    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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                         LAKE UNION AND SHIP CANAL HISTORICAL. USE STUDY

                                      by Caroline C. Tobin
                          Planning and Historic Preservation Consultant

                                   V S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA-
                                   C.OASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                   2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                   CHARLESTON SC 29405-24 13

                Report Prepared for:

                Lake Union/Ship Canal/Shilshole Bay
                Water quality Management Program
                   y of Seattle
                   d Use and Transportation Project
           TD      e 1986
           225
            S4       -
           T73
           1986     preparation of this report was financially aided through
                   rant from the Washington State Department of Ecology with
                   ds obtained from the National oceanic and Atmospheric
                   inistration, and appropriated for Section 306b of the
                Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.

                 INTRODUCTION

                 This report is organized into three    major sections. Part I is a
                 brief history of development on Lake Union and the Lake
                 Washington Ship Canal.     Part II describes the types of land and
                 water uses that have historically affected water quality in the
                 Lake and Ship Canal and presents specific information about the
                 Seattle Gas Plant, the Steam Plant, and Fishermen's Terminal.
                 Part III contains a list of suggested sources for researching the
                 historic use of a site.      Appendix A summarizes the sources of
                 water pollution identified in Lake Union and the Ship Canal in a
                 1943 report. A separate memorandum describes specific incidences
                 and sources of pollution mentioned by individuals who were
                 interviewed as part of the research for this report.

                 A set of maps indicating major uses along Lake Union and the Ship
                 Canal has been prepared as part of this report. These maps were
                 compiled from a variety of      sources and are not comprehensive
                 because different information was available for each year.         The
                 maps indicate uses in 1897, 1917-1919, 1931, 1941-1943, 1951-
                 1952, and 1963. The City of Seattle Land Use and Transportation
                 Project has prepared a 1986     map which shows current land uses,
                 including business names.

                 In addition, tables have been compiled which list major uses for
                 each time period covered by the maps.      The tables are organized
                 into the following categories of uses: 1) shipbuilding and
                 boatbuilding; 2) boat and machine repair; 3) marinas and moorage;
                 4) petroleum and related industries; 5) chemical companies; 6)
                 lumber and wood products industries; 7) bulk materials handling
                 (sand, gravel, coal, asphalt, clay, cement); 8) metal products
                 industries;    9) seafood products/fisheries; and          10)   other
                 industries. Information listings on the tables are organized by
                 Ballard, Fremont/Ship Canal, and Lake Union.

                 I. BRIEF HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ON LAKE UNION AND SHIP CANAL

                 The original inhabitants of Lake Union and Salmon Bay were Native
                 Americans affiliated with the Duwamish tribal group, which was
                 part of the Puget Sound Salish peoples.          The Shilshoh group
                 occupied Shilshole Bay, Salmon Bay, and an area northwest of Lake
                 Union.   Another group was located near where the University of
                 Washington is today.     An encampment on the south shore of the
                 lake was a potlatch site and gathering place until the 1870s.
                 The local tribes lived in winter villages and seasonal camps and
                 depended upon the abundant fish, plant, and animal life along
                 rivers, lakes, and Puget Sound for their livelihood. The Indian
                 people called Lake Washington hyas chuck or "big water," and Lake
                 Union was known as tenas chuck or "little water."

                                                   1

                 Originally, the level of Lake Union was about eight feet below
                 Lake Washington. The two lakes were separated by a ridge between
                 Portage Bay and Union Bay, and the waters of Lake Washington
                 flowed through the Black River and the Duwamish River into
                 Elliott Bay. A few small.streams fed Lake Union, and its outlet
                 was a small nonnavigable stream which descended through a narrow,
                 steep channel into Salmon Bay.       Salmon Bay was originally a
                 saltwater tidal inlet; when the Locks were opened in 1916, it was
                 raised to the level of Lake Union and became freshwater.         Lake
                 Washington was lowered to the level of Lake Union, and it drained
                 through the Ship Canal after the digging of the Montlake Cut in
                 1916.

                 In the 1890s, Lake Union was estimated to be about 905 acres in
                 size, compared to about 688 acres in the 1920s, and closer to 600
                 acres today.   At its southwest corner, the water extended about
                 two blocks farther south, and there was a peat bog.              Both
                 Westlake and Fairview Avenues were initially built on pilings.

                 Early Development:_1853-1897
                 The first claim made by a white settler on Lake Union was staked
                 by David Denny in 1853, but he did not move to the area until
                 1870. An important early event in Lake Union's history occurred
                 at a Fourth of July picnic in 1654 at Thomas Mercer's homestead
                  n the south shore. Mercer named Lake Washington after our first
                 president, and Lake Union was named in anticipation of the union
                 0

                 between Lake Washington and Puget Sound.        Its name may also
                 reflect the hoped for union of Washington territory with the
                 United States.

                 In the 1850s, a sawmill was built at Fremont, but it was burned
                 during the 1855-1856 Indian war. The first major industrial use
                 of Lake Union was the shipment of coal in the 1870s.       Coal was
                 moved from the Newcastle mines on the east side of Lake
                 Washington to the lake by a tramway, then carried on a barge to
                 Union Bay.   It was moved via another tram across the "portage"
                 down to Portage Bay, where it was again loaded onto a barge. At
                 the south end of Lake Union, it was moved from the barge onto a
                 train bound for the Pike Street coal bunkers. Not surprisingly,
                 this method of transport proved uneconomical and was abandoned in
                 1877. Brickmaking was another early industry along the lake, and
                 in 1876 two plants produced about 750,000 bricks (Droker, 1977,
                 p.22).

                 In 1882, the Lake Union Lumber and Manufacturing Company built a
                 mill at the south end of Lake Union.     It was purchased by David
                 Denny in 1884, and he operated it as the Western Mill until the
                 mid-1890s when it became the Brace and Hergert Mill. Sawdust from
                 the mill was dumped into the Lake, the beginning of a landfill
                 which eventually covered the small bay at the Lake's southwest
                 corner.

                                                  2

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                    Bay

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                                                                    Waterway

                                       -Aw Shipbuilding and Boatbuilding            v 35
                                           Boat and Machine Repair
                                           Marinas and moorage
                                           Petroleum and Related Industries
                                       ;9  Chemical Companies
                                           Lumber and Wood Product Industries
                                           Bulk Materials Handling
                                       Q@) Metal Products Industries
                                       OtIq Seafood Products and Fisheries
                                       V Other Industries

                                           NOTE: The shoreline indicated on this
                                           map is the current (1986) shoreline; prior
                                           to filling, the lake occupied a larger area at
                                           the time period depicted.

                                                                                          M Mon                         0                  M M

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                                                                                      El                                         NOTE: The shoreline in
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                                                                                                                                 to filling, the lake occup
                                                                                                                                 the time period depicteg

                  Streetcar and railroad construction spurred growth along Lake
                  Union.   After the streetcar line reached its south end, a fleet
                  of boats served settlements on the north shore.          These included
                  the David T. Denny, the Latona, and the Maud Foster.                  The
                  Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railroad was organized in 1886, and
                  by 1888, it linked Ballard and the north shore of Lake Union with
                  downtown.

                  Sawmills were also established at Fremont and Brooklyn, today's
                  University District, and constituted the lake's most important
                  industry until after World War I.        The community of Fremont was.
                  named by Luther Griffith, a Seattle real estate developer, after
                  his home town of Fremont, Nebraska.          Other communities on the
                  north side of Lake Union included Edgewater, east of Fremont, and
                  Latona, between Edgewater and Brooklyn.          These two communities
                  now comprise the Wallingford neighborhood. A settlement known as
                  Ross was on the north side of Queen Anne         Hill, along Nickerson
                  Street, where Seattle Pacific University is today.

                  Even in these early years, the discharge of raw sewage into Lake
                  Union was a pollution issue of local concern. Following the June
                  6, 1889 fire in downtown Seattle, the Lake apparently became a
                  cesspool.    At the same time, a local water company obtained a
                  portion of Seattle's water supply from a point on the Lake's west
                  side.    This prompted the City to develop plans for a sewage
                  system in the area (Phelps, 1957-1971, p. 187).

                  Although sawmills were a major early use on Lake Union, Ballard
                  was the major lumber center of the Seattle area in its heyday.
                  It was named for Captain William Ballard who platted 720 acres on
                  the north shore of Salmon Bay in the 1880s. The Stimson Mill was
                  established in 1888, the first and the largest of Ballard's many
                  sawmills.    Much of the rebuilding of downtown Seattle after the
                  1889 fire was accomplished with lumber from Ballard's mills.

                  The town of Ballard had about 1,200 residents at the time of its
                  incorporation in 1890.      By the turn of the century, Ballard was
                  said to be the largest area of employment north of San Francisco.
                  Its twenty mills constituted the world's largest shingle
                  industry, producing 3 million cedar shingles per day in 1904
                  (Kreisman, 1985, p. 53).        other early industries along Salmon
                  Bay included fishing and shipbuilding.        Fishermen's Terminal was
                  established by the Seattle Port Commission in 1913. originally an
                  independent town, Ballard was annexed to the City of Seattle in
                  1907.   At that time, Ballard's population was 10,000 making it
                  the seventh largest city in the state.

                  The 1897 map shows the many shingle mills and sawmills in Salmon
                  Bay.   Besides the Stimson Mill, other large operations included
                  the Seattle Cedar Lumber Company and the West Coast Manufacturing
                  and Investment Company Mill. Shipbuilders along the bay included
                  T.W. Lake, T.H. Petersen, and E.S. Sorenson. The Ballard Boiler

                                                      3

                  Works and City Dock were other important facilities along
                  Ballard's waterfront.

                  In contrast with Salmon Bay, Lake Union was less industrial in
                  the 1890s.    Besides the Western Sawmill, the Fremont Mill, and
                  the Ferguson Mill at Brooklyn, there was a tannery at Edgewater
                  on the north side of the Lake, and Pacif ic Iron Works was at
                  Fremont.

                  Industrial Growth and Construction of the Ship Canal: 1898-1918
                  In the early years of the twentieth century, an asbestos factory
                  was located in Fremont, and the Pacif ic Ammonia and Chemical
                  Plant was established along Northlake Way in Edgewater in 1906.
                  One of the most important early industrial facilities an the Lake
                  was the Gas Plant, built by the Seattle Lighting Company in 190,6.
                  The effects of its operation are still being felt today in the
                  contaminated soil and lake sediments at Gas Works Park. In 1914,
                  the Seattle Steam Plant was built on Fairview Avenue, another
                  prominent utility structure that remains to this day.              Brief
                  descriptions of the histories of these two facilities are
                  presented in Part II. B, below.

                  At the turn of the century, ownership of the shore lands on Lake
                  Union was unclear, and most upland owners used the abutting
                  underwater property. In 1907, the Lake Union shore lands were
                  sold by the State, in order to provide funds for the Alaska-
                  Yukon-Pacific (AYP) Exposition. Property owners paid ten dollars
                  per foot of waterfront in anticipation of increased values due to
                  the proposed ship canal construction.        The practice of renting
                  moorage space to houseboat owners began at this time.           The AYP
                  Exposition was held on the University of Washington campus in
                  1909, and it celebrated Seattle's important ties with Alaska.
                  During the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897, Seattle had become the
                  chief outfitting port for eager prospectors bound for Alaska.

                  The idea of a link between Lake Washington and Puget Sound began
                  with the early settlement of the area in the 1850s, many years
                  before the Ship Canal was constructed. There were several early
                  attempts to build a canal.          One of the most ambitious was
                  undertaken singlehandedly by Harvey Pike, a resident of Portage
                  Bay.   He believed that if there was an outlet for the waters of
                  Lake Washington, the canal would dig itself.        In 1860, he spent
                  about a week working with his pick, shovel, and wheelbarrow
                  before he abandoned the project.      He apparently made fairly good
                  progress, but construction of a canal was no one man task.

                  Shallow canals between the two lakes and from Lake Union to
                  Salmon Bay were opened by the Lake Washington Improvement Company
                  in 1885-1886. However, these canals were suitable only for small
                  vessels and floating logs, and the canal and wooden locks between
                  Lake Washington and Lake Union were abandoned by 1886.

                                                     4

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                                                .*.*. Bulk Materials Handling
                                                Q9   Metal Products Industries
                                                At* Seafood Products and Fisheries
                                                V Other industries

                                                     NOTE: The shoreline indicated on this
                                                     map is the current (1986) shoreline; prior
                                                     to filling, the lake occupied a larger area at
                                                     the time period depicted.

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                                                                                                       NOTE: The shoreline indi
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                                                                                                       to filling, the lake occupie
                                                                                                       the time period depicted.

                 The construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal between 1911
                 and 1917 was a major stimulus to the industrial growth of Ballard
                 and Lake Union.       Many workers who came to the area lived in
                 temporary quarters    in houseboats on Lake Union.        In 1914, a
                 construction dam at   Fremont broke, and Lake Union dropped 10 feet
                 in 24 hours. Saltwater flowed into the lake for about ten days,
                 and the dam was repaired within six weeks (Chrzastowski, 1983, p.
                 6.)

                 By July of 1916, the Locks opened at Ballard, and on August 25,
                 1916, the Canal was dug at the Montlake Cut. Forty-five million
                 gallons of water flowed into Lake Union, and Lake Washington was
                 lowered more than eight feet. The Canal opened for navigation on
                 May 8, 1917 and was dedicated on the Fourth of July.        The total
                 cost of construction was about $3.7 million.

                 The completion of the Canal combined with the onset of World War
                 I, accelerated the industrial growth of Lake Union and the Ship
                 Canal.    In 1915, William E. Boeing built and tested his first
                 seaplanes on Lake Union.          The first B & W seaplane was
                 constructed at a small hangar at the foot of Roanoke Street in
                 1916 (Droker, 1977, p.51). The    1917-1919 map shows a wide variety
                 of industries and businesses on the lake, including four asphalt
                 plants, four coal companies, a Ford Motor Company Automobile
                 Assembly Plant, several mills and lumber companies, wood products
                 companies, a roofing company, a wool company, several laundries,
                 a brick company, and a canning company (Libby, McNeill & Libby).

                 In 1917-1919, Ballard continued to be a lumber and shipbuilding
                 center.    Among its many shingle mills were Sobe, Campbell,
                 Woodland,   McLaughlin-Taylor,     McDonald,   Motor,    and    Phoenix
                 companies. Other mills included the Stimson Lumber Mill, Seattle
                 Cedar Manufacturing Company, Victoria, Gould, Canal, and Bolcom
                 lumber companies. Shipbuilding and ship repair included Ballard
                 Marine Railway, Allen, Fleming, Vanderwell Melchert, and Meacham
                 & Babcock shipbuilding companies and Gulowsen Grei Engine
                 Company.   Fishing activity was centered at the Port Commission's
                 Salmon Bay Terminal. The Salmon Bay Gravel and Standard Oil
                 companies were established in Ballard by this time, two uses that
                 would expand in the coming years.

                 Diversification and World War 11: 1919-1945
                 During the period from 1919 to 1939, there was a downturn in
                 Seattle's economy. The lumber industry in Ballard and Lake Union
                 began to decline, especially on the Lake.        During these years,
                 however, major new industries sprang up along the Ship Canal,
                 including Foss Tug and Northwest Steel Rolling Mills. Increasing
                 numbers of sand and gravel companies and oil storage facilities
                 were located on Lake Union and the Ship Canal. Although coal and
                 asphalt companies were important on Lake Union in 1917, by the
                 1930s sand and gravel industries were the dominant bulk materials
                 handling activities.     These diverse industrial uses along Lake

                                                   5

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                                   Bulk Materials Handting
                              Q@   Metal Products Industries
                              0*   Seafood Products and Fisheries
                              V    Other Industries

                                   NOTE: The shoreline indicated on this
                                   map is the current (1986) shoreline; prior
                                   to filling, the lake occupied a larger area at
                                   the time period depicted.

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                                                                                                                                NOTE: The shorelinE
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                 Union and the Ship Canal are shown o    n the 1931 map.

                 Shipbuilding contined to be a major activity in Ballard, and more
                 small boatyards were established on Lake Union.         The Lake Union
                 Dry Dock Company was started in 1919 and continues to operate
                 today.    It is touted as the only commercial shipyard for wooden
                 boats on the West Coast.         By the 1930s, Jensen Motor Boat,
                 Blanchard Boat Company, Prothero & McDonald, and Franck &
                 McCrary, were in business.       All of these operations continued
                 until at least the 1960s.

                 The headquarters of the Seattle Yacht Club were on Portage Bay,
                 and the Queen City Yacht Club was on the east side of Lake Union
                 at this time.       Following the first World War, Lake Union was
                 used for as a storage area for a variety of vessels.            Moorage
                 facilities became 'increasingly important on Lake Union, a use
                 that has grown dramatically since World War II.

                 In the 1920s, 1,100 houseboats were blamed for polluting Lake
                 Union and Lake Washington (Droker, p. 73).                 Nonetheless,
                 houseboats were homes for many maritime workers, especially
                 during the Depression in the 1930s.          Ballard and Lake Union
                 businesses were adversely affected by the Great Depression.           By
                 1932, Lake Union, Lake Washington, and the Ship Canal were
                 considered polluted according to a Seattle Engineering Department
                 history (Phelps, 1957-1971, p. 194).

                 Immediately following the Depression, World War II was a boom
                 period for Seattle's waterfront, including Salmon Bay and Lake
                 Union. The major industrial activities along Lake Union and the
                 Ship Canal during World War II are shown on the 1941-1943 map.

                 Shipbuilding became especially important on Lake Union and the
                 Ship Canal as vessels were built and outfitted for war service.
                 Major shipyards in Ballard were Ballard Marine Railway Company,
                 Barbee Marine Yards, Sagstad Shipyard, Seattle Shipbuilding & Dry
                 Dock Company, and Maritime Shipyard.        Lake Union shipyards and
                 boat builders included Lake Union Dry Dock, Franck's Boat
                 Company, Jensen Motor Boat, Blanchard Boat Company, Prothero &
                 McDonald, Grandy Boat Company, Washington Boat Works, Bryant's,
                 and Shain Manufacturing Company. An increasing number of outfits
                 specialized in marine repair.

                 Relative to shipbuilding, moorage decreased during the war. Wood
                 products Industries continued to decline in the area.         The U.S.
                 Coast Guard Wharf was south of the Locks, and the former sawmill
                 site In south Lake Union became the Naval Armory.

                 A 1943 report entitled Sources of Pollution in Lake Washington
                 Canal and Lake Union, described the existing shoreline as lined
                 with concrete bulkheads, fills, docks, industrial plants, and
                 houseboats.    The principal industries were boatbuilding (mostly

                                                    6

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                 boats less than 50 feet in length) , sawmills and woodworking
                 plants, and small machine shops. Moorings and service stations
                 for small craft were found throughout the area, and storage dumps
                 for water-transported oil and gravel were located in several
                 areas.   A considerable amount of raw sewage was dumped directly
                 into the Lake and Canal from houseboats, industries, and some
                 residences near the shores.

                 The report listed 15 boatbuilding operations; 10 machine shops
                 and metal products industries; 12 fuel companies, storage and
                 service   stations; 8 sand, gravel, concrete, and asphalt
                 companies; 10 lumber and wood products operations; the Seattle
                 Gas Plant; the City Light Power Plant; Fishermen's Terminal;
                 Libby, McNeill & Libby; Foss Tug Company; two yacht clubs; and
                 four other industries along the Ship Canal and Lake Union. Other
                 sources of pollution included 759 houseboats, direct sewer
                 outfalls, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs).        The sources of
                 pollution enumerated in the report are summarized in Appendix A.

                 The most significant sources of pollution were the Seattle Gas
                 Plant and the fishing boats at Fishermen's Terminal. At the Gas
                 Plant, there were six outlets discharging wastes into the Lake
                 which included a  considerable amount of oil, and deposits of tar
                 and other waste materials. Fish kills were reported in the
                 vicinity of the   operation, attributed to the large quantity of
                 oil in the water. At Fishermen's Terminal, the primary sources of
                 pollution were    wood scraps, oil, bilge sludge, and metal
                 trimmings.    The Gas Plant, Fishermen's Terminal and the City
                 Light Steam Plant are discussed separately in Section II. B,
                 below.   Clearly, by the 1940s, water pollution was becoming a
                 problem in Lake Union and the Ship Canal.

                 Post World War II Development: 1946-1963
                 Immediately following World   @ar II, some of the shipbuilders and
                 boatyards on Lake Union and the Ship Canal became involved in
                 ship breaking (demolition) or marine repair. During the postwar
                 years, the Ballard waterfront remained primarily industrial, with
                 shipbuilding and repair, fishing moorage, fish processing,
                 plywood, and metal products industries.

                 On Lake Union, however, industrial activities began to give way
                 to other uses.    offices, restaurants, and apartments were built
                 along its shores, and the number of marinas and small boat sales
                 operations mushroomed.     Fishing boat moorage and marine repair
                 were common.    By the 1950s and 1960s, many lakeside businesses
                 were involved in  several activities, such as moorage, boat sales,
                 and marine repair and service.     Other businesses included marine
                 transportation including floatplane and cruise services, a
                 floating restaurant (Four Winds), Belknap Glass, paint companies,
                 warehouse facilities, and other miscellaneous businesses.          The
                 1952-1953 and 1963 maps illustrate postwar trends on the Lake and
                 Ship Canal.

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                                                                                                                               19

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                                                            Salmon Bay
                                                             Watefway

                                                                  Q9
                                                                      v                                            LKI

                           ,Mw  Shipbuilding and Boatbuilding
                           m4   Boat and Machine Repair                                                          <'
                           It   Marinas and Moorage                                       It                      0*0
                                Petroleum and Related Industries
                                Chemical Companies
                           0    Lumber and Wood Product Industries
                                Bulk Materials Handling
                           Q@l  Metal Products Industries
                           90*  Seafood Products and Fisheries
                           V    Other Industries

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                                                                  Lake                                   --c Boat and Machine
                                                                 Union       Moe                         It Marinas and Moorg
                                                                               v
                                                    VIV                                                  11 Petroleum and Rel
                                                         v                                est            ;9 Chemical Compani
                                                         -VC                                             ie Lumber and Wood
                                                         't                     law                      .,**. Bulk Materials Ban
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                                                   V@4                                                   Aftv Seafood Products
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                 Two large shipyards were established during this time. By 1963,
                 the Marine Design and Construction Company was operating on the
                 south side of Salmon Bay, and Marine Power and Equipment had its
                 facility on Northlake Way.

                 During the construction of Interstate 5 in the early sixties,
                 fill material was placed on the south shore of Lake Union in
                 several locations.     This included in Waterway 7, along Fairview
                 Avenue, and along Westlake Avenue.         Islands created of lake-
                 bottom mud and clay were apparently forced to the surface by
                 pressure from the fill dirt (Seattle Times, May 17, 1962 and July
                 30, 1962).    This led to an outcry for cleaning up Lake Union,
                 similar to the concern about Lake Washington in the late 1950s.
                 Filling was halted, and the Lake remained the basic shape we know
                 today.   Lake Union was probably at its most polluted before all
                 houseboats were finally hooked up to sewers in the 1960s, as part
                 of the METRO sewage improvements. This predated the enactment of
                 major environmental legislation, including the State Shoreline
                 Management Act and strict federal water quality regulations in
                 the 1970s.

                 Recent Trends: 1964-1986
                 Since the 1960s, the amount of industrial land on Lake Union has
                 continued to decrease. In Ballard/Salmon Bay, however, the
                 majority of the waterfront has remained industrial and water
                 dependent.*     Several studies of past uses of Lake Union are
                 available, and the changing patterns of land use on Lake Union
                 between 1920 and 1982 are shown on Table 1.            This shows the
                 dramatic decrease in industrial and manufacturing land, lesser
                 decrease in residential land, and strong Increases in business-
                 commercial and public lands.

                 A study of Seattle's commercial and industrial shorelines was
                 undertaken in 1982 by the Department of Construction and Land
                 Use, and the results are presented in Seattle's Commercial and
                 Industrial Shorelines: Inventory Background ReRort.         The report
                 acknowledges that Lake Union has evolved from a "working lake" to
                 a mixture of marine-oriented commercial and industrial uses with
                 marinas, houseboats, restaurants, offices, and residences along
                 its shores.      Portage Bay has remained less developed with
                 businesses and the University of Washington on its north shore,
                 and two yacht    clubs, houseboats, and residences on its other
                 shores.

                 *Water-dependent uses are those which are dependent on a
                 waterfront location due to the basic nature of their operations
                 and cannot exist in any other place.        Water- or marine-related
                 uses are those which are not by nature dependent on the water but
                 which cannot operate economically without a waterfront location.

                                                    8

                  TABLE 1: LAKE UNION LAKESHORE TRENDS

                                                    Percent of Total Shoreline Acreage
                                                    1948-      1954-
                  Use                   1920        1950       1958       1962       1982

                  -----------------------------------------------------------------
                  Residential           27.6        26.4       21.0       13.6       12.3
                    Single Family
                    Houseboats
                    Duplexes
                    Apartments

                  Business-
                  Commercial*             9.3       23.4       31.7       39.4       48.8
                    Neighborhood Business
                    Community Business
                    Covered Moorage
                    Open Moorage
                    Commercial

                  Manufacturing
                  Industry              55.9        42.5       37.1       33.6         7.2
                    Manufacturing
                    General Industry
                    Heavy Industry

                  Public &
                  Semi-Public             0.0         3.7        7.0        7.3      30.4
                    Utilities
                    Institutional
                    Recreational

                  Vacant Land             7.2         4.0        3.2        6.1        1.3

                                        -----      -----     ------       -----      -----
                  Total                 100.0       100.0      100.0      100.0      100.0

                  -----------------------------------------------------------------
                    In the original sources, business and commercial are listed
                  separately. Following are the more specific breakdowns:

                                        1920     1948-50    1954-58       1962       1982
                  Business                Y_.3        8.3      18.0       19.1       25.2
                    Neighborhood Business
                    Community Business
                    Covered Moorage
                    Open Moorage

                  Commercial              8.0       15.1       13.7       20.3       23.6

                       .Source: City of Seattle Planning Commission. September 1963.
                        Lake Union Study; and Jacobson, Phillip. 1983. Lake Union
                        1983.

                                                      9

                  The Ballard industrial area is characterized by a variety of
                  water dependent and marine-related industries on both sides of
                  Salmon Bay.    Fishermen's Terminal is a major activity center on
                  the south side.         Although Ballard has remained primarily
                  industrial, its limited transportation access may hamper its
                  future development.      The old Ballard Mill site is vacant, and
                  Honeywell is leaving its facility at the former Stimson Mill
                  site.       Champion International Corporation, a plywood
                  manufacturer, has closed its operation near the southeast corner
                  of the Ballard Bridge, the site of lumber activities since the
                  early 20th century.

                  A summary of the findings of the Commercial and Industrial
                  Shorelines Inventory for the Ship Canal, Lake Union, and Portage
                  Bay is presented in Table 2. Categories in Table 2 are based on
                  water dependency and do not relate directly to the land and water
                  use categories for Lake Union in Table 1.          Total waterfrontage
                  for each area listed in Table 2 is: Ship Canal - 26,045 feet;
                  Lake Union - 25,830 feet; and Portage Bay - 8,816 feet.

                  TABLE 2: WATER DEPENDENT USES ON WATERFRONT LOTS, 1982

                                            Percentage of Waterfrontage In Each Area
                  Category                    Ship Canal       Lake Union     Portage Bay

                  WD-Industrial/Commercial           57.8           27.7               9.7
                  WD-Recreation                      18.0           24.2              46.9
                  WD-Both                             3.1           13.0
                  Water-Related                      12.0            1.5
                  Multi-including WD                  7.5           15.0              13.4
                  Marine-Related                      0.5            0.5
                  Floating Home                                     11.1              24.9
                  Not WD or Water-Related             0.1            5.1               5.1
                  Vacant                              1.0            1.9

                                                   ------          ------          ------
                       TOTALS                       100.0          100.0             100.0

                       WD = Water Dependent

                  Source: City of Seattle, Department of Construction and Land Use.
                  September 1983. Seattle's Commercial and Industrial Shorelines:
                  Inventory Background Report.

                  The inventory percentages show a marked contrast in the amount of
                  water dependent industrial /commercial use in the Ship Canal in
                  comparison to Lake Union and Portage Bay.            Also, there is a
                  significant amount of recreational waterfront area in Portage Bay
                  and Lake Union.      Water-related industry and commerce is more
                  common on the Ship Canal than on Lake Union, and multiple use
                  activities occupy more land on Lake Union and Portage Bay than on

                                                     10

                  the Canal. Floating homes are limited to Lake Union and Portage
                  Bay.   The Commercial and Industrial Shorelines Inventory is the
                  most recent report which provides a comprehensive overview of the
                  current shoreline use patterns on Lake Union and the Ship Canal.

                  II. EFFECTS OF HISTORIC USES ON WATER QUALITY IN LAKE UNION AND
                       THE SHIP CANAL

                  The types of industrial and commercial uses and their potential
                  impacts on water quality in Lake Union and the Ship Canal are
                  discussed in this section.         Because few historical data are
                  available about specific water quality effects, this discussion
                  is general. Appendix A lists the sources of pollution that were
                  identified in a 1943 report about water quality in Lake Union and
                  the Ship Canal. A separate memorandum notes specific incidences
                  of pollution described by METRO, Department of Ecology, Puget
                  Sound Water Quality Authority, Seattle Harbor Patrol, and City
                  Department of Construction and Land Use staff.            Because this
                  information is not documented, it is presented separately from
                  the rest of this report.

                  A. Types of Uses and Potential Water Quality Effects

                  Shipyards and Boat Building
                  Shipyards and small boat builders have been common on Salmon Bay
                  since the turn of the century and on Lake Union since World War
                  I,    of all the uses, shipbuilding presents some of the most
                  severe hazards to water quality.          Ship construction and ship
                  breaking is far more significant than     small boatyards in terms of
                  potential water quality impacts.         Sandblasting removes bottom
                  paint which contains toxic substances including metals such as
                  tin and copper. In addition to bottom paint, shipbuilding wastes
                  typically include arsenic, rust, marine growth, paint thinner and
                  other solvents, fuel, and lubricating oil.         Slag materials from
                  the   ASARCO    smelter    in   Tacoma   were    apparently    used    in
                  sandblasting, contributing lead and other metals that have been
                  deposited in Lake and Ship Canal sediments.

                  The impacts of smaller boat building operations are similar to
                  those associated with shipbuilding, but of a lesser magnitude.
                  However, the cumulative impacts of boat builders may be
                  considerable, especially on Lake Union.             Heavy metals are
                  deposited in sediments in the Lake and Ship Canal. Dredging and
                  other activities can stir up these sediments, thereby releasing
                  toxic heavy metals into the water column. However, ship and boat
                  building are water-dependent uses, and if operations are
                  carefully carried out, water pollution is minimal. It is likely
                  that   past    activities    were     more  polluting    than    present
                  shipbuilding, especially prior to the mid-1970s when major
                  environmentaland water quality regulations took effect.

                                                     11

                 Boat Repair and Machine Repair
                 Boat and machine repair have occurred along Lake Union and the
                 Ship Canal since before the turn of the century. Wherever there
                 are boats, there is a demand for repair and service. The impacts
                 of boat and machine repair on water quality are similar to those
                 associated with ship and boat building, but usually of a lesser
                 magnitude.     Oil spills may result from these activities,
                 especially  around marine service stations. Paint and some metals
                 could also  enter the water.    Sandblasting dislodges bottom paint
                 which contains toxic substances that may enter the water.

                 Marinas and Moorage
                 The proliferation of marinas is a relatively recent phenomenon,
                 with a dramatic increase since World War Il.              Recreational
                 marinas and commercial moorage have similar water quality
                 impacts.   Potential pollution from moorage and marinas includes
                 bilge waste, lubricating oil, oil spill from fuel docks, paint,
                 metals, cleaning solvents, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
                 (PAHs, produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels).
                 Liveaboards may increase the pollution associated with marinas,
                 especially coliforms from sewage discharged from holding tanks.

                 Petroleum Storage and Related Industries
                 The most likely adverse impacts of petroleum storage on water
                 quality are associated with oil spills when loading and
                 unloading, spills from overwater storage tanks, and leakage from
                 nearshore tanks that may leach into the water.            Contaminated
                 wastewater may also be discharged from refining operations. The
                 most significant pollution source on Lake Union was the Gas
                 Plant, and its effects will continue to be felt in the coming
                 years.   The history and operation of the Gas Plant is discussed
                 briefly in II. B, below.

                 Chemical Companies
                 Chemical companies may discharge wastes which can enter storm
                 drains and contribute contaminants to the water and sediments.
                 Only one chemical company is shown on the maps, the Pacific
                 Ammonia and Chemical Company which was located on Northlake Way
                 between 1906 and the 1930s.

                 Lumber and Wood Products Industries
                 In the late 19th and early 20th century, Ballard was a community
                 dominated by sawmills and shingle mills.       Lake Union, too, had
                 several sawmills and an assortment of wood products industries.
                 Log storage was common on the Lake and Ship Canal, and leaching
                 from wood chips and bark may have contributed organic wastes to
                 the water and sediments.       By the 1920s and 1930s, the local
                 sawmills and wood products industries had begun to decline.
                 Recently, Champion International Corporation closed its plywood
                 operation on the Ship Canal, signalling the end of the lumber
                 industry in the area.

                                                   12@

                 Pollution associated with sawmills and wood products industries
                 includes the dumping of sawdust, wood chips, and other wood
                 wastes.    Decaying sawdust uses up the oxygen in the water,
                 increasing biological oxygen demand (BOD). It is likely that the
                 first filling around the early sawmills was sawdust and wood
                 wastes.    Nonetheless, the impacts of sawmills were much less
                 deleterious than the effluent discharged by pulp mills.           Early
                 pulp operations in Shelton, Tacoma, and Everett had severe
                 effects on shellfish in nearby areas.

                 Bulk Materials Handling (sand, gravel, coal, asphalt, clay,
                 cement)
                 Bulk materials movement is another common industry along Lake
                 Union and the Ship Canal. In the early years, coal from mines in
                 Newcastle was shipped on Lake Union, and several coal bunkers and
                 operations were on the Lake in 1917. Asphalt plants were another
                 industry found on the Lake In 1917, and the City's Asphalt Plant
                 remained until the 1960s.          The Washington Asphalt Company
                 continues to operate on the Ship Canal today.         The impacts of
                 coal and asphalt include oils, chemicals, and PAHs, similar to
                 the effects producedby the Gas Plant.

                 More recently, there have been sand and gravel operations on the
                 Lake and Ship Canal, although these have diminished in recent
                 years.    Impacts of these industries on water quality include
                 increased sedimentation and temporarily increased turbidity.
                 These sediments may contain metals that could adversely affect
                 water quality.

                 More significant, however, are the effects of cement operations.
                 Cement plants on the Duwamish River, and possibly on Lake Union
                 and the Ship Canal, used slag materials from the ASARCO smelter
                 in Tacoma, contributing toxic heavy metals that have been
                 deposited in bottom sediments.      Also, cement wastes dumped into
                 the water have congealed into structures beneath the surface
                 which constitute navigational hazards as well as affecting water
                 quality.

                 Metal Products Industries
                 Metal products industries in the area include the Salmon Bay
                 Foundry (later Ballard Foundry), Northwest Steel Rolling Mills, a
                 Ford Motor Company Automobile Assembly Plant near Lake Union,
                 Coolidge Propeller Company, Fentron Steel Works, and others. The
                 pollutants discharged by these industries include metals, PAHs,
                 and process wastewater.       The  Pacific Iron Works and Asbestos
                 Factory was located in Fremont at the turn of the century, and
                 contributed iron, asbestos, and    other pollutants to the water and
                 bottom sediments in the area.      These toxicants, similar to those
                 contributed by shipbuilding, could persist for many years in
                 bottom sediments.    However, metal products industries have been
                 fairly limited in the Lake Union/Ship Canal area.

                                                    13

                 Seafood Products and Fisheries
                 Seafood products and fisheries industries have been associated
                 with Fishermen's Terminal in Ballard and on Lake Union at the
                 Libby, McNeill & Libby facility. Although Ballard developed as a
                 fishing port early on, there is minimal information about
                 historical fish processing activities. More recently, there have
                 been several fish and seafood operations on the Ship Canal and
                 Lake Union, but they have primarily provided moorage and boat
                 repair facilities.

                 Pollution sources from seafood products industries would include
                 waste    scraps,   paints,   solvents,   and   process     wastewater.
                 Historically, waste products do not constitute a major problem
                 because these materials would naturally decompose over time.
                 Seafood products and fisheries activities do not appear to be a
                 major cause of water quality degradation in the Ship Canal and
                 Lake Union.

                 Sewage
                 Although not an industry, raw sewage from houseboats, industries,
                 and residents along the Lake and Ship Canal was a water quality
                 problem in the past.      This collectively contributed to a high
                 biological oxygen demand in the water, causing adverse effects on
                 fish and plant life.      However, the construction of the METRO
                 sewage system in the 1960s significantly improved water quality.
                 Nonethless, combined sewer overflows are a major problem today,
                 and on a-lesser scale, the discharge of raw sewage from holding
                 tanks of liveaboards at marinas is a continuing concern.

                 Filling
                 Another special category, filling, has contributed to water
                 quality degradation in the past because of the kinds of materials
                 dumped into the water.      Originally, Lake Union and Salmon Bay
                 were used as dumping grounds for a variety of waste materials.
                 Sawdust and wood wastes were dumped into the water as was other
                 refuse. Lake Union has decreased in area from 905 acres to about
                 600 acres due to filling. Major filling had taken place by 1912
                 in the south end bay, along Westlake Avenue, and on the north
                 shore (Droker, 1977, p. 51).      Fill was dumped along the south
                 shore of Lake Union during the construction of Interstate 5 in
                 the early 1960s, and it pushed up the islands discussed above.
                 Filling in Lake Union has been halted since about 1962.

                 Railroads
                 Major railroad lines were constructed along Lake Union and the
                 Ship Canal in the 1880s.       Coal slag was introduced into the
                 water, soil, and sediments, increasing biological oxygen demand,
                 and PAHs may have entered the water as well.       These impacts are
                 primarily historic, because most railroads along the Lake and
                 Ship Canal are no longer used, and the old Seattle Lake Shore and
                 Eastern route has become the Burke Gilman bicycle and pedestrian
                 trail.

                                                  14

                 Other Industries and Activities
                 A major use on Lake Union is the City Light Lake Union Steam
                 Plant, discussed briefly in B. below. In the early 20th century
                 there were several laundries along or near Lake Union which
                 probably dumped wastewater containing detergents into the Lake.
                 Gasoline service stations on nearby streets may have contributed
                 to pollution of the Lake and Ship Canal because of stormwater
                 runoff.    Glass operations, paint sales, restaurants, seaplane
                 flying services, and a range of other commercial and industrial
                 uses may have added contaminants to the water and sediments.

                 Creosote and wood preservatives used on wooden pilings and docks
                 on Lake Union and the Ship Canal would have introduced toxic
                 organic chemicals into the water.

                 Urban stormwater also contributes to water quality problems,
                 especially street and highway runoff which contains metals from
                 tire wear particles and brake fluid, oil,         grease, and other
                 contaminants.    Air pollution and a variety of urban non-point
                 pollution sources affect water quality in Lake Union and the Ship
                 Canal.    Parking lots and other impervious        surfaces near the
                 shoreline contribute pollutants to stormwater      runoff that enters
                 the water.     Although this report focuses       on uses along the
                 shoreline, upland uses also significantly affect water quality in
                 the Lake and Ship Canal, primarily through stormwater runoff.

                 B. Brief History of the Gas Plant, Steam Plant, and Fishermen's
                 Terminal

                 Seattle Gas Plant
                 In 1906, the Seattle Lighting Company built the Gas Plant on the
                 north shore of Lake Union. Originally, the facility was a coal-
                 compressing plant, and gas was generated from the high
                 temperature cooking of coal. The Gas Plant was Seattle's largest
                 private utility in its time, and it was operated by the Seattle
                 Lighting Company until 1930, when the name was changed to the
                 Seattle   Gas   Company.       Originally,   manufactured    gas    was
                 distributed through 137 miles of main (Haag, 1971, p. 1).           The
                 plant spewed smoke, soot, and cinders, and little attention         was
                 given to maintaining environmental quality in the face of
                 progress associated with the industrial facility.

                 During the mid-1930s, the gas production facilities included six
                 water gas generating sets with a total capacity of 6,600,000
                 cubic feet of gas, based on the use of heavy oil and coal
                 briquets as solid fuel (Haag, 1971, p. 22). Because of the high
                 cost of operating the coke oven and the water gas manufacturing
                 sets, oil gas generators were installed in 1937. The company had
                 1,071 miles of main in 1954, and its service areas included
                 Seattle, Renton, Tukwila, and Kent.         The number of customers

                                                   15

                 served decreased from about 43,198 in 1940, to 36,200 in 1954.
                 During the 1940s, the plant also produced Gasco briquets,
                 toluene, solvent naptha, xylene, and resin tar. The peak
                 production day occurred in 1950, when 148,000 therms of gas
                 (equivalent to 29,600,000 cubic feet of gas at 500 BTU's per
                 cubic foot) were produced (Haag, 1971, p. 22).

                 The plant emitted steam and oily wastes, and tar and sludge
                 accumulated as waste by-products. Production ended in 1956, when
                 natural gas piped from the southwest was available. The City of
                 Seattle began to acquire the property in 1962, and the
                 transaction was completed in 1973.      Gas Works Park, designed by
                 landscape architect Richard Haag, opened in 1975.           The park
                 occupies a 20.5 acre tract, with about 1900 feet of waterfront.

                 Most of the shoreline in the area of the park is rubble fill.
                 Much of the southwest area has been capped by a 50-foot mound of
                 soil. The central area of the park was saturated with oil, tar,
                 and other industrial wastes. The northern edge of the property,
                 where the plant's largest holding tank was located, was also
                 saturated with tar and oil (Haag, 1971, p. 12).

                 Historically, the Gas Plant was one of the worst polluters on
                 Lake Union. . It discharged carcinogenic PAHs into the Lake which
                 were taken up by bottom sediments. The soils near the plant also
                 contain high PAH levels.

                 A 1943 report on Sources of Pollution of Lake Washinaton Canal
                 and Lake Union, singled out the gas generating plant as one of
                 the greatest sources of pollution in the Lake.           Six outlets
                 discharged wastes into Lake Union including cooling water from
                 the oil spray of a gas machine, two outlets discharging blow down
                 from steam boilers which contained chemicals used to soften and
                 treat the water, condensed steam, yard drain through a filter
                 box, and cooling water.     Several of these outlets allowed oily
                 wastewater to reach the Lake (Foster, 1943, pp. 5-6).

                 In addition, drain water containing some oil entered the plant's
                 circulation system, and water from "scrubbers" which washed the
                 gas discharged into a sump where tar and other materials
                 collected on the surface.      Tar was removed and burned in the
                 boilers.    Surplus water from the plant flowed into the City
                 sewer, and eventually into Puget Sound.          Apparently, at an
                 earlier time oil had accumulated at a siphon in the sewer line;
                 subsequently improvements were made in the plant's oil separation
                 device.    Fish kills were reported in the vicinity caused by
                 substantial amounts of oil in the water.      Accidental spills had
                 resulted from breakage of a jacket which enclosed an oil spray.
                 In these instances, a large quantity of oil was discharged into
                 the water cooling system and drained into the Lake (Foster, 1943,
                 pp. 6-7).     It is likely that the Gas Plant was even more
                 polluting in its early years, when it was coal-fired.

                                                  16

                 City Light Lake Union Steam Plant
                 The Steam Plant was built by Seattle City Light in 1914, with
                 additions in 1918 and 1921.       The generation of electricity was
                 extremely Important to Seattle, and its completion was widely
                 celebrated. The 10,000 kilowatt coal-fired plant first generated
                 electricity in 1916 (Droker, 1977, p.51). As a result of the two
                 additions, its capacity was increased to 40,000 kilowatts
                 produced from three coal-powered generators (Boyle and Deines,
                 1979, p.253).

                 Today, the Steam Plant is rarely operated but is used for
                 emergency stand-by, and occasionally for peaking when additional
                 capacity is necessary. Its primary effect on water pollution has
                 .been the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in oil used in its
                 electrical transformers.      PCBs are considered carcinogenic and
                 teratogenic. Until the 1970s, transformer oil commonly contained
                 PCBs. Recently, a batch of fuel oil stored at the site has been
                 found to be contaminated with PCBs. Safe disposal of this fuel
                 oil has become an environmental issue of local concern.

                 Fishermen's Terminal
                 The Seattle Port Commission established the Salmon Bay fishing
                 terminal in 1913, when the Ship Canal and Locks were under
                 construction      Several docks and a machine shop were built in
                 1913.    The terminal's oldest tenant, the Fishing Vessels Owner
                 Marine Ways, has been at the facility since 1916. When the Locks
                 were completed in 1916, the level of Salmon Bay was raised, and
                 the existing docks had to be built up about six feet.                The
                 terminal was originally built to handle small boats about 27 feet
                 long, compared to, today's 200-foot fishing boats (Silkworth,
                 personal communication, 1986).

                 Use of the terminal was relatively low until the late 1940s. The
                 1943 report on Sources of Pollution of Lake Washington Canal and
                 Lake Union identified the area as one of the most polluted on the
                 Ship Canal.     Marine repair resulted in the discharge of wood
                 scraps, oil wastes, bilge sludge, and metal trimmings.               The
                 problem was exacerbated by the cumulative effects of many
                 individual activities within a small area (Foster, 1943, pp. 18-
                 19).

                 Because of increased use of Fishermen's Terminal, $1 million from
                 a port bond issue approved in 1948 was allocated to the expansion
                 of the facility.     Major improvements were made between 1948 and
                 1950, primarily to serve the Northwest fishing fleet.            Twenty
                 acres were purchased on the west side, where the West Wall is
                 today.    An improved roadway and interchange were constructed.
                 Net sheds were built, and the Wharf Restaurant opened in 1952.
                 An office building was constructed in 1956.          Today, there are
                 plans to expand the Fishermen's Terminal, including a possible
                 new office-retail complex, a fish market, and a large dock for

                                                    17

                 catcher processing ships (Silkworth, personal communication,
                 1986).

                 III. SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE HISTORIC USE OF A
                 SITE

                 The final section of this report lists sources to be consulted in
                 determining the historic use of a site.       Although the focus of
                 this research was not specific sites, the suggested procedure is
                 based on the research undertaken for this project.

                 The following sources are suggested for determining the historic
                 use of a site: 1) assessor's records, 2) Polk and other city
                 directories, 3) building permits and drawings, and 4) maps and
                 atlases.   It is recommended that several sources of information
                 be consulted because historical records are sometimes incomplete
                 and may be difficult to use or interpret. No one source contains
                 a great deal of information about property use.        As a starting
                 point for research, it is useful to know the property address and
                 names of current or recent property owners.

                 0    Assessor's Records.       The Regional Branch of the State
                      Archives (764-4276) has real property record cards from
                      1937-1973.    In order to use these records, the Assessor's
                      Account Number and Block Number (if applicable) must be
                      obtained from the King County Department of Assessments
                      (344-7304).      The cards include building data, legal
                      description, construction and remodeling dates, photographs,
                      and appraisal history for all parcels of real property in
                      King County.

                      Current computer listings of Assessor's Accounts at the King
                      County Department of Assessments include such data as:
                      owner, property name, current land use, zoning, year built
                      (not always available), assessed value history from 1981,
                      recent sales history, and legal description.

                 0    Polk and Other City Directories.         These directories are
                      available at the Seattle Public Library, University of
                      Washington Libraries, and the Department of Community
                      Development, Office of Urban Conservation. Polk directories
                      have been published almost every year since 1889.           Early
                      directories include alphabetical listings by business or
                      resident's name, and classified listings by type of
                      business, similar to the Yellow Pages but do not list
                      occupants by street address.     Since 1938, there are street
                      address listings in addition to alphabetical and classified
                      listings.   For businesses, the type of activity is usually
                      noted.

                 0    Building Permits and Drawings.          The City of Seattle

                                                  18

                     Department of Construction and Land Use (625-2303) has cards
                     for building permits issued since the 1890s.      These cards
                     are arranged by address and include permit numbers, date of
                     application, brief description of structure to be built or
                     type of alteration, number of stories, construction type,
                     and occupancy (use).

                     Commercial building plans since about 1920 are available on
                     microfilm from the Department of Construction and Land Use
                     (625-5699). These drawings are filed by street address and
                     include permit numbers.    Building permits since about 1894
                     are also available on microfilm.       However, most permits
                     prior to 1915 are not indexed.

                0    Maps   and Atlases.      Historical maps include Sanborn
                     Insurance, Kroll, Polk, and other maps. These can be found
                     at   the   University    of  Washington Libraries Special
                     Collections, Seattle Public Library, Government Research
                     Assistance Branch of Seattle Public Library, Seattle
                     Department of Community Development (land use maps from 1948
                     to present), Seattle Department of Construction and Land
                     Use, Seattle Engineering Department, and Kroll Map Company.
                     The Museum of History and Industry also has a collection of
                     historic maps, including Sanborn Insurance Maps, but these
                     are uncatalogued and not available for review by the public
                     at this time.

                In addition to these sources, interviews with past property
                owners and people who lived or worked at the site may be
                invaluable. Also, present'and past owners, workers, or residents
                of adjacent property may be helpful in describing the historic
                uses of a particular site.

                                                19

                 APPENDIX A: SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN LAKE UNION AND THE SHIP CANAL
                 IN 1943

                 The following information is summarized from a 1943 report
                 entitled Sources of Pollution of Lake Washington Canal and Lake
                 Union.

                 Business            Description of Sources of Pollution

                 Major Sources
           Seattle Gas Plant         Six outlets including oily wastewater, boiler
                                     blow down, yard drain, etc.      See separate
                                     discussion of Gas Plant in II., B. above.
           U.S. Plywood Corporation  Extensive sawdust fill at water's edge; about
                                     60 gallons of glue per day into Salmon Bay;
                                     sawdust in water under mill.
           Fishermen's Terminal      Boat repair including wood scraps, oil
                                     wastes, bilge sludge, metal trimmings, etc.
                                     in water. Significant overall effect.
           Washington Asphalt CO.    Spilled oil draining into Canal; recommended
                                     that a sump be installed.
           Fish boat moorings in     Considerable amount of debris, oil and grease
                 N. Salmon Bay       from bilge water.
           Pioneer and Glacier       Spillage of sand and gravel; washings from
                 Sand & Gravel       concrete mixing plants entered Lake; layer of
                                     concrete in water; increased turbidity.
           Shain Mfg. Co. and        Appreciable amount of wood wastes entered
                 Grandy Boat Co.     Lake.
           759 Houseboats            Discharge of raw sewage into water.

                 Minor Sources
           Stimson Mill Company      Pile of sawdust which extended into Canal.
           Lake Union Dry Dock       Oil spills, some bilge wastes, and discharge
                                     of raw sewage into Lake.
           Wayland Mill Company      Small amount of sawdust, bark, etc. entered
                                     water.
           Lake Union Fuel Company   Past spillage of sawdust.
           Wellington Fuel Company   Slight amount of coal spillage.
           Woodyard east of NPRR     Sawdust disposed in water.
                 Bridge
           Olson.& Winge Boatbldg.   Sewage dumped into Canal.
           NW Steel Rolling Mills    Waste cooling/wash water and sanitary sewage
                                     into Canal; small amount of metal waste.
           Phoenix Shingle Co.       Wastewater from water circulating system in
                                     sawdust burner.
           Spar Manufacturers        Past dumping of sawdust at edge of Canal.
           Salmon Bay Sand & Gravel  Slight spillage of sand and gravel.
           Frank's Marine Repair     Occasionally grease entered water.
           Coolidge Propeller Co.    Sanitary sewage.
           City Light Steam Plant    Condenser water from boilers.
           Model Washington Laundry  Small amount of cooling water.

                                                 20

           Business             Description of Sources of Pollution

                Minor Sources continued
           Kreitel's Cabinet Works   Some wood scraps and sawdust dumped on bank
                                     of Canal entered water.
           Nicholson Concrete Pipe   Waste mixture and washings dumped on bank of
                Company              Canal.
           Foss Company              Slight contamination from service and repair.
           Fishing Vessel Owners     Past dumping of lathe turnings and other
                Marine Ways, Inc.    metal scraps into Canal.
           Houseboat Machine Shop    Some metal scraps entered water.
                of Akervick Bros.
           Petrich Machine Works     Some metal scraps dumped behind bulkhead
                                     reached Canal.

                Minimal Sources
           U. of Wash. Shellhouse    Minimal sawdust waste.
           Jerry Bryant's Marina     Minimal petroleum spillage.
           Small boat moorings at    Bilge wastes; impacts associated with general
                Portage Bay          upkeep and repair.
           Petroleum Navigation Co.  Minimal oil spillage.
           Standard Oil Marine       Negligible petroleum wastes.
                Service Station
           General Petroleum Co.     Negligible spillage.
           Standard Oil Dock         No appreciable wastes.
           Associated Oil Dock       No appreciable wastes.
           Ballard Marine Rwy Co.    Minimal debris-- wood scraps, shavings, etc.
           Seattle Yacht Club        Minimal contamination from boats.
           Queen City Yacht Club     Minimal contamination from boats.
           Stewart's Marine Serv.    Negligible quantities of waste.
           McCarty's Repair Shop     Negligible wastes.
           Seattle Asphalt Company   Negligible spillage.
           Signal Gas Marine Serv.   Few oil and gas drippings.
           Graystone Concrete        Washings dumped on bank of Canal (minimal
                Products Company     pollution).
           Maritime Marine Ways      No appreciable amount of waste entered water.
           Union Oil Company         Negligible spillage.

                Note: Most wood and sawdust wastes were burned.       This was not
                considered a pollution source in 1943, even though it probably
                resulted in PAHs which entered the water and were taken up by
                bottom sediments.

                In addition to the sources of pollution listed above, there were
                six direct sewer outfalls, four of which discharged into Portage
                Bay. There were also 21 combined sewer overflows along the Lake
                and Ship Canal in 1943.

                Source: Foster, Richard F. March 1943. Sources of Pollution of
                Lake Washington Canal and Lake Union. State Pollution Commission,
                Bulletin No. 28.

                                                 21

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                                                   22

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                                                24

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