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c' WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF STORMWATER RUNOFF IN TRIBUTARIES OF THE ASHLEY RIVER ESTUARY CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA COASrAL ZC-,Np "'r '01114A-Fjopq R Al S. C. De artment of Health and Environmental Control Mice of Environmental Qyality Control Bureau of Water Pollution Control sion of Water itTland Shellfish Sanitation 220uaOlBu Street TD Columbia, SC 29201 225 .C52 A84 1989 AUGUST, 1989 Water Quality Characteristics of Stormwater Runoff in Tributaries of the Ashley River Estuary Charleston, South Carolina by John A. Chigges J. Burton Banks < Sally C. Knowles S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control Office of Environmental Quality Control Bureau of Water Pollution Control Division of Water Quality and Shellfish Sanitation 2600 Bull Street PIP Columbia, SC 29201 in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey Water Resources Division 1835 Assembly Street Columbia, SC 29201 and South Carolina Coastal Council 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300 Charleston, SC 29405 August, 1989 Property of CSC Library Table of Contents page List of Tables ........................................ iii List of Figures ....................................... iv Introduction ........................................... 1 Description of Study Area ............................. 3 Methods ............................................... 7 Results and Discussion ................................ 13 Streamflow determinations ................... 17 Water quality data .......................... 20 Conclusions ........................................... 61 References ............................................ 64 Appendices Appendix 1 : Correspondence from the U.S. Geological Survey ................. 66 Appendix 2 : Streamflow and Water Quality Data from the U.S. Geological Survey ... 75 List of Tables Table page 1. Nonpoint. Source Pollution Categories .............. 2 2. Dissolved Oxygen and Fecal Coliform Water Quality Standards Applicable to the Ashley River Sub-basin ............................. 6 3. Main Point Source Dischargers in Sub-basin 03-08-18 .......................................... 8 4. Ashley River Stormwater Runoff Study - Watersheds and Station Identification ........................ 10 5. Ashley River Stormwater Runoff Study - Watershed Characteristics .................................. 11-12 6. Ashley River Stormwater Runoff Study - Parameters Measured .......................................... 14 7. Ashley River Stormwater Runoff Study - Storm Events Sampled .......................................... 15-16 8. NOAA Daily Precipitation Data ..................... 18 9. Dissolved Oxygen Percent Saturation and Related Data ............................................. 23-25 10. Dissolved oxygen Percent Saturation During Stormwater Runoff and Outgoing Tides (Averaged Values) ................................. 26 11. SCDHEC Trend Monitoring Data (May-October, 1986-1988) ......................................... 37 12. Fecal Coliform Geometric Means (cols./100 ml) ...... 46 List of Figures Figure page 1. Ashley River and Cypress Swamp Sub-basin Delineation, 03-08-18 .............................. 4 2. Ashley River Stormwater Runoff Study - Station Identification and Location ......... back cover insert 3. Biochemical oxygen Demand in Runoff (BOD5, April 1987) ................................. 29 4. Ultimate BOD in Runoff (BODu, April 1987) .......... 30 5. Biochemical oxygen Demand in Runoff (BOD5, June 1987) .................................. 31 6. Ultimate BOD in Runoff (BODu, June 1987) .......... 32 7. Biochemical oxygen Demand in Runoff (BOD5, Sept-Oct 1987) ............................. 33 8. Ultimate BOD in Runoff (BODu, Sept-Oct 1987) ....... 34 9. Total Ammonia-Nitrogen in Runoff (April 1987) ...... 38 10. Total Ammonia-Nitrogen in Runoff.(June 1987) ....... 39 11. Total Ammonia-Nitrogen in Runoff (Sept-Oct 1987) ... 40 12. Fecal Coliform. in Runoff (April 1987) .............. 43 13. Fecal Coliform in Runoff (June 1987) ............... 44 14. Fecal Coliform, in Runoff (Sept-Oct 1987) ........... 45 15. Dissolved Zinc in Runoff (April 1987) .............. 54 16. Dissolved Zinc in Runoff (June 1987) ............... 55 17. Dissolved Zinc in Runoff (Sept-Oct 1987) ........... 56 18. Dissolved Mercury in Runoff (April 1987) ........... 57 19. Dissolved Mercury in Runoff (June 1987) ........... o 58 20. Dissolved Mercury in Runoff (Sept-Oct 1987) ........ 59 iv Introduction A study to examine the water quality characteristics of stormwater runof f associated with nonpoint sources in the Ashley River sub-basin was completed between April and October, 1987. The study was conducted in cooperation with the S. C. Coastal Council, and the U. S. Geological Survey. The two principal categories of inputs which ultimately result in variable surface water quality characteristics are point and nonpoint sources. Some of the more important water quality variables which may be associated with these inputs include bacteria, organic solids, sediment, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and metals (Thomann and Mueller, 1987). Point sources are inputs originating from a well defined discharge and under most circumstances are continuous. In South Carolina, the main types of point sources are discharges from municipal and industrial waste treatment facilities. The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control regulates these dischargers under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program (Regulation 61-9). Nonpoint source (NPS) discharges have a diffuse origin, are not related to a well defined location, and are generally transient in time. Nonpoint source pollution categories and land use classifications are listed in Table 1. Stormwater is the runoff resulting from precipitation and its quality generally incorporates the impurities in Table 1. Nonpoint Source Pollution Categories and Land Use Classifications (from US EPA, 1987) Urban and Suburban Industrial Commercial Residential Agri cul tural Cultivated Pasture Feedlots Groves/Orchards Aquaculture Silviculture (Forestlands) Construction Land Disposal Landfills Hazardous Waste Sludge Wastewater Septic Tanks Spills Waste Storage/Storage Tank Leaks Mining Hydrologic/Habitat Modification Highway/Bridge/Roadside Runoff and Erosion Recreation Wildlife Wetlands Saltwater Intrusion Groundwater Dry Fallout Precipitation precipitation plus debris and other impurities deposited on the ground surface (Wanielista, 1978). In recent years it has become increasingly evident that pollution caused by nonpoint sources is one of the major contributors to water quality degradation. The objective of this report is to provide an assessment of various pollutants associated with stormwater runoff from six Ashley River watersheds representing mixed land use associations. Description of the Study Area The Ashley River and Cypress Swamp sub-basin is situated in portions of Berkeley, Dorchester, and Charleston Counties. It contains an area about 312 square miles which can be divided into two distinct regions (CH2M Hill and Betz Environmental Engineers, Inc., 1978). Cypress Swamp represents the northern portion of the sub-basin having a dominant land use of rural swampland-forest. The South Carolina highway 165 crossing (Bacon's Bridge) over the Ashley River may be considered as a southern boundary for the Cypress Swamp drainage. Land use in the Ashley River portion of the sub-basin is a gradation from rural to suburban to urban as one proceeds from north to south. Tidal influence within the sub-basin extends into Cypress Swamp. The Ashley River and Cypress Swamp are hydrologically delineated as sub-basin 03-08-18 (Figure 1) . All of the Cypress Swamp tributary to the Ashley River and the 3 M04KS CORNER W-*E S WHITESVILLE'_- r 52 RIDGEVILLE eZ" 2 6 CAPTAINS CR- 'P 00 AIT &A AIR 0 0 S fft L C MILES SUMMERVILLE KATON LiCOLNVILLE %, or RIDGEW 42 sk, TRA QUIL ES % 1 7 CSTL-102 JLRC I ARC@ EAGLL R @0 I ACOII ARC3 Coll BPI CSTL-099 3 TRATFO'RD CAPERS I CHAS E Co. A.FB. a SIO" CO MUN. !Z AIRPORT MD-049 NORTH bHARLESTON C 00. ;a R% ARAI Point ScurCes I Charleston CIPW 2: N A@02 Xiddleton Inn MD-135 3 ing's Grant 4 Rober:,Bos Tom, th:hAshley st Andrews PsD ST 7. Lo;kheed-Ga. NDREWS 6. Lower Derch:stIr 9. Papperhill D 20. Summerville 11. Exxon Chemical storawater stations ARAI Brickyard Ck AR 1 Popperdam Ck -r CHARLESTON AR:2 Church Ck ARCI Bacon-s Bridge ARC2 Dorchester Ck JLRC3 Eagle Ck SUB -BASIN EN S SCDHEC Stations MD-049 CSTL-102 171 CSTL-099 FIGURE 1 UPPER ASHLEY RIVER ASHLEY RIVER--CYPRESS SWAMP SUB-BASIN SANTEE-COOPER RIVER BASIN SOUTH CAROLINA ADP CODE 03-08-18 4 freshwater portion of the Ashley River is designated as Class B pursuant to the classification system for protecting water uses described in SCDHEC regulation 61-68. The Ashley River from salt water intrusion to Charleston Harbor is Class SC. Conductivity (salinity) data collected over recent years indicate that the salt water wedge may normally extend to the vicinity of Old Fort Dorchester and even to Bacon's Bridge (SC Hwy 165) during extended periods of very low fresh water discharge from Cypress Swamp. The Department is presently considering a reclassification of part of the salt water portion of the Ashley River from Class SC to SB. Table 2 outlines the dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform water quality standards and uses protected by these classifications. The Ashley River is an important sub-basin of the Charleston Harbor Estuary. Along the River are many old plantations and gardens of historical significance. Its waters support a diverse fresh and salt water fishery as well as other indigenous aquatic fauna, flora, and waterfowl. Boating, fishing, and swimming are important recreational uses of the River. The Army Corps of Engineers maintains a navigational channel for a few miles above Charleston Harbor and there is some industrial activity along the River itself. The lower Ashley is bounded to the east and northeast by Charleston and North Charleston and to the west by St. Andrews Parish. The City of Summerville and its associated subdivisions are situated adjacent to the 5 Table 2. Dissolved Oxygen and Fecal Coliform Water Quality Standards Applicable to the Ashley River (from SCDHEC, 1985) Class Protected Uses Standards D.O. Fecal coliform B -Secondary contact Daily avg Not to exceed recreation not less a geometric mean -Source for drinking than 5 mg/l of 10OOmpn/100ml water supply with a low from 5 consec- Jishing of 4 mg/l utive samples -F&F* during any 30 -Industrial and day period** Agricultural uses SC -Secondary contact Not less Not to exceed recreation, than 4 mg/l a geometric mean crabbing, fishing, of 10OOmpn/100ml except harvesting of from 5 consec- clams, mussels, or utive samples oysters for market during any 30 or human consumption day period" -F&F* SB -Primary contact Daily avg Not to exceed recreation not less a geometric mean -Suitable for uses than 5 mg/l of 200mpn/100ml and exceptions listed with a low from 5 consec- in Class SC of 4 mg/l utive samples during any 30 day period*** :suitable for the survival and propagation of a balanced and indigenous aquatic community of fauna and flora :nor shall more than 20% of the samples examined during such period exceed 20OOmpn/100ml :nor shall more than 20% of the samples examined during such period exceed 400mpn/100ml 6 Ashley River within the northeastern portion of the sub-basin. A number of point sources from wastewater treatment facilities (WWTF) discharge to the Ashley River sub-basin. These are summarized in Table 3 and their discharge points are shown in Figure 2 (back cover insert). The main dischargers are the Charleston CPW Plum Island discharge located at the mouth of the Ashley River; St. Andrews Pierpont WWTF (Church Creek); Lower Dorchester County WWTF (Coosaw Creek); Pepperhill Subdivision WWTF (Popperdam Creek); King's Grant Subdivision WWTF (Upper Ashley River); and the City of Summerville's WWTF (Upper Ashley River) . Table 3 includes current permit limits for each discharge and data submitted to SCDHEC in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) discharge monitoring reports (DMR's). DMR data in Table 3 represent averages for each discharger over the six month period from April through September, 1987. Methods The Ashley River was selected as the site for this study primarily because the sub-basin has and will continue to experience a widespread amount of urban and suburban development. Numerous tidal tributaries carry stormwater into the Ashley River from developed areas; thus, surface water quality in the Ashley estuary has a substantial 7 Table 3. Main Point Source Discharges in Sub-Basin 03-08-18 Permit Limits (and DMR* averages for 4/87-9/87) Flow BOD5 NH3-N FC Discharger NPDES# (mqd) (mg/1) (mg/1) (MPN or cols/100ml) Charleston CPW 21229 27.0(16.4) 30.0(4.9) - 200(30) Middleton Inn 39063 0.06(0.01) 30.0(31.0) - 200(l) King's Grant SD 21911 0.32(0.19) 30.0(6.5) 200(114) Robert Bosch 22951 0.08(.004) 20.0(6.0) - Teal on the Ashley 30350 0.03(0.02) 10.0(15.3) 7.5(1.1) 200(44) St. Andrews PSD 26069 4.0(0.95) 15.0(8.4) 5.5(3.2) 200(17) Lockheed-Ga Corp. 01007 0.06(0.03) 10.0(8.7) Lower Dorchester 38822 2.0(1.14) 30.0(7.7) -(.96) 200(6) Pepperhill SD 35599 1.2(0.43) 30.0(23.7) 1000(27) Summerville,City of 37541 6.0(4.3) 30.0(14.2) 7.5(4.5) 1000(36) Exxon Chemical Co. 03905 0.35(0.09) 6.0(4.0) - DMR = Discharge Monitoring Reports. They are reviewed by the Enforcement staff in the Bureau of Water Pollution Control (SCDHEC). These fecal coliform data are based on either the multiple tube fermentation or membrane filter techniques, which are expressed as MPN/100ml and colonies/100 ml, respectively. Both methods are approved for determining fecal coliform in water under the NPDES program. Results are generally comparable. potential for nonpoint source degradation when compared to most other similar estuaries in South Carolina. Using available maps and aerial photography, six watersheds were selected for the study based on land use considerations within the sub-basin. They are identified in Table 4 and Figure 2. In the remainder of this report, study sites will be referred to by their watershed names or the station codes given in Table 4. A field reconnaissance was completed in each watershed to evaluate the areal distribution of land uses and activities relative to the stream course, station accessibility during rain event sampling, and the feasibility for accurate discharge measurements. One monitoring station was selected for each of the six watersheds. Watershed characteristics are summarized in Table 5. Three storm events were studied. Flow was measured and water samples were collected during each storm event. All stations were established at bridge or road crossings to provide easy access for sample collection and measurements and to obtain accurate streamflow measurements. Four to five samples were collected at each station during each storm event. An effort was made to analyze samples representing pre-runoff conditions, the rising leg of the runoff hydrograph, maximum discharge, and the receding leg of the runoff hydrograph. 9 Table 4. ASHLEY RIVER STORMWATER RUNOFF STUDY WATERSHEDS AND STATION IDENTIFICATION Watershed USGS Station Station Code Brickyard Creek 325053080002701 ARA1 Popperdam Creek 325410080044001 ARB1 Church Creek 325011080025301 ARB2 Bacon's Bridge, 325730080120501 ARC1 Upper Ashley and Cypress Swamp Dorchester Creek 325708080101401 ARC2 Eagle Creek 325702080093501 ARC3 10 Table 5. ASHLEY RIVER STORMWATER RUNOFF STUDY - WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS Predominant Salinity Station Tidal Range Watershed Code Location Influence LRRt-I Land Use Characteristics Brickyard Ck. ARAI Lower tidal Ashley R. saline 10-25 Primarily impervious with high density of industrial /commercial development and moderate density residential areas. Lockheed-Ga point source. Popperdam Ck. ARBI Middle tidal Ashley R. brackish 1-15 Moderate density residential sites with stormwater drains. Low density commercial- industrial development. Some natural woodlands adjacent to creek. Portions of upper creek have been channelized. Pepperhill SD pt.source. Church Ck. ARB2 Mid-Lower tidal Ashley R. saline 10-25 Low density residential areas, especially in lower portion of water- shed; upper section dominated by freshwater wetlands, woodlands, and old strip mine drainages. St. Andrews Pierpont point source. Table 5., Continued Predominant Salinity Station Tidal Range Watershed Code Location Influence (DDt) Land Use Characteristics Bacon's Bridge ARC1 Upper tidal Primarily influenced by Ashley R. non-saline 0-2 swamp and freshwater wetland sources, with some moderate density residential sites. F@ Dorchester Ck. ARC2 Upper tidal Highly channelized Nj Ashley R. non-saline 0-2 drainageway having high density commercial- industrial-residential areas in and around Summerville, SC. Many storm drains and tributaries empty into this creek. A few woodland areas. Eagle Ck. ARC3 Upper tidal Ashley R. non-saline 0-2 Moderate density residential and commercial sites. Some portions of watershed still dominated by freshwater wetlands, woodlands, and swamp-type drainage. The parameters analyzed are listed in Table 6. These included: instantaneous discharge and gage height; the field parameters of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen (DO); parameters which affect dissolved oxygen dynamics such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia nitrogen; fecal coliform (an indicator of bacterial contamination) ; and a scan of numerous elements. Sampling occurred for predicted storm events following relatively dry antecedent conditions which allowed for an accumulation of pollutants on the land surface. Therefore, some measurements in runoff may indicate worst case concentrations. All water quality analyses were done by the USGS. Water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were field measured (Wood, 1976). BOD determinations (nitrification inhibited) were completed at the USGS laboratory in Columbia, S.C. (APHA et al., 1985). All other analyses were performed by the USGS Control Laboratory in Arvada, Colorado (Skougstad et al., 1979). Results and Discussion Samp ling for three storm events was completed during the period from April through October, 1987. Appendix I includes correspondence from the USGS to the SCDHEC for each study. Included are precipitation data, weather conditions and field observations for each study. Some of this information is summarized in Table 7. 13 Table 6. ASHLEY RIVER STORMWATER RUNOFF STUDY PARAMETERS MEASURED USGS Code Description 00061 Discharge, Instantaneous (cfs) 00065 Gage Height, (ft above datum) 00010 Temperature, (Deg C) 00095 Specific Conductance ()aS/cm) 00300 Oxygen, Dissolved (mg/1) 00310 Biochemical oxygen Demand, 5-day (mg/1) 00320 Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Ult. Carbonaceous (mg/1) 00400 pH (standard units) 00610 Nitrogen, Ammonia Total (mg/1) 00625 Nitrogen, Ammonia + Org. Total (mg/1) 00915 Calcium, Dissolved (mg/1) 00925 Magnesium, Dissolved (mg/1) 00930 Sodium, Dissolved (mg/1) 00955 Silica, Dissolved (mg/1) 01005 Barium, Dissolved (pg/1) 01010 Berylium, Dissolved (pg/1) 01025 Cadmium, Dissolved (pg/1) 01030 Chromium, Dissolved (pg/1) 01035 Cobalt, Dissolved (pg/1) 01040 Copper, Dissolved (pg/1) 01046 Iron, Dissolved (pg/1) 01049 Lead, Dissolved (jag/1) 01056 Manganese, Dissolved (pg/1) 01060 Molybdenum, Dissolved ()ag/1) 01080 Strontium, Dissolved (pg/1) 01085 Vanadium, Dissolved ()jg/1) 01090 Zinc, Dissolved (jug/l) 01130 Lithium, Dissolved (pg/1) 71890 Mercury, Dissolved ()jg/1) 31625 Coliform, Fecal M-FC as (cols./100ml) 14 Table 7. ASHLEY RIVER STORMWATER RUNOFF STUDY STORM EVENTS SAMPLED Storm 1: April 14-18, 1987 Summerville, S. C. 0 Charleston Airport 0 Precipitation Temperature, F Precipitation Temperature, F Conditions Date in inches Max Min in inches Max Min Reported 4/14 0.00 88 51 0.00 79 57 Fog/Haze 4/15 1.82 81 61 1.07 79 62 Fog/Thunderstorm 4/16 0.54 77 57 0.06 72 53 Hail/Thunderstorm 4/17 0.07 77 42 0.03 69 49 Thunderstorm 4/18 0.01 69 45 0.10 71 50 Thunderstorm, Heavy Fog Remarks: Rainfall began at approximately 7:30 a.m., and stopped at 12:30 p.m. Last rainfall reported was 0.07 inches at Summerville, SC on April 4, 1987. Storm 2: June 3-7, 1987 Summerville, S. C. 0 Charleston Airport 0 Precipitation Temperature, F Precipitation Temperature, F Conditions Date in inches Max Min in inches Max Min Reported 6/3 0.02 91 69 0.00 95 73 6/4 0.00 93 71 1.07 79 70 Fog/Thunderstorms 6/5 0.86 79 67 0.00 85 68 6/6 0.00 87 57 0.00 87 63 Remarks: Rainfall began at approximately 2:30 p.m. on June 4, and continued intermittently for several hours. Last rainfall reported was on May 28, 1987, 0.31 inches at Summerville, SC and May 27,1987, 0.28 inches at Charleston, SC airport. Table 7., Continued Storm 3: September 29 - October 2, 1987 Summerville, S. C. 0 Charleston Airport 0 Precipitation Temperature, F Precipitation Temperature, F Conditions Date in inches Max Min in inches Max Min Reported 09/29 0.00 83 64 0.00 86 66 09/30 0.62 88 67 0.59 76 68 Fog 10/01 0.38 88 56 0.00 73 53 10/02 0.00 74 43 0.00 81 50 Remarks: Rainfall began at 5:30 a.m. on September 30, and continued for approximately three hours. Last rainfall reported was 0.21 inches at Summerville, SC on September 20, 1987. Climatological data are available f rom three National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) stations within the study area. The stations are: Summerville, S.C.; Charleston, S.C. Airport; and Charleston, S.C. Customs House. Table 8 contains daily rainfall totals taken from monthly NOAA reports for the period March through September, 1987. These data were used to examine antecedent conditions prior to each study. Streamflow Determinations Instantaneous streamflow measurements for each study are included in Appendix 2. Since all stations are to some extent tidal, streamflow measurements made during outgoing tides represent the combination of runoff and tidal flow. These are given as positive values in cubic feet per second (cfs). A flow value of <0 indicates there was upstream flow due to an incoming tide. The first storm event sampled was in mid-April, 1987. Rainfall data in Table 8 show that the f irst two weeks of April were relatively dry throughout the sub-basin with only 0. 07 inches or less' rainfall occurring in the f irst week. Precipitation totaled 2.36 inches at Summerville, S.C. and 1.13 inches at the Charleston Airport for April 15-16, 1987. This first storm resulted in the greatest instantaneous flow measurements of the three events sampled (see streamflow data in Appendix 2). Stormwater flow overwhelmed tidal effects during this event; therefore measurements and samples were 17 Table 8. NOAA Daily Precipitation Data DAILY RAINFALL FOR SUMMERVILLE, SC 1987 DAILY RAINFALL FOR CHARLESTON. SC AIRPORT 1987 DAILY RAINFALL FOR CHARLESTON. SC CUSTOMS HOUSE MARCH APR I L MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT 14ARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT MARCH APRIL 14AY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT DA', DAY DAY 1 0.98 0 a 0 0.46 0 2.04 1 0.43 0 0.08 0 0.01 0 0 1 0.27 0 a 0 0.31 0 0 2 0.06 0 0.01 0 0.05 0.12 0 2 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.11 2 0 0 0.04 0 0 0.31 0.14 3 0 0 0 0.02 0.15 0 0.14 3 0 0.05 0 0 0.43 0 0.4 3 0 0.07 0 0 0,06 0 0.5 4 0 0.07 0 0 0.42 0 1.06 4 0 0 0.61 1.07 0 0 3.4 4 0 0 0.38 0.29 0 0 3.85 5 0 0 1.22 0.86 0.16 0 2.78 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 5.04 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.84 6 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.11 1.24 6 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.56 2.42 7 0.2 7 0.01 0 0 0.43 0.33 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.09 0.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.62 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.11 8 0.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.59 0 0.36 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 '0.17 0 0 0 0 0.46 0 9 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.71 0 10 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 to 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.47 0 it 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 1.47 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 co 12 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 12 0 0 0 0 1.71 0 0.4 12 0 0 0 0 1.78 0 0.5 13 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.04 0.58 13 0 0 0.29 0.23 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 -0.12 0 0 0.09 14 0 0 o.a 1.61 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0.21 0 0 0 .14 0 0.05 0 0.05 0 0 0 15 0 1.62 0.02 0.05 0 0 0 15 0 1.07 0.01 0 0 0 0.08 is 0 1.07 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0.54 0 0.01 0 0 0 16 0 0.06 0 0 0 0.53 0.07 16 0 0.09 0 0 0 0 0.28 10 0 0.07 0 0.15 0 0.02 0 17 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.14 17 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.06 0.21 11 0 0.01 0 0 0 a 0 16 0.02 0.1 0 0.3 0 0 0.39 18 0.03 0.43 0 0.05 0 0 a 19 1.44 0 0 0.74 0 0 0 19 0.72 0 0.32 0.78 0 0.22 0 19 0.66 0 0.03 0.18 0 0.24 0.45 2C 0.03 0 3.01 0.04 0 1.16 0.21 20 0 0 0.7 0.6 0 0.51 0 20 0 0 0.17 0,01 0 0 0.02 21 0 0 0.02 0.53 0 0.33 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0.32 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0.16 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 O.Ot 0 21 0 0 0 1.44 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0.71 0 0 0 2@ 0.03 0 0 1.06 0 0 0 25 1.75 0 0 0.36 0 0.61 0 25 1.91 0 0 0,32 0 0.04 0 26 u. 98 0 0 0.12 0 0.2 0 26 0 0 0 0.05 0.04 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 27 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0.13 0 27 0.02 0 0.28 0.06 0.36 0 0 27 0.01 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 21, 0.03 0 0.31 0 0.22 0 0 28 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0 28 0 0 0 0 0.52 0 0.01, 2S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 I.os 0 0 0 0 0.74 0 29 0.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 1.46 0 0 0 0 1.39 0.62 30 0.4 0 0 1.75 0 1.68 0.59 30 0.42 0 0 0,14 0 3.3S 1.05 31 0.43 - 0 - 0 0 - 31 0.24 - 0 - 0 1.95 - 31 0.13 - 0 - 0 2.63 - taken at the peak of the hydrograph rather than only on outgoing tide as initially planned. For the first storm, maximum instantaneous flows ranged from 24 cfs in the Brickyard Creek watershed to 1040 cfs in the Dorchester Creek watershed. Except for Popperdam Creek, peak flows occurred during the afternoon of April 15 following the heaviest rainfall between 7:30 AM and 12:30 PM on April 15. The Popperdam Creek watershed had a more rapid runoff response with a peak flow measurement of 202 cfs at 9:00 AM on April 15. The second storm event occurred on June 4 and 5, 1987. It was preceded by a period of little rainfall as indicated in Table 8. Precipitation began in the lower portion of the basin on June 4, with 1. 07 inches at the Charleston Airport and 0.29 inches at the Charleston Customs House station. The storm apparently progressed northwesterly toward Summerville, S.C. where 0.86 inches were measured on June 5, 1987. Runof f f or this event was much less than for the f irst storm and tidal inf luence was more evident. Maximum flows measured ranged from 34 cfs in Brickyard Creek to 182 cfs at the Bacon's Bridge station. As with the first storm, the Popperdam and Brickyard Creek watersheds had the most rapid runoff response since they are dominated by impervious land cover. Sampling during this storm event was done during outgoing tides to best represent runoff constituents. The third storm event sampled occurred on September 30 through October 1, 1987. It was similar to the second storm 19 in terms of magnitude and runoff characteristics. Totals of 1.00 and 0.59 inches fell at Summerville, S.C. and the Charleston Airport, respectively. As with the second storm, tidal effects at the sampling stations overwhelmed additional streamflow due to runoff, therefore samples were collected on outgoing tides when possible. Peak flow measurements ranged from 13 cfs for the Popperdam Creek watershed to 255 cfs at the Church Creek station. As indicated by the rainfall data in Table 8, the third storm study was preceded by a very large amount of rainfall between the latter part of August and the first week in September, 1987. Water Quality Data Surface water quality data for each study are provided in Appendix.2. These data are presented in four groupings. These include dissolved oxygen and interactive parameters, fecal coliform bacteria, pH, and elements. Dissolved Oxygen and Interactive Parameters Dissolved oxygen is the most frequently used indicator of water quality conditions and water quality impacts. Standards for oxygen are essential for the maintenance of fish and other aquatic life as well as for the protection of aesthetic qualities of water. The dynamics of oxygen change in water bodies is primarily due to the addition of oxygen by reaeration, photosynthesis, and D.O. from incoming tributaries or effluents; and, the depletion of oxygen from 20 carbonaceous and nitrogenous oxidation, benthic demands and algal respiration (Thomann and Mueller, 1987). The oxygen carrying capacity of water will also vary with temperature and salinity changes. In this study dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined instream, along with corresponding values for water temperature and specific conductance. Specific conductance data is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 250C. These units are equivalent to the more frequently used micromhos per centimeter. Specific conductance data were converted to salinity in parts per thousand (ppt) using the following expression (Tetra Tech, Inc. and C.E. Chamberlin, 1985): Salinity = 5.572 x 10-4 (SC) + 2.02 x 10-9 (SC)2 where (SC) = temperature corrected specific conductance in micromhos/cm determined by: SC = CV(1+X) where X = ((T-25)0.02) if T>250C SC = CV/1+X where X = ((25-T)0.02) if T<250C where CV = conductance at 25 0C T = measured temperature of sample Dissolved oxygen saturation levels for each temperature and salinity were determined using the following expression (Tetra Tech, Inc. and C.E. Chamberlin, 1985): 2 Cs 14.6244 - 0.367134T + 0.0044972T - 0.0966S + 0.00205ST + 0.0002739S 2 where Cs = dissolved oxygen concentration at saturation T = temperature (C) S = salinity (ppt) 21 Dissolved oxygen percent saturation values were determined for each set of D.O., temperature and salinity data by dividing the field measured D.O. levels by D.O. saturation levels and multiplying by 100. These data are summarized in Table 9. This was an effective way to normalize D.O. data for comparative purposes. Percent saturation values corresponding to flows representing increases from stormwater runoff during outgoing tides were averaged for each station and storm study (Table 10). For this assessment a D.O. saturation criteria of 66% was considered acceptable. This criteria was chosen since it approximates a D.O. concentration of 5.0 mg/l at 30.0 0 C 0 and 0.0 ppt salinity, and 4.1 mg/l at 30.0 C and 36.1 ppt salinity. Salinities in the Ashley River estuary are nearly always within the range of 0.0 ppt and 36.1 ppt, and instream temperatures seldom exceed 30.0 0C. The D.O. range of 4.1 mg/l to 5.0 mg/l is consistent with present D.O. standards for the Ashley River which includes a daily minimum of 4. 0 mg/l for the Class SC portion, and a daily average of 5.0 mg/l and a daily minimum of 4.0 mg/l for the Class B portion. Overall, acceptable D.O. saturation levels were found in the receiving streams following stormwater runoff. This was met at each station except Church Creek, where percent saturation averages fell below 66% in the creek during storms 2 and 3. Furthermore, the Church Creek station was the only watershed with D.O. measurements below the State standard of 4.0 mg/1 for Class SC waters. During this study 22 Table 9. Dissolved Oxygen Percent Saturation and Related Data Station Date D.O. Temp. Sp. Cond. Salinity Sat.D.O. % D.O. (mg/1) (C) (MS/CM) (Dpt) (mqll) Saturat. ARAI Brickyard Ck 4/14/87 7.0 25.0 690 0.39 8.24 84.96 4/15/87 6.8 19.5 195 0.10 9.17 74.16 4/15/87 6.4 22.5 238 0.13 8.63 74.12 4/15/87 4.2 21.5 2410 1.27 8.74 48.03 4/16/87 8.6 22.5 480 0.26 8.63 99.68 6/4/87 6.7 25.0 2700 1.52 8.19 81.82 6/4/87 4.9 23.0 330 0.18 8.55 57.31 6/5/87 26.5 1060 0.58 8.03 6/5/87 5.3 30.0 1820 0.93 7.63 69.50 6/6/87 12.0 25.0 15200 8.94 7.87 152.41 9/30/87 5.2 24.0 1400 0.77 8.37 62.15 9/30/87 5.9 24.0 330 0.18 8.40 70.28 10/1/87 7.0 18.0 650 0.32 9.45 74.04 10/2/87 6.4 16.5 650 0.31 9.77 65.50 ARBI Popperdam Ck 4/14/87 9.6 21.0 248 0.13 8.89 107.97, 4/15/87 8.9 17.5 123 0.06 9.57 92.97 4/15/87 6.3 20.5 145 0.07 8.98 70.12 4/15/87 6.3 20.5 153 0.08 8.98 70.13 4/16/87 6.5 20.0 140 0.07 9.08 71.61 6/4/87 .6.4 25.0 90 0.05 8.25 77.53 6/4/87 5.5 25.0 419 0.23 8.25 66.70 6/5/87 6.8 24.0 201 0.11 8.40 80.97 6/5/87 7.3 25.0 270 0.15 8.25 88.49 6/6/87 8.5 28.0 200 0.11 7.87 108.06 9/30/87 24.0 246 0.13 8.40 9/30/87 23.0 249 0.13 8.55 10/1/87 20.5 212 0.11 8.98 10/2/87 6.2 18.0 230 0.11 9.47 65.50 No D.O. data meter malfunctioned Could not be determined - no D. 0. data Station Date D.O. Temp. Sp. Cond. Salinity Sat.D.O. % D.O. (mg/1) (C) (OS/cm) (opt) (mg/1) Saturat. ARB2 Church Ck 4/14/87 6.7 20.0 6100 3.15 8.91 75.21 4/15/87 6.0 20.0 1490 0.76 9.04 66.38 4/15/87 5.3 22.5 4620 2.49 8.52 62.23 4/16/87 5.2 20.5 2600 1.34 8.92 58.33 4/16/87 5.8 22.5 1360 0.73 8.60 67.41 6/4/87 5.0 28.0 15600 8.64 7.55 66.21 6/4/87 3.1 26.5 10300 5.77 7.82 39.65 6/5/87 3.8 27.0 14500 8.16 7.67 49.53 6/5/87 4.1 28.0 16500 9.16 7.53 54.42 6/6/87 3.9 25..0 12400 7.22 7.94 49.10 9/30/87 4.5 25.5 15000 8.72 7.82 57.54 9/30/87 3.9 25.0 11000 6.37 7.98 48.88 10/1/87 4.2 21.5 4500 2.38 8.69 48.35 10/2/87 4.6 19.5 5500 2.81 9.02 51.01 ARCI Ashley Bacon Br 4/14/87 7.8 18.0 93 0.05 9.47 82.36 4/15/87 5.6 19.5 76 0.04 9.17 61.05 4/16/87 5.4 19.0 81 0.04 9.27 58.25 4/16/87 7.1 19.0 81 0.04 9.27 76.59 6/4/87 8.1 28.0 408 0.21 7.86 103.03 6/4/87 5.2 27.0 596 0.32 7.98 65.19 6/5/87 7.2 26.5 350 0.19 8.05 89.49 6/6/87 6.3 24.0 191 0.10 8.40 75.01 6/8/87 8.4 26.0 240 0.13 8.11 103.53 9/30/87 22.0 86 0.05 8.72 9/30/87 21.5 86 0.04 8.81 10/1/87 20.5 83 0.04 8.99 10/2/87 18.0 85 0.04 9.47 No D.O. data meter malfunctioned Could not be determined - no D.O. data Station Date D.O. Temp. Sp. Cond. Salinity Sat.D.O. % D.O. (mg/1) (C) (PS/cm) (pot) (mg/1) Saturat. ARC2 Dorchester Ck 4/14/87 13.0 4/15/87 7.0 19.0 ill 0.06 9.27 75.52 4/15/87 6.8 20.0 108 0.05 9.08 74.91 4/16/87 7.8 20.0 124 0.06 9.08 85.93 4/16/87 9.0 21.0 139 0.07 8.89 101.19 6/4/87 4.5 28.0 848 0.45 7.85 57.30 6/4/87 4.3 24.5 328 0.18 8.32 51.68 6/5/87 6.2 29.0 238 0.12 7.76 79.95 6/5/87 5.6 27.0 297 0.16 7.98 70.14 6/6/87 9.8 25.0 319 0.18 8.25 118.81 9/30/87 23.5 260 0.14 8.47 9/30/87 23.0 200 0.11 8.55 10/1/87 21.5 245 0.13 8.80 10/2/87 17.0 330 0.16 9.67 ARC3 Eagle Ck 4/14/87 8.9 21.0 121 0.06 8.89 100.06 4/15/87 6.9 18.0 105 0.05 9.47 72.86 4/15/87 6.1 18.0 78 0.04 9.47 64.41 4/16/87 6.8 18.5 73 0.04 9.37 72.58 4/16/87 7.8 19.5 75 0.04 9.17 85.03 6/4/87 6.1 27.0 875 0.47 7.97 76.53 6/4/87 3.2 24.0 235 0.13 8.40 38.11 6/5/87 6.2 28.0 688 0.36 7.86 78.92 6/5/87 8.2 28.0 914 0.48 7.85 104.44 6/6/87 5.6 24.0 501 0.27 8.39 66.74 9/30/87 23.0 168 0.09 8.55 9/30/87 22.5 210 0.11 8.63 10/1/87 18.5 131 0.06 9.37 10/2/87 16.5 145 0.07 9.79 No D.O. data meter malfunctioned Could not be determined - no D.O. data Table 10. Dissolved Oxygen Percent Saturation During Stormwater Runoff and Outgoing Tides (Averaged values) Station Storm I Storm 2 Storm 3 April 1987 June 1987 Sept-Oct 1987 Brickyard Ck 74.0 (%) 69.5 (%) 69.9 Popperdam Ck 76.2 78.7 65.5 Church Ck 63.6 47.7 49.4 Ashley, Bacon 68.8 89.2 Bridge Dorchester Ck 78.8 70.1 Eagle Ck 70.0 85.6 Could not be determined no D.O. data 26 treated domestic waste discharged f rom the Pierpont plant operated by St. Andrews PSD averaged about 0.95 mgd (1-47 cfs) with a BOD5 of 8.4 mg/l and NH3-N of 3.2 mg/l (see Table 3). It would appear that stormwater runoff and tidal flows combined (Appendix 2) diluted this discharge to very low levels during each of these studies; however, hydraulic overloading of this facility during storm events has been known to impact the treatment and disinfection efficiency of the facility. Thus, some storm events may result in excess oxygen demanding solids being discharged to Church Creek via the Pierpont plant. This facility is currently under a SCDHEC compliance schedule to address hydraulic overloading of the' secondary clarifier and disinfection efficiency. (Personal communication with Wayne Fanning, SCDHEC, August 1989). - The findings from this study alone cannot quantify the influence of the discharge on D.O. levels in Church Creek. Inputs from stormwater runoff which affect instream D.O. levels include organic and inorganic materials that exert carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD), and nitrogenous biochemical oxygen'demand (NBOD). CBOD exertion occurs when heterotrophic organisms decompose organic carbon substrate. CBOD may involve ' dissolved or suspended material. NBOD results, in the presence of nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosmonas and Hitrobacter), from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate in a two-stage process. organic nitrogen will also eventually contribute to the NBOD (Tetra Tech, Inc. and Chamberlin, 1985). In this study CBOD was assessed using 5-day biochemical 27 oxygen demand (BOD5) and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (BODu) measurements. NBOD was evaluated using total ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total ammonia/organic nitrogen (TKN) data. BOD5 and BODu data for each study are represented in Figures 3-8. Each bar represents a determination on a discrete sample, and they are in chronological order from left to right. BOD5, NH3-N, and TKN data collected during this study were compared to SCDHEC ambient long-term trend monitoring data from six stations located in the Ashley River sub-basin. These stations are sampled once a month. While trend data may reflect both dry and wet weather conditions, over time they provide an indication of main channel concentration variability resulting from tributary inflow and tidal influences. Trend data for the months May through October (1986-1988) were evaluated to provide the BOD5, NH3-N, and TKN statistics shown in Table 11. Station CSTL-102 (located at Bacon's Bridge, SC Hwy 165) provides an ambient reference station for this study's Bacon's Bridge station. CSTL-099 (located on Eagle Creek at Hwy 642) was reference for the Eagle Creek and Dorchester Creek stations. Station MD-049 (near Magnolia Gardens) is located in the Ashley River just downstream of the Popperdam. Creek station. Station MD-135 (Located at the Ashley River Memorial Bridge) provides the best reference station for this study's Brickyard Creek and Church Creek stations. The first storm study in April 1987 resulted in the highest BOD5 and BODu measurements for all watersheds (Figures 3&4). The Brickyard Creek watershed clearly had the highest BOD5 and BODu measurements for storms 1,2 and 3. 28 Figure 3. Biochemi-c-al Oxygen Demand Stormwater Runoff Study April '87 40 - .3.5 - X X X 30 X X X X 25 X X X 4-f 20 X X X 15 X X X X X 5 0 Ix X IN P@ BRKYD PQPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Figure 4. Ultimate BOD in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study April '87 120 110 x x 100 x x x x 80 x x 70 x x c 0 x 4-J so - x 2 @/5 c x 50 - x c x 40 - x x 30 - x x 20 - 7- 10 Mn C) F/ BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAG L E Ashley River Stations Figure 5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Stormwater Runoff Study June '87 40 - 35 - 30 CD 25 E 20 !C 1.5 10 5 7A 0 IN 41M BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAG L E Ashley River Stations Figure 6. Ultimate BOD in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study June '87 120 110 100 90 so 70 so 50 40 30 20 10 BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Figure 7. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Stormwater Runoff Study Sept-Oct '87 40 35 30 CD '11@ Co 25 E C 0 4-J 20 15 0 F/-T\ BRKYD POPDM CHRGH BACON DORCH EAG L E Ashley River Stations Figure 8. Ultimate BOD in RLA nof f Stormwater Runoff Study Sept-Oct '87 120 110 100 90 80 70 C 0 4-J 60 C 50 C 40 - 30 - 20- 10 0 BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Instream BOD5 concentrations as high as 25.0 mg/l, 37.0 mg/l, 22.0 mg/l and 8.3 mg/l were measured in samples collected during storms 1 and 2. These values are considerably greater than the mean of 2.23 mg/l (n=19) indicated by data from MD-135, and also are outside of the range for that station of 1.4 to 6.6 mg/l. As a means for comparing these stormwater BOD values to those typical of point sources or untreated domestic wastewater, secondarily treated domestic wastewater is considered to have average BOD5 and BODu concentrations of 30.0 mg/l and 45.0 mg/l, respectively; untreated (raw) domestic wastewater has BOD 5 and BODu concentrations ranging from 160-280 mg/l and 240-420 mg/l, respectively. Lockheed-Georgia Corporation discharges treated waste to Brickyard Creek. It is not likely that this point source contributed measurably to the excessive instream, BOD5 and BODu levels, since the average flow and BOD5 discharged during the study period were 0.03 mgd and 8.7 mg/l, respectively. Storm 3 which f ollowed a period of very heavy rainfall in late August and early September resulted in BOD5 levels within the range indicated by station MD-135. Similarly, for the other five stations BOD5 data from storm 3 fell within the range indicated by ambient monitoring stations. Apparently the previous heavy rainfall had flushed the watershed of accumulated organic carbon residues. With the exception of Brickyard Creek, data from the second storm study indicated BOD5's mostly within the range of corresponding ambient stations. Single BOD5 measurements during stormwater runoff at Popperdam Creek (7.4 mg/1), 35 Dorchester Creek (8.0 mg/1), and Eagle Creek (9.0 mg/1) exceeded the upper range of corresponding ambient stations f or storm 2. Based on stream BOD data treated domestic wastewater discharges into Church Creek (St. Andrews Pierpont) and Popperdam Creek (Pepperhill SD) did not clearly influence any BOD's determined during the study period. As shown in Table 11, data from stations in the Ashley River indicate that mean ambient concentrations of NH3-N are normally less than or equal to 0.18 with a maximum concentration of 0.32 at MD-049. NH3-N data (Figures 9-11) collected during all , three storm studies indicate concentrations above mean ambient levels and upper ranges for some stations including Church, Dorchester and Brickyard Creek watersheds (Storm 1); Dorchester, Eagle, Church and Brickyard Creek watersheds (Storm 2); and Church and Brickyard Creek watersheds (Storm 3). When compared to the Popperdam Creek and Bacon's Bridge station, each of the above watersheds has a more substantial amount of urban/suburban and industrial development which is apparently contributing to elevated levels of NH3-N in runoff. A single total ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) value slightly exceeded the EPA criteria for acute toxicity to aquatic life. An NH3-N value of 1.8 mg/l was determined for a Dorchester Creek sample (June 1987 study), with a corresponding temperature of 27 0C and pH of 8.61. This sample was collected during a peak flow of 39 cfs. Because this was a discrete sample made between two other 36 Table 11. SCDHEC Trend Monitoring Data (May-October, 1986-1988) BOD5 NH3-N TKN SCDHEC (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) STATION mean (range) mean (range) mean (range) CSTL-102 3.42 (1.50-5.80) 0.15 (0.12-0.17) 1.38 (1.35-1.41) CSTL-099 4.45 (2.10-7.20) 0.18 (0.16-0.21) 1.60 (1.35-1.85) MD-049 2.41 (1.40-5.20) 0.14 (0.05-0.32) 1.16 (0.59-1.80) MD-135 2.23 (1.40-6.60) 0.08 (0.07-0.08) 0.99 (0.79-1.19) 37 Figure 9. Total Ammonia -Nitrogen Stormwater Runoff Study April '87 4 2.5- 2- 6oC 0.5 R-q= 0 BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations \ WX Figure 10. Total Ammonia- Nitrogen Stormwater Runoff Study June '87 4 3.5 3 CD 2.5 c 2 70 c c \\,N@ x I\N x \\INN 5411, x BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH FAG L E Ashley River Stations Figure 1 1. Total Ammonia- Nitrogen Stormwater Runoff Study Sept-Oct '87 4 3.5 3 'N' VI 2.5 E 2 IC C X BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations measurements more than 21 hours apart, it is not possible to determine the duration of this potentially toxic NH -N 3 concentration. According to EPA criteria, 1.74 mg/l NH3-N may be toxic to certain aquatic life at a temperature of 270C and pH of 8.61. This value is a general National criteria and does not represent a State standard. Since any acute toxicity from the single NH 3-N concentration of 1.8 mg/l was not verified through field observation, it can only be viewed as having created a potential for acute toxicity. This potential may be assessed within the scope of future nonpoint source studies in the Ashley River estuary. TKN data (Table 11) from trend monitoring stations in the Ashley Riv er, show mean ambient concentrations ranging from 0.99 mg/l (MD-0135) to 1.60 mg/l (CSTL-099) with a maximum concentration of 1.85 mg/l. TKN data (Appendix 2), like NH3-N data, indicate concentrations above mean ambient levels and upper ranges for some stormwater sampling stations including Brickyard, Church, and Dorchester Creek watersheds (Storm 1); Brickyard, Church, Dorchester, and Eagle Creek watersheds (Storm 2); and Brickyard and Church Creek watersheds (Storm 3). Overall, the Popperdam Creek and Upper Ashley (Bacon's Bridge) watersheds contributed the lowest concentration of TKN and NH3-N during runoff conditions. These are the least developed watersheds examined in this study. Fecal Coliform Bacteria Fecal coliform. (FC) are a group of bacteria consisting mainly of Escherichia and Klebsiella genera (Tetra Tech, 41 Inc. and Chamberlin, 1985). They are found in the intestinal tract of humans and other warm-blooded animals, and are used as an indicator of the sanitary quality of water. Fecal coliform concentrations (colonies/100 ml) for each storm event are shown in Figures 12-14. Each bar represents a determination on a discrete sample using the membrane filter technique. Fecal coliform concentrations are expressed as colonies/100 ml. These determinations are generally comparable to those made using the multiple tube fermentation procedure with 'results as MPN/100 ml. Concentrations indicative of NPS pollution were determined in runoff for all three events at each station. The highest individual concentration for each station occurred during the first event. This was because the first storm was the most intense and it followed two weeks of dry weather. Overall, the Brickyard Creek, Popperdam Creek, Eagle Creek and Dorchester Creek watersheds produced the highest FC concentrations. With the exception of Eagle Creek, the third storm event produced the lowest concentrations of FC in runof f .As demonstrated with other parameters such as BOD5, this was probably due to the substantial amount of rainfall that had occurred in late August and early September. The geometric means of FC data are given in Table 12 for each event and watershed. Geometric mean determinations were made using data for all flows but are primarily indicative of periods with stormwater runoff and outgoing tides. The State fecal coliform standard for 42 Figure 12. Fecal Coliform in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study April '87 70 60 0 0 -50 CL 4- 00 40 4) JZZ 0 20 LOSE BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Figure 1,3. Fecal Coliforms in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study June '87 90 80 70 60 50 M 0 40 C 30 - 20 - 10 BRKYD POPDM CHRGH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Figure 14. Fecal Coliforms in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study Sept-Oct '87 90 - 80 - 70 - so 0 0 50 CL :3 (A 0 -C 40 30 20 7, 10- 7 91 BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ash(ey River Stations Table 12. Fecal Coliform Geometric Means (cols./100ml) (n = number of measurements) Station Storm I Storm 2 Storm 3 Brickyard Creek 7012 6532 8742 (n= 5) (n = 5) (n = 4) Popperdam Creek 7329 5049 2212 (n = 5) (n = 4) (n = 4) Church Creek 2289 753 793 (n = 5) (n = 5) (n = 4). Upper Ashley, Bacon's Bridge 1838 730 568 (n = 4) (n = 5) (n = 4) Dorchester Creek 8030 4823 3082 (n = 4) (n = 5) (n = 4) Eagle Creek 1741 5310 8468 (n 5) (n 5) (n 4) 46 Ashley River waters is that a geometric mean of IOOOMPN/100 ml not be exceeded based an five consecutive samples during any thirty-day period. Since four or five FC determinations were made at each station during each study, only those with five FC values can be used to evaluate strict conformance with the FC standard. At stations with only four FC measurements, only a general comparison of geometric mean data to the standard is appropriate. For example, all geometric means for storm 1 exceeded a concentration of 1000/100 ml; however, the FC standard can only conclusively be said to have been exceeded at Brickyard Creek, Popperdam Creek, Church Creek, and Eagle Creek where five measurements were made. With the exception of the Church Creek and Upper Ashley (Bacon's Bridge) stations a concentration of 1000/100 ml was also exceeded for storm 2 and 3. It is clear from these data that the study watersheds are contributing significant concentrations of FC into the Ashley River estuary which, in turn, will increase main channel concentrations of FC to some extent and for some duration. For all stations and storms, geometric means ranged from 568/100 ml (Upper Ashley) to 8742/100 ml (Brickyard Creek). Individual concentration measurements ranged from non-detected (Dorchester Creek) to 90,000/100 ml (Brickyard Creek) As a means for comparison, Waniellista (1978), based on the results from several studies, reported that FC concentrations in urban stormwater have ranged from 55/100 ml to 112 x 106/100 ml. This high degree of 47 variability was due to many factors including land use, sampling times, and meteorological effects. Thomann and Mueller (1987) reported on the bacteriological concentrations found in urban runoff based on the studies of Benzie and Courchaine in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Weibel et al., in Cincinnati, Ohio. Their results for FC bacteria are summarized below: Percent of time FC/100 ml was less than or egual to value indicated Fecal coliform 10% 50% 90% Ann Arbor 7,000 82,000 1,000,000 Cincinnati 500 10,900 76,000 SCDHEC (1980) reported on the results of FC monitoring between 1977 and 19.79 in thirteen watersheds located throughout South Carolina which were dominated by agricultural and silvicultural land uses. A total of 106 FC determinations were made during seven storm events, with a range of geometric means from 136MPN/100 ml to 12,718MPN/100 ml. The geometric means of FC data for SCDHEC Ashley River trend stations (Figure 2) are shown below for the period May through October (1986-1988): 48 SCDHEC Fecal Coliform STATION (MPN/100 ml) CSTL-102 178 (n=17) CSTL-099 762 (n=16) MD-049 115 (n=13) MD-135 56 (n=16) With the exception of CSTL-099, the data collected in this study show geometric means (Table 12) which are much greater than those indicated in the trend data above. For example, Brickyard Creek geometric means (cols./100 ml) were 7,012 (Storm 1) , 6532 (Storm 2) and 8742 (Storm 3). These FC concentrations are much greater than the value of 56 MPN/100 ml indicated by MD-135 for sixteen measurements. pH pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in a water sample. It is an important factor in the chemical and biological systems of natural waters. The protected State standard for Cypress Swamp and the fresh water Ashley is a pH range of 6. 0 to 8.5. The measurements taken at Upper Ashley (Bacon's Bridge), Dorchester Creek, Eagle Creek, and Popperdam Creek stations fall within this standard. The saline portions of the Ashley River have a pH range standard of 6.5 to 8.5. This applies to the Brickyard and Church Creek stations. With the exception of one pH measurement of 9.92 at the Dorchester Creek station, all pH measurements fell within the Standards,' range for the four stations in the Class B portion of the waters sampled. This single high pH cannot be explained, but the measurement was made prior 49 to the initiation of runoff during the first study. All PH measurements fell within the Standards" range for the two stations in the class SC portion. Analysis of Elements (including metals) The Ashley River stormwater sampling included analyses for the elements previously listed in Table 6. The analyses were for dissolved species of these elements rather than total-recoverable. Results are included in Appendix 2. All of these elements are natural constituents of freshwater and seawater, with generally higher concentrations in seawater. Major Elements of Seawater According to Riley and Chester (1971), major elements in full strength seawater usually occur at concentrations greater than I mg/kg and are geochemically unreactive. Major elements of seawater included in this sampling are sodium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium. None of these elements are considered toxic. Although none of the stations sampled are highly saline, they are estuarine and subject to interactions with ocean water. specific conductance measurements, an indirect measure of salinity, confirm the assumption. The Church Creek and Brickyard Creek stations are most influenced by saltwater, with only slight saltwater influence seen at the Popperdam. Creek, Bacon Bridge, Dorchester Creek, and Eagle Creek stations. The ranges of major element concentrations for the three studies are given below. 50 Element Storm 1 Storm 2 Storm 3 Sodium, mg/l 1.6-2500 6.9-3700 5.2-3000 Magnesium, mg/1 0.60-31.0 1.4-450 1.2-330 Calcium, mg/l 7.2-110 15-160 9.8-220 Strontium, ug/l 19-1800 44-2600 26-2000 Simple regression analysis of each element considered a ma]or constituent of seawater at all stations to specific conductance at all stations shows a strong correlation. Element Storm 1 Storm 2 Storm 3 Sodium r = .74 r = .88 r = .99 Magnesium r = .73 r = .89 r = .99 Calcium r = .74 r = .93 r = .90 Strontium r = .76 r = .83 r = .99 The correlation was less (.72-.76) during the f irst rain event, but the.tidal range and freshwater runoff was greater so there would be less influence exerted by saltwater in samples taken at low tide stages. The spatial and temporal variations in these elements are apparently due to the influence of seawater rather than stormwater. Minor and Trace Elements of Seawater Minor elements in seawater are generally not as conservative as major elements, due in part because they are geochemically and biologically reactive. Since the concentration may be controlled by the geology of the drainage area, unusual localized concentrations may be produced from land runoff (Riley and Chester, 1971). Two minor elementsi barium and lithium, showed correlations with specific conductance, much as the major elements did. 51 Element Storm 1 Storm 2 Storm 3. Barium r = .60 r = .77 r = .91 Lithium r = .75 r = .93 r = .98 Several minor elements showed only slight temporal or spatial variations and were often reported below the analytical detection limit. Beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, and molybdenum showed little or no variation in their range of values. Chromium values ranged from <10-20 pg/1 in the first storm event with the exception of the first sample which was 130 pg/l. This high value probably represents the first flush after the rainfall. Chromium concentrations were elevated at the Church Creek station during the first and second sampling of the third storm event. These measured 30 and 20 )ig/l, respectively, and all other samples were below the limits of detection. The first two samples indicate the first flush of stormwater runoff. Vanadium concentrations ranged from <6 to <18 Pg/l except the first two samples collected at the Church Creek station. Although values of 50 pg/l and 79 pg/l were detected, vanadium concentrations correlate strongly with specific conductance (r = 0.87) so the increases are likely from seawater influences rather than runoff influences. Iron, manganese, and silica varied considerably between stations, but values for these elements were similar at all samplings at each station. These elements are naturally occurring and their concentrations may be affected by the geology of the area. The range of values for these elements are shown below. 52 Element Storm 1 Storm 2 Storm 3 Iron, )jg/1 48-760 14-270 38-960 Manganese, )ig/l 7-650 3-220 5-160 Silica, mg/l 0.9-9.3 1.2-20 5.2-69 Iron, manganese, or silica are not generally associated with pollution sources and are not considered toxic. Only two elements, zinc and mercury, show variations which could be attributed to stormwater runoff, since they are not closely associated with seawater or local geology. Zinc concentrations ranged from <3 pg/l to 190 pg/l for all storm events (Figures 15-17). Only two values of zinc were detected above EPA national criteria to protect aquatic life. These were reported during the third storm at Dorchester Creek at 130 pg/l and Popperdam Creek at 190 pg/l. All others were less than 65 pg/l at the brackish water stations, Brickyard Creek and Church Creek, and less than 55 pg/l at the stations which are less influenced by saltwater. Since the elevated levels are not recurring, they should be compared with national criteria for acute toxicity, 95 pg/l for saltwater and 65 pg/l for freshwater (US EPA, 1987 Feb). Mercury concentrations ranged from <0.1 pg/l to 3.4 pg/l (Figures 18-20). Concentrations greater than 1.0 yg/l were reported at four stations, including Popperdam Creek, Church Creek, Dorchester Creek, and Eagle Creek, during the first storm study. At the Church Creek station, these increased values were 3.1 yg/l at the first sampling and 1.7 pg/l at the second sampling. Mercury decreased to 0.8 pg/1 by the 53 Figure 15. Dissolved Zinc in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study April '87 60 50 40 3- C 4-J x x x 20 7 17 x Nx x /I x /I x x x 7IN /I x x x 7 /1 x /I IN, /I 7XI x Z, I\N 1/1 1\11 x x X x \ \N\A X, x /1\ x /14 -IN /N x x BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAG L E Ashley River Stations Figure 16. Dissolved Zinc in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study June '87 60 50 40 3- N IN C N N N 4-J 1 ,30 -7- 7- \ 7,-N 12 /N x \ X, IN X U1 C X, N x I\XNx x /\/,Nx /I N 20 x X 111-@ x /I N x X /I x 7, I\ x /\X, x X, x /I x x /I x /7 x x /I x x x /I x X, x 1/1 x /I x 0 - x @, -\ x BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations N 7q I N N N N N \X N X, x X Figure 17. Dissolved Zinc in Runoff Stormwater Study Sept-Oct '87 190 170 160 150 140 130 120 11 Q 100 90 Ln cr, 80 70 so 50 40 30 10 rklo BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Figure 18. Dissolved Mercury in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study April '87 3.5 3 2.5 2 4-J 2 7, x P9 x /N BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations N Ix N Ix N \A Fig u re 19. Dissolved Mercury in Runoff Stormwater Runoff Study June '87 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 T. 1 3- 0.9 0.8 U1 C 00 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 BRKYD POPDIVI. CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations Figure 20. Dissolved Mercury in Runoff Stormwater Study Sept-Oct '87 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0 4.j 0.4 0.2 BRKYD POPDM CHRCH BACON DORCH EAGLE Ashley River Stations fourth sampling. At the Dorchester Creek station, these increased values were 3.4 pg/l at the second sampling and 1.7 pg/l at the third sampling, with a return to 0.3 pg/l at the fourth sampling. A value of 1.7 pg/l occurred at Eagle Creek at the last sampling, and a value of 1.0 pg/l occurred at Popperdam Creek, presumably after the effect of any stormwater runoff had subsided. During the second storm study mercury concentrations ranged from <0.1 Fg/l to 1.7 pg/l. Only two stations, Church Creek with a value of 1.7 pg/l at the first sampling and Bacon's Bridge with a value of 1.1 Fg/l at the second sampling, showed elevated values which may be attributed to stormwater runoff. All other mercury values at all stations were 0.3 pg/l or less. There were no mercury concentrations measured during the third storm event that were directly attributable to stormwater runof f . Concentrations at all stations except Church Creek ranged from <0.1 pg/l to 0.3 )1g/l. At Church Creek the mercury levels ranged from 0.2 Fg/l to 0.8 )Ig/l, but are likely due to seawater influence, since a simple regression of specific conductance to mercury had a correlation coefficient of 0.93. A few of these levels may be potentially toxic when compared with EPA criteria to protect aquatic life. Since these elevated levels are not recurring they should be compared with criteria for acute toxicity, 2.1 pg/l for saltwater and 2.4 pg/1 for freshwater (US EPA, 1985). 60 Conclusions The water quality characteristics of stormwater runof f were assessed in six Ashley River tributar ies having variable land use associations. Three storm events were studied to measure various constituents influencing water quality. The major conclusions from this study are: Dissolved oxygen and associated saturation data indicate with few exceptions acceptable levels in the stormwater runof f associated with tributary watersheds when compared to State D.O. standards and a 66% D.O. saturation criteria. An exception was the Church Creek site, with four sub-standard D.O. determinations. It is expected that total D.O. deficits resulted from inputs of oxygen demanding material from natural background sources, nonpoint sources! and a point source discharge in Church Creek. High concentrations of carbonaceous and nitrogenous oxygen demanding materials are discharged by tributary watersheds into the main stem of the Ashley River estuary following storm events. Brickyard Creek, the most urban and industrial watershed, contributes the highest levels of BOD5/BODu of those watersheds sampled. Less developed watersheds, such as the upper Ashley (Bacon's Bridge), contribute much lower levels of BOD5/BODu. Similarly, the highest NH3-N and TKN concentrations correspond to the more developed watersheds (Church, Brickyard, Dorchester and Eagle Creeks). The extent to which nonpoint source oxygen demanding material entering the main stem of the Ashley River system 61 is causing dissolved oxygen depression in the main stem is a complex question and not fully understood. Recent Ashley River dissolved oxygen and related data from SCDHEC long-term ambient monitoring stations (MD-049 and MD-135) and similar data from USGS continuous real time stations indicate that at times dissolved oxygen levels are depressed below 4.0 mg/l (as a daily minimum) throughout the system. When these depressed D.O. levels do occur, it is usually during portions of the summer months from June through September when the lowest D.O. and D.O. saturation levels are naturally expected. While data indicate that dissolved oxygen levels in the Ashley River and Charleston Harbor are spatially and temporally quite variable, the majority of those values below 4.0 mg/l have occurred at stations in the upper and middle Ashley River, with a small percentage at stations in the lower Ashley and Charleston Harbor. Data also indicate that the months from October through May almost always have daily minimums above 4.0 mg/l and daily averages above 5.0 mg/l throughout the estuary. Dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Ashley River and Charleston Harbor estuary, like other estuarine systems, is dependent on a complex set of interactive factors which are spatially and temporally variable. Using water quality and biological data assessment, as well as appropriate modelling studies, the SCDHEC will continue to evaluate the relative importance of nonpoint and point sources on the dissolved oxygen dynamics of this system. Fecal coliform concentrations, as geometric means, exceeded 1000 cols./100 ml in all watersheds during the 62 first storm event. The highest concentrations were found in the Brickyard, Popperdam., Dorchester and Eagle Creek watersheds. For some storm events, each of these sites had geometric means exceeding the State FC standard. the range of PH data met the State standard in stormwater runoff at all watersheds. Elevated levels of zinc were found in Dorchester and Popperdam, Creek stormwater runoff measurements. Elevated concentrations of mercury were found in Church and Dorchester Creek stormwater runoff measurements. In summary, water quality analyses indicate that stormwater runoff from culturally developed watersheds is contributing elevated concentrations of some pollutants to the Ashley River estuary. Cumulatively, this stormwater runoff contributes to the degradation of water quality. Currently, the S. C. Department of Health and Environmental Control and several cooperating agencies are involved in a Nonpoint Source Management Program. 'So that environmental and use benefits may be maintained and improved, a primary objective of this program is to implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control stormwater runoff and associated pollutants. The South Carolina NPS Management Plan identifies the Ashley River sub-basin as a waterbody impacted by nonpoint source pollution. As such, BMPs should be utilized within the Ashley River sub-basin to control nonpoint source pollution related to current and future impacts. 63 References APRA, AWWA, and WPCF. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed. Washington, D.C. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation, 1268 pp. CH2M Hill Betz Environmental Engineers, Inc. 1978. 208 Areawide Waste Treatment Management Plan - Chapter III - Assessment of Present Water Ouality Conditions, for the Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Council of Governments, June 1978. Riley, J.P. and R. Chester. 1971. Introduction to Marine Chemistry. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, 465 pp. S. C. Department of Health and Environmental Control. 1985. Water Ouality Classifications and Standards (Regulation 61-68). Water Classifications (Regulation 61-69). Office of Environmental Quality Control, Columbia, SC. S. C. Department of Health and Environmental Control. 1980. Assessment of NonDoint Source Pollution (Volume 11, 208 Water Ouality Management Planning Report, Office of Environmental Quality Control, Columbia, SC, 280 pp. Skongstad, M.W. et al., editors. 1979. Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments. USGS-TWRI Book 5, Chapter Al, 626 pp. Tetra Tech, Inc. and C. E. Chamberlin. 1985. Rates, Constants, and Kinetics Formulations in Surface Water Quality Modeling, for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, June 1985. EPA/600/3-85/040. Thomann, R. V. and J. A. Mueller. 1987. Principles of Surface Water Ouality Modeling and Control. Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., New York, NY, 644 pp. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Nonpoint Source Guidance. Office of Water, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC, 33 pp. & appendices. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987 Feb. Ambient Water Ouality for Zinc - 1987. Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, 207 pp., Feb. 1987. EPA 440/5-87-003. 64 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Ambient Water Ouality for Mercury - 1984. Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, 136 pp., Jan. 1985. EPA 440/5-84-026. Wanielista, M. P. 1978. Stormwater Management - Quantity and Ouality. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, 383 pp. Wood, W. W. 1976. Guidelines for Collection and Field Analysis of Groundwater Samples for Selected Unstable Constituents. USGS-TWRI Book 1, Chapter D2, 24 pp. 65 APPENDIX I Correspondence from the U. S. Geological survey 66 "OT Or 1@ United States Department of the Interior GEOLOGICAL SURVEY @h3 Water Resources Division 1835 Assembly Street, Suite 677A ECE Columbia, SC 29201-2492 1v-ED January 14, 1988 JAN 1.5 m DIVISION OF Mr. John Chigges WATER QUALITY S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201 Dear Mr. Chigges: Enclosed are the data from the first and second storm events sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Ashley River Basin. The data from the third storm are nearly complete, and I expect to have them to you in February. Also enclosed are some pages containing general information on the study as well as field observations and weather conditions for each storm. Lastly, I am including a single page of data for station ARC1, in order to show you a different format that is available through our water quality data system. If you would like to have the Ashley River data in that format in addition to the tables provided, please let me know. If you have any questions, feel free to call. You can reach me at 253-3690. Sincerely, ,tit Donna L. Belval Hydrologist Enclosure DB/vh 67 ASHLEY RIVER RUNOFF STUDY 'The Sampling Stations and Station Numbers are as follows: Station DHEC Station Number USGS Station Number Brickyard Creek Al 325053080002701 Popperdam Creek Bi 325410080044001 Church Creek 82 325011080025301 Bacon's Bridge Cl 325730080120501 Dorchester Creek C2 325708080101401 Eagle Creek C3 325702080093501 Numbering System The following numbering system was used to-provide each sample with a unique sample number: STORM NUMBER AR (Ashley River) STATION NUMBER - SAMPLE NUMBER For example, 2ARC3-4 is the fourth sample taken at Eagle Creek, Station C3, during the second storm. Analyses The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) for each sample was determined at the USGS laboratory in Columbia, South Carolina. All other analyses were performed by the USGS Central Laboratory in Arvada, Colorado. Key to Printout Codes. Parameter Code Key Streamflow, Instantaneous <0 Indicates that there was upstream flow due to incoming tide. Coliform, Fecal K Non-ideal colony count, meaning that results are based on a colony count outside of the acceptable range. Coliform, Fecal NO Bacteria were specifically analyzed for but not detected. Note Gage height is described on the printout as "feet above datum,'. These values, however are actually feet below the measuring point on each bridge. There is no common datum elevation. 68 NOTES FOR ASHLEY RIVER RUNOFF SAMPLING STORM 1: Aprilq 1987 Sampling Personnel: Gary Speiran, Donna Belval, John Barton, Carol Lowery Weather conditions as reported by the National Weather Service: Summerville Charleston AirRort Precipitation, Temperature, uF Precipitation, Temperature uF CoFditions Date in inches Max Min in inches Max min_ Reported 4T1-4 0 88 51 0 79 57 Fog, Haze 4/15 1.82 81 61 1.07 79 62 Fog, Thunderstorm 4/16 .54 77 57 .06 72 53 Hail, Thunderstorm 4/17 .07 77 42 .03 69 49 Thunderstorm 4/18 .01 69 45 .10 71 50 Thunderstorm, Heavy Fog Remarks: Rainfall began at approximately 7:30 am, and stopped at 12:30 pm. Original plans were to sample only on the outgoing tide. However, it soon became apparent that the high stormwater flow overcame the effects of the tide. The schedule was revised to take measurements at the peak of the storm hydrograph rather than only on the.outgoing tide. On inspection of the.streams late on the afternoon of the 16th, the flow appeared to be only slightly higher than during the background sample, so sampling was discontinued. Tidal effects were in evidence by that time. Due to problems with the fixative, mercury concentration could not be determined for the following samples: 1ARA1-3 1ARAl-4 1ARB2-3 1ARC3-3 69 NOTES FOR ASHLEY RIVER RUNOFF SAMPLING STORM 2-. June, 1987 Sampling Personnel: Donna Belval, John Barton, Larry Harrelson, Paul Conrads Weather conditions as reported by the National Weather Service: Summerville Charleston Airport Precipitation, Tempe ature, "F Precipitation, Temperature,'F Conditions Date in inches Max Min in inches Max Min Reported 673- .52 91 69 0 95 73 6/4 0 93 71 1.07 79 70 Fog, Thunderstorms 6/5 .86 79 67 0 85 68 616 0 85 68 0 87 64 617 0 87 57 0 87 63 Remarks: Rainfall begin at approximately 2:30 pm on June 4, and continued intermittantly for several hours. Because stormwater runoff was much less than that of the previous storm, the influence of the tide was more in evidence. Some discharge measurements could not be made because of severe lightning. Sampling was done on the outgoing tide whenever possible. 70 ,ST Op United States Department of the Interior 0 V GEOLOGICAL SURVEY h 3 R C]BrVFD Water Resources Division FEB 12 1988 1835 Assembly Street, Suite 677A F Columbia, SC 29201-2492 DIVISION 0 February 11, 1988 WATER QUAL111 Mr. John Chigges S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201 Dear Mr. Chigges: Enclosed are the data from the third storm event sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Ashley River Basin. Durin@ our conversation on January 19, you asked about the use of the term conductance" on the printout from the USGS laboratory. Our water-quality standards require that we report field-measured specific conductance in micromhos/cm at 25 OC. We use both temperature-compensated meters, from which we read value directly, and meters which are not tem -perature-compensated. For the latter type of meter, specific conductance at 25 'C is computed using the following formulas: A. If measured temperature is greater than 25 OC: CV = MV where X = ((T-25)0.02) I+X B. If measured temperature is less than 25 OC: CV = MV (1+X) where X = ((25-T)0.02) and CV = conductance at 25 OC MV = measured conductance value T = measured temperature of sample. 71 Chigges 02/11/88 Page 2 These formulas are from the USGS Training Manual for Water-Quality Field Techniques for the Southeastern Region. If you need a more specific reference, please let me know. Free free to call, if you have any questions. I can be reached at 253-3690. Sincerely, Donna L. Belval Hydrologist Enclosure DLB/vwf 72 "VAT Or United States Department of the Interior 0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY h3 ater Resources Division 1835 Assembly Street, Suite 677A Columbia, SC 29201-2492 June 3, 1988 Mr. John Chigges South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. Chigges: Enclosed are the data from the third storm event sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Ashley River Basin. Included are the dissolved oxygen values that were not given in the previous table. Dissolved oxygen values were not obtained at all sites because of a meter malfunction. As you requested, I asked our metals chemist at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) about the chromium values obtained for the Ashley River. The NWQL can determine concentrations of chromium (II), chromium (III) and chromium (VI) on request; however, for this study specific oxidation states were not asked for, so that the values reported are total chromium only. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to call me in Columbia at 765-5966. Sincerely, Donna L. Belval Hydrologist Enclosure cc: Glenn Patterson Assistant District Chief DLB/vb 73 NOTE FOR ASHLEY RIVER RUNOFF SAMPLING STORM 3: September-October, 1987 Sampling Personnel: Donna Belval, John Barton, Paul Drewes, Whitney Stringfield Weather conditions as reported by the National Weather Service: Summerville Charleston Airport Temper tur Precipitation E, F Precipitation Temperature,OF Conditions Date in inches Max Min in inches Maxj Min Reported 09/29 0 83 64 0 86 66 09130 0.62 88 67 0.59 76 68 Fog 10/01 0.38 88 56 0 73 53 10/02 0 74 43 0 81 50 Remarks: Rainfall began at 5:30 am on September 30, and continued for approximately three hours. Because the total-rainfall was a relatively small amount, the effects of the tide easily overcame the additional streamflow due to the storm. Sampling, therefore, was conducted on the outgoing tides when possible. 74 APPENDIX 2 Streamflow and Water Quality Data from the U. S. Geological Survey 75 STUDY 1 April 14-16, 1987 76 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 1-13-66 MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES SPE- LOCAL STREAM- GAGE CIFIC IDENT- LAT- LONG- F LC W.- HEIGHT TEMPER- C 0 N` I- I- I- INS7AN- (FEET ATURE DUCT- FIER DATE TIME TUDE TUOE TANEOUS AOCVE WATER ANCE (CFS) DATUM) (CEG C) (US/CM) (00061) (00065) (OC01C) (COO;5) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 04-14-87 leco 32 50 53 N 080 OC 27 W C.10 1C.57 25.0 690 04-15-87 1215 24 7.24 19.5 195 C4-15-87 1530 9.7 9.87 22.5 238 C-4-1 5-87 2340 id 6.63 21 .5 2410 04-16-87 1630 C.92 1C.4C 22.5 480 ARei. POPP.ERDAM CREEK 04-14-87 ZC40 32 54 10 N 080 04 40 W C.0 21 C 248 C4-15-87 0500 202 2.91 17.5 123 04-15-87 lt45 113 3.26 20.5 145 04-15-87 2C45 51 5.11 20.5 153 C4-1 6-87 1415 17 6.63 20.0 14 ri ARB2 CHURCH CREEK C4-1 4-87 2C30 32 50 11 N 080 02 53 W 246 9.4G zo.c 6100 04-15-87 1345 277 9.82 20.0 1490 04-15-87 lf50 142 12.39 22.5 1.620 C4-16-87 1230 165 9.48 20.5 2tco C4-16-87 1740 77 13.12 22.5 1360 ARC1 BACON BRIDGE C4-14-87 2140 sa 57 30 t4 08C 12 05 w 13.0 14.44 1B.0 93 04-15-87 1730 576 15.34 19.5 76 04-16-87 1320 C.0 19.c 81 04-16-87 1645 385 16 . 5 C 19.0 e 1 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 04-14-87 1800 32 57 08 N 080 IC 14 w 0.0 1 C . 15 04-15-87 1340 1 04C 4.57 19 . c 111 04-15-87 le35 374 7.94 20.C 1CE C4-16-87 1215 121 6.63 20.C 124 C4-16-87 1600 9.38 21.0 139 J ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 04-14-87 1845 32 57 02 N 080 09 35 W 98 9.87 21 C 121 04-15-87 1240 521 5.72 18.C 1C5 04-15-87 2COO 375 8.25 18.C 76 04-16-87 1115 148 6.74 13.5 73 04-16-87 1540 9.76 19.5 75 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 1-13-68 FULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES OXYGEN OXYGEN NllRO_ OEMANDt DE14ANOP NITRO- GENPAM- M A GN E ,LCCAL Bic- BIOCHEM GEN. MONIA + CALCIUM SIUMo SGOILMp IDENT- OXYGENP CHEM- ULT. PH AMMONIA ORGANIC DIS- DIS- Ois- DIS- ICALo CAAeON- (STAND- TOTAL TOTAL SCLVED SCLVEC SCLVEO FIER SOLVED 5 CAY ACECUS ARD (MG/L (MG/L (VG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L) (MG/L) (MG/L) UNITS) AS N) AS N) AS CA) AS MG) AS NA) (00300) (00310) (00320) (00400) (C0610) (00625) (OC915) (00925) (00930 ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 7.0 5.3 12 8.20 0.420 1.8 63 11 57 6.8 7.80 0.290 1.7 25 2.1 12 6.4 Z5 tz 7.40 0.140 3.6 Z7 4.0 24 4.2 4.8 9.8 7.40 0.320 1.0 42 51 430 8.6 37 115 8.CC 0.540 2.3 55 7.7 39 AR81 POPPERDAM CREEK 9.6 2.5 5.4 7.37 0.020 1.2 32 2.7 12 8.9 5.4 10 7.76 0.210 1.6 10 0.60 1.6 6.3 5.0 10 7.6C 0.150 2.6 21 1.1 3.! 6.3 3.5 8.7 7.17 0.120 0.90 2 G 1.2 5.3 6.5 2.4 5.9 6.79 0.090 1.8 18 1.3 5.2 AR82 CHURCH CREEK 6.7 2.4 6.0 7.30 0.600 2.4 96 260 Z200 6.0 2.3 6.2 7.ZC 0.550 2.3 lic 310 2500 5.3 3.4 9.1 7.20 1.30 3.0 61 91 760 5.2 2.7 6.0 7.10 1 . 1 c 2.6 70 150 130C 5.8 3.8 8.8 7.40 0.180 1.7 42 25 iso ARC1 BACCN BRIDGE 7.8 1 C 17 6.86 0.100 2.3 2.9 1.2 5.9 5.6 2.5 7.3 6.26 O.C70 1.9 7.3 0. 9c 4.8 00 5.4 1 . 7 5.2 6.28 O.C80 1.4 7.5 0. 9C 5.1 7.1 1.4 4.4 6.23 0.040 1.9 7.5 0.9c 5.3 J ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 13.0 2.1 6.1 9.92 G.C30 7.5 26 4.1 48 7.0 7.0 14 7.31 0.300 2.1 14 0.90 4.3 6.8 5.0 12 6.91 0.320 1 . a 12 1.0 6.2 7.8 2.2 6.5 6.95 0.680 2.2 12 1.2 11 9.0 2.0 5.5 7.16 o.too 2.4 12 1.2 11 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK E.9 1.8 5.6 6.63 0.240 1.8 12 1.4 10 6.9 6.8 13 6.79 0.110 1.5 1 C 0.8c 3.2 6.1 3.5 11 6.66 O.C30 1.5 5.1 0.8C 3.4 6.8 1.6 5.3 6.24 O.C40 2.1 7.2 0.8c 3.5 7.8 1.9 5.6 6.53 O.C40 1.9 8.0 0.9c 4.3 J UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRCCESS DATE 1-13-E8 FULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES SILICA.- BERYL- CHRO- LCCAL DIS- 5ARIUMP LIUMo, CADMIUM MIUMO COBALTP COPPERP IRON.- LEAC,, IDENT- SOLVED DIS_ DIS_ DIS_ cis- DIS_ DIS_ Ois- DIS- I- (MG/L SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SCLVED SGLVEC SOLVED FIER AS (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (uG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L S102) AS BA) AS BE) AS CD) AS CR) AS CO) AS CU) AS FE) AS P5) (CO955) (01CC5) (OlClO) (01025) (C1030) (01035) (OlC40) (01046) (C1049) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 8.0 22 <0.5 < 1 '(10 < 3 0c 46 <10 3.3 11 <0.5 1 <10 <3 10 20C 10 4.2 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <lc 290 <10 3.6 14 < 2 < 3 <10 <9 <30 76C <30 10 22 <O.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 94 <10 AR81 POPP.ERDAM CREEK 9.3 24 <0.5 1 <10 <3 <10 28G 10 0.9 5 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 74 <10 2.7 12 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 81 10 3.9 14 <0.5 1 <10 <3 <10 160 <10 6.0 16 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <lc 350 <10 ARE2 CHURCH CREEK 4.1 26 3 <3 130 <9 <3C lco <30 3.5 26 1 1 10 <3 10 77 10 4.5 23 <.2 <3 <10 <9 <3C 21C <30 4.4 23 <2 <3 <10 <9 <30 16C <zc) 5.5 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 76C <10 ARCI 'BACON BRIDGE 4.5 16 1 1 <10 <3 <IG 42C 10 a 4.1 12 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 39C <10 4.6 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 47C <10 4.7 14 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <lc 420 <10 0 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 5.3 13 cO.5 2 <10 <3 10 19C <10 2.5 13 <0.5 1 < 10 <3 0C 23C 20 0 3.7 16 <0.5 1 <10 <3 <lC 37C <10 5.7 14 <0.5 <1 10 <3 <10 34C <10 5.8 16 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 30C <10 0 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 4.9 16 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 48C <10 2.9 9 <0.5 1 <10 <3 0C 33C 30 0 3.4 11 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 31C 10 4.4 11 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <lc 42C <10 4.8 11 <0.5 <1 20 <3 <lc 431 <10 0 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: PROCESS DATE 1-13-Ee MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES COLI- MANGA- MCLYS- STRON- VANA- FCRMj, LCCAL N ES E.- DE NUM,, T I UM.- 0 1 um " ZINcf LITHIUM FECALf MERCLRY IDENT_ DIS_ cis- DIS_ DIS_ DIS- DIS- 0.7 Dis- I- SOLVED SCLVEC SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVEC UP-MF SOLVED FIER (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (CCLS./ (UG/L AS MN) AS MO) AS SR) AS V) AS ZN) AS LI) 10C ML) AS HG) (OlC56) (01060) (0108C) CC1085). (OlC90) (01130) (31625) (7189C) ARAl 8,RICKYARD CREEK 60 0C 330 <6 <3 9 430 c . 1 31 <lc 83 <6 7 6 K9000C C.2 49 0C 120 <6 9 <4 200co 650 <3C 37C <18 52 16 730C 7o <lC 280 <6 6 5 K3000 C.1 ARBI. POPPEROAM CREEK 26 <10 96 <6 6 7 260 C.2 5 0C 25 <6 5 <4 K22000 <C.l 15 0C 43 <6 4 5 K24000 C.4 23 <10 48 <6 4 5 K22000 C . 2 28 0c 47 <6 13 <4 7000 1.0 ARB2 CHURCH CREEK 100 <3C 16CO <18 15 69 1 3CG 3 .1 120 0C 1800 <6 21 65 6700 1.7 220 <30 610 <18 10 17 K5300 170 <30 940 < 18 21 38 1600 C . 8 120 <lc 240 <6 30 7 350 C.2 OD ARC1 BACON BRIDGE 48 0C 28 <6 9 <4 K150 c . 3 57 0C 22 <6 6 <4 14000 C . 3 25 0C 21 <6 8 <4 K3200 c . 2 31 0C 22 <6 8 <4 1700 C.2 ARC2 CORCHESTER CREEK 7 <lC 130 <6 55 5 NO C.5 23 0C 30 < 6 10 <4 K3900C 3.4 32 0C 3 C < 6 13 <4 K28000 1.7 26 0C 33 <6 14 <4 81C C.3 23 0C 34 < 6 12 <4 K47CO C . 3 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 38 0C 40 < 6 33 <4 49C c . 3 22 <lc 25 < 6 11 <4 K38000 <0.1 23 <10 25 < 6 17 <4 >12 14 1 C 19 < 6 10 <4 7700 C . 7 16 <10 23 < 6 2b <4 930C 1.7 STUDY 2 June 4-6, 1987 81 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 1-19-8-0 FULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES SPE_ LCCAL STREAM- GAGE CIFIC IDENT- LAT- LCNG- FLOWf HEIGHT TEMPER- C 0 IN - 0 I- I- I- INSTAN- (FEET ATURE DUCT- FIER DATE TIME TUDE TUDE TANEOUS ABOVE WATER ANCE (CFS) DATUM) (DEG C) (US/Cm) (00061) (00065) (00010) (00095) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 06-04-87 1545 32 50 53 N 080 00 27 W 34 a . 14 25.C 2 7 0 0 06-C4-87 1950 2.5 10.28 23.C 330 06-05-67 1100 0.27 10.55 2o.5 1060 v 06-05-87 1820 13 8.80 30.G 1820 06-06-87 0950 0.25 10.57 25.0 15200 AR81 POPPERDAM CREEK 06-04-87 1500 32 54 10 N 080 04 40 W 2 5 . G 90 06-04-87 1740 69 5.14 25.0 419 06-05-87 1030 1.9 7.ol 24.0 201 06-05-87 2125 1.0 7.84 25.0 i79 06-06-87 1300 0.91 7.57 28.0 200 AR22 CHURCH CREEK 06-04-87 1415 32 50 11 N 080 02 53 W 9.78 28.0 15600 06-04-87 2120 43 13.11 26.5 lu3co C-6-*05-87 1320 <0. 0 10.60 27.C 14500 00 06-05-87 2CCD 155 18.81 28.C 1651,10 06-06-87 1C45 47 13.05 25.G 12400 AR'Ll BACCN BRIDGE C6-04-87 1415 32 57 30 N 080 12 05 W 0.0 16.57 28.0 408 06-04-87 17CO C.0 15.12 27.C 596 06-05-87 2C15 182 17.21 26.5 350 Go-06-87 1200 23 17.99 24.0 191 06-08-87 1325 32 18.22 26.0 240 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 06-C4-87 1400 32 57 08 N 080 1C 14 W <c.0 28.0 845 G6-04-87 2245 0.0 13.33 24.5 3?8 C6-05-87 1255 C.0 E.49 29.0 2 3.3 Co-05-87 1910 39 7.76 27.C 297 C6-06-87 IC25 0.0 10.44 25.0 319 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 06-04-87 15 3 5 32 57 02 N 080 09 35 W <0.0 7.48 27.0 875 C6-04-87 2100 73 24.00 235 06-05-67 1210 <C.O ic.58 26.C 6 d b 06-05-87 1E20 91 7.79 23.0 914 06-06-87 0930 13 11.81 24.0 5Ul UN ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 1-19-83 FULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES OXYGEN OXYGEN NITRO- DEMANOP DEMANDo NITRO- G;-'-NfAM- MAGNE- LOCAL BIC- 51CCHEM GEN.- MONIA + CALCIUM SIUMP SCDILM, IDENT- OXYGENP CHEM- ULT. PH AFMONIA ORGANIC Dis- cis- DIS- I- DIS- ICALo, CARBON- (STAND- TOTAL T07AL SOLVED SOLVED SCLVED FIER SOLVED 5 CAY ACECUS ARD (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (M5/L (MG/L) (MG/L) (MG/L) UNITS) AS N) AS N) AS CA) AS MG) AS NA) (00300) (00310) (00320) (00400) (C0610) (00625) (OC915) (00925) (00930) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 6.7 22 38 7.4C 0.800 2.7 51 't 0 520 4.9 8.3 16 7.4C O.doo 2.0 24 4.7 25 2.9 7.9 B. 20 0.540 1.3 59 19 140 5.3 4.0 9.2 7.70 0.960 1.9 46 36 310 12.0 5.2 12 8.1C 0.590 2.1 69 30 230 ARB1 POPPEROAM CREEK 6.4 7.4 14 7.28 0.290 1 .3 34 2.6 13 5.5 7.82 0.230 1.5 42 2.2 10 6.8 3.1 6.7 7.50 0.060 1.4 26 1.4 0.9 7.3 2.6 5 . a 7.43 0.100 1.0 29 2.1 16 8.5 2.4 5.5 7.90 o.c90 1 .2 33 3.6 22 )o AR02 CHURCH CREEK 5.0 2.1 4.6 7.40 0.340 1 . 2 160 450 3700 3.1 3.2 6.4 7.40 0.700 2.7 110 250 2100 3.8 2.1 4.8 7.30 0.740 2.3 13C 350 Z900 00 4.1 2.5 5.3 7.30 0.490 1.7 15C 410 3 40 0 U) 3.9 2.3 5.4 7.30 0.780 2.6 120 260 23JO ARC1 BACCN aRIOGE 8.1 2.9 7.1 7.45 O.C40 1.7 21 4.4 47 5.2 3.9 7.9 7.52 0.230 2.1 21 6.6 78 7.2 2.4 5.6 7.52 0.040 1.6 21 4.4 46 6.3 2.2 5.1 6.53 0.080 1.7 15 2.0 18 8.4 2.7 5.9 7.60 0.060 1.4 16 2.6 27 ARC2 GORChESTER CREEK 4.5 5.8 11 7.30 3.80 4.7 2 Z 6. i 120 4P 4.3 8.0 18 7.82 0.650 2.7 22 2.1 41 6.2 4.4 12 8.46 1.40 2.7 25 1.6 19 5.6 4.2 11 8.61 1.80 2.9 25 2.1 20 9.8 3.8 10 8.12 1.30 3.1 3C 2.5 30 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 6.1 4.6 8.6 7.46 0.770 2. 2 21 1 1 130 3.2 9.0 20 7.3o 1.20 3.2 20 1.6 18 6.2 4.4 10 7.60 0.840 2.4 24 5.7 67 8.2 4.5 3.8 7.85 0.980 2.2 24 11 130 5.6 3.6 8.6 7.80 0.230 1.9 28 4.7 53 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 1-19-88 MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES SILICAt BERYL- CHRC- LOCAL cis- BARIUMP LILMP CADMIUM MIumf COBALTt COPPERe IRCNP LEACt IDENT- SOLVED Dis- DIS_ DIS_ ois- DIS_ DIS_ DIS_ is- I- (MG/L SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED S;LVEO FIER AS (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L SIO2) AS BA) AS BE) AS CD) AS CR) AS CO) AS CU) AS FE) AS P6) (00955) (01C05) (01010) (01025) (GlU30) (01035) (01040) (01046) (0049) I-W ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 4.1 23 2 3 <10 <9 <30 140 1@0 4.3 14 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 27C <10 10 19 <0.5 <1 10 <3 <10 39 <10 7.3 18 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 33 < 10 11 la <5 <10 <50 <30 <100 91 <lGQ AR21 POPPEROAM CREEK 6.0 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 31 < 10 3.6 24 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <1C 14 < 10 3.4 16 0.9 <1 <10 <3 <10 64 <10 4.8 19 0.5 <1 <10 <3 20 63 < 10 5.3 18 0.6 <1 20 <3 <10 15 C <10 ARB2 CHURCH CREEK 1.9 27 <5 <10 <50 <30 <100 1 2C <100 4.5 32 <5 <10 <50 <30 <100 85 <100 3.6 29 <5 <lc <50 <30 <100 53 <lco 00 3.0 29 <5 <10 <50 <30 <100 57 <lGu 4.9 30 <5 <10 <50 <30 <100 87 <100 ARLI BACON BRIDGE 1 .3 14 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 220 < 10 1 .2 12 0.5 <1 <10 <3 <lc 220 <10 1 .3 14 0.9 <1 <10 <3 <10 1 9c <10 4.9 13 <0.5 <1 10 <3 <10 22C <10 3.7 12 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 98 <10 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 5.4 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 84 <10 4.0 12 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 12 C <10 5.7 i 5 1 <1 <10 <3 <10 36 <10 5.9 14 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 40 <10 7.2 18 0.6 <1 <10 <3 <10 43 <10 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 20 12 0.6 <1 <10 <3 <10 95 < 11 4.4 14 <0.5 <1 20 <3 <10 lo@ <lu 3.8 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <lu 7t <10 3.2 13 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 73 <10 2.9 12 <0.5 <1 <10 <3 <10 74 <10 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 1-19-e8 MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES COLI- MANGA- MCLY8- STRON- VANA- FCRMo LOCAL NESEo DENUMo TIUMj, DIUMI ZI%Ce LITHIUM FECALo MERCURY ICENT- DIS- cis- DIS- DIS- DIS_ DIS_ 0.7 uis- I- SOLVED SCLVEC SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED UM-MF SOLVED FIER (UG/L (LG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (CCLS./ (UG/L AS MN) AS MO) AS SR) AS V) AS ZN) AS LI) 100 ML) AS HG) (01056) (0106U) (01080) (01085) (01090) (01130) (31625) (71390) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 110 <30 470 <18 30 24 K8000 <C.l 69 <10 140 <6 9 7 >60,30 <C.l 97 <10 320 <6 10 10 43CC <C.l 100 <10 340 <6 16 13 >1 21000 C . 1 160 <100 400 <60 <30 42 4800 0.2 ARB1 POPPEROAM CREEK 31 <10 96 <6 18 7 >6000 G.3 44 <10 100 <6 <3 6 <C.l 14 <lc 64 <6 6 6 K15000 <0.1 17 <10 84 <6 51 7 1900 <C.l 11 <10 97 <6 14 7 3800 <C.l to AR82 CHURCH CREEK 78 <100 2600 <60 <3U 1 2C Kl 2C 1 . 7 190 00c 1500 <60 35 52 1700 <c . 1 16U 00c 2100 <60 <30 8c 47C C.1 00 130 Kloc 2400 <60 38 81 1 @oc <0.1 ul 220 <100 170 <to <30 5 5 2100 <C . 1 ARC1 BACON BRIDGE 19 <10 69 <6 12 <4 1300 <c . 1 7 <10 82 <6 < 3 5 450 1 . 1 a <10 @72 < 6 19 4 2100 <C.l 37 0C 44 <6 18 <4 1300 <G. 1 24 0C 50 <6 14 <4 K130 <C.l ARC2 CORCHESTER CRE@K 9 <lc 93 < 6 21 4 930 c . 2 24 <lc 59 <6 5 <4 >6000 <C.l 6 <10 67 < 6 14 7 11000 <c, . 1 3 <10 68 < 6 6 <4 K170CO <c . 1 w 14 <lc 97 <6 14 7 2500 <C.1 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 9 0C 100 < 6 12 4 K 15 00 <C.l 31 <lc 53 <6 29 <4 K15UOO <C.l 15 <10 82 <6 15 6 66CC <C.l 4 <lG 110 <6 25 6 93CG <C.l 9 <10 84 <6 13 6 29co <G.1 STUDY 3 September 30 - October 2, 1987 86 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 5-11-88, MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES SPE- LOCAL STREAM- GAGE CIFIC IOENT- LAT- LONG- FLOWp HEIGHT TEMPER- CON- I- I- I- INSTAN- (FEET ATURE DUCT- FIER DATE TIME TUDE TUDE TANEOUS ABOVE WATER ANCE (CFS) DATUM) (DEG C) (US/CM) (00061) (00065) (00010) (00095) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 09-30-87 1500 32 50 53 N 080 00 27 w <0.0 7.59 24.0 1400 09-30-87 1815 21 8.62 24.0 330 10-01-87 0815 0.54 10.40 18.0 650 10-02-87 0915 1.1 10.30 16.5 650 AR51 POPPERDAM CREEK 09-30-87 1445 32 54 10 N 08U 04 40 W 13 6.05 24.0 246 09-30-87 1950 6.1 6.85 23.0 249 10-01-87 0815 2.9 7.46 20.5 212 10-02-87 0919 1.2 7.70 18.0 230 AR82 CHURCH CREEK 09-30-87 1615 32 50 11 N 080 02 53 W <0.0 8.96 25.5 15000 09-30-87 1910 255 10.42 25.0 11000 10-01-87 0955 25 13.47 21.5 4500 10-02-87 1033 81 13.06 19.5 5500 ARCI BACON BRIDGE 09-30-87 1717 32 57 30 N 080 12 05 W 0.0 14.12 22.0 86 09-30-87 2145 111 15.31 21 .5 86 10-01-87 1100 54 15.95 20.5 83 00 10-02-87 Oe25 113 14.12 18.0 85 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 09-30-87 1805 32 57 08 N 080 10 14 W 0.0 6.69 23.5 260 09-30-87 2235 26 9.60 23.0 2uo 10-01-87 1150 8.3 10.10 21.5 245 10-02-87 0920 6.1 11.18 17.0 330 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 09-30-87 1615 32 57 02 N 080 09 35 W <0.0 6.10 23.0 168 09-30-87 2050 32 10.43 22.5 210 10-01-87 1000 10 11.07 18.5 131 10-02-87 1005 6.4 11.20 16.5 145 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 5-11-88 MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES OXYGEN OXYGEN NITRO- DEMANDo DEMAND. NITRO- GENPAM- MAGNE- LOCAL BID- BIOCHEM GENo, MONIA + CALCIUM SIUMP SODIUMP IDENT- OXYGENt CHEM- ULT. PH AMMONIA ORGANIC DIS- DIS_ DIS_ I- DIS- ICAL.- CARBON- (STAND- TOTAL TOTAL SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED FIER SOLVED 5 DAY ACEOUS ARD (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L) (MG/L) (MG/L) UNITS) AS N) AS N) AS CA) AS MG) AS NA) (00300) (00310) C00320) (00400) (00610) (00625) (00915) (00925) (00930) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 5.2 2.8 9.2 7.50 0.570 2.0 31 24 210 5.9 3.6 8.3 7.40 0.180 1.0 32 5.0 29 7.0 1.5 3.8 7.60 0.490 1.1 60 11 65 ... 6.4 2.7 5.9 7.50 0.510 1.4 60 12 74 AR81 POPPERDAM CREEK 1.8 5.0 7.41 0.080 1.3 35 2.3 11 2.8 7.3 7.62 0.030 0.90 33 2.0 13 E1.5 4.6 7.34 0.020 0.70 32 2.1 8.9 6.2 E1.2 3.6 7.50 0.060 0.50 36 2.6 12 AR82 CHURCH CREEK 4.5 1.0 4.0 7.20 0.210 1.7 220 330 3,000 3.9 1.6 4.0 7.10 0.710 2.4 88 210 1700 4.2 2.6 8.4 7.40 0.460 2.3 58 93 760 4.6 1.4 4.8 7.40 1.00 3.0 63 110 920 ARC1 BACON BRIDGE 1 5.0 6.17 0.090 1.6 11 1.3 5.8 0.9 4.5 6.60 0.070 1.5 10 1.2 5.2 1 5.0 6.41 0.080 1.5 9.8 1.2 5.2 00 .0.9 5.9 6.53 0.090 1.8 10 1.3 5.3 00 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 2.2 6.6 7.41 0.060 1.2 20 1.7 30 2.6 7.6 7.45 0.090 1.0 22 1.5 19 0.9 4.0 8.05 0.060 0.80 26 1.8 23 1.2 4.5 7.75 0.020 0.70 33 2.6 25 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 1.4 5.1 6.77 0.430 2.2 13 2.0 19 2.0 6.8 7.32 0.050 1.1 18 1.3 11 1.6 5.9 7.29 0.080 0.90 15 1.4 11 1.3 4.6 7.02 0.080 1.0 17 1.7 13 0 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 5-11-86 MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES SILICA. BERYL- CHRO- LOCAL DIS_ BARIUMP LIUM.- CADMIUM MIUMA, COSALTP COPPERt IRONP LEADP IDENT- SOLVED DIS_ DIS_ DIS_ DIS_ DIS- DIS_ DIS- DIS_ I- (MG/L SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED FIER AS (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L S102) AS BA) AS BE) AS CO) AS CR) AS CO) AS CU) AS FE) AS PB) (00955) (01005) (01010) (01025) (01030) (01035) (01040) (01046) (01049) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 5.7 14 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 100 <10 6.0 15 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 180 <10 13 25 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 87 <10 12 24 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 94 <10 ARB1 POPPERDAM CREEK 7.2 22 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 160 <10 6.1 is <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 300 <10 69 19 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 100 <10 7.7 19 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 260 <10 ARB2 CHURCH CREEK 5.8 <100 <10 2 30 4 3 160 <5 7.2 <100 <10 1 20 2 4 160 <5 7.2 18 <2 <3 <20 <9 <30 120 <30 7.8 18 <2 <3 <20 <9 <10 96 <30 ARC1 BACON BRIDGE 10 17 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 920 20 10 17 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 950 <10 10 18 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 920 <10 00 10 18 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 960 <10 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 7.1 15 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 38 <10 5.2 17 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 70 <10 7.6 19 <O. 5 <1 <5 <3 <10 72 20 8.0 24 <0.5 Ici <5 <3 <10 51 <10 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK .9.1 12 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 650 10 5.2 13 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 230 <10 8.9 13 <O.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 480 <10 9.6 15 <0.5 <1 <5 <3 <10 500 <10 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROCESS DATE 5-11-88 MULTIPLE STATION ANALYSES COLI- MANGA- MOLYB- STRON- VANA- FORM.- LOCAL NESEf DENUMf TIUMf DIUMP ZINC. LITHIUM FECALo MERCURY IDENT- DIS_ DIS_ DIS- OILS- DIS- DIS_ 0.7 DIS_ SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED UM_MF SOLVED FIER (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (COLS./ (UG/L AS MN) AS MO) AS SR) AS V) AS ZN) AS LI) 100 ML) AS HG) (01056) (01060) (01080) (01085) (01090) (01130) (31625) (71890) ARAl BRICKYARD CREEK 66 <10 210 <6 5 4 K24000 0.3 37 <10 140 <6 8 <4 K13000 <0.1 96 <10 280 <6 5 <4 3600 <0.1 90 <10 290 <6 64 <4 5200 <0.1 ARBI POPPERDAN CREEK 45 <10 87 <6 16 <4 2000 <0.1 25 <10 76 <6 7 <4 3500 <0.1 20 <10 76 <6 31 <4 1900 <0.1 ARB2 CHURCH CREEK 24 <10 89 <6 190 <4 K1600 0.3 80 <1 2000 50 20 50 630 0.8 120 <1 1300 79 30 40 300 0.5 tao 160 <30 600 <18 17 <12 1900 0.2 140 <30 700 <6 11 25 1100 0.3 ARC1 BACON BRIDGE 80 <10. 32 <6 31 <4 900 <0.1 78 <10 28 <6 15 <4 1300 <C.l 74 <10 26 <6 14 <4 270 <0.1 74 <10 28 <6 55 <4 330 0.1 ARC2 DORCHESTER CREEK 7 <10 49 <6 16 <4 K7400 <0.1 8 <10 50 <6 6 <4 K14000 <0.1 5 <10 61 <6 130 <4 1300 <0.1 7 <10 85 <6 10 <4 670 <0.1 ARC3 EAGLE CREEK 67 <10 37 <6 8 5 5300 <0.1 12 <10 42 <6 18 <4 K33000 <0.1 18 <10 38 <6 17 <4 7000 <0.1 15 <10 43 <6 7 <4 4200 <0.1 D @[F M71@LUM &@@ @D ,--) - @ 0- D 9RWUMMWRKUZ@@L MKU5@@L - 11 1 1 2@(@W EULL �T@F@@, .. @ I @@L9WIOA @.@. &99@@ S.C. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2600 BULL STREET COLUMBIA, S.C. 29201