Baybook a guide to reducing water pollution at home

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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1987

GUIDE~~ TORDCIGWTE OLUINATHM

4~~~~~~~~~~ GUIDE INO RMDCN ATERPLUION CETHOER

Chapter!I Chapter 4 Chapter!11

pages 2 &3 pages 8 & 9 pgs22

U..DEPARTWNTTOF COeNA~
COASTAL SERVCS
34 SOUTH HOBSON AVJ UE V O
ARLESTON, SC 2940 (-2413

Chapter 120
~~~~~~~~~Chapter 2 )/ pages 24 &25

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MLLk Chapter 1

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pages io i

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Chapter 13

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aepages ge26 & 7

~~~~~~~~~Chapter36

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pages 2 &72

pages 12& 13 ~~Chapter 14

f/F p~~ages 18 192

`ZJ ~ 4A pages 20 & 219

f-N~~~~~~~~~~~ff-

Chapter I We are an integral part of Tbhe CoonLiJo BeginsW
this process. Every time we
wash our hands, clean our ince the EPA study was CANZ 9O
drains, or water our lawns, we released in 1983, the
add our wastes and excesses to private and public sec- n each chapter
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pi 'sval led an punic se ."
/7~ t's called a "people's BayS' the water flowing into the Bay. tors have formed an un- of this guide,
A~~ The Chesapeake Bay water-
T* shed Chesapeake Bayow ere tHeavy sediment loads in the Bay precedented alliance. For the there are specific
shed millin peope who mre tand its tributaries are now a first time. Pennsylvania, Mary- suggestions
major form of pollution, threat- land, and Virginia - the three about what you can
on dozens of rivers and thou- ening the aquatic life that de- states that share the largest por- do to improve the
sands of creeks - people who pends on clean water to survive. tion of the Bay watershed - quality of life in your
enjoy the beauty and bounty of Continuous accumulation of have formally joined together to home, in your
this immense estuary. Water in toxic products from home use implement the EPA study neighborhood, and
the Bay's 64,000-square mile threaten fish and shellfish, and recommendations. President in the Bay.
drainage basin - from the Fin- ultimately threaten our enjoy- Reagan has said that the Bay's
ger Lakes in New York, down the ment of the Bay for swimming restoration is a national priority. daihyour
mighty Susquehanna River in and recreation. Fertilizers can The three Bay states and the aily thes
Pennsylvania, to the thriving deprive the Bay of the oxygen District of Columbia are begin- a the Bay
ports of Baltimore and Hamp- needed to support life in the ning to implement the study f eas Baybook
ton Roads - provides us with Bay. Our homes are indeed recommendations. They are
food and recreation, cools our pathways to the Bay. working on ambitious legis- suggestions about
power plants, and fuels our For too long, we have taken lative and budgetary initiatives how you can help
economy the Bay's bounty for granted. to address the problems of in- preserve and
Most of us tend to take this The largest and most productive dustrial pollution, agricultural restore the
for granted. We expect clean estuary in the United States-- runoff, and fisheries manage- Chesapeake Bay
and plentiful water to swim and home to more than 2,700 spe- ment. Now is the time for ordi-
boat in, water to nourish the cies of plants and animals - is nary citizens like you and your
crabs and fish the Bay is famous slowly dying. An extensive neighbors to get involved.
for, water in abundance when
for, ater n abudancewhenseven-year, $27 million Environ-
we turn on our taps. But if we svnya,$7mlinEvrn
mental Protection Agency study Citizen Porclipot'on --
don't take steps now to improve confirmed that the Bay has been
the quality of the water in the AK/]/~D
Chesapeake Bay the water we seriously harmed by environ-
mentally unsound decisions ublic interest in the
take for granted may one day be made over a period of decades. Bay has grown since
gone. Growing commercial, industrial, the states and the fed-
recreational, and urban activi- eral government an-
The? '-fl,~/~ 4 P(ht!N'UvO ties in the Bay area are putting announced their plans to clean
~.'; :~,n f~','?V substantial pressure on the up the Bay. This publication is
Bay's fragile ecology. dedicated to the enthusiasm
:f .:;l /~t~ ater is one of the It's time we stopped taking and creativity of people like you
~\ /~ / most remarkable the Bay for granted. If it is a - people who live in five million
~ compounds in people's Bay. then must households around the Bay. The : C
P.L p' aueople'st ofy then we mustf
nature. Most of the make its problems ours if we diverse elements of your every- .,,
features and processes of our are to preserve and protect this day life - from selecting a
physical environment-.- the at- ,'.,"~
mospherysoilcan l environmeng - tgreat national treasure. building site for a new home to
toosphere, soil, and all living, ' .-.?'i
things - ultimately depend
upon its unique properties.
Water absorbs more substances ' ,
than any other liquid, and it is .
this property that helps make - '?(,i'
the Bay a chemical repository. It
is this property that sustains the - "' '~'-
process of erosion and sedimen- ~.i ,
tation- the constant washing ' "
and sweeping away of minerals, , : ,
salts. chemicals, sand, silt. and .'l'/ l:':"'�,1J--
soil from the land into the Bay : , , ? ' '

R :;S.0 � , ,- .......-..A:,,C.

RESOURCE ] N THE BALANCE

improving your property, from f' ./
using less water to eliminating I . - _I'
the use of toxic chemicals in
your home - are all related to
the health and productivity of
the Bay Though each of the /- -T
chapters in the Baybook may be LJ 1
used separately, the publica- - ~ - _ T1
tion's lasting value lies in their /,
combined use. With the help of
this guide, you can begin to ._.../--''
form an ethic of respect and\ ',
care for the Bay in your home -1--- -------.?, J
and your neighborhood.

WVhv Be Conoefr-ed? | _ 1
ll Itoooftenwethinkof i - i---
f__:i ourselves as external to
' !our environment. We - a
7 ignore the many rela-
tionships between people, other
living creatures, and our sur-
roundings. We ignore these re-
lationships at our own risk.
Solutions to environmental
problems are far more effective
when they take into account the
complex connections between
all parts of the ecosystem.
A good example of how ?? )I'
solutions to one problem can in- ... .
advertently cause other prob- - .- .
lems was the use of the
pesticide DDT in the 1940s. .-" "'"'"'" . .
While providing what seemed .-'.,"' ..-� . ,
to be huge benefits to agri- "i . ,,,. ' ", a* . a.i.... .
culture, DDT interfered with ,,,.
eggshell development in several ,. -
species of birds in the Bay area, ,,. "'
most notably the osprey , ... '

verely depleting the available [ Oyster harvests have fallen
oxygen in the water and dis- from an average of two to
rupting all aquatic life, three million bushels per year
DDTXisbu eins f Submerged aquatic vegeta- to 800,000 bushels last year.
DDT is but one instance of tion, which serves as food for The Chesapeake Bay supplies
how solutions to problems can waterfowl, a safe haven for ju- a quarter of the nation's
create new areas of concern venile crabs and fish, an an- oysters. In the last 20 years
about the Bay. Among the many chor against erosion, and a the oyster business on the Bay
reasons for concern are: sediment filter, is at the lowest has declined noticeably.
m Overenrichment of the Bay by level in the Bay's history. [] Landings of certain fish spe-
excessive quantities of nu- These declines are closely re- cies that spawn in the Bay,
trients washing off farmers' lated to changing water such as shad and herring have
fields, urban areas, and resi- quality conditions such as de- dramatically decreased due to
dential developments and creasing water clarity result- pollution and overfishing.
from inadequately treated ing from increased nutrient Striped bass (rockfish) stocks
sewage discharges. Over- enrichment or higher loads of are at their lowest in history
enrichment is causing massive suspended sediments from and their harvest is banned in
algal blooms in the Bay, se- .dredging or land runoff. a large portion of the Bay.

R E S O U R CE IN T H E B A L A NCE

Chapter 2 If you can answer yes to one Eroding streambanks are
or more of these questions, common in suburban
your stream - and ultimately areas Streams in this
the Bay - is in danger. Sediment Wcondition often contain
from eroding streambanks can no living creatures
he Chesapeake Bay is smother aquatic life, clog fish
fed by 50 major rivers, gills, and cut off needed light to
These rivers, in turn, are underwater plants.
fed by the thousands of Streambank erosion is typ- ii }lRl4/,,iti t ,
creeksfand streams, which form ical of urban, suburban, and i/ _ *1/4 . /2J / ,i!, ~/(~;i
an intricate network throughout rural areas where pavement, i
ru a areams, whico rmed so , and
the 64.000-square mile drainage rooftops, compacted soil, and
basin of the Bay. How you man- other impenetrable sur facesf* (( , .('")' /t'
age the land around the stream prevent rain from filtering down ,a ..Itl; ll,., ' i gaftl, .,
or creek in your neighborhood into the soil. As a result of these ..*- ... ' /
helps determine the quality and conditions, rain cannot enter
quantity of the freshwater flow- the stream or creek through the, . .
qaing intof the fre shwBayter f lowgroundwater. Instead, rain en-
The condition of streams
The condition of streams terS the creek directly, increas- 1Ir ,
leading to the Bay depends on ing the volume of water and d *
lheadinswe to thesy dpendstons sediment in the stream and

* Is the stream receiving runoff erode l,,p,,. ., 1, I. C
from lawns, fields, highways, You andyourneighbors can 5o .
or parking lots? minimize streambank erosion ;,,�2/
* Are the banks of the stream by taking a few simple steps , alit/
unstable? (see "What You Can Do"). An- _* /
* Are there outfall pipes dis- other important erosion control ' '//
charging sewage into the measure is to make sure your �
stream? stream is surrounded by plenty ''
o Are failing septic systems pol- of trees. Trees are very impor-
luting the stream? tant to both the stability of the
* Is there a build-up of silt in streambank and the health of
the stream? the stream itself. Trees should
* Are the channels of the stream not be cleared away Their roots W'AT YOU CAN DO
becoming wider and deeper? are nature's best purifying sys-
u Are there fallen trees in the tem because they remove nu- ere are a few of the many things you and your
stream? trients and sediments harmful neighbors can do to minimize streambank and
stream? shoreline erosion in your community:
A Remove obstructions from your creek, marsh,
or stream
, *-. N > .- -Z N a ^r yKeep people, cars, and grazing animals away from
lu_ ri n g ( < v-,-. the edge of the water
I s' t hereA a, (? 'E Build steps or a ramp between the top and bottom of
the bank ifyou need access to the water
r r'. ; -&S'st re^'_::L ' ) i^ L Avoid heavy loads on the top of streambanks
' C) Y ,/. r ^ or shoreline
(' F ( Control rainfall runoff (see chapter 3)
rr tiJ Go ^4 r i.) 1b3 Plant and protect vegetation on the slopes of the

H Ctt 3 aaa.({{we r;. / , i r. 1s Consult a trained engineer about structural solutions

*'',"1 / Ia, r/t (g I(g - ; .p ,. 1 Establish marshes to help control shoreline erosion
n Jo ;''' _1'~, z l "' ~ . .. ,,/ ISeek advice from the resources listed in the back of
(_A( 1SE > (/'S/7fi-W (( this guide.

X((i 7'/~/f Vegetotion can be planted
X 'f-!( L4, j~ //./ ~to stabilize strelmbonks
., ,''//You can get advice on BMarshes are particularly important to the Boy ecosystem because
;which plants r e oppro- theyare the habitas for fish nd crbs, the bse of the Boyfood
.;ea |/1/priote from the agencies chain. Marshes serve as a buffer against pollution, provide natu-
--~. ' 7. ,-"; ~ Av t listedin the Resources ralprotecionagainsterosion by absorbingtheenergy of ap-
, f.(. E x..~ < Con'section of this guide. praching waves, and trap sediments that clog the Bay

to stream and Bay ecology. Trees quires more maintenance. Vege- If the shorefront meets Correcting shoreline ero-
provide shade, which decreases tation is also susceptible to these conditions, vegetative sion sometimes requires
the temperature of the stream human disturbance and must planting may be a feasible alter- structurol solutions, such
and creates a suitable environ- be protected against people and native to structural erosion con- as constructing stone re-
ment for fish. cars. trol. Only a few plants will grow vetments (riprops). On
steep bonks, build steps
Before you attempt to plant Vegetative erosion control in this shoreline zone [American to give you access to the
trees on the banks of your may be an alternative if: (I) the beachgrass (Ammophila bre- beach
neighborhood creek, call your shoreline is adjacent to less viligulata), smooth cordgrass
state's forestry department (see than three miles of open water; (Spartina alternifora), and salt-
the Resources section at the (2) there is more than four meadow hay (Spartina patens)].
back of this guide) to see which hours of sunlight daily; (3) there Each plant has its natural place
types will do well in your area. is a minimum distance of ten in the shoreline environment.
Some state forestry depart- feet between the toe of the bank Random planting will not work.
ments even sell trees to home- and the low tide line; and (4) the Get expert technical advice be-
owners at cost. soil is sandy. fore attempting to plant along
Sometimes streambank ero- the shoreline in your area.
sion has progressed too far for
simple measures. Structural res- L_/
toration measures may be nec-
essary (see "What You Can Do").
Streambank restoration requires
the assistance of a trained pro- / \ _.
fessional. In Maryland and Vir- \ .
ginia, free advice on structural
solutions is available from the -
state agencies listed in the Re-
sources section. Permits from
the Army Corps of Engineers
are required for construction
along waterways. The state and
federal governments also have
permit programs designed to -
protect streambanks and
shorelines. ,.

ertain parts of the 3
Chesapeake Bay
shoreline are subject ( - /. / '7.A -'
to high rates of ero-, _
sion. Areas with high banks,
areas adjacent to open water,
and areas subject to prevailing j
winds can erode an astonishing
10 to 12 feet per year. We con-
tribute to this erosion by boat-
ing, clearing shorefront areas,
altering marshes, and building
close to the shoreline.
Shoreline and streambank
erosion control strategies share
many of the same techniques.o .
Structural solutions to shoreline * *'c ( j
erosion problems can be expen-_
sive. work with varying success,.
and can cause erosion along . ::-
other parts of the shoreline. ., . .., '-. i .
Vegetative planting is less ex- .-
pensive and, in many situations,
can be just as effective as struc- i: :. :
tural solutions. Vegetation can-: '; - '
not provide protection in severe ~ v ( �
exposure situations, and it re-
~~no\v 'St>; f=-Dd

Chapter 3

Protect Your Investment

/Di uying or building a
home is the biggest in-
vestment most of us
- will ever make. It's not a
decision to leave to chance.
Ev\eryone checks out what's '
above the ground, but how
many check below it?
It's important from both 0
an economic and environmen-
tal standpoint to find out the
type of soil on the site you are
planning to buy. Building on
the wrong soil can result in
costly problems such as
cracked foundations or flooded

water quality problems due to I .
erosion, flooding, and im-
proper filtration of sewage. ;!i5 " }{, !~
There are hundreds of soil '/7 '�'.-.{ -}. ) ,'
types in the Chesapeake Bay : . . '., ....
watershed. Each soil has its
own characteristics caused by '. ,,
parent material; percentage of '''
sand, silt, or clay; slope; color; . . ' d'., 8" .'�Qb.'. . '..O' .oo.0:
permeability; depth to bedrock; - '0 0 '- ,-"o � 0 'o..'�
water table; and flooding. You : 0 'O'o . ' o _ '
can find out about your soil by 05
checking the published soil -
survey for your county. Soil
surveys contain aerial photo-

graphs showing the location J
and extent of each kind of soil.
Soil surveys can help you an- 0
swer the following questions:
Will your basement stay dry
or flood periodically? Checklist for House Hunters drainage. Have a soil scientist There's more to soil than
[ Can you use a septic system investigate the site to verify the meets the eye. The soil
or will the effluent rise to the , 7 f you are house hunting, degree of wetness and suggest surveys foryourcounty
surface of the soil and there are some visible ways of dealing with the situa- will tell youoabout por-
present a health hazard? / signs of problem soil that tion. . tion at the water table,
i Is the lot subject to flooding ! you can look for. One easy Before you build, consider and fooding potenrtaleof
or soil erosion? way to identify wet soil is by carefully where you will place the property you're think-
Soil surveys are published the kind of vegetation growing your house. Nearly level areas ingoboutbuying.
by the U.S. Department of Agri- on it. Common plants found in at the base of hills often tend to
culture's Soil Conservation wetlands are skunk cabbage, be wet. Areas adjoining
Service (SCS) in cooperation rushes, sedges, cattails, and streams flood. Ponds can form
with state agencies. Copies are alder. Trees that grow well in in depressions in the ground.
on file at your local SCS, wetlands include elm, pin oak, Steep slopes can entail addi-
County Extension Service of- red maple, willow, sweet gum, tional construction costs, and
fices, and at most major public or Southern red oak. Check you may face potentially seri-
libraries. with your county government ous surface runoff problems.
to see if it has any regulations Concave areas and drainage
concerning development in ways tend to be wet and flood
wetland areas. during storms. You can save
If you walk across an area yourself worry and expense by
and it seems soft and spongy, looking for these problems be-
especially when it has not fore you buy, instead of paying
rained for a while, suspect poor for them later.

C H E C K Y U R SI L

,.e-T,'(? .>,?i:/&e: or rock in a slope, it will be WHAT YOU CAN DO
forced to the surface and run
he soil characteristics down the face of the slope un- ne way you can avoid drainage problems
that affect the function- filtered. in and ar our h ome is to use this
ing of septic systems are Government regulations checklist while house hunting. By consid-
permeability, depth, require that septic absorption ering these factors before you buy or build,
water table, and slope. Proxim- areas be installed at a sufficient you will save yourself time and money.
ity to streams, lakes, and the distance from streams, lakes, Here are some things you should look for:
Bay are also important consid- drainage ditches, flood plains, E Cracked basement or foundation
erations when you are planning and the Bay. By placing the a Water stains on basement walls
to install a septic system. system far enough away from m Standing water in basement
is the rate at Bay waterways, you help en- [ Bright green spots in lawn (septic system malfunc-
which water, or effluent, moves sure that the effluent won't tion)
through the soil. It is in- have a chance to move side- E Sewage odor in basement
fluenced by soil texture and ways through the soil, causing a Puddles of effluent on lawn
drainage. It's best to install sep- health and pollution problems. a Home site on same elevation as adjoining stream or
tic systems in moderately per- river
meable soil. Effluent moves too Your house may not sit on top of o hill, 2 Wetland vegetation or conditions
quickly through sandy soil to but to ovoid droinage problems, moke n Soft, spongy ground
allow enough time for treat- sure the ground is graded aowoy from a Steep slopes
ment, causing groundwater or the house ot o slope of one percent or m Drainage ways
well pollution. Effluent travels more on all sides. a Depressions in the soil surface
too slowly through tight-
grained clays and may cause
plumbing backups or puddles , .
to form on the ground around
your home.
A high water ;tblc or im- '
permeable layer near the sur- - '
face are two factors that restrict .o -(f 'N )
soil depth. If the soil is not suf- J/j
ficiently deep, effluent from the , (
septic system can't be properly ,.
absorbed and treated. Moder-
ately permeable soils should be
at least six feet deep above the
impermeable layer. /
I (. t r1, c is determined by
the percentage of sand, silt, or
clay in the soil. Most soils are a /
combination of these materials. ,
ocroutdwdluba'r is the level ___ __
to which the water rises in an OZ
excavated pit or hole. Ground- / ( -I
water levels can vary drastically lit <'((ll,
from season to season. That's Il i
why health agencies require
wet weather "perk" tests. They ',,,,
test soil percolation rates dur- -ill t C _ ] 1 '
ing the time of year when the
ground is most saturated. If the i t,
perk rate is good then, your ,
septic system should work well If
year round. kl * II
' can cause l
construction and maintenance
problems for septic systems. it
Controlling the downward flow \
of effluent is difficult because
the effluent may move through ,\\,
the soil so rapidly that it col-
lects in messy wet spots at the
base of the slope. If the effluent
should hit a dense layer of clay

C H E C IC Y 0 U 0 B L

Chapter 4 downhill slope so that water through the soil will collect on
does not seep through the the surface and either create
foundation. Once the water has health, safety, and use prob-
fhii'.; iy ,) v; D,:'. :.o, been carried ten feet from the lems or move across the sur-
house, you should regrade the face as excess runoff.
g ow rain water moves surface so that runoff is re- Be on the lookout for
flit ,:over and through the leased gradually. small wet patches in your yard.
_ ground is important Where drainage is good or These wet spots mean that the
/ to those of us who where infiltration devices are soil around your house has set-
have experienced flooded in use, you can regrade the tied and surface water is col-
basements, wet yards, or bro- land to create a basin, which lecting on the ground. Plant
ken septic systems. Solving the holds all runoff and allows it to growth is usually poor in these
problems associated with sur- infiltrate the soil over a longer areas and erosion often occurs.
face water runoff and poorly period of time. The effective- Filling these pockets with top-
drained soil is also important to ness of a basin depends on the soil and seeding them with
improving the health of the soil's ability to absorb and filter grass will usually solve the
Chesapeake Bay. the surface water. Soils with problem by letting water flow
Rain from roofs and less than two feet of depth to on its natural path.
driveways runs off, often erod- bedrock or one foot of depth to In some instances, you
ing yards and destroying a seasonally high water table, may be able to correct an exist-
plants. Much of the soil washed soil having a high clay content ing wet soil problem by creat-
off vacant lots and lawns is car- or a clay hardpan beneath the ing a system of berms and Roinwater runs downhill
ried into streams and eventu- surface, and low-lying soil that swales around your yard. - some filtering through
ally reaches the Bay. This sedi- receives runoff from a large When it's not feasible to avoid the soil, some running di-
ment smothers fish and land area may not have suffi- a wet area, you may be able to rectly into nearby
shellfish. Nutrients, such as ni- cient infiltration capacity. move it to a less used area of streams Byencouraging
rainwater to move slowly
trogen and phosphorus from When you try to retain runoff in the yard (around shrubs or across the soil so most
fertilizer in runoff, can cause these situations, the soil will trees, for example) by installing of it filters into the
excessive algae growth, using rapidly become saturated, and a swale to carry the water ground, you will help pre-
up oxygen needed by the Bay's rainfall that should filter down across the yard. Plant the new vent erosion problems.
aquatic life. This runoff may
also contain pesticides, oil, an-
tifreeze, and other substances
toxic to life in the Bay.
Pollution also occurs
when the soil is too wet to filter
sewage outflow. Effluent can
percolate into the groundwater ,-._ o , \; ,
without proper filtration, or it '
can rise to the surface and be >" ,
carried into streams and drain- ) ,
age ways. \-,, . ,

,?- . 7 n large tracts of
i' land, controlling'
i: .j.// surface water flow
(storm water man- -,, . ' -
agement) is the developer's re- '" :: � ' '- . : .
sponsibility. There are inex- * ' -
pensive ways you can control '
excess runoff created by patios, : , ,
driveways, sidewalks, and *,
swimming pools. Whatever the - . .
soil drainage condition in your :. . *,'.;,. . : *
neighborhood, you can use , :... , .
swales, berms, and basins to . ''.
control runoff on your prop-
erty, reduce its speed, and in-
crease the time over which the -- ' - - ,
runoff is released. For example. : \:
land immediately adjacent to- -= 7
your house needs to have a - :' :---

D R A D N A G E

wet area with the kinds of trees _ W T YOU
and shrubs that thrive in wet
soils. There are some instances CAN DO
where a system of swales will
not solve your drainage prob- here are many ways you can improve drainage
lem, and you will have to con- in your yard. Most of these suggestions are in-
sider installing a subsurface expensive, practical, and easy to implement.
drainage system. _ You can reduce surface runoff if you:
Install gravel trenches along driveways or patios to
collect water and allow it to filter into the soil
(trenches should be at least 12 inches wide and 3
?: he installation of var- feet deep)
t ious infiltration devices 0 Resod bare patches in your lawn as soon as possi-
can enhance infiltration ble to avoid erosion
U even on sites with well- 0 X Grade all areas away from your house at a slope of
drained soils. It is important to one percent or more
remember that surface runoff M Use a grass swale (a low area in the lawn) to move
cannot infiltrate soils that are at water from one area to another*
or past their saturation point - , - X Plant shrubs and trees to promote infiltration (see
(by virtue of depth to water chapter on landscaping)
table or bedrock), contain a
table or bedrock), contain a "Low ridges, or "berms," may be used to direct water into
high percentage of clay, or rest .-.c - and through swales. Basins built to gather and hold runoff
on a clay hardpan. Under these can have infiltration devices to handle exceptionally
conditions, surface runoff can- heavy runoff, but their main purpose is to keep runoff away
not infiltrate the soil even with from the site and help the water filter into the underlying
an infiltration device. soil. Other basins are designed to slow the rate of runoff
Using berms and swales, and increase the time between rainfall and discharge of
you can speed site infiltration surface runoff into a stream. These basins usually contain a
by channeling surface runoff temporary pool of water that dissipates as the runoff is re-
into a gravel-filled seepage pit, - -, leased gradually through an outlet device.
a Dutch drain (see illustration), ..
or a gravel-lined detention
basin. You can also spread run-
off over the land surface by _-'
using a series of terraces or
runoff spreaders, which pro-
motes greater infiltration by -
slowly spreading runoff in a
fanshaped pattern across a ve-
getated land surface. Seepage
pits, gravel-lined recharge _|
basins, and terraces lose their
effectiveness as infiltration de-
vices when the land surface is /
clogged with clay, silt, or fine . - \*.
sand particles. Infiltration de-
vices for large parcels of land
are often constructed along
with sediment traps, basins, or
grassed sediment filters. These
traps and filters remove fine \ \
particles from runoff before ,
they reach the infiltration de-
vice. Sediment traps are less
critical for most residential lots;
most homeowners can use a
system of swales or basins
leading to the infiltration 0i l
device as a sediment filter. :
'I i, ~?'~ i '~~J ij�:.i~oo- r

Dutch drains carry water from rain- l |)� I
spouts into the soil, where it gradually .
filters into the ground. c.

D R A N A :

Chapter 5

How Well Does Your Septic
System Work?

early 24 percent of
' fall homes in the . ... -_ _
United States are
served by septic sys- -

homeowners in the Chesa-
peake Bay drainage basin rely :'
on septic systems to treat and Sc: ,., !-
dispose of household wastewa-
ter. Because so much has been
said recently about water qual-
ity, especially in the Bay area, te ;dt:
you might wonder how envi- ;;� .:�Z
ronmentally acceptable septic Wostewoter
systems really are. ro z
Years of experience have .; _; :S1�Ii:
proven that properly designed,
installed, and maintained sep-
tic systems have little adverse nt0 ITse,,f,
effect on the environment. :.'j~:"~ i ;
Government regulations ensure � d?-.q;iel
that septic systems conform to
certain standards, and a repu-
table contractor can make sure
your system will be properly
installed. As a homeowner, you The soil absorption sys- WHAT YOU CAN DO
have a major influence on how tem (drainfield) consists of a
well your septic system works. distribution box, perforated aintenance is the single most important
distribution lines made of tile, consideration in making sure a septic
)'!0 w 3'Ot.;'i' ,~ 0&,! V 5'9 T;and an area of soil. The soil ab- s overa long period
Fb, nc,,,O,5 sorption system receives of time. Too often homeowners forget that
wastewater from the septic whatever goes down the drain or toilet ultimately ei-
<5: eptic systems have two tank and removes harmful, dis- ther finds its way into the soil or remains in the septic
key components-a ease-causing microorganisms, tank until it is pumped out. Use common sense and
septic tank and a soil organics, and nutrients. For this you should have few problems with your septic sys-
"'absorption system. The part of the system to function tem.
septic tank is a container, properly, it must be con- The following maintenance practices will keep
usually prefabricated from con- structed carefully on suitable your system running smoothly:
crete according to a relatively soil. 1 Know the location of all components of your septic
standardized design. It receives The soil also needs time system; keep heavy vehicles away from the system
wastewater from your to filter out these harmful ma- m Don't plant trees or shrubs near drain tiles since
bathroom, kitchen, and terials from the wastewater. their roots can clog drain lines
laundry room, allowing the "Suitable soils" do not include m Dispose of household chemicals properly-do not
heavy solid particles to settle sand (which permits wastewa- pour them down the toilet or drain; they can de-
and light materials to float to ter to pass through too fast) or stroy the bacteria in the septic tank
the surface of the tank. These clay (which accepts only small [ Distribute your laundry chores throughout the
materials become sludge and amounts of wastewater). State week to avoid overloading the system on any given
scum (see diagram). Bacteria in and local regulations that de- day
the wastewater feed on the termine what constitutes suit- [ Don't use garbage disposals; they contribute un-
sludge and liquify the waste able soil have been developed necessary solids and grease to your septic system
products. after careful consideration of [] Conserve water whenever and wherever possible
This process requires many factors that affect a soil's m Don't use toilets as trash cans
time. To permit enough time ability to adequately treat do- El Monitor your septic tank yearly and have a reputa-
for settling and flotation, regu- mestic wastewater. ble contractor remove sludge and scum every three
lations require that septic tanks to five years. (This helps ensure that there is
be sized according to the ex- enough space in the tank for wastewater, and pre-
pected daily flow of wastewater vents solids from escaping into the absorption sys-
from your home. tem.)

S E P T ICY S T E M S

Mhy Norry? System Failur quire a "perk" (percolation) test
to determine how fast the soil
v he threat of disease is a ... esign construction, tion by a professional sol examina-
key problem with treat- or maintenancetion by a professional soil sci-
ing human wastewater. problems are usually entist can provide an even
The epidemics that killed responsible for septic more assessment o
millions of people in the Middle systems that are not working wastewater. When designing a
Ages were caused by mixing of well. The principal signs of de- system, your builder should
human waste with drinking sign problems are easy to de- check the water table level to The drainfield, oroabsorp-
water supplies. Domestic tect--effluent rising to the be sure it is at least four feet tion system, is critical to
wastewater contains bacteria ground or drains and toilets below the septic drainfield. how well your septic sys-
and viruses that cause dysen- that operate sluggishly or not at Construction problems tem functions. Perforated
tery, hepatitis, and typhoid all. These problems occur be- and failures include tile laid on tile pipes must be laid in
fever. To protect your health, cause the drainfield is either suitable soil, away from
it's important to exclude these too small or is located on the improp er grades, incorrect tree roots and manmade
organisms from both surface wrong kind of soil joints and alignments between structures. The droinfield
joints and alignments between structures. The drainfield
organisms from both surface wrong kind of soil. system components, and tiles must be o large enough
and groundwater. That is why Before a septic system is broken or crushed during tiles must be o absorb you
sewage treatment plants use built, most health agencies re- building process. home's dai/y wastewater
chlorine and other biocides
(substances destructive to __=M <( I
many organisms). Fortunately, ' ) / ,,, I /
soil and soil bacteria can effec- �
tively remove pathogenic (dis-
ease-causing) microorganisms ,R ^
from wastewater treated in al =.
properly functioning septic sys-
tem.
Nutrients such as nitrogen '
and phosphorus, contained in / 7 : .'_/
domestic wastewater, can
cause both health and nui-
sance problems if allowed to /_-__/
reach surface or groundwater
supplies. Nitrogen in its nitrate
form poses the most significant .
threat to our health. When in-
gested by infants, nitrate can
interfere with the blood's abil-
ity to carry oxygen, causing .:
"blue baby" syndrome. Nitro-
gen carried in septic tank
wastewater is usually in the
form of ammonia. This ammo- ",: )h
nia is readily transformed into
nitrate, which can easily be-
come part of ground and sur-
face water supplies.
Nutrients also fuel the ? -
growth of algae and are re -
sponsible for the subsequent f .-
loss of oxygen, causing serious I " 0 '
problems for the Bay. The EPA _:
study confirmed that excessive' Pod
nutrients are responsible for ;
serious water quality problems . -'
in the Bay.
Graiel or Crushed Stone

Chapter 6 durable as most other paving
surfaces. Decking allows rain-
water to soak into the ground ,d
Help Prevent Erosion beneath it, and the space be-' ';:
tween the planks provides
J ost people in the ample room for precipitation to
A\ /,/ :Chesapeake Bay drain directly onto the soil sur- A
(tff ~1 ldrainage basin live face. As long as minimal air -
/ in cities and subur- space is maintained between
ban areas. These areas are the soil surface and the deck- :p, : ,
characterized by acres of hard ing, wood rot can be mini- / ,.';
surfaces-roads, rooftops, and mized. \, i
parking lots. In contrast to for- If you are installing a new , , ; D -
ests and fields, which allow patio or rebuilding a crumbling V
rainwater to soak in, these im- sidewalk, you don't need to use , 0 ,
permeable surfaces force more the typical slab concrete. Using r
and more rainwater to run off. bricks, interlocking pavers, or
Every storm increases the vol- flat stones (flagstone, blue- . ,
ume and velocity of rainwater stone, or granite), you can con- A
runoff. Cities experience nine struct an attractive, durable 4
times more runoff than wooded walkway. If placed on well A
areas, causing flooding, topsoil drained soil or on a sand or .
and streambank erosion, and gravel bed, these modular _t
choked waterways. pavers allow rainwater infiltra- / . ., '" A X
Of course, we can't live tion. Though chemicals are _ j<A
without driveways, sidewalks, sometimes used to control -
or patios. But water from paved weeds growing in the joints be- ' '
weeds growing in the joints be-....t:� ''
surfaces and rooftops can de- tween the pavers, Corsican -,''. ';~.' ?..
grade nearby streams. The mint or moss can crowd out C
stream may be out of sight, but weeds and add beauty
underground storm drains to the paved area. /
often carry rainwater runoff / ,
from the impervious surfaces '
surrounding your home di- , / '.
rectly into a nearby stream. By 'Y
using paving surfaces that '' /
allow rainwater to soak into the /% 'l
ground, you can reduce exces- /,
sive rainwater runoff and help
prevent erosion.

Permeable Paving Surfaces

paving surface that
allows water to soak Allmodularpaving VI
in may seem impos- materials require an
sible, but there are derquate sub-base

s~~~~~~~~~~talledpfort theifuconlgd
many materials that provide to support the
the durability of concrete while weight of cars
ond allow for
allowing rainwater to filter adequate soil
down into the ground. If you drainage.
are planning a new patio, walk- (
way, or driveway, and your '... --
home site has favorable soil 1 1 1
conditions, there are several at- :.... .: ; , ,
tractive altemnatives to con-.. !!.

Wood decks, usually in- ''
stalled for their functional good 6
looks, can serve as a form of yO _ab)
porous pavement. Redwood 1f N 1_E II
and treated Southern pine (the
two most commonly used deck _-__
materials in this region) areas

P A V E M E N T

Pre-cast concrete lattice spread, and infiltrate rainwater sibly held in place by nylon WHAT YOU
pavers also rest on a bed of runoff from paved areas and netting), or gravel can serve
sand and gravel and allow rain roofs to minimize the erosive this purpose.
to soak slowly into the ground. force of the flowing water. If the volume of runoff
These kinds of paving materials Though many sidewalks and can't be effectively controlled, hink about
can be used wherever natural driveways are appropriately the runoff can be captured as it the ultimate
soil drainage is good and there graded to spread runoff onto leaves the paved surface. The destination of
grainwaterleaves the paved surface. The
are no problems with either lawn areas where it can soak water can be channeled and rainwater. Con-
bedrock near the surface or in, steep slopes, poor grading, spread to either a low-lying sider the erosive
seasonal high water. Lattice or concentrated flow from grassy area or a series of ter- force of runoff from
pavers won't work on clay or downspouts can sometimes races, both of which allow the paved surfaces
other soils that are already sat- cause destructive and unsightly gradual absorption into the that are part of our
urated with water. erosion. In these cases, stabi- soil. In more severe cases, daily lives. When
Significant strides have lizing the eroding area where gravel-filled seepage pits along you take steps to
been made in developing runoff leaves the pavement can the pavement's edge or Dutch channel that runoff
porous asphalt pavement in the dissipate the water's erosive drains can be used to take in into areas where it
last three decades. This mate- force and allow infiltration. large volumes of runoff and en- can filter slowly
rial is similar to conventional Dense vegetation, mulch (pos- courage infiltration. through the soil in-
asphalt in durability, but it con- stead of running di-
tains a much smaller percent- recty into storm-
age of very fine particles. As a drains or streams,
result, the asphalt allows water you arehelpingto
to soak through to the base protect the Bay.
roc t tUse wa. dc
material and into the soil I[ Use wood deck-
below. Almost twice as much / I - , ing, bricks, or in-
porous asphalt must be applied terlocking stones
to achieve the same strength as for walkways and
conventional asphalt. The fin- ; patios
ished surface must be pro- .|-% i Encourage the use
tected from excess silt and fine . of porous asphalt
sand so that its pores don't be- in your commu-
come clogged. You can use nity
porous asphalt on your new / E l / Divert rain from
driveway or encourage its use paved surfaces
on streets and parking lots in / onto grass to per-
your community. mit gradual ab-
_ ]~~ ~'t~ ~ / J U ~~~sorption
Diverting Rain From Paved J s i
Surfaces ( Modular paving materials
come in many styles and
~ or many years, pave- ore mode of many mote-
t;Ci ment construction stan- i I k rials. Some allow turf
f':' 'f~'~ dards called for any rain Ad/ / ('.I /;/J\if,7/..._./ .} , growth on or through the
~~~~~~~dards c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~paver All modular pavers
i reaching a paved surfac e e/ pverAllmodulrpvers
re/. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~achi n g a paved surface improve the infiltration co-
to be controlled and directed paci/y o f paved surfaces.
by a system of pavement and -
pipe drains. Roof downspouts ' /
spill onto driveways that are
graded down to street gutters, ; t/ , ,1
which, in turn, lead to storm- i I I
drains that dump the accumu- r I1-f
lated rainwater directly into ! _

rents of this collected rain have iI
helped erode countless stream- ! l t
banks. In some urban areas, N,
storm drains and sanitary /
sewers are combined, which I
means that after a storm, un-
treated sewage could spill di- .!/- l
rectly into your neighborhood 1
creek. .
In places with good soil
drainage you can capture, ' i

P A V M E T

Chapter 7 Before

Where Doe: f-~ ~ ~ A', Unlandscaped property
r.!/he e LD:9er the gamin C~~~~n9 , C ) g causes more rainwater
ou probably don't re- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~runoff increases soil and
Tou probably don't re rhnelroi n e-
channel erosion, and de-
alize that the rain fall- livers unnecessary sedi-
ing on homes, lawns and ment to the Boy
driveways in 60 percent
of Virginia, 90 percent of Mary-
land, 50 percent of Pennsylva-
nia, and 30 percent of Dela-
ware eventually finds its way : ' ' :..... ' '-
into the Chesapeake Bay, car- .
rying our pollution with it. :
Landscaping your property is .
one way to help reduce the er-
osive force of all this runoff.
What you do with and on
your land directly affects the '
quality of the Chesapeake Bay.
You and your neighbors can F _: 7i
unintentionally change the vol- - - - L
ume, velocity, and timing of -
the surface runoff that flows I _ _
from your property, and by
your everyday actions you can I_
from your property ~ ~_~ I , and'b --[ .i-� I":/':''~
add to the amount of toxic - -
chemicals and nutrients that :1 r - _--! __
flow into the Bay. As the vol- 1 ! - I: 1
ume of runoff increases, so
does the danger of surface .
flooding. Runoff also increases ! , ,- f A fer
soil and channel erosion and t n ri
~~~~' ~~~ ,A
delivers more sediment to the _'. d .s&v d, , ,''. , ,, ,. Landscaping your yard re-
Bay..,..,�
~~~~~~~~Bay a '' ~ * +-'* *~ . .~~~ '-.~~~~~ - * 'duces the erosive force of
'rin ) v. - .- . rainwater runoff and in-
creases the value of your
(ctz L X ,,,,.,L>)j;~.f k home Byplanting trees,
:;,.-~..~..,- ...... '.-.j,. ''J..~~ . Boo '- 'k Ag, shrubs, andground
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!, : cover you encourage ex-
7 f everyone followed a few .- ' <: cess rainwater to filter
sifpleveryocedfo es they �. j . I slowly into the soil in-
0 simple procedures, they ' �K "'- " ' stead of flowing directly
could retain more rainwater , ..a of flow..ingdirect ly
c d,! into stormdrains or
on their property, replenish :'; vnearby streams. Chaos-
groundwater supplies, reduce : 'ing trees and plants that
their reliance on household r - vm<d are aoppropriate for your
chemicals and fertilizer, and ; '.. .: soil and growing condi-
improve the quality of the I tons will ensure that
Chesapeake Bay. you'll ha ve abeautiful
Planting trees is one way
you can protect your land and . -... " '
the Bay from the damage :" ' :
caused by excessive runoff and . ' : ;
erosion. We all appreciate trees . '.
for their beauty and the shade : . v
they provide, but few of us re- )
alize that trees help reduce
runoff and minimize erosion.
Planting shrubs, trees, and : - i1
ground cover on your property ,
-landscaping-has definite , '
environmental benefits, and it-
enhances the appearance and
value of your property. Plants ' 1

N~~ D S C A P I N

and trees can create "outdoor only when these pests are con- plants spread quickly and can WHAT YOU
rooms" for you and your family trolled by some biological, become a nuisance. Introduc- CAN DO
to work and play in. These chemical, or mechanical ing new plants often entails
plants can block cold winter means. By choosing plants ap- more watering or chemical
winds and provide shade in propriate to your yard, you spraying. One way to avoid y following
summer. help reduce these potential these potential problems is to these few
Well planned landscaping problems. select native plants, those pre- simple guide-
can reduce heating and cooling Fortunately, nature has adapted to the growing condi- lines, you can
costs for your house by as given us a partial solution to tions in your neighborhood. make your home
much as 30 percent. New the problem of plant selection. more attractive and
shrubs and trees may attract Over time, plants native to a help prevent erosion:
birds and wildlife. Trees, particular locale have adapted Er Landscape your
shrubs, and ground cover also to whatever growing conditions yard to minimize
require less maintenance than they encounter. Plants that rainwater runoff
grass. Because trees and grow near the shore have A Preserve the es-
shrubs require less fertilizer adapted themselves to the rela tablished trees in
and fewer herbicides than tively high salt content of the your neighbor-
grass, the chances of polluting air and/or soil moisture hood, which help*
the Bay are lessened. By through a variety of physiologi- minimize the
choosing the appropriate trees cal mechanisms. Plants that damage caused by
and shrubs for your yard, you grow naturally in the forests of surface runoff
contribute directly to Bay the Chesapeake Bay region are / Choose the appro-
cleanup efforts. bothered less by common dis- priate plants,
ease and insect problems than shrubs, and trees
Choosing Apprcopriate are plants introduced from / for the soil n your
other areas. Ask a competent, yard; don't select
professional nursery to help plants that need
you select plants, trees, and lots of watering
11 plants require differ- shrubs appropriate for your (which increases
ent kinds of soil, nu- yard and soil type. surface runoff)
trients, and exposure Some introduced plants, Consult your local
to the sun to flourish, such as bamboo and multiflora nursery for advice
All landscapes have a set of roses, grow faster than plants on which plants,
growing conditions, including native to the Bay area. These I shrubs, and trees
soil properties, air temperature, will grow well in
moisture, and length of expo- your yard
sure to the sun. The most com-
mon mistake people make
when landscaping their yards is J
to buy plants that need much
more or far less moisture than
the soil provides. Plants that /
need a lot of water will not
grow well on dry sites unless
you supply the water they
need. Plants with high nutrient
requirements will only grow in
poor soils if you apply fertilizer.
Plants susceptible to insect and ( '
disease problems will flourish l

L A N I

,.AiCti.~%. TOcO YVUr Co;~0/ problems, poor root growth, or Applying the proper
e n/7 Emo help ensure you'll excessive top growth. Incorrect omount of fertilizer ot the
fertilization can reduce your proper time will help en-
have a healthy lawn, test
lawn's ability to withstand ex- sure hethy wn Ex-
your soil before seeding perts recommend that
or applying fertilizers. Call trees of temperature and ertlzer be pped three
your county Cooperative Ex- moisture. Use fertiizer spef times a yeor to aolreody
tension Service for assistance, cally formulated for lawns. Gar- established lawns A soil
or purchase a soil test kit at den fertilizers will generally not test will tell you the op-
your local garden store. The re- be suitable for your lawn. propriote combination of
suits of the soil test will tell you nutrients to use
how much fertilizer and lime LaCWn Pests
your soil requires. Lawns in the
Chesapeake Bay region often oth weeds and insects
need to be tested for organic aed b

Imeasuresv ttu p lhel y o y ou r lawn are not harmful.ed by most
avoid future problems. Corn- Even a healthy lawn will have

Thprovide some of the organic
S . hmatter and nutrients your soirmful b e toess the lawn. Buturf
~suggest add lbcomes we ake ned and thi t in. c r

Chapter 8 needs. For example, sheep sorrel is an
me teindicator that the soil pH needs elp you
yoadjusting. Crabgrass can be ef-ul.
fectively controlled with a pre-
ost peoplewant a mixhe nutrints in fertil, mergence herbicide . .
'!t g dense, healthy izers can contribute to Study your lawn before
lawn. A healthy the pollution problems in a problem uny less therbicides or
lawn not only the Chesapeake Bay. insecticides. If you suspect a
makes your home more attrac- That's why it's important to problem, ask your cooperative
matter and nutrients your soil p erati

tive and valuable, but it also apply fertilizer according to in- extension agent to help you
has important environmental structions-at the proper time identify the problem and deter-
benefits. When coupled with and rate-to prevent additional mine whether special treat-ti
trees, shrubs, and groundcover, water quality problems. Avoid ment is necessary. The pre''
your lawn can help prevent er- getting fertilizer on sidewalks
osion, moderate summer heat and driveways, wheep sorre it can
and act as a filter for rainwater easily be washed into storm
from roofs, downspouts, and drains and, eventually, into the
driveways. A healthy lawn also Bay.
benefits the soil by adding or- Soil tests will show howef-
ganic matter to improve soilled with lime, phosphorus, and
structure and infiltration. Your potassium your fertilizertil-
local stream and ultimately the should contain Nitrogen, a
Bay will benefit from the re- vital nutrient, can also be ap-
duced runoff and filtering ca- plied at the right time and in
pacity provided by your lawn the right amounts. The reco n-
and by landscaping. mended nitrogen rates foryour
It is estimatedonly that t here area are available from your
are 20 million acres of lawn in county Cooperative Extension
the United States. If well-soan- Service. zer according to in- extension agent to help you
aged and planted with shrubs The numbers on a bag ofD
and ground cover, wafertilizer refer to the percent- i
can be part of a healthy envi- ages of plant nutrients-nitro- /
ronment; if fertilizers and pes- gen, phosphates, and potash-
ticides are used indiscrimina- in t he material. I t can ' 00-pound
tely, lawns can be a source of bag of a 5-10-10 mixture, for
pollution. The basic premise of instance, there would be 5 per
environmentally sound turf- (5 pounds) nitrogen, 10how
grass management is that a vig- percent phosphateorus, and 10 per
orouscstand ofiltgrass will out- cent potash.sium your fertilizer
compete most weeds and be The wrong amount of fer- A,-\,c:m \
able to withstand damage from tilizer applied at the wrong ti me and in
fungus an d insectshat thercause adiseasble fromand weedyour

L A W N S

Mow your lawn to the proper height,
depending on the type oat gross you 1 '.' .. I ..I..'T YOU
have

awn services are an in-
creasingly popular alter- awns benefit
/ _ BluegrassorFescue -4 native for lawn mainte- the environ-
Bluegrass or Fescue -- the environ-
nance. You should know ment and add
/t+' j f~ Bermuda~grass or -3 that some companies operate tothevalue
Zoys/agrass on a mass-production basis, and beauty of your
7m - 2 and beauty of your
==111 _11oasiogss l s with a fixed number of treat- me Keep these
ments a year in which cus- things in mind when
INCHES tomers are given a standard planning and main-
t"CHES mixture of fertilizer and pesti- taining your yard
cides to deal with problems
ferred long-term strategy for a weather. If you seed your lawn that might occur. You want a c Plant the right
healthy lawn includes using in early September and man- lawn company that will custo- grass for your
sound management tech- age it properly, the grass will mize its service to your lawn's locale.
niques. especially mowing and develop a root system and suf- needs. Many of the lawn com- s Test your soil once
fertilization. Some aspects of ficient top growth to survive the panies follow programs that per year.
Integrated Pest Management winter and grow vigorously the right fer-
(IPM), especially hand weed- following spring. Many of the grass specialists and use prod- tilizer at the right
ing, can also help. See page 21 weeds that germinate in fall ucts that you can buy and time.
for more information on IPM. seedings will be killed by the apply yourself. Misuse of these.
Occasionally, certain in- first hard frost. The next best chemicals can pose health risks m Don't overwater
sect activity may reach a level time for seeding lawn grasses, to people, pets, and wildlife ar- your lawn.
where the use of an insecticide and usually a poor second ound your home Herbicide ar-proper
ound your home. Herbicide a Mow to the proper
is considered. Careful spot ap- choice, is from February 15 to misuse can cause damage to height-this is
plication of insecticides may be March 31. susceptible plants. critical to the
necessary when high popula- You need to be sure the health of your
tions are discovered, if other.... lawn.
r .' if v; ,' * ~, ' ." company you choose does a lawn.
control methods are not effec-
control methods ainsecticide tha eect soil test before applying any in Try Integrated
is least harmful to other crea- fertilizer or pesticides. Some Pest Management
people are very concerned to control weeds
tures. g2.~ verwatering and about the pesticides used on and insects (see
mowing too closely lawps and shrubs. Before sign' page 21).
0, _ are the most com-
. are.the most com- .....ing a lawn care contract, make
mon mistake we sure the company is reputable, cover plants as
make with our lawns. Once a tailors its chemical use to spe- cover plants as
i' f you are creating a new lawn is established, water it cific lawn needs, notifies you well as grass.
L/ fawnco th ere are several only during very dry periods, about the pesticides they are
fac tors to consider when giving it only as much water as using, gives yoa copy of the
deciding whether to use the soil can absorb. Moisten b, gives youa copy of ,
seed or sod. Seeding is initially the soil to a depth of four to six trained personnel. I
less expensive, but takes longer inches, which usually means , I1
to grow and may require weed usingaboutaninchofwater. ' 1 /,
control measures. Sodding pro- Avoidfrequentshallowwater-
Avoid freque n t shallow water-
vides immediate erosion con- ings on established turf it
trol and can be used at leasta causesshallowrooting,invites \ o
month sooner than a seeded crabgrass invasion, and en-
area. Whatever you choose, courages disease.
have the type of grass approved Mowing is also crucial to
by your state's Department of the health of your lawn. Ac-
Agriculture. For a description of cording to turf specialists, the I
the types of grasses recom- mowing height is probably the
mended for your area, talk to single most important factor in ' /
your county Cooperative Ex- the formation of healthy turf.
tension Service. Tall fescue va- Bluegrass or fescue should be -
rieties are more drought- and from two to four inches in
pest-resistant and are fre- height and cut frequently
quently recommended. enough that no more than a :
The best time to seed is third of the leaf area is re-
from August 15 to September moved. Bermudagrass and zoy-
30. During this time, there is siagrass should be mowed One inch of waterin dry
less competition from weeds, ~-' ~~]i~
less competition from weeds, when they reach a height of .weather will wet the so il
and the early critical seeding one-half to one inch. to o depth of four to six
stage misses the really hot inches.

L A WN S

Chapter 9 retaining walls is used or not WHAT TO DO ABOUT BUGS
depends on how steep your
slope is. On moderate slopes,
the area between each level our vegetable garden can suffer severe
terrace should be a short, rela- i damage from insects and diseases. The fol-
any of us enjoy tively steep slope. Such ter- lowing preventive measures lessen the likeli-
growing our own race/slopes must be densely ~ hood that serious problems will develop:
vegetables, fruits, planted with grass or other [ Rotate crops so that the same or a related crop does
flowers, and herbs. plants to stabilize the soil. not occupy the same area every year. Repeated
By using the right gardening plantings encourage insect infestation and the
techniques, you too can pro- --,- -' ' buildup of soil diseases.
duce plants to be proud of t Keep old sacks, baskets, decaying vegetables and
while preserving the soil and its 4 hough there are many other rubbish that may harbor insects and disease
fertility, enhancing the absorp- ways to make a garden out of garden.
tion of rainfall, and protecting more productive, meet- I Time lantings to avoid peak of insect infestations.
local streams from sediments ing the nutrient needs of For example, plant squash as early as p ossible to
and chemicals. the plants in your particularr example, plant squash as early as possible to
and chemicals. the plants in your particular avoid borers that lay eggs in July. If you're going to
To get the most out of plot is the most important con- plant a second squash crop, plant after mid-July to
your garden, it's important to sideration. Many garden soils at a rop fte d- t
pick the right spot for planting. can benefit from the addition ofinsec t
Choose a sunny location with organicproblems occur for future reference.
good natural drainage. Plant trients. Composted vegetable 2 Inspect plants for egg clusters, bean beetles, cater-
your garden on a fairly level scraps, grass cuttings, and pillars, and other insects early each morning. Hand
site; avoid sloping areas and leaves are excellent sources of pick such pests and destroy them. The squash
drainage channels, which let both, and the more that goes in borer can sometimes be cut out of the stems with a
topsoil wash away during your compost pile, the less that sharp knife, providing you cut parallel to the stem
heavy rains. goes in the already over- and no more than halfway through
crowded landfill. Mulching can s Dislodge pests with a spray of water. This works
- ~ ' '' - . ... also add nutrients, make the with aphids, red spider mites, and mealybugs.
soil more workable, aid rain- E3 Construct insect barriers: Place screens over the
f your garden is located on water penetration, and improve plants; wrap aluminum foil around the plant base
a slope, you can use the the moisture-retaining capacity to limit cutworm damage.
same techniques that of the soil near plant roots.
farmers use on hilly fields to You should also mulch to E If you're having slug problems, place fat boards
ensure good crops. Plant across minimize bare, exposed soil in next to the plants. After the slugs crawl under the
the slope, not up and down the your garden. Unprotected boards to escape sunlight, lif the boards and de-
hill. This way, each row acts ground loses nutrients and stroy the slugs.
like a ridge (what farmers call needed topsoil much more
contour planting) to trap rain- quickly than planted soil. Bare Mulch cuts down on
fall. Contour planting prevents soil places added stress on weeds ndthe need for
soil and plant nutrients from nearby plants by expanding / water Mu
washing downhill. On long temperature extremves, or
slopes, it's a good idea to leave ducing available soil moisture. " blockplostic.
strips of grass that also run per- In addition to mulching, con-
pendicular to the slope. This sider closer plantings of differ-
helps keep the rainwater and ent, but compatible, plant spe-
soil where it belongs by forcing cies to make the most out of
runoff to slow down and soak your working garden area. -
in. These grass strips should be Winter cover crops are
wide enough to allow easy ac- highly recommended for vege- -
cess to your plants and vegeta- table plots. Rye, barley, and
bles. wheat are suitable for fall
Flower beds can be planting (two to three pounds -
planted on steep slopes to of seed per 1000 square feet of , . . .
beautify the landscape and sta- ground). The cover crop holds
bilize the soil. Since the beds the soil during the winter and
are usually permanent, you adds organic matter to the soil . t ' -
may want to construct retain- when it is turned under the folp
ing walls to hold the hillside in lowing spring. You can also
place and add to the appear- plant shrubs or small trees as
ance of your home. On longer windbreaks around the garden .,
slopes, the hillside can be to control wind erosion in
stepped. or terraced, with a sandy areas and to further pro- . ii
garden strip planted on each tect bare soil from exposure to
level area. Whether a series of the elements.

G A R D E N i N G

' AN, Y. ,~~- ~ ,~'i~.~"?'-~,~ Gardening on slopes con
I�7a (" t-;' :-:;' .? ~ be o problem. Creoate Some insects will eot
. m S"contours with plonts in garden pests precluding
rows perpendiculol to the the need for chemical
slopetoprevent erosion pesticides Exomples of
"good" bugs ore lady-
bugs, praying montises,
locewings dark ground
~'; ~' ~'~JI~~~~~~~~~~~L. -" . -l~ l.. J'T'?ertilizers are designed beetles, soldier beetles
.U~/iZ~ ,to supplement the nu- and the larvoe of lightning
,'\':' ...,[ ~gr J"~"�--Z . - . . ,.' / trients already present bugs l
in your soil. (See the

;X-~ kzS~ *.,.- ~ ~ ~ ~ tailed information on which
.CT~d - tapteri onlawns for more de- , ,
fertilizer or combination of fer-
II ' - '.' ~/ tilizers is right for the soil in ,
your garden.) Know what yo ur
'~ %J~ '~'/~('35�~�.`ci~`c �'~ Jn :~ ~~ ~soil requires before you apply
any fertilizer.

o~. ,.. > *.. s \ lt ;:'0 ":� -/2� '~'y,/ //',problems. Avoid applying fertil-
X, � �;.�. $ izer on windy days or just prior
to a heavy rain. For best re-
411~ suits, always apply commercial
'";~I'~~~k'~~l f - ~,-~ d~,~ Too much ~fertilizers according to the di-
i N8 , . -caagrections on the bag.

0E~~~ E ~mong the many ways
you can control gar-u
, den pests are to:
�iI - I - - *' �/x, , ~~ ~ . ~i ,.Use pest-resistant '
oi' i ., �',, .lowers plants, and vegeta-
.,' TIs pc1l.. bles whenever possible .
< i - IlM � <z~ljililto k Handle minor pest problems
~41 4' i'' " to in- "'t"tby h.and weeaccording and de-

'"[ 11"~I *-t-. -' '" numthe. foil t o stop cutworms
F Plant borders to repel insects
. .�c l;2,,u .~-~Of; (fopfro/ ,',~:,: . . rh,, e;<,2r. ? -- Encourage ladybugs. praying
,3r -,: ,"/;,: BT is particularly effective mantises, and other insects
against leaf-eating caterpillars. that eat garden pests
It kills them by paralyzing the b Use pesticides only when /
i ,/ ,. hen used accord- digestive tract. other methods have failed,
? (il x' ing to label in- and use them according
.'I '! structions, the four to the manufacturer's / /
L products listed below Milky spore is a natural bacte- ?
areless toxicto sthe envron- ria that kills the grub phase of instructions
ment than other commercially Japanese beetles The milky in one or above
available products. The prod- spores actually reventing new infes- measures works
ucts are available at garden tations for a few years.
stores with large inventories. tations for a few years.,
Dormanart 0i Sproys
Insect cidol Soop Oil sprays can be used eitherse,/ o
This natural soap destroys pest duringthedormantorgrowing
membranes. It is effective during the dormant or growing
season to control scale insects, I
against: aphids, mealybugs,
it h ea gs red spider, mites, mealybugs,
white flier, scales, earwings, and whitefly larvae on shrubs,
rose slugs, crickets, spittlebugs, evergreens, woody plants, fruit
and many more. trees, shade trees, azaleas,
roses, and other ornamentals.

G A R D E N N G

Chapter 10 Some pesticides that were 0 Some counties in Maryland ] QZ
once widely used have now have passed ordinances re -.\ / (
been banned or severely re- quiring that a warning sign 4 llA
Yeocr,'gi-ec 47#cifl2.7it V' stricted. These include DDT, be posted on the sprayed
Sca, chlordane, aldrin, heptachlor, area for at least two days
dieldrin,lindane, silvex, and after application.
2.4,5-T. In the Bay states, C Cover or remove exposed
o many homeowners, chlordane is registered only for foods, fish tanks, and pet
pest control is synony- use against termites but must food and water dishes during
mous with chemicals, be applied in a very specific and after application.
and quick eradication is manner. In Maryland, chlor- - Never apply near wells,
the goal. Pesticides is an um- dane has been found in fish tis- streams, ponds, or marshes ; .j
brella term that includes herbi- sue. Check with your Coopera- unless the instructions spe- /
cides, insecticides, fungicides, tive Extension Service cifically allow for such use.
and rodenticides. Designed to concerning disposal of these Never apply to bare ground
kill "pests," this big family of products. or eroded areas (when it
chemicals can also be danger- rains, many pesticides bind
ous to human health and the tightly to soil and can be car-
environment. There is consid- ried along with sediments to
tied along with sediments to
erable controversy about the storm sewers and streams).
potential risks associated with t may be possible to con- V Don't apply if rain is forecast
pesticides. Some toxicologists trol a pest problem with- unless otherwise specified
believe that pesticides can trig- out a pesticide. Check the on the label (some pesticides
ger allergic reactions or cause chart on integrated pest do need to be watered in
chronic health problems, while management on the next page after application).
other toxicologists say that if and the gardening ideas on . Choose the least toxic pesti- :
used properly, pesticides pose page 18. In some cases, alter- cide (those with the signal
no significant risks to human natives that are nontoxic are word "caution" on the label
health unless a person is ex- readily available. For example, are considered least toxic
posed to too much either to deter termites, remove wood whereas the signal word i-
through a large exposure (such piles near your home. Your "warning" indicates moder-
as a spill), or through small ex- county Cooperative Extension ate toxicity).
posures over a long period of Service can provide advice on
time, particularly if no protec- the best strategy for controlling
tive clothing is used. pests in and around your
Pesticides first became an home. Alternative methods of
environmental issue for many pest control should be consid-
people with the publication of ered before you consider use of
Rachel Carson's book Silent a commercial pesticide.
Spring in 1962. Since then, the Pesticides can be toxic to
regulatory approach to pesti- humans, onimals, aquatic
cides has been changed by ~ o �..,- r 7p. ~-.^-, organisms, and plants
Congress, which amended the ..Always read the label
1947 Federal Insecticide. Fun- creully before using
gicide and Rodenticide Act pestcide in or around
(FIFRA) in 1972. FIFRA gave to o minimize the poten- our ome
the Environmental Protection ; tial hazards of pesti-
Agency the job of re-registering cides, follow these guide-
all pesticides then on the mar- lines:
ket. The re-registration process - Read the label carefully.

tion of data on safety as well as need.
both short-term (acute) and Wear any protective clothing
long-term (chronic) health ef- specified on the label. NVI ONMENTAL WARNRINGS
fects. To date, about 120 of the Wash your hands immedi- TH
600 principal active chemical atey ater applying the pet Ab T
ately after applying the pesti- 14"b witm tzl Tbil
ingredients in commercially cide.' $ST1ai , 1F~. <;. i.od >F -:
available pesticides have been Apply only the amount spec-
registered. Therefore, it is not ified on the label and only to '/
correct to assume that because the plants and areas listed in :t.
a product is available in your the instructions.
local hardware or garden store. Make sure people and pets I -
it has undergone the new envi- are out of the area during ap- ' l - --
ronmental and health effects plication and until the spray .' .i_.-
evaluation procedure. has dried. "|' -

P E S T C 0 N T R 0 L

Sf orge If pesticides spill directly WHAT IS INTEGRA TED PEST
into water, notify public health JMANAGEMENT (1PM)?
authorities and your state fish
: oisonings and environ- and game agency immediately.
,: *: mental contamination Keep people and pets away , urrently there are two opposing philosophies
have occurred where from the spill. In small streams, of pest control practices in the management of
pesticides were stored it may be possible for you to landscape plants and lawns. The oldest and
improperly. To be safe, you prevent further contamination most common approach places relatively com-
should store unused pesticides by building a soil dike down- plete reliance on the use of synthetic chemical pesti-
in an area well away from living stream from the spill. cides, even to the point of spraying on a regular basis for
areas. The place you choose . preventive purposes. The newer concept, called Inte-
should have a cement floor, be I , , ? .,:'i ' :' . grated Pest Management or IPM, emphasizes frequent
well-lit and well-ventilated, in- monitoring to assess pest population buildup, and the
sulated from temperature ex- esticides should never evaluation of all factors including environmental effects,
tremes, out of direct sunlight, be buried in your yard, before pesticides are applied. Some IPM tactics that may
and out of a child's reach. For burned, or poured into reduce or eliminate the need for pesticide sprays are
example, a locked metal cabi- storm drains or your toi- listed below.
net in your garage is usually a let. Some pesticides and their E Naturolpredators. introducing the types of animals
good storage place for pesti- containers release toxic fumes that will naturally gobble up pests. Ladybugs, lacew-
cides. Always keep pest control when burned or wetted, and ings, praying mantids, garter snakes and toads are all
products in their original con- sewage treatment plants do not examples of natural predators that eat insect pests.
tainers with labels intact. Most employ the kinds of microbes
pesticides stored under these that would neutralize the pesti- c Hbitat canges changing the habitat to physically
conditions should remain ef- cide's harmful effects. Septic control many pest species. For example, by getting rid
fective for two years, although of all the old tires in your neighborhood you can cut
this varies widely. ticides as well The best down on the number of mosquitoes breeding in your
method for safey disposing of area. (The tires fill up with rainwater, making perfect
pesticides is to buy only as breeding sites for mosquitoes.)
5r'~, -' pesticides is to buy only as
much as you plan to use within O liming: regulating planting and harvesting to avoid
t can be extremely diffi- a two-year period, and to use those times when insects are most abundant and
,; cult to completely decon- them up according to label in- damaging.
taminate a n a spilled Federal law now requires Mechanical: removing eggs, larvae, cocoons, and
pesticide has been spilled. adults from plants by hand.
For this reason, you never want that pesticides made for home
to store these products in the use be labeled as to the appro- i Resistant plants: when buying plants for the garden
kitchen or other living areas. priate disposal method. Again, always request those that are relatively free of major
If a pesticide leaks or is it is essential that you read the
spilled in the gcarefully and follow its di- pests and diseases.
edrivewayra, or other outdoor rections. Consult your county m Growing conditions: plants such as azaleas that re-
areas, do not hose down the Cooperative Extension agent quire some shade are more susceptible to pests when
spill. This will cause further for guidance in disposal of grown in full sun. Moisture and pH levels also affect a
contamination and may carry older pesticides with unread- plant's ability to withstand stress and pests.
able labels�
the pesticide to storm sewers or a Mixed plantings: planting mixed stands of trees or
other water sources. The best ., - crops instead of planting large areas with just one type
way to clean a small spill is to: ' ' of plant. Mixed stands are not as susceptible to
E Surround the contaminated insect damage.
area with dirt. i - ests inside the home-
yes Sprinkle sawdust, kitty litter, termites, cockroaches, Naottlralpathogens and porosites. introducing bacte-
vermiculite, or some other :> insects, and mice- ria, viruses, and insect parasites that will kill pests but
absorbent material over the often mean professional won't harm other types of animals.
spill. pest control services for the r, Insect hormones: using insect hormones to prevent an
Shovel or sweep the absor- consumer. Check out the com-
bent material into a sturdy pany before you sign a con- as in people, hormones control growth and develop-
plastic bag and put it in the tract, and insist on knowing ment in insects.)
trash. what pesticides they plan to
a Wear rubber gloves, long use. The pest control operator [] Chemicals: using synthetic pesticides only as needed.
pants, and rubber boots should be willing to give the In IPM, chemicals are just one small part of the whole
while cleaning up. consumer a copy of the pesti- plan. By studying an insect's life cycle, the right
EJ Keep pets and other people cide label, explain why a par- amount of pesticide at the right time can be used ef-
away. ticular pesticide has been cho- fectively. Less pesticide and careful application mean
a Wash down the area (if a sen for the job, describe what a more healthful environment and better pest control.
garage floor or other hard techniques will be used, and
surface) with a solution of list the precautions you may
water and bleach, ammonia, need to take after the operator Reprinted from the Ranger Rick Nature Scope series with permission
or a strong detergent. leaves, from the National Wildlife Federation.

P E S T C 0 N T R 0 L

Chapter 11 people and to the environment For example, all liquid deter- Household chemicals,
Oven cleaners, floor wax, furni- gents are phosphorus-free, as especiallypetroleum-
ture polish, drain cleaners, and are some powders. Again, the based formulas, are po-
Be COaufioi' Ai Home spot removers are examples. label will clearly tell you the tentially toxic and not
Check the labels of products phosphorus content. The range readily biodegradable All
ome of the products such as these for the following is from about 13 percent, in household chemicals
found in American toxic components: lye, some automatic dishwashingbe used wth cre
homes have chemical phenols, petroleum distillates, detergents, to none. When you
ingredients that are po- trichlorobenzene. Products have a choice, buy the low
tentially harmful. Look under containing these chemicals phosphorus product.
the kitchen sink, in the pose a potential threat to
bathroom, the garage, and the health, if improperly used, and Home schirtenocce
basement for examples. There also present real environmental products
hazards when it comes to dis- ......
you'll find oven cleaners, paint hazards when it comes to dis-
remover, bug killers, solvents, posal.
drain cleaners, and more. It is often possible to use mong the most toxic
These products are potentially an alternative, less toxic household products
harmful to people and to the method to clean or to polish. are those used for
environment and should be Ovens, for example, can be home repair and
used with care. cleaned by applying table salt maintenance. Paints, preserva-
Public concern about the to spills, then scrubbing with a tives, strippers, brush cleaners,
use and disposal of hazardous solution of washing soda and and solvents contain a wide
chemicals has grown dramati- water. A combination of lemon range of chemicals, some of
cally in recent years. In 1976, oil and linseed oil makes a which are suspected carcino-
Congress passed the Resource good furniture polish. Clogged gens (cancer-causing). These
Conservation and Recovery Act drains can sometimes be products should never be put
cleaned with a metal "snake" into sewer or septic systems--
tory procedures govern - instead of toxic chemical in other words, not down the
eration, storage, transport, ceaners drain. ,
treatment, and disposal of haz- When you feel that it is To reduce disposal prob-
ardous materials. This was fol- absolutely necessary to use a lems, buy only what you need. : i
lowed in 1980 by the passage product containing toxic chem- Used turpentine or brush
of Superfund, which provides icals, some cautions should be cleaner can be filtered and
money to clean up hazardous observed. As with pesticides, reused. Paint cans and other
w aste sites such a s the infa- the rule of thumb is to read the containers should be stuffed
waste sites such as the infa-
mous one at Love Canal. There label and to use the product with newspaper and allowed to
is, however, no regulation of only as directed. Some prod- dry before placing in the trash.
household hazardous wastes, ucts become even more dan- Hobby supplies such as
which must be taken care of by gerous when mixed with photographic chemicals are
the individual consumer. others; for example, chlorine also hazardous and should not
This chapter of Baybook bleach mixed with ammonia go down the drain.
describes the different catego- can produce deadly chloramine f
ries of products commonly gas. Protective clothing andt i=
used at home, and the appro- rubber gloves may be neces- / /
priate disposal methods for sary; good ventilation is a must.
each.
A WMord About Detergents
Househoici Cleaners 1~ ~ [
ne of the most-used
/ any of the prod- . home cleaning
ucts used at home, i!, products is deter- O
i:l i,,7 such as soaps and , gent. Many of the
J ~iY t1 /detergents, are detergent products formulated
meant to be washed down the for automatic washing ma-
drain. These products are bio- chines and dishwashers con-
degradable and, if the waste- tain phosphorus, which has
water from your home is prop- been shown to cause water
erly treated, they pose no quality problems in lakes and
problem to the environment. bays. The detergent industry
However, there are prod- has responded to this problem
ucts commonly found on by developing products that
kitchen shelves that are toxic to contain little or no phosphate.

H O U S E H O L C H E M I C A L S

Car Coare il con be recycled Used oil and WHAT YOU
antifreeze should be token to your
local service station for recycling CAN DO
otor oil, battery Never hose oil or ontifreeze down into
acid, gasoline, car your stormdroin. ereare
wax, engine I . some gen-
cleaners, antifreeze, eral rules of
degreasers, radiator flushes, . i thumb for
and rust preventatives are ex- handling and dispos-
amples of automotive products - ing of household
containing toxic chemicals. chemicals:
Some car owners do their own' R t lb-
maintenance work: 25 percent m Read the label-
change their car's oil, and kare buying and
many of these people pour the what the potential
used oil down the storm drain. -- & .h are:.
4 /L~i~ hazards are.
One quart of oil can contami- P [ toe pd catls rn.
nate up to two million gallons X..) 0 r ,;,: e Store products in
of drinking water. The oil from -~ their original con-
one engine-four to six quarts tainers so the
-can produce an eight-acre oil label can be re-
slick. ., ferred to when-
The only recommended ever the product is
way to dispose of used oil is to drain." Your drain leads either In many areas, the only used.
put it into a sturdy containerl to a home septic system or a available disposal method is
like a plastic milk jug, and take municipal treatment plant, nei- the local landfill. While proba-se alternative,
it to your neighborhood garage ther of which is designed to bly better than flushing a toxic less harmful prod-
or oil recycling centerh Mary- completely remove toxic chem- chemical down the drain, land ucts whenever
or oil recycling center. Mary- icals from wastewater. At least fills are not a good long-term
and the District of Columbia all some of the toxics pass through solution to our waste disposal ample, boric acid
have a number you can call to the treatment process and end problems. New energy needs to is very effective in
find an oil recycling station up in a stream, river, or go into finding better solutions. controlling
near your home. groundwater. Read the section Where household hazard- roaches).
Disposing of antifreeze is in this guide on septic systems ous wastes must be sent to a m Use the least toxic
also a problem. Antifreeze con- for further cautions. landfill, a couple of steps can product you can
tains ethylene glycol, which is Effective sewage treat- be taken to reduce the environ- find and never
poisonous to people, fish, and ment is essential for treating mental risk. First, wrap the buy more than
wildlife. Many cats and dogs the large volume of wastewater product in its original container you need.
have died after drinking sweet that comes from our homes. in newspaper, and then wrap E Dispose of your
tasting puddles of antifreeze Improving municipal treatment in an old plastic bag. Liquids unwanted house-
they find on driveways in the plants is a part of the strategy can be poured into containers hold chemicals in
winter, to clean up Chesapeake Bay. filled with absorbent kitty litter, sanitary landfills.
Instead of pouring anti- Well-run treatment plants can then wrapped in plastic. Pour liquids such
freeze down the drain or wash- remove some nutrients, or- Some states are dealing as cleaning fluids
ing it into storm drains, ask ganic materials, and heavy with the problem of hazardous into a plastic con-
your local service station to add metals from wastewater. The household wastes by sponsor- tainer that is filled
the liquid to their used anti- chlorine used to disinfect can ing amnesty days. On amnesty with kitty litter or
freeze storage drum. You can also be removed by a process day, small quantities of your stuffed with news-
also dilute the antifreeze and called dechlorination. Individ- unwanted household chemi- paper. Allow it to
pour the mixture into a gravel uals and communities should cals and pesticides are col- dry outdoors be-
pit or any area with good drain sist that the publicly-owned lected and disposed of in an fore taking it to
age. This method takes advan- treatment plants that serve approved facility. The actual the landfill.
tage of the soil's natural filter- them are maintained and oper- collection and disposal of the i Take used motor
ing ca acity. ated at peak efficiency. This waste should be performed by oil and antifreeze
may mean added cost to con- technicians who know which oil antifreeze
sumers, but is essential to good chemicals should not be mixed to a gas station
water quality in our rivers and together. Amnesty days are de- cling program.
Disposing of Household Bay. signed to educate the generalm.
Toxics The products described in public about the potential haz- Insist on effective
this chapter should also never ards of improper use and dis- sewage treatment
be poured on the ground or posal of consumer products for your commu-
he kinds of household into gutters where they will that contain toxic chemicals. nity.
toxics described in this eventually enter storm sewers, Check with your state or county
I chapter should not be which generally lead directly to government to find out about
disposed of "down the a nearby stream. amnesty days in your area.

HO U S E H D H E M C A L S

- - A, Am A~

41:

fill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/

A~~ / E

I I I i I _ l
Chapter 12 _ _ 1 Il

veryone knows about I
* water conservation. In
the western United
States, the limited avail- I ':
ability of drinking water has
made water conservation man-
datory. In other areas, reducing
water use is sometimes neces- l
sary when groundwater sup-
plies are contaminated by A dripping faucet wastes
landfills, toxic waste dumps, 20 gallons of water every
saltwater intrusion, or when day That's 6000 gallons
saltwater ~~ intrusion, or.~ �e at ofwateramonth, 72,000
drought reduces surface water gallons in a year!
supplies. m
To understand the impor-
tance of water conservation, it WHeAT YOU CAN DO
helps to understand where
water goes. A certain percent- i7 n se these simple guidelines to make sure you
the Bay area is lost through In _ i aren't wasting water without knowing it:
evaporation. These losses throtal P! ,? [] Test for a leaking toilet by adding food col-
evaporation. These losses total h oring to the tank. Without flushing, note if
hundreds of millions of gallons having to expand existing any color appears in the bowl after 30 minutes. If
daily, and they are increasing, plants can be used to improve color appears, you have a leak.
As a result of water loss, water treatment techniques. [ Check your water meter while no water is being
freshwater inflows to the Bay Only 4 of the 100 gallons used. If the dial moves, you have a leak.
are declining. This means that of water we each use every day 0 Turn off your water and hot water heater when
during dry spells, the salt con- are actually necessary. We can going on a trip.
tent of the Bay increases signif- decrease water consumption in E Run your dishwasher only when you have a full
icantly, which, in turn, can our homes by 15 to 20 percent load. Use the cycles with the least number of
drastically alter the Bay ecosys- without major discomfort or washes and rinses.
tem. Water conservation meas- expense. All we have to do is L Don't run water continuously when washing dishes
ures can help maintain fresh- acquire good water use habits. in the sink.
water inflows to the Bay and Many conservation techniques a Add your garbage to the compost or trash instead of
prevent the adverse conse- are simple, common sense putting it down the garbage disposal. Disposals not
quences of too much salt. ideas. only use a great deal of water, but they also add
gdWatefr monservation ju is tThe first step in conserv- solids to an already overloaded sewer system.
good for more than just the ing water around your home is X Wash clothes only when you have a full load. Set
Bay. Reducing your water use to check for and eliminate any the water level control appropriately. The perma-
can mean substantial savings leaks in faucets, toilets, hoses, nent press cycles may use an additional 10 to 20
on your sewer, energy, and and pipes. At the water pres- gallons of water.
water bills. For those with sep- sure found in most household E Buy a suds-saver washing machine when you need
tic tanks (30 percent of the plumbing systems, a 3z" open- to buy a new machine.
population), conserving water ing in a faucet can waste up to 0s Install a water conservation shower head. They are
reduces wear and tear on your 6000 gallons of water per inexpensive and reduce flow by at least 25 percent.
system, and requires less en- month. A steady drip wastes 20 0 Place two half-gallon plastic bottles filled with
ergy for pumping well water. gallons a day. A leaking toilet water in your toilet tank. This cuts the number of
can waste 200 gallons of water gallons used per flush from five to four.
a day without making a sound. S Take short showers instead of a bath. Remember,
Water conservation is as baths can use 30 to 50 gallons of water.
idespread reduc- simple as thinking before you 0a Do not let water run in the sink while shaving,
: tion in water turn on the faucet. Many of us brushing your teeth, or lathering your face and
' ;: usage could reduce developed our water use habits hands.
i' the need for new or before the time of water short- 0 Water your lawn and wash your car only when ab-
expanded sewage treatment fa- ages and water quality prob- solutely necessary.
cilities. If the amount of water lems. Now that we understand [E Wash one section of the car at a time and rinse it
every family uses is reduced, so the potential impact of the way quickly. Use a hose that is high pressure, low-vol-
is the volume of water entering we use water, it should be easy ume, and has a pistol grip nozzle.
our sewage treatment plants. to make water conservation a 9 Water your lawn during the coolest part of the day
The tax dollars saved by not part of our everyday lives. to avoid rapid evaporation.

RAI A T ER C O N F V A . C b N

Chapter 13

Boating on the Bay

ecreational boating
provides relaxation
and enjoyment for
many thousands of Bay
area residents. Boating is also
an important Bay industry,
bringing in $5 to $7 billion in '" ,
revenue each year. However,
boating also contributes to the ,- ~?!; / /
Bay's environmental problems.
All of us-especially boaters-,
have a lot to lose if Bay waters
continue to deteriorate. As a
boat owner, you can play a
major role in improving water '� ,;.;.
quality in the Bay. The first step :t, ..
is to understand the potential .'., :i
impact of your boating activi- ': ' '" --
ties. By understanding, you , '
help ensure that you won't
damage the Bay that brings you t, t ' <*,
so much pleasure. ,,

1!, n narrow creeks and
!/coves, boat wakes contrib-
ute to shoreline erosion.
While this loss of land is a expert at gauging when your Boats can damage the
problem for shorefront prop- Chemicols on Board tank is full. environment if they aren't
erty owners, it also affects The Chesapeake Bay is used and maintained with
boaters. Eroded sediments 1:~FT he phosphates in the suffering from the effects of care, Boat wakes cause
create unwanted shoals, cause /! soap you use to wash nutrient enrichment, which t oreline toxic, bot-
tom paints are toxic, and
shallowing, and cut off light to I your boat contribute to contributes to algal blooms and boat wastes add to water
underwater life, especially / excessive algal growth in oxygen depletion. Human pollution. Follow the sug-
plants. All this creates tremen- the Bay. If you rinse and scrub waste contains disease-carry- gestions listed here to
dous problems for the Bay eco- your boat with a brush after ing bacteria and the very nu- make your boat a non-
system. each use instead of using soap, trients that are choking the polluter!
The extent of shoreline you will be helping the Bay. If Bay. By minimizing or elimi-
erosion caused by boat wakes your boat is stained, use phos- nating the discharge of boat
depends on the wake's energy. phate-free soap or laundry de- sewage, you will be helping the
This energy, in turn, is related tergent to get it clean. When Bay survive and flourish.
to four factors: distance from possible, avoid products that There is increasing con-
the shore, hull size, boat speed, remove stains and make your cern about the effect of chlo-
and creek depth. To minimize boat shine. They are extremely rine on aquatic life. Many Type
shoreline erosion, boats should toxic. Products with warnings I and Type il marine sanitation
not produce wakes within 500 on the label can kill marine life devices use chlorine and other
feet of the shore. if washed overboard. disinfectants. The adverse im-
In many tributaries and Fuel overflows from gas pact of chlorine can be les-
coves, a boat speed only two tanks are dangerous to people sened if you discharge waste
knots above the posted six-knot and toxic to fish and other only in waters deeper than 20
limit creates a wake with great aquatic life. The traditional feet, where tidal movement will
erosive force. The impact of method for determining if you disperse the contaminated
your boat's wake on shoreline have a full tank is to look for waste. Boats with Type III sys-
erosion can be greatly reduced fuel spilled from the tank over- tems and those berthed at ma-
if you slow down before, not flow vent. You can prevent rinas should use on-shore sani-
after, the speed limit marker. these overflows by estimating tary facilities. Because marina
Speed limits were designed to fuel consumption relative to pilings hamper the water's abil-
protect both you and the ma- your tank capacity. With a little ity to flush through the area,
rine environment. practice, you will become an overboard dumping at a slip

R E C R E A T I N

will deteriorate water quality in Swirrnmmin, noc!s WHAT YOU CAN DO
the immediate area of your
boat and lead to foul-smelling A 7 any of us enjoy .. y observing the precautions outlined in this
water. I? .i the pleasures of a . chapter, you will be helping to preserve the
Trash is the most visible b y s B
Trash is the most visible , Y: Y , backyard swim- P r Bay for the enjoyment of many more genera-
kind of Bay pollution. You : i C i; ming pool. Pools re- 1 tions of boaters, swimmers, and water sports
should designate a storage area quire substantial doses of enthusiasts:
on your boat specifically for chemicals, especially chlorine, n Observe posted marine speed limits
trash. Beer cans and tabs, styro- to keep the water bacteria-free. E Do not produce wakes within 500 feet of the shore
foam cups, plastic bags, and If you have to drain your pool, m Use phosphate-free detergents if you must wash
other debris can trap, injure, take care to prevent the chlo- your boat
and kill aquatic life. Most of rine from contaminating storm m Discharge boat sewage into waters deeper than 20
this debris doesn't disintegrate; drains or nearby streams. Since feet or use on-shore sanitary facilities
instead, it remains in the Bay chlorine dissipates rapidly, you a Do not throw trash overboard
for years. should allow the pool water to a Use extreme caution when using cleansers, paint,
sit for a few days before drain- and antifouling compounds on your boat
,:'~,)i(;i i,r11Vt !,'i: ,( bSo ing. Wherever possible, drain X Drain your pool only when necessary, and then
your pool onto an expanse of onto a large expanse of lawn to allow the chlorine
k'i; oats are normally lawn to take full advantage of to dissipate and the water to filter slowly through
X::: hauled once a year for the filtering capacity of the soil. the soil
:i repairs, painting, and
L,,( general maintenance. k f "-
Many of the cleaning, dissolv- /
ing, and painting agents used ' ,r. -' '
for maintenance are toxic to '.. - . .. _ //p/.
aquatic life. A few simple pre-f
cautions can prevent these /
chemicals from unduly harm- r
ing the Bay. - I
Copper and tributyltin f//. B
(TBT) bottom paints, used to , . '' -. �;
prevent fouling, cause particu- .,/(, ,
lar environmental damage. , /3
Bottom paints are a necessary .". 44J - * '-- '-
evil, but their impact can be
lessened if you control the
amount that enters the Bay.
When scraping the boat bot-
tom, catch the scrapings with a
drop cloth. Throw the cloth
away when you're finished. If _\( ,1 v// /
you don't have a drop cloth, -,
sweep up the scrapings and -.-a,..~- L..
throw them in the trash.
Marina owners and oper-
ators can participate in the Bay
cleanup effort. By installing
and maintaining a used oil
drum, they make it easier to re- , : '
cycle your boat's oil. If the _/
marina needs new pavement,
encourage the operator to use .,
the porous asphalt discussed in
chapter 6. Any of the practices .-v: ' ii
that increase infiltration (see
chapters 1, 2, and 3) will also k
help the Bay. Marinas also pro- :. ',
vide logical places for the dis-
tribution of educational mate- .. .. ./
rials to boaters. ;/ , ',,
: . . an ..� - ..� , l. .

R E C R E A T I 0 N

Chapter 14 Your group should plan to and fallen trees don't do much WHAT YOU
see the problems discussed in to improve the landscape' An
your meetings about the Bay. if excellent source of information CAN DO
your local sewage treatment about stream pollution and M I te
plant or landfill gives you cause cleanup is an organization f ereading
r-he water that eventually for concern, arrange a tour and called Save Our Streams. SOS . this guide,
Ij finds its way into the learn about the problems first- will help you plan and execute you know
Chesapeake Bay drains hand. Invite your city or county a community project. Their that there
from countless parcels of council member along to dis- number is listed in the Re- are many changes
property like yours in hundreds cuss ways of dealing with the sources section of this guide. you and your family
of counties in six states and the problems you see. Educate your neighbors can make in house-
District of Columbia. To reduce about the damage the soft hold routines to help
pollution and restore the Bay improve the quality
to its former productivity, of water flowing into
everyone-governments, corn- .the Bay. This
munities, ~ ~ ~ ~ ter an indvidalm ocree chapter of the Bay-
munites, ad indviduas- /in your community, plan a *~, > oki bu o
must ork tgethe. Thecom-stream walk. There are sev- "
mitments made by the federal c you and your neigh-
and state governments are a di- theat txellentu hadowoto fin and bors can join to-
rect response to public concern digns ptentl proubhweofndan gether to make a real
about cleaning up the Bay. diagoeptnilpolm.dfference in the fu-
This public partnership will Walking a stream can alert you nlture of the vast es-
make the difference between to erosion problems, blockages tuary known as the
the Bay as it has been and the casdb alntesadChesapeake Bay.
Bay aswe wat it o be.debris, highway and construc-nEcuaeyu
many community groups tinrnfecsieaglchurch group,
inthe Bay area have already growth, poisoned fish, foul cvcascain
orgaizedactiitie andsmells, and direct discharge and other corn-
projects designed to improve itio th strobeam.sakh lonca- munity groups to
water quality. This chapter de- tin of potential rbeso get involved in the
scribes educational activities map, which your county gov- area-wide efforts
and projects designed to help ermient may be willing to pro- to preserve and
your community clean up and vide for just that purpose. restore the Bay
protect local streams and rivers. After your stream walk, 0 Organize a stream
you might want to organize a cenppoeti
community stream cleanup. y ou cenuppoectighor
Debris in your local stream I ornihbood
7~z~s. aren clubscauses drainage problems, Iho
arden clubsblocks fish mirtin adca Let your elected
church and scout mgainadcn / \representatives
lead to toxic contamination.'1
<groups, cvic asso- Besides, old washing ma- ~ ILLLIknow that your
xciations. and service chines, mattresses, trash bags ,, j, community is
organizations all have a stake 'S~concerned about
in improving local water qual- J 1the quality of life
ity. Groups such as these might ..~I in and around the
want to consider devoting one Bay
or more meetings to learning /4 3Call one of the
about the Bay. You could fea- ~ ,'local Bay advo-
ture a knowledgeable speaker, '--J ~cacy organizations
show a film, organize a panel for more informa-
discussion with local officials, tion about how
ospnor a hafdyworkshop -your group can
on Bay issues. 4. help monitor and
Your county or city plan- improve water
ning department or any -~...,(4. . yquality in the Bay
number of Bay advocacy or- nBecome a
ganizations can help you find steward of the ..
speakers for your meeting. Bay ______r Bay's natural
advocacy organizations can resources I
also loan films and slide shows
one or two meetings about the- ,
Bay, you can tackle a project
that will begin to have an effect / U r
on water quality in your neigh-
borhood creek and in the Bay.

C C ~~~M M U N ~~T ~

drink cans they toss away can significant ecological impor- ,
cause. Get everyone to remove tance into account. For more ,' ,-
trash and leaves from their gut- information about how you can ._ *N
ters and stormdrains. This kind participate in the planning
of debris should be thrown in process, call your city or county
the trash, not down the storm- planning office. )
drain, where it contributes to If you're not a member of
stream pollution. your local civic association, /
join. If there's no association in
your area, consider starting
one. For issues that affect more
than the immediate neighbor-
hood, a coalition of community
ou and your neighbors
organizations may be effective.
can takpee part in com- Coalition newsletters are useful
prehensive plan devel- tools for getting important in- .( A
opment and the zoning formation about Bay issues to
for your city or county. members quickly and inexpen-
Through this process, areas ad- sively.
jacent to waterways can be
given special consideration.. -- -"', '
One of the most effective ways: : ' '- .'
you can influence decisions t
about how your county is de-
veloped or what happens with f: tewardship-the wise '"s
the local sewage treatment use ofnatural resources JA
plant is to get your civic associ- a 1-begins at home. Stew-
ation involved. Some of the W ards are people who use i .-
most successful citizen in- natural resources wisely. This _ \
volvement stories are the result guide is designed to help all of
of community associations us become stewards of the Bay.
tackling an issue, becoming in- Only when we understand how
formed, challenging the "ex- our daily routines affect the. I
perts," conducting publicity Bay can we restore its produc-
campaigns, and coming up tivity and preserve its beauty.
with an alternate plan. By taking care when disposing
The results of many sci- of household chemicals, using I
entific studies suggest a strong pesticides only when abso-.
relationship between land use lutely necessary, conserving
and declining water quality in water, planting trees, shrubs,
the Bay. The health of the and plants, and maintaining l
Chesapeake Bay clearly de- your lawn, you are contributing .-
pends upon wise use of the to Bay-wide cleanup efforts.
watershed. Controlling the ef- You can make a differ-
fects of future growth is impor- ence. That's the point of this ,
tant since the population in the guide-to tell people that what -
Bay region continues to in- they do every day makes a dif-
crease. By getting involved in ference for the Bay. And what-
the planning stage, you can ever you do to benefit the Bay
help limit the adverse effects of will, in the long run, benefit
uncontrolled development. you, your family, and your 1
Land use policy decisions community. . \
are a local government prerog-
ative in Maryland, Pennsylva- �
nia, and Virginia. Each county
or town has a comprehensive
plan that forecasts needs and
suggests possible land uses for
the future. Some cities, towns, .
and counties are zoned for par-
ticular uses. Certain areas are .
designated for open land, resi- . ' '
dential or commercial develop-
ment, or agricultural uses.
These plans often take areas of

C 0 M M U N T Y A - , i .

,hueyoucan im- PREVENT EROSION ON YOUR STABILIZE THE SHORELINE
plement many of PROPERTY TEST YOUR SOIL X U.S. Army Corps
ethe suggesitions of- a Maryland Cooperative of Engineers
fered in this guide, Extension Service (301) 962-3670
there are some areas where
you'll need more detailed ad- (301) 454-3742 Maryland Department of
vice. Find the issue you're E Pennsylvania Cooperative Natural Resources, Shore
concerned about and call the Extension Service Erosion Control
number listed for your state. (814) 863-0331 (301) 974-3853
With these resources and the [ Virginia Cooperative a Virginia Shoreline Erosion
information contained in the Extension Service Advisory Service
Baybook, you will be pre- (703) 961-6705 (804) 693-3388
pared to help preserve and C D.C. Cooperative District of Columbia
restore the Chesapeake Bay Extension Service Erosion Control
and its watershed. (202) 576-6951 (202) 727-7577

FIND SUITABLE TREES FOR LEARN ABOUT SEPTIC
SOIL STABILIZATION SYSTEM PLACEMENT
AND MAINTENANCE
[ Maryland Forest, Park and
Wildlife Service E In Maryland, call your
(301) 974-3776 county health department
Pennsylvania Bureau X In Virginia, call your county
of Forestry health department
(717) 787-3260 m Pennsylvania Bureau of
. [] 3\ Virginia Division of Forestry Water Quality Management
-' '"'i-" ~ ~-~� ](804) 977-6555 (717) 787-2666

RECYCLE YOUR OIL
_ _ _ v AND ANTIFREEZE
X Maryland
XI/~~~~~~~ *1-800-492-9188
t Virginia
\ ~~~~~~\ *1-800-552-3831
[ Pennsylvania
\^~,~~~~~~~~~, .\~ ~ \(717) 783-6004
\ District of Columbia
(202) 724-2100

~~~~

0S,' 'S 'Ef lo,- :l'"i:?DS A V:? S/- lc,' YOUR LC_1'V'.'E1qN
iHE),',t-HOI id 6'HCf:qt4i:.L ~s F): THthE HAY
FPRO'PERLY '
If you want more information
c Maryland about the Bay or your local
(301) 383-6650 river or stream, or if you want
D Pennsylvania to become more involved in
*1-800-322-9214 issues affecting the Bay, call:
Virginia Citizens Program for the
*1-800-552-2075 Chesapeake Bay, Inc.
3 District of Columbia (301) 377-6270
(717) 236-8825
(202) 767-7370 (804) 225-4355
.,........ X , -,);, ...... .,, Chesapeake Bay
Foundation
v M:laryland Department of (301) 269-0481 (Maryland)
Agriculture (804) 780-1392 (Virginia)
(301) 841-5865 o Save Our Streams
a Maryland Department of (301) 974-3789
Natural Resources D Pennsylvania Department
*1-800-DNRVSOIL of Environmental
n Virginia Soil and Water Resources
Conservation Commission (717) 787-1323
(804) 786-2064 ' Virginia Council on
Pennsylvania Department the Environment
of Environmental (804) 786-4500
Resources, Bureau of Soil a Maryland Department of
and Water Conservation Natural Resources
(717) 787-5267 (301) 974-3849
D.C. Department [ District of Columbia
of Consumer and Department of Consumer
Regulatory Affairs and Regulatory Affairs
(202) 727-7577 (202) 767-7370
n Local USDA Soil Conserva- Environmental Protection
tion Service office Agency
E Local Soil Conservation Dis- (301)266-6873
trict office

4L::: L":/, 4 Sm h;'' ?.'.! L.:x'
7,-~,, ,,.~ ,-,! g�J -R.) ~ , D , ,,' (4 (

Maryland
(301) 974-3551

'. I

� Virginia
(804) 257-0970
� Pennsylvania (/ |r
(717) 787-1323
'NOTE: 800 numbers can only be
used within the designated area.

R E $ 0 U R\ C E S

his guide was con- This publication is not
ceived by the Mary- copyrighted. Readers
are encouraged to
/ land State Soil reproduce it for further
Conservation Commit- distribution. Individual
tee, who recognized the need chapters can be copied
for a publication that would and included in your or-
educate individuals about ganization's newsletter
or used as handouts at
\/~ "[~": their role in the Bay eco- meetings. with credit to
system. The Baybook was the Citizens Program for
written and produced by staff the Chesapeake Bay
from a consortium of organi- Additional copies are
available in limited
ID'~! t _ /tzations: University of Mary- number from the Cit-
\ \ s \ _ r land Cooperative Extension izens Program for the
Service, Chesapeake Bay Chesapeake Bay. Inc.,
Foundation, Citizens Program Road.
II tC r Xfor the Chesapeake Bay, U.S. Baltimore. Maryland
('~~~~~ ~~Soil Conservation Service, 21212 (301) 377-6270.
| \-L' I Maryland Department of
,!. Health and Mental Hygiene,
\ \ Kt \ ,,- Maryland Department of Nat-
ural Resources, and Mary-
\ i land Department of
\: ~. ( ~,~ Agriculture.
*r \ . \- ~#-'v(We wish to thank the \
-\ \ \ following individuals for their
' special contributions to this
\. \ \ publication:
\ ~~... \" \ 3Ralph Adkins

Rodney A. Coggin
K>~� . ~Thomas B. DeMoss
\'x " '~ ' Kathy Fitzpatrick
~m,\? \ g, Z, % Frances Flanigan
Katherine Gugulis
*:;j\ - -:2::I:, iX, Janet Hardie Harvey i
/"o \ )t William Magette \
J_ 'j~ p Charles McClurg
( & z ; \ //&/ ) \ ,, -2 ,) Margaret Ordonnez
� 1 N \ / eX tt3 David Pitt
., ,;'> , \ ,c,>, ,WJXKenneth Shanks
r'\,/ \ \ (t'' , 'P" Ann Swanson
- / \ \ ( < ; .......Thomas Turner
Richard Weismiller
000;I -AGle�BEDavid Yost Design and Production:
~ '~ Berns & Kay. Ltd.
The Baybook was funded by a Bernsay. Ltd
grant from the Environmental Washington. D.c.
Protection Agency. Reprinting llusrration LewAzzinaro
1:0I ]fii ~ J C~0[~ = G ~ was made possible by and Timothy Knepp
generous contributions from
a number of corporations and
agencies. Octoher 1987

C K N 0 V L E D G E M E N T S