[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




    Chesapeake Bay Restoration.

   'Innovations at the Local Level


                              A Compilation of
                              Local Government
                              Programs


                     __  __CZIl: COLLEC IO C
               ~~~~~~~~~~~CLI ECfi









C-
f')
    Prepared by
    The Chesapeake Bay
      cal1 Government Advisory Committee
TD
225
.C43
C44
1 991                                    Pnted on ecycled Paper
                                            Printed on Recycled Paper







     Chesapeake Bay Restoration:

     Innovations at the Local Level

 L   A Compilation of
     Local Government
     Programs


                          Property of CSC LibrarY



                      U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                      COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                      2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                      CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413






      Eric W. Jenkins, LGAC Director
      Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee
      777 North Capitol Street, NE
      Suite 300
      Washington, D.C. 20002
      800-446-5422

   >  April 1991
                                                  Chesapeake
. Bay PrintedB y
 I --- Printed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 co   ~ foilhe Chesapeake Bay Program










Table of Contents




InroucinrndxofLoauPogasi......................................................................
                       Preface and Acknowledgemients                                                              ..................................................v
                       The Chesapeake Bay Drainage Basin (illustration)......................................
                       Defining the Local Role in Bay Restoration..........................................vii
                       About The Local Government Advisory Committee ..................................viii
                       The Local Government Advisory Committee.........................................ix


SectiOeLadUeo........................................................................1...
                       Land Use Policy and Planning ..1..................................................
                       Open Space..................................................................10
                       Resource Inventory and Mapping .................................................13
                       Greenspace (Tree Planting, Landscaping, and Green Areas) ..1...........................I
                       Land Preservation.............................................................24


SetonTocaerQaito....................................................................2....2
                       Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring ...................................30
                       Welns..........................................................3............3
                       Nutrient Management..........................................................41
                       Household Hazardous Waste Management..........................................44
                       Boating Pollutant Discharge.....................................................49


Section Three             Public Information and Education ..............................................51


Section Four               Intergovernmental Cooperation ................................................58


Section Five              Financing Environmental Protection ............................................61


Appendix                   Summary of Bay Watershed Local Programs......................................63













Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level









        Locl rogram Descriptions



   Section One: Land Use

   Land Use Policy and Planning
   Mount Joy Borough, PA; Cluster Development.....................................................2
   VinnVAeevlpmnnGiea........................................................................3..
   Adams County, PA, Citizen Land Use and Growth Questionnaire...............................................3
   Carroll County, MD; Cluster Development                                                                                  ........................................................3
   York County, PA; Farmland Preservation                                                                                   .........................................................6
   Queen Anne's County, MD; Resource Protection Zoning (Shoreline Protection, TDRs)                                         ..............................6
   Benzinger Township, PA; Strip Mining Regulation..................................................8
   KeteontnDtZnngCounty,......................................................................8.
   AdmsCunyP;sntrhageZnign......................................................................8.
   Spring Grove Borough, PA; Stormwater Facilities Fee                                                                      ................................................9

   Open Space
   Fairfax County, VA, Environmental Quality Corridor System.................................................10
   Howard County, MD; Land Preservation/Recreation Plan..............................................12
    CiyiftayibugoPAfhoelnearrisb...........................................................................1..2
    CiyiftilesBarefP, hreinlRclmaio-...........................................................................2

   Resource Inventory and Mapping
    City of Virginia Beach, VA; Significant Natural Areas Identification ............................................13
    Martic Township, PA; Environmental Assessment Survey.............................................14
    YokooutkA;Rsorconvntrn.....................................................................1...1
    Berks. County, PA; Natural Areas Inventory .......................................................14
    Pequca Township, PA, Citizen's Natural Areas Survey ......................................................15
    Arlington County, VA, Computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) ....................................15
    HoadConywM;ard..............................................................................1......1
    Howard County, MD; Groundwater Resource Protection..............................................16
    Richmond County, VA; Resource Information System (RIS)...........................................17

    Green space
    James City County, VA; Rezoning for Greenbelt Networks............................................19
    Pequea Township, PA; Landscaping Ordinance.....................................................19
    City of Chesapeake, VA; Tree Canopy Coverage Ordinance ...........................................20
    Allegany County, MD; "Adopt-A-Dump" Program.................................................20
    Carroll County, MD; Landscaping Requirements ....................................................21
    Borough of Carlisle, PA; Tree Planting & Maintenance ..............................................22
    Kent County, MD; Rezoning for Vegetative Cover ..................................................22
    City of Virginia Beach, VA; Parking Lot Buffers ...................................................22
    City of York, PA; Urban Forestry Program ........................................................23
:   York County Conservation District, PA & Northern Virginia SWCD; Tree Distribution and Planting .................23





    Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                                i








Land Preservation
City of Annapolis, MD; Land Conservancy Board.............................................................................................................25
Fairfax County, VA; Agricultural & Forestal Districts .............................................................25
Harford County, MD; Public/Private Land Trust .............................................................26
Kent County, MD; Right-to-Farm Law .............................................................26
York County, VA; Land Use Tax Incentives ............................................................................26
Anne Arundel County, MD; Public/Private Land Trusts .............................................................27
Howard County, MD; Agricultural Preservation .............................................................28
Carroll County, MD; Agricultural Preservation Bonuses .............................................................28




Section Two: Water Quality

Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring
East Hempfield Township, PA; Groundwater Recharge Protection .............................................................30
City of Newport News, VA; Reservoir Protection Ordinance .............................................................31
Howard County, MD; Watershed Mapping & Protection Program .............................................................31
Lackawanna County, PA; River Corridor Restoration .............................................................31
Borough of Pine Grove, PA; Adopt-A-Stream .............................................................32
Fairfax County, VA; Water Supply Protection District .............................................................32
Baltimore County, MD; Shoreline Enhancement Program ................................. ..................................................33
Union County, PA; Intergovernmental Watershed Protection .............................................................34
James City County, VA; Overlay Protection District .............................................................34
Yoe Borough, PA; Stream Bank Stabilization .............................................................34
Prince William County, VA; Watershed Management .................... ............................................................. .............35
Anne Arundel County, MD; Citizen's Water Quality Monitoring .............................................................35
Fairfax County, VA; Adopt-A-Stream .................................................................................................36
Charles County, MD; Comprehensive Stream Valley Management .............................................................36
Baltimore Regional Council of Governments, MD; Cooperative Reservoir Protection ................................................37

Wetlands
James City County, VA; Wetlands and Buffer Zone Acquisition .............................................................38
Anne Arundel County, MD; Emergent Grasses Reestablishment .............................................................39
West Lampeter Township, PA; Wetlands & Natural Habitat Study .............................................................39
Southeastern Virginia PDC; Wetlands Information Publications .............................................................39
Bradford County Conservation District, PA; Wetland Services .............................................................40

Nutrient Management
Juniata County, PA; Nutrient Management Ordinance .............................................................41
Warwick Township, PA; Nutrient Management Ordinance .............................................................42
Kent County, MD; Manure Management Requirements .............................................................43
Lebanon County, PA; Manure Composting Facility .............................................................43

Household Hazardous Waste Disposal
Anne Arundel County, MD; Drop-Off Days ..........................................................................46
Fairfax County, VA; Permanent Collection Program .............................................................46
New Salem Borough, PA; Hazardous Waste Grassroots Education .............................................................47


ii                               Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level








Arlington County, VA; Drop-Off Appointments .......................................................47
YokoontPAkClecinoayu.......................................................................4...4

Boating Pollutant Discharge
Town of Cape Charles, VA; Installation of Boater Sewage Septage System ......................................49
Kent County, MD; Pump-Out Facility Requirements.................................................50
Prince William County, VA; Pump-Out Facility Requirements .........................................50
Worcester County, MD; Pump-Out Facility Requirements...............................................50



Section Three:- Public Information and Education

Southeastern Virginia PDC; Water Access Needs Study...............................................52
Kent County, MD; Community Environmental Interaction.............................................52
Prince George's County, MD; Storm Drain Identification ..............................................53
Anne Arundel County, MD; Storm Drain Identification.................................................53
YokoontkA PblcIsueuorm............................................................................5
AlegnyContMDa S u  d n t "nCounty........................................................................5
City of Virginia Beach, VA; Educational Cable T.V. Programs...........................................54
Anne Arundel County, MD; "Hands-on" Environmental Education .......................................54
Pequea Township, PA; Enviromnmental Advisory Council .................................................55
YokoontrAkCutyNeseteu..........................................................................5...5
Bradford & Blair County Conservation Districts, PA, Chesapeake Bay Display ....................................56
Centre County Conservation Dist., PA; Technical Assistance ..............................................56
Southeastern Virginia PDC, Groundwater Protection Handbook .............................................57
Hayford County, NO; County and Community College Environmental Regulation Education .....................57



Section Four: Intergovernmental Cooperation

Frederick County, MD; Local Government Planning Services..........................................58
York County, VA; Task Force for Bay Implementation Issues............................................58
Tni-County Council of Southern MD; Intergovernmental Programs........................................59
Southeastern Virginia PDC; Regional Environmental Management.......................................59
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments; Environmental Programs Management.......................60
Baltimore Regional Council of Governments; Regional Environmental Coordination............................60



Section Five: Financing

Anne Arundel County, MD; Funds for Community Projects ...........................................62
York County, PA; Action Group to Save the Bay.....................................................62





Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Levelii







Preface & Acknowledgements

Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level is one product of the Chesapeake Bay Local
Government Advisory Committee's (LGAC) ongoing efforts to provide technical assistance to local
government's in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The manual catalogs local programs in the watershed that
positively impact (either directly or indirectly) the quality of the Chesapeake Bay, the surrounding watershed,
and the quality of life for its living resources.

The LGAC developed this manual to provide cross-sharing of information among local governments. It is
being circulated throughout the three-state and District of Columbia watershed to assist local governments in
developing and adopting similar programs. Local governments are being encouraged to use this manual as a
reference in developing similar programs without "reinventing the wheel."

There are over 1500 units of local government within the watershed, each of which was given the opportunity
to provide information for inclusion in this publication. The LGAC received responses from over 300. The
publication is by no means the definitive guide to all local programs in the watershed. In editing, we have
attempted to provide some of the best, most innovative, unique, and functional programs currently underway
in the watershed. Unfortunately, our space limitation did not afford us the opportunity to include all responses.

This publication gives the LGAC an opportunity to further its goal of encouraging the willing participation of
local governments in Chesapeake Bay restoration efforts. Program summaries demonstrate that the local
government community is well on its way to addressing environmentally-related issues, including the water
quality, land use, and other technical and policy issues that are necessary for clean-up of local waterways and
ultimately the Bay.

This compilation of local programs would not have been possible without the assistance of a number of
individuals, organizations, and others -- most important are the public officials that responded to our survey
and provided additional information through follow-up. In addition, we appreciate the assistance provided by
each of the various local government associations in disseminating information and coordinating responses.

Special thanks also goes to the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments for staff assistance and
review, the Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs for coordination assistance in Pennsylvania, and
the EPA Chesapeake Bay Liaison Office.

Local governments should use this manual and the contacts it provides to continue to carry out the important
mission to restore and preserve the Chesapeake Bay.

The Members of The Chesapeake Bay LGAC

Eric Jenkins, Director
Local Government Advisory Committee

Sarah Williamson, Staff
Local Government Advisory Committee



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                               V








                The Chesapeake Bay Drainage Basin

















             - 

             r,                      '.. . . .::. i..;-004 ""'"'"'""0<  ':'::0 01. Susquehanna
                                                                    2. Eastern Shore
                                                                   3. West Chesapeake
                                PA.                               4. Patuxent
                                                                     5 Potomac
                                                                    6. Rappahannock

                             .......-rr r r - ,,'r - rrrr  -  -B  8. James


                            rrrrrr rr' -,r- --

                            r  r rr             -               r  r
                           r  r r  r  r




















         SOURCE: Chesapeake Bay: A Framework for Action, US EPA, Region 3, Philadelphia, September, 1983


vi                          Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovation at the Local Level








Defining the Local Role in Chesapeake Bay Restoration


"As well as being a national resource, the Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the contiguous United States. The
Bay itself is only part of an interconnected system which includes the mouths of many rivers draining parts ofNew York,
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland Delaware and Virginia. The Bay and all of its tidal tributaries comprise the
Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. We are just now beginning to see the effects of human activities on the Bay's ecological
structure. To assure the Chesapeake's continued productivity, we must develop comprehensive solutions to the often
conflicting demands on the Bay's resources. Growing commercial, industrial, recreational, and urban activities in the
Bay area are putting substantial pressures on the Chesapeake's regenerative powers."

    Chesapeake Bay: Introduction to an Ecosystem
    US Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program


Throughout the region, local governments play a particularly important role in the Bay's environmental health.
Making improvements "at home" have enhanced the quality of local rivers and streams. Providing traditional
public services like water and sewer, and land use controls have moved local governments toward a positive
impact on the Bay's water quality as a whole.

Much of the potential success of the Chesapeake Bay's restoration hinges on the continued participation and
individual and collective program successes of local governments in the region. Combined individual local
efforts will add up to the collective success of Bay Agreement implementation.

The Chesapeake Bay Executive Council called for the creation of a Local GovernmentAdvisory Committee in
1987 to assist in developing a local-state-federal partnership, and to facilitate the participation of local
governments in the Bay program. The local role in the Chesapeake Bay program is broad, with local
governments given key implementation responsibilities in meeting many of the program's goals to restore and
protect the Bay.

Many of the federal and state Bay-related initiatives have carved out implementation responsibilities for local
governments. Stormwater management, erosion control, recycling, and reducing the burden on critical lands,
are each placing implementation responsibilities and costs on local governments. In addition, local govern-
ments are facing additional responsibilities for tidal and nontidal wetlands, nutrient management, toxics
control, and water quality protection.

Collective local government success in carrying out these environmental programs varies. The more than 1500
units of local government in the watershed each have their own identity, composition, and mission. With many
of the region's local governments addressing resource and staff constraints, developing consensus, undertaking
action, and achieving collective local success will continue to evolve.

The programs presented in this manual are indicative of the successful steps already taken by local governments
toward restoration activities. The continued degree of involvement and initiative depends upon resource trade-
offs, education of local officials, and a held perception that environmental initiatives adopted "at home" have
an effect watershed-wide.



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                               vii









The Local Government Advisory Committee


Upon signing the Chesapeake Bay Agreement in December 1987, the Executive Council signatories,
consisting of the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, along with the Mayor of Washington,
D.C., the EPA Administrator, and the Chairman of the Chesapeake Bay Commission, determined that an
integral part of achieving their goals would come through a reliance on local governments. They therefore
established the following commitment to achieve these goals:


       "By March, 1988 to establish a local government advisory committee to the Executive Council
       and charge that committee to develop a strategy for local government participation in the Bay
       program. "


The Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee (LGAC), consisting of 20 local government
officials, represents the diverse interest of nearly two thousand local governments from the 64, 000 square mile
watershed. Upon its creation, the committee was charged with communicating information about the ongoing
and evolving Chesapeake Bay program to local governments. In turn, the committee was given the
responsibility of communicating the opinions, concerns, and recommendations of local governments to the
attention of the Executive Council. Since its creation in the spring of 1988, the LGAChas actively established
the foundation for local government participation in the Bay program.


In working to meet the goals of the Executive Council, the LGAC balances proactive and reactive
responsibilities and activities. The Committee provides comments on numerous commitment strategies and
other documents, giving a local perspective on Bay issues, and fulfills a role in communicating with the
Executive Council concerning issues that are of special interest to local governments. In turn, the Committee
also provides a direct channel for the Executive Council to disseminate information to local governments.




                           The Chesapeake Bay Program



                       IA)U>)I (iOV~mm~flL  Chesmpeake Exculive
                       Advisory Commillrcc    Council

                                              Principal's Staff
                                               Commitntee
                          Cilizcn5
                       Advisory Comrmittllee


                      Scientifie & Technical  |mplementation            redeml Agencien
                       Advisory Commitn e    Committee                    Cogrol(Ice

                                             Budgel & Workplan
                                             Slteering Committee
                                         -__________
                                               '91 Numricnt
                                               Reevaluation
                                               Workgroup
                                             Subcommittees

                |living  Toxicr    Monioring Ml on           PublcAcess|   Growth &   Information &
                Resources                             Source             Developmcn!   - Educalion


            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~viii  Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level~

viii Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level








Local Government Advisory Committee Members

LGAC Chair:                                          Stephen K. Whiteway, County Administrator
Anna M. Long, City Councilmember                     Richmond County
Havre De Grace, Maryland
                                                    Clay L. Wirt, Deputy Director
Maryland:                                            Virginia Municipal League

Robert Jarboe, County Commissioner
St. Mary's County                                    Pennsylvania:

Sidney Kramer, County Executive                      Ronald Fitzkee, County Commissioner
Montgomery County                                    York County

George P. Murphy, Mayor                              John Garner, Executive Director
Easton                                               Pennsylvania League of Cities

J. Anita Stup, Commissioner President                Robert Gerhard, Township Commissioner
Frederick County                                     Cheltenham Township

Philip L. Tilghman, Council Member                   B. Kenneth Greider, Executive Director
Wicomico County                                      Pennsylvania State Association of
                                                    Township Supervisors

Virginia:                                            Russell Pettyjohn, Council Member
                                                    Lititz Borough
R. Keith Bull, County Administrator
Northhampton County
                                                    District of Columbia:
C. Flippo Hicks, Counsel
Virginia Association of Counties                     Warren Graves, Assistant to the Director for
                                                      Metropolitan and Regional Affairs
Gerry Hyland, County Supervisor                      D.C. Office of Intergovernmental Relations
Fairfax County
                                                    Russ Thomas
Nancy Parker, City Councilmember                     Water and Sewer Utility Administration
City of Virginia Beach                               D.C. Department of Public Works










Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                       ix





                       nd   Use   ~~~~~~ Local Land Use Policy and Planning



Local Land  Use Policy and                                    C3 Sensitive areas must be protected.
Planning                                                      C3 Growth should be directed to existing population
                                                           centers in rural areas, with accompanying protection to
  A common thread running throughout local govern-           resource areas.
ments within the Chesapeake Bay watershed is a need to
adequately plan for local development and land use               Development of stewardship of the Bay and the land
patterns.  Following on the heels of the 2020 Panel           should be a universal ethic.
Report that looked at population growth and develop-
ment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to the year 2020,        I~Conservation of resources, including a reduction in
state and local governments are taking an even harder         resource consumption should be practiced throughout
look at long term planning measures. Focus on this issue      the region.
will ensure that land use patterns will be compatible with
environmental and other quality of life issues in the         03 Funding mechanisms must be in place to achieve each
future.                                                       of the visions.
  The Report of the 2020 Panel, "Population Growth
and Development in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed to               Local governments and others have embraced these
the Year 2020," focussed attention on this important          goals while recognizing that they are indeed visionary.
issue. In that report, the Panel put forth a series of goals  There is also a realization that in order to meet the
that would enable the Chesapeake Bay region to meet           potential successes outlined by the Panel, an extraordi-
the challenges brought on by expected growth and de-          nary effort by local governments will be needed. Collec-
velopment.  These goals, outlined by the Panel as             tive local land use planning practices will in large part
visions, include:                                             measure the success of restoration goals and make the

03 Development must be concentrated in suitable areas. vsosraiy


























Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level1





Local Land Use Policy and Planning



  Collectively, local governments are
playing an important role in shaping
the landscape surrounding the Che-
sapeake Bay, and therefore, the fu-
ture of the Bay itself. Broad-scale
comprehensive plans and definitive
zoning provide structure to a network
of land use philosophies, patterns,
and regulations that cover the region.
   There are a significant number of
unique practices developed by local
governments that address specific is-
sues, needs or resources. These pro-
grams work in comprehensive fash-
ion to create effective land use poli-
cies -- several of which are described
in the following pages.



Mount Joy Borough, Pennsylvania                             possible, the common open space shall be intercon-
Borough Manager                                             nected with open space on abutting parcels,

   Mount Joy, Pennsylvania's cluster developmentpro-         O The common open space shall either be improved for
visions in its zoning ordinance make trade-offs between     active recreational use or, if the area contains natural
reductions in lot andyard size requirementsfor greater      features such as trees, wetlands or wildlife habitat, the
open space amenities.                                       common open space may be left unimproved,

   The Borough of Mount Joy amended its zoning ordi-        CO The common open space shall be owned and main-
nance in 1989 to provide for and encourage cluster          tained in a manner to ensure its preservation, either by
development. Provisions in the ordinance permit clus-       the borough, or through transfer to a non-profit conser-
tering as follows:                                          vation or preservation organization, or neighborhood as-
                                                            sociation,
O Cluster development may occur as a unified develop-
ment of a lot which is fifteen or more acres,               O Depending on the maintenance method, the borough
                                                            may require the establishment of a reserve fund to pro-
O The development must be served by public water and        vide for maintenance or capital improvements to the
sewer,                                                      open space, with the costs assessed to the owners border-
                                                             ing the open space.
O Cluster development applies to residential use only,
                                                               The program has been designed to address the bor-
O The overall density of a cluster development cannot       ough's land use trend toward urbanization.
 exceed six units per acre,
                                                                    Contact: Daniel Zimmerman
O Special consideration will be given to the use of slant                    Borough Manager
 curbing to facilitate stormwater management controls,                        Mount Joy Borough
                                                                             21 East Main Street
 O Not less than 30 percent of the parcel to be developed                     Mount Joy, PA 17552
 shall be preserved as common open space. Wherever                            (717) 653-2300



2                                  Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                 Local Land Use Policy and Planning


Vienna, Virginia                                            a questionnaire (pages 4 and 5) that appeared in area
Office of Planning and Zoning                               newspapers asked residents to rate the adequacy of
                                                           county services such as roadways, sewer and water
  Vienna, Virginia's "Development Guide" is intended       systems, recreational opportunities, and housing for the
to provide developers and other interested parties with     elderly, handicapped and low income families. Resi-
insight into theprocedures associated with the local de-    dents were also asked to indicate the amount of growth
velopment process.                                          they would like to see in the county, the issues and
                                                           values they thought should be priorities in the plan, and
  Efforts to simplify and explain a complicated devel-     what areas or landmarks should be preserved as county
opment review process were undertaken by the Town of        "treasures."
Vienna, Virginia through creation of a local Develop-          In addition to the survey, the county held seven
ment Guide. The Guide incorporates charts describing        regional meetings to seek public statements on issues of
step-by-step procedures for applications, and proce-        citizen concern. The consultant hired by the county to
dures for approval involving changes in zoning, condi-      complete the plan update will incorporate citizen con-
tional use permits, preliminary and final subdivision       cerns during the planning process. A citizens advisory
plats, and site plan review.                                committee was also created with representatives from
  The Guide also provides information regarding ap-        all areas and economic interests of the county to act as
peals, variances and architectural review of develop-       a sounding board for the planning staff during the 18-
ment projects within Vienna.  Information contained         month development process.
within the Guide includes a list of the various permits       Thecounty set aside significant funds tocomplete the
required for development, a schedule of fees, and a list    comprehensive plan. These funds have come from a
of offices and officials responsible for their review and   variety of sources, including a $12,500 grant from
issuance.                                                   Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, $20,000
  The Guide is intended to assist developers, landown-     from PennDot for the transportation component of the
ers and others with a sometimes complicated land use        plan, and $15,000 contributed by local businesses and
regulation process.                                         municipal governments. In addition, all of the county's
                                                            $75,000 federal Community Development Block Grant
       Contact: Director of Planning and Zoning             funds were set aside for comprehensive plan expenses.
                Town of Vienna
                127 Center Street, South                           Contact: Richard Schmoyer
                Vienna, Virginia 22180                                      Adams County Courthouse
                (703) 255-6341                                              111-117 Baltimore St.
                                                                            Gettysburg, PA 17325
                                                                            (717) 334-6781 Ext. 263

Adams County, Pennsylvania
Office of Planning & Development                            Carroll County, Maryland
                                                            Planning Bureau
  In order to maximize citizen involvement in updating
the County-wide Comprehensive Plan, Adams County,           Carroll County's cluster development provisions work
Pennsylvania published a citizen's landuse and growth       to maintain directed patterns of growth by encouraging
questionnaire in local newspapers.                          protection of open space and valuable local environ-
                                                            mental resources.
   Because the Comprehensive Plan will establish guide-
lines forcounty growth and landuse forthe next 20 years,      In an attempt to balance the protection of water re-
Adams County wanted to give residents an opportunity        sources and open space in reservoir watersheds with
to help shape their region's future. To accomplish this,    increasing development pressures, Carroll County
                                                            amended their local zoning ordinance to encourage the

                                                                                            Continued page 6


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                    3





Local Land Use Policy and Planning




                                               COUNTY QUESTIONNAIRE

                                                   Please Read and Fill Out

      Adams County is beginning a major update of its Countywide Comprehensive Plan. The Plan Update will establish policies that will
      affect how, where, when, and what kind of development will occur in the County over the next twenty years.

      Often people complain that they have "no say" in determining governmental policy that affects their communities. In updating the
      Countywide Comprehensive Plan, Adams County Officials want to maximize citizen involvement in the planning process.

      You can provide the County with valuable assistance. Please take a few minutes to fill out and return this survey. Your ideas will
      be most appreciated.

      1. The 1970 Census showed that 56,937 people lived in Adams County. County Planners estimate that by 1990 the population of
      Adams County had risen to 80,070 people. Compared with the past twenty years, how much growth doyou think would be desirable
      over the next twenty years.

                       County as a whole                                         Your Township or Borough
                       (Check one space)                                          (Check one space)

                       __  Much less growth                                        _  Much less growth
                       _  Somewhat less                                               Somewhat less
                       _The same                                                      The same
                          _  Somewhat more                                             Somewhat more
                        _  Much more growth                                         _  Much more growth


      2. Please rate the adequacy of the following community facilities and services (circle ONE number for each category.)

                                               POOR               ADEQUATE                   VERY GOOD
                Major Roadways                   1          2            3          4          5

                Secondary Roadways                1         2           3           4          5

                Playgrounds                      1          2           3           4          5

                Hiking, Biking                   1          2           3           4          5
                and Walking Trails

                Public Sewer                     1          2           3          4           5
                and Water Systems

                Police Protection                1          2           3          4           5

                Housing for elderly              1          2           3          4           5
                and handicapped

                Housing for                      1          2           3          4           5
                low income families


      3. In planning forfuture roadway improvements, which one of thefollowing goals should be given the most emphasis? (please check
      one):

           Eliminate and/or improve dangerous intersections, bad curves, and other roadway hazards.

           Upqrade existing roadways to accommodate additional traffic.

           Build new roadways around population centers.



  Adams County, Pennsylvania, Citizen's Land Use and Growth Questionnaire

4                                         Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                                                            Local Land Use Policy and Planning



      4. Please identify the three most important roadway improvements which you believe should be made in Adams County:

      1.
      2.
      3.

      5. Would you like to see roadways in your area improved, if these improvements also encouraged new development near to
      where you live:

                Yes  _   No

      6, Every Pennsylvania County has its "treasures" -- places that are unique for their beauty, agricultural production, or historic
      character-- places that should be preserved for future generations. Please identity upto three such places in Adams County.
      You may want to name a village, an agricultural area, a stream valley, or an area of countryside which is especially beautiful.

       1.
      2.
      3.

       7. Are you satisfied with local employment opportunities? (please check one space).

                            Not satisfied
                       -Somewhat satisfied
                       - Generally satisfied
                       -Very satisfied

       8. How do you feel about the following statement?
       "COUNTY GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUPPORT EFFORTS TO ATTRACT JOBS TO THE AREA."

                       -Strongly Disagree
                            Mildly Disagree
                           Agree
                            Strongly Agree

       9. Which of the following values are most important to you? (check two spaces)

                            Preserving the quiet life style enjoyed by county residents
                            Preserving the landscape and environment
                            Improving employment opportunities
                            Ensuring an adequate future water supply
                            Solving traffic problems
                            Controlling future growth
                            Minimizing public control over private property rights
                            Preserving farmland

       10. What do you think will be the greatest problem confronting Adams County in the 1990's?


       11. What solutions do you propose for solving this problem?

       12. Please name the Borough or Township where you live:
       Name the Borough or Township where you work:
       Were you born in Adams County?
       Have you lived in Adams County for less than ten years?
       How old are you?
       Are you male or female?

       Thank you for your help. Please return your questionnaire to:

                                  Adams County Office of Planning and Development
                                             111-1 17 Baltimore Street, Room 205
                                                     Gettysburg, PA 17325




Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                                             5





Local Land Use Policy and Planning



use of cluster development.
  Under this provision, developers are permitted to de-             POPULATION   CHANGES
crease their development lot size below the required 10                          1990-2020
acre minimum, provided that they preserve the land
derived from any lot reduction as open space or recrea-
tional areas for joint use by the residents of the subdivi-                                   Increases
sion. Specific requirements for the common areas are as                           1990         by 2020
follows:                                                         Pennsylvania    3,570,700     283,800      +8%
                                                               Maryland       4,666,200      830,400     +18%
j  Open space areas must make up at least 15% of the             Virginia       4,726,000     1,503,800    +32%
gross acreage of any tract submitted for cluster permit-         Washington, D.C.  628,300        -600      -0%
ting.                                                            TOTAL         13,591,200     2,617,400    +20%

OJ 50% of the required open space may be steep slopes,
streams, ponds, watercourse, or flood plain.                 homes may be built.
                                                              The sliding scale permits some limited dwelling unit
o A minimum of 10% of the open space mustbe suitable         construction but restricts the amount of land available
for recreational use and may not exceed a grade of 3%.       for subdivision for speculative reasons while containing
                                                            farmland costs. Sliding scale zoning, upheld in the mid-
  The ordinance was developed by the Planning Bureau         1980's by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, provides a
with the help of a large interagency committee. The use      unique approach to protection of open space and a limit
of a committee in the planning stages provided a high        on development within the county and its municipali-
level of staff awareness and coordination throughout the     ties.
county departments.
                                                                   Contact: Randy Beck
        Contact: Frank SchaeferCotc:RnyBk
                                                                            York County Planning Commission
                Carroll County Planning Bureau                                One West Market Way
                225 N. Center Street                                         4th Floor
                Westminster, MD  21157                                       York, PA 17401
                (301) 857-2143                                               (717) 771-9614


York County, Pennsylvania                                    Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Planning Commission                                          Department of Planning and Zoning

  A need to preserve open space, address growth and            In order toprovide for the continued existence ofopen
development pressures, and provide a method for farm-        space areas and the protection of the region's ecologi-
land preservation lead the York County Planning              cally sensitive lands, the county included resource pro-
Commission to advise the county's municipalities to          tection provisions into its zoning ordinance.
include sliding scale land preservation regulations in
their zoning ordinances.                                        Queen Anne's County's provisions for maintenance
                                                            of open space include protection of shoreline areas
  A coordinated effort by the York County Planning          through a forested shoreline buffer requirement, a shore
Commission encouraged sixteen municipalities to inde-        erosion control bonus, as well as the designation of open
pendently incorporate agricultural land preservation         space through the use of transferable development rights
regulations into their municipal zoning ordinances. The      (TDRs)
provisions recommend allowing dwelling units, but
limiting the number based on a sliding scale -- depend-      E Shoreline Buffer Requirement
ing on the size of the parcel under consideration. The          The county ordinance establishes a standard shore
scale is designed so that the larger the land tract, the more  buffer of 300 feet from the edge of tidal wetland or water,


6                                  Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                              Local Land Use Policy and Planning



50% of which must be forested. All unforested areas
within the required buffer zone must be planted and             COMPUTATION  OF SHORELINE
maintained so as to establish the 50% forested coverage         CONTROL  BONUS  UNITS
over the length and depth of the shoreline buffer. Areas
of the buffer not maintained as woodland must be                A.       Meho Subject to the provisions of
planted in natural groundcover. To ensure compliance            subsection B3, the Planning Director shall
with the requirements, a bond of surety to cover the            determine the number of bonus units as
estimated cost of implementing these standards must be          follows:
posted by the developer prior to development.

IJ Shoreline Erosion Control Bonus                              1. Average retail value of coastal area or
  In connection with any land application for subdivi-          lt
sion approval, the owner of land within an erosion        2       .Tms   0
hazard area may apply for a residential density bonus.          2  ie   1
The application must include a detailed engineering             3. Equals per unit erosion control budget to
report outlining the type of measures which will be used b bobdb rjc
to control erosion and a summary of installation costs.         b   bobdb   rjc
In addition, an appraisal identifying the average sales   4       .Tmstalnbeofcsaluisr
value of all waterfront and inland units which will be          4.Tmsttlnubrof osa nts o
created by the development within the coastal area is           lt
required. Computation of bonus units is determined as           5 qasttleoincnrlbde ob
               shown in the accmpanying chart.absorbed by the project

I0 Transferable Development Rights                              6. Actual erosion control cost
  The ordinance provides county landowners with the
opportunity to utilize TDRs to increase the development         7. Minus erosion control budget (line 5)
potential of one parcel of land while another parcel
becomes open space. The ordinance stipulates that no            8. Equals the base for bonus computation
development right may be used to increase the density of
areas already designated as Agricultural or Coastal             9. Divided by the average coastal unit or lot
Districts. There are also limits on the density of devel-       value (line 1)
opment of the receiving parcel, based on the adjacent
land uses. All transfers are subject to approval by the   I     10. Equals bonus units to be added to base
planning director.                                              permitted density (rounded to next highest

   The program is implemented through the Department             number)
of Planning and Zoning and there is no additional cost          B. Limitations.   No bonus unit shall be
to the county.                                                  allowed if such allowancewould (a) abridge
                     Contact: Joe Sevens, Plannerany other requirement of this ordinance or
            Qutat:JeSeens PAnne'sCut (b) reduce any other performance stan-
                QueenAnne's Zouning                             dards of the district, including those relat-
                Planin Not CommeceSt ing to open space, resource protection,
                Centreville, MD  21617                          bfeyrs n hr ufr
                (301) 758-1255                                  Queen Anne's County, Maryland







Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                      7





Local Land Use Policy and Planning



Benzinger Township                                                   l Maintain business climate, and
Township Manger                                                      O Focus Growth

  Provisions in Benzinger Township's zoning ordi-              The workgroup also created a strategy to achieve
nance regulating strip mining are designed to protect        those goals:
the community's groundwater system.
                                                           El Look at available alternatives for land use planning
  A concern about potential groundwater contamina-          and an assessment of Transferable Development Rights
tion lead Benzinger Township to adopt provisions in its     as an option.
zoning ordinance regulating construction around wells
and private water supplies.                                OE Refocus attention on the County's Comprehensive
  The township's zoning provisions were targeted pri-       Plan which had previously not been enforced.
marily at major earth disturbance projects -- strip mining
and quarrying. Any such activity cannot be conducted    3         Revisit issue of maximum lot sizes.
within approximately 1000 feet from any dwelling,
aquifer, spring, groundwater or other source.               El Create an incentive system to provide for continued
   To date, these restrictions on mining and quarrying        growth as usual" in designated areas.
activities have not been contested.
                                                           O Direct growth to move development away from prime
        Contact: Thomas Fleming, Manager                    agricultural areas and into villages and established rural
                 Benzinger Township                         areas.
                 808 S. Michael Road
                 P.O. Box 224                                  Much like the work of the Chesapeake Bay 2020
                 St. Mary's, PA 15857                       Panel, the workgroup's visionary efforts will assist the
                 (814) 781-1274                             county in meeting future growth and development pres-
                                                           sures.

Kent County                                                         Contact: Gail Webb Owings
Department of Planning and Zoning                                            Planning Director
                                                                            Kent County
   Facing mounting growth pressures in the county's                           Courthouse
primarily rural areas, Kent County, Maryland estab-                           Chestertown, MD 21620
lished a "Zoning Workgroup" to develop goals for                             (301) 778-7475
future land use planning and growth impacts.

   Kent County, Maryland a predominately rural county        Adams County, Pennsylvania
with strong agricultural interests began to feel pressures  Office of Planning and Development
of development in the late 1980's from Wilmington,
Delaware. Faced with a lack of tools to address this           Dramatic increases in development near a major
influx the county assessed its comprehensive plan, zon-     transportation corridor withinAdams County, Pennsyl-
ing structure, and long-term projections and goals.         vaniaprompted the County Commissioners to direct the
   To assist the county with this process, formation of a    development of an Interchange Zoning Ordinance.
Zoning Workgroup was initiated. Consisting of mem-
bers representing business, watermen, agricultural, and        Adams County, Pennsylvania, located on the border
conservation, the workgroup reviewed projections for        of Pennsylvania and Maryland recently experienced an
county growth and measures to address the issues.           increase in development due in part to the completion of
   The workgroup developed three major goals:                all four lanes of Route 15 (a major roadway linking
                                                            northwestern Maryland with central Pennsylvania.)
        O Preserve agriculture                                 In 1988 the County Commissioners instructed the



8                                  Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                            Local Land Use Policy and Planning



County's Office of Planning and Development to draft
a zoning ordinance for the Route 15 interchanges lo-
cated in Straban Township. Development of the ordi-           The  Borough  of Spring Grove,
nance included periodic review by a citizen's advisory        Pennsylvania
committee, as well as township supervisors, and plan-         Stormwater Facilities Fee
ning commissioners.
  The ordinance was adopted in 1990, with the county
now developing similar ordinances for the other two           SECTION 1: Chapter 65, Section 65-2
unzoned townships affected by the interchanges.               of the Borough Code of Ordinances is
  An increasing number of Pennsylvania counties are          amended by inserting into the definition
becoming aware of the option of zoning transportation         of "STRUCTURE" the words "parking
interchanges and are incorporating appropriate meas-          lots, drive ways, patios, and display
ures into their planning processes.                           signs" immediately following "walks".
  The county's effort is funded totally through county
revenues.                                                     SECTION 2: Chapter 65, section 65-12,

       Contact: Richard Schmoyer                             of the Borough Code of Ordinances is
               Director of Development                       amended by adding the following sub-
               Adams County Courthouse                       section:
               111-117 Baltimore Street
               Gettysburg, PA 17325                          G. Stormwater facilities fee:

Spring Grove Borough, Pennsylvania                            In addition to any other permit fees
                                                           required by this Section, all new con-
  To provide funds to address stormwater runoff due to       struction and additions to present struc-
increased construction, the borough implemented a             tures that create impervious surface,
stormwater facilities fee.                                    including parking lots, drive ways, pat-
                                                           ios and walk ways, except curbs and
  Spring Grove, Borough in York County, Pennsylva-           sidewalks within the public right-of-way,
nia faced the effects of mounting residential construc-       sall be assessed a fee of fifteen cents
tion pressures, particularly with increases in impervious
                                                           ($0.15) per square foot of this surface
surface areas and resulting increases of stormwater
runoff. Following construction of a local housing devel-      area. All fees collected pursuantto this
opment and an adjacent stormwater retention pond,             subsection shall be deposited in an
borough officials realized that a comprehensive storm-        escrow account to be used for the con-
water financing system was needed, since they would           struction, maintenance and improve-
ultimately be responsible for continued maintenance of        ment of stormwater facilities within the
the stormwater structures.                                    Borough.
  To address this, the borough required:

O That the developer place an assigned amount in
escrow, and                                                  The program is administered entirely by the munici-
                                                       pality.
O   An amemdment to the Borough Code creating a
Stormwater Facilities Fee to generate future revenues             Contact: Joy Ann Flickinger
for stormwater control. The fee system, as shown in the                   Borough of Spring Grove
accompanying box, enables the borough to construct,                       P.O. Box 126
maintain, and improve stormwater facilities.                              Spring Grove, PA 17362
                                                                       717-225-5791

Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                  9





Open Space



Open  Space                                                 Fairfax County, Virginia
                                                           Office of Comprehensive Planning

                                                             In order to preserve the natural resources, ecologi-
                                                           cally sensitive areas and visual amenities in the region,
                                                          Fairfax County's Office of Comprehensive Planning
                                                           adopted the Environmental Quality Corridor System as
                                                           their open space policy.





                                    _-~~~~ _r @  ;; iand steep valley slopes surrounding streams make up the
                                                           majority of the ecologically sensitive lands in the re-
                                                           gion, they are set aside for protection in the planning
                                                           policy as Environmental Quality Corridors (EQCs).
                                                           These areas form a continuous network of open space
                                                           within each watershed of the county.
   Local programs to protect open space are vital ele-         The EQC System is implemented by the County's
ments in preserving the Chesapeake Bay.  Open space         Office of Comprehensive Planning through the devel-
is significant because:                                     opment plan review and permitting process.  Only
                                                           development plans which effectively avoid or protect
a  By dedicating land as open space, the potential          area EQCs are permitted. Other methods of securing
impacts of increased development and associated bur-        EQCs include the following:
den to the Bay is averted.
                                                            the  Sensitive landsandpark lands are directly purchased
[I Land controlled as open space surrounding devel-         by the Park Authority.
oped areas provides a buffer between associated impacts
                                              ov* feO iThe Park Authority accepts the dedication of open
of development and local water ways. Particularly ine  aity                              s     de
urban and suburban areas, open space provides the
necessary conditions to absorb runoff and sediment thatins are retained as open space through
                                                           O Floodplayns are retained as open space through
would otherwise reach adjacent waterways.                   enforcement of the county floodplain ordinance.

O Open space provides recreation opportunities to resi-     Es  The county accepts open space easements from
dents, and enhances the value of adjoining property.        private homeowners.

E' Open space benefits include habitat for wildlife, trees  lC Agricultural and forestal districts are established
and vegetation, and a decrease in the amount of imper-      through the Agricultural and Forestal Districts Act.
vious surfaces.
                                                           The program is funded by the county.
   Local governments realize the significance of pre-
serving open space and have implemented measures for                Contact: Noel Caplan
its protection and enhancement. By developing land use                       Comprehensive Planning
planning measures, incentives for developers, and ac-                        4050 Legato Rd., Suite 800
quisition programs, they are developing the tools neces-                      Fairfax, VA  22033
sary to achieve open space goals. Several of these local                     (703) 246-1380
efforts are included:


10                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level




                                                                                    Open Space



    Examples of Environmental Quality Corridor (EQC) Components





                      Ecologically valuable habitat...
                      contiguous to stream valley
                                                               Freshwater !'  =
                                                              .:.Wetland : .

                                                                                   ï¿½ II   / 
                                                                  *~~~~ ~ *.~. // .,xl1
           Steep slopes               ~                        '                                 1"
       adjacent to floodplain                                   - -,
                                         V                                        ~ '~  . Buffer Area
                                                                                  Additions










              10Yar Floodplain
        6-<

                               EU~~~~~~~/x--- ,,..              / 






                                 ~=m   .4  4 Buffer Area Additions



                           f    X                9~ ~~~~~~~ ~Ecologically valuable habitat
                                                    not contiguous to stream valley






Fairfax County, Virginia

Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                            11





Open Space



Howard County, Maryland                                     servation practices such as tree planting and other soil
Department of Recreation and Parks                          stabilization techniques were utilized to reduce the
                                                            potential of water pollution. The program was financed
  In order to preserve valuable open space areas            using city funds.
throughout the region, Howard County, Maryland
developed a Land Preservation and Recreation Plan in               Contact: Mayor Stephen Reed
participation with a state authorized open space initia-                     Suite 202
tive.                                                                        King City Govt. Center
                                                                             10 North Second St.
  Howard County's Department of Recreation is re-                            Harrisburg, PA 17101-1678
sponsible for preparation of an annual Land Preserva-
tion and Recreation Plan (LPRP), designed to preserve
agriculture, forests, stream valleys, and otheropen space   City of Wilkes-Barre
resources. In addition the Plan works to provide recrea-    Office of City Planning
tion areas appropriate to the needs of the county (30
acres per 1000 people). The Plan is used as a component        In an effort to create open space along a major
of the comprehensive planning process.                      tributary to the Chesapeake Bay, the City of Wilkes-
   To receive state funding for local parks and recreation   Barre coordinated a volunteer effort to reclaim shore-
acquisition, the LPRP is submitted to the Maryland          line andprovide additionalparklandandrecreation op-
DNR for review and approval. In FY '90, the county          portunities.
received $1.14 million in state funds for open space.
$25,000 is used for annual preparation of the updated          To increase public access opportunities to local citi-
LPRP.  The remaining funds are divided among the            zens, the City of Wilkes-Barre coordinated a major re-
county's 24 local jurisdictions and used for direct land    vitalization program along the banks of the Susquehanna
acquisitions.                                               River with a network of volunteers.
                                                               A city-owned, river-side zoo in disrepair was the site
        Contact: Jeffrey A. Bourne                          of the streamside restoration project. Citizen interest
                 3300 North Ridge Rd.                       sparked city officials to coordinate community volun-
                 Suite 170                                  teers given responsibility for administering the clean-up
                 Ellicott City, MD  21043                   program.
                 (301) 992-2480                                The program placed emphasis on cleaning stream
                                                            banks, removing debris, and planting aquatic grass and
                                                             river-side stabilization plants. In addition, a boat launch
City of HIarrisburg, Pennsylvania                           was built to provide direct access to the recreation op-
Office of the Mayor                                         portunities on the river.
                                                               By proceeding with the project, the city gained in-
   This program was developed to provide Harrisburg          creased access to a valuable resource, while at the same
residents with attractive recreation areas while creat-     time decreasing the amount of trash and pollutants that
ing buffer zones to mitigate for soil erosion and urban     were directly entering the river.
runoff that contribute to poor water quality.                  Costs to the city were minimal due to the use of
                                                             volunteer efforts.
   A need to establish a buffer between developed land
of the City of Harrisburg and the Susquehanna River                 Contact: Jack Varally
prompted the city to set aside its entire 5 miles of                         Director, City Planning
shoreline along the Susquehanna River as a greenway.                         City of Wilkes-Barre
The greenway designation prohibits anything other than                       40 East Market Street
recreational development. The city-owned island in the                       Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711
middle of the river has also been designated in this way,                     (717) 826-8258
and now is the site of a recreational complex.
   During development of the recreation facilities, con-


12                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                    Resource Inventory and Mapping



Resource  Ilnventory  mand                              L    nments have developed innovative inventorying and
                                                            mapping systems to aid in their planning processes --
Mapping                                                     several of which follow:

                                                                         City of Virginia Beach, Virginia
                                                                         Office of Environmental Management

                              lLe                      " j 1 <0S1N I- t 0   The City of Virginia Beach contracted
                                                                         with the State Department of Conserva-
                                                                         tion and Recreation's Natural Heritage
                                      , ~, %~    :    ~Program for a three-year research proj-
                                                                         ect to identify significant natural areas
                                                                         and their component sensitive animal and
                                                                         plant habitats.

                                                                            The City of Virginia Beach is in the
                                                                         midst of a three-phase natural areas in-
                                                                         ventory to assess the status of sensitive
                                                                         areas and existing resources within the
                                                                         city. The assessment will enable planners
                                                                         and local officials to utilize the informa-
                                                                         tion in development of planning practices
                                                                         that provide for resource protection.
                                                                            The three-phase inventory includes:
  Local land protection, zoning, and planning pro-
grams must be based on assessments of what exists cv           Stage One: October 1989 - September 1990: Data
before decisions can be made on what is to be achieved,     collection consisting of aerial reconnaissance, rare spe-
Resource inventory and mapping programs at the local        cies field inventory, and data processing.
level are designed to provide this baseline for local
planners and resource managers to employ in making          0 Stage Two: Detailed field' inventory of rare species.
assessments and subsequent policy decisions.
  Local governments are using a variety of systems and ,      Stage Three: Data analysis and final report describing
standards for these assessments. By inventorying exist-     the natural communities of the city and prioritizing
ing natural resources within jurisdictions, they are able   resources.
to catalog waterbodies, soils, wetlands, wildlife, flora
and fauna, vegetative coverage, land use, population,          The city will produce a series of maps containing
and other natural properties.  In many cases, local         information on species occurrence and a computer list-
governments call upon local staff to conduct invento-       ing of species with ranks of endangerment.
ries, although other mechanisms have been utilized
including the services of conservation district, citizens,     Budget estimates for the project total $83,716:
or various conservancies and private organizations.                Phase I Data Collection: $13,867
  Local mapping systems, ranging from high-tech com-              Phase II Field Inventory: $54,624
puter imaging and geographic information systems, to               Phase III Final Report: $15,225
hand-colored maps and overlays are used to defifie
critical and sensitive land characteristics within juris-      Inventory results will be compiled and incorporated
dictions. These inventory and mapping systems provide       into decisions made by city elected officials, planners,
local governments with readily available guides when
making decisions about placement of new development,
transportation arteries, and other land use proposals.
  Throughout the region, a number of local govern-


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                    13





Resource Inventory and Mapping



and others on land use policies and future growth pat-      York County, Virginia
terns.                                                      Department of Community Development

        Contact: Mary Morris, Coordinator                     A regional assessment of growth and development
                Environmental Programs                     issues lead York County, Virginia to develop a resource
                City of Virginia Beach                     inventory as a component of regional land use policies
                Municipal Center                           and regulations.
                Virginia Beach, Virginia 23456
                 (804) 427-4801                               Representatives of James City County, York County
                                                           and the City of Williamsburg, as participants within a
                                                            "Regional Issues Committee," periodically meet to dis-
Martic Township, Pennsylvania                               cuss and formulate positions on regional growth issues.
                                                              As part of this Regional Issues Committees' effort,
   To identify environmentally sensitive areas, Martic      the group consisting of three members from each local-
Township created an EnvironmentalAssessment Com-           ity, initiated a NaturalResourcesInventory and Histori-
mittee to develop the groundworkfor a comprehensive         cal Inventory utilizing the services of the Virginia
evaluation of the township's natural resources.             Natural Heritage Program.
                                                              The inventory is designed to designate those sites
   Martic Township, Pennsylvania, a predominately ru-       supporting unique or exemplary natural features or other
ral locality of21,000acres, conducted an environmental      significant features. By assessing the current status of
assessment to have sound environmental data available       natural areas, the localities will be able to build the
for both a revision of the township's comprehensive         findings into their planning processes and avoid sensi-
plan and the sewage facilities plan.                        tive areas.
   An Environmental Assessment Committee, consist-             Each locality contributes resources to conduct the in-
ing of nine individuals appointed by the Township           ventory. York County allocated $2,400 as its share of
Supervisors, was created to establish the parameters        the joint project in 1990.  The joint project will be
necessary for this environmental inventory.                completed in 1991.
   As their first step, the Committee surveyed local
citizens to gather a general consensus on their philoso-           Contact: J. Mark Carter, Director, or
phies of growth control, carrying capacity, and related                     Stuart Bass, Planner
environmental issues. The initial survey looked at the                      York County Dept. of
issues based on the township's 1972 zoning practices,                          Community Development
and 1971 comprehensive plan.                                                P.O. Box 532
   Following this survey, the township contracted with                       Yorktown, Virginia 23690
Land and Community Associates (Charlottesville, Vir-                        (804) 898-0080
ginia) to conduct a two-year environmental assessment.
The assessment, completed in March of 1989, is being
incorporated into current discussions and redrafting of     Berks County, Pennsylvania
the comprehensive plan, and other infrastructure plan-      County Planning Commission
ning requirements.
   The township financed the project with $50,000 from         The Berks County Planning Commission is conduct-
local funds.                                                ing a County Natural Areas Inventory to identify and
                                                            record sensitive areas.
        Contact: Linda Gurtler, Supervisor
                 Martic Township                              By locating and cataloging sensitive areas within the
                 408 River Road                             county, Berks County officials hopes to be able to
                 Pequea, Pennsylvania 17565                 protect them along with their unique, endangered, and
                 (717) 284-3407                             threatened species.
                                                              The inventory is being conducted in response to


14                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                                                   Resource Inventory and Mapping



mounting developmental pressures, and a growing concern    Arlington County, Virginia
over the loss of environmentally important areas. Upon     Department of Public Works
completion of the plan, the County Planning Commis-
sion will utilize data generated from the inventory to       This Arlington County, Virginia program develops
                                                              This Arlington County, Virginia program develops
guide development away from those areas identified as
                ~~sen  ~~sitive.",,                        andmaintains county-wide resource inventory mapsfor
"sensitive."
                                                           use by various county agencies, private developers and
  The county contracted with the Nature Conservancye gen
                                                           the general public.
to conduct the inventory for $40,000. The program is
being financed through a $20,000 grant from the Depart-      The county is in the process of developing an exten-
nment of Community Affairs and a Development Block         sive computerized Geographic Information System (GIS)
Grant in the same amount.                                  through digitization of current and ongoing mapping in-
                                                           formation.
       Contact: Steven Boyer, Planner
                Contyact: StevenBoyer, Planniger             The county provides Real Property Identification
                Berks County Planning Commission           Maps for primary use by the Department of Manage-
                Exide Building, Suite 203                 ment and Finance, Real Estate Assessment Division,
                645 Penn Street
                Reading, PA 19601-3509                    other agencies, real estate companies, and the general
                (215) 378-8703


Pequea Township
Environmental Advisory Council

  Pequea Township's Environmental Ad-
visory Council initiated this program to
conduct a first-time cataloging of the Town-
ship's natural features for use in the devel-
opment of a comprehensive plan.

   The Pequea Township Environmental
Advisory Council, consisting of citizen rep-
resentatives appointed by the Township's
Board of Supervisors, conducted an assess-
ment of the township's natural conditions to
assist in local land use decision making.
   In conducting the assessment, surveys were sent to      public. Mapping is done at a 1" = 100' scale.
residents who identified areas that they thought should      In addition, the county maps at a 1"= 50' scale for its
receive special consideration or protection. Survey re-    topographic and planimetric maps, each covering 43.43
suits were then used as a basis for follow-up.  The        acres, and includes a registered overlay system depict-
services of an engineer were utilized to provide correla-  ing property base and real estate code information. The
tions between survey results and the land use plans of the  planimetric maps and property base overlays are being
township.                                                  used as a base for digitization of the Geographic Infor-
   The program was financed through comprehensive          mation System.
plan funds from the township and state.                      The program was developed in house by county staff
                                                           and implemented continuously as maps and related
        Contact: Alan S. Peterson, M.D.                    overlays were completed. The Public Works Depart-
                 Pequea EAC                                ment has found that there is a significant demand for the
                 243 Shultz Rd.                            use of the completed maps and that continuous mainte-
                 Lancaster, PA 17603                       nance and updating is crucial to the program. Funds for
                 (717) 464-2322                            the program are provided by the county and user fees.


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                  15





Resource Inventory and Mapping



       Contact: John Sutton                               Howard County, Maryland
               Arlington County                           Department of Planning and Zoning
               Dept. of Public Works                      Department of Public Works
               Suite 813
               2100 Clarendon Blvd.                          The County has initiated two different groundwater
               Arlington, VA 22201                        projects which together provide for the identification
               (703) 358-3635                             and protection of some of the region's most vulnerable
                                                           groundwater resources.

Howard County, Maryland                                       The Department of Planning and Zoning hired a con-
Department of Public Works, and                            sultant to conduct a study of the relative groundwater
Department of Planning and Zoning                          pollution potential in the western part of the county. The
                                                           study was done using EPA's 7 "DRASTIC" factors
  With the aid of computerization and use of Geo-         which include:
graphic Information System (GIS), Both the Howard
CountyDepartmentofPublic Works andDepartment of                    O  Depth to groundwater,
Planning andZoning are working to further refine their             O  Recharge potential,
mapping systems for the protection of critical resources.         [O Aquifer geology,
                                                                   CO Soils,
  Howard County is in the process of installing a Geo-            O  Topography, and
graphic Information System (GIS) to provide the De-                O3 Impact and Conductivity of possible
partment of Public Works with capabilities forcomputer               pollutants.
aided design (CAD) and graphics for engineering models,
as well as development of design manual details.              The DRASTIC study is based on the county's hydro-
  The county'sdataishand-draftedon 1984basesheets         geologic setting and provides a broadbrush planning
and includes environmental characteristics, water and      tool that can be used to screen various land use proposals
sewer service areas, lines and facilities. The first task for  for further investigation, however, it is not a substitute
the Department is to refly topography and revise base      for site specific data. The cost of the consultant study
data maps digitally. Expected mapping completion is        was $25,000 which was funded as a County Capital
set for 1992 with other data to be digitized subsequently.  Project.
  The hardware and photogrammetrics are financed             The second project was initiated through the Depart-
within the county capital budget's Topographic Map-        ment of Public Works but is ajoint undertaking with the
ping Update Program.                                       U.S.G.S Maryland Geologic Service to complete a com-
  The County's Department of Planning and Zoning           prehensive Water Resources Study of the county.
already utilizes GIS - digitized data base at 1" = 600'      The study will be used for planning purposes and in-
scale. To date, entries include zoning, tax, land use, and  eludes estimates of streamflow, groundwater yields, and
address data, as well as roads, historic properties and    various groundwater properties as well as characteriza-
environmentally sensitive areas. Each can be retrieved     tions of ground and surface water quality. The county
independently or in layers.                                contributed $139,700 to the project's total cost of $639,700.
  Immediate applications will be subsequent to an ap-
proved General Plan, forwork on comprehensive rezon-               Contact: Uri P. Avin, Director,
ing, development monitoring system, and maintaining                        David Holden, Planner
adequate public facilities.                                                Department of Planning & Zoning
                                                                            3430 Court House Drive
        Contact: David Holden, Planner                                      Ellicott City, MD  21043
                Howard County                                              (301) 992-2350
                3430 Courthouse Drive
                Ellicott City, Maryland 21043
                (301) 992-2354



16                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                   Resource Inventory and Mapping



Richmond County, Virginia
County Administration Office                               on the Environment to provide funds for a comprehen-
                                                          sive growth management plan. The grant included funds
The Richmond County Information System (RIS) was           for a contract with the Information Support Systems
developed as part of the comprehensive plan project to     Laboratory (ISSL), Department of Agricultural Engi-
provide a basis for responsible planning and develop-      neering, Virginia Tech, to expand the VirGIS database
ment of the county's shoreline areas.                      and to develop a dBase interface for database manage-
                                                          ment and/or manipulation. VirGIS is a continuing
   Some of the counties within the Richmond County         project commissioned by the Division of Soil and Water
area began to experience an increase in development due    Conservation to identify and rank the nonpoint source
to proximity to the Washington metropolitan area.          pollution potential of agricultural land. In 1987, the
Richmond is the only county in the Tidewater region        county receiveda second CRMP grant for the acquisition
that has no zoning ordinance, and the current compre-      of hardware needed to operate the RIS in the Richmond
hensive plan is nearly ten years old.                      County Offices.
   The County Board of Supervisors and the County             In early 1987, CBF received funding from the Vir-
Administrator proposed re-                                                       :  ginia Environmental Endow-
visions to land use ordi-  - -             Iment to develop a shoreline
nances that would require                                                           component to the compre-
assembling and interpreting                                                         hensive plan, update the sub-
enormous volumes of in-                                                             division ordinances and de-
formation concerning pres-                                                          velop  preliminary  zoning
ent resources, natural fea-                                                         guidelines. An integral part
tures,  and  development                                                            of this comprehensive plan-
patterns.  A  system was                                                            ning and zoning effort was
needed to store manipulate,                                                         the compilation and mapping
update and display infor-                               ~                           of resource information in
mation to assist the plan-                                                          the county. This information
ners with decision making.                                                  f       formed the basis for addi-
   The county, along with                                                            tional themes that were in-
the Chesapeake Bay Foun-                                                            corporated into the Richmond
dation (CBF), began inves-                                                          County RIS.
tigating the feasibility of de-                                                        The RIS was included in
veloping a Resource Infor-                                                          the $96,000 comprehensive
mation System (RIS) for                                                             plan budget which was fi-
storing an d manipulatin g                                                          nanced through county funds,
map and tabular informa-                                                            a $39,000 Federal Coastal
tion.  The RIS approach                                                             Zone Management Grant and
provides methods of rou-                                                            a $45,000 Virginia Environ-
tinely generating and dis-                                                          mental Endowment Grant re-
playing high quality graph-                                                         ceived and contributed by the
ics for a wide range of con-                                                        Chesapeake Bay Foundation.
ditions. Within the RIS
environment, the databases                                                          Contact: William Duncanson
can be maintained and up-                                                                    Richmond County
dated for site plan reviews                                                                  P.O. Box 1000
and planning efforts.                                                                        Warsaw, VA
   In 1986, the county re-                                                                   22572
ceived a Coastal Resource                                                                    (804) 333-3415
Management (CRMP) grant 
from the Virginia Council


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   17





Greensp ace



Greenspace                                                    trees to take advantage of their functions and environ-
                                                             mental characteristics. Faced with development prac-
                                                                ..  tices within "suburbia" that clear-cut land be-
                                  4  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~     ~~fore construction and generate increased sedi-
                                                                    mentation, local governments are moving to
                                                                    curb these practices. Even in those areas already
                                                                    urbanized, local government tree and landscap-
                                                                    ing programs exist to provide a mechanism for
                                                                    preventing water quality degradation.
                                                            I        ~~~Local programs have been developed to estab-
                                                                    lish:
                                                               hi'3 JTree buffers along local streams and roadways
                                                                -j to help reduce sediment and toxic load runoff
                                                                t~through absorption that otherwise would reach
                                                                    local water bodies.

                                                                    C3 Landscaping ordinances requiring a percent-
                                                                    age of tree cover to reduce sediment runoff in
       4~~                        ~~~~~~ R                           new development sites, and restrict clearing prac-

Tree Planting and Preservation,                                      tices.
Green Cooridors, and Landscaping                              jDesignation of valuable and significant tree species.

   The Chesapeake Bay watershed was once the benefi-          C3 Provisions which require the placement of a bond by
ciary of extensive forest cover.  Recently, however,          developers to provide for tree preservation and restora-
there has been asignificant decline. Acomponent of the        tion during and after development.
Chesapeake Bay restoration program provides for the
retention of forested buffers along the Bay and its           0J Requirements for tree coverage to ensure adequate
tributaries to protect the waters from excessive sedi-        protection for residential areas to help reduce an energy
ments and nutrients. Tree-related programs throughout         dependency for summer cooling and winter heating.
the watershed are used to help protect the Bay both
directly and indirectly from these impacts.                   Green Cooridors
   Riparian forests, those directly along water bodies,          Local governments utilize trees and other vegetated
contribute to the Bay's water quality directly by inter-      buffers along streams and waterways as an efficient
cepting phosphorus and nitrogen. The Maryland De-             management tool to keep pollutants from reaching local
partment of Natural Resources estimates that a riparian       waterbodies. These buffers are designated and created
forest can absorb as much as 89 percent of the nitrogen       through land development restrictions.
and 80 percent of the phosphorus runoff associated with          Maintenance of a natural or artificial vegetative buff-
adjacent land use practices. Trees and forested buffers       ers from between 25 to 100 feet wide can absorb excess
also provide recreational and living resource amenities       nutrients, sediments and other pollutants before reach-
within the watershed. Wildlife habitat and travel corri-      ing water. This practice is used at the local level around
dors are also enhanced with increased tree cover.             reservoirs, well head sites, and along small creeks,
   Each of the states and the District recognize the value    tributaries and major rivers.
of trees and have acted accordingly to address the issue         Establishing vegetated corridors around and through
through legislation and regulation. In particular, pas-       development also provides habitat access for wildlife.
sage of the Maryland Critical Areas Law and Virginia          These "greenbelts" and "greenways" are vegetated
Preservation Criteria establish requirements for mainte-      strips that permit wildlife to continue to travel between
nance of vegetative buffers and reforestation.                interconnected corridors created in developing regions.
   Local governments have also taken steps to preserve


 is Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                                                Greenspace



In addition, these networks provide extensive recrea-               Contact: Allan Murphy
tional opportunities and access for citizens.                                Planning Division
  Several examples of local programs that provide for                        James City County
tree planting and preservation, landscaping require-                          P.O. Box JC
ments and other green space programs are included:                           Williamsburg, VA  23187
                                                                            (804) 253-6685

James City County, Virg'nia
Planning Department                                         Pequea Township, Pennsylvania

  Through rezoning, James City County has worked to           By creating and incorporating perimeter greenways
create a coordinated greenbelt network throughout the       and open space into the development project plan re-
region.                                                     quirements, Pequea Township, effectively amended its
                                                           zoning ordinance to include a landscaping requirement
  James City County adopted its greenbelt policy as a       for developers.
component of its Comprehensive Plan. The policy is
designed to ensure that lands along roads throughout the       Pequea Township's landscaping regulations require
region retain their natural qualities, and that the areas   a perimeter greenbelt area along the extent of the front,
surrounding roadways could be classified as "Scenic         side, and rear property lines of all lots, except where
Byways" by the state.                                       crossed by sidewalks or driveways.  No less than 50%
  The county policy calls for a 150' greenbelt beyond       of this open area must be planted with trees and shrubs.
the standard right-of-way. Although there is no ordi-       Thewidthofthe required greenbelt is determined by the
nance mandating this practice, the policy has been          type of landuse it will border as follows:
successful in obtaining the greenbelts in almost all areas
that have been targeted for rezoning requests by devel-     0 Agricultural Zoning: No greenbelt required unless
opers. The Planning Department has had more moder-          the on-site use is non-agricultural in which case the
ate success in preserving greenbelts in areas that require  greenbelt must be 30' wide.
no application for rezoning as developers are not re-
quired to obtain permitting for properly zoned plots.       J Residential Zoning: A 25' greenbelt is required on
  The program requires no additional funding as green-      front property line. Side and rear greenbelts must be 75'
belts are dedicated.                                        wide if development contains three or more lots.








                                            ChesapeakeBy R                   iio













Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                    19





Greenspace



O Commercial Zoning: The front property line must             An ordinance calls for the identification and protec-
have a 25' greenbelt while the side and rear greenbelts    tion of "specimen trees" during the planning process of
must measure 50' if the parcel abuts parcels with non-      development. To identify specimen trees, the public
commercial zoning.                                          nominates the largest tree of each species. The city
                                                           arborist then applies a formula considering tree height,
  In addition to greenbelts along property lines, the      spread, and trunk circumference in order to establish a
township requires open space areas between township         point rating for size. Those trees within a designated
roadways and development frontage. This area must be        point rating are protected as specimen trees.
planted with a minimum of one "canopy street tree" for        The program is carried out by the Planning Depart-
every 40'of public right-ofway. Trees chosen from a list    ment Arborist and is modeled after the American For-
of appropriate species provided by the Township are to      estry Association's "Big Tree Program."
be placed 10' behind the right-of-way and must be at
least 6' in height when planted.  Between the street                 Contact: John King, Arborist
frontage and the street trees, a grassed linear open space                     City of Chesapeake
must be maintained for use as a continuous walking                             300 Cedar Road
area.                                                                          Chesapeake, VA  23320
  Local township funds were used to draft the ordi-                           (804) 547-6176
nance. All other costs are born by the developer.

        Contact: Alan Peterson, MD                          Allegany County, Maryland
                Pequea Township EAC                        Health Department
                243 Shultz Rd.
                Lancaster, PA 17603                          Allegany County, Maryland's "Adopt-A-Dump" pro-
                (717) 464-2322                             gram aims to clean-up illegal dump sites through the
                                                            coordination of volunteer organizations.

City of Chesapeake, Virginia                                  Two major phases are contained within the program;
Planning Department -- Arborist                             clean-up, and replanting and monitoring.

   The City of Chesapeake, Virginia's tree coverage         Dumpsite Cleanup:
program protects the environmental and aesthetic in-        O  The County Health Department initiates clean-up
tegrity of the city bypreserving trees on private property  projects by surveying and mapping illegal and unwanted
through establishment of a tree canopy coverage ordi-       dumps in the area.
nance.
                                                            O If a site is found to be free of toxic materials,
   Chesapeake's ordinance requires that a percentage of     volunteers are asked to collect and remove the trash and
tree coverexist with baseline determinations calculated     debris at the site and transport it to the local landfill.
on expected coverage ten years after development. The
program was implemented as a result of concern ex-         O  To discourage further dumping at sites along road-
pressed by citizens in relation to rapid growth pressures   ways, the Department submits a request to the local,
and loss of the city's rural character.                     county, or state highway administration to construct
   The City's Planning Department also acted to protect     guard rails to protect the site.
many of Chesapeake's native tree species which were
threatened with destruction due to increasing growth        Dumpsite Replanting & Monitoring:
and development. In order to prevent the loss of the        [ Following dumpsite cleanup and the construction of
oldest of these species, the city initiated the " Champion  guard rails to prevent further violations, volunteers
Tree Program." The program identifies and protects the      replant the site with trees chosen on a site-specific basis
largest trees from encroaching local development pres-     to match the surrounding species.
sures.



20                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                                                   Greenspace



O  The planting process is supervised by the Health
Department or the Department of Natural Resources  _ 
which also donates all trees for the program.

Ol The newly planted trees are monitored, cultivated and
watered by the volunteer network until they are well                                        ':E;"  U
established.                                                    v                               V ~  '

  With the help of volunteers, including local Boy
Scout and Girl Scout Troops, civic associations and            L                                    d
others, the county has succeeded in restoring over 75         ~          ~4    i
dump sites while planting 500-1000 trees a year.                                               i

       Contact: Darrell Spence
                P.O. Box 1745
                Willowbrook Road                                    -
                Cumberland, MD 21502                                                                        1- 
                (301) 777-5655                                   iA Nza             | . 
                                                                 rMovlr- A MWi

Carroll County, MD                                                                                        r
Carroll County Planning Commission
                                                                1, o' CUNEA) M.6MqEP AWN& I'S, C>wrDS.E OF :  ,-t 114
   To insure local environmental quality and aesthetics,            y i  -. -                       =
Carroll County provides criteria for appropriate land-
scaping of new development activities through a review             O0FlpCi /WA 'HSE PCESE LWtqp'
and permitting process.
                                                                  . ~oo rA5~ f    EVEM -v.cH
   Carroll County's landscape review ordinance requires
that a landscape plan be submitted by potential develop-     From the Carroll County, Maryland, Landscape Manual
ers alongwith their Preliminary Development Plan. The
Planning Commission provides developers with a land-
scape manual that establishes parameters for acceptable      shrub screens, but planting units are required according
plan standards. Standards include:                           to the number of parking spaces (1 planting unit per 25
                                                             parking spaces).
O The use of grading practices which are compatible             If compliance with the regulations is unsatisfactory
with the existing drainage patterns and formations of the    the county may undertake any additional landscaping
land;                                                        needed, however, the developer is required to finance
                                                             those activities.
O Minimum tree planting requirements for various                The Planning Commission employs a reviewer, al-
types of development.                                        though all additional funding is furnished by the devel-
                                                             oper who is financially responsible for the individual
   The manual is specific in its design and establishes      landscape plan.
uniform guidance for developers. For instance, in a
residential development, the manual calls for a mini-               Contact: Neal Ridgely, Reviewer
mum of one planting unit (i.e. one large or two smaller                       Carroll County
tree species) per one dwelling unit as well as screen                         225 N Center
planting of shrubs along any major street bordering the                       Westminster, MD  21157
project. Commercial developments must plant similar                           (301) 857-2143



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                      21





Greenspace



The Borough of Carlisle, Pennsylvania                       Kent County, Maryland
Carlisle Parks and Recreation Department                    Planning Department & Kent County Forestry Board

  To reduce run-off in a predominately urban' area,           Kent County's comprehensive rezoningplan includes
while at the same time enhancing the community's aes-       maintenance programs for trees and other vegetative
thetic value, Carlisle Borough implemented a tree plant-    cover.
ing program along local roadways.
                                                              As a part of the county's comprehensive rezoning
  The tree planting/cost-share program increases the       program, environmental standards were added as re-
borough's ability to plant and maintain an effective tree   quirements for activities in each zoning district. These
corridor along borough thoroughfares. To publicize the      include:
program and encourage participation, all residents are
provided with a memorandum explaining the program's         fl Requirements for naturally vegetated buffers for all
guidelines which include the following actions:             blueline streams

EJ Apply to the Parks and Recreation Department for         EJ 15 to 20 percent forestry cover for all new develop-
planting permit;                                            ments, and

O Select a tree or trees from a borough list of acceptable  O Creation and maintenance of wildlife corridors and
trees (specific tree species are recommended for certain    habitat protection standards
locations based on their growth potential and shape);
                                                              Many of the requirements are added to ensure open
f3 Have a nursery plant the tree to ensure proper planting  space and greenways for recreation and wildlife, as well
and care;                                                   as buffers for water quality improvements.
                                                              In working to promote the benefit and value of trees
[]  Submit a copy of nursery bill to the Parks and          in improving the county's environmental quality, the
Recreation Department to receive 50% of the tree and        county planning office also works to promote the Tree
planting costs (maximum reimbursement is set at $75).       City, USA program. The County Forestry Board de-
                                                           cided that Kent County could become one of the few
   Funding in the amount of $2,700 per year is provided     counties in the nation with all incorporated communities
through the Borough's Parks and Recreation Depart-          qualifying as Tree City, USA participants.
ment budget. Currently, the program is responsible for
planting 30 trees per year throughout the borough.                  Contact: Gail Webb Owings, Planning Director
                                                                           Kent County
       Contact: Daniel Dinunzio, Director                                    Court House
                Carlisle Parks and                                          Chestertown, Maryland 21620
                    Recreation Department                                  (301) 778-7475
                 Community Center
                 415 Franklin Street
                 Carlisle, PA 17013                         City of Virginia Beach, Virginia
                 (717) 243-3318                             Departments of General Services and
                                                            Landscaping Services

                                                              An urban area like Virginia Beach, Virginia con-
                                                            stantly faces a battle with runoff from an abundance of
                                                            impervious surfaces. Although the surface space is
                                                            unlikely to decrease, the runoff may be mitigated by
                                                           planting vegetated buffers on the borders.

                                                            One of the predominant problems in dealing with

22                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                                                                                 Greenspace



urban nonpoint source issues is the runoff from a multi-            Contact: Steve Mack, Director
tude of paved parking lots.  Stormwater runoff that                          York Recreation and Parks Bureau
carries nutrients, sediment, toxics and other materials is                   P.O. Box 509
a major problem facing local water quality planners.                         York, Pennsylvania 17405
  The City of Virginia Beach, Virginia enacted a site                        (717) 854-1587
plan ordinance in 1986 that requires mandatory planting
of trees and natural vegetation as buffers to parking lots.
  This landscaping plan provides both environmental         York County Conservation District, PA, and
aesthetics within commercial development areas, and a       Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation
buffer to assist in keeping toxics, sediment and other      District
runoff residuals from entering the stormwater manage-
ment systems and local water bodies.                           Tree distribution and planting programs, like those
                                                            developed and administered by local Conservation Dis-
        Contact: Roger Huff, City Arborist                  tricts are intended to provide an economical source of
                Glebe Road and Courthouse Drive             tree seedlings and ground cover plants for the region's
                Virginia Beach, Virginia                    residents.
                 (804) 427-4461
                                                               Generally, Conservation District tree seedlings and
                                                            plants are sold with no stipulations or restrictions for
City of York, Pennsylvania                                  use.  The goal of these programs is to provide for
Recreation and Parks                                        establishment of tree cover throughout the Bay water-
                                                            shed, with particular attention given to sensitive areas.
  York, Pennsylvania's urban forestry program main-         Planting programs, coupled with tree-related educa-
tains an effective system of tree care and planting in all  tional information, discussions, and seminars have proven
city parks and along city streets.                          to be effective methods for meeting the needs and
                                                            requests of landowners, while providing positive expo-
  Urban trees are particularly important to local water     sure for each agency. Recent examples include:
quality since their root systems act as buffers against
various runoff and erosion problems inherent within         C] The York County, Pennsylvania Conservation Dis-
cities. Maintenance of vegetated buffers keep toxics and    trict provides over 600 residents with trees each spring
sediment out of local stormwater systems.                   while distributing over 30,000 seedlings.
  York employs a full-time urban forestry specialist
who works with the public, local utilities, and other city   E l The Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation
departments to ensure that the proper variety of trees are  District recently gave away 32,000 seedlings.
planted and replanted in the right locations, and that
proper maintenance is in place.                                The programs are often self-supporting through tree
   Currently the program addresses:                         sales and equipment rental fees. Revenues raised through
                                                            seedling sales are often used to provide assistance for
El Tree maintenance along alleys and streets                local Conservation District education efforts.

El Development of a comprehensive trimming program                 Contact: Mark Kimmel, Manager
                                                                           York County Conservation District
El Replacement of aging trees within city parks                             118 Pleasant Acres Road
                                                                            York, PA 17402
  Program funding is generated through local real                          (717) 771-9430
estate taxes. In addition, the Office of Housing Reha-
bilitation receives limited federal assistance through the                 NVSWCD
Community Development Block Grant Program to provide                       11216 Waples Mill Road
trees for homeowners.                                                      Fairfax, Virginia 22030
                                                                           (703) 591-6660


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                     23






Land Preservation



Land

Preservation

Land Trusts and
Easements
  Realizing the limita
tions of zoning and public
acquisition in protecting 
open space and natural               ..                                                               N
areas, many local govern-'
ments are discovering the
potential of public and pnri..
vate  land  conservation 
mechanisms for protect - 
ingtheseresources. Local    ~ .~~.~
involvement with land
trusts and  conservation                         ~
casements play an impor-                                                           .<.
tant role in this land pres                                            .....,..
ervation effort.
  Conservation ease-
ments restrict future commercial, industrial, and exten-                                                  Save....
sive residential development activities on the land. The
landowner essentially donates thedevelopment rights to    c asements in its own name.
his or her land in return for permanent enforcement of          Private, citizen-sponsored, local land trusts can also
the conservation use of the land, as well as tax benefits .    play an important role in implementing local govern-
Government owned land is often subject to competing          ment preservation plans. One county in Maryland re-
and changing public demands. A land trust can provide        cently provided a $350,000 grant as seed money to
permanent protection to government acquisitions by           establish a private land trust.
accepting conservation casement donations on this land   .      Lands listed as high priority acquisitions in local rec-
   In addition, land trusts may be organized as private      reation plans do not always wait for the slow public
(or publicly sponsored) nonprofit organizations in order     acquisition process. In cases where priority lands enter
to hold land or conservation casements for many pur-         the development market on short notice, local land trusts
poses including habitat and water quality protection,        can act immediately to pre-acquire the property until
scenic enjoyment, agricultural preservation, recreation      government can fit the purchase into its budget. The
or other open space or historic purposes. These organi-      local trust negotiates the purchase with the seller (pref-
zations generally protect land by bargain purchase or        erably a bargain sale which saves money and generates
donation of land or conservation casements.                  tax breaks), obtains bank financing with the local gov-
   Other options for local governments help preserve         ermient as guarantor, and purchases the property with
lands identified in local recreation or open space plans     intended buy-out within a negotiated time frame.
without downzoning or direct acquisition by govern-             Government-owned property which could be sold as
ment. A local government sponsored private, independ-        surplus by a changing administration is ideal for a
ent land trust is an ideal combination of private citizen    conservation casement granted to a local land trust. The
involvement and government support. This combina-    c asement will maintain the property in perpetual open
tion takes advantage of citizen networking and grass         space regardless of future political will. This technique
roots appeal for encouraging voluntary preservation          has been commonly used and well accepted in the past.
techniques on farmland and other targeted lands. Local          Several examples of local mechanisms designed to
governments can also incorporate a land trust separate       preserve land and enhance the protection of the natural
from government which can hold land or conservation          environment and water quality are included:

24                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                                        Land Preservation


                                                                                       under the easement agree-
                                                                                       ment. The Conservancy's
                                                                                       first target area has been
                                                                                       the land surrounding Col-
                                                                                       lege Creek, one of the last
                                                                                       undeveloped creeks in the
                                                                                       city.  Although no ease-
                                                                                       ments have yet been do-
                                                                                       nated, progress isexpected
                                                                                       in the near future.

                                                                                        Contact:
                                                                                        R. Stefan Klosowski
                                                                                        Urban Design Planner
                                                                                        City of Annapolis
                                                                                        Planning & Zoning Dpt.
                                                                                        160 Duke of Gloucester
                                                                                        Annapolis, MD 21401
                                                                                        (301) 263-7961




or Pave the Bay?
                                                            Fairfax County, Virginia
                                                            Office of Planning and Zoning
City of Annapolis, MD
Conservancy Board and Department of Planning                   Thisprogramisbasedon FairfaxCounty'sLocalAg-
and Zoning                                                  ricultural and Forestal Districts Ordinance, added to
                                                            the County Code to promote the conservation of open
  In order toprotect undevelopedlands aroundthe city,       lands for aesthetic and environmental protection.
Annapolis called for the creation of a Conservancy
Board to solicit and encourage the donation of land            Fairfax County's Local Agricultural and Forestal
trusts and conservation easements for the purpose of        Districts may be established and renewed for eight year
habitat and water quality protection, scenic enjoyment,     periods on properties no less than 25 acres.
agricultural preservation, and recreation.                     Landowners who establish their land as a designated
                                                            "District" are eligible for present use value taxation
  The Annapolis Conservancy Board, created by city          which is significantly lower than the traditional poten-
ordinance, consists of seven city residents who are         tial use value. In order to receive the special tax consid-
appointed by the Mayor and serve a five year term           eration, applicants are required to establish:
without compensation.
  The Board, established in 1988, works in cooperation s      Commitment to agricultural or forestal activities
with the state through the Maryland Environmental
Trust (MET). Although MET was the model for Anna-           O Conformity to the county's comprehensive plan
polis' initiative, the local program differs in that it
allows for the protection of smaller parcels of land than   E Compatibility of surrounding uses, and
the 25-50 acres that the state recommends.
  Landowners who donate their land for classification      El Utilization of sound soil management and pollution
as a land trust or conservation easement are not only       control practices in farming and forestry operations.
taking positive steps towards preserving open space, but
are also eligible for both state and local tax advantages      Significant staff resources are required to review ap-

Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                    25





Land Preservation


plications, however, no additional county funds are         Kent County, Maryland
needed to operate the program.                              Department of Planning

       Contact: Lisa Dell, Staff Coordinator               The adoption of the Kent County Right-to-Farm Law
                Fairfax County                             limits the circumstances under which agricultural op-
                Office of Planning & Zoning                erations can be lawfully deemed a nuisance.
                 4050 Legato Rd., Suite 800
                Fairfax, VA  22033                         With the increased extension of non-agricultural devel-
                (703) 246-1290                             opment into agricultural areas, farms are often the sub-
                                                           ject of nuisance suits and discouraged from making
                                                           farm improvements due to complaints of non-agricul-
Harford County, Maryland                                    tural neighbors. Many farms are forced to cease opera-
Department of Planning                                      tions with the lands often converted to other uses.
                                                              In order to limit this land conversion and curtail the
  Efforts toprovideperpetualprotection of a sensitive      suburbanization of county farms and open space, the
area near the confluence of the Susquehanna River and       County Right-to Farm policy to conserve, protect and
the Chesapeake Bay lead Harford County officials to         encourage the development and improvement of its
develop a public/private partnership for a land trust.      agricultural land was added to Kent County's agricul-
                                                           tural zoning ordinance.
  The Deer Creek Watershed, a state designated scenic         Irresponsible farming practices that lead to the pollu-
river that empties into the lower Susquehanna, was          tion of county resources, however, are specifically ex-
experiencing threats to the surrounding ecology, cul-       empted from protection under this ordinance.
ture, and historical significance due to encroaching          The program was developed in conjunction with a
development. An outgrowth of citizen concern prompted       new zoning ordinance which greatly reduced the non-
Harford County officials to seek alternatives for protect-  agricultural uses of agriculturally zoned land and is
ing the valuable resource.                                  completely county financed.
  The county developed a coalition with the local wa-
tershed association and the National Lands Trust to                Contact: Gail Owings
ensure that the land be maintained in trust, unavailable                    Department of Planning
for speculative development. The resulting land protec-                     Kent County Court House
tion program offers land owners a 50 percent reduction                      Chestertown, MD  21620
in real property tax as an incentive to keep land undevel-                  (301) 778-4600
oped. Land owners who sell property for potential de-
velopment are taxed at the full 100 percent rate.
  The county program also coordinates with the Mary-       York County, Virginia
land Environmental Trust to offer land owners a total tax   Commissioner of the Revenue
credit for 15 years if land development rights are do-
nated to the Trust.                                           A goal to reduce the rate of conversion of open lands
                                                           in the county, prompted the amendment of the York
        Contact: Andy Meyer                                 County Code to offer landowners the opportunity to
                Office of Planning and Zoning              receive reduced tax rates for lands committed to agri-
                 Harford County                             cultural, forestal or open space purposes.
                 220 South Main Street
                Bel Air, MD 21014                             The York County Code provides landowners with
                (301)838-6000                              options to reduce their tax burden when they comply
                                                           with various land preservation provisions.

                                                           Ol Landowners in York County Virginia may apply to
                                                           the Commissioner of Revenue for classification, assess-




26                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                                                                        Land Preservation



ment and special taxation on property for a fee of $25.

O Lands that are approved are classified as agricultural,            SEVERN RIVER LAND TRUST, INC.
forestal, or open space for a one year period after which
yearly applications for classification extension are ac-
cepted free of charge.

O If the land use changes during the time of approved
classification, the tax incentive is removed and the land     '
owner is charged a role-back tax.
  The program requires no outside funding and is
financed through the Commissioner of Revenue's oper-
ating budget with supplemental funding from applica-
tion fees.                                                                    - ;

       Contact: Joseph Rigo
                Commissioner of Revenue
                York County
                P.O. Box 90
                Yorktown, VA 23690                                                  _-' '::__
                 (804) 898-0030

                                                                        HOW YOU CAN
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Department of Planning and Zoning, and                                MAKE A DIFFERENCE
Department of Parks and Recreation
                                                                       IN THE FUTURE
  In an attempt to protect environmentally sensitive
areas in a region experiencing heavy developmentpres-                             OF   THE
sures, two land trust organizations were formed coop-
eratively between citizens and county government.                           SEVERN   RIVER

  The two local land trusts in Anne Arundel County
assist in county efforts to protect environmentally sen-
sitive resource areas. The Severn River Land Trust, Inc.         Duringtheir first yearofoperation, AACT purchased
(SRLT) works to protect the Severn River through the          one small easement, and SRLT purchased two parcels
purchase of conservation easements within the water-          whichmakeupapproximately 14acres;othereasements
shed. They also accept the donation of property or funds      are pending.
to further their purpose. The Anne Arundel Conserva-             Funding for the program is provided through county
tion Trust, Inc. (AACT) works in a similar manner to the      support, contributions, grants and fundraisers.
SRLT, but operates on a county-wide basis rather than            The County's Department of Parks and Recreation
within a single watershed.                                    (DPR) is also actively involved in lands protection.
  The program was developed as a result of strong local      Through aggressive land acquisition, the DPR program
government and citizen interest in protecting the re-         provides for land preservation, habitat protection and
gion's increasingly scarce land resources. The county         public access to the Bay and its tributaries.
provided $350,000 in seed money to be shared between             Usingcounty funds, approximately 1600 acres of wa-
the two groups for capital expenditures, such as the          terfront land with about 20 miles of shoreline have been
purchase of easements. The county also contributed            acquired for public parks.  In addition, the DPR is
staff assistance to both organizations which are primar-      working with the Department of Natural Resources to
ily made up of interested citizen volunteers.                 develop an extensive trail system throughout the county.

Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                       27






Land Preservation



      Contact: Joanie Thomasson                                     Contact: John Musselman
               Department of Parks and Recreation                           Howard County
               P.O. Box 1831                                                 3430 Court House Drive .
               Annapolis, MD  21404                                          Ellicott City, Maryland 21043

                Barbara Oakey
               Office of Planning & Zoning                 Carroll County, Maryland
               Anne Arundel County                         Planning Department
                MS 6303
                P.O. Box 2700                                  Due to low landowner response rates to the stateAg-
                Annapolis, MD  21404                        ricultural LandPreservation Program, a Carroll County,
                (301) 222-7441                              Maryland ordinanceprovidesfor additional bonuses to
                                                            landowners who form agricultural districts or sell con-
                                                            servation easements on their land
Howard County, Maryland
Department of Planning and Zoning                              Any landowner within Carroll County who applies to
                                                            form an agricultural preservation district is provided
  Howard County's Agricultural Preservation pro-            with a free county appraisal of the value of the develop-
gram was developed in the late 1970's for the purpose        ment rights of the land. Landowners who are extending
of purchasing development rights on farmland                 the five year term of an existing district, may also receive
                                                            a free appraisal. The landowner then may submit the
  Through their Agricultural Preservation Program,          appraisal to the state Agricultural Preservation Founda-
Howard County is able to purchase the development            tion with an offer to sell development rights on the
rights on those farms meeting specific criteria:             appraised land.
                                                               The county increases the incentive to form agricul-
O Farmland must be a minimum of 50 acres                     tural preservation districts by offering to pay 5% of the
O Must be Class I soils                                      value of the appraised development rights to the land-
O Must not be located in a planned urban area                owner. Landowners extending the term of the district
                                                            may also receive payment. The county pays the 5%
  The county program, which acquires development            bonus when an easement is sold to the Foundation as
rights in perpetuity, set a rough target of 20,000 acres as  well, however, easements sold before the enactment of
the minimum critical mass of protected holdings. Sky-        the ordinance are not eligible for payment.
rocketing land prices and a cap on purchase price (50%         The program is financed by the county share of the
of assessed value) led to a drop of enrollment in the mid    State Agricultural Transfer Tax.
and late 1980's. In 1989 the program was revised to offer
no cap and a 30-year payment plan to leverage available             Contact: Bill Powel
funds and ease capital gains tax for sellers.  New                           Carroll County
applications quickly followed (5976 acres as of April                        225 N. Center Street
1990), of which 1070 acres have been enrolled by                             Westminster, MD  21157
purchase as of April 1990.                                                   (301) 857-2131
  One-fourth (1/4th) of one percent of local transfer tax
is the basis of original funding for the program. This
money can now be used to fund an innovative long-term
purchasing agreement featuring 30-year negotiable zero-
coupon securities with sellers paid interest over a 30-
year period tax-free, and principal as balloon payment
(taxable) at the end of 30 years.





28                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






             ater Quality


                                                                                  Local governments in the wa-
                                                                               tershed are assuming  increasing
                                                                               responsibilities for water quality.
                                                                               A number of examples of these
                                                                               local programs are included in the
                                                                               following pages. The committee
                                                                               focused on the following program
                                                                               areas when designing this section:

                                                                               El Watershed Protection and Moni-
                                                                               toring: Provides a look at some of
                                                                               the programs developed at the local
                                                                               level to address various surface
                                                                               and  groundwater  impacts, and
                                                                               associated monitoring. The inter-
                                                                               connected programs have helped
                                                                             to develop an extensive protection
                                                                               program throughout the watershed
                                                                               of the Bay basin.

                                                                         u aO  Wetlands:  Addresses  local
                                                                               government program development
                                                                               with wetlands protection measures,
                                                                               particularly mapping efforts, de-
                                                                               signed to achieve "no net loss"
Water Quality                                                                  goals.

  The restoration of the Chesapeake Bay relies on an       O Nutrient Management: Examines the regulatory ef-
integrated approachto protectingthewaterqualityofmthe       forts initiated at the local level to control excessive
Bay and surroundingwatersheds. The local role in water      amounts of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) that are
quality management is as critical as it is diverse. Local   entering local waterways and the Chesapeake Bay.
officials are working to protect not only their own water
quality needs, but those which contribute to the state of  E Toxics: Addresses a portion of the local toxics protec-
the Bay as well.                                            tion program receiving increasing attention -- Disposal
  Growing populations and shifting land use patterns       of household hazardous waste.
within the Bay region impact the water quality, and
accentuate the priority of these issues.  In addition,     E3 Boating Pollution Discharge:  Examines several
discussions about acid deposition, global warming, po-      local programs developed to provide adequate disposal
tential droughts, and other environmental impacts are       options for boaters' generated sewage. Local pump-out
placing emphasis on protecting present water quantity       facilities and disposal practices are essential for provid-
and quality while preparing for the future.                 ing relief to the Bay as it reaches its tolerance level for
  The issues of quality and quantity are inseparable.      pollution.
Historically, the federal government has played the
majorroleinwaterqualityefforts,whileestablishingthe           The integrated approach combining each of these
tone for regulatory efforts. In recent years, state and     programs ties in with commitments by the states and
local governments have assumed a larger portion of          federal government to restore and preserve the water
these responsibilities. At each level, greater emphasis     quality of the Chesapeake Bay and surrounding water-
has been placed on the availability and quality of water,  sheds.
its adequate delivery, treatment, and necessary reuse.



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   29





Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring



Watershed  Protection,                                      programs that comprise the interconnected local Che-
                                                           sapeake Bay watershed protection program are included
Restoration and Monitoring                                  on the following pages:

  Watershed protection at the local level provides a
direct link to water quality restoration efforts in the Che-  East Hempfield Township, Pensylvania
sapeake Bay. Local governments continue to develop
programs that protect various water sources -- the same        A need to protect a groundwater recharge area pro-
water sources that provide freshwater flows to the Bay.     vided the incentive for East Hempfield Township to
  This local watershed protection network is expand-        develop a lands protection and acquisition program,
ing.  Surface waters and other aquifers are gaining         while at the same time providing expanded open space
increasing protection as local officials continue to real-  and recreational opportunities.
ize the importance of maintaining essential water qual-
ity and quantity.                                              The Board of Supervisors of East Hempfield Town-
                                                           ship purchased a 210 acre golf course tract after a
o Groundwater protection measures are becoming in-           developer scrapped a 300-home development plan for
creasingly common at the local level. Designation of        the site. The $7.25 million purchase turned out to be in
protection areas around critical groundwater recharge       the best interest of the
areas are part of this regulatory network.                  township  since  the
                                                           course  serves  as a
O Coupled with groundwater protection are ongoing            groundwater recharge
efforts to designate well-head protection zones and         area  for wells that
criteria. Prohibitions on development, and restrictions     contain the township's
on certain agricultural practices and other activities      main source of water.
around local freshwater wells are creating buffer net-      The Supervisors deter-
works around groundwater sources.                           mined that developing
                                                           the area with 300
CO  River and reservoir protection measures are also         homes, along with the
critical elements of the local watershed management         necessary infrastruc-
plan.  Creation of overlay zones, or restrictions on        ture  support  would
activities within certain boundaries surrounding water      have   substantially
sources provide key elements of the interconnected          degraded and depleted
watershed management approach.                              existing water quantity
                                                           and quality.
O   To ensure the success of regulatory watershed              Anadditionalbene-
protection, local governments are also developing re-       fit to the township is the substantial addition of open
lated monitoring efforts.  Reliance on local staff or       space and recreational opportunities. The site contains
networks of volunteer monitors provide the necessary        a 126 acre golf course and 94 acres of multi-use open
data for assessment of the impacts of local protection      space.
programs.                                                      Township officials expect that revenues will cover
                                                           the principal and interest payments on the associated
   Obviously the levels of watershed protection vary be-     bond with $1.2 million in revenues expected in 1990.
tween local governments based on resources, need, and
level of expertise. Watershed management at the local               Contact: George Marcinko, Manager
level may include mapping and geographic computer                            East Hempfield Township
imagery of surface and groundwater sources -- coupled                        P.O. Box 128
with extensive restrictions on activities. It may also be                    1700 Nissley Road
nothing more than the posting of " no trespassing" signs                     Landisville, PA 17538
along the banks of local reservoirs. A number of these                        (717) 898-3100


30                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                            Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring



City of Newport News, Virginia                             District, the Department of Planning and Zoning (DPZ)
Department of Public Utilities                             listed and mapped all of the county's hydric soils and
                                                           soils with hydric inclusions at a scale of 1"= 600'. In
  Newport News, Virginia developed a City Reservoir       addition, the DPZ mapped erodible soils on steep slopes,
Protection Ordinance, regulating new development in        open space and other protected land resources, active
areas of the city that drain to drinking water supply      farms and woodland tracts.
reservoirs.                                                  The maps are used by county planners during the
                                                           development plan review process as a basis for setting
  In order to protect existing water quality, the City of  any new zoning and subdivision regulations.
Newport News adopted a Reservoir Protection Ordi-
nance. The ordinance requires 100% Best Management                Contact: David Holden, Planner
Practices and creation and maintenance of buffers of                       3430 Court House Drive
200 ft. around reservoirs and perennial and intermittent                    Ellicot City, MD  21043
streams.                                                                    (301) 992-2354
  To further supplement the policy, a Reservoir Protec-
tion Property Acquisition Policy was passed along with
the ordinance. This policy allows for the purchase of      Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
property from landowners whose holdings are severely       Regional Planning Commission
impacted by the ordinance. If no other solution can be
found through changes in plan designs, and over 20% of       Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania entered into a
the owners property is impacted by the buffer require-    public/private partnership with the Lackawanna River
ments, the Department will consider purchasing the         Corridor Association, a local citizen organization, to
buffer area only. When more than 40% of the land is        cleanup and restore the Lackawanna River corridor.
impacted, purchasing the entire lot is considered.
  At least 30 acres of crucial buffer land have been         Lackawanna County, along with the Pennsylvania
purchased in this way using funds from the City's Water    Department of Community Affairs and the National
Works Enterprise Fund.                                     Park Service joined forces to support the Lackawanna
                                                           River Corridor Association's initiative to restore the
        Contact: Dave Morris                               banks of the Lackawanna River.  (The Lackawanna
                City of Newport News                      River empties into the Susquehanna River near Scranton
                2600 Washington Ave.                      and Wilkes-Barre.)
                Newport News, VA 23607                       The River Corridor Association began its efforts by
                (804) 247-8470                            conducting an indepth study of 39.5 miles of the river
                                                           corridor. The resulting Master Plan sets up goals for
                                                           improving water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, aes-
Howard County, Maryland                                    thetics, and recreational opportunities, and introduces a
Department of Planning and Zoning                          comprehensive plan of action to reach these goals.
                                                              Actions include:
  Howard Countyparticipates in a regional watershed
identification and protection project to preserve the      O Initiating Project River Clean which would target
Patuxent River as an important tributary to the upper      illegal dump sites, abandoned mining wastelands, sec-
Chesapeake Bay.                                            ondary sewage treatment plants and inadequate storm
                                                           water maintenance practices for clean-up and upgrad-
  In order to provide for the identification and protec-  ing;
tion of vulnerable lands in the Patuxent River and Che-
sapeake Bay watersheds, the Department of Planning        O Developing a comprehensive public awareness cam-
and Zoning developed a county-wide mapping pro-            paign to include media documentaries, public displays,
gram.                                                      environmental education facilities, volunteer cleanup
  Assisted by the Howard County Soil Conservation         projects, and river oriented athletic activities;



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                  31





Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring



O Utilizing mining wastelands and reclaimed riverside       O Year One: Volunteers installed over a mile and a half
areas to build a river park and greenways system which      of electric fencing to keep cattle from further damaging
would create a network of riverside trails linking the river  the stream banks and allow the vegetation to regenerate.
corridor and its municipal communities for recreational
and aesthetic purposes;                                     0 Year Two: 400 tons of stone rip-rap were installed.
                                                            Stone stream deflectors designed to create a mud sill
O Promoting intergovernmental cooperation and river-        along the stream banks were established in the furm of
wide community planning and development that works          210 railroad ties. Two cattle crossings were also in-
to preserve a greenbelt along the length of the river in the  stalled to control animal access.
interest of water quality improvements and community
beautification.                                             U] Year Three: 300 Willow Tree seedlings were planted
                                                            to stabilize the stream banks.
  Lackawanna County has been a principal supporter
and sponsor of the River Corridor Association's efforts.       The borough-owned land is open to the public for
Not only did the County Regional Planning Commission        recreational opportunities. The site will be used as a
contribute considerable staff time and financing to the     demonstration project for other groups interested in
development of the Master Plan, but it will also be a full  developing similar adopt-a-stream programs.
participant in carrying out the recommendations it con-        Funding assistance in the amount of $15,000 was
tains. In addition, the county has pledged $15,000 to the   provided in grant funds from the State Conservation
Association's $300,000 private fundraising campaign to      Commission and the Federal Agricultural Stabilization
begin implementing the restoration of the Lackawanna        and Conservation Service.
River.
                                                                    Contact: Craig R. Morgan, District Manager
        Contact: Harry Lindsay                                               Schuylkill County
                Lackawanna County                                                Conservation District
                   Regional Planning Commission                              Fairlane Village Mall
                200 Adams Avenue                                            Route 61-N
                Scranton, PA 18503                                          Pottsville, PA 17901
                (717) 963-6826                                              (717) 429-1744


Borough of Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, and                    Fairfax County, Virginia
Schuylkill County Conservation District                     Department of Environmental Management

   The Schuylkill County Conservation District in coop-        Fairfax County's Water Supply Protection Overlay
eration with the Borough of Pine Grove recently "adopted"   District program was initiated through a zoning ordi-
a one mile section of a local stream to alleviate stream    nance amendmentaimedatprotectingthe waterquality
bank erosion and nutrient pollution.                        in a major drinking water reservoir using non-point
                                                            source pollution controls.
   Protecting the Little Swatara Creek in the Borough of
Pine Grove in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania was an           In the Occoquan watershed, new development above
important goal of both the borough and the conservation     a density of one dwelling per five acres must provide
district when the district adopted a portion of the creek to  stormwater best management practices that are suffi-
make substantial water quality improvements.                cient to reduce phosphorous runoff from subject prop-
   As a subset of the state's Adopt-a-Stream program,        erties by 50% from uncontrolled post-development
the conservation district undertook a multiple year pro-    conditions.
gram for stream restoration.                                   In addition, the notification of use, storage, treat-
                                                            ment, and disposal of hazardous materials for new de-
                                                            velopment in the overlay district is required.



32                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                             Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring






















  Significant staff resources were needed for the devel-            O Restoration of eroding shoreline
opment of these controls and the review of site plans.              J Reduce transport of sediment
The monitoring and maintenance of BMPs has in-                      O Improve habitat
creased the cost to the county who funds the program                EI Provide recreation opportunities
through the Department of Environmental Management
budget.                                                        A county consultant aided in development of the
                                                            Plan, developing an "Erosion Potential Index" to deter-
       Contact: John Friedman                              mine existing conditions, problems and remedies. The
                Special Projects Branch                     Index used Hurricane winds, ordinary winds, and boat
                Department of Environmental                 wakes to classify the impacts of the river and stream
                       Management                          currents on surrounding shoreline.
                Fairfax County                                Quantification of the results of the Index enabled the
                4050 Legato Rd.                             county to target 63 shoreline sites requiring vegetation
                Fairfax, Va 22033                           and 29 sites needing structural retrofits to buffer erosion
                (703) 246-1700                              impacts. From those, the county chose 8 shoreline site
                                                            demonstration projects, requiring $500,000 in funding
                                                            from the county, state and EPA.
Baltimore County                                               Future plans focus on the Department implementing
Department of Environmental Protection                      a matching grant program to provide funding for land-
and Resource Management                                     owners willing to provide shoreline enhancements that
                                                            adhere to the county guidelines.
  The Baltimore County, Maryland Shoreline Enhance-
ment program aids public and private landowners in                   Contact: Candy Szbad
efforts to reduce erosion and barriers to navigation.                       Dpt. of Environmental Protection and
                                                                                 Resource Management
  Facing mounting development-related problems in-                          Baltimore County
cluding severe erosion and sediment run-off into Balti-                      Courts Building
more County's rivers and streams lead the county to                          Towson, Maryland 21204
develop a shoreline enhancement program for landown-                         (301) 887-3733
ers. To assist in protecting its 1,000 miles of rivers and
streams, and 175 miles of Chesapeake Bay shoreline,
the county set four major goals as part of the program:


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                     33






Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring


Union County, Pennsylvania                                 James City County, Virginia
Planning Department                                        Division of Code Compliance

  Union County, Pennsylvania entered into a coopera-         In efforts to protect the watershed and water supply
tive agreement with three of its municipalities to develop  reservoir on Ware Creek, James City County estab-
a comprehensive watershed protection and manage-           lished an overlay districtprogram aspart of its zoning
ment plan for Bull Run.                                    ordinance.

  The Bull Run watershed is one of the most densely          James City County amended its zoning ordinance to
populated and fastest growing areas in Union County.       includeanoverlaydistricttoprotectthewatershedofthe
In an attempt to protect the water quality of this impor-  new reservoir. Within the overlay district, all develop-
tant tributary to the Susquehanna River, Union County,     ment projects are required to construct stormwater ponds
Lewisburg Borough, East Buffalo Township, and Buf-         or infiltration trenches which successfully retain at least
falo Township began an extensive study of the water-       the first inch of runoff from any impervious surface for
shed resources. The study includes:                        infiltration and also reduce suspended solids by 75%.
                                                             All costs incurred for construction and ongoing main-
O  Development of a database cataloguing existing          tenance of control measures are born by the developer.
landuses;                                                  Administration, plan review and enforcement for the
                                                           program is provided by the Division of Code Compli-
O Investigation of watershed hydrology and soil condi-     ance under their normal operating costs.
tions;
                                                                   Contact: Darryl Cook
O  Assessment and mapping of existing stormwater                           Division of Code Compliance
management facilities;                                                     James City County
                                                                            P.O. Box JC
O Recommendations to improve stormwater manage-                            Williamsburg, Virginia
ment capabilities; and                                                     (804) 253-6673

O- Development of model stormwater management and
watershed protection ordinances for use by the three       Yoe Borough, Pennsylvania
municipalities.                                            Borough Council

  The findings of the study will be compiled into a          The need to address a severe streamside erosion
comprehensive management plan by the county and            problem lead the Yoe Borough Council to contract for
submitted to the municipalities for approval.              the design and development ofgabion walls as a streamside
  The program is financed through a 75% state contri-     protection measure.
bution which amounts to approximately $66,000, and a
25% contribution by Union County of $22,000. The             In order to protect against a sever streamside erosion
municipalities' contribution consists of in-kind services  problem, the Borough of Yoe contracted for the design
such as planning staff and facilities. Over the next 10    and construction of streamside improvements. Gabion
years, Union County plans to develop similar manage-       walls were constructed on both sides of Mill Creek, a
ment and protection programs in each of the county's       tributary to the Codorus Creek and Susquehanna River.
watersheds.                                                The creek flows through the residential area of the
                                                           borough, and was eroding citizens' yards, and adjacent
        Contact: Fred Wilder, Planner                      commercial space, while contributing a large sediment
                 Union County                              load to the watershed.
                610 Fairground Rd.                           A grant from the York County Planning Commission
                 Lewisburg, PA 17837                       enabled the borough to conduct a three-stage program
                 (717) 523-6320                            over a period of six years to install the erosion protection
                                                           measures. One quarter of a mile on both sides of the


34                               Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                            Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring



stream were included in the project at a cost between       extensive data needed to improve watershedprotection
$23,600 and $30,000. Contractor costs included addi-        and local water quality.
tional erosion control measures, as well as corridor re-
seeding.                                                      The Anne Arundel County citizen monitoring pro-
                                                           gram ties into an extensive network of volunteer moni-
       Contact: Ronald Crull, Council President            tors who periodically test the water quality of the Che-
                Yoe Borough                                sapeake Bay and its tributaries. Estuarine tributaries to
                150 North Maple Street                     the Chesapeake Bay are monitored by volunteers at ap-
                Yoe, PA 17313-1110                         proximately 130 stations.  They measure parameters
                (717) 244-5904                             such as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, depth and water


Prince William County, Virginia
Public Works Department

  Prince William County's Watershed Management
Program is being developed to control the hydrologic
impacts of development and encourage protection of
natural resources.

  Prince William County began to study its regional
watersheds to address potential stormwater manage-
ment, flood control, water quality, and erosion/sedi-
mentation impacts.
  At present, only one area is being examined, how-
ever, the aim of the program is to look at each of the wa-
tersheds in the county. The findings within each wa-
tershed will establish program standards and combine
several state and federal water resource regulations into
one comprehensive watershed management program.
  The study is being financed by developer and county      temperature while also recording air temperature, cur-
funds. Additional funding will be needed to begin study    rent weather conditions and rainfall. Each volunteer is
of other watersheds.  Legislation will be required to       provided with an extensive manual to be used for guid-
establish stormwater utilities and other forms of hydro-   ance in their monitoring.
logic controls.                                               The county program has been very successful in its
                                                           attempts to provide necessary data while educating citi-
                Printact WilliamndoPasqun                  zens.  The volunteer monitors provide an additional
                4361PRidgewill     Counter Driveeducational resource as they share their knowledge and
                4361ridge        Cncer Drill        i      am VA2219expertisewiththeircommunityandworkplace. Thedata
                Prince7William,3VA 22 19-53707             collected by the volunteers has been valuable in creating
                                                           a baseline, as well as a way to analyze long-term water
                                                           quality trends. The program is completely county fi-
                                                           nanced.
Anne Arundel County, MD
Office of Planning & Zoning                                        Contact: Patricia Haddon
                                                                            Office of Planning & Zoning
  The county created the Citizen's Water Quality Moni-                        Of  of 2700
                                                                            P.O. Box 2700
toring program to get citizens actively involved in                         Annapolis, MD  21404
environmental matters, educate them about the com-
plexities of water quality management, and gather the


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   35





Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring



Fairfax County, Virginia                                    feet of additional buffer;
Health Department-Environmental Services
                                                           O Development of a management plan that targets both
  The Fairfax County Adopt-a-Stream program en-             development and agricultural activities for BMP's (this
courages school, scouting and neighborhoodgroups to         may soon include hiring a county extension agent to
"adopt" and maintain local stream segments.                 work specifically with the agricultural community);

  Groups participating in Fairfax
County's Adopt-A-Stream program
decide the best management tech-
niques for protecting local streams.
Stream conservation activities may
include litter removal, monitoring
of activities that may impact the
stream, or intensive public aware-
ness campaigns.
  The program was initiated in
response to requests for better public
environmental awareness. It has
been successful in accomplishing
this goal and has also provided the
Environmental Services staff with
extra eyes in the field for reporting
possible pollution sources.  The
program  is supported  through
county funds.

        Contact: Dennis A. Hill
                 10777 Main Street                         lO Implementation of 7 parameter water quality monitor-
                 Suite 102B                                 ing in the county's watersheds before the expected in-
                Fairfax, Va 22030                          crease in development pressures; and
                (703) 246-2201
                                                           O Establishment of a county-wide land trust to secure
                                                            land within the designated Resource Protection District
Charles County, Maryland                                    and in other sensitive areas through easements.
Department of Planning & Growth Management
                                                              The program establishes a substantial protection area
  In response to citizen and government concerns over       and provides a comprehensive management tool to guide
thepotential loss of valuable natural resources andaes-     development in an environmentally sound manner. The
theticsalongcounty waterways, Charles County, Mary-         protection requirements will be applied within the sub-
land developed a Stream Valley Management and Pro-          division approval process. The county also hopes to sup-
tection Program that focuses on controlling land use        plement its land trust efforts through the Maryland En-
practices and sediment loading to local streams.             vironmental Trust.

  The Charles County Stream Valley Management and                   Contact: Kevin Kirby, Environmental Planner
Protection Program is based on a four point action                            Charles County Dept. of Planning &
strategy which includes the following components:                                  Growth Management
                                                                            Post Office Box B
O  Identification of a Resource Protection District that                      La Plata, MD  20646
includes the stream valley floodplains, wetlands, and 75                      (301) 645-0590


36                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                            Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring



Baltimore Regional Council of Governments,                  and the state to reduce phosphorous inputs to the reser-
Maryland                                                    voirs and to prevent increases in phosphorous and
                                                           sediment loadings. Specific phosphorous reduction
  In an attempt toprotect a major reservoir system, the    goals are set for each of the three reservoirs and a
Baltimore Regional Council of Governments has en-           committee of local, regional and state water quality
tered into a cooperative watershed action program.          experts monitors activities in the watershed. Despite
                                                           population and employment increases in the watershed,
  The Baltimore Water Supply System provides water         minor phosphorous reductions have been achieved.
to over 1.5 million people in the metropolitan area.        Specific accomplishments include:
Three reservoirs, located in Baltimore and Carroll Counties
are used to provide water to Baltimore City, significant   O  Upgrading the quality of effluent from two waste
portions of Baltimore, Anne Arundel and Howard Counties     water treatment plants,
as well as a small area of Carroll County. In order to
protect these reservoirs the local governments, along       O  Preparation of 1,200 soil conservation plans and
with the Baltimore Regional Council, the Soil Conser-      installation of 1,500 agricultural improvement prac-
vation Districts, and the State of Maryland have adopted    tices,
an Action Strategy for the Reservoir Watersheds.
  A watershed protection agreement, adopted in 1984        O  Installation of sewers and improved sewage pump
and reaffirmed in 1990, pledges the local governments       maintenance in key areas,

                                                                                        UO Elimination of indus-
                                                                                        trial phosphorous dis-
                                                                                        charges,

                                                                                        Cl Denial of requests for
                                                                   ..... p-  ~    -  ~   increased development in
                                                                                        the watershed,

                                                                                        /[ Establishment ofvege-
             I~[' i .a  i      /- !~d l -                                               tated stream buffer poli-
                                                                                        B cies, and

                                                                                   Cea k   B  Improved stormwater
                                                                                       management facilities.

                                                                                           The efforts will con-
                                                                                        tinue and be strengthened
                                                                                        where necessary to meet
                                                                               z~    ~ the nutrient reduction
                                                                                        goals.

                                                                                        Contact:Phil Clayton,
                                                                                        Director
                                                                                        Development Division
                                                                                        Baltimore Regional
                                                                                        COG
                                                                                        2225 North Charles St.
                                                                                        Baltimore, MD 21218
                                                                                        (301) 554-5617



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   37





Wetlands



Wetlands                                                     oversight on Corps of Engineer's permit decisions which
                                                             may potentially violate state clean water laws. The
                                     For local govern-       states have also enacted wetlands legislation of their
                                  ments, wetlands and        own, establishing permit systems that provide for the
                                  related land use is-       mitigation of net loss of wetlands, and move toward a net
        --   ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~     ~sues have moved to             resource gain. Regulations under Pennsylvania's Dam
                                  the front of those en-     Safety and Encroachment Act, Maryland's Nontidal
                                  vironmental initia-        Wetlands Act, and the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preser-
                                  tives demanding the        vation Act in particular, significantly add to the regula-
                                  attention of local de-     tory framework designed to protect the region's wet-
                                  cision makers.             lands.
                                     At the core of             Much of wetlands regulatory work has coincided
                                  these issues is the        with the Chesapeake Bay Executive Council's goal to
                                  recent trend toward        "Provide for the restoration and protection of the living
                                  ''ino net loss" of        resources, their habitats and ecological relationships"
                                  wetlands  and  its         made in the 1987 Bay Agreement. To achieve that goal
                                  effect on local plan-      the Council agreed to ''develop a Bay-wide policy for
                                  ning and land use          the protection of tidal and nontidal wetlands" by De-
                                  decisions. President       cember 1988. The Council's approved WetlandsPolicy,
                      -          ~~~Bush's no not loss       followed by a Wetlands Policy Implementation Plan, is
                                  pledge in the 1988         leading to a regional effort to identify major strengths,
                                  presidential  cam-        weaknesses, and gaps in existing programs, and provide
                                  paign is an attempt        recommended actions.
                                  to halt the national         Area local governments provide a direct link to land
         ~~~~~~ ~~~~loss   of  nearly                        use regulation, and therefore to wetlands impacts. Their
460,000 wetland acres per year. The no net loss plan         understanding of wetlands regulations and interaction
implies that new wetlands must be created, or degraded       with other wetlands protection measures is an essential
wetlands restored to compensate for wetland loss.            element of meeting the no-net loss goal.
   With this pledge has come a wave of increasing               A number of the region's local agencies have adopted
scrutiny by state and federal agencies of wetlands initia-   programs at the local level that directly impact wetlands
tives and regulatory and enforcement programs.  The          preservation and regulatory understanding. These pro-
current regulatory framework is to say the least --          grams include:
diverse. Local plans impacting wetlands in cases of
development, including roads, general construction,
and infrastructure, have lead the region's local agencies    James City County, Virginia
scrambling to find streamlined answers to a complex          Department of Development Management
regulatory issue.
   Current federal wetlands regulations are admini-             The county pro gram provides for acquisition of wet-
stered by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the En-       lands and buffer areas within the Powhatan Creek wa-
vironmental Protection Agency under Section 404 of the       tershed that are threatened by development.
Clean Water Act of 1972. The section deals with
Permits for Dredged or Fill Material and requires that          The County's Conservation Area Program was cre-t
permits be obtained from the Corps for the discharge of      ated as part of the County's Environmental Protection
dredged and fill materials into the waters of the United     Fund, designed to protect non-tidal wetlands and other
States. Although the word "wetland" does not appear          significant areas that are not protected by federal, state
in the Act, the courts have significantly broadened the      or local ordinances.
definition of United State waters to include them.              In 1986, the county hired a summer intern to conduct
   In addition, the states have assumed wetlands regula-      a watershed study and identify specific issues that the
tory roles as well, primarily under Section 410 of the       county should address and geographic areas of concern
Clean Water Act granting power to the states to provide      that the county should consider for acquisition (acquisi-


38                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                                                    Wetlands



tion could occur either through purchase or donation        West Lampeter Township, Pennsylvania
through landowner conservation easements). These
included numerous archaeologic sites, habitats for two        WestLampeter Township developedits Wetlandsand
rare and endangered plant species, and two great blue      Natural Habitat Studies program to ensure that envi-
heron rookeries.                                            ronmentally sensitive areas were identified for protec-
  County funds in the amount of $100,000 were set          tion during development projects.
aside to finance the land acquisitions. However, with
outstanding citizen participation, the county has been        To obtain a development or rezoning permit for resi-
able to save its allocation since many area landowners      dential land use projects over 20 lots, West Lampeter
have been willing to donate the space through conserva-     Township requires that landowners contract to have a
tion easements.                                             Wetlands and Natural Habitats Study conducted on
                                                            their property. Developers most often use consultants
      Contact: James C. Dawson,                            from Millersville University who are recommended by
                Environmental Engineer                      the township.
                James City County                             The developer also supplies financing for the town-
                P.O. Box JC                                ship to conduct a similar study of the property. When
                Williamsburg, VA 23187                      both studies are completed, they are merged and pre-
                (804) 258-6671                              pared for use in the planning process. If sensitive areas
                                                            are identified in the studies, the township can require the
                                                            developer to avoid them in his development plans in
Anne Arundel County, Maryland                               order to obtain permit approval.
Office of Planning & Zoning                                   The Wetlands and Natural Habitat Studies program
                                                            has provided the township with a strong and valuable
  TheEmergent GrassesProgram was developedto re-           tool for protecting its natural resources. All financing
establish emergent aquatic vegetation in localBay estu-     for the program is provided by the developer.
aries by providing wetlands plants for shoreline stabi-
lization, beautification, habitat enhancement andwater              Contact: Lois Hart
quality.                                                                    West Lampeter Township
                                                                             852 Village Rd.
  In Anne Arundel County, citizens may obtain up to                         P.O. Box 237
$2000 worth of plants or other materials through the                        Lampeter, Pennsylvania
County's Environmental Grant Program. In return for                         (717) 464-3731
"matching funds" in the form of community volunteer
time or planting tools, the county provides project plan-
ning, design, and evaluation. County personnel also         Southeastern Virginia
supervise the planting projects and instruct volunteers in  Planning District Commission
planting techniques.
  To date, over 10,000 square feet (1/4 acre) of grasses     In order to provide the citizens of Southeastern Vir-
have been planted through this program. Grants are          ginia with timely information on wetlands regulation
available for both community and private projects. The      the Southeastern Planning District Commission devel-
program costs the county $13,000 per year in staff time     oped two publications discussing wetlands regulations
in addition to the cost of the planting projects.           and their implications within the region.

          Contact: Patricia Haddon                            In recent years, wetlands protection has become a top
                  A.A. Co. Planning and Zoning             priority in federal, state and local regulations. Because
                   P.O. Box 2700                            much of Southeastern Virginia's lands are wetlands, the
                  Annapolis, MD  21401                     Southeastern Virginia Planning District Commission
                  (301) 222-7441                           published two documents to assist the public in under-




Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   39





Wetlands



                                                           O An investigation of the long-run impacts of wetlands
                                                           regulations, including:
              Economic Implications
          of Wetlands Regulations                                  / Impactonlandprices,
                        in  Southeastern                           / Transfer of wealth,
                                    Virgini a                      / Regional cost of living,
       i;-.ï¿½,  ..:A; v                                             / Home prices and affordablity,
           , y~ier! r/,{~,5                                       /7 Local government revenues,
                                                                   / Impact on regional construction industry,
                                                                     Opportunity cost of development.

                                                           The report was funded through the Southeastern Vir-
                                                            ginia Planning District Commission's budget under the
                                                            FY '89-'90 Work Program.

                                                                   Contact: John Carlock, Chief Physical Planner
                                                                            SVPDC
                                                                            723 Woodlake Drive
                                                                            Chesapeake, VA 23320
                                                                            (804) 420-8300


                                                            Bradford County Conservation District, PA
    Prepared by te Southeastern Virginia Planning District Comrnmissrn  April 1990.
                                                              The Bradford County Conservation Districtprovides
                                                            landowners with wetland delineation services and as-
standing wetlands regulations and their affect on the       sists in the permit application process for anyone who
community.                                                  suspects theirproperty may contain, and whose activi-
  The first of these publications, "The Value of Wet-      ties would impact wetlands.
lands," explains various wetlands values and functions,
as well as regulatory and permitting initiatives. It serves   A need to avoid disturbance of sensitive wetland
as a comprehensive introduction to the wetlands issues      areas, while guiding confused landowners through the
for citizens within the region by describing wetland        federal and state permitting process, lead the Conserva-
values and the hazards associated with unwise develop-      tion District to provide remote sensing services. On-site
ment. It also explains the regulatory system and permit     identification of wetlands using soil survey maps, NWI
process and identifies a number of technical assistance     (National Wetlands Inventory) maps, and the Federal
sources for citizens and developers. Production of this     Delineation Manual are also utilized.
report was financed through Commission funds and a            Due to confusion concerning regulations and permit-
grant from the VA Council on the Environment.               ting, this program has been heavily utilized by landown-
  The second document, "Economic Implications of           ers and farmers. It has been an extremely valuable tool
Wetlands Regulations in Southeastern Virginia, " pro-       for those interested in any type of development. The
vides citizens and local governments with insight into      program is funded by the state and county governments
the costs and benefits of protecting the region's abun-     and is implemented by existing district staff.
dant wetlands.
   The Commission's study provides:                                Contact: Michael Lovegreen
                                                                            Bradford County
O Background on the values of wetland resources;                               Conservation District
O Information on existing legislation to preserve and                       R.R. #5, Box 5030-C
protect wetlands;                                                           Towanda, PA 18848
O An assessment of the economics of wetlands; and                           (717) 265-5539

 40                               Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                                   Nutrient Management



Nutrient  Management                                        rectly impacting these local sub-watersheds are eventu-
                                                           ally impacting the quality of the Bay. Local govern-
                                                                               ments are becoming increasingly
                                                                               aware of these relationships and
                                                                               are taking steps to address unwanted
                                                                               nutrient inputs into local rivers and
                                                                              streams.
                                                                      ï¿½aï¿½~ ~      Of particular importance to lo-
                                                                               cal agencies are nutrients entering
                                                                               local waterways from nonpoint

                                                                               nonpoint sources contribute ap-
                                                                               proximately 67 percent of the 146.3
                                                                               million pounds of nitrogen and 39
                                                                               percent of the 13.8 million pounds
                                                                               of phosphorus reaching the Bay
                                                                     -, ;~:(estimates are based on average
  The signatories to the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agree-        year loadings).
ment committed to the development and adoption of "a          Through local ordinances and environmental man-
basin-wide strategy to equitably achieve by the year        agement programs local governments are working to
2000 at least a 40 percent reduction of nitrogen and        manage nutrients. Several of these programs are in-
phosphorus entering the mainstem of the Chesapeake          cluded in the following pages.
Bay" by July 1988. In addition, they committed to a
reevaluation of this 40 percent reduction target by
December 1991.                                              Juniata County, Pennsylvania
  This July 1988 Baywide Nutrient Reduction Strategy       Planning Commission
assesses one of the most critical elements effecting the
quality and future health of the Bay -- excess nutrients.     Juniata County, PennsylvaniaestablishedanAnimal
The Strategy states that "water quality investigations      Waste Storage andNutrient Management Ordinance to
and living resource assessments conducted by EPA and       provide a method for managing the effects of intensive
the states since before 1970 have demonstrated that the     agriculturalpractices and by-products that impact local
Chesapeake Bay ecosystem is deteriorating, and that         waterways within the county andultimately the Chesap-
high levels of nutrient inputs are a major cause of these   eake Bay.
trends. Excessive amounts of nutrients, primarily phos-
phorus and nitrogen, continue to enter the Chesapeake         The county's Animal Waste Storage and Nutrient
Bay system from a variety of sources: municipal and         Management Ordinance was developed to:
industrial point source discharges, nonpoint source runoff
from agricultural and urban areas, and atmospheric         El Minimize public health hazards by protecting
deposition.                                                 groundwater supplies;
  Scientific research, monitoring, and modelling now
relate these excessive levels of nutrients to many of the  UO Provide guidance for proper manure management and
Bay's water quality and living resource problems. Excess    utilization of recommended construction practices for
nutrients promote excessive levels of algae, which in       manure storage facilities;
turn cause problems of aesthetics, low dissolved oxygen
concentrations, reductions in the amount of light reach-    O Assure that prime agricultural land will remain pro-
ing submerged aquatic plants, and shifts to algal species   ductive through environmentally sound agricultural prac-
that do not support desirable aquatic life."               tices;
  There are more than 150 rivers and streams flowing
into the Bay, draining a 64,000 square mile watershed.     O Inform farm operators who do not follow the practices
Agricultural and other land management practices di-        set forth in the ordinance that they may be in violation


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   41





Nutrient Management



of state and federal pollution control laws.                Management Technician.  County funds are supple-
                                                            mented with a $5 permit fee paid by applicants.
  The ordinance requires all farmers wishing to install
or construct an animal waste storage facility after July            Contact: Sid Freyermuth
1990 to submit design plans for the facility to the                           Juniata Planning Commission
county's Nutrient Management Technician for approval.                        Courthouse Annex
Approval is dependent on the facilities compliance with                       P.O. Box 68
state manure management regulations.                                         Mifflintown, PA 17059
  In addition, farmers must submit a Nutrient Manage-                        (717) 436-8991, Ext. 241
ment Plan which includes:

O  The number of poultry or livestock to be raised,          Warwick Township, Pennsylvania
                                                            Township Administration
O Amount of manure to be applied as fertilizer,
                                                              The Warwick Township Nutrient Management ordi-
O  The acreage over which it will be spread, and            nance aims to reduce nitrate pollution of local ground-
                                                            water supplies through the regulation of all farms ex-
O  The crops that will be grown in this area.               panding their operations.

  With this information, the technician calculates the        A recently adopted ordinance in Warwick Township,
effective amount of nutrients removable by the crops. If    Pennsylvania was designed to address the link between
the farmer's plan is found to contain nutrient excesses,    nutrient pollution and the Chesapeake Bay.
the farmer must demonstrate a method of disposing of           Poultry and livestock operations wishing to expand
the excess wastes in a manner which does not pollute        must submit:
local water resources. Enforcement of the requirements
is carried out by the technician. Fines for violations      O A manure management plan which demonstrates that
range from $100-$1000.                                      there is sufficient land to spread the additional manure
   Farms in existence before the effective date of the       resulting from increased livestock operations.
ordinance are subject to the requirements of the ordi-
nance only if they are found by DER to be significantly     O A scaled map showing existing structures or field
polluting water resources.  The program requires no         where manure will be stored or applied.
additional funding beyond the salary of the Nutrient
                                                                                  O A written Soil Conservation
               Nutrients Flowing  into the Bay                                    Farm Plan prepared for the land
                                                                                  on which manure is to be stored
                   80    Nonpoint Source Nirogen   r   Nonpoin Source Phosphorus    1or applied.
                     Point Source Nitrogen  E Point Source Phosphorus
                                                               - 8                  If the plan is found to suffi-
                                                                    60-  _ ~.     ciently control potential nutrient
                                                                    _DS   .       runoff and pollution, a permit is
                                                                                  issued for a fee of $20.  The
           :~ , 40-
                                                               .ro ,o 40-  Eli ï¿½penalty  for violation  of the
                                                               4   E              Warwick manure ordinance is a
                                                                    ._  -/&  g  _    v   Afine not exceeding $600. A 30-
                                                             2  -2                day jail sentence may be im-
                                                           O ;  / / X     Xposed if the fine is not paid.
                                                                                     The ordinance, implemented
                    ï¿½PA   MD    c   VA     PA   MD D VA                           in December of 1988 resulted in
                                                                                  the regulation of six farm expan-
 Source: The State of the Chesapeake Bay: Third Biennial Monitoring Report - 1989  sions within the township. It has


 42                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                                 Nutrient Management



                                                          nance amendment, adopted in 1987, requires all new
                                                          animal operations to develop an animal waste manage-
                                                          ment plan. The plans must include the farmers intended
                                                          method and area of manure spreading and storage.
                                                             All plans must be approved by the Environmental
                                                          Health Officer, the University of Maryland Extension
                                                          Service and the Soil Conservation District. The require-
                                                          ment is enforced by the Planning Office. The University
                                                          of Maryland Extension Service provides technical assis-
                                                          tance, however, all enforcement and administration is
                                                          county financed.

                                                                  Contact: Gail Webb Owings
                                                                           Kent County
                                                                           Court House
                                                                          Chestertown, MD  21620
                                                                           (301) 778-4600

also been instrumental in providing the township with a
tool to control serious pollution problems from existing  Lebanon County, Pennsylvania
farming operations.  The program is financed com-        Planning Department
pletely with township funds and permitting fees.
  Although farms that were expanded before the new         With the help ofapublic-privatepartnership, Leba-
ordinance are exempted, established farms can be forced  non County farmers are developing an ecologically
to comply with the management requirements of the        sound method for field disposal of manure.
ordinance if DER finds the operation to be a serious
source of nutrient pollution.                               Lebanon County, Pennsylvania is developing a com-
                                                          mercial scale composting facility, located north of the
       Contact: Robert Smith, Manager                    City of Lebanon at an existing landfill site, to provide an
               Warwick Township                          alternative for treating animal manure from county farm
               315 Clay Rd.                              operations.  The facility, designed to deal primarily
               P.O. Box 308                              with hog manure, will consume 50 tons of manure per
               Lititz, PA 17543                          day along with 50 tons of Lebanon's solid waste stream
               (717) 626-8900                            (used as a carbon source and bulking agent).
                                                             The initial idea and support for manure composting
                                                          came from the Lebanon County Conservation District
Kent County, MD                                          that studied, among other things, the marketability of
Planning & Health Departments, Extension Service         the compost. The Lebanon County Commissioners, and
and Soil Conservation Service                            the Greater Lebanon Refuse Authority have also taken
                                                          an active role in the program.
  Efforts to control extensive farming practices and       Once completed, the total project cost will be $2.7
manage manure by-products lead Kent County, Mary-        million, of which most would be provided through
land to insert a manure management requirement into      private funds from Composting, Inc. The Pennsylvania
the existing county planning regulations.                Department of Environmental Resources assistance would
                                                          represent approximately $150,000 of the project's cost.
  Motivated by siting proposals made by several large
animal farming operations within Kent County, a local            Contact: Russel St. Clair
Agricultural Committee and county officials called for                   Lebanon County Planning Dept.
a manure management requirement to be included in the                    400 South 8th Street
existing county planning ordinance. The resulting ordi-                  Lebanon, PA 17042


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                               43





Household Hazardous Waste Disposal



Household  Hazardous  Waste                                    tenance aids. EPA has recognized that some household
                                                             products pose a potential threat to the environment and
Disposal                                                       community if they are treated as an acceptable compo-
                                                                            nent of normal municipal waste. These
                                                                            substances are not included in EPA's
                                                                            regulation of other hazardous wastes,
                                                                            however, in order to pinpoint household
                                                                            substances that warrant particular con-
                                                                            cern, EPA has laid out characteristics
                                                                            which identify a product as a household
                                                                          _ hazardous waste (HHW). These charac-
                                                                            teristics include: ignitability, corrosiv-
                                                                            ity, reactivity, and toxicity. Although
                                                                            EPA has no specific program which
                                                                            addresses HHW, they have encouraged
                                                                            and endorsed state and local HHW pro-
                                                                            grams.
                                                                               HHWs can be found on the same
                                                                            shelves as non-hazardous items, how-
                                                                            ever, when treated in the same manner
                         ii~ ~~'by consumers, they have the potential to
                                                                            adversely effect both human health and
   In an attempt to prevent the pollution and toxic deg-       the environment. Many of these impacts are avoided by
radation of local waterways, local governments through-        consulting the product label for use and storage informa-
out the Bay watershed have begun to look much closer           tion. However, the labels often fail to address the issue
to home for the source of hazardous pollutants. In the         of disposal.
past, industrial, or point sources, have been targeted as         Due to ignorance or lack of a better option, many
the hazardous waste "bad guys." Large scale industry           citizens dispose of their HHWby dumping it in the trash,
polluters are easily recognizable and the affects of their     down the drain, or in their yard. What they may not
toxic emissions more immediately visible. However, as          realize is that these methods of disposal directly contrib-
local officials have come to realize, industry discharge       ute to dangerous toxic pollution. According to a pam-
is not the only way that hazardous wastes can enter            phlet put out by Concern Inc., an information clearing-
water resources. Toxics are reaching local water sup-          house for environmental issues, HHW thrown into the
plies through non-point sources as well.                       trash can cause a number of different problems. "Dur-
   Although quantities of hazardous substances in an in-       ing  the compaction process, in the truck, or at the
dividual home may seem negligible, the improper dis-           landfill most containers will break, and their liquid
posal of these products by the combined citizenry of a         contents will eventually leach into the groundwater."
locality can deliver a significant amount of hazardous         Furthermore, HHW that is sent to municipal incinera-
materials to both surface and ground waters. Multiplied        tors will generate both toxic gases and toxic ash which
by all the communities and waterways in the watershed,         contribute to degraded air quality.
a seemingly small amount of toxics released into local            Trash collectors and landfill operators are also at risk
water sources becomes a substantial dose for the Bay to        from fires, explosions, and leakage of toxic materials.
absorb. In fact, the combined toxic contributions from         When HHW is poured down the drain it goes to either a
households may be of greater detriment to the Bay and          septic tank or a public sewer system. In a septic tank, the
its tributaries than some point source polluters.              toxics can destroy organisms which are essential to the
                                                             breaking down of wastes. The toxics then pass into the
Definming Household Hazardous Wastes                           soil and groundwater unchanged. Treatment plants that
   Hazardous substances are an integral part of modern         receive HHWs through public sewers may not be equipped
life. They can be found throughout most homes in the           to deal with them and the toxics will be discharged to
 form of cleaning products, paints and automobile main-         surface waters and drinking water supplies.


 44                                  Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                             Household Hazardous Waste Disposal



Overview of Local Household
Hazardous Waste Collection Programs
  Nationwide, as well as in the watershed, local gov-
ernments have lead the way in providing a solution to  
the problem of HHW disposal. They have recognized  l
that in order to protect their resources and their citizens   
they must provide methods for citizen education and
action.

1. Education:
Education is the first step in reducing the amount of
HHW being released into waterways. Smaller munici-
palities who lack the funds to initiate a more costly
program have found that educating their residents
about HHW is effective in generating positive action.
Informed residents are less likely to purchase products
that they know are hazardous, and when they do
choose to use them, they act more responsibly when
disposing of them. In many cases, enough community
concern is generated through public education that the
local government sees a need for a broader program.

2. Collection Proeram Develonment:                                                                      :   ::
Although each locality will encounter unique consid-
erations in developing a program, there are a number
of essential steps and issues which must be carefully
examined by all local governments planning to go be-        lection or storage is occurring after day light, there
yond a one-day pilot collection. The following informa-     should be security and lighting facilities. The site must
tion was condensed from the "Summary of the Second          also have impervious ground (cement or black top is
National Conference on Household Hazardous Waste            best), phone facilities, and a shelter.
Management" which was put together by The Center
for Environmental Management at Tufts University.           O Selecting a Contractor
                                                          When making this decision, it is important to shop
3. HHW Issues & Recommendations:                            around.  Contractors may differ considerably in their
O Finding a Sponsor                                        fees, experience and services offered. Once a compat-
The possibilities for HHW program sponsors are end-         ible company is found, the sponsor agency should be
less; no one entity is the best. Local agencies that have   sure that all responsibilities are identified and specifi-
sponsored events in the past have included: County/         cally delegated to either the company or the agency.
Local Health Departments, Fire Departments, Public          Confusion during the program implementation can be
Works/Sanitation  Departments,  Regional  Planning          both costly and dangerous.
Agencies, Solid Waste/Wastewater Managers and Town
Planners. There are also organizations in the private      E1 Looking at Costs
sector who may be willing to cooperate with local           Cost of the program will be heavily dependent on the
governments in sponsoring a program.                        contractor fees. Other factors impacting costs include:
                                                          distance to hazardous waste disposal facilities; the amount
O Selecting a Site                                          and type of waste collected; type of program initiated
Proper site selection is crucial for a safe and success-    (day events or on-going) and the amount spent on public
ful program. A good site should be accessible and in a     education and publicity.
well known location with low volume traffic. If any col-      Small municipalities may be able to cut costs by


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                   45





Household Hazardous Waste Disposal



jointly sponsoring a regional program or holding sepa-       Anne Arundel County, Maryland
rate collections of a single waste type so that one          Bureau of Solid Waste
company can be contracted to collect the wastes from
each site. Using this plan, the costs of hauling from each      In order to provide a way for residents to properly
site are decreased since the contractor makes only one       dispose of their household hazardous waste, AnneArundel
trip to the disposal facility. Remember that pricing is not  County sponsors Household Hazardous Waste Drop-
the bottom line; safety and efficiency are crucial. Al-      Off Days each year for their citizens
though the costs of a program may be high, the cost of
cutting corners or not addressing HHW disposal at all           In Anne Arundel County, Maryland residents are no-
may be even greater.                                         tified of the household hazardous waste drop-off events
                                                            through newspapers, radio, television and flyers. On the
O Publicity                                                  designated day, citizens are encouraged to bring their
Publicity and education can make or break a program.         wastes to sites selected by the County's Public Works
Before any actual collection is done, citizens need to be    Department.  The sites are chosen on the basis of
made aware of what HHW  is and why they should               convenience and safety.
participate in the program.  The community can be               Anne Arundel County contracts with a reputable
educated through speakers at local organization meet-        hazardous waste hauling company, responsible for staff-
ings, pamphlets delivered door-to-door, and inclusion        ing the site on collection days, and classification, pack-
ofa HHW unit in schoolcurriculums. In addition, news-        ing and disposal of all waste received. The program was
papers, magazines, newsletters, radio, television and        initiated due to citizen concern for the environment and
flyers can be used for general information or publicizing    has been successful in keeping a percentage of hazard-
a specific collection program.  Private organizations        ous materials out of the municipal landfill.
may be willing to sponsor this aspect of the program.           Over 1000 households participated in the county's
                                                            most recent event. The collection and disposal of the
o Liability                                                  113,030 lbs. of hazardous materials received cost the
Collection program sponsors can be liable in two ways.       county $167,000, financed through budgetary appro-
The first is liability for a transportation accident and the  priations under the Solid Waste Enterprise Fund.
spilling of containerized waste. In this case both the
sponsor and the contractor may be held liable. Liability             Contact: Amy Burdick
may also occur if the HHW is taken to a hazardous waste                       Anne Arundel County
management facility which was later classified as an                          Bureau of Solid Waste
EPA Superfund site. Anyone setting up a program                               389 Burns Crossing Rd.
should take an indepth look at potential liabilities before                   Severn, MD  21144
implementation.                                                               (301) 222-6103

   Proper disposal of HHW is an issue with the potential
to effect the health and environmental resources of every    Fairfax County, Virginia
community in the Bay watershed. Although the costs           Fire and Rescue Department
and efforts of disposal are high, controlling the impacts
of improper disposal may be even higher.                        The Fairfax County, Virginia program aims to re-
   Local governments throughout the watershed are al-        duce the disposal of toxics in the county landfill by
ready implementing household hazardous waste collec-         providing on-going collection of household hazardous
tion and disposal programs.  Several examples are            waste at designated sites.
included:
                                                               The Household Hazardous Waste Disposal program
                                                             in Fairfax County, Virginia utilizes trained county Fire
                                                             Department employees to staff the collection site using
                                                             county-purchased equipment and supplies.
                                                               Residents may bring their household hazardous waste



 46                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                              Household Hazardous Waste Disposal



to two convenient locations on four Saturdays a month.        Total cost for purchase of the wheels was approxi-
At the collection site, the waste is identified, packaged  mately $325, financed through general borough funds.
and stored in a safe facility until it is picked up by a
contracted hazardous waste hauler.                                 Contact: Walter LeMunyon
  The program is financed through general county reve-                     c/o New Salem Borough
nues with a projected FY 1991 budget of $633,000.                           P.O. Box 243
                                                                            New Salem, PA 17371
       Contact: David Duncan                                               (717) 751-3580
                Fairfax County Fire and
                    Rescue Department
                4031 University Dr.                        Arlington County, Virginia
                Fairfax, Va 22030                          Public Works - Water Pollution Control Division
                (703) 246-4386
                                                              To meet the needs of citizens for adequate methods of
                                                           waste disposal, Arlington County, Virginia provides
New Salem Borough, Pennsylvania                            ongoing collection of household hazardous waste at its
                                                           Water Pollution Control Plant.
  This program aims to keep toxics out of the local waste
stream and waterways by educating borough residents           Residents of Arlington County are provided with an
of the presence of hazardous toxic wastes in the home      opportunity to make an appointment with the pollution
and informing them of safe disposal methods for these      control plant chemist during business hours on week-
substances.                                                days and on the first Saturday of each month to drop off
                                                           household hazardous waste. The wastes are then clas-
  New Salem Borough de-                                                              sified by the plant chemist,
veloped a "grass-roots" edu-                                                         properly stored, and peri-
cation program to inform resi-                                                       odically shipped to a licensed
dents of the important issue of                                                      hazardous waste disposal
household hazardous waste and                                                        facility.
its proper disposal. The edu-                                                           The program is designed
cational  initiative included                                                        to reduce the amount of toxic
local Council members deliv-                                                         materials  entering  the
ering a "Household Hazard-                                                           county's solid waste stream.
ous Waste Wheel" (pictured)                                  -                       This reduces both risks to
door-to-door to each home                                                            collection personnel and to
within the borough.                                                                  handlers during the inciner-
  The wheels, provided by                                                            ating process at the county's
the York County Solid Waste                                                          waste-to-energy facility.
Authority detail information                                                            Current program fund-
including:                                                                           ing, including efforts to in-
                                                                                     crease the publicity for the
fl  Determination of which                                  program among residents, is through the County's
products are considered household hazardous waste; Utilities Fund at a level of $35,000.

O} Hazardous ingredients contained in various products;            Contact: Tanya Spano, Process Engineer
                                                                            Arlington County
C3 Alternatives to using the toxic product; and                            Water Pollution Control Division
                                                                            3401 South Glebe Road
  Instructions for disposing of the household hazardous                    Arlington, VA 22207
waste                                                                       (703) 358-6820



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                  47





Household Hazardous Waste Disposal




                                                              Household Hazardous Waste Collection Days
                                                           are also sponsored by Prince William County,
                                                           Virginia; the City of Alexandria, Virginia;
                                                           Montgomery County, Maryland; Loudon County,
                                                           Virginia; and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
                                                           among others.  Each of these local entities holds
                 JLEAN1-UP UAD                            several collection days annually to provide for the
                 RAIN OR SHINE                             safe disposal of potential hazardous waste. Wastes
                                                           are collected at a specified site, separated, then trans-
                   AT MONTGOMERY                          ported to a federally or state licensed hazardous waste
                      COUNTY'S
              a-      WSOLID                              disposal facility. The focus of each program is to
                       WASTE
                      TRANSFER                             reduce hazardous materials from entering the munici-
                      RouSTATION                           pal waste stream, and minimizing the dangers to
                     Route 355 and
                    Shady Grove Road                       collection employees.

                  Sunda), September 13th                       Contacts:
                        1987
                  9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.                       Lynn Fass, Senior Sanitarian
                                                               Prince William County
         Source: Montgomern Count). Mar'land.                 9301 Lee Avenue
         Department of Environmental Protection
                                                               Manassas, Virginia 22110
                                                               (703) 335-7341
York County, Pennsylvania
Solid Waste & Refuse Authority                                 Sam Navatta, Deputy Director
                                                               Alexandria Department of Transportation and
York County has provided its citizens with an annual              Environmental Services
household hazardous waste collection event since 1985.         301 King Street
Due to on-going education andpublicity efforts, aware-         Alexandria, Virginia 22314
ness and participation has increased each year.                (703) 838-4488

  The most recent event, held in October 1989 was              Rob Montgomery
attended by 775 citizens. The collection was held over         Chief, Environmental Health
a three day period in three different locations and was        Loudon County Health Dept
staffed by GSX, a contracted hazardous waste handling          209 Gibson Street, N.W.
company. Although GSX was responsible for the han-             Leesburg, Virginia 22075
dling and packaging of all wastes received, the local fire     (703) 777-0234
departments were also on hand to direct traffic in and
out of each facility.                                          Montgomery County Dept. of Envtl. Protection
  The 1989 collection days cost the county approxi-            Office of the Director
mately $126,000, $125,000 of which was paid to GSX             101 Monroe Street
for their services. The remaining $1,000 was spent for         Room 627
publicity of the event. The program is funded through          Rockville, MD 20850-2589
the York County Solid Waste Authority budget.
                                                               Rachel Rosenzweig
       Contact: Mrs. Mary Jane Rodkey                         Lancaster County Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth.
               York County Solid Waste &                       1299 Harrisburg Pike
                    Refuse Authority                           Lancaster, Pennsylvania
                2801-D N. George St.                           (717) 397-9968
                York, PA 17402
               (717) 845-1066


48                               Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                            Boating Pollutant Discharge



Boating  Pollutant Discharge                                 o Finally, local officials have called attention to the fact
                                                            that in those cases where disposal and "pumping out"
                                                            of boater sewage is done properly, they may face result-
                                                            ing dramatic increases-in loads to municipal systems.

                                                               The issue is obviously not an easy one to address.
                                                            Boaters, feel they have an access right to the Bay and
                                                            would argue that overboard discharge of sewage should
                                                            not present a problem to the Bay's several trillion gallons
                                                            of water with strong dilution abilities. Others point out
                                                            that the threshold of acceptable pollutants to the Bay
                                                            may have already been crossed.
                                                               The 1987 Bay agreement called for the elimination of
                                                            pollution discharge from recreational boats into the Bay.
                                                            Local involvement through requirements of adequate
                                                            pump-out and treatment capabilities near marinas may
                                                            be a large part of the effort designed to address the issue.
                                                            Local, state and federal discussion about marina devel-
                                                            opment requirements and access, increased state and
  A small city of several hundred thousand people is         federal enforcement, and designation of "No Discharge
floating daily on Chesapeake Bay waters during prime         Zones" are being debated as part of the effort to restore
boating days.  Concern has been expressed that this          the water quality of the Bay and curb the negative
" fleet" is having a negative impact on the Bay's aquatic    impacts of boating.
resources, particularly on plant life and shellfish.            Several local governments have developed programs
  The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay's May-June             that address the issue of boating pollution through
1989 Citizen Report relies on estimates of two and one       ordinances and other environmental programs.  The
half gallons of waste produced per person per day,           following provide summaries of several of these:
multiplied by several hundred thousand boats, to draw
the conclusion that significant quantities of waste are      Town of Cape Charles, Virginia
dumped directly into the Bay, rivaling that of a large       Town Manager
sewage treatment plant. Boater discharges could be
responsible for releasing over a million gallons of             In an attempt to reduce the amount of pollution
sewage per day into the Bay.                                 reaching the Bay from boaters in the area, the Town of
  Local governments throughout the Bay region are ex-       Cape Charles, Virginia provided for the installation of
pressing concern about several facets of this issue.         a boater sewage septage system at the town marina.

O There is concern about the discharge of untreated             As the host of the annual Governor's Cup fishing
sewage from recreational and commercial boats directly       tournament, Cape Charles has a high number of boats
into the Chesapeake Bay, particularly around marinas         that use its waterways and marina's.  High boating
near local beaches and public access points.  This           traffic can often mean degradation of local water quality
sewage presents a health danger, including the presence      from boater sewage discharge. Due to state and local
of fecal coliform and viruses, to the living resources       concern over this issue, the state recommended that
within the Bay, as well as to the human population in the    Cape Charles install an accessible boater sewage sep-
Bay watershed.                                               tage system. The facility is public and provides boaters
                                                             with an opportunity to pump out sewage storage tanks
O Secondly, concern has been expressed about the dis-        rather than releasing these sewage pollutants into the
charge of treatedsewage from recreational and commer-        Bay.
cial boats directly into the Bay, particularly with the         The $1,500 pump-out facility was built with munici-
effects of chlorine and other treating chemicals on the      pal funds and a $500 grant from the Virginia Council on
Bay's ecosystem.                                             the Environment.  Operation of the facility is supple-


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                       49





Boating Pollutant Discharge



mented by a $10 user fee. All wastes received at the       Prince William County, Virginia implements and sup-
facility are treated at the local waste water treatment    plements state pump-out facility requirements and en-
plant.                                                     sures that there is access to at least one pump-out
                                                          facility in each creek containing marinas.
       Contact: Richard Barton
               Cape Charles Virginia                         Prince William County supplements the state boating
               P.O. Box 391                               pump-out requirements through its local Health Depart-
               Cape Charles, VA 23310                     ment. Specifically, during the review of marina devel-
               (804) 331-3259                             opment and rezoning applications, the Health Depart-
                                                          ment may use the "proffer" system and require the
                                                          inclusion of boating pump-out facilities in return for
Kent County, Maryland                                      approval of the development application. They may
Planning Commission                                        also request a ban on "live-aboards" in the marina, as
                                                          their presence has the potential to contribute more
  In order to curb pollution from boater sewage dis-       discharge than day-boaters.
charge, Kent County, Maryland initiated a program             All costs of the program are born by the developer.
which requires all new or expanding marinas to install
boating pump-out facilities.                                       Contact: Douglas Miller
                                                                          Prince William County
  Initiated in 1983,                                                        9301 Lee Avenue
Kent County's re-                                                           Manassas, VA 221 10
quirement for pump-                                                         (703) 335-6314
out facilities is en-
forced as a condition
of on-site plan ap-                                         Worcester County, Maryland
proval by the Plan-    1-Sanitary Commission
ning Commission.
  Altho ugh   the        -~Efforts to control increasing pollution by boaters
original  ordinance                                         lead the Worcester County Sanitary Commission to
was successful in in-                                       develop requirements for pump-outs at county marinas.
creasing pump-out                       "                     Icesdacsanusoflclwtrysith
facilities, it was only Icesdacs n s flclwtrasi h
mildly successful in                                        Worcester County area prompted the County Sanitary
encouraging pump-out use. To address this, the ordi -    Commission's Department of Environmental Resources
nance was updated in 1989 to include a requirement of      to interact with the county's planning process to require
adequate signage to alert boaters of pump-out service .    installation of pump-outs at new marinas.
   The program has been completely county financed      .     During the permitting process, developers are re-
                                                          quired to provide specifications for pump-out facility in-
        Contact: Gail Webb Owings                           stallation when a marina is included as part of their site
                Kent County                                plan. County review by the Sanitary Commission is
                Court House                                made to ensure that the developer complies with ade-
                Chestertown, MD  21620                     quate construction and design principles.
                (301) 778-4600
                                                                  Contact: Richard L. Wells
                                                                           Chief Sanitarian
Prince William County, Virginia                                             Worcester County
Health Department                                                           Room 116, Court House
                                                                           Snow Hill, Maryland 21863
   In order to minimize discharges of human wastes                           (301) 632- 1200
from boats moored in the tidal waters of the region,


so                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





 " Education                                                          Public Information and Education



Public Information  and                                       niques to reach their citizenry including; outdoor educa-
                                                             tion, academic and professional programs, and visual
Education                                                     and printed information distributed through displays,
                                                             television, radio, newspapers and pamphlets.
                                                                Locally-sponsored outdoor education programs pro-
                                                             vide residents with a unique opportunity for direct
                                                             contact with the local environment at area facilities.
                                                             Education programs provide a chance for citizens to
                                                             interact directly with the environment through activities
                                                             successfully geared to all age groups within the commu-
                                                             nity. The potential of these "hands-on" programs has
                                                             proven to be limitless. They are easily adapted to the
                                                             specific natural resource attributes of individual juris-
                                                             dictions and provide a method of presenting the unique
                                                             beauty, value, and associated problems of the region's
                                                             natural areas.
                                                                Locally related academic and professional programs
                                                             bring natural resource information to the community
                                                             through the schools or workplace. Academic, or class-
                                                             room activities are often cooperative efforts between
                                                             municipal governments and the local school system.
                                                             Area schools provide an excellent opportunity to pro-
                                                             mote environmental awareness in school age children.
                                                             In this manner, local governments have been very
                                                             successful in undertaking a number of diverse academic
                                                             programs geared toward various levels within the school
                                                             systems.  Localjurisdictions also try to target teachers
                                                             for training programs to enhance their ability to increase
                                                             the awareness of their students.
  The 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement declared that               Municipalities and local conservation districts have
"the understanding and support of the general public and      found that it pays to educate professionals as well.
interest groups are essential to sustaining the long-term     Citizens whose occupations have direct impacts on the
commitment to the restoration and protection of the           environment are often unaware of how closely their
Bay." There are over 15 million people living in the          work is linked to the region's environmental quality.
Chesapeake Bay watershed whose activities have the            Teaching professionals environmental responsibility in
potential for profound impacts on the Bay ecosystem. It       the workplace works to decrease the negative impacts of
is crucial then, that residents of the watershed under-       many regional land-intensive activities including farm-
stand the Bay system, the problems facing it, and how         ing, logging and development.
individual actions are directly linked to its future.            Perhaps the most important aspect of regional aware-
  Although reaching the vast number of people within         ness is the local role in bringing information and educa-
the watershed seems an enormous task, local govern-           tion into the everyday lives of the general citizenry.
ments are in a unique position to bring Bay awareness to      Providing local residents with the opportunity to partici-
the people by promoting regional natural resource issues      pate in public meetings, forums, workgroups and advi-
and concerns.  Activities that may have an adverse            sory committees not only contributes to public educa-
impact on the Bay have more immediate impacts on              tion, but also allows the public to feel that they have a
local resources. In recognition of this, many jurisdic-       chance to contribute to the natural resource decisions in
tions have developed education programs to promote            their community. Local governments who encourage
both local and watershed-wide environmental aware-            activism and respond to concerned citizen groups often
ness and responsibility among their constituencies.           find that their constituents are more aware of and eager
   Localities have chosen a number of different tech-         to prevent local natural resource problems.


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                       51





Public Information and Education



  Although educational impacts are hard to gauge, mu-        deficiencies.
nicipalities may be able to reach the widest audience
through visual and print media. Public displays, slide          To meet these objectives, the Planning District pre-
shows and video presentations can be used at a variety       pared a report which contains:
of public gatherings and interest group meetings. In
addition, community newsletters, bill stuffers, newspa-      C3 A comprehensive inventory of the region's major
pers and 'television programs can potentially reach a        waterways and water access points
high percentage of the municipal population. Local
governments have found that these methods of public          C3 A regional water access needs assessment
education are extremely successful in generating wide-
spread citizen concern and positive action.                  CJ Proposed siting and design criteria for water access
  Through locally generated concern for the quality of      facilities, and
theirjurisdiction's natural resources, citizens ultimately
play a large role in securing the future of the Bay. Local   C3 Recommended strategies for use by local govern-
initiatives are crucial to the Bay Agreement's efforts to    ments to improve water access.
increase awareness of the Bay system.
  As demonstrated by the following examples, local             A number of recommendations in this study arebeing
governments throughout the watershed have found              implemented by local governments. The completed
imaginative and diverse ways to bring issues of environ-     study will facilitate the  region's implementation of
mental quality and the Chesapeake Bay to the attention       Chesapeake Bay access strategies.
of their constituents.                                          This program was honored by the Virginia chapter of
                                                            the American Planning Association with the 1990 Dis-
                                                            tinguished Planning Award and a number of the recom-
Southeastern Virginia                                        mendations contained in the study are now being imple-
Planning District Commission                                 mented by local governments. Financing for the pro-
Department of Physical Planning                              gram was provided through a $30,000 grant from the
                                                            Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program with
   To assist citizens within the region with public access   a $7,500 match from the Planning District Commission.
opportunities to the Bay and its tributaries, the South-
eastern Virginia PDC undertook a study to analyze                    Contact: William Wickham, Physical Planner
Water Access Needs for incorporation into a regional                           Southeastern VA PDC
Waterways Guide.                                                              723 Woodlake Drive
                                                                             Chesapeake, Virginia 23320
   The Water Access Needs Analysis was initiated to                            (804) 420-8300
identify water access opportunities and deficiencies
throughout Southeastern Virginia for all types of water
dependent recreational activities. It was also intended to   Kent County, Maryland
generate recommendations for local governments on            Department of Health, Department of Planning,
how they could take advantages of the opportunities and      Forestry Board & Board of Education
rectify the deficiencies.
   Efforts to develop a regional Waterways Guide in-            This interdepartmental public education program,
corporated results of a study of local waterways and as-     focusing on community interaction with the environ-
sociated access. The study was designed to:                  ment, was designed to reach students, teachers and
                                                            citizens of the county.
O3 Identify access opportunities and deficiencies through-
out Southeastern Virginia for all types of water-depend-        The Kent County program introduces elementary
ent recreational activities, and                             school children to environmental issues through direct
                                                            interaction with the environment. During the fourth
[3 Recommend ways in which local governments can             grade, students participate in a number of different
take advantage of the opportunities and rectify any          outdoor education field trips to Eastern Neck Island that

52                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                              Public Information and Education



include water sampling, soil tests, and review of habitat   duties.  The project will be completed at a rate of
protection standards.                                       approximately 2,000 drains per year.  Stickers are
  Investigation of a stream environment on a trip to        expected to last for five to six years.
Turner's Creek and introductions to agricultural conser-       This program has been widely praised for its educa-
vation measures at an area farm are also included in the    tional effectiveness and its role as a deterrent to the direct
environmental curriculum package.                           dumping of pollutants into storm drains. Funding for
  This program also includes teacher training sessions      the program in the amount of approximately $20,000 per
on environmental classroom curricula through the For-       year comes from the County's Department of Environ-
estry Board. The sessions are based on Project Learning     mental Resources.
Tree which is a program of widely used environmental
education activities and lectures.                             Anne Arundel County, Maryland implemented a
  The Planning Office has also begun a series of            similar program, also aimed at educating citizens and
articles in the local newspaper and real estate newsletter  controlling nonpoint source pollution flowing directly
concerning the use of buffers and other planning issues.    into stormdrains, or indirectly through run-off from
The articles which are run approximately every two          properties.  Anne Arundel's program is 100 percent
months were in response to property owners pleas of         county financed for materials and staff, however these
ignorance of Critical Areas regulations The program is      costs are minimal. All labor is provided by citizens.
financed through Critical Areas Grants, county funds,
state grants, and private citizen donations.                        Contact: Dale Hamel
                                                                      Prince George's County
      Contact: Elinor Gawel                                                  8400 D'Arcy Rd.
              Kent County Courthouse                                       Forestville, MD  20747
              Chestertown, MD  21650                                       (301) 499-8507
              (301) 778-7423
                                                                      Patricia Haddon
                                                                      Anne Arundel County
Prince Georges County, Maryland                                              Office of Planning
Department of Public Works                                                   P.O. Box 2700
                                                                      Annapolis, MD 21404
  The county initiated a Storm Drain Sticker Program
aimed at educating the public and controlling non-point
source pollution generated by private citizens.             York County, Pennsylvania
                                                       York County Planning Commission
  The  County's                                                                   In order to explore many of the
storm drain marking issues driving growth and develop-
program places re- ment within the county, the York
flective plastic stick- County Planning  Commission
ers on all storm drain                                                         participated in planning and con-
inlets in the county.                                                           ducting the first "York County Fo-
The   drains  are                                                               rum."
marked with a mes-
sage reading "Do                                                                  Focusing on the topic, "Balanc-
Not Litter, Chesap-                                                             ing Our Future: York County in the
eake  Bay  Drain- 1990's", the program was aimed at
age." The installa- quality of life issues within the
tion and maintenance                                                            county.
of the stickers is per- The two-day forum looked at a
formed  by  Public                                                              broad cross-section of interests
Works in the course of their regular drain maintenance    I   including local government, business and development,


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                     53





Public Information and Education



and the public. Forum issues included re-thinking tradi-    City of Virginia Beach, VA
tional development, building land conservancies, exam-     Public Information Office/Municipal Cable
ining the legal context of change, directing growth,
preserving the agricultural economy and historic re-          The City of VirginiaBeach utilizes the city-managed
sources, and addressing perspectives from the public and    cable channel to generate public interest and increase
private sectors on development.  The forum used the        educational opportunitiesfor local environmental edu-
expertise of both local and out-of-state speakers to offer  cation programs.
insights into each issue. Program planners and partici-
pants felt that there was significant value in looking at the  In order to increase public awareness of local envi-
viewpoints from neighboring jurisdictions since they        ronmental issues, the City of Virginia Beach developed
often face similar circumstances and offer unique per-     a short video program for broadcast on the Municipal
spectives.                                                 Cable Channel. The taped program discusses:
  Financing for the Forum came from donations from
local businesses and organizations and a minimal regis-    C3 Problems facing the city due to rapid growth and
tration fee.                                               development,

       Contact: Reed J. Dunn, Jr., Director                O  Options being used to address these problems,
                York County Planning Commission
                 118 Pleasant Acres Road                  CO Successes and inadequacies of current solutions, and
                York, PA 17402
                                                           O" Future options being considered by the city.

Allegany County, MD                                           An additional program developed for Virginia Beach
Health Department                                          cable viewers focuses on the impact of the oil cargo
                                                           business on the Virginia Beach area. "Planet Earth and
  This educational program developed in Allegany           Private Enterprise: Can They Co-Exist?" discussed the
County, Maryland is designed to evaluate and encour-        preparedness of and response to potential oil and/or
age students' knowledge on the Chesapeake Bay and          chemical spills in the Bay and Virginia Beach region.
subjects of environmental importance.
                                                                   Contact: Linda M. Roe
  Beginning in May 1990, the County Health Depart-                         MCN 29-Vo-tech
ment held an annual "Envirothon" in which three teams                       2925 North Landing Road
from each of the eight local schools competed in a round-                   Virginia Beach, VA 23456
robin event.  The teams rotate between stations and                         (804) 427-8047
answer questions on a specific topic (i.e. recycling,
forestry, soil conservation, etc...) at each location. The
first, second and third place team are awarded with a trip  Anne Arundel County, MD
to the Baltimore National Aquarium.                        Department of Recreation and Parks
  The event is funded through a $400 donation from the
local Lions Club while the prize trips are financed           AnneArundel County, Maryland undertakes a vari-
through a $400 contribution from the local Rotary Club.    ety of intensive public education programs designed to
Transportation is provided by the board of education .      teach children about life in the Bay and surrounding
                                                            areas through hands-on interaction with aquatic life.
        Contact: Darrell Spence
                Allegany County                               The Downs Park Education Program teaches chil-
                Department of Environmental Health          dren between the ages of 11 and 15 through participa-
                P.O. Box 1745                              tion in the Junior Naturalist Program. The program
                Willowbrook Rd.                            teaches participants about wildlife, trees and flowers,
                Cumberland, MD  21402                       insects, pond study and ecology of the Bay through
                (301) 777-5655                             direct interaction with the subject matter.


54                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                    Public Information and Education


  For children 12 and under, there is 'Fishing with the       Pequea Township's Environmental Advisory Coun-
Ranger" which includes a short talk on fish and fishing     cil was voluntarily developed under the guidelines es-
techniques followed by prizes for fish caught.  An          tablished by the State Conservation Commission. The
additional 12 and under program, "Mummichogs!,"             Council is made up of concerned and knowledgeable
involves seining for minnows and other Bay life with        citizens who are appointed by the township supervisors
discussion of the species captured.                         to investigate, educate, and offer advice on environ-
  Both programs are very popular because they allow        mental issues.
the children to learn and have fun at the same time. The       Pequa Township's program has been in place since
educational programs are partially financed by a $5         1989. To date, the Advisory Council's activities have
enrollment fee for all Junior Naturalist participants. All  focussed on providing information and technical assis-
other expenses for equipment and ranger salary are          tance on issues of local concerns including:
absorbed under the park operations budget.
  County Educational programs for children of all ages             fl Sinkholes
includes the Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary focusing on                 [3 Water quality
the conservation and protection of the unique wetlands              C3 Nitrates
at Jug Bay on the Patuxent River. This is accomplished              03 Indoor air pollution
by emphasizing environmental education and research                 0] Pesticide poisoning first aid
of plants and animals of both the wetlands and the sur-             CJ Water and energy conservation, and
roundings upland forest.                                            03 Radon.
  The program is being implemented with the help of a
Scientific Advisory Committee. The public is admitted          Many of these information /education initiatives have
for programs on  marsh ecology while the research           been accomplished through preparation of bulletins
program is carried out by staff naturalists and extensive   developed for the supervisors and local citizens.  A
volunteer participation for data collection.                number of these have also been printed in the newspa-
  Primary funding is included in the Recreation and        per.
Parks budget,  however, additional assistance comes            The Advisory Council has also played a large role in
from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources           the development of the township's landscape ordinance
and a 500 member support group, the Friends of Jug          and is responsible for reviewing site plans under its
Bay. Donations of equipment, educational aids and pro-      regulation. Because the Council members are not paid,
fessional talent play a significant role in maintaining the  the costs of the program include only secretarial time
success of the Jug Bay Programs.                            and bulletin production costs, both of which are fi-
                                                            nanced by the township.
      Contact: Ranger                                         The Advisory Council has been successful in provid-
                Downs Park                                  ing a needed resource for elected township officials as
                8311 John Downs Loop                        they consider policies impacting the environment.
                Pasadena, MD 21122
                (301) 437-7658                                      Contact: Alan Peterson, M.D.
                                                                             243 Shultz Rd.
      Contact: Christopher Swarth                                            Lancaster, PA  17603
                Jug Bay Program                                              (717) 464-2322
                1361 Wrightson Road
                Lothian, MD 20711
                (301) 741-9330                              York County, Virginia
                                                            Public Information Office

Pequea Township, Pennsylvania                                  Working to keep citizens abreast of ongoing county
                                                            land use activities and regulations, York County, Vir-
  In efforts to provide the Township Supervisors with       ginia is informing area residents through publication of
independent expertise on environmental issues, an En-       a periodic newsletter.
vironmental Advisory Council was created


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                    55





Public Information and Education


  This program provides information to citizens on a              Contact: Michael Lovegreen
variety of county activities and regulations affecting                      Bradford County
land use, and development issues throughout the county.                          Conservation District
Through a Citizens Newsletter, a publication which                          R.R. #5, Box 5030-C
began circulation in the summer of 1989, citizens,                          Towanda, PA 18848
developers and others keep touch with the status of                         (717) 265-5539
various environmental initiatives.
  A recent issue presented information on the elements                    Amanda Ritchey
of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act and                        Blair County Conservation District
the impact the Act's regulations would have on citizens                    1407 Blair Street
in the upcoming years. The newsletter is locally funded                    Hollidaysburg, PA  16648
and administered.                                                          (814) 696-0877

       Contact: John Carl
                York County                                Centre County Conservation District, Pennsylvania
                P.O. Box 532
                Yorktown, VA  23690                          Providing hands-on technical training is one of the
                (804) 898-0204                             goals of the Centre County Conservation District in its
                                                           efforts to educate a variety of constituents on proper en-
                                                           vironmental mitigation techniques, sediment control,
Bradford and Blair County                                   and general environmental education.
Conservation Districts, Pennsylvania
                                                              The District's education/workshop programs pro-
  Area Conservation Districts have prepared exhibits       vide environmental education opportunities to various
anddisplays to emphasize the need for local government      groups.  Annual workshops on erosion control are
participation in the goals of the Bay Program.              conducted for loggers, developers and other eartlimovers.
                                                              Teacher training workshops are also held in coopera-
  The Bradford County Conservation District devel-         tion with the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks on an
oped an enclosed trailer (7'X 16') to house a display that  annual basis. Teachers receive workbooks which con-
travels to fairs, schools and various shows. The display   tain classroom curriculums on Bay conservation and
includes a comprehensive map of the Bay watershed as        ecology for various age groups.
well as examples of environmental problems and solu-          Canoe tripson local waterways are organized for high
tions.                                                      school students through cooperation with state and
  The program established a highly visible and trans-      private organizations in order to demonstrate non-point
portable method for reaching the community. Funding         source pollution problems common to the county.
was provided through local funds, donations and a $500        Funding for the program comes from allocations in
Chesapeake Bay mini-grant from the Bay Education            the Chesapeake Bay Program and through Conservation
Office.                                                     District tree seedling sales.
  The Blair County Conservation District exhibit was
designed to educate farmers on the detrimental impacts            Contact: Ted Onufrak
of soil erosion and excess nutrient runoff on the water                    Centre County Conservation District
quality of the Bay.                                                        R.D. #5, Box 390
  This exhibit features a table display that demon-                        Bellefonte, PA  16823
strates the hazards of poor farming practices and pro-                     (814) 355-6817
motes the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs).
The display is taken to area farm shows, fairs, and
meetings in order to reach as much of the general
farming public as possible. Funding comes from the
district budget as well as the State Conservation Comn-
mission.


56                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                   Public Information and Education


Southeastern Virginia
Planning District Commission
Physical Planning Department                                            Harford

  Through a Groundwater Protection Handbook; this                      Community
Planning District Commission provides educational
opportunities to local government officials and assists                 College
them in protecting groundwater resources.
                                                                      Environmental
  The Southeastern Virginia Planning District Com-
mission Groundwater Protection Handbook addresses:

O  Local hydrogeology and groundwater use;

[O Existing and potential groundwater contamination
problems;

O The role of government,

O  Local groundwater protection techniques; and

O  Recommended local regulations.

  The program was funded through the Virginia Coastal
Resources Management Program and the Commission.
                                                                                Offered by the
                                                                        Environmental Technology Institute
                                                                        Division of Continuing Education
                723 Woodlake Dr.                                               401 Thomas Run Road
                Chesapeake, VA 23320                                          Bel Air, Maryland 21014
                (804) 420-8300                                                        and
                                                                               co-sponsored by
                                                                         The Harford County Government
                                                                        Department of Planning and Zoning
                      Harford County, Maryland                          DPW Bureau of Environmental Affairs
Department of Planning and Zoning

  The Harford County programs combines the resources
of the County and the community college to educate in-       agement requirements and design, water 
               dividuals about local environmental regulations.  roads, erosion and sediment control, recycling, water-
dividuals about local environmental regulations.
                                                           shed protection, and buffering protection.
                                                              The courses are directed toward individuals working
  The Harford County Department of Planning and
                               Zoning works with the Harford Community College's  as contractors, developers, engineers, designers, real-
Zoning works with the Harford Community College's
                                         Environmental  Technology  Institute, the County's  tors, inspectors, and individuals involved in home-
Environmental Technology Institute, the County's
Department of Public Works' Bureau of Environmental          owner development associations.
Affairs, and state and federal officials to provide techni-
                                                              Contact: Andy Meyer
cal update courses to exchange ideas, problems, solu-
tions and "tricks of the trade."  Harford County
                                                                      Dept. of Planning and Zoning
  The courses are geared around Harford County's                        220 S. Main Street
environmental regulations and procedures. In particular,                Bel Air, MD 21014
the county designed courses to discuss stormwater man-                  (301) 838-6000



Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                     57





I ntergovernmental Cooperation



                                                                    The county's Local Government Services Pro-
                                                                  gram was developed to provide professional
                                                                  planning services to communities in the area
                                                                  who otherwise could not afford them

                                                                    Both the County Planning Department and
                                                                  the Public Works Department provide staff as-
                                                                  sistance to twelve incorporated municipalities
                                                                  within the county. Assistance includes:

                                                                  O Review of municipal site plans,
                                                                  O Building permits,
                                                                  a   Sediment control,
                                                                  , Stormwater management and other regula-
                                                                  tions;
                                                                  O Aid in development or updating of municipal
                                                                  master plans, zoning ordinances, and
                                                                  O  Special studies.


 Intergovernmental  Cooperation                                 The program has been well received by the munici-
                                                            palities and serves as a built-in communication and co-
   The ability to address environmental problems on a        ordination process between the county and municipal
 regional level necessitates a need for strengthened com-     officials. There are no specific costs for this program
 munications between all levels of government.  The           beyond staff time which is paid through the county
 cause and effect relationship between activities taken by    planning budget.
 one jurisdiction to another is particularly important in
 responding to these environmental quality issues.
   Regional intergovernmental cooperation is particu-                        Winchester Hall
 larly important tobringtogether thoselocal governments                       12 East Church Street
 with a vested interest in problem solving. Overcoming                        Frederick, MD  21701
 the "not in my backyard" syndrome may be easier when
 the opportunities for redress are expanded. In addition,
 neighboring local jurisdictions that are made aware of
 potential problems caused by their activities, or those      York County, Virginia
 generated by others, are more willing to use this coopera-   Department of Community Development
 tive forum to establish regional perspectives and priori-    (in association with the Peninsula Planning District
 ties.                                                        Commission)
   A number of programs of this nature are ongoing in the
 watershed, often administered by Councils of Govern-            The Peninsula Planning District Commission cre-
 ment, Planning District Commissions and others. They         ated a Local Task Force to address Chesapeake Bay
 have been successful in promoting the regional aspects of    Program implementation issues.
 Chesapeake Bay restoration. Several examples are in-
 cluded:                                                        As a member of the Local Task Force, York County
                                                            and other localities (the counties of Henrico, Chester-
                                                            field, King George, Northampton, Richmond, King
 Frederick County, Maryland                                   William, Mathews, Prince William, and the Virginia
 Planning and Zoning Department                               Municipal League) participate in a once-a-month round



 58                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





                                                                     Intergovernmental Cooperation



table discussion about problems and successes with the     O Developing a Geographic Information System data-
implementation of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation          base for use in hydrologic modeling and monitoring and
Criteria.                                                  tracking non-point source pollution through a grant
  The program resulted in the identification of areas of  from the Maryland Department of the Environment.
regional concern and is working to access new informa-
tion to assist local governments in complying with           Funding for the Tri-County Council's programs is
program goals. Most recently, the Task Force has been      provided by the counties and municipalities who are
discussingways in which to improve methods to address      members of the Council.
stormwater runoff. There is no specific funding needed
for the program.                                                  Contact: Michael Kakuska
                                                                          Tri-County COG
      Contact: Cynthia Taylor                                             Box 1634
               P.O. Box 532                                               Charlotte Hall, MD 20622
               Yorktown, VA 23690                                         (301) 870-2520
                (804) 898-0085

                                                          Southeastern Virginia Planning
Tri-County Council of Southern Maryland                    District Commission

  As a regional Council of Governments, including            The Southeastern Virginia Planning District Com-
Charles, Calvert, and St. Mary's Counties, theTri-         mission established a Regional Environmental Man-
County Council of Southern Marylandprovides a wide         agementProgram tofacilitate localgovernment coordi-
variety of local intergovernmental programs and serv-      nation andcooperation in addressing regional environ-
ices to further the goals of the Chesapeake Bay Agree-     mental problems and opportunities.
ment.
                                                             The Regional Environmental Management Program
  The Tri-County Council's program works to promote       provides educational information, technical analyses
environmentally sound policies and practices through-      and management plan recommendations to local offi-
out Southern Maryland through intergovernmental net-       cials and citizens on the following subjects:
works and consistent regionally oriented environmental
services. Elements of the program include:        3           Surface and groundwater resources (quantity and
                                                          quality),
[O Conducting a Regional Stream Survey to develop a        El Solid and hazardous waste management,
multi-year water quality management program which    [] Land use,
identifies and assesses areas in the region's waters that  UO Recreation,
demonstrate pollution problems and sensitive and valu-   [O Critical resources, and
able areas,                                                C3 Air quality.

El Participating in the implementation of the Patuxent       The program was instituted in response to local
River Watershed Protection Plan through cooperation in     requests. Demands for technical assistance and problem
the Patuxent River Discovery Day Planning Committee,       solving have greatly exceeded the present resources.
monitoring the Patuxent Water Quality Management           Funding is provided through the annual Planning Dis-
Plan and assisting local governments in implementing       trict budget as well as through federal and state agencies
water quality protection plans;                            (EPA, VA Dept. of Waste Management, etc.) on a
                                                           program-specific basis.
[O Providing technical assistance to counties on coastal
zone management issues, sewage treatment needs, and               Contact: John Carlock
water quality planning; and                                                723 Woodlake Drive
                                                                          Chesapeake, VA 23320
                                                                          (804) 420-8300

Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                  59





Intergovernmental Cooperation



Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments              governments in the clean-up of the Potomac River and
                                                           the Chesapeake Bay. Additional work and coordination
  Working in cooperation with local governments and         with the Region's air quality, transportation, growth and
regional and state agencies, COG coordinates a MIl          development forecasting, and recycling, along with
range of environmental programs designed to protect         providing technical assistance to agencies involved in
the region's environmental integrity.                       the operation of the Blue Plains Wastewater Treatment
                                                           Plant are also included in COG's work program.
  As part of an interconnected effort to plan for the
region's water quality and participate in efforts to re-         Contact: Stuart Freudberg, Director
store and preserve the Chesapeake Bay, COG develops                       Department of Environmental Programs
management plans for the area's water resources. These                    Metropolitan Washington COG
include the Potomac and Anacostia rivers as well as                       777 North Capitol Street, NE
other waters located throughout the Region.                               Suite 300
  In conjunction with its water resources management                      Washington D.C. 20002
responsibilities, COG  performs many technical and                        (202) 962-3340
reporting functions. For instance, water quality trends
are monitored, and water quality modeling performed
on both the Potomac and Anacostia.                           Baltimore Regional Council of Governments
  COG also is a recognized leader in the area of storm-
water runoff control in urban and developing regions.          The Baltimore Regional Council of Governments co-
The organization provides technical information, de-         ordinates environmental activities for Baltimore City,
sign guidance and demonstration projects.                   Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Harford and How-
  COG provides related services in other areas of water     ard Counties and area municipalities.
management. For example, COG coordinates harvest-
ing of hydrilla in the Potomac River, and assists local        The Regional Council's Development Division con-
                                                           ducts environmental research, facilitates inter-local co-
                                                           ordination on environmental planning and manage-
                                                           ment, and prepares reports and workshops on a number
                                 *                         ~~~~~~~~~of issues. Specific activities include:

                           __________~~~~~C OSupport for the Regional Environmental Board
                                                           O3 Facilitation and staffing of Regional Environmental
                                                           Technical Teams on a number of issues including:
                                                               o reservoir watershed protection
                                                               o open space and greenways
                                                               o coastal area planning
                                                               o recycling

                                                           O3 Preparation of a Regional Development Plan, and

                                                           O Technical studies of water quality.


                                                                 Contact: Jim Holway, Coordinator
                                                                           Environmental Planning
                                                                           Baltimore Regional COG
                                                                           2225 North Charles Street
   1989 Status Report                                                       Baltimore, MD 21218-5767
                                                                           (301) 554-5621

 60                                Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level





         inancing



Financing Local  Environmental                                nancing environmental projects squarely on the shoul-
                                                             ders of the local governments. To complicate matters,
Protection                                                    changes to municipal bond structures recently amended
                                                             into the Tax Code make this more difficult.
  The key issue facing local governments as they
debate their level of participation in Chesapeake Bay         Local Environmental Grant Programs
restoration and other environmental activities is -- Who         To overcome this shortfall in funds, local govern-
pays, why, and how?                                           ments are turning to innovative financing mechanisms
  Local governments in the Chesapeake Bay water-             to meet their mandated environmental goals. Although
shed, like their counterparts throughout the country, are     local governments continue to rely on grants from
fighting to meet increasing public service pressures in an    various state and federal agencies for major infrastruc-
era of resource constraints. Local governments serve on       ture projects, other alternatives are being explored to
the frontlines in tackling issues like environmental pro-     meet the large number of need at the environmental
tection, illegal drugs, education, transportation, health     front.
care, crime, and housing. But, as municipalities attempt            For projects including stream retrofitting, river
to meet these challenges, they often find that existing       and dump-site clean-up, monitoring, tree planting, and
revenues are inadequate for addressing the service needs      habitat restoration, local governments have been able to
of their communities.                                         utilize innovative financing and volunteer assistance
  Environmental issues in particular will gain increas-      methods to maximize resources and distribute the bur-
ing attention in this decade. Not since Earth Day in 1970     den. Local governments are also turning to develop-
has public attention to the environment and its place in      ment of their own local environmental grant programs.
policy debate received such attention from the public         Program mechanics are relatively simple:
and federal, state, and local policy makers. Debate over
the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and water shortages        EO Local governments make an annual lump sum appro-
dominate the national agenda, while the local scene is        priation from the general fund, or from revenues gener-
characterized by new found priorities including waste-        ated from payment of fines from environmental regula-
water, drinking water, and solid waste disposal services.     tion violations.
  A 1986 New York Times/CBS poll found that 66
percent of those polled agreed with
the statement that "protecting the                               Total Public Works
environment is so important that re-                      Outlays by Level of Government
quirements and standards cannot be                            (Billions of 1984 Dollars)
too high, and continuing environ-
mental improvements must be made              60-
regardless of cost." This repre-
sented a steady increase over the 58          50 -
percent who agreed with the state-
ment in 1983, and the 45 percent
who agreed in 1981. Percentages               3o -
may be even higher today.
  Local government officials must            20 -
contend with this public perception,
and work to meet their requests for           10
high quality of life standards.  In
attempting to do this, local govern-           1960        1965       1970        1975        1980       1985
ments find that the required reve-
nues are often nonexistent.  Cut-                            -  Local        Federal      tate
backs in federal funding, often re-   Source:
       sult i gin cutbacks in state appro-    Apogee Research from Bureau of the Census and Budget of the US Government, Various Years
suting in cutbacks in state appro-   (National League of Cities, Financng Infrastructure at the Local Level, December 1987)
priations, leave the burden of fi-


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                       61





Financing Local Environmental Protection



CE Local civic organizations are then encouraged to        number of communities applying for and receiving
apply for small grants to carry out environmental proj-    grants has varied from year to year, the county budgets
ects.                                                      $100,000 per year for Grant distribution through Com-
                                                           munity Services.
O Local funds are matched with community participant
funds, so the local government receives double the bene-          Contact: Rosemary Church
fit for half the cost.                                                     Arundel Center North
                                                                           101 Crain Highway
  These grant programs have been successful in meet-                       Glen Burnie, MD  21061
ing many of the challenges facing local governments,                       (301) 222-6880
especially in areas where they have neither the available
time or resources necessary to accomplish them.
   Local governments are also turning to development       York County, Pennsylvania
of public-private partnerships as a mechanisms to fi-      Action Group to Save the Bay
nance environmental, and specifically Bay restoration,
initiatives.                                                 Creating ties with private enterprise in order to
   Two examples of these financing programs operating      maximize available revenues for Chesapeake Bay and
within the Bay watershed that access revenues, and pro-    other significant environmental education initiatives,
vide for their efficient distribution include:             leadto theparticipation of a member of the York County
                                                           Commissioners in development of the York County
                                                           Action Group to Save the Bay.
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Community Services                                           The York County Action Group to Save the Bay was
                                                           formed due to the interest of several residents of the
The program provides necessary local government funds      county who made a commitment in saving the Bay. Or-
to encourages citizen groups to conduct environmental      ganization and incorporation of the group relied onjoint
improvement projects in their communities.                 cooperation from representatives of the County Com-
                                                           missioners, the agricultural community, and the local
   Communities may apply to Anne Arundel County for        education system.
an environmental grant of up to $2,000. The community        The Chesapeake Bay Foundation was tied into the
then provides matching funds; the preferred form of        mission of the group, working to organize the local/
which is volunteer time or tools.                          county group with the ability to raise funds for an
   This program is a cost efficient way to create environ-  estuarine field study program in Pennsylvania.
mental improvements in the county because citizens           During its first year, the Action Group raised over
generally know what needs attention and will provide       $15,000, and in association with the Chesapeake Bay
future maintenance of the project area.  Community         Foundation started a field study program. The local
project activities have included:                          education program involvs selected science and agricul-
                                                           tural junior and senior high school students from five
O Installation of bulkheads                                different school districts in the county.
                                                              As the Action Group gains continued credibility it
Ol Planting of aquatic grasses in conjunction with the     intends to focus additional efforts into improving best
County's Emergent Grasses Program (see Wetlands) for       management practices by the county's farmers.
erosion control and shoreline stabilization, and
                                                                   Contact: Milton Menchey, M.D.
O Planting trees and shrubs to enhance open areas for                      York County Action Group
wildlife habitat.                                                                 to Save the Bay
                                                                           924 B Colonial Avenue
   To date, the program has provided over 65 communi-                       York, PA 17403
ties with Environmental Grant funds.  Although the                         (717) 845-8623


62                               Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level








Appendix

Survey responses were received from over 300 local governments throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed,
276 of which have been catalogued in this Appendix.

The survey asked local governments to indicate those environmental areas in which they had developed
specific programs. Each is marked with a ".

Additional information and contacts from these local governments can be obtained by contacting the individual
local government or the:

Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee
Suite 300
777 North Capitol Street, NE
Washington, D.C. 20002

800-446-5422































Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                        63






                                          ~~~~~~cOO


                                                       -6




                               5 , e E  *30  z w                                            Z Mo.

Accomack County, VA                  /      /             /         /

Adams Twp. (Snyder), PA                                   /    /   /

Adams Twp.(Cambria), PA                f   /                   /                    /  ,/

Adams County, PA                 /    /    /                   /

Alexandria, VA                        /    /   /           /    /   /                                              /

Allegany County, MD                                                    

Anne Arundel County, MD          /    /   /    /    /    /   /    /    /                  /                   /         /

Antrim Township, PA                   /    /                   /  ,/

Arlington County, VA                  /    /    /    /   /    /    /            / 

Ashland Boro.,          PA    /                                                          /    /

Ashville Boro., PA                                             ~         /

Athens Twp.,        PA                /    /                   /    /



Barr Twp., P     A                                        /

Bear Creek Twp.,  PA/                                     ,/    /                       /

Beavertown Boro., PA                                      /    /    /              /    /

Benzinger Twp., PA                    /    /              /     /   /    /           /    /                   /

Berks County, PA                 /    /    /              /         / 

Berryville, VA MD                          /

Beth      el Cunty,MDPA              /    /                    /    /

Bingham Twp., PA                 /                        /   /    /

Blair    County, P A                                                                          /                         /

Blakely Boro., PA                    /    /              ,/                                

Blossburg, PA                        /    /                  /  

Bradforde Regional CGons. Dist., PA   /      /                                                           /              /

Bradford County, PA              /    /    /                   /         /

Brady Twp. (Clearfield)          /         /                   /                    /

64                                  Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                       Zn

                                                             '- t 0                ~    -o 61
                                       o                             a b                                 n 0 


                                     S    r    C  r .                                         &    c                            O

                                      c    X    E    o~   ï¿½  O    ï¿½          3 0 .  C   V          ï¿½C                    -     U  



Brady Twp. (Huntingdon), PA                                  /     /

Brecknock Twp., PA                /          /

Broad Top City Boro., PA                                                                      /

Brunswick, MD                                /          /                /

Brush Creek Twp., PA                                    /

Buffalo Twp., PA                             /          /

Burlington Twp., PA                                           /

Butler Twp., PA                   /    /    /                 /

Cameron County, PA                      /                    /    /                      /

Cape Charles, VA                       /     /                     /    /     /                                           /

Carlisle Boro., PA           V/    /                /              /    ,                           /   V            /          /

Caroline County, VA                    /    /            V               ,

Carroll County, MD                /    /    /    /        /   /    /    /                ,     /      /    /         ,         /

Carrolltown Boro., PA                             /          ,           ,          f

Cass Twp., PA                                                 /

Cecil County, MD                        /    /    /            / /    /   /    /                    ,

Centre Twp., PA                                                    /

Centre Co. Cons Dist., PA         /     /    /    /    /    /             /               ./  , /    /    / ,                  /

Chapman Twp., PA                                                        /               /    /

Charles City Co., VA                    d/   '/          /               /

Chesapeake, VA                               /   I                 /     /    /                /               /                /

Chesterfield County, VA                      /               /    /    /    /                            /    /    /            ,

Chincoteague, VA                v                             /          /   V                            /                /

Choconut Twp., PA                                                  /

Clarks Summit Boro., PA                      /               /    /

Clarks Green Boro., PA                                        /

Cogan House Twp., PA              /


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                                       65









                                    '4 *c   8                     !   S          8E
















Cumberland                      Co. Cons. Dist., PA   /  /                                                              0 /   /    /    /    /    /    /
                                   and Twp., PA  /   /    /
















Cummings Twp. PA                   /                      /    /

D allas  Boro., PA                    /    /         /         /         /          /
Dallastown Boro., PA                                       a /  /A





         ~CDenver Boro., PA                                    /







E. Hanoverto  Twp., PA               /    /                    /
Cumberland Co. Cons. Dist., PA                        V                  ' 1                            -          Co

CumbE. Peterlansburg Twp., PA        /                         / 

E. Buffalo Twp., PA                  /    /               /    /    /                    /























E. Brunswick Twp., PA            /    /             /    /   /    /   /
Eaglelas Bor o.,   PA                ,/       l e V

Dallastowern Shore SWCD, VA                                          /
Dauphin BoTwp., PA       V/



Elmhurst Bor., PA                    /                          /   /    /           /                        /

Ephratary  Twp. (Montour), PA     V        /                   /

Eulaiarry  Twp., PA         V              /              /        /

E.Fairfax Hanover Countywp.,    PA               /           /           /    /     /    /   /             /            /

FaiE. Petersburview   Twp., PA                                           /                /         /   /

E. Buffalo Twp., PA         V                             /    /

E. Brunswick Twp., PA      V               V               V         V      

alls MeChure Bor.ch , PA                   /              /

66                                  Chesapeaken Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level

Eden Twp., PA                                                  /

Elmhurst Twp.,      PA               /                         /     /o         V        /

Ephrata Twp.( ,      PA                                        /

EulHalia Twp., PA                    /

Fairfax County, VA            V                                /

Fairview Twp.,   PA             Y/  V               V    V    /    / 

Falls Church, V A                          0 I            /


66 Ceesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level






                                                   .5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.



                                                  c                            )~        o                       b u 
                                                                 0                   C.)~~



            Fishing~~~~~~~U                       Cree Tw .                                                     PA


Frankintn Twp. (ouba, PA/



Frederick County, MD          /    V    /              /    /   /                

Frederick, MD/                          /     //                  ///

Freeland Boro., PA 

Galeton Boro., PA                                      /

Garrett County, MD             /    /        V      I       / 

Gettysburg Boro., PA                / /       //             . 

Graham Twp., PA                                            /

Gratz Boro., PA/                   /     / 

Greencastle Boro., PA              /    /     /      I      /

Greene Twp., PA                          V                         

Greenfield Twp., PA                     01/1 

Greenwood Twp., PA                 /    /                

Gregg Twp., PA                 /                       V /  /   

Hallam Boro., PA/

Hallwood, VA 

Hamilton Twp., PA              /                           /  VI

Hampton, VA                        /         /                                                   

Hanover Boro., PA                  V    /     //         //V  /                 /    /        V

Harford County, MD            /    v    /    /e   V      VI/           / /              

Harris Twp., PA                                       /    /     /

Harrisburg, PA                                         /    / /       //                      /

Hebron Twp., PA/                                           /

Henrico County, VA                                                                                      V          

Herndon Boro., PA/                                          /


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                        67








                                      0                      E 8 -                   =                                        E








Hollenback Twp., PA                                                                                -
                                       Juniata Terrace  B oro., PA  /  / 















         ~Kent County, MD        /     /    /                                                                          0/  /    /  /    /  /  /
                                 King George  County, VA          /                                    - 
































K~istler Twp., PA                                                                                       /
Hollenback Twp., PA                                               /

Hollidaysburg Boro., PA                                      /    /                     /

HoLackaward County, MDPA                                  ,/ 

Huntington Twp., PA                    /                     /

Isle of Wight Co., VA                                  /                     /                               /

Jackson Twp., PA                             /                    /

Jacobus  or.unty, PA                         /                    ,

JanaesCtyCuty,  A                       /         /    /    /     /    /

Lancaefferson Twp., PA                               /    /                         ,              /

Lohnsonburg c ork., PA                 /    /                   /

Juniata Terrace Boro., PA               /                 /       /

Kent County, MD                  /   /   /  /                      /  /   /  /                     /                    /

King George County, VA                                            /9/

Kistler Twp., PA                       /

Knox Twp., PA                                                     /

Laceyville Boro., PA                            /            /      / 

Lachesapeake Bwanna County, PAthe Local Level

Laflin Boro.,PA                        /                    /    /

Lamar Twp., PA                              /                     /

Lancaster Co. Cons. Dist.    V                   /          /    /    /                /    /    /    /    / 

Lancaster County, PA             9           9                    9    9

Lancaster, PA                          9    /    9          9    /    9

Lancaster Twp., PA                      9    9                    9    9

Leacock Twp., PA                        9    9                    9

Lenoyne Bora., PA                           9                     9    9

Lewis Twp.(Northumberland), PA         9

Lewisburg Boro., PA              9       /  v      V          v    9    9                                          9/


68                                   Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level







                                          S     8         .,       .c a                                     ...              a



                                          go V                                                                         .4
                                *0   *a    Q                                     *0 O   3                   .                . b D
                                                  .X  (fl  La'                        E 3       z          z 


Liberty Boro., PA                                             ,    ,

Liberty Twp. (Centre), PA              /    /                      /

Liberty Twp. (Tioga), PA                                        ,/

Lincoln Twp., PA                                                   /

Littlestown Boro., PA                  /                      /

Liverpool Boro., PA                     /    /                ,/ 

Logantown Twp., PA                /               /           /

Loudon County, VA                                                                        /          /          /    /

Lower Windsor, Twp., PA                 /                          ,    ,

Lower Frankford Twp.,PA                                            /

Loyalsock Twp., PA                                            /    /

Lykens Boro., PA                                  /          /    /

Lykens Twp., PA                              /

Manassas, VA                                 /   /  /   /  /   /                               /          /   /

Manheim Twp., PA                       /     /                     /     /

Martic Twp., PA                        /     /          /    /           /

McConnellsburg Boro., PA                                      /

McSherrystown Boro., PA                                      /    /    /

Melfa, VA                              /                     /    /

Middlesex Twp., PA                     /     /                     /

Milford Twp., PA                       /                     /    /

Miller Twp., PA/    /

Millersburg Boro., PA                              /               ,

Millheim Boro., PA                                                /                      /    /

Monaghan Twp., PA                      /    /

Monroe Boro., PA                       /                           /

Monroe Twp.(Snyder), PA                /    /


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                                      69







                                       @0  6c   8    m     -   0 S                     o                          0
                                       3  a                     3  o                        a 
                                  M I.i 'T w p .,                                     .                           =






Montgomery  Twp., PA                /     ,/                    /                           ,







Mountville Boro., PA                                    /   /

Muncy Twp., PA                 /                             /

N. Branch Twp., PA                                           /

N. Cornwall Twp., PA           /    /    /                   /       

N. Londonderry Twp., PAMD            /   /              /

Napier Twp., PA/   /

Nescopeck Twp., PA                  /    /                   //                       / 

NewPhiladelphia Boro., PA                               /

New Kent Co., VA                /    /   /                        /

New Salem Boro. (York)               /    /                                                               /

Newberry Twp., PA                        /

Newporwall Twp.,  A                       /   /         /    /    /                   /         /   /

N        ew r y Boro ., PA               /

Nippenose Twp., PA                        / 

N orfol k, V     A                   /  V/              /              /              /

Northumberland   Boro., PA                              /

Olyphant Boro., PA                  /    /               /   / 

Oneida Twp., PA                          /

Orange Twp., PA  

O swayo Twp., PA                                        /

Ov erfiel d Twp .,   PA                                 //

P almyra Boro., PA                  /    /              /   /    /

Pa radise Twp., PA         v        /    /              /    /


70                                 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level








                                                    .2    .                                            0
                                                            -    e0
                                                                       P                  e~~~~~F 
                                              Cu ~~ 88 -                               uC 
                                    to                                       A CuU2    C
                                   -    -    a..  a..   Ca                             -    2                    b

                                                                            C~a 4  q




Patton Boro., PA                                        

Peach Bottom Twp., PA                     

Penn Twp. (Huntingdon)                                             

Pennbrook Boro., PA 

Pequea Twp., PA                                                        

Peters Twp., PA                       V                   V      

Philipsburg Boro., PA                                                 V  ,J 

Pillow Boro., Pa 

Plymouth Twp., PA

Port Royal Boro., PA                                             

Porter Twp., PA                 

Portsmouth, VA                                                             V/

Prince William County, VA                       I/         V/                                            V/ V"  J     J J 

Queen Anne's County, MD                         v,          /                         V,  J J J       J J J   

Reed Twp., PA                         ye                          o

Richmond County, VA                                   / C

Richmond Twp., PA8

Roaring Springs Boro., PA 

Royalton Boro., PA                                              I,/   601

Rush Twp., PA                   

S. Centre Twp., PA                                                                                       .                -

S. Waverly Boro., PA                                                                                                .

S. Willia msport Boro ., PA                /                    /    /

S. Londonderry Twp., PA          /    /    /

S. Lebanon Twp., PA                                        /

S, Woodbury Twp., PA 

Salem Twp., PA                                                  a /


Chesapeak      e Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 71




















Scranton, PA                          /    ,/               /      f   ,/                                                   /

Silver Spring Twp., PA                /    /2 d
              Snow Shoe Twp., PA /                       /







Somerset County, MD                   /    /    ,/    /    /    ,/  ,/           ,/  >/    /    /                ,/        /



Southwest Madison Twp., PA /                           /    /    /      /         /                              /

Spring Garden Twp.(York), PA /   /                    /    /    /
Spring Grove Bor., PA                                      /    /







Springfield Twp., PA              /    /    /                    /

Suffolk, VA                           n, MD  /                 ,       / ,  /

Surry Co.     , VA                          /

Susquehanna Depot Boro., PA           /      ,/            /    /
Sylvania  Boro., PA 












Taylor  Twp., PA                                                 /
Terry Twp., PA                                                   /

Thompsona Twp., PA               ,/

SThroop Boro., PA                      /    /                /                                                    /


Todderr Twp.,    PA                                        /    /




Tremont Twp., PA                                                 /

Tri-County COG, MD                    /               /          /    /    /    /    /       /    /   /          /    /     /

Tri-County RPC,  P A                  /    /                /              /

Turbett Twp.,      PA          V/                                      /               /          /

Tuscarora Twp.,      PA          /     /    /          /    /    /    /               /    /

Tyrone Twp., PA                  /         /

Ulysses Boro., PA  /

Union Twp.(Cle, PA                                          /    /

72                                   Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level








                                                                ..,
                                     0.                                    . ,F co   O             e
                                        e  >                    2                      2 













Valley Twp., PA                     /                          / 

Vienna, VA                          /   /    /

Virginia             Beach, VA      /         /   /  /   /                                /         /    /   /    /

W. Lampeter Twp., PA                     /             /    /   ,- /    /

W. Pe n       nsboro Twp .,  PA     /    /              /    /

Walker Twp.        , PA                  /                   /

Walkersville, MD  PA/    /   /                              /    /

Warwick Twp., PA               /   /    //    /                                         / 

Washingtonvil,  A                                      / /  P

West Wyomin g B oro, PA            /                   /    / 

WicomicopCounty,  MD /                                 /    /

Williams   Twp.,  PA                                                  /   /          /

Windham Twp., PA               /

WindsorBoro., PAMD                 /    /              /    /    /

Winterstown   Boro.,  PA/   / 

Wolf Twp., PA                      /           f            /

Worcester County, MD           //  /     /   /                                  /   /    /                     /

Worth Twp., PA                                              /

Wrightsville Boro. PA                                       /

City of Y   ork , PA                    /    /               / 

York Springs Boro., PA         /                            / 

York     County, VA           /    /    /   /           /    /          /   /         /             /             /

York County, PA                    /    /                         //                                               /

York Co. PA Cons. Dist.                      /                   /    /              /    /         /              /


Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level                                                          73










Credits

Cover Photography:
Chesapeake Bay Foundation
Skip Brown, University of Maryland Sea Grant College

Photography
Skip Brown, University of Maryland Sea Grant College, pp. 1, 33, 37, 38, 49

Eric Jenkins, Local Government Advisory Committee, pp. 2, 10, 15, 30, 41, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 53

Curtis Dalpra, Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, p. 13

Chesapeake Bay Foundation, pp. 17

Potomac Electric Power Company, p. 18 (courtesy of ICPRB)

Virginia State Travel Service, p. 19 (courtesy of ICPRB)

Soil Conservation Service, pp. 24, 25 (courtesy of ICPRB)

Office of Maryland Governor Schaefer, p. 29

Michael W. Fincham, University of Maryland Sea Grant College, p. 35

Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, p. 36 (courtesy of ICPRB)

Soil Conservation Service, p. 43 (courtesy of MD Sea Grant College)

Sarah Williamson, Local Government Advisory Committee, p. 58
















       Printed on Recycled Paper


 *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991--522-713/D05398


74                               Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level