Improvements
        - marina site selection
        - marina design and construction
        - fuel handling facilities
        - hazardous materials handling facilities








    Marinas                                                                               Page 4-9


              - sanitary waste facilities
              - stormwater management practices

            II - Routine OPerations and Maintenance
              - education, training and notification
              - marina rules and regulations
              - vessel maintenance and repair
              - vessel storage
              -fuel handling
              - storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and waste
              - solid waste handling
              - sanitary waste handling
              - stormwater runoff quality management
              - maintenance of physical structures

     In reviewing them, it is important to keep in mind that not only marinas but also industrial and
     manufacturing facilities such as boat building and commercial fishing operations may generate
     wastewater, stormwater, rinse water runoff, and other discharges which contain a wide array of
     potentially harmful pollutants. The various BMPs listed in this document may be applicable to
     these operations as well.


     I - Marina Siting. Desinn and Site ImDrovements

     The potential impact of small craft marinas on coastal water and sediment quality from nonpoint
     sources of pollution is influenced by their upland and marine environments. The selection of
     marina sites is a critical factor in limiting the environmental impacts of new marinas and the
     modification of existing facilities. The proper layout of a marina, or an expansion, can also
     minimize the potential for nonpoint sources of pollution.

     It is important that the best management practices and policies for water quality control be
     applied to both the selection of new marinas and the modification of existing sites.

            BMPs should be applied to both:
            - new marinas, and
            - modifications of existing marinas.

     Good planning and design of marina improvements and new facilities can also simplify or
     minimize the need for routine management practices to control nonpoint source pollution.

     While proper siting of new marinas is important in minimizing nonpoint sources of pollution,
     municipal land use officials are most often involved after site selection has occurred. Therefore,
*~   emphasis will be placed on those BMPs which are applicable after site selection. For a complete







Marinas                                                                              Page 4-10


discussion of site selection issues, Best Management Practices for Coastal Marinas should be
consulted.

 - marina site selection

       Site selection considerations can be broken down into the categories of:
               - deep water access          - access to infrastructure
               - water circulation          - flood hazards
               - critical habitats

       For a complete discussion of these topics, please consult Best Management Practices for
               Coastal Marinas.

 - marina design and construction

       - water circulation
               Water quality - design marinas to avoid degrading water and sediment quality.
       - site access
              Access to public roads - marinas should have direct, safe access to public roads
                      capable of accommodating anticipated traffic, with such access
                      minimizing the discharge of untreated stormwater runoff into sensitive
                      areas.
              Marina entrances - improve existing marina entrances to avoid accident-prone
                      roadways and to minimize the risk of pollutants reaching water bodies and
                      sensitive areas.
       - site layout and design considerations
              Resource protection - the following resources should not be disturbed and
                setbacks to protect them should be used:
                      submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV);
                      intertidal flats;
                      riparian vegetation;
                      shellfish areas;
                      wetlands; and
                      other critical habitats such as
                        beaches and dunes.

                      Elevated walkway designed to minimize
                      impact on tidal wetland vegetation
                      Stratford, CT








Marinas                                                                             Page 4-11


              Buildings and hazardous materials - all buildings and hazardous materials should
                      be placed above the elevation of the base flood as designated by the
                      Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

               Parking and storage - parking lots and boat storage areas should not be located at
                      the edge of the water or bulkheads. Vegetated buffer zones should be
                      established to filter and attenuate stormwater runoff pollutants.

                                                ~~ ~a..~~~'~~  ~    -Vegetated and
                                                                         pervious buffer zone,
                                                                         being used for dinghy
                                                                         storage and
                                                                         walkways. Buffer
                                                               1~:   lseparates marina
                                                                         parking from the
                                                                         water's edge and

                                                                         storm water runoff.


                                                                         Groton, CT


               Maintenance areas - all outdoor boat maintenance areas should be on impervious
                      surfaces with curbs and stormwater drainage systems to collect accidental
                      discharges and spillage.
               Sewage disposal - on-site subsurface sewage disposal systems should be at least
                      50 feet and preferably 100 feet from surface waters, should be located in
                      the best available soils, should not be paved over, and should not be
                      subjected to vehicular traffic.
               Hazardous waste - holding tanks should be provided for the collection of
                      hazardous materials and potential pollutants for off-site disposal. In
                      addition, dry storage yards should be equipped with tanks for collecting
                      oil, antifreeze and batteries.
               Fuel tanks - above-ground fuel tanks should have curbed or diked storage areas;
                      underground fuel tanks should have leak-detection equipment and overfill
                      protection.
               Restrooms - public on-shore restrooms should be provided. Showers and laundry
                      facilities may also be appropriate at marinas with larger boats.
               Fueling operations - automatic fuel tank and pump leak shut-offs should be
                      provided; fueling areas on land should be curbed to contain spills.
               Waste receptacles - all waste disposal facilities should be well marked to
                      encourage their proper use.







Marinas                                                                             Page 4-12


               Excavated, dredged material disposal - upland disposal sites for excess
                      excavation material and dredged sediment should be managed to create
                      good habitat and avoid the creation of areas with nuisance plant species
                      such as Phragmites australis. Suitable buffers between upland
                      containment areas and wetlands and other water resources should be
                      provided.
              Dock structures - dock and pier systems should be designed to provide safe,
                      adequate access and egress during emergencies and storm events.
              Buffers - buffer zones should-be established between marina activities and critical
                      habitat areas; natural
                      vegetation should be
                      preserved where possible,
                      particularly along the water's
                      edge.


                  Buffer strip adjacent to marina slips
                  which includes a naturally vegetated slope
                  and a grassed and treed upland strip
                  Chester, CT

              Stormwater treatment - sufficient space must be allocated for stormwater
                      treatment systems with the goal of treating the first half inch to inch of
                      runoff.
              Sedimentation, erosion control - provide sedimentation and erosion control
                      practices during construction and provide permanent stabilization
                      measures to prevent development-related sedimentation of coastal waters.

 - fuel handling facilities

    All storage and handling of fuels and vessel fueling operations should be done in accordance
    with applicable state and local fire protection codes. In the absence of such codes, marinas
    should adhere to applicable portions of the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA)
    303, Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatvards and NFPA 302, Fire Protection
    Standards for Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft.

       Underground tanks - underground fuel storage tanks should meet applicable state
              regulations for such tanks.
       In-ground tanks - in-ground storage tanks should be designed and installed with leak
              detection systems.
       Above-ground tanks - above-ground fuel tanks should have curbed or diked storage areas
              with containment volumes meeting state and local codes and applicable
              provisions of the NFPA's standards.








Marinas                                                                                Page 4-13


       Fuelpumping operations - automatic fuel tank and pump leak shut-offs should be
               provided.
       Fueling areas - fueling areas on land should be curbed to contain spills.
       Spill containment - spill containment equipment and materials should be provided in
               locations immediately accessible to receiving facilities and fuel dispensing
               facilities; contingencyplans for spill containment and remediation are required.

  - hazardous materials handling facilities

       Design - design facilities to require the minimum use and storage of hazardous materials;
               design facilities to incorporate provisions for spill contingency procedures.
       Exposure to the environment - for facilities anticipated to require the use and storage of
               hazardous materials, provide for facilities that minimize the risk of exposure of
               these materials to the environment.
       Storage areas - storage areas should be designed and constructed in accordance with state
               regulations and local codes and fire regulation.s
        Outside storage - if outside storage must be provided, solid chemicals, chemical
               solutions, paints, oils, solvents, acids, caustic substances and waste materials,
               including batteries, should be stored in a manner which will prevent spillage by
               overflowing, tipping or rupture. Further,
               - hazardous liquid storage areas - hazardous liquid storage areas should have
                      durable impervious surfaces and be bermed or diked, having a capacity
                       equal to 10 percent of the total tank or container volume or 110 percent of
                      the largest tank container, whichever is greater;
               - liquid wastes - liquid wastes should be stored under cover, under tarpaulins or
                       roofed structures, or in enclosed vessels; and
               - reactive materials - incompatible or reactive materials should be segregated and
                       securely stored to prevent mixing.

  - sanitary waste facilities

        Sewage pump-out systems and dump stations - Vessels with marine sanitary devices
               (MSDs) that utilize holding tanks require pump-out systems to convey sewage for
               shore-side collection and disposal. Smaller vessels can have portable toilets from
               which sewage is poured into a receiving dump station. Sanitary sewage facilities
               should be provided at all existing marinas, and marina expansions should not be
               allowed without adequate sanitary sewage disposal. If possible, marinas should
               be served by public sanitary sewers. Further, marinas should be encouraged to
               install on-shore restrooms, including showers, where appropriate, to reduce
               reliance on facilities in vessels while in port. Facilities should be kept clean and
               attractive to encourage their use.







Marinas                                                                               Page 4-14


          Regulations - State regulations governing the provision of pump-out facilities are
              currently pending. These regulations are anticipated to deal in detail with the
              following:
               - standards for determining where pump-out systems are required, such as size of
                      the marina facility, water quality standards, location of other sources of
                      pollution, location and nature of critical habitats, and feasibility of
                      installation
               - detailed design criteria for pumps, suction and discharge lines, holding tanks,
                      and associated appurtenances
               - operational considerations
               - submittal and review requirements

       On-site sewage disposalfacilities (see Chapter 3)
               On-site sewage disposal facilities are used at marinas where hooking up to
              municipal sewage facilities is not feasible. Design of these facilities is governed
              under the Connecticut Public Health Code or DEP requirements, depending upon
              the size of the system (see below). Modifications to existing systems may be
              necessary when discharge from pump-outs or dump stations is added.

              - all on-site sewage disposal systems with average flows less than 5,000 gallons
                      per day should be designed in accordance with the Connecticut Public
                      Health Code
              - systems larger than 5,000 gallons per day should be designed in accordance with
                      DEP requirements
              - sanitary waste from vessels with holding tanks and portable toilets should be
                      discharged to septic systems only if those systems are specifically
                      designed to receive such waste
              - since chemicals in MSDs  can stop bacteriological activity in septic tanks, the
                      disposal system should be designed to prevent such harm such as allowing
                      for dilute of the MSD waste by ordinary domestic sanitary flows
              - adjacent to poorly flushing coves, embayments or harbors where nutrients pose a
                      significant problem, alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems may
                      need to be considered to enhance nitrogen removal

 - stormwater management practices

       Stormwater runoff from parking lots and other developed surfaces represents a significant
       mode of transport of pollutants from land-based activities to coastal waters. In marinas,
       runoff from parking areas, buildings, repair yards and access roads include pollutants
       typical of urban runoff (e.g., nutrients, metals, suspended solids, and hydrocarbons). The
       treatment of stormwater runoff is discussed in detail in chapter 1. However, depending
       upon the nature of the specific activities at a marina (e.g., boat scraping, painting,








Marinas                                                                             Page 4-15


       cleaning, fueling, engine repair), runoff from such areas may contain higher
       concentrations of some pollutants. It is recommended that in both new and expanding
       marinas, drainage associated with maintenance and repair activities be separated from
       other stormwater discharges and that maintenance practices specific to those activities be
       employed as discussed throughout this chapter.



II - Routine Onerations and Maintenance

The following is a list of BMPs most applicable to upland activities for routine operations and
maintenance at marinas. A complete description and explanation of these BMPs can be found in
the document Best Management Practices for Coastal Marinas.

  - education, training and notification

       Those who are involved in marina construction, operation and use should be informed
       about BMPs and their proper implementation.

  - marina rules and regulations

       Marina rules and regulations should be developed to:
               - specifically identify user responsibilities related to BMP measures
               - clearly designate areas restricted to activities such as painting and scraping,
                      waste handling, and boat washing
               - designate prohibited areas within the site
               - designate activities restricted to performance by authorized personnel, e.g., fuel
                      handling and pump-out operation

  -vessel maintenance and repair

       - general, including engine maintenance and repair
               - designate activities which may be undertaken onboard vessels while in the water
                      and those which should be conducted at shore-side facilities

       - cleaning
               - encourage the use of appropriate cleaning agents, cleaning methods, paints, and
                      varnishes in appropriate areas
               - require proper disposal of hazardous materials and wastes








Marinas                                                                                Page 4-16


       -scraping and sand blasting
               - designate appropriate areas for these activities, preferably enclosed areas (if
                      outdoor work is necessary, limit it to non-windy days), and properly
                      collect and dispose of residue

                                                                  Hull maintenance
                                                          :~ ~area in an
                                                                  established
                                                    ,*,~,~        marina with
                                                                  impervious
                                                                  surface and hay
                                                                  bales to provide
                                                                  some filtering of
                                                                  wash water.

                                                                  Mystic Shipyard
                                                                  Groton, CT


       -painting
               - encourage the use of non-toxic paints or coatings, limit in-water painting
                      activities to areas where materials and spills can be contained, perform
                      upland work in order to collect all residue and spills, and properly dispose
                      of waste materials.

 - vessel storage

       Properly prepare and store boats depending upon the storage method.

 - fuel handling

       Properly site and operate fuel handling facilities, including compliance with all Bureau of
       the State Fire Marshall requirements and development of a spill contingency plan. Fuel
       storage areas should be properly contained to prevent spills.

 - storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and waste

       The use and storage of hazardous materials on-site should be minimized, where feasible.
       Chemicals and chemical solutions, paints, oils, solvents, acids, caustic solutions, batteries
       and waste materials should be stored to prevent spillage and their inadvertent entry into
       coastal and ground waters. All federal and state regulations should be followed regarding
       the proper storage and handling of these substances. All handling of paints and solvents
       should be done within bermed areas. A spill contingency plan is required where oil and
       hazardous materials are used or stored.







Marinas                                                                            Page 4-17


 -solid waste handling

       - disposal and recycling
               - encourage the use of recyclable materials and provide for their collection
               - waste disposal and collection bins should be required, clearly marked and
                      accessible
               - rules and regulations for disposal of solid waste should be posted at the disposal
                      areas
               - waste disposal areas should be conveniently located with respect to repair and
                      maintenance areas
               - waste dispbsal areas should be inspected daily (this provision should be
                      included in the maintenance plan for the facility)

       -fish waste handling
               - disposal of fish wastes in marina basins should be prohibited
               - fish wastes may be disposed of in offshore ecosystems from which the fish were
                      originally harvested. However, they should not be recycled in waters
                      where they will wash up onto a shoreline or cause odor or other nuisances.
               - fish cleaning on docks and floats should be prohibited unless done in a pan or on
                      a cloth and disposed of in a proper manner
               - fish cleaning areas should be designated with waste receptacles
               - rinse water drainage from fish cleaning should be directed to a sanitary sewer or
                      a sand filter

- sanitary waste handling

        - operation and maintenance ofpump-outfacilities (see glossaryforfull description of
               pump-out facilities)
               - hoses and fittings should not be washed in the marina basin
               - hoses, fittings,: pumps and accessory equipment should not be washed on pier,
                      dock or adjacent upland
               - sanitary waste from vessels should not be discharged to an on-site disposal
                       system unless designed for such use
               - waste holding tanks should be secured and have a containment area
               - pump-outs should only be operated by trained personnel
               - pump-out facilities and regulations should be clearly posted

        - operation and maintenance of on-site wastewater disposal systems (see chapter on on-
               site disposal systems for a complete discussion of these facilities)
               - sanitary waste from vessels should not be discharged to an on-site disposal
                       system unless designed for such use







Marinas                                                                             Page 4-18


               - paving, vehicular traffic, or dispose of dredge spoils should not be allowed over
                      a septic tank leach field unless the system is designed for this loading
                      which can compact soil and crush pipes
               - tanks should be pumped regularly to prevent overflows and clogging of the leach
                      field
               - disposal of fats, solvents, oils, disinfectants, paints., poisons, other hazardous
                      materials, diapers and other similar products should be prohibited in drains
                      or toilets
               - signs notifying patrons of pertinent rules and regulations should be posted

 -stormwater runoff quality management (see chapter on stormwater management for a
       complete discussion of this topic)

       - surface sweeping and cleaning
               - areas within marinas should be cleaned on a regular basis to prevent oils, paints,
                      dust, grinding residues and other materials from being washed into surface
                      waters
               - adequate containment and clean up in sandblasting areas should be required to
                      prevent debris from entering coastal waters
               - boatyards should be cleaned up regularly

       - maintenance of oil. and sediment trapping devices
               -runoff from boat maintenance and repair areas should be separate from ordinary
                      parking lot and roof runoff
               -sediment traps and oil/grease separators should. be inspected on a monthly basis
                      and cleaned as necessary

-maintenance of physical structures

       - natural vegetation should be used for shoreline stabilization wherever feasible, and
              maintained in good condition
       - riprap revetments which provide greater habitat and reduce wave reflections are
               generally encouraged over vertical bulkheads


It is unlikely that any single approach will provide adequate control for all marina operations and
maintenance activities. Rather, some combination of source reduction and treatment techniques
may be required. The specific' management practices failing into these two categories may range
from appropriate posting of information and "good housekeeping" to more intensive or complex
control practices. The following table summarizes the applicability of various management
practices to routine operation and maintenance activities.









Marinas                                                                                Page 4-19




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                           s~9voJJ~dvav0    0        0   00  0  0        0    0


                       INN2VNIVIN0OT ldS     0  0  0   0   0 O          0       0


                                 IdA00   0 00 0  0 6 06 0


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       LU                  lY11Yvs            0  0  0   0   0   0  0   0 
       0  ]               IS>{lWï¿½ VN[G0H
       z

       LU             E)NIda-MS/SV'4flnOVA    0  0  0   0   0              0    *



             <                    ed~~~liv.LO  0  0  0   0  a    0  0   0       0

       o                         VNIIY E.LA0D~i  0  0  0   0   0   00 0          0
       z



       LuJ
       EL WNSIVY B{O  LlIS'Y                  0  00    0  a0o  0   *    0



              ~~~~~~~~   U.

                               _~~~~~ -w 0                                      0.0 


                             _        Oz                          a.  <  Z_


                                            LUU ~ L -j     LU,
                     <z              Z-w           E       ~O LU
                          LLJ ~ ~     ~     0   in0 LU ~-    CL z
                                                     P: ~  ~     U  0   ad    no

               Source:~ ~~~~~~C Fur MlELl, BetMngmn  rcie'o osa  ainas Fia-eot CAgs,19







Marinas                                                                              Page 4-20


           WHAT IS THE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM?                                                       0

Municipal Enforcement

Harbor Management Planning

A municipality can influence the location and siting of new marinas through the establishment of
a harbor management commission and development of a harbor management plan in accordance
with C.G.S. Sections 22a-113k through 22a-113t. A harbor management plan is a municipally
prepared document which contains recommendations for the use, development and preservation
of in-water areas of a harbor. State and municipal regulatory decisions must be generally
consistent with an approved municipal harbor management plan. Recommendations contained in
approved and adopted plans are binding on any official of the state unless such official shows
cause why a different action should be taken. State-appointed harbor masters have the authority
to enforce the provisions contained in a state-approved and locally adopted plan.

Coastal Site Plan Review

Municipal enforcement under the coastal site plan review process can ensure appropriate
stormwater management for new marina developments, or modifications to existing marina
operations. Coastal site plan approval can incorporate conditions for stormwater management,
including bonding to assure compliance. In addition, municipal stormwater regulations such as
the model ordinance proposed in Chapter 1 can also apply to marina coastal site plan
applications.

Activities which violate coastal site plan conditions or requirerhents are declared public
nuisances pursuant to C.G.S. Section 22a-108. Both municipalities and the DEP may initiate
litigation to abate such nuisances, and municipalities may also exercise other enforcement
options such as those provided by C.G.S. Section 8-12. As an additional consideration, the
commissioner of environmental protection has the authority to appeal any municipal coastal site
plan review decision in court if he finds such decision to be inconsistent with the policies and
standards of the Connecticut Coastal Management Act.

State Enforcement

Coastal Permit Programs

DEP authorization is required for any activity in the tidal, coastal, or navigable waters of the state
waterward of the high tide line (Sections 22a-359 through 22a-363f) or in tidal wetlands (C.G.S.
Sections 22a-30 through 22a-35). Regulated activities include dredging, filling, and the
construction of structures such as docks and bulkheads. Unauthorized activities, activities which
do not comply with their authorizations, or activities which, regardless of their authorization, are








     Marinas                                                                             Page 4-21


*    causing adverse impacts to natural resources or the environment are subject to all enforcement
     authorities of the Department. These enforcement authorities include the following:
             -Issuance of a Notice of Violation (NOV), an informal notification that a violation exists
                    at a site, and offering the respondent a chance to come into compliance without
                    formal enforcement action.
             -Issuance of an administrative order, which may require removal of unauthorized
                    structures and restoration of a site, or may initiate revocation of a permit, pursuant
                    to section 22a-6.
             -Referral to the Attorney General to seek civil penalties of up to $1,000 per day for
                    violations of the state's structures and dredging program under section 22a-361a,
                    and for willful violations of tidal wetlands statutes under section 22a-35.
             -Referral to the Attorney General to enjoin or abate any violation of the terms and
                    conditions of any authorization issued pursuant to C.G.S. Sections 22a-359
                    through 22a-363f.
             -Issuance of a cease and desist order under 22a-7, in cases of imminent and substantial
                    hazard to the environment. If the respondent fails to comply, the Commissioner
                    may abate the hazard and seek restitution pursuant to C.G.S. Section 22a-363e.
             -Pursuant to C.G.S. Section 22a-363f, the Commissioner may issue a cease and desist
                    order for any ongoing or imminent unpermitted activity.

O    Stormwater General Permit

     In accordance with C.G.S. Section 22a-430b, the Department administers a stormwater general
     permit program for all construction activities with land disturbance of five acres or more,
     commercial activities with five acres or more of contiguous impervious surface, and industrial
     activities. Eligible applicants must register with the DEP, and a stormwater pollution control
     plan must be developed and kept at the site.

     For construction activities, each stormwater pollution control plan must include soil erosion and
      sedimentation controls, effective both during and after construction, and long-term water quality
     controls. For industrial activities, each plan must include measures and controls appropriate for
     potential pollutants as identified by the permittee, based on a required inventory of exposed
     materials. Permittees for industrial activitiesare also responsible for annual stormwater
     monitoring and recording of analyses results. For commercial activities, each pollution control
     plan must provide for regular sweeping of parking areas, sidewalks and driveways, and for the
     proper storage of potential pollutants such as raw materials, intermediate and final products, by-
     products and waste materials. The DEP has oversight responsibilities and enforcement authority.

      C.G.S. Section 22a-430b(c)authorizes the DEP to require individual permits if the commissioner
      of the DEP determines that an individual permit would better protect the waters of the state from
     pollution than the general permit.







Marinas                                                                               Page 4-22

Water Pollution Control Statutes

C.G.S. Section 22-427 prohibits the pollution of any of the waters of the state or the continuing
discharge of any treated or untreated wastes by any person or municipality.

Discharges may be permitted under C.G.S. Section 22a-430, provided they comply with the
state's water quality standards adopted under C.G.S. Section 22a-426. If the DEP finds that any
person or municipality has initiated, created, originated, or is maintaining any discharge into the
waters of the state without a permit as required or in violation of such permit, it may issue an
order to abate such pollution in accordance with C.G.S. Sections 22a-428, 22a-431, or 22a-432.
Such orders may be issued to owners of land from which the pollution originates, and may be
entered on municipal land records. The Department may also request the attorney general to
bring an action in superior court to enjoin unpermitted discharges until a permit is received or
compliance with an issued permit is achieved. Violators of water pollution control statutes,
permits, or orders are liable for civil penalties of up to $25,000 per day under C.G.S. Section
22a-438, with an additional $25,000 per day for willful or criminally negligent violations.

State Fire Codes. Fire marshals and Fire Hazards

Chapter 541 provides for the imposition of penalties for violations of state regulations developed
for the proper handling of hazardous materials. In particular, the commissioner of public safety
is responsible for enforcing regulations concerning the safe storage, use and transportation of
flammable or combustible liquids.








Marinas                                                                            Page 4-23



WHERE CAN I TURN FOR HELP AND MORE INFORMATION?


AVAILABLE INFORMATION

PUBLICATIONS


       - Best Management Practices for Coastal Marinas. Final Report (prepared for the CT DEP
             by Fugro McClellan), August, 1992.
             A program of BMPs to minimize the adverse impacts of marina construction,
              expansion and operations on Connecticut's coastal water quality
             Available through the DEP Office of Long Island Sound Programs - (860)424-
              3034

       - Unstream Solutions to Downstream Pollution - A Citizens' Guide to Protecting
              Seacoasts and the Great Lakes bv Cleaning Up Polluted Runoff, 1993. Sarah
              Chasis, Jessica Landman, Beth Lillemann, Diane Cameron and Ann Notthoff,
              principal authors.
              Good overview of nonpoint source pollution, not too technical
              Available through the Natural Resources Defense Council and Coastal Alliance
              (send $7.50 plus $1.45 shipping and handling to: NRDC Publications Department,
              40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011)

       - Guidance Snecifving Management Measures for Sources of Nonnoint Pollution in
              Coastal Waters - EPA, January, 1993.
              Contains guidance developed in accordance with Section 6217 of the 1990federal
              Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments specifying management measures
              to control sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters
              Contact EPA Office of Water, Washington, D.C. by calling (202)260-7100.

       - Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control - CT DEP/CT Council on Soil
              and Water, 1988.
              Contains methods and techniques for minimizing erosion and sedimentation
              Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store Level,
              Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555

       - Stormwater Management Ouantitv and Oualitv (prepared for the CT DEP by Milone &
              MacBroom, Inc.), February, 1992.
              Provides information to help evaluate the need and use of stormwater
              management systems
              Draft document available from Milone and MacBroom, Inc., (203)271-1773.







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       - Connecticut Nonnoint Source Material Summary - Bibliography of Publications
              available through the DEP including the following:

              - Assessment of Nonnoint Sources of Pollution in Urbanized Watersheds: A
                     Guidance Document for Municipal Officials - (Shreve-Gibb, B. and W.
                     Boucher, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.), CT DEP Bulletin #22, April, 1995.
                     Provides information on stormwater and nonpoint source pollution
                     prevention and control; provides a process to followfor evaluating and
                     improving existing regulations and practices
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555.

              - Nonnoint Source Pollution: An Assessment and Management Plan -CT DEP,
                     February 28, 1989.
                     An assessment of the state's nonpoint source problem, providing a
                     management strategy to address Connecticut's nonpoint source concerns
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555

              - Protecting Connecticut's Water-Sumnlv Watersheds: A Guide for Local Officials
                     - Doenges, J.M., C.P. Allan, J. Benson, and R.J. Jontos, Jr. (Eds.), 1993.
                     Povides unicipalities with guidance and information on existing and
                     recommended programs for protection ofpublic surface water supplies
                     Available from CT DEP, Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555

              - Best Management Practices for the Protection of Groundwater. A Local
                     Official's Guide to Managing Class V Underground Iniection Control
                     Wells - Inglese, O., Jr. 1992.
                     Discusses the operations commonly associated with many types of
                     facilities, the materials used and the wastes generated; describes shops
                     and services such as printing, dry cleaners, auto service and repair,
                     beauticians and non-agricultural pesticide application
                     Available from the DEP Map and Publication Sales, 79 Elm Street, Store
                     Level, Hartford, CT 06106-5127, (860)424-3555


STAFF

       DEP Office of Long Island Sound Programs staff - (860)424-3034








Marinas                                                                       Page 4-25



      DEP Water Bureau Staff-
             Long Island Sound water quality (860)424-3020
             Stormwater management (860)424-3018






















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                                              GLOSSARY


    aquifer - a geologic formation, group of formations or part of a formation that contains sufficient
            saturated, permeable materials to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs
    best management practices (BMPs) - practices or structural devices which reduce or prevent
            the discharge of pollutants and which have been determined to be acceptable based upon
            technology and economic and institutional feasibility
    BOD - biochemical oxygen demand - the amount of oxygen measured in parts per million, that is
            removed from aquatic environments rich in organic material by the metabolic
            requirements of aerobic microorganisms
    catch basins - masonry drainage inlets equipped with a sump to trap debris and settleable
            material before it enters storm drains. Some catch basins have baffles or hoods over the
            storm drain outlet to trap floating material in the sump
     culverts - pipes or conduits that convey runoff beneath roads or driveways from one side to the
            other
     curbs - low concrete, bituminous concrete or stone barriers located at the edge of roads and
            parking lots to intercept overland flow and direct its movement
     debris - trash which, upon entering surface and coastal waters, causes aesthetic problems and can
            pose a threat to aquatic organisms through ingestion or entanglement; debris often takes
            the form of street litter which is carried in runoff to waterways
     detention facilities - depressed or impounded areas used to temporarily store excess surface
ï¿½ ï¿½         runoff, gradually releasing the water over an extended period of time so as to have a
            discharge rate lower than the peak inflow rate
     detention ponds - earthen embankments or excavated ponds whose main purposes are the
            temporary detention of stormwater to control peak runoff rates and the settlement of
            particulate pollutants
     drainage channels - artificial linear channels constructed to convey drainage runoff, as opposed
            to natural watercourses; may be lined to prevent erosion
     endwalls - masonry, concrete, timber or metal walls that reinforce the exposed ends of storm
            drains or culverts and help to direct the flow of water and minimize scour damage
     erosion - wearing away of the surface of the land by the action of water, wind, ice and gravity
     eutrophication - the natural aging process of surface waters (such as rivers, streams and
            reservoirs) through enrichment by nutrients. Eutrophication is accelerated by people's
            activities; in the end, eutrophication results in the complete filing in and drying up of a
            water body.
     first flush - initial runoff, usually the first inch, of rainfall which contains higher pollutant
            concentrations than subsequent runoff. This is due to rain rapidly washing dry weather
            deposits off of paved surfaces in higher initial concentration levels than those washed off
            later in a storm. This effect is particularly pronounced with initial heavy rainfalls.
     ground water - water found beneath the ground surface that completely fills the open spaces
            between particles of sediment and within rock formations
     gutters - shallow open channel flow depressions usually associated with curbs which convey
            stormwater along the edge of paved areas and minimize water ponding on roadways
*    hypoxia - low dissolved oxygen; the result of excess nutrients, in particular, nitrogen in coastal







Glossary                                                                              Page 2

       waters. Nutrients in large concentrations result in excess growth of algae which, upon
       decay, use up life-sustaining dissolved oxygen, thereby endangering oxygen-dependent
       aquatic life. Sources of nutrients include faulty sewage treatment plants, septic tanks, and
       runoff containing fertilizers.
impervious surface - material or structure on, above or below the ground that does not allow
       precipitation or surface water to penetrate directly into the soil
infiltration basin - a water impoundment made by constructing an earthen embankment or by
       excavating down to relatively permeable soils (sands and gravels)
infiltration trench - shallow excavated ditch, generally 2 to 10 feet in depth backfilled with a
       coarse stone aggregate, which allows for temporary storage of stormwater runoff
manholes - underground masonry structures located to provide maintenance access to storm
       drains and serve as junctions for two or more storm drains
MLSS - Minimum Leaching System Spread - a form of hydrogeologic analysis used to determine
       the capacity of soil to transmit water for purposes of siting a septic system
MSD - marine sanitation device - any equipment for installation on board a vessel which is
       designed to receive, retain, treat or discharge sewage
overland flow - excess rainfall flowing across the land surface without defined channels;
       typically a shallow sheet of water moving through grass or over paved surfaces
pathogens - disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses which come from the
       fecal wastes of humans and animals and which can result in illnesses such as cholera,
       hepatitis, gastroenteritis and typhoid. Sources include faulty sewage treatment plants,
       improperly functioning septic tanks, and runoff containing animal wastes.
polluted runoff - rainwater and snowmelt which has become contaminated after picking up
       pollutants and sediment as it runs off streets, lawns, parking lots, agricultural lands,
       marinas, landfills and any other sites being used for activities which can generate
       pollutants
porous pavement - asphaltic paving material that allows for rapid infiltration and temporary
       storage of urban stormwater runoff
pump-out - a fixed or mobile mechanical unit which is used to remove sanitary wastes from
       boats. Fixed pump-outs, including a holding tank and pump, are usually located at the
       end of a pier or dock, often on or near the fueling pier. Vessels access the facility by
       approaching and securing to the dock or pier. Mobile facilities consist of a small vessel
       with a holding tank and a pump, which services boats at their moorings or slips. Pumps,
       which are typically electrically driven, pump wastes to a central storage tank through a
       flexible hose attached to the boat deck using a universal fitting. Wastes are then hauled
       off-site for treatment.
retention pond - an earthen embankment or excavated pond that usually contains a permanent
       pool whose main purpose is the retention of stormwater runoff and the settlement of
       particulate pollutants
sand filters - a self-contained bed of sand underlain with pipe that is designed to treat the first
       flush of stormwater runoff; runoff filters through the sand bed, collects in the
       underground pipe system and is then directed to the receiving water. Sand filters may be
       enhanced by layers of peat, limestone and/or topsoil and may be over planted with grass.








    Glossary                                                                             Page 3

    sediment - solid material, either mineral or organic, that is in suspension, is transported, or has
            been moved from its site of origin by erosion
    shallow marsh creation - a shallow marsh around the perimeter of or at the entrance end of a
            detention pond, retention pond, infiltration basin, or sediment basin
    soil - any unconsolidated mineral or organic material of any origin
    storm drains - underground pipes or conduits used to transport excess surface runoff to
            discharge points, supplementing gutters and channels
    stormwater runoff - precipitation that falls onto the land surface, collects and runs over the
            ground instead of being absorbed into the ground or retained on the surface. Stormwater
            runoff can carry a variety of pollutants such as oil-based contaminants, heavy metals
            (copper, lead, zinc), nutrients and bacteria.
    swales - natural or artificial channels that convey runoff, but with distinctive mild vegetative
            banks and bed. They usually only have intermittent flow.
    toxic contaminants - substances that can harm the health of aquatic life and/or human beings.
            They are created in a variety of ways and include heavy metals (e.g. copper, zinc, lead),
            pesticides and organic compounds like PCBs. Sources include oil, grease and gasoline
            from roadways and driveways and chemicals used in the home, garden and on farm crops.
    trash hood - feature in a catch basin which traps debris such as litter and keeps it from being
            discharged from the catch basin
    urban forestry - the protection of trees and forest land during the construction phase of
            development; the planting of trees after the site has been cleared; or homeowner
            landscaping after the site has been fully developed
    urban stormwater runoff - precipitation that falls onto the surfaces of roofs, streets, parking
            lots, roads and the grounds of developed areas. Urban precipitation is not absorbed by the
            ground or retained in its surface, but collects and runs off, carrying a wide variety of
            pollutants such as oil-based contaminants, heavy metals (copper and lead), nutrients and
            bacteria
    vegetative filter strips - an area of vegetative cover through which runoff containing sediments
            and other pollutants may flow before it leaves a site or enters a stormwater management
            practice
     vegetative swales - grassed watercourses whose purpose is to retard or impound concentrated
            runoff to induce infiltration and decrease velocities
     water quality inlet - structure whose purpose is to separate oil and sediments from parking lot
            and street runoff
     watershed/drainage basin - the area defined by the slopes and contours of the land surface, that
            drains into a river or river system. It is important to note that these basins generally do
            not conform to municipal or political boundaries.


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