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Chesapeake Bay Restoration. 'Innovations at the Local Level A Compilation of Local Government Programs __ __CZIl: COLLEC IO C ~~~~~~~~~~~CLI ECfi C- f') Prepared by The Chesapeake Bay cal1 Government Advisory Committee TD 225 .C43 C44 1 991 Pnted on ecycled Paper Printed on Recycled Paper Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level L A Compilation of Local Government Programs Property of CSC LibrarY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 Eric W. Jenkins, LGAC Director Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee 777 North Capitol Street, NE Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 20002 800-446-5422 > April 1991 Chesapeake . Bay PrintedB y I --- Printed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency co ~ foilhe Chesapeake Bay Program Table of Contents InroucinrndxofLoauPogasi...................................................................... Preface and Acknowledgemients ..................................................v The Chesapeake Bay Drainage Basin (illustration)...................................... Defining the Local Role in Bay Restoration..........................................vii About The Local Government Advisory Committee ..................................viii The Local Government Advisory Committee.........................................ix SectiOeLadUeo........................................................................1... Land Use Policy and Planning ..1.................................................. Open Space..................................................................10 Resource Inventory and Mapping .................................................13 Greenspace (Tree Planting, Landscaping, and Green Areas) ..1...........................I Land Preservation.............................................................24 SetonTocaerQaito....................................................................2....2 Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring ...................................30 Welns..........................................................3............3 Nutrient Management..........................................................41 Household Hazardous Waste Management..........................................44 Boating Pollutant Discharge.....................................................49 Section Three Public Information and Education ..............................................51 Section Four Intergovernmental Cooperation ................................................58 Section Five Financing Environmental Protection ............................................61 Appendix Summary of Bay Watershed Local Programs......................................63 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Locl rogram Descriptions Section One: Land Use Land Use Policy and Planning Mount Joy Borough, PA; Cluster Development.....................................................2 VinnVAeevlpmnnGiea........................................................................3.. Adams County, PA, Citizen Land Use and Growth Questionnaire...............................................3 Carroll County, MD; Cluster Development ........................................................3 York County, PA; Farmland Preservation .........................................................6 Queen Anne's County, MD; Resource Protection Zoning (Shoreline Protection, TDRs) ..............................6 Benzinger Township, PA; Strip Mining Regulation..................................................8 KeteontnDtZnngCounty,......................................................................8. AdmsCunyP;sntrhageZnign......................................................................8. Spring Grove Borough, PA; Stormwater Facilities Fee ................................................9 Open Space Fairfax County, VA, Environmental Quality Corridor System.................................................10 Howard County, MD; Land Preservation/Recreation Plan..............................................12 CiyiftayibugoPAfhoelnearrisb...........................................................................1..2 CiyiftilesBarefP, hreinlRclmaio-...........................................................................2 Resource Inventory and Mapping City of Virginia Beach, VA; Significant Natural Areas Identification ............................................13 Martic Township, PA; Environmental Assessment Survey.............................................14 YokooutkA;Rsorconvntrn.....................................................................1...1 Berks. County, PA; Natural Areas Inventory .......................................................14 Pequca Township, PA, Citizen's Natural Areas Survey ......................................................15 Arlington County, VA, Computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) ....................................15 HoadConywM;ard..............................................................................1......1 Howard County, MD; Groundwater Resource Protection..............................................16 Richmond County, VA; Resource Information System (RIS)...........................................17 Green space James City County, VA; Rezoning for Greenbelt Networks............................................19 Pequea Township, PA; Landscaping Ordinance.....................................................19 City of Chesapeake, VA; Tree Canopy Coverage Ordinance ...........................................20 Allegany County, MD; "Adopt-A-Dump" Program.................................................20 Carroll County, MD; Landscaping Requirements ....................................................21 Borough of Carlisle, PA; Tree Planting & Maintenance ..............................................22 Kent County, MD; Rezoning for Vegetative Cover ..................................................22 City of Virginia Beach, VA; Parking Lot Buffers ...................................................22 City of York, PA; Urban Forestry Program ........................................................23 : York County Conservation District, PA & Northern Virginia SWCD; Tree Distribution and Planting .................23 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level i Land Preservation City of Annapolis, MD; Land Conservancy Board.............................................................................................................25 Fairfax County, VA; Agricultural & Forestal Districts .............................................................25 Harford County, MD; Public/Private Land Trust .............................................................26 Kent County, MD; Right-to-Farm Law .............................................................26 York County, VA; Land Use Tax Incentives ............................................................................26 Anne Arundel County, MD; Public/Private Land Trusts .............................................................27 Howard County, MD; Agricultural Preservation .............................................................28 Carroll County, MD; Agricultural Preservation Bonuses .............................................................28 Section Two: Water Quality Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring East Hempfield Township, PA; Groundwater Recharge Protection .............................................................30 City of Newport News, VA; Reservoir Protection Ordinance .............................................................31 Howard County, MD; Watershed Mapping & Protection Program .............................................................31 Lackawanna County, PA; River Corridor Restoration .............................................................31 Borough of Pine Grove, PA; Adopt-A-Stream .............................................................32 Fairfax County, VA; Water Supply Protection District .............................................................32 Baltimore County, MD; Shoreline Enhancement Program ................................. ..................................................33 Union County, PA; Intergovernmental Watershed Protection .............................................................34 James City County, VA; Overlay Protection District .............................................................34 Yoe Borough, PA; Stream Bank Stabilization .............................................................34 Prince William County, VA; Watershed Management .................... ............................................................. .............35 Anne Arundel County, MD; Citizen's Water Quality Monitoring .............................................................35 Fairfax County, VA; Adopt-A-Stream .................................................................................................36 Charles County, MD; Comprehensive Stream Valley Management .............................................................36 Baltimore Regional Council of Governments, MD; Cooperative Reservoir Protection ................................................37 Wetlands James City County, VA; Wetlands and Buffer Zone Acquisition .............................................................38 Anne Arundel County, MD; Emergent Grasses Reestablishment .............................................................39 West Lampeter Township, PA; Wetlands & Natural Habitat Study .............................................................39 Southeastern Virginia PDC; Wetlands Information Publications .............................................................39 Bradford County Conservation District, PA; Wetland Services .............................................................40 Nutrient Management Juniata County, PA; Nutrient Management Ordinance .............................................................41 Warwick Township, PA; Nutrient Management Ordinance .............................................................42 Kent County, MD; Manure Management Requirements .............................................................43 Lebanon County, PA; Manure Composting Facility .............................................................43 Household Hazardous Waste Disposal Anne Arundel County, MD; Drop-Off Days ..........................................................................46 Fairfax County, VA; Permanent Collection Program .............................................................46 New Salem Borough, PA; Hazardous Waste Grassroots Education .............................................................47 ii Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Arlington County, VA; Drop-Off Appointments .......................................................47 YokoontPAkClecinoayu.......................................................................4...4 Boating Pollutant Discharge Town of Cape Charles, VA; Installation of Boater Sewage Septage System ......................................49 Kent County, MD; Pump-Out Facility Requirements.................................................50 Prince William County, VA; Pump-Out Facility Requirements .........................................50 Worcester County, MD; Pump-Out Facility Requirements...............................................50 Section Three:- Public Information and Education Southeastern Virginia PDC; Water Access Needs Study...............................................52 Kent County, MD; Community Environmental Interaction.............................................52 Prince George's County, MD; Storm Drain Identification ..............................................53 Anne Arundel County, MD; Storm Drain Identification.................................................53 YokoontkA PblcIsueuorm............................................................................5 AlegnyContMDa S u d n t "nCounty........................................................................5 City of Virginia Beach, VA; Educational Cable T.V. Programs...........................................54 Anne Arundel County, MD; "Hands-on" Environmental Education .......................................54 Pequea Township, PA; Enviromnmental Advisory Council .................................................55 YokoontrAkCutyNeseteu..........................................................................5...5 Bradford & Blair County Conservation Districts, PA, Chesapeake Bay Display ....................................56 Centre County Conservation Dist., PA; Technical Assistance ..............................................56 Southeastern Virginia PDC, Groundwater Protection Handbook .............................................57 Hayford County, NO; County and Community College Environmental Regulation Education .....................57 Section Four: Intergovernmental Cooperation Frederick County, MD; Local Government Planning Services..........................................58 York County, VA; Task Force for Bay Implementation Issues............................................58 Tni-County Council of Southern MD; Intergovernmental Programs........................................59 Southeastern Virginia PDC; Regional Environmental Management.......................................59 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments; Environmental Programs Management.......................60 Baltimore Regional Council of Governments; Regional Environmental Coordination............................60 Section Five: Financing Anne Arundel County, MD; Funds for Community Projects ...........................................62 York County, PA; Action Group to Save the Bay.....................................................62 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Levelii Preface & Acknowledgements Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level is one product of the Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee's (LGAC) ongoing efforts to provide technical assistance to local government's in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The manual catalogs local programs in the watershed that positively impact (either directly or indirectly) the quality of the Chesapeake Bay, the surrounding watershed, and the quality of life for its living resources. The LGAC developed this manual to provide cross-sharing of information among local governments. It is being circulated throughout the three-state and District of Columbia watershed to assist local governments in developing and adopting similar programs. Local governments are being encouraged to use this manual as a reference in developing similar programs without "reinventing the wheel." There are over 1500 units of local government within the watershed, each of which was given the opportunity to provide information for inclusion in this publication. The LGAC received responses from over 300. The publication is by no means the definitive guide to all local programs in the watershed. In editing, we have attempted to provide some of the best, most innovative, unique, and functional programs currently underway in the watershed. Unfortunately, our space limitation did not afford us the opportunity to include all responses. This publication gives the LGAC an opportunity to further its goal of encouraging the willing participation of local governments in Chesapeake Bay restoration efforts. Program summaries demonstrate that the local government community is well on its way to addressing environmentally-related issues, including the water quality, land use, and other technical and policy issues that are necessary for clean-up of local waterways and ultimately the Bay. This compilation of local programs would not have been possible without the assistance of a number of individuals, organizations, and others -- most important are the public officials that responded to our survey and provided additional information through follow-up. In addition, we appreciate the assistance provided by each of the various local government associations in disseminating information and coordinating responses. Special thanks also goes to the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments for staff assistance and review, the Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs for coordination assistance in Pennsylvania, and the EPA Chesapeake Bay Liaison Office. Local governments should use this manual and the contacts it provides to continue to carry out the important mission to restore and preserve the Chesapeake Bay. The Members of The Chesapeake Bay LGAC Eric Jenkins, Director Local Government Advisory Committee Sarah Williamson, Staff Local Government Advisory Committee Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level V The Chesapeake Bay Drainage Basin - r, '.. . . .::. i..;-004 ""'"'"'""0< ':'::0 01. Susquehanna 2. Eastern Shore 3. West Chesapeake PA. 4. Patuxent 5 Potomac 6. Rappahannock .......-rr r r - ,,'r - rrrr - -B 8. James rrrrrr rr' -,r- -- r r rr - r r r r r r r SOURCE: Chesapeake Bay: A Framework for Action, US EPA, Region 3, Philadelphia, September, 1983 vi Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovation at the Local Level Defining the Local Role in Chesapeake Bay Restoration "As well as being a national resource, the Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the contiguous United States. The Bay itself is only part of an interconnected system which includes the mouths of many rivers draining parts ofNew York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland Delaware and Virginia. The Bay and all of its tidal tributaries comprise the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. We are just now beginning to see the effects of human activities on the Bay's ecological structure. To assure the Chesapeake's continued productivity, we must develop comprehensive solutions to the often conflicting demands on the Bay's resources. Growing commercial, industrial, recreational, and urban activities in the Bay area are putting substantial pressures on the Chesapeake's regenerative powers." Chesapeake Bay: Introduction to an Ecosystem US Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program Throughout the region, local governments play a particularly important role in the Bay's environmental health. Making improvements "at home" have enhanced the quality of local rivers and streams. Providing traditional public services like water and sewer, and land use controls have moved local governments toward a positive impact on the Bay's water quality as a whole. Much of the potential success of the Chesapeake Bay's restoration hinges on the continued participation and individual and collective program successes of local governments in the region. Combined individual local efforts will add up to the collective success of Bay Agreement implementation. The Chesapeake Bay Executive Council called for the creation of a Local GovernmentAdvisory Committee in 1987 to assist in developing a local-state-federal partnership, and to facilitate the participation of local governments in the Bay program. The local role in the Chesapeake Bay program is broad, with local governments given key implementation responsibilities in meeting many of the program's goals to restore and protect the Bay. Many of the federal and state Bay-related initiatives have carved out implementation responsibilities for local governments. Stormwater management, erosion control, recycling, and reducing the burden on critical lands, are each placing implementation responsibilities and costs on local governments. In addition, local govern- ments are facing additional responsibilities for tidal and nontidal wetlands, nutrient management, toxics control, and water quality protection. Collective local government success in carrying out these environmental programs varies. The more than 1500 units of local government in the watershed each have their own identity, composition, and mission. With many of the region's local governments addressing resource and staff constraints, developing consensus, undertaking action, and achieving collective local success will continue to evolve. The programs presented in this manual are indicative of the successful steps already taken by local governments toward restoration activities. The continued degree of involvement and initiative depends upon resource trade- offs, education of local officials, and a held perception that environmental initiatives adopted "at home" have an effect watershed-wide. Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level vii The Local Government Advisory Committee Upon signing the Chesapeake Bay Agreement in December 1987, the Executive Council signatories, consisting of the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, along with the Mayor of Washington, D.C., the EPA Administrator, and the Chairman of the Chesapeake Bay Commission, determined that an integral part of achieving their goals would come through a reliance on local governments. They therefore established the following commitment to achieve these goals: "By March, 1988 to establish a local government advisory committee to the Executive Council and charge that committee to develop a strategy for local government participation in the Bay program. " The Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee (LGAC), consisting of 20 local government officials, represents the diverse interest of nearly two thousand local governments from the 64, 000 square mile watershed. Upon its creation, the committee was charged with communicating information about the ongoing and evolving Chesapeake Bay program to local governments. In turn, the committee was given the responsibility of communicating the opinions, concerns, and recommendations of local governments to the attention of the Executive Council. Since its creation in the spring of 1988, the LGAChas actively established the foundation for local government participation in the Bay program. In working to meet the goals of the Executive Council, the LGAC balances proactive and reactive responsibilities and activities. The Committee provides comments on numerous commitment strategies and other documents, giving a local perspective on Bay issues, and fulfills a role in communicating with the Executive Council concerning issues that are of special interest to local governments. In turn, the Committee also provides a direct channel for the Executive Council to disseminate information to local governments. The Chesapeake Bay Program IA)U>)I (iOV~mm~flL Chesmpeake Exculive Advisory Commillrcc Council Principal's Staff Commitntee Cilizcn5 Advisory Comrmittllee Scientifie & Technical |mplementation redeml Agencien Advisory Commitn e Committee Cogrol(Ice Budgel & Workplan Slteering Committee -__________ '91 Numricnt Reevaluation Workgroup Subcommittees |living Toxicr Monioring Ml on PublcAcess| Growth & Information & Resources Source Developmcn! - Educalion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~viii Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level~ viii Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Local Government Advisory Committee Members LGAC Chair: Stephen K. Whiteway, County Administrator Anna M. Long, City Councilmember Richmond County Havre De Grace, Maryland Clay L. Wirt, Deputy Director Maryland: Virginia Municipal League Robert Jarboe, County Commissioner St. Mary's County Pennsylvania: Sidney Kramer, County Executive Ronald Fitzkee, County Commissioner Montgomery County York County George P. Murphy, Mayor John Garner, Executive Director Easton Pennsylvania League of Cities J. Anita Stup, Commissioner President Robert Gerhard, Township Commissioner Frederick County Cheltenham Township Philip L. Tilghman, Council Member B. Kenneth Greider, Executive Director Wicomico County Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors Virginia: Russell Pettyjohn, Council Member Lititz Borough R. Keith Bull, County Administrator Northhampton County District of Columbia: C. Flippo Hicks, Counsel Virginia Association of Counties Warren Graves, Assistant to the Director for Metropolitan and Regional Affairs Gerry Hyland, County Supervisor D.C. Office of Intergovernmental Relations Fairfax County Russ Thomas Nancy Parker, City Councilmember Water and Sewer Utility Administration City of Virginia Beach D.C. Department of Public Works Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level ix nd Use ~~~~~~ Local Land Use Policy and Planning Local Land Use Policy and C3 Sensitive areas must be protected. Planning C3 Growth should be directed to existing population centers in rural areas, with accompanying protection to A common thread running throughout local govern- resource areas. ments within the Chesapeake Bay watershed is a need to adequately plan for local development and land use Development of stewardship of the Bay and the land patterns. Following on the heels of the 2020 Panel should be a universal ethic. Report that looked at population growth and develop- ment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to the year 2020, I~Conservation of resources, including a reduction in state and local governments are taking an even harder resource consumption should be practiced throughout look at long term planning measures. Focus on this issue the region. will ensure that land use patterns will be compatible with environmental and other quality of life issues in the 03 Funding mechanisms must be in place to achieve each future. of the visions. The Report of the 2020 Panel, "Population Growth and Development in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed to Local governments and others have embraced these the Year 2020," focussed attention on this important goals while recognizing that they are indeed visionary. issue. In that report, the Panel put forth a series of goals There is also a realization that in order to meet the that would enable the Chesapeake Bay region to meet potential successes outlined by the Panel, an extraordi- the challenges brought on by expected growth and de- nary effort by local governments will be needed. Collec- velopment. These goals, outlined by the Panel as tive local land use planning practices will in large part visions, include: measure the success of restoration goals and make the 03 Development must be concentrated in suitable areas. vsosraiy Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level1 Local Land Use Policy and Planning Collectively, local governments are playing an important role in shaping the landscape surrounding the Che- sapeake Bay, and therefore, the fu- ture of the Bay itself. Broad-scale comprehensive plans and definitive zoning provide structure to a network of land use philosophies, patterns, and regulations that cover the region. There are a significant number of unique practices developed by local governments that address specific is- sues, needs or resources. These pro- grams work in comprehensive fash- ion to create effective land use poli- cies -- several of which are described in the following pages. Mount Joy Borough, Pennsylvania possible, the common open space shall be intercon- Borough Manager nected with open space on abutting parcels, Mount Joy, Pennsylvania's cluster developmentpro- O The common open space shall either be improved for visions in its zoning ordinance make trade-offs between active recreational use or, if the area contains natural reductions in lot andyard size requirementsfor greater features such as trees, wetlands or wildlife habitat, the open space amenities. common open space may be left unimproved, The Borough of Mount Joy amended its zoning ordi- CO The common open space shall be owned and main- nance in 1989 to provide for and encourage cluster tained in a manner to ensure its preservation, either by development. Provisions in the ordinance permit clus- the borough, or through transfer to a non-profit conser- tering as follows: vation or preservation organization, or neighborhood as- sociation, O Cluster development may occur as a unified develop- ment of a lot which is fifteen or more acres, O Depending on the maintenance method, the borough may require the establishment of a reserve fund to pro- O The development must be served by public water and vide for maintenance or capital improvements to the sewer, open space, with the costs assessed to the owners border- ing the open space. O Cluster development applies to residential use only, The program has been designed to address the bor- O The overall density of a cluster development cannot ough's land use trend toward urbanization. exceed six units per acre, Contact: Daniel Zimmerman O Special consideration will be given to the use of slant Borough Manager curbing to facilitate stormwater management controls, Mount Joy Borough 21 East Main Street O Not less than 30 percent of the parcel to be developed Mount Joy, PA 17552 shall be preserved as common open space. Wherever (717) 653-2300 2 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Local Land Use Policy and Planning Vienna, Virginia a questionnaire (pages 4 and 5) that appeared in area Office of Planning and Zoning newspapers asked residents to rate the adequacy of county services such as roadways, sewer and water Vienna, Virginia's "Development Guide" is intended systems, recreational opportunities, and housing for the to provide developers and other interested parties with elderly, handicapped and low income families. Resi- insight into theprocedures associated with the local de- dents were also asked to indicate the amount of growth velopment process. they would like to see in the county, the issues and values they thought should be priorities in the plan, and Efforts to simplify and explain a complicated devel- what areas or landmarks should be preserved as county opment review process were undertaken by the Town of "treasures." Vienna, Virginia through creation of a local Develop- In addition to the survey, the county held seven ment Guide. The Guide incorporates charts describing regional meetings to seek public statements on issues of step-by-step procedures for applications, and proce- citizen concern. The consultant hired by the county to dures for approval involving changes in zoning, condi- complete the plan update will incorporate citizen con- tional use permits, preliminary and final subdivision cerns during the planning process. A citizens advisory plats, and site plan review. committee was also created with representatives from The Guide also provides information regarding ap- all areas and economic interests of the county to act as peals, variances and architectural review of develop- a sounding board for the planning staff during the 18- ment projects within Vienna. Information contained month development process. within the Guide includes a list of the various permits Thecounty set aside significant funds tocomplete the required for development, a schedule of fees, and a list comprehensive plan. These funds have come from a of offices and officials responsible for their review and variety of sources, including a $12,500 grant from issuance. Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, $20,000 The Guide is intended to assist developers, landown- from PennDot for the transportation component of the ers and others with a sometimes complicated land use plan, and $15,000 contributed by local businesses and regulation process. municipal governments. In addition, all of the county's $75,000 federal Community Development Block Grant Contact: Director of Planning and Zoning funds were set aside for comprehensive plan expenses. Town of Vienna 127 Center Street, South Contact: Richard Schmoyer Vienna, Virginia 22180 Adams County Courthouse (703) 255-6341 111-117 Baltimore St. Gettysburg, PA 17325 (717) 334-6781 Ext. 263 Adams County, Pennsylvania Office of Planning & Development Carroll County, Maryland Planning Bureau In order to maximize citizen involvement in updating the County-wide Comprehensive Plan, Adams County, Carroll County's cluster development provisions work Pennsylvania published a citizen's landuse and growth to maintain directed patterns of growth by encouraging questionnaire in local newspapers. protection of open space and valuable local environ- mental resources. Because the Comprehensive Plan will establish guide- lines forcounty growth and landuse forthe next 20 years, In an attempt to balance the protection of water re- Adams County wanted to give residents an opportunity sources and open space in reservoir watersheds with to help shape their region's future. To accomplish this, increasing development pressures, Carroll County amended their local zoning ordinance to encourage the Continued page 6 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 3 Local Land Use Policy and Planning COUNTY QUESTIONNAIRE Please Read and Fill Out Adams County is beginning a major update of its Countywide Comprehensive Plan. The Plan Update will establish policies that will affect how, where, when, and what kind of development will occur in the County over the next twenty years. Often people complain that they have "no say" in determining governmental policy that affects their communities. In updating the Countywide Comprehensive Plan, Adams County Officials want to maximize citizen involvement in the planning process. You can provide the County with valuable assistance. Please take a few minutes to fill out and return this survey. Your ideas will be most appreciated. 1. The 1970 Census showed that 56,937 people lived in Adams County. County Planners estimate that by 1990 the population of Adams County had risen to 80,070 people. Compared with the past twenty years, how much growth doyou think would be desirable over the next twenty years. County as a whole Your Township or Borough (Check one space) (Check one space) __ Much less growth _ Much less growth _ Somewhat less Somewhat less _The same The same _ Somewhat more Somewhat more _ Much more growth _ Much more growth 2. Please rate the adequacy of the following community facilities and services (circle ONE number for each category.) POOR ADEQUATE VERY GOOD Major Roadways 1 2 3 4 5 Secondary Roadways 1 2 3 4 5 Playgrounds 1 2 3 4 5 Hiking, Biking 1 2 3 4 5 and Walking Trails Public Sewer 1 2 3 4 5 and Water Systems Police Protection 1 2 3 4 5 Housing for elderly 1 2 3 4 5 and handicapped Housing for 1 2 3 4 5 low income families 3. In planning forfuture roadway improvements, which one of thefollowing goals should be given the most emphasis? (please check one): Eliminate and/or improve dangerous intersections, bad curves, and other roadway hazards. Upqrade existing roadways to accommodate additional traffic. Build new roadways around population centers. Adams County, Pennsylvania, Citizen's Land Use and Growth Questionnaire 4 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Local Land Use Policy and Planning 4. Please identify the three most important roadway improvements which you believe should be made in Adams County: 1. 2. 3. 5. Would you like to see roadways in your area improved, if these improvements also encouraged new development near to where you live: Yes _ No 6, Every Pennsylvania County has its "treasures" -- places that are unique for their beauty, agricultural production, or historic character-- places that should be preserved for future generations. Please identity upto three such places in Adams County. You may want to name a village, an agricultural area, a stream valley, or an area of countryside which is especially beautiful. 1. 2. 3. 7. Are you satisfied with local employment opportunities? (please check one space). Not satisfied -Somewhat satisfied - Generally satisfied -Very satisfied 8. How do you feel about the following statement? "COUNTY GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUPPORT EFFORTS TO ATTRACT JOBS TO THE AREA." -Strongly Disagree Mildly Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 9. Which of the following values are most important to you? (check two spaces) Preserving the quiet life style enjoyed by county residents Preserving the landscape and environment Improving employment opportunities Ensuring an adequate future water supply Solving traffic problems Controlling future growth Minimizing public control over private property rights Preserving farmland 10. What do you think will be the greatest problem confronting Adams County in the 1990's? 11. What solutions do you propose for solving this problem? 12. Please name the Borough or Township where you live: Name the Borough or Township where you work: Were you born in Adams County? Have you lived in Adams County for less than ten years? How old are you? Are you male or female? Thank you for your help. Please return your questionnaire to: Adams County Office of Planning and Development 111-1 17 Baltimore Street, Room 205 Gettysburg, PA 17325 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 5 Local Land Use Policy and Planning use of cluster development. Under this provision, developers are permitted to de- POPULATION CHANGES crease their development lot size below the required 10 1990-2020 acre minimum, provided that they preserve the land derived from any lot reduction as open space or recrea- tional areas for joint use by the residents of the subdivi- Increases sion. Specific requirements for the common areas are as 1990 by 2020 follows: Pennsylvania 3,570,700 283,800 +8% Maryland 4,666,200 830,400 +18% j Open space areas must make up at least 15% of the Virginia 4,726,000 1,503,800 +32% gross acreage of any tract submitted for cluster permit- Washington, D.C. 628,300 -600 -0% ting. TOTAL 13,591,200 2,617,400 +20% OJ 50% of the required open space may be steep slopes, streams, ponds, watercourse, or flood plain. homes may be built. The sliding scale permits some limited dwelling unit o A minimum of 10% of the open space mustbe suitable construction but restricts the amount of land available for recreational use and may not exceed a grade of 3%. for subdivision for speculative reasons while containing farmland costs. Sliding scale zoning, upheld in the mid- The ordinance was developed by the Planning Bureau 1980's by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, provides a with the help of a large interagency committee. The use unique approach to protection of open space and a limit of a committee in the planning stages provided a high on development within the county and its municipali- level of staff awareness and coordination throughout the ties. county departments. Contact: Randy Beck Contact: Frank SchaeferCotc:RnyBk York County Planning Commission Carroll County Planning Bureau One West Market Way 225 N. Center Street 4th Floor Westminster, MD 21157 York, PA 17401 (301) 857-2143 (717) 771-9614 York County, Pennsylvania Queen Anne's County, Maryland Planning Commission Department of Planning and Zoning A need to preserve open space, address growth and In order toprovide for the continued existence ofopen development pressures, and provide a method for farm- space areas and the protection of the region's ecologi- land preservation lead the York County Planning cally sensitive lands, the county included resource pro- Commission to advise the county's municipalities to tection provisions into its zoning ordinance. include sliding scale land preservation regulations in their zoning ordinances. Queen Anne's County's provisions for maintenance of open space include protection of shoreline areas A coordinated effort by the York County Planning through a forested shoreline buffer requirement, a shore Commission encouraged sixteen municipalities to inde- erosion control bonus, as well as the designation of open pendently incorporate agricultural land preservation space through the use of transferable development rights regulations into their municipal zoning ordinances. The (TDRs) provisions recommend allowing dwelling units, but limiting the number based on a sliding scale -- depend- E Shoreline Buffer Requirement ing on the size of the parcel under consideration. The The county ordinance establishes a standard shore scale is designed so that the larger the land tract, the more buffer of 300 feet from the edge of tidal wetland or water, 6 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Local Land Use Policy and Planning 50% of which must be forested. All unforested areas within the required buffer zone must be planted and COMPUTATION OF SHORELINE maintained so as to establish the 50% forested coverage CONTROL BONUS UNITS over the length and depth of the shoreline buffer. Areas of the buffer not maintained as woodland must be A. Meho Subject to the provisions of planted in natural groundcover. To ensure compliance subsection B3, the Planning Director shall with the requirements, a bond of surety to cover the determine the number of bonus units as estimated cost of implementing these standards must be follows: posted by the developer prior to development. IJ Shoreline Erosion Control Bonus 1. Average retail value of coastal area or In connection with any land application for subdivi- lt sion approval, the owner of land within an erosion 2 .Tms 0 hazard area may apply for a residential density bonus. 2 ie 1 The application must include a detailed engineering 3. Equals per unit erosion control budget to report outlining the type of measures which will be used b bobdb rjc to control erosion and a summary of installation costs. b bobdb rjc In addition, an appraisal identifying the average sales 4 .Tmstalnbeofcsaluisr value of all waterfront and inland units which will be 4.Tmsttlnubrof osa nts o created by the development within the coastal area is lt required. Computation of bonus units is determined as 5 qasttleoincnrlbde ob shown in the accmpanying chart.absorbed by the project I0 Transferable Development Rights 6. Actual erosion control cost The ordinance provides county landowners with the opportunity to utilize TDRs to increase the development 7. Minus erosion control budget (line 5) potential of one parcel of land while another parcel becomes open space. The ordinance stipulates that no 8. Equals the base for bonus computation development right may be used to increase the density of areas already designated as Agricultural or Coastal 9. Divided by the average coastal unit or lot Districts. There are also limits on the density of devel- value (line 1) opment of the receiving parcel, based on the adjacent land uses. All transfers are subject to approval by the I 10. Equals bonus units to be added to base planning director. permitted density (rounded to next highest The program is implemented through the Department number) of Planning and Zoning and there is no additional cost B. Limitations. No bonus unit shall be to the county. allowed if such allowancewould (a) abridge Contact: Joe Sevens, Plannerany other requirement of this ordinance or Qutat:JeSeens PAnne'sCut (b) reduce any other performance stan- QueenAnne's Zouning dards of the district, including those relat- Planin Not CommeceSt ing to open space, resource protection, Centreville, MD 21617 bfeyrs n hr ufr (301) 758-1255 Queen Anne's County, Maryland Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 7 Local Land Use Policy and Planning Benzinger Township l Maintain business climate, and Township Manger O Focus Growth Provisions in Benzinger Township's zoning ordi- The workgroup also created a strategy to achieve nance regulating strip mining are designed to protect those goals: the community's groundwater system. El Look at available alternatives for land use planning A concern about potential groundwater contamina- and an assessment of Transferable Development Rights tion lead Benzinger Township to adopt provisions in its as an option. zoning ordinance regulating construction around wells and private water supplies. OE Refocus attention on the County's Comprehensive The township's zoning provisions were targeted pri- Plan which had previously not been enforced. marily at major earth disturbance projects -- strip mining and quarrying. Any such activity cannot be conducted 3 Revisit issue of maximum lot sizes. within approximately 1000 feet from any dwelling, aquifer, spring, groundwater or other source. El Create an incentive system to provide for continued To date, these restrictions on mining and quarrying growth as usual" in designated areas. activities have not been contested. O Direct growth to move development away from prime Contact: Thomas Fleming, Manager agricultural areas and into villages and established rural Benzinger Township areas. 808 S. Michael Road P.O. Box 224 Much like the work of the Chesapeake Bay 2020 St. Mary's, PA 15857 Panel, the workgroup's visionary efforts will assist the (814) 781-1274 county in meeting future growth and development pres- sures. Kent County Contact: Gail Webb Owings Department of Planning and Zoning Planning Director Kent County Facing mounting growth pressures in the county's Courthouse primarily rural areas, Kent County, Maryland estab- Chestertown, MD 21620 lished a "Zoning Workgroup" to develop goals for (301) 778-7475 future land use planning and growth impacts. Kent County, Maryland a predominately rural county Adams County, Pennsylvania with strong agricultural interests began to feel pressures Office of Planning and Development of development in the late 1980's from Wilmington, Delaware. Faced with a lack of tools to address this Dramatic increases in development near a major influx the county assessed its comprehensive plan, zon- transportation corridor withinAdams County, Pennsyl- ing structure, and long-term projections and goals. vaniaprompted the County Commissioners to direct the To assist the county with this process, formation of a development of an Interchange Zoning Ordinance. Zoning Workgroup was initiated. Consisting of mem- bers representing business, watermen, agricultural, and Adams County, Pennsylvania, located on the border conservation, the workgroup reviewed projections for of Pennsylvania and Maryland recently experienced an county growth and measures to address the issues. increase in development due in part to the completion of The workgroup developed three major goals: all four lanes of Route 15 (a major roadway linking northwestern Maryland with central Pennsylvania.) O Preserve agriculture In 1988 the County Commissioners instructed the 8 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Local Land Use Policy and Planning County's Office of Planning and Development to draft a zoning ordinance for the Route 15 interchanges lo- cated in Straban Township. Development of the ordi- The Borough of Spring Grove, nance included periodic review by a citizen's advisory Pennsylvania committee, as well as township supervisors, and plan- Stormwater Facilities Fee ning commissioners. The ordinance was adopted in 1990, with the county now developing similar ordinances for the other two SECTION 1: Chapter 65, Section 65-2 unzoned townships affected by the interchanges. of the Borough Code of Ordinances is An increasing number of Pennsylvania counties are amended by inserting into the definition becoming aware of the option of zoning transportation of "STRUCTURE" the words "parking interchanges and are incorporating appropriate meas- lots, drive ways, patios, and display ures into their planning processes. signs" immediately following "walks". The county's effort is funded totally through county revenues. SECTION 2: Chapter 65, section 65-12, Contact: Richard Schmoyer of the Borough Code of Ordinances is Director of Development amended by adding the following sub- Adams County Courthouse section: 111-117 Baltimore Street Gettysburg, PA 17325 G. Stormwater facilities fee: Spring Grove Borough, Pennsylvania In addition to any other permit fees required by this Section, all new con- To provide funds to address stormwater runoff due to struction and additions to present struc- increased construction, the borough implemented a tures that create impervious surface, stormwater facilities fee. including parking lots, drive ways, pat- ios and walk ways, except curbs and Spring Grove, Borough in York County, Pennsylva- sidewalks within the public right-of-way, nia faced the effects of mounting residential construc- sall be assessed a fee of fifteen cents tion pressures, particularly with increases in impervious ($0.15) per square foot of this surface surface areas and resulting increases of stormwater runoff. Following construction of a local housing devel- area. All fees collected pursuantto this opment and an adjacent stormwater retention pond, subsection shall be deposited in an borough officials realized that a comprehensive storm- escrow account to be used for the con- water financing system was needed, since they would struction, maintenance and improve- ultimately be responsible for continued maintenance of ment of stormwater facilities within the the stormwater structures. Borough. To address this, the borough required: O That the developer place an assigned amount in escrow, and The program is administered entirely by the munici- pality. O An amemdment to the Borough Code creating a Stormwater Facilities Fee to generate future revenues Contact: Joy Ann Flickinger for stormwater control. The fee system, as shown in the Borough of Spring Grove accompanying box, enables the borough to construct, P.O. Box 126 maintain, and improve stormwater facilities. Spring Grove, PA 17362 717-225-5791 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 9 Open Space Open Space Fairfax County, Virginia Office of Comprehensive Planning In order to preserve the natural resources, ecologi- cally sensitive areas and visual amenities in the region, Fairfax County's Office of Comprehensive Planning adopted the Environmental Quality Corridor System as their open space policy. _-~~~~ _r @ ;; iand steep valley slopes surrounding streams make up the majority of the ecologically sensitive lands in the re- gion, they are set aside for protection in the planning policy as Environmental Quality Corridors (EQCs). These areas form a continuous network of open space within each watershed of the county. Local programs to protect open space are vital ele- The EQC System is implemented by the County's ments in preserving the Chesapeake Bay. Open space Office of Comprehensive Planning through the devel- is significant because: opment plan review and permitting process. Only development plans which effectively avoid or protect a By dedicating land as open space, the potential area EQCs are permitted. Other methods of securing impacts of increased development and associated bur- EQCs include the following: den to the Bay is averted. the Sensitive landsandpark lands are directly purchased [I Land controlled as open space surrounding devel- by the Park Authority. oped areas provides a buffer between associated impacts ov* feO iThe Park Authority accepts the dedication of open of development and local water ways. Particularly ine aity s de urban and suburban areas, open space provides the necessary conditions to absorb runoff and sediment thatins are retained as open space through O Floodplayns are retained as open space through would otherwise reach adjacent waterways. enforcement of the county floodplain ordinance. O Open space provides recreation opportunities to resi- Es The county accepts open space easements from dents, and enhances the value of adjoining property. private homeowners. E' Open space benefits include habitat for wildlife, trees lC Agricultural and forestal districts are established and vegetation, and a decrease in the amount of imper- through the Agricultural and Forestal Districts Act. vious surfaces. The program is funded by the county. Local governments realize the significance of pre- serving open space and have implemented measures for Contact: Noel Caplan its protection and enhancement. By developing land use Comprehensive Planning planning measures, incentives for developers, and ac- 4050 Legato Rd., Suite 800 quisition programs, they are developing the tools neces- Fairfax, VA 22033 sary to achieve open space goals. Several of these local (703) 246-1380 efforts are included: 10 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Open Space Examples of Environmental Quality Corridor (EQC) Components Ecologically valuable habitat... contiguous to stream valley Freshwater !' = .:.Wetland : . � II / *~~~~ ~ *.~. // .,xl1 Steep slopes ~ ' 1" adjacent to floodplain - -, V ~ '~ . Buffer Area Additions 10Yar Floodplain 6-< EU~~~~~~~/x--- ,,.. / ~=m .4 4 Buffer Area Additions f X 9~ ~~~~~~~ ~Ecologically valuable habitat not contiguous to stream valley Fairfax County, Virginia Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 11 Open Space Howard County, Maryland servation practices such as tree planting and other soil Department of Recreation and Parks stabilization techniques were utilized to reduce the potential of water pollution. The program was financed In order to preserve valuable open space areas using city funds. throughout the region, Howard County, Maryland developed a Land Preservation and Recreation Plan in Contact: Mayor Stephen Reed participation with a state authorized open space initia- Suite 202 tive. King City Govt. Center 10 North Second St. Howard County's Department of Recreation is re- Harrisburg, PA 17101-1678 sponsible for preparation of an annual Land Preserva- tion and Recreation Plan (LPRP), designed to preserve agriculture, forests, stream valleys, and otheropen space City of Wilkes-Barre resources. In addition the Plan works to provide recrea- Office of City Planning tion areas appropriate to the needs of the county (30 acres per 1000 people). The Plan is used as a component In an effort to create open space along a major of the comprehensive planning process. tributary to the Chesapeake Bay, the City of Wilkes- To receive state funding for local parks and recreation Barre coordinated a volunteer effort to reclaim shore- acquisition, the LPRP is submitted to the Maryland line andprovide additionalparklandandrecreation op- DNR for review and approval. In FY '90, the county portunities. received $1.14 million in state funds for open space. $25,000 is used for annual preparation of the updated To increase public access opportunities to local citi- LPRP. The remaining funds are divided among the zens, the City of Wilkes-Barre coordinated a major re- county's 24 local jurisdictions and used for direct land vitalization program along the banks of the Susquehanna acquisitions. River with a network of volunteers. A city-owned, river-side zoo in disrepair was the site Contact: Jeffrey A. Bourne of the streamside restoration project. Citizen interest 3300 North Ridge Rd. sparked city officials to coordinate community volun- Suite 170 teers given responsibility for administering the clean-up Ellicott City, MD 21043 program. (301) 992-2480 The program placed emphasis on cleaning stream banks, removing debris, and planting aquatic grass and river-side stabilization plants. In addition, a boat launch City of HIarrisburg, Pennsylvania was built to provide direct access to the recreation op- Office of the Mayor portunities on the river. By proceeding with the project, the city gained in- This program was developed to provide Harrisburg creased access to a valuable resource, while at the same residents with attractive recreation areas while creat- time decreasing the amount of trash and pollutants that ing buffer zones to mitigate for soil erosion and urban were directly entering the river. runoff that contribute to poor water quality. Costs to the city were minimal due to the use of volunteer efforts. A need to establish a buffer between developed land of the City of Harrisburg and the Susquehanna River Contact: Jack Varally prompted the city to set aside its entire 5 miles of Director, City Planning shoreline along the Susquehanna River as a greenway. City of Wilkes-Barre The greenway designation prohibits anything other than 40 East Market Street recreational development. The city-owned island in the Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711 middle of the river has also been designated in this way, (717) 826-8258 and now is the site of a recreational complex. During development of the recreation facilities, con- 12 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Resource Inventory and Mapping Resource Ilnventory mand L nments have developed innovative inventorying and mapping systems to aid in their planning processes -- Mapping several of which follow: City of Virginia Beach, Virginia Office of Environmental Management lLe " j 1 <0S1N I- t 0 The City of Virginia Beach contracted with the State Department of Conserva- tion and Recreation's Natural Heritage , ~, %~ : ~Program for a three-year research proj- ect to identify significant natural areas and their component sensitive animal and plant habitats. The City of Virginia Beach is in the midst of a three-phase natural areas in- ventory to assess the status of sensitive areas and existing resources within the city. The assessment will enable planners and local officials to utilize the informa- tion in development of planning practices that provide for resource protection. The three-phase inventory includes: Local land protection, zoning, and planning pro- grams must be based on assessments of what exists cv Stage One: October 1989 - September 1990: Data before decisions can be made on what is to be achieved, collection consisting of aerial reconnaissance, rare spe- Resource inventory and mapping programs at the local cies field inventory, and data processing. level are designed to provide this baseline for local planners and resource managers to employ in making 0 Stage Two: Detailed field' inventory of rare species. assessments and subsequent policy decisions. Local governments are using a variety of systems and , Stage Three: Data analysis and final report describing standards for these assessments. By inventorying exist- the natural communities of the city and prioritizing ing natural resources within jurisdictions, they are able resources. to catalog waterbodies, soils, wetlands, wildlife, flora and fauna, vegetative coverage, land use, population, The city will produce a series of maps containing and other natural properties. In many cases, local information on species occurrence and a computer list- governments call upon local staff to conduct invento- ing of species with ranks of endangerment. ries, although other mechanisms have been utilized including the services of conservation district, citizens, Budget estimates for the project total $83,716: or various conservancies and private organizations. Phase I Data Collection: $13,867 Local mapping systems, ranging from high-tech com- Phase II Field Inventory: $54,624 puter imaging and geographic information systems, to Phase III Final Report: $15,225 hand-colored maps and overlays are used to defifie critical and sensitive land characteristics within juris- Inventory results will be compiled and incorporated dictions. These inventory and mapping systems provide into decisions made by city elected officials, planners, local governments with readily available guides when making decisions about placement of new development, transportation arteries, and other land use proposals. Throughout the region, a number of local govern- Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 13 Resource Inventory and Mapping and others on land use policies and future growth pat- York County, Virginia terns. Department of Community Development Contact: Mary Morris, Coordinator A regional assessment of growth and development Environmental Programs issues lead York County, Virginia to develop a resource City of Virginia Beach inventory as a component of regional land use policies Municipal Center and regulations. Virginia Beach, Virginia 23456 (804) 427-4801 Representatives of James City County, York County and the City of Williamsburg, as participants within a "Regional Issues Committee," periodically meet to dis- Martic Township, Pennsylvania cuss and formulate positions on regional growth issues. As part of this Regional Issues Committees' effort, To identify environmentally sensitive areas, Martic the group consisting of three members from each local- Township created an EnvironmentalAssessment Com- ity, initiated a NaturalResourcesInventory and Histori- mittee to develop the groundworkfor a comprehensive cal Inventory utilizing the services of the Virginia evaluation of the township's natural resources. Natural Heritage Program. The inventory is designed to designate those sites Martic Township, Pennsylvania, a predominately ru- supporting unique or exemplary natural features or other ral locality of21,000acres, conducted an environmental significant features. By assessing the current status of assessment to have sound environmental data available natural areas, the localities will be able to build the for both a revision of the township's comprehensive findings into their planning processes and avoid sensi- plan and the sewage facilities plan. tive areas. An Environmental Assessment Committee, consist- Each locality contributes resources to conduct the in- ing of nine individuals appointed by the Township ventory. York County allocated $2,400 as its share of Supervisors, was created to establish the parameters the joint project in 1990. The joint project will be necessary for this environmental inventory. completed in 1991. As their first step, the Committee surveyed local citizens to gather a general consensus on their philoso- Contact: J. Mark Carter, Director, or phies of growth control, carrying capacity, and related Stuart Bass, Planner environmental issues. The initial survey looked at the York County Dept. of issues based on the township's 1972 zoning practices, Community Development and 1971 comprehensive plan. P.O. Box 532 Following this survey, the township contracted with Yorktown, Virginia 23690 Land and Community Associates (Charlottesville, Vir- (804) 898-0080 ginia) to conduct a two-year environmental assessment. The assessment, completed in March of 1989, is being incorporated into current discussions and redrafting of Berks County, Pennsylvania the comprehensive plan, and other infrastructure plan- County Planning Commission ning requirements. The township financed the project with $50,000 from The Berks County Planning Commission is conduct- local funds. ing a County Natural Areas Inventory to identify and record sensitive areas. Contact: Linda Gurtler, Supervisor Martic Township By locating and cataloging sensitive areas within the 408 River Road county, Berks County officials hopes to be able to Pequea, Pennsylvania 17565 protect them along with their unique, endangered, and (717) 284-3407 threatened species. The inventory is being conducted in response to 14 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Resource Inventory and Mapping mounting developmental pressures, and a growing concern Arlington County, Virginia over the loss of environmentally important areas. Upon Department of Public Works completion of the plan, the County Planning Commis- sion will utilize data generated from the inventory to This Arlington County, Virginia program develops This Arlington County, Virginia program develops guide development away from those areas identified as ~~sen ~~sitive.",, andmaintains county-wide resource inventory mapsfor "sensitive." use by various county agencies, private developers and The county contracted with the Nature Conservancye gen the general public. to conduct the inventory for $40,000. The program is being financed through a $20,000 grant from the Depart- The county is in the process of developing an exten- nment of Community Affairs and a Development Block sive computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) Grant in the same amount. through digitization of current and ongoing mapping in- formation. Contact: Steven Boyer, Planner Contyact: StevenBoyer, Planniger The county provides Real Property Identification Berks County Planning Commission Maps for primary use by the Department of Manage- Exide Building, Suite 203 ment and Finance, Real Estate Assessment Division, 645 Penn Street Reading, PA 19601-3509 other agencies, real estate companies, and the general (215) 378-8703 Pequea Township Environmental Advisory Council Pequea Township's Environmental Ad- visory Council initiated this program to conduct a first-time cataloging of the Town- ship's natural features for use in the devel- opment of a comprehensive plan. The Pequea Township Environmental Advisory Council, consisting of citizen rep- resentatives appointed by the Township's Board of Supervisors, conducted an assess- ment of the township's natural conditions to assist in local land use decision making. In conducting the assessment, surveys were sent to public. Mapping is done at a 1" = 100' scale. residents who identified areas that they thought should In addition, the county maps at a 1"= 50' scale for its receive special consideration or protection. Survey re- topographic and planimetric maps, each covering 43.43 suits were then used as a basis for follow-up. The acres, and includes a registered overlay system depict- services of an engineer were utilized to provide correla- ing property base and real estate code information. The tions between survey results and the land use plans of the planimetric maps and property base overlays are being township. used as a base for digitization of the Geographic Infor- The program was financed through comprehensive mation System. plan funds from the township and state. The program was developed in house by county staff and implemented continuously as maps and related Contact: Alan S. Peterson, M.D. overlays were completed. The Public Works Depart- Pequea EAC ment has found that there is a significant demand for the 243 Shultz Rd. use of the completed maps and that continuous mainte- Lancaster, PA 17603 nance and updating is crucial to the program. Funds for (717) 464-2322 the program are provided by the county and user fees. Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 15 Resource Inventory and Mapping Contact: John Sutton Howard County, Maryland Arlington County Department of Planning and Zoning Dept. of Public Works Department of Public Works Suite 813 2100 Clarendon Blvd. The County has initiated two different groundwater Arlington, VA 22201 projects which together provide for the identification (703) 358-3635 and protection of some of the region's most vulnerable groundwater resources. Howard County, Maryland The Department of Planning and Zoning hired a con- Department of Public Works, and sultant to conduct a study of the relative groundwater Department of Planning and Zoning pollution potential in the western part of the county. The study was done using EPA's 7 "DRASTIC" factors With the aid of computerization and use of Geo- which include: graphic Information System (GIS), Both the Howard CountyDepartmentofPublic Works andDepartment of O Depth to groundwater, Planning andZoning are working to further refine their O Recharge potential, mapping systems for the protection of critical resources. [O Aquifer geology, CO Soils, Howard County is in the process of installing a Geo- O Topography, and graphic Information System (GIS) to provide the De- O3 Impact and Conductivity of possible partment of Public Works with capabilities forcomputer pollutants. aided design (CAD) and graphics for engineering models, as well as development of design manual details. The DRASTIC study is based on the county's hydro- The county'sdataishand-draftedon 1984basesheets geologic setting and provides a broadbrush planning and includes environmental characteristics, water and tool that can be used to screen various land use proposals sewer service areas, lines and facilities. The first task for for further investigation, however, it is not a substitute the Department is to refly topography and revise base for site specific data. The cost of the consultant study data maps digitally. Expected mapping completion is was $25,000 which was funded as a County Capital set for 1992 with other data to be digitized subsequently. Project. The hardware and photogrammetrics are financed The second project was initiated through the Depart- within the county capital budget's Topographic Map- ment of Public Works but is ajoint undertaking with the ping Update Program. U.S.G.S Maryland Geologic Service to complete a com- The County's Department of Planning and Zoning prehensive Water Resources Study of the county. already utilizes GIS - digitized data base at 1" = 600' The study will be used for planning purposes and in- scale. To date, entries include zoning, tax, land use, and eludes estimates of streamflow, groundwater yields, and address data, as well as roads, historic properties and various groundwater properties as well as characteriza- environmentally sensitive areas. Each can be retrieved tions of ground and surface water quality. The county independently or in layers. contributed $139,700 to the project's total cost of $639,700. Immediate applications will be subsequent to an ap- proved General Plan, forwork on comprehensive rezon- Contact: Uri P. Avin, Director, ing, development monitoring system, and maintaining David Holden, Planner adequate public facilities. Department of Planning & Zoning 3430 Court House Drive Contact: David Holden, Planner Ellicott City, MD 21043 Howard County (301) 992-2350 3430 Courthouse Drive Ellicott City, Maryland 21043 (301) 992-2354 16 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Resource Inventory and Mapping Richmond County, Virginia County Administration Office on the Environment to provide funds for a comprehen- sive growth management plan. The grant included funds The Richmond County Information System (RIS) was for a contract with the Information Support Systems developed as part of the comprehensive plan project to Laboratory (ISSL), Department of Agricultural Engi- provide a basis for responsible planning and develop- neering, Virginia Tech, to expand the VirGIS database ment of the county's shoreline areas. and to develop a dBase interface for database manage- ment and/or manipulation. VirGIS is a continuing Some of the counties within the Richmond County project commissioned by the Division of Soil and Water area began to experience an increase in development due Conservation to identify and rank the nonpoint source to proximity to the Washington metropolitan area. pollution potential of agricultural land. In 1987, the Richmond is the only county in the Tidewater region county receiveda second CRMP grant for the acquisition that has no zoning ordinance, and the current compre- of hardware needed to operate the RIS in the Richmond hensive plan is nearly ten years old. County Offices. The County Board of Supervisors and the County In early 1987, CBF received funding from the Vir- Administrator proposed re- : ginia Environmental Endow- visions to land use ordi- - - Iment to develop a shoreline nances that would require component to the compre- assembling and interpreting hensive plan, update the sub- enormous volumes of in- division ordinances and de- formation concerning pres- velop preliminary zoning ent resources, natural fea- guidelines. An integral part tures, and development of this comprehensive plan- patterns. A system was ning and zoning effort was needed to store manipulate, the compilation and mapping update and display infor- ~ of resource information in mation to assist the plan- the county. This information ners with decision making. f formed the basis for addi- The county, along with tional themes that were in- the Chesapeake Bay Foun- corporated into the Richmond dation (CBF), began inves- County RIS. tigating the feasibility of de- The RIS was included in veloping a Resource Infor- the $96,000 comprehensive mation System (RIS) for plan budget which was fi- storing an d manipulatin g nanced through county funds, map and tabular informa- a $39,000 Federal Coastal tion. The RIS approach Zone Management Grant and provides methods of rou- a $45,000 Virginia Environ- tinely generating and dis- mental Endowment Grant re- playing high quality graph- ceived and contributed by the ics for a wide range of con- Chesapeake Bay Foundation. ditions. Within the RIS environment, the databases Contact: William Duncanson can be maintained and up- Richmond County dated for site plan reviews P.O. Box 1000 and planning efforts. Warsaw, VA In 1986, the county re- 22572 ceived a Coastal Resource (804) 333-3415 Management (CRMP) grant from the Virginia Council Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 17 Greensp ace Greenspace trees to take advantage of their functions and environ- mental characteristics. Faced with development prac- .. tices within "suburbia" that clear-cut land be- 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~fore construction and generate increased sedi- mentation, local governments are moving to curb these practices. Even in those areas already urbanized, local government tree and landscap- ing programs exist to provide a mechanism for preventing water quality degradation. I ~~~Local programs have been developed to estab- lish: hi'3 JTree buffers along local streams and roadways -j to help reduce sediment and toxic load runoff t~through absorption that otherwise would reach local water bodies. C3 Landscaping ordinances requiring a percent- age of tree cover to reduce sediment runoff in 4~~ ~~~~~~ R new development sites, and restrict clearing prac- Tree Planting and Preservation, tices. Green Cooridors, and Landscaping jDesignation of valuable and significant tree species. The Chesapeake Bay watershed was once the benefi- C3 Provisions which require the placement of a bond by ciary of extensive forest cover. Recently, however, developers to provide for tree preservation and restora- there has been asignificant decline. Acomponent of the tion during and after development. Chesapeake Bay restoration program provides for the retention of forested buffers along the Bay and its 0J Requirements for tree coverage to ensure adequate tributaries to protect the waters from excessive sedi- protection for residential areas to help reduce an energy ments and nutrients. Tree-related programs throughout dependency for summer cooling and winter heating. the watershed are used to help protect the Bay both directly and indirectly from these impacts. Green Cooridors Riparian forests, those directly along water bodies, Local governments utilize trees and other vegetated contribute to the Bay's water quality directly by inter- buffers along streams and waterways as an efficient cepting phosphorus and nitrogen. The Maryland De- management tool to keep pollutants from reaching local partment of Natural Resources estimates that a riparian waterbodies. These buffers are designated and created forest can absorb as much as 89 percent of the nitrogen through land development restrictions. and 80 percent of the phosphorus runoff associated with Maintenance of a natural or artificial vegetative buff- adjacent land use practices. Trees and forested buffers ers from between 25 to 100 feet wide can absorb excess also provide recreational and living resource amenities nutrients, sediments and other pollutants before reach- within the watershed. Wildlife habitat and travel corri- ing water. This practice is used at the local level around dors are also enhanced with increased tree cover. reservoirs, well head sites, and along small creeks, Each of the states and the District recognize the value tributaries and major rivers. of trees and have acted accordingly to address the issue Establishing vegetated corridors around and through through legislation and regulation. In particular, pas- development also provides habitat access for wildlife. sage of the Maryland Critical Areas Law and Virginia These "greenbelts" and "greenways" are vegetated Preservation Criteria establish requirements for mainte- strips that permit wildlife to continue to travel between nance of vegetative buffers and reforestation. interconnected corridors created in developing regions. Local governments have also taken steps to preserve is Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Greenspace In addition, these networks provide extensive recrea- Contact: Allan Murphy tional opportunities and access for citizens. Planning Division Several examples of local programs that provide for James City County tree planting and preservation, landscaping require- P.O. Box JC ments and other green space programs are included: Williamsburg, VA 23187 (804) 253-6685 James City County, Virg'nia Planning Department Pequea Township, Pennsylvania Through rezoning, James City County has worked to By creating and incorporating perimeter greenways create a coordinated greenbelt network throughout the and open space into the development project plan re- region. quirements, Pequea Township, effectively amended its zoning ordinance to include a landscaping requirement James City County adopted its greenbelt policy as a for developers. component of its Comprehensive Plan. The policy is designed to ensure that lands along roads throughout the Pequea Township's landscaping regulations require region retain their natural qualities, and that the areas a perimeter greenbelt area along the extent of the front, surrounding roadways could be classified as "Scenic side, and rear property lines of all lots, except where Byways" by the state. crossed by sidewalks or driveways. No less than 50% The county policy calls for a 150' greenbelt beyond of this open area must be planted with trees and shrubs. the standard right-of-way. Although there is no ordi- Thewidthofthe required greenbelt is determined by the nance mandating this practice, the policy has been type of landuse it will border as follows: successful in obtaining the greenbelts in almost all areas that have been targeted for rezoning requests by devel- 0 Agricultural Zoning: No greenbelt required unless opers. The Planning Department has had more moder- the on-site use is non-agricultural in which case the ate success in preserving greenbelts in areas that require greenbelt must be 30' wide. no application for rezoning as developers are not re- quired to obtain permitting for properly zoned plots. J Residential Zoning: A 25' greenbelt is required on The program requires no additional funding as green- front property line. Side and rear greenbelts must be 75' belts are dedicated. wide if development contains three or more lots. ChesapeakeBy R iio Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 19 Greenspace O Commercial Zoning: The front property line must An ordinance calls for the identification and protec- have a 25' greenbelt while the side and rear greenbelts tion of "specimen trees" during the planning process of must measure 50' if the parcel abuts parcels with non- development. To identify specimen trees, the public commercial zoning. nominates the largest tree of each species. The city arborist then applies a formula considering tree height, In addition to greenbelts along property lines, the spread, and trunk circumference in order to establish a township requires open space areas between township point rating for size. Those trees within a designated roadways and development frontage. This area must be point rating are protected as specimen trees. planted with a minimum of one "canopy street tree" for The program is carried out by the Planning Depart- every 40'of public right-ofway. Trees chosen from a list ment Arborist and is modeled after the American For- of appropriate species provided by the Township are to estry Association's "Big Tree Program." be placed 10' behind the right-of-way and must be at least 6' in height when planted. Between the street Contact: John King, Arborist frontage and the street trees, a grassed linear open space City of Chesapeake must be maintained for use as a continuous walking 300 Cedar Road area. Chesapeake, VA 23320 Local township funds were used to draft the ordi- (804) 547-6176 nance. All other costs are born by the developer. Contact: Alan Peterson, MD Allegany County, Maryland Pequea Township EAC Health Department 243 Shultz Rd. Lancaster, PA 17603 Allegany County, Maryland's "Adopt-A-Dump" pro- (717) 464-2322 gram aims to clean-up illegal dump sites through the coordination of volunteer organizations. City of Chesapeake, Virginia Two major phases are contained within the program; Planning Department -- Arborist clean-up, and replanting and monitoring. The City of Chesapeake, Virginia's tree coverage Dumpsite Cleanup: program protects the environmental and aesthetic in- O The County Health Department initiates clean-up tegrity of the city bypreserving trees on private property projects by surveying and mapping illegal and unwanted through establishment of a tree canopy coverage ordi- dumps in the area. nance. O If a site is found to be free of toxic materials, Chesapeake's ordinance requires that a percentage of volunteers are asked to collect and remove the trash and tree coverexist with baseline determinations calculated debris at the site and transport it to the local landfill. on expected coverage ten years after development. The program was implemented as a result of concern ex- O To discourage further dumping at sites along road- pressed by citizens in relation to rapid growth pressures ways, the Department submits a request to the local, and loss of the city's rural character. county, or state highway administration to construct The City's Planning Department also acted to protect guard rails to protect the site. many of Chesapeake's native tree species which were threatened with destruction due to increasing growth Dumpsite Replanting & Monitoring: and development. In order to prevent the loss of the [ Following dumpsite cleanup and the construction of oldest of these species, the city initiated the " Champion guard rails to prevent further violations, volunteers Tree Program." The program identifies and protects the replant the site with trees chosen on a site-specific basis largest trees from encroaching local development pres- to match the surrounding species. sures. 20 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Greenspace O The planting process is supervised by the Health Department or the Department of Natural Resources _ which also donates all trees for the program. Ol The newly planted trees are monitored, cultivated and watered by the volunteer network until they are well ':E;" U established. v V ~ ' With the help of volunteers, including local Boy Scout and Girl Scout Troops, civic associations and L d others, the county has succeeded in restoring over 75 ~ ~4 i dump sites while planting 500-1000 trees a year. i Contact: Darrell Spence P.O. Box 1745 Willowbrook Road - Cumberland, MD 21502 1- (301) 777-5655 iA Nza | . rMovlr- A MWi Carroll County, MD r Carroll County Planning Commission 1, o' CUNEA) M.6MqEP AWN& I'S, C>wrDS.E OF : ,-t 114 To insure local environmental quality and aesthetics, y i -. - = Carroll County provides criteria for appropriate land- scaping of new development activities through a review O0FlpCi /WA 'HSE PCESE LWtqp' and permitting process. . ~oo rA5~ f EVEM -v.cH Carroll County's landscape review ordinance requires that a landscape plan be submitted by potential develop- From the Carroll County, Maryland, Landscape Manual ers alongwith their Preliminary Development Plan. The Planning Commission provides developers with a land- scape manual that establishes parameters for acceptable shrub screens, but planting units are required according plan standards. Standards include: to the number of parking spaces (1 planting unit per 25 parking spaces). O The use of grading practices which are compatible If compliance with the regulations is unsatisfactory with the existing drainage patterns and formations of the the county may undertake any additional landscaping land; needed, however, the developer is required to finance those activities. O Minimum tree planting requirements for various The Planning Commission employs a reviewer, al- types of development. though all additional funding is furnished by the devel- oper who is financially responsible for the individual The manual is specific in its design and establishes landscape plan. uniform guidance for developers. For instance, in a residential development, the manual calls for a mini- Contact: Neal Ridgely, Reviewer mum of one planting unit (i.e. one large or two smaller Carroll County tree species) per one dwelling unit as well as screen 225 N Center planting of shrubs along any major street bordering the Westminster, MD 21157 project. Commercial developments must plant similar (301) 857-2143 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 21 Greenspace The Borough of Carlisle, Pennsylvania Kent County, Maryland Carlisle Parks and Recreation Department Planning Department & Kent County Forestry Board To reduce run-off in a predominately urban' area, Kent County's comprehensive rezoningplan includes while at the same time enhancing the community's aes- maintenance programs for trees and other vegetative thetic value, Carlisle Borough implemented a tree plant- cover. ing program along local roadways. As a part of the county's comprehensive rezoning The tree planting/cost-share program increases the program, environmental standards were added as re- borough's ability to plant and maintain an effective tree quirements for activities in each zoning district. These corridor along borough thoroughfares. To publicize the include: program and encourage participation, all residents are provided with a memorandum explaining the program's fl Requirements for naturally vegetated buffers for all guidelines which include the following actions: blueline streams EJ Apply to the Parks and Recreation Department for EJ 15 to 20 percent forestry cover for all new develop- planting permit; ments, and O Select a tree or trees from a borough list of acceptable O Creation and maintenance of wildlife corridors and trees (specific tree species are recommended for certain habitat protection standards locations based on their growth potential and shape); Many of the requirements are added to ensure open f3 Have a nursery plant the tree to ensure proper planting space and greenways for recreation and wildlife, as well and care; as buffers for water quality improvements. In working to promote the benefit and value of trees [] Submit a copy of nursery bill to the Parks and in improving the county's environmental quality, the Recreation Department to receive 50% of the tree and county planning office also works to promote the Tree planting costs (maximum reimbursement is set at $75). City, USA program. The County Forestry Board de- cided that Kent County could become one of the few Funding in the amount of $2,700 per year is provided counties in the nation with all incorporated communities through the Borough's Parks and Recreation Depart- qualifying as Tree City, USA participants. ment budget. Currently, the program is responsible for planting 30 trees per year throughout the borough. Contact: Gail Webb Owings, Planning Director Kent County Contact: Daniel Dinunzio, Director Court House Carlisle Parks and Chestertown, Maryland 21620 Recreation Department (301) 778-7475 Community Center 415 Franklin Street Carlisle, PA 17013 City of Virginia Beach, Virginia (717) 243-3318 Departments of General Services and Landscaping Services An urban area like Virginia Beach, Virginia con- stantly faces a battle with runoff from an abundance of impervious surfaces. Although the surface space is unlikely to decrease, the runoff may be mitigated by planting vegetated buffers on the borders. One of the predominant problems in dealing with 22 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Greenspace urban nonpoint source issues is the runoff from a multi- Contact: Steve Mack, Director tude of paved parking lots. Stormwater runoff that York Recreation and Parks Bureau carries nutrients, sediment, toxics and other materials is P.O. Box 509 a major problem facing local water quality planners. York, Pennsylvania 17405 The City of Virginia Beach, Virginia enacted a site (717) 854-1587 plan ordinance in 1986 that requires mandatory planting of trees and natural vegetation as buffers to parking lots. This landscaping plan provides both environmental York County Conservation District, PA, and aesthetics within commercial development areas, and a Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation buffer to assist in keeping toxics, sediment and other District runoff residuals from entering the stormwater manage- ment systems and local water bodies. Tree distribution and planting programs, like those developed and administered by local Conservation Dis- Contact: Roger Huff, City Arborist tricts are intended to provide an economical source of Glebe Road and Courthouse Drive tree seedlings and ground cover plants for the region's Virginia Beach, Virginia residents. (804) 427-4461 Generally, Conservation District tree seedlings and plants are sold with no stipulations or restrictions for City of York, Pennsylvania use. The goal of these programs is to provide for Recreation and Parks establishment of tree cover throughout the Bay water- shed, with particular attention given to sensitive areas. York, Pennsylvania's urban forestry program main- Planting programs, coupled with tree-related educa- tains an effective system of tree care and planting in all tional information, discussions, and seminars have proven city parks and along city streets. to be effective methods for meeting the needs and requests of landowners, while providing positive expo- Urban trees are particularly important to local water sure for each agency. Recent examples include: quality since their root systems act as buffers against various runoff and erosion problems inherent within C] The York County, Pennsylvania Conservation Dis- cities. Maintenance of vegetated buffers keep toxics and trict provides over 600 residents with trees each spring sediment out of local stormwater systems. while distributing over 30,000 seedlings. York employs a full-time urban forestry specialist who works with the public, local utilities, and other city E l The Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation departments to ensure that the proper variety of trees are District recently gave away 32,000 seedlings. planted and replanted in the right locations, and that proper maintenance is in place. The programs are often self-supporting through tree Currently the program addresses: sales and equipment rental fees. Revenues raised through seedling sales are often used to provide assistance for El Tree maintenance along alleys and streets local Conservation District education efforts. El Development of a comprehensive trimming program Contact: Mark Kimmel, Manager York County Conservation District El Replacement of aging trees within city parks 118 Pleasant Acres Road York, PA 17402 Program funding is generated through local real (717) 771-9430 estate taxes. In addition, the Office of Housing Reha- bilitation receives limited federal assistance through the NVSWCD Community Development Block Grant Program to provide 11216 Waples Mill Road trees for homeowners. Fairfax, Virginia 22030 (703) 591-6660 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 23 Land Preservation Land Preservation Land Trusts and Easements Realizing the limita tions of zoning and public acquisition in protecting open space and natural .. N areas, many local govern-' ments are discovering the potential of public and pnri.. vate land conservation mechanisms for protect - ingtheseresources. Local ~ .~~.~ involvement with land trusts and conservation ~ casements play an impor- .<. tant role in this land pres .....,.. ervation effort. Conservation ease- ments restrict future commercial, industrial, and exten- Save.... sive residential development activities on the land. The landowner essentially donates thedevelopment rights to c asements in its own name. his or her land in return for permanent enforcement of Private, citizen-sponsored, local land trusts can also the conservation use of the land, as well as tax benefits . play an important role in implementing local govern- Government owned land is often subject to competing ment preservation plans. One county in Maryland re- and changing public demands. A land trust can provide cently provided a $350,000 grant as seed money to permanent protection to government acquisitions by establish a private land trust. accepting conservation casement donations on this land . Lands listed as high priority acquisitions in local rec- In addition, land trusts may be organized as private reation plans do not always wait for the slow public (or publicly sponsored) nonprofit organizations in order acquisition process. In cases where priority lands enter to hold land or conservation casements for many pur- the development market on short notice, local land trusts poses including habitat and water quality protection, can act immediately to pre-acquire the property until scenic enjoyment, agricultural preservation, recreation government can fit the purchase into its budget. The or other open space or historic purposes. These organi- local trust negotiates the purchase with the seller (pref- zations generally protect land by bargain purchase or erably a bargain sale which saves money and generates donation of land or conservation casements. tax breaks), obtains bank financing with the local gov- Other options for local governments help preserve ermient as guarantor, and purchases the property with lands identified in local recreation or open space plans intended buy-out within a negotiated time frame. without downzoning or direct acquisition by govern- Government-owned property which could be sold as ment. A local government sponsored private, independ- surplus by a changing administration is ideal for a ent land trust is an ideal combination of private citizen conservation casement granted to a local land trust. The involvement and government support. This combina- c asement will maintain the property in perpetual open tion takes advantage of citizen networking and grass space regardless of future political will. This technique roots appeal for encouraging voluntary preservation has been commonly used and well accepted in the past. techniques on farmland and other targeted lands. Local Several examples of local mechanisms designed to governments can also incorporate a land trust separate preserve land and enhance the protection of the natural from government which can hold land or conservation environment and water quality are included: 24 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Land Preservation under the easement agree- ment. The Conservancy's first target area has been the land surrounding Col- lege Creek, one of the last undeveloped creeks in the city. Although no ease- ments have yet been do- nated, progress isexpected in the near future. Contact: R. Stefan Klosowski Urban Design Planner City of Annapolis Planning & Zoning Dpt. 160 Duke of Gloucester Annapolis, MD 21401 (301) 263-7961 or Pave the Bay? Fairfax County, Virginia Office of Planning and Zoning City of Annapolis, MD Conservancy Board and Department of Planning Thisprogramisbasedon FairfaxCounty'sLocalAg- and Zoning ricultural and Forestal Districts Ordinance, added to the County Code to promote the conservation of open In order toprotect undevelopedlands aroundthe city, lands for aesthetic and environmental protection. Annapolis called for the creation of a Conservancy Board to solicit and encourage the donation of land Fairfax County's Local Agricultural and Forestal trusts and conservation easements for the purpose of Districts may be established and renewed for eight year habitat and water quality protection, scenic enjoyment, periods on properties no less than 25 acres. agricultural preservation, and recreation. Landowners who establish their land as a designated "District" are eligible for present use value taxation The Annapolis Conservancy Board, created by city which is significantly lower than the traditional poten- ordinance, consists of seven city residents who are tial use value. In order to receive the special tax consid- appointed by the Mayor and serve a five year term eration, applicants are required to establish: without compensation. The Board, established in 1988, works in cooperation s Commitment to agricultural or forestal activities with the state through the Maryland Environmental Trust (MET). Although MET was the model for Anna- O Conformity to the county's comprehensive plan polis' initiative, the local program differs in that it allows for the protection of smaller parcels of land than E Compatibility of surrounding uses, and the 25-50 acres that the state recommends. Landowners who donate their land for classification El Utilization of sound soil management and pollution as a land trust or conservation easement are not only control practices in farming and forestry operations. taking positive steps towards preserving open space, but are also eligible for both state and local tax advantages Significant staff resources are required to review ap- Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 25 Land Preservation plications, however, no additional county funds are Kent County, Maryland needed to operate the program. Department of Planning Contact: Lisa Dell, Staff Coordinator The adoption of the Kent County Right-to-Farm Law Fairfax County limits the circumstances under which agricultural op- Office of Planning & Zoning erations can be lawfully deemed a nuisance. 4050 Legato Rd., Suite 800 Fairfax, VA 22033 With the increased extension of non-agricultural devel- (703) 246-1290 opment into agricultural areas, farms are often the sub- ject of nuisance suits and discouraged from making farm improvements due to complaints of non-agricul- Harford County, Maryland tural neighbors. Many farms are forced to cease opera- Department of Planning tions with the lands often converted to other uses. In order to limit this land conversion and curtail the Efforts toprovideperpetualprotection of a sensitive suburbanization of county farms and open space, the area near the confluence of the Susquehanna River and County Right-to Farm policy to conserve, protect and the Chesapeake Bay lead Harford County officials to encourage the development and improvement of its develop a public/private partnership for a land trust. agricultural land was added to Kent County's agricul- tural zoning ordinance. The Deer Creek Watershed, a state designated scenic Irresponsible farming practices that lead to the pollu- river that empties into the lower Susquehanna, was tion of county resources, however, are specifically ex- experiencing threats to the surrounding ecology, cul- empted from protection under this ordinance. ture, and historical significance due to encroaching The program was developed in conjunction with a development. An outgrowth of citizen concern prompted new zoning ordinance which greatly reduced the non- Harford County officials to seek alternatives for protect- agricultural uses of agriculturally zoned land and is ing the valuable resource. completely county financed. The county developed a coalition with the local wa- tershed association and the National Lands Trust to Contact: Gail Owings ensure that the land be maintained in trust, unavailable Department of Planning for speculative development. The resulting land protec- Kent County Court House tion program offers land owners a 50 percent reduction Chestertown, MD 21620 in real property tax as an incentive to keep land undevel- (301) 778-4600 oped. Land owners who sell property for potential de- velopment are taxed at the full 100 percent rate. The county program also coordinates with the Mary- York County, Virginia land Environmental Trust to offer land owners a total tax Commissioner of the Revenue credit for 15 years if land development rights are do- nated to the Trust. A goal to reduce the rate of conversion of open lands in the county, prompted the amendment of the York Contact: Andy Meyer County Code to offer landowners the opportunity to Office of Planning and Zoning receive reduced tax rates for lands committed to agri- Harford County cultural, forestal or open space purposes. 220 South Main Street Bel Air, MD 21014 The York County Code provides landowners with (301)838-6000 options to reduce their tax burden when they comply with various land preservation provisions. Ol Landowners in York County Virginia may apply to the Commissioner of Revenue for classification, assess- 26 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Land Preservation ment and special taxation on property for a fee of $25. O Lands that are approved are classified as agricultural, SEVERN RIVER LAND TRUST, INC. forestal, or open space for a one year period after which yearly applications for classification extension are ac- cepted free of charge. O If the land use changes during the time of approved classification, the tax incentive is removed and the land ' owner is charged a role-back tax. The program requires no outside funding and is financed through the Commissioner of Revenue's oper- ating budget with supplemental funding from applica- tion fees. - ; Contact: Joseph Rigo Commissioner of Revenue York County P.O. Box 90 Yorktown, VA 23690 _-' '::__ (804) 898-0030 HOW YOU CAN Anne Arundel County, Maryland Department of Planning and Zoning, and MAKE A DIFFERENCE Department of Parks and Recreation IN THE FUTURE In an attempt to protect environmentally sensitive areas in a region experiencing heavy developmentpres- OF THE sures, two land trust organizations were formed coop- eratively between citizens and county government. SEVERN RIVER The two local land trusts in Anne Arundel County assist in county efforts to protect environmentally sen- sitive resource areas. The Severn River Land Trust, Inc. Duringtheir first yearofoperation, AACT purchased (SRLT) works to protect the Severn River through the one small easement, and SRLT purchased two parcels purchase of conservation easements within the water- whichmakeupapproximately 14acres;othereasements shed. They also accept the donation of property or funds are pending. to further their purpose. The Anne Arundel Conserva- Funding for the program is provided through county tion Trust, Inc. (AACT) works in a similar manner to the support, contributions, grants and fundraisers. SRLT, but operates on a county-wide basis rather than The County's Department of Parks and Recreation within a single watershed. (DPR) is also actively involved in lands protection. The program was developed as a result of strong local Through aggressive land acquisition, the DPR program government and citizen interest in protecting the re- provides for land preservation, habitat protection and gion's increasingly scarce land resources. The county public access to the Bay and its tributaries. provided $350,000 in seed money to be shared between Usingcounty funds, approximately 1600 acres of wa- the two groups for capital expenditures, such as the terfront land with about 20 miles of shoreline have been purchase of easements. The county also contributed acquired for public parks. In addition, the DPR is staff assistance to both organizations which are primar- working with the Department of Natural Resources to ily made up of interested citizen volunteers. develop an extensive trail system throughout the county. Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 27 Land Preservation Contact: Joanie Thomasson Contact: John Musselman Department of Parks and Recreation Howard County P.O. Box 1831 3430 Court House Drive . Annapolis, MD 21404 Ellicott City, Maryland 21043 Barbara Oakey Office of Planning & Zoning Carroll County, Maryland Anne Arundel County Planning Department MS 6303 P.O. Box 2700 Due to low landowner response rates to the stateAg- Annapolis, MD 21404 ricultural LandPreservation Program, a Carroll County, (301) 222-7441 Maryland ordinanceprovidesfor additional bonuses to landowners who form agricultural districts or sell con- servation easements on their land Howard County, Maryland Department of Planning and Zoning Any landowner within Carroll County who applies to form an agricultural preservation district is provided Howard County's Agricultural Preservation pro- with a free county appraisal of the value of the develop- gram was developed in the late 1970's for the purpose ment rights of the land. Landowners who are extending of purchasing development rights on farmland the five year term of an existing district, may also receive a free appraisal. The landowner then may submit the Through their Agricultural Preservation Program, appraisal to the state Agricultural Preservation Founda- Howard County is able to purchase the development tion with an offer to sell development rights on the rights on those farms meeting specific criteria: appraised land. The county increases the incentive to form agricul- O Farmland must be a minimum of 50 acres tural preservation districts by offering to pay 5% of the O Must be Class I soils value of the appraised development rights to the land- O Must not be located in a planned urban area owner. Landowners extending the term of the district may also receive payment. The county pays the 5% The county program, which acquires development bonus when an easement is sold to the Foundation as rights in perpetuity, set a rough target of 20,000 acres as well, however, easements sold before the enactment of the minimum critical mass of protected holdings. Sky- the ordinance are not eligible for payment. rocketing land prices and a cap on purchase price (50% The program is financed by the county share of the of assessed value) led to a drop of enrollment in the mid State Agricultural Transfer Tax. and late 1980's. In 1989 the program was revised to offer no cap and a 30-year payment plan to leverage available Contact: Bill Powel funds and ease capital gains tax for sellers. New Carroll County applications quickly followed (5976 acres as of April 225 N. Center Street 1990), of which 1070 acres have been enrolled by Westminster, MD 21157 purchase as of April 1990. (301) 857-2131 One-fourth (1/4th) of one percent of local transfer tax is the basis of original funding for the program. This money can now be used to fund an innovative long-term purchasing agreement featuring 30-year negotiable zero- coupon securities with sellers paid interest over a 30- year period tax-free, and principal as balloon payment (taxable) at the end of 30 years. 28 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level ater Quality Local governments in the wa- tershed are assuming increasing responsibilities for water quality. A number of examples of these local programs are included in the following pages. The committee focused on the following program areas when designing this section: El Watershed Protection and Moni- toring: Provides a look at some of the programs developed at the local level to address various surface and groundwater impacts, and associated monitoring. The inter- connected programs have helped to develop an extensive protection program throughout the watershed of the Bay basin. u aO Wetlands: Addresses local government program development with wetlands protection measures, particularly mapping efforts, de- signed to achieve "no net loss" Water Quality goals. The restoration of the Chesapeake Bay relies on an O Nutrient Management: Examines the regulatory ef- integrated approachto protectingthewaterqualityofmthe forts initiated at the local level to control excessive Bay and surroundingwatersheds. The local role in water amounts of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) that are quality management is as critical as it is diverse. Local entering local waterways and the Chesapeake Bay. officials are working to protect not only their own water quality needs, but those which contribute to the state of E Toxics: Addresses a portion of the local toxics protec- the Bay as well. tion program receiving increasing attention -- Disposal Growing populations and shifting land use patterns of household hazardous waste. within the Bay region impact the water quality, and accentuate the priority of these issues. In addition, E3 Boating Pollution Discharge: Examines several discussions about acid deposition, global warming, po- local programs developed to provide adequate disposal tential droughts, and other environmental impacts are options for boaters' generated sewage. Local pump-out placing emphasis on protecting present water quantity facilities and disposal practices are essential for provid- and quality while preparing for the future. ing relief to the Bay as it reaches its tolerance level for The issues of quality and quantity are inseparable. pollution. Historically, the federal government has played the majorroleinwaterqualityefforts,whileestablishingthe The integrated approach combining each of these tone for regulatory efforts. In recent years, state and programs ties in with commitments by the states and local governments have assumed a larger portion of federal government to restore and preserve the water these responsibilities. At each level, greater emphasis quality of the Chesapeake Bay and surrounding water- has been placed on the availability and quality of water, sheds. its adequate delivery, treatment, and necessary reuse. Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 29 Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring Watershed Protection, programs that comprise the interconnected local Che- sapeake Bay watershed protection program are included Restoration and Monitoring on the following pages: Watershed protection at the local level provides a direct link to water quality restoration efforts in the Che- East Hempfield Township, Pensylvania sapeake Bay. Local governments continue to develop programs that protect various water sources -- the same A need to protect a groundwater recharge area pro- water sources that provide freshwater flows to the Bay. vided the incentive for East Hempfield Township to This local watershed protection network is expand- develop a lands protection and acquisition program, ing. Surface waters and other aquifers are gaining while at the same time providing expanded open space increasing protection as local officials continue to real- and recreational opportunities. ize the importance of maintaining essential water qual- ity and quantity. The Board of Supervisors of East Hempfield Town- ship purchased a 210 acre golf course tract after a o Groundwater protection measures are becoming in- developer scrapped a 300-home development plan for creasingly common at the local level. Designation of the site. The $7.25 million purchase turned out to be in protection areas around critical groundwater recharge the best interest of the areas are part of this regulatory network. township since the course serves as a O Coupled with groundwater protection are ongoing groundwater recharge efforts to designate well-head protection zones and area for wells that criteria. Prohibitions on development, and restrictions contain the township's on certain agricultural practices and other activities main source of water. around local freshwater wells are creating buffer net- The Supervisors deter- works around groundwater sources. mined that developing the area with 300 CO River and reservoir protection measures are also homes, along with the critical elements of the local watershed management necessary infrastruc- plan. Creation of overlay zones, or restrictions on ture support would activities within certain boundaries surrounding water have substantially sources provide key elements of the interconnected degraded and depleted watershed management approach. existing water quantity and quality. O To ensure the success of regulatory watershed Anadditionalbene- protection, local governments are also developing re- fit to the township is the substantial addition of open lated monitoring efforts. Reliance on local staff or space and recreational opportunities. The site contains networks of volunteer monitors provide the necessary a 126 acre golf course and 94 acres of multi-use open data for assessment of the impacts of local protection space. programs. Township officials expect that revenues will cover the principal and interest payments on the associated Obviously the levels of watershed protection vary be- bond with $1.2 million in revenues expected in 1990. tween local governments based on resources, need, and level of expertise. Watershed management at the local Contact: George Marcinko, Manager level may include mapping and geographic computer East Hempfield Township imagery of surface and groundwater sources -- coupled P.O. Box 128 with extensive restrictions on activities. It may also be 1700 Nissley Road nothing more than the posting of " no trespassing" signs Landisville, PA 17538 along the banks of local reservoirs. A number of these (717) 898-3100 30 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring City of Newport News, Virginia District, the Department of Planning and Zoning (DPZ) Department of Public Utilities listed and mapped all of the county's hydric soils and soils with hydric inclusions at a scale of 1"= 600'. In Newport News, Virginia developed a City Reservoir addition, the DPZ mapped erodible soils on steep slopes, Protection Ordinance, regulating new development in open space and other protected land resources, active areas of the city that drain to drinking water supply farms and woodland tracts. reservoirs. The maps are used by county planners during the development plan review process as a basis for setting In order to protect existing water quality, the City of any new zoning and subdivision regulations. Newport News adopted a Reservoir Protection Ordi- nance. The ordinance requires 100% Best Management Contact: David Holden, Planner Practices and creation and maintenance of buffers of 3430 Court House Drive 200 ft. around reservoirs and perennial and intermittent Ellicot City, MD 21043 streams. (301) 992-2354 To further supplement the policy, a Reservoir Protec- tion Property Acquisition Policy was passed along with the ordinance. This policy allows for the purchase of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania property from landowners whose holdings are severely Regional Planning Commission impacted by the ordinance. If no other solution can be found through changes in plan designs, and over 20% of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania entered into a the owners property is impacted by the buffer require- public/private partnership with the Lackawanna River ments, the Department will consider purchasing the Corridor Association, a local citizen organization, to buffer area only. When more than 40% of the land is cleanup and restore the Lackawanna River corridor. impacted, purchasing the entire lot is considered. At least 30 acres of crucial buffer land have been Lackawanna County, along with the Pennsylvania purchased in this way using funds from the City's Water Department of Community Affairs and the National Works Enterprise Fund. Park Service joined forces to support the Lackawanna River Corridor Association's initiative to restore the Contact: Dave Morris banks of the Lackawanna River. (The Lackawanna City of Newport News River empties into the Susquehanna River near Scranton 2600 Washington Ave. and Wilkes-Barre.) Newport News, VA 23607 The River Corridor Association began its efforts by (804) 247-8470 conducting an indepth study of 39.5 miles of the river corridor. The resulting Master Plan sets up goals for improving water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, aes- Howard County, Maryland thetics, and recreational opportunities, and introduces a Department of Planning and Zoning comprehensive plan of action to reach these goals. Actions include: Howard Countyparticipates in a regional watershed identification and protection project to preserve the O Initiating Project River Clean which would target Patuxent River as an important tributary to the upper illegal dump sites, abandoned mining wastelands, sec- Chesapeake Bay. ondary sewage treatment plants and inadequate storm water maintenance practices for clean-up and upgrad- In order to provide for the identification and protec- ing; tion of vulnerable lands in the Patuxent River and Che- sapeake Bay watersheds, the Department of Planning O Developing a comprehensive public awareness cam- and Zoning developed a county-wide mapping pro- paign to include media documentaries, public displays, gram. environmental education facilities, volunteer cleanup Assisted by the Howard County Soil Conservation projects, and river oriented athletic activities; Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 31 Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring O Utilizing mining wastelands and reclaimed riverside O Year One: Volunteers installed over a mile and a half areas to build a river park and greenways system which of electric fencing to keep cattle from further damaging would create a network of riverside trails linking the river the stream banks and allow the vegetation to regenerate. corridor and its municipal communities for recreational and aesthetic purposes; 0 Year Two: 400 tons of stone rip-rap were installed. Stone stream deflectors designed to create a mud sill O Promoting intergovernmental cooperation and river- along the stream banks were established in the furm of wide community planning and development that works 210 railroad ties. Two cattle crossings were also in- to preserve a greenbelt along the length of the river in the stalled to control animal access. interest of water quality improvements and community beautification. U] Year Three: 300 Willow Tree seedlings were planted to stabilize the stream banks. Lackawanna County has been a principal supporter and sponsor of the River Corridor Association's efforts. The borough-owned land is open to the public for Not only did the County Regional Planning Commission recreational opportunities. The site will be used as a contribute considerable staff time and financing to the demonstration project for other groups interested in development of the Master Plan, but it will also be a full developing similar adopt-a-stream programs. participant in carrying out the recommendations it con- Funding assistance in the amount of $15,000 was tains. In addition, the county has pledged $15,000 to the provided in grant funds from the State Conservation Association's $300,000 private fundraising campaign to Commission and the Federal Agricultural Stabilization begin implementing the restoration of the Lackawanna and Conservation Service. River. Contact: Craig R. Morgan, District Manager Contact: Harry Lindsay Schuylkill County Lackawanna County Conservation District Regional Planning Commission Fairlane Village Mall 200 Adams Avenue Route 61-N Scranton, PA 18503 Pottsville, PA 17901 (717) 963-6826 (717) 429-1744 Borough of Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, and Fairfax County, Virginia Schuylkill County Conservation District Department of Environmental Management The Schuylkill County Conservation District in coop- Fairfax County's Water Supply Protection Overlay eration with the Borough of Pine Grove recently "adopted" District program was initiated through a zoning ordi- a one mile section of a local stream to alleviate stream nance amendmentaimedatprotectingthe waterquality bank erosion and nutrient pollution. in a major drinking water reservoir using non-point source pollution controls. Protecting the Little Swatara Creek in the Borough of Pine Grove in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania was an In the Occoquan watershed, new development above important goal of both the borough and the conservation a density of one dwelling per five acres must provide district when the district adopted a portion of the creek to stormwater best management practices that are suffi- make substantial water quality improvements. cient to reduce phosphorous runoff from subject prop- As a subset of the state's Adopt-a-Stream program, erties by 50% from uncontrolled post-development the conservation district undertook a multiple year pro- conditions. gram for stream restoration. In addition, the notification of use, storage, treat- ment, and disposal of hazardous materials for new de- velopment in the overlay district is required. 32 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring Significant staff resources were needed for the devel- O Restoration of eroding shoreline opment of these controls and the review of site plans. J Reduce transport of sediment The monitoring and maintenance of BMPs has in- O Improve habitat creased the cost to the county who funds the program EI Provide recreation opportunities through the Department of Environmental Management budget. A county consultant aided in development of the Plan, developing an "Erosion Potential Index" to deter- Contact: John Friedman mine existing conditions, problems and remedies. The Special Projects Branch Index used Hurricane winds, ordinary winds, and boat Department of Environmental wakes to classify the impacts of the river and stream Management currents on surrounding shoreline. Fairfax County Quantification of the results of the Index enabled the 4050 Legato Rd. county to target 63 shoreline sites requiring vegetation Fairfax, Va 22033 and 29 sites needing structural retrofits to buffer erosion (703) 246-1700 impacts. From those, the county chose 8 shoreline site demonstration projects, requiring $500,000 in funding from the county, state and EPA. Baltimore County Future plans focus on the Department implementing Department of Environmental Protection a matching grant program to provide funding for land- and Resource Management owners willing to provide shoreline enhancements that adhere to the county guidelines. The Baltimore County, Maryland Shoreline Enhance- ment program aids public and private landowners in Contact: Candy Szbad efforts to reduce erosion and barriers to navigation. Dpt. of Environmental Protection and Resource Management Facing mounting development-related problems in- Baltimore County cluding severe erosion and sediment run-off into Balti- Courts Building more County's rivers and streams lead the county to Towson, Maryland 21204 develop a shoreline enhancement program for landown- (301) 887-3733 ers. To assist in protecting its 1,000 miles of rivers and streams, and 175 miles of Chesapeake Bay shoreline, the county set four major goals as part of the program: Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 33 Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring Union County, Pennsylvania James City County, Virginia Planning Department Division of Code Compliance Union County, Pennsylvania entered into a coopera- In efforts to protect the watershed and water supply tive agreement with three of its municipalities to develop reservoir on Ware Creek, James City County estab- a comprehensive watershed protection and manage- lished an overlay districtprogram aspart of its zoning ment plan for Bull Run. ordinance. The Bull Run watershed is one of the most densely James City County amended its zoning ordinance to populated and fastest growing areas in Union County. includeanoverlaydistricttoprotectthewatershedofthe In an attempt to protect the water quality of this impor- new reservoir. Within the overlay district, all develop- tant tributary to the Susquehanna River, Union County, ment projects are required to construct stormwater ponds Lewisburg Borough, East Buffalo Township, and Buf- or infiltration trenches which successfully retain at least falo Township began an extensive study of the water- the first inch of runoff from any impervious surface for shed resources. The study includes: infiltration and also reduce suspended solids by 75%. All costs incurred for construction and ongoing main- O Development of a database cataloguing existing tenance of control measures are born by the developer. landuses; Administration, plan review and enforcement for the program is provided by the Division of Code Compli- O Investigation of watershed hydrology and soil condi- ance under their normal operating costs. tions; Contact: Darryl Cook O Assessment and mapping of existing stormwater Division of Code Compliance management facilities; James City County P.O. Box JC O Recommendations to improve stormwater manage- Williamsburg, Virginia ment capabilities; and (804) 253-6673 O- Development of model stormwater management and watershed protection ordinances for use by the three Yoe Borough, Pennsylvania municipalities. Borough Council The findings of the study will be compiled into a The need to address a severe streamside erosion comprehensive management plan by the county and problem lead the Yoe Borough Council to contract for submitted to the municipalities for approval. the design and development ofgabion walls as a streamside The program is financed through a 75% state contri- protection measure. bution which amounts to approximately $66,000, and a 25% contribution by Union County of $22,000. The In order to protect against a sever streamside erosion municipalities' contribution consists of in-kind services problem, the Borough of Yoe contracted for the design such as planning staff and facilities. Over the next 10 and construction of streamside improvements. Gabion years, Union County plans to develop similar manage- walls were constructed on both sides of Mill Creek, a ment and protection programs in each of the county's tributary to the Codorus Creek and Susquehanna River. watersheds. The creek flows through the residential area of the borough, and was eroding citizens' yards, and adjacent Contact: Fred Wilder, Planner commercial space, while contributing a large sediment Union County load to the watershed. 610 Fairground Rd. A grant from the York County Planning Commission Lewisburg, PA 17837 enabled the borough to conduct a three-stage program (717) 523-6320 over a period of six years to install the erosion protection measures. One quarter of a mile on both sides of the 34 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring stream were included in the project at a cost between extensive data needed to improve watershedprotection $23,600 and $30,000. Contractor costs included addi- and local water quality. tional erosion control measures, as well as corridor re- seeding. The Anne Arundel County citizen monitoring pro- gram ties into an extensive network of volunteer moni- Contact: Ronald Crull, Council President tors who periodically test the water quality of the Che- Yoe Borough sapeake Bay and its tributaries. Estuarine tributaries to 150 North Maple Street the Chesapeake Bay are monitored by volunteers at ap- Yoe, PA 17313-1110 proximately 130 stations. They measure parameters (717) 244-5904 such as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, depth and water Prince William County, Virginia Public Works Department Prince William County's Watershed Management Program is being developed to control the hydrologic impacts of development and encourage protection of natural resources. Prince William County began to study its regional watersheds to address potential stormwater manage- ment, flood control, water quality, and erosion/sedi- mentation impacts. At present, only one area is being examined, how- ever, the aim of the program is to look at each of the wa- tersheds in the county. The findings within each wa- tershed will establish program standards and combine several state and federal water resource regulations into one comprehensive watershed management program. The study is being financed by developer and county temperature while also recording air temperature, cur- funds. Additional funding will be needed to begin study rent weather conditions and rainfall. Each volunteer is of other watersheds. Legislation will be required to provided with an extensive manual to be used for guid- establish stormwater utilities and other forms of hydro- ance in their monitoring. logic controls. The county program has been very successful in its attempts to provide necessary data while educating citi- Printact WilliamndoPasqun zens. The volunteer monitors provide an additional 4361PRidgewill Counter Driveeducational resource as they share their knowledge and 4361ridge Cncer Drill i am VA2219expertisewiththeircommunityandworkplace. Thedata Prince7William,3VA 22 19-53707 collected by the volunteers has been valuable in creating a baseline, as well as a way to analyze long-term water quality trends. The program is completely county fi- nanced. Anne Arundel County, MD Office of Planning & Zoning Contact: Patricia Haddon Office of Planning & Zoning The county created the Citizen's Water Quality Moni- Of of 2700 P.O. Box 2700 toring program to get citizens actively involved in Annapolis, MD 21404 environmental matters, educate them about the com- plexities of water quality management, and gather the Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 35 Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring Fairfax County, Virginia feet of additional buffer; Health Department-Environmental Services O Development of a management plan that targets both The Fairfax County Adopt-a-Stream program en- development and agricultural activities for BMP's (this courages school, scouting and neighborhoodgroups to may soon include hiring a county extension agent to "adopt" and maintain local stream segments. work specifically with the agricultural community); Groups participating in Fairfax County's Adopt-A-Stream program decide the best management tech- niques for protecting local streams. Stream conservation activities may include litter removal, monitoring of activities that may impact the stream, or intensive public aware- ness campaigns. The program was initiated in response to requests for better public environmental awareness. It has been successful in accomplishing this goal and has also provided the Environmental Services staff with extra eyes in the field for reporting possible pollution sources. The program is supported through county funds. Contact: Dennis A. Hill 10777 Main Street lO Implementation of 7 parameter water quality monitor- Suite 102B ing in the county's watersheds before the expected in- Fairfax, Va 22030 crease in development pressures; and (703) 246-2201 O Establishment of a county-wide land trust to secure land within the designated Resource Protection District Charles County, Maryland and in other sensitive areas through easements. Department of Planning & Growth Management The program establishes a substantial protection area In response to citizen and government concerns over and provides a comprehensive management tool to guide thepotential loss of valuable natural resources andaes- development in an environmentally sound manner. The theticsalongcounty waterways, Charles County, Mary- protection requirements will be applied within the sub- land developed a Stream Valley Management and Pro- division approval process. The county also hopes to sup- tection Program that focuses on controlling land use plement its land trust efforts through the Maryland En- practices and sediment loading to local streams. vironmental Trust. The Charles County Stream Valley Management and Contact: Kevin Kirby, Environmental Planner Protection Program is based on a four point action Charles County Dept. of Planning & strategy which includes the following components: Growth Management Post Office Box B O Identification of a Resource Protection District that La Plata, MD 20646 includes the stream valley floodplains, wetlands, and 75 (301) 645-0590 36 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Watershed Protection, Restoration, and Monitoring Baltimore Regional Council of Governments, and the state to reduce phosphorous inputs to the reser- Maryland voirs and to prevent increases in phosphorous and sediment loadings. Specific phosphorous reduction In an attempt toprotect a major reservoir system, the goals are set for each of the three reservoirs and a Baltimore Regional Council of Governments has en- committee of local, regional and state water quality tered into a cooperative watershed action program. experts monitors activities in the watershed. Despite population and employment increases in the watershed, The Baltimore Water Supply System provides water minor phosphorous reductions have been achieved. to over 1.5 million people in the metropolitan area. Specific accomplishments include: Three reservoirs, located in Baltimore and Carroll Counties are used to provide water to Baltimore City, significant O Upgrading the quality of effluent from two waste portions of Baltimore, Anne Arundel and Howard Counties water treatment plants, as well as a small area of Carroll County. In order to protect these reservoirs the local governments, along O Preparation of 1,200 soil conservation plans and with the Baltimore Regional Council, the Soil Conser- installation of 1,500 agricultural improvement prac- vation Districts, and the State of Maryland have adopted tices, an Action Strategy for the Reservoir Watersheds. A watershed protection agreement, adopted in 1984 O Installation of sewers and improved sewage pump and reaffirmed in 1990, pledges the local governments maintenance in key areas, UO Elimination of indus- trial phosphorous dis- charges, Cl Denial of requests for ..... p- ~ - ~ increased development in the watershed, /[ Establishment ofvege- I~[' i .a i /- !~d l - tated stream buffer poli- B cies, and Cea k B Improved stormwater management facilities. The efforts will con- tinue and be strengthened where necessary to meet z~ ~ the nutrient reduction goals. Contact:Phil Clayton, Director Development Division Baltimore Regional COG 2225 North Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218 (301) 554-5617 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 37 Wetlands Wetlands oversight on Corps of Engineer's permit decisions which may potentially violate state clean water laws. The For local govern- states have also enacted wetlands legislation of their ments, wetlands and own, establishing permit systems that provide for the related land use is- mitigation of net loss of wetlands, and move toward a net -- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~sues have moved to resource gain. Regulations under Pennsylvania's Dam the front of those en- Safety and Encroachment Act, Maryland's Nontidal vironmental initia- Wetlands Act, and the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preser- tives demanding the vation Act in particular, significantly add to the regula- attention of local de- tory framework designed to protect the region's wet- cision makers. lands. At the core of Much of wetlands regulatory work has coincided these issues is the with the Chesapeake Bay Executive Council's goal to recent trend toward "Provide for the restoration and protection of the living ''ino net loss" of resources, their habitats and ecological relationships" wetlands and its made in the 1987 Bay Agreement. To achieve that goal effect on local plan- the Council agreed to ''develop a Bay-wide policy for ning and land use the protection of tidal and nontidal wetlands" by De- decisions. President cember 1988. The Council's approved WetlandsPolicy, - ~~~Bush's no not loss followed by a Wetlands Policy Implementation Plan, is pledge in the 1988 leading to a regional effort to identify major strengths, presidential cam- weaknesses, and gaps in existing programs, and provide paign is an attempt recommended actions. to halt the national Area local governments provide a direct link to land ~~~~~~ ~~~~loss of nearly use regulation, and therefore to wetlands impacts. Their 460,000 wetland acres per year. The no net loss plan understanding of wetlands regulations and interaction implies that new wetlands must be created, or degraded with other wetlands protection measures is an essential wetlands restored to compensate for wetland loss. element of meeting the no-net loss goal. With this pledge has come a wave of increasing A number of the region's local agencies have adopted scrutiny by state and federal agencies of wetlands initia- programs at the local level that directly impact wetlands tives and regulatory and enforcement programs. The preservation and regulatory understanding. These pro- current regulatory framework is to say the least -- grams include: diverse. Local plans impacting wetlands in cases of development, including roads, general construction, and infrastructure, have lead the region's local agencies James City County, Virginia scrambling to find streamlined answers to a complex Department of Development Management regulatory issue. Current federal wetlands regulations are admini- The county pro gram provides for acquisition of wet- stered by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the En- lands and buffer areas within the Powhatan Creek wa- vironmental Protection Agency under Section 404 of the tershed that are threatened by development. Clean Water Act of 1972. The section deals with Permits for Dredged or Fill Material and requires that The County's Conservation Area Program was cre-t permits be obtained from the Corps for the discharge of ated as part of the County's Environmental Protection dredged and fill materials into the waters of the United Fund, designed to protect non-tidal wetlands and other States. Although the word "wetland" does not appear significant areas that are not protected by federal, state in the Act, the courts have significantly broadened the or local ordinances. definition of United State waters to include them. In 1986, the county hired a summer intern to conduct In addition, the states have assumed wetlands regula- a watershed study and identify specific issues that the tory roles as well, primarily under Section 410 of the county should address and geographic areas of concern Clean Water Act granting power to the states to provide that the county should consider for acquisition (acquisi- 38 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Wetlands tion could occur either through purchase or donation West Lampeter Township, Pennsylvania through landowner conservation easements). These included numerous archaeologic sites, habitats for two WestLampeter Township developedits Wetlandsand rare and endangered plant species, and two great blue Natural Habitat Studies program to ensure that envi- heron rookeries. ronmentally sensitive areas were identified for protec- County funds in the amount of $100,000 were set tion during development projects. aside to finance the land acquisitions. However, with outstanding citizen participation, the county has been To obtain a development or rezoning permit for resi- able to save its allocation since many area landowners dential land use projects over 20 lots, West Lampeter have been willing to donate the space through conserva- Township requires that landowners contract to have a tion easements. Wetlands and Natural Habitats Study conducted on their property. Developers most often use consultants Contact: James C. Dawson, from Millersville University who are recommended by Environmental Engineer the township. James City County The developer also supplies financing for the town- P.O. Box JC ship to conduct a similar study of the property. When Williamsburg, VA 23187 both studies are completed, they are merged and pre- (804) 258-6671 pared for use in the planning process. If sensitive areas are identified in the studies, the township can require the developer to avoid them in his development plans in Anne Arundel County, Maryland order to obtain permit approval. Office of Planning & Zoning The Wetlands and Natural Habitat Studies program has provided the township with a strong and valuable TheEmergent GrassesProgram was developedto re- tool for protecting its natural resources. All financing establish emergent aquatic vegetation in localBay estu- for the program is provided by the developer. aries by providing wetlands plants for shoreline stabi- lization, beautification, habitat enhancement andwater Contact: Lois Hart quality. West Lampeter Township 852 Village Rd. In Anne Arundel County, citizens may obtain up to P.O. Box 237 $2000 worth of plants or other materials through the Lampeter, Pennsylvania County's Environmental Grant Program. In return for (717) 464-3731 "matching funds" in the form of community volunteer time or planting tools, the county provides project plan- ning, design, and evaluation. County personnel also Southeastern Virginia supervise the planting projects and instruct volunteers in Planning District Commission planting techniques. To date, over 10,000 square feet (1/4 acre) of grasses In order to provide the citizens of Southeastern Vir- have been planted through this program. Grants are ginia with timely information on wetlands regulation available for both community and private projects. The the Southeastern Planning District Commission devel- program costs the county $13,000 per year in staff time oped two publications discussing wetlands regulations in addition to the cost of the planting projects. and their implications within the region. Contact: Patricia Haddon In recent years, wetlands protection has become a top A.A. Co. Planning and Zoning priority in federal, state and local regulations. Because P.O. Box 2700 much of Southeastern Virginia's lands are wetlands, the Annapolis, MD 21401 Southeastern Virginia Planning District Commission (301) 222-7441 published two documents to assist the public in under- Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 39 Wetlands O An investigation of the long-run impacts of wetlands regulations, including: Economic Implications of Wetlands Regulations / Impactonlandprices, in Southeastern / Transfer of wealth, Virgini a / Regional cost of living, i;-.�, ..:A; v / Home prices and affordablity, , y~ier! r/,{~,5 /7 Local government revenues, / Impact on regional construction industry, Opportunity cost of development. The report was funded through the Southeastern Vir- ginia Planning District Commission's budget under the FY '89-'90 Work Program. Contact: John Carlock, Chief Physical Planner SVPDC 723 Woodlake Drive Chesapeake, VA 23320 (804) 420-8300 Bradford County Conservation District, PA Prepared by te Southeastern Virginia Planning District Comrnmissrn April 1990. The Bradford County Conservation Districtprovides landowners with wetland delineation services and as- standing wetlands regulations and their affect on the sists in the permit application process for anyone who community. suspects theirproperty may contain, and whose activi- The first of these publications, "The Value of Wet- ties would impact wetlands. lands," explains various wetlands values and functions, as well as regulatory and permitting initiatives. It serves A need to avoid disturbance of sensitive wetland as a comprehensive introduction to the wetlands issues areas, while guiding confused landowners through the for citizens within the region by describing wetland federal and state permitting process, lead the Conserva- values and the hazards associated with unwise develop- tion District to provide remote sensing services. On-site ment. It also explains the regulatory system and permit identification of wetlands using soil survey maps, NWI process and identifies a number of technical assistance (National Wetlands Inventory) maps, and the Federal sources for citizens and developers. Production of this Delineation Manual are also utilized. report was financed through Commission funds and a Due to confusion concerning regulations and permit- grant from the VA Council on the Environment. ting, this program has been heavily utilized by landown- The second document, "Economic Implications of ers and farmers. It has been an extremely valuable tool Wetlands Regulations in Southeastern Virginia, " pro- for those interested in any type of development. The vides citizens and local governments with insight into program is funded by the state and county governments the costs and benefits of protecting the region's abun- and is implemented by existing district staff. dant wetlands. The Commission's study provides: Contact: Michael Lovegreen Bradford County O Background on the values of wetland resources; Conservation District O Information on existing legislation to preserve and R.R. #5, Box 5030-C protect wetlands; Towanda, PA 18848 O An assessment of the economics of wetlands; and (717) 265-5539 40 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Nutrient Management Nutrient Management rectly impacting these local sub-watersheds are eventu- ally impacting the quality of the Bay. Local govern- ments are becoming increasingly aware of these relationships and are taking steps to address unwanted nutrient inputs into local rivers and streams. �a�~ ~ Of particular importance to lo- cal agencies are nutrients entering local waterways from nonpoint nonpoint sources contribute ap- proximately 67 percent of the 146.3 million pounds of nitrogen and 39 percent of the 13.8 million pounds of phosphorus reaching the Bay -, ;~:(estimates are based on average The signatories to the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agree- year loadings). ment committed to the development and adoption of "a Through local ordinances and environmental man- basin-wide strategy to equitably achieve by the year agement programs local governments are working to 2000 at least a 40 percent reduction of nitrogen and manage nutrients. Several of these programs are in- phosphorus entering the mainstem of the Chesapeake cluded in the following pages. Bay" by July 1988. In addition, they committed to a reevaluation of this 40 percent reduction target by December 1991. Juniata County, Pennsylvania This July 1988 Baywide Nutrient Reduction Strategy Planning Commission assesses one of the most critical elements effecting the quality and future health of the Bay -- excess nutrients. Juniata County, PennsylvaniaestablishedanAnimal The Strategy states that "water quality investigations Waste Storage andNutrient Management Ordinance to and living resource assessments conducted by EPA and provide a method for managing the effects of intensive the states since before 1970 have demonstrated that the agriculturalpractices and by-products that impact local Chesapeake Bay ecosystem is deteriorating, and that waterways within the county andultimately the Chesap- high levels of nutrient inputs are a major cause of these eake Bay. trends. Excessive amounts of nutrients, primarily phos- phorus and nitrogen, continue to enter the Chesapeake The county's Animal Waste Storage and Nutrient Bay system from a variety of sources: municipal and Management Ordinance was developed to: industrial point source discharges, nonpoint source runoff from agricultural and urban areas, and atmospheric El Minimize public health hazards by protecting deposition. groundwater supplies; Scientific research, monitoring, and modelling now relate these excessive levels of nutrients to many of the UO Provide guidance for proper manure management and Bay's water quality and living resource problems. Excess utilization of recommended construction practices for nutrients promote excessive levels of algae, which in manure storage facilities; turn cause problems of aesthetics, low dissolved oxygen concentrations, reductions in the amount of light reach- O Assure that prime agricultural land will remain pro- ing submerged aquatic plants, and shifts to algal species ductive through environmentally sound agricultural prac- that do not support desirable aquatic life." tices; There are more than 150 rivers and streams flowing into the Bay, draining a 64,000 square mile watershed. O Inform farm operators who do not follow the practices Agricultural and other land management practices di- set forth in the ordinance that they may be in violation Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 41 Nutrient Management of state and federal pollution control laws. Management Technician. County funds are supple- mented with a $5 permit fee paid by applicants. The ordinance requires all farmers wishing to install or construct an animal waste storage facility after July Contact: Sid Freyermuth 1990 to submit design plans for the facility to the Juniata Planning Commission county's Nutrient Management Technician for approval. Courthouse Annex Approval is dependent on the facilities compliance with P.O. Box 68 state manure management regulations. Mifflintown, PA 17059 In addition, farmers must submit a Nutrient Manage- (717) 436-8991, Ext. 241 ment Plan which includes: O The number of poultry or livestock to be raised, Warwick Township, Pennsylvania Township Administration O Amount of manure to be applied as fertilizer, The Warwick Township Nutrient Management ordi- O The acreage over which it will be spread, and nance aims to reduce nitrate pollution of local ground- water supplies through the regulation of all farms ex- O The crops that will be grown in this area. panding their operations. With this information, the technician calculates the A recently adopted ordinance in Warwick Township, effective amount of nutrients removable by the crops. If Pennsylvania was designed to address the link between the farmer's plan is found to contain nutrient excesses, nutrient pollution and the Chesapeake Bay. the farmer must demonstrate a method of disposing of Poultry and livestock operations wishing to expand the excess wastes in a manner which does not pollute must submit: local water resources. Enforcement of the requirements is carried out by the technician. Fines for violations O A manure management plan which demonstrates that range from $100-$1000. there is sufficient land to spread the additional manure Farms in existence before the effective date of the resulting from increased livestock operations. ordinance are subject to the requirements of the ordi- nance only if they are found by DER to be significantly O A scaled map showing existing structures or field polluting water resources. The program requires no where manure will be stored or applied. additional funding beyond the salary of the Nutrient O A written Soil Conservation Nutrients Flowing into the Bay Farm Plan prepared for the land on which manure is to be stored 80 Nonpoint Source Nirogen r Nonpoin Source Phosphorus 1or applied. Point Source Nitrogen E Point Source Phosphorus - 8 If the plan is found to suffi- 60- _ ~. ciently control potential nutrient _DS . runoff and pollution, a permit is issued for a fee of $20. The :~ , 40- .ro ,o 40- Eli �penalty for violation of the 4 E Warwick manure ordinance is a ._ -/& g _ v Afine not exceeding $600. A 30- 2 -2 day jail sentence may be im- O ; / / X Xposed if the fine is not paid. The ordinance, implemented �PA MD c VA PA MD D VA in December of 1988 resulted in the regulation of six farm expan- Source: The State of the Chesapeake Bay: Third Biennial Monitoring Report - 1989 sions within the township. It has 42 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Nutrient Management nance amendment, adopted in 1987, requires all new animal operations to develop an animal waste manage- ment plan. The plans must include the farmers intended method and area of manure spreading and storage. All plans must be approved by the Environmental Health Officer, the University of Maryland Extension Service and the Soil Conservation District. The require- ment is enforced by the Planning Office. The University of Maryland Extension Service provides technical assis- tance, however, all enforcement and administration is county financed. Contact: Gail Webb Owings Kent County Court House Chestertown, MD 21620 (301) 778-4600 also been instrumental in providing the township with a tool to control serious pollution problems from existing Lebanon County, Pennsylvania farming operations. The program is financed com- Planning Department pletely with township funds and permitting fees. Although farms that were expanded before the new With the help ofapublic-privatepartnership, Leba- ordinance are exempted, established farms can be forced non County farmers are developing an ecologically to comply with the management requirements of the sound method for field disposal of manure. ordinance if DER finds the operation to be a serious source of nutrient pollution. Lebanon County, Pennsylvania is developing a com- mercial scale composting facility, located north of the Contact: Robert Smith, Manager City of Lebanon at an existing landfill site, to provide an Warwick Township alternative for treating animal manure from county farm 315 Clay Rd. operations. The facility, designed to deal primarily P.O. Box 308 with hog manure, will consume 50 tons of manure per Lititz, PA 17543 day along with 50 tons of Lebanon's solid waste stream (717) 626-8900 (used as a carbon source and bulking agent). The initial idea and support for manure composting came from the Lebanon County Conservation District Kent County, MD that studied, among other things, the marketability of Planning & Health Departments, Extension Service the compost. The Lebanon County Commissioners, and and Soil Conservation Service the Greater Lebanon Refuse Authority have also taken an active role in the program. Efforts to control extensive farming practices and Once completed, the total project cost will be $2.7 manage manure by-products lead Kent County, Mary- million, of which most would be provided through land to insert a manure management requirement into private funds from Composting, Inc. The Pennsylvania the existing county planning regulations. Department of Environmental Resources assistance would represent approximately $150,000 of the project's cost. Motivated by siting proposals made by several large animal farming operations within Kent County, a local Contact: Russel St. Clair Agricultural Committee and county officials called for Lebanon County Planning Dept. a manure management requirement to be included in the 400 South 8th Street existing county planning ordinance. The resulting ordi- Lebanon, PA 17042 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 43 Household Hazardous Waste Disposal Household Hazardous Waste tenance aids. EPA has recognized that some household products pose a potential threat to the environment and Disposal community if they are treated as an acceptable compo- nent of normal municipal waste. These substances are not included in EPA's regulation of other hazardous wastes, however, in order to pinpoint household substances that warrant particular con- cern, EPA has laid out characteristics which identify a product as a household _ hazardous waste (HHW). These charac- teristics include: ignitability, corrosiv- ity, reactivity, and toxicity. Although EPA has no specific program which addresses HHW, they have encouraged and endorsed state and local HHW pro- grams. HHWs can be found on the same shelves as non-hazardous items, how- ever, when treated in the same manner ii~ ~~'by consumers, they have the potential to adversely effect both human health and In an attempt to prevent the pollution and toxic deg- the environment. Many of these impacts are avoided by radation of local waterways, local governments through- consulting the product label for use and storage informa- out the Bay watershed have begun to look much closer tion. However, the labels often fail to address the issue to home for the source of hazardous pollutants. In the of disposal. past, industrial, or point sources, have been targeted as Due to ignorance or lack of a better option, many the hazardous waste "bad guys." Large scale industry citizens dispose of their HHWby dumping it in the trash, polluters are easily recognizable and the affects of their down the drain, or in their yard. What they may not toxic emissions more immediately visible. However, as realize is that these methods of disposal directly contrib- local officials have come to realize, industry discharge ute to dangerous toxic pollution. According to a pam- is not the only way that hazardous wastes can enter phlet put out by Concern Inc., an information clearing- water resources. Toxics are reaching local water sup- house for environmental issues, HHW thrown into the plies through non-point sources as well. trash can cause a number of different problems. "Dur- Although quantities of hazardous substances in an in- ing the compaction process, in the truck, or at the dividual home may seem negligible, the improper dis- landfill most containers will break, and their liquid posal of these products by the combined citizenry of a contents will eventually leach into the groundwater." locality can deliver a significant amount of hazardous Furthermore, HHW that is sent to municipal incinera- materials to both surface and ground waters. Multiplied tors will generate both toxic gases and toxic ash which by all the communities and waterways in the watershed, contribute to degraded air quality. a seemingly small amount of toxics released into local Trash collectors and landfill operators are also at risk water sources becomes a substantial dose for the Bay to from fires, explosions, and leakage of toxic materials. absorb. In fact, the combined toxic contributions from When HHW is poured down the drain it goes to either a households may be of greater detriment to the Bay and septic tank or a public sewer system. In a septic tank, the its tributaries than some point source polluters. toxics can destroy organisms which are essential to the breaking down of wastes. The toxics then pass into the Definming Household Hazardous Wastes soil and groundwater unchanged. Treatment plants that Hazardous substances are an integral part of modern receive HHWs through public sewers may not be equipped life. They can be found throughout most homes in the to deal with them and the toxics will be discharged to form of cleaning products, paints and automobile main- surface waters and drinking water supplies. 44 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Household Hazardous Waste Disposal Overview of Local Household Hazardous Waste Collection Programs Nationwide, as well as in the watershed, local gov- ernments have lead the way in providing a solution to the problem of HHW disposal. They have recognized l that in order to protect their resources and their citizens they must provide methods for citizen education and action. 1. Education: Education is the first step in reducing the amount of HHW being released into waterways. Smaller munici- palities who lack the funds to initiate a more costly program have found that educating their residents about HHW is effective in generating positive action. Informed residents are less likely to purchase products that they know are hazardous, and when they do choose to use them, they act more responsibly when disposing of them. In many cases, enough community concern is generated through public education that the local government sees a need for a broader program. 2. Collection Proeram Develonment: : :: Although each locality will encounter unique consid- erations in developing a program, there are a number of essential steps and issues which must be carefully examined by all local governments planning to go be- lection or storage is occurring after day light, there yond a one-day pilot collection. The following informa- should be security and lighting facilities. The site must tion was condensed from the "Summary of the Second also have impervious ground (cement or black top is National Conference on Household Hazardous Waste best), phone facilities, and a shelter. Management" which was put together by The Center for Environmental Management at Tufts University. O Selecting a Contractor When making this decision, it is important to shop 3. HHW Issues & Recommendations: around. Contractors may differ considerably in their O Finding a Sponsor fees, experience and services offered. Once a compat- The possibilities for HHW program sponsors are end- ible company is found, the sponsor agency should be less; no one entity is the best. Local agencies that have sure that all responsibilities are identified and specifi- sponsored events in the past have included: County/ cally delegated to either the company or the agency. Local Health Departments, Fire Departments, Public Confusion during the program implementation can be Works/Sanitation Departments, Regional Planning both costly and dangerous. Agencies, Solid Waste/Wastewater Managers and Town Planners. There are also organizations in the private E1 Looking at Costs sector who may be willing to cooperate with local Cost of the program will be heavily dependent on the governments in sponsoring a program. contractor fees. Other factors impacting costs include: distance to hazardous waste disposal facilities; the amount O Selecting a Site and type of waste collected; type of program initiated Proper site selection is crucial for a safe and success- (day events or on-going) and the amount spent on public ful program. A good site should be accessible and in a education and publicity. well known location with low volume traffic. If any col- Small municipalities may be able to cut costs by Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 45 Household Hazardous Waste Disposal jointly sponsoring a regional program or holding sepa- Anne Arundel County, Maryland rate collections of a single waste type so that one Bureau of Solid Waste company can be contracted to collect the wastes from each site. Using this plan, the costs of hauling from each In order to provide a way for residents to properly site are decreased since the contractor makes only one dispose of their household hazardous waste, AnneArundel trip to the disposal facility. Remember that pricing is not County sponsors Household Hazardous Waste Drop- the bottom line; safety and efficiency are crucial. Al- Off Days each year for their citizens though the costs of a program may be high, the cost of cutting corners or not addressing HHW disposal at all In Anne Arundel County, Maryland residents are no- may be even greater. tified of the household hazardous waste drop-off events through newspapers, radio, television and flyers. On the O Publicity designated day, citizens are encouraged to bring their Publicity and education can make or break a program. wastes to sites selected by the County's Public Works Before any actual collection is done, citizens need to be Department. The sites are chosen on the basis of made aware of what HHW is and why they should convenience and safety. participate in the program. The community can be Anne Arundel County contracts with a reputable educated through speakers at local organization meet- hazardous waste hauling company, responsible for staff- ings, pamphlets delivered door-to-door, and inclusion ing the site on collection days, and classification, pack- ofa HHW unit in schoolcurriculums. In addition, news- ing and disposal of all waste received. The program was papers, magazines, newsletters, radio, television and initiated due to citizen concern for the environment and flyers can be used for general information or publicizing has been successful in keeping a percentage of hazard- a specific collection program. Private organizations ous materials out of the municipal landfill. may be willing to sponsor this aspect of the program. Over 1000 households participated in the county's most recent event. The collection and disposal of the o Liability 113,030 lbs. of hazardous materials received cost the Collection program sponsors can be liable in two ways. county $167,000, financed through budgetary appro- The first is liability for a transportation accident and the priations under the Solid Waste Enterprise Fund. spilling of containerized waste. In this case both the sponsor and the contractor may be held liable. Liability Contact: Amy Burdick may also occur if the HHW is taken to a hazardous waste Anne Arundel County management facility which was later classified as an Bureau of Solid Waste EPA Superfund site. Anyone setting up a program 389 Burns Crossing Rd. should take an indepth look at potential liabilities before Severn, MD 21144 implementation. (301) 222-6103 Proper disposal of HHW is an issue with the potential to effect the health and environmental resources of every Fairfax County, Virginia community in the Bay watershed. Although the costs Fire and Rescue Department and efforts of disposal are high, controlling the impacts of improper disposal may be even higher. The Fairfax County, Virginia program aims to re- Local governments throughout the watershed are al- duce the disposal of toxics in the county landfill by ready implementing household hazardous waste collec- providing on-going collection of household hazardous tion and disposal programs. Several examples are waste at designated sites. included: The Household Hazardous Waste Disposal program in Fairfax County, Virginia utilizes trained county Fire Department employees to staff the collection site using county-purchased equipment and supplies. Residents may bring their household hazardous waste 46 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Household Hazardous Waste Disposal to two convenient locations on four Saturdays a month. Total cost for purchase of the wheels was approxi- At the collection site, the waste is identified, packaged mately $325, financed through general borough funds. and stored in a safe facility until it is picked up by a contracted hazardous waste hauler. Contact: Walter LeMunyon The program is financed through general county reve- c/o New Salem Borough nues with a projected FY 1991 budget of $633,000. P.O. Box 243 New Salem, PA 17371 Contact: David Duncan (717) 751-3580 Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department 4031 University Dr. Arlington County, Virginia Fairfax, Va 22030 Public Works - Water Pollution Control Division (703) 246-4386 To meet the needs of citizens for adequate methods of waste disposal, Arlington County, Virginia provides New Salem Borough, Pennsylvania ongoing collection of household hazardous waste at its Water Pollution Control Plant. This program aims to keep toxics out of the local waste stream and waterways by educating borough residents Residents of Arlington County are provided with an of the presence of hazardous toxic wastes in the home opportunity to make an appointment with the pollution and informing them of safe disposal methods for these control plant chemist during business hours on week- substances. days and on the first Saturday of each month to drop off household hazardous waste. The wastes are then clas- New Salem Borough de- sified by the plant chemist, veloped a "grass-roots" edu- properly stored, and peri- cation program to inform resi- odically shipped to a licensed dents of the important issue of hazardous waste disposal household hazardous waste and facility. its proper disposal. The edu- The program is designed cational initiative included to reduce the amount of toxic local Council members deliv- materials entering the ering a "Household Hazard- county's solid waste stream. ous Waste Wheel" (pictured) - This reduces both risks to door-to-door to each home collection personnel and to within the borough. handlers during the inciner- The wheels, provided by ating process at the county's the York County Solid Waste waste-to-energy facility. Authority detail information Current program fund- including: ing, including efforts to in- crease the publicity for the fl Determination of which program among residents, is through the County's products are considered household hazardous waste; Utilities Fund at a level of $35,000. O} Hazardous ingredients contained in various products; Contact: Tanya Spano, Process Engineer Arlington County C3 Alternatives to using the toxic product; and Water Pollution Control Division 3401 South Glebe Road Instructions for disposing of the household hazardous Arlington, VA 22207 waste (703) 358-6820 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 47 Household Hazardous Waste Disposal Household Hazardous Waste Collection Days are also sponsored by Prince William County, Virginia; the City of Alexandria, Virginia; Montgomery County, Maryland; Loudon County, Virginia; and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania among others. Each of these local entities holds JLEAN1-UP UAD several collection days annually to provide for the RAIN OR SHINE safe disposal of potential hazardous waste. Wastes are collected at a specified site, separated, then trans- AT MONTGOMERY ported to a federally or state licensed hazardous waste COUNTY'S a- WSOLID disposal facility. The focus of each program is to WASTE TRANSFER reduce hazardous materials from entering the munici- RouSTATION pal waste stream, and minimizing the dangers to Route 355 and Shady Grove Road collection employees. Sunda), September 13th Contacts: 1987 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Lynn Fass, Senior Sanitarian Prince William County Source: Montgomern Count). Mar'land. 9301 Lee Avenue Department of Environmental Protection Manassas, Virginia 22110 (703) 335-7341 York County, Pennsylvania Solid Waste & Refuse Authority Sam Navatta, Deputy Director Alexandria Department of Transportation and York County has provided its citizens with an annual Environmental Services household hazardous waste collection event since 1985. 301 King Street Due to on-going education andpublicity efforts, aware- Alexandria, Virginia 22314 ness and participation has increased each year. (703) 838-4488 The most recent event, held in October 1989 was Rob Montgomery attended by 775 citizens. The collection was held over Chief, Environmental Health a three day period in three different locations and was Loudon County Health Dept staffed by GSX, a contracted hazardous waste handling 209 Gibson Street, N.W. company. Although GSX was responsible for the han- Leesburg, Virginia 22075 dling and packaging of all wastes received, the local fire (703) 777-0234 departments were also on hand to direct traffic in and out of each facility. Montgomery County Dept. of Envtl. Protection The 1989 collection days cost the county approxi- Office of the Director mately $126,000, $125,000 of which was paid to GSX 101 Monroe Street for their services. The remaining $1,000 was spent for Room 627 publicity of the event. The program is funded through Rockville, MD 20850-2589 the York County Solid Waste Authority budget. Rachel Rosenzweig Contact: Mrs. Mary Jane Rodkey Lancaster County Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth. York County Solid Waste & 1299 Harrisburg Pike Refuse Authority Lancaster, Pennsylvania 2801-D N. George St. (717) 397-9968 York, PA 17402 (717) 845-1066 48 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Boating Pollutant Discharge Boating Pollutant Discharge o Finally, local officials have called attention to the fact that in those cases where disposal and "pumping out" of boater sewage is done properly, they may face result- ing dramatic increases-in loads to municipal systems. The issue is obviously not an easy one to address. Boaters, feel they have an access right to the Bay and would argue that overboard discharge of sewage should not present a problem to the Bay's several trillion gallons of water with strong dilution abilities. Others point out that the threshold of acceptable pollutants to the Bay may have already been crossed. The 1987 Bay agreement called for the elimination of pollution discharge from recreational boats into the Bay. Local involvement through requirements of adequate pump-out and treatment capabilities near marinas may be a large part of the effort designed to address the issue. Local, state and federal discussion about marina devel- opment requirements and access, increased state and A small city of several hundred thousand people is federal enforcement, and designation of "No Discharge floating daily on Chesapeake Bay waters during prime Zones" are being debated as part of the effort to restore boating days. Concern has been expressed that this the water quality of the Bay and curb the negative " fleet" is having a negative impact on the Bay's aquatic impacts of boating. resources, particularly on plant life and shellfish. Several local governments have developed programs The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay's May-June that address the issue of boating pollution through 1989 Citizen Report relies on estimates of two and one ordinances and other environmental programs. The half gallons of waste produced per person per day, following provide summaries of several of these: multiplied by several hundred thousand boats, to draw the conclusion that significant quantities of waste are Town of Cape Charles, Virginia dumped directly into the Bay, rivaling that of a large Town Manager sewage treatment plant. Boater discharges could be responsible for releasing over a million gallons of In an attempt to reduce the amount of pollution sewage per day into the Bay. reaching the Bay from boaters in the area, the Town of Local governments throughout the Bay region are ex- Cape Charles, Virginia provided for the installation of pressing concern about several facets of this issue. a boater sewage septage system at the town marina. O There is concern about the discharge of untreated As the host of the annual Governor's Cup fishing sewage from recreational and commercial boats directly tournament, Cape Charles has a high number of boats into the Chesapeake Bay, particularly around marinas that use its waterways and marina's. High boating near local beaches and public access points. This traffic can often mean degradation of local water quality sewage presents a health danger, including the presence from boater sewage discharge. Due to state and local of fecal coliform and viruses, to the living resources concern over this issue, the state recommended that within the Bay, as well as to the human population in the Cape Charles install an accessible boater sewage sep- Bay watershed. tage system. The facility is public and provides boaters with an opportunity to pump out sewage storage tanks O Secondly, concern has been expressed about the dis- rather than releasing these sewage pollutants into the charge of treatedsewage from recreational and commer- Bay. cial boats directly into the Bay, particularly with the The $1,500 pump-out facility was built with munici- effects of chlorine and other treating chemicals on the pal funds and a $500 grant from the Virginia Council on Bay's ecosystem. the Environment. Operation of the facility is supple- Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 49 Boating Pollutant Discharge mented by a $10 user fee. All wastes received at the Prince William County, Virginia implements and sup- facility are treated at the local waste water treatment plements state pump-out facility requirements and en- plant. sures that there is access to at least one pump-out facility in each creek containing marinas. Contact: Richard Barton Cape Charles Virginia Prince William County supplements the state boating P.O. Box 391 pump-out requirements through its local Health Depart- Cape Charles, VA 23310 ment. Specifically, during the review of marina devel- (804) 331-3259 opment and rezoning applications, the Health Depart- ment may use the "proffer" system and require the inclusion of boating pump-out facilities in return for Kent County, Maryland approval of the development application. They may Planning Commission also request a ban on "live-aboards" in the marina, as their presence has the potential to contribute more In order to curb pollution from boater sewage dis- discharge than day-boaters. charge, Kent County, Maryland initiated a program All costs of the program are born by the developer. which requires all new or expanding marinas to install boating pump-out facilities. Contact: Douglas Miller Prince William County Initiated in 1983, 9301 Lee Avenue Kent County's re- Manassas, VA 221 10 quirement for pump- (703) 335-6314 out facilities is en- forced as a condition of on-site plan ap- Worcester County, Maryland proval by the Plan- 1-Sanitary Commission ning Commission. Altho ugh the -~Efforts to control increasing pollution by boaters original ordinance lead the Worcester County Sanitary Commission to was successful in in- develop requirements for pump-outs at county marinas. creasing pump-out " Icesdacsanusoflclwtrysith facilities, it was only Icesdacs n s flclwtrasi h mildly successful in Worcester County area prompted the County Sanitary encouraging pump-out use. To address this, the ordi - Commission's Department of Environmental Resources nance was updated in 1989 to include a requirement of to interact with the county's planning process to require adequate signage to alert boaters of pump-out service . installation of pump-outs at new marinas. The program has been completely county financed . During the permitting process, developers are re- quired to provide specifications for pump-out facility in- Contact: Gail Webb Owings stallation when a marina is included as part of their site Kent County plan. County review by the Sanitary Commission is Court House made to ensure that the developer complies with ade- Chestertown, MD 21620 quate construction and design principles. (301) 778-4600 Contact: Richard L. Wells Chief Sanitarian Prince William County, Virginia Worcester County Health Department Room 116, Court House Snow Hill, Maryland 21863 In order to minimize discharges of human wastes (301) 632- 1200 from boats moored in the tidal waters of the region, so Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level " Education Public Information and Education Public Information and niques to reach their citizenry including; outdoor educa- tion, academic and professional programs, and visual Education and printed information distributed through displays, television, radio, newspapers and pamphlets. Locally-sponsored outdoor education programs pro- vide residents with a unique opportunity for direct contact with the local environment at area facilities. Education programs provide a chance for citizens to interact directly with the environment through activities successfully geared to all age groups within the commu- nity. The potential of these "hands-on" programs has proven to be limitless. They are easily adapted to the specific natural resource attributes of individual juris- dictions and provide a method of presenting the unique beauty, value, and associated problems of the region's natural areas. Locally related academic and professional programs bring natural resource information to the community through the schools or workplace. Academic, or class- room activities are often cooperative efforts between municipal governments and the local school system. Area schools provide an excellent opportunity to pro- mote environmental awareness in school age children. In this manner, local governments have been very successful in undertaking a number of diverse academic programs geared toward various levels within the school systems. Localjurisdictions also try to target teachers for training programs to enhance their ability to increase the awareness of their students. The 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement declared that Municipalities and local conservation districts have "the understanding and support of the general public and found that it pays to educate professionals as well. interest groups are essential to sustaining the long-term Citizens whose occupations have direct impacts on the commitment to the restoration and protection of the environment are often unaware of how closely their Bay." There are over 15 million people living in the work is linked to the region's environmental quality. Chesapeake Bay watershed whose activities have the Teaching professionals environmental responsibility in potential for profound impacts on the Bay ecosystem. It the workplace works to decrease the negative impacts of is crucial then, that residents of the watershed under- many regional land-intensive activities including farm- stand the Bay system, the problems facing it, and how ing, logging and development. individual actions are directly linked to its future. Perhaps the most important aspect of regional aware- Although reaching the vast number of people within ness is the local role in bringing information and educa- the watershed seems an enormous task, local govern- tion into the everyday lives of the general citizenry. ments are in a unique position to bring Bay awareness to Providing local residents with the opportunity to partici- the people by promoting regional natural resource issues pate in public meetings, forums, workgroups and advi- and concerns. Activities that may have an adverse sory committees not only contributes to public educa- impact on the Bay have more immediate impacts on tion, but also allows the public to feel that they have a local resources. In recognition of this, many jurisdic- chance to contribute to the natural resource decisions in tions have developed education programs to promote their community. Local governments who encourage both local and watershed-wide environmental aware- activism and respond to concerned citizen groups often ness and responsibility among their constituencies. find that their constituents are more aware of and eager Localities have chosen a number of different tech- to prevent local natural resource problems. Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 51 Public Information and Education Although educational impacts are hard to gauge, mu- deficiencies. nicipalities may be able to reach the widest audience through visual and print media. Public displays, slide To meet these objectives, the Planning District pre- shows and video presentations can be used at a variety pared a report which contains: of public gatherings and interest group meetings. In addition, community newsletters, bill stuffers, newspa- C3 A comprehensive inventory of the region's major pers and 'television programs can potentially reach a waterways and water access points high percentage of the municipal population. Local governments have found that these methods of public C3 A regional water access needs assessment education are extremely successful in generating wide- spread citizen concern and positive action. CJ Proposed siting and design criteria for water access Through locally generated concern for the quality of facilities, and theirjurisdiction's natural resources, citizens ultimately play a large role in securing the future of the Bay. Local C3 Recommended strategies for use by local govern- initiatives are crucial to the Bay Agreement's efforts to ments to improve water access. increase awareness of the Bay system. As demonstrated by the following examples, local A number of recommendations in this study arebeing governments throughout the watershed have found implemented by local governments. The completed imaginative and diverse ways to bring issues of environ- study will facilitate the region's implementation of mental quality and the Chesapeake Bay to the attention Chesapeake Bay access strategies. of their constituents. This program was honored by the Virginia chapter of the American Planning Association with the 1990 Dis- tinguished Planning Award and a number of the recom- Southeastern Virginia mendations contained in the study are now being imple- Planning District Commission mented by local governments. Financing for the pro- Department of Physical Planning gram was provided through a $30,000 grant from the Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program with To assist citizens within the region with public access a $7,500 match from the Planning District Commission. opportunities to the Bay and its tributaries, the South- eastern Virginia PDC undertook a study to analyze Contact: William Wickham, Physical Planner Water Access Needs for incorporation into a regional Southeastern VA PDC Waterways Guide. 723 Woodlake Drive Chesapeake, Virginia 23320 The Water Access Needs Analysis was initiated to (804) 420-8300 identify water access opportunities and deficiencies throughout Southeastern Virginia for all types of water dependent recreational activities. It was also intended to Kent County, Maryland generate recommendations for local governments on Department of Health, Department of Planning, how they could take advantages of the opportunities and Forestry Board & Board of Education rectify the deficiencies. Efforts to develop a regional Waterways Guide in- This interdepartmental public education program, corporated results of a study of local waterways and as- focusing on community interaction with the environ- sociated access. The study was designed to: ment, was designed to reach students, teachers and citizens of the county. O3 Identify access opportunities and deficiencies through- out Southeastern Virginia for all types of water-depend- The Kent County program introduces elementary ent recreational activities, and school children to environmental issues through direct interaction with the environment. During the fourth [3 Recommend ways in which local governments can grade, students participate in a number of different take advantage of the opportunities and rectify any outdoor education field trips to Eastern Neck Island that 52 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Public Information and Education include water sampling, soil tests, and review of habitat duties. The project will be completed at a rate of protection standards. approximately 2,000 drains per year. Stickers are Investigation of a stream environment on a trip to expected to last for five to six years. Turner's Creek and introductions to agricultural conser- This program has been widely praised for its educa- vation measures at an area farm are also included in the tional effectiveness and its role as a deterrent to the direct environmental curriculum package. dumping of pollutants into storm drains. Funding for This program also includes teacher training sessions the program in the amount of approximately $20,000 per on environmental classroom curricula through the For- year comes from the County's Department of Environ- estry Board. The sessions are based on Project Learning mental Resources. Tree which is a program of widely used environmental education activities and lectures. Anne Arundel County, Maryland implemented a The Planning Office has also begun a series of similar program, also aimed at educating citizens and articles in the local newspaper and real estate newsletter controlling nonpoint source pollution flowing directly concerning the use of buffers and other planning issues. into stormdrains, or indirectly through run-off from The articles which are run approximately every two properties. Anne Arundel's program is 100 percent months were in response to property owners pleas of county financed for materials and staff, however these ignorance of Critical Areas regulations The program is costs are minimal. All labor is provided by citizens. financed through Critical Areas Grants, county funds, state grants, and private citizen donations. Contact: Dale Hamel Prince George's County Contact: Elinor Gawel 8400 D'Arcy Rd. Kent County Courthouse Forestville, MD 20747 Chestertown, MD 21650 (301) 499-8507 (301) 778-7423 Patricia Haddon Anne Arundel County Prince Georges County, Maryland Office of Planning Department of Public Works P.O. Box 2700 Annapolis, MD 21404 The county initiated a Storm Drain Sticker Program aimed at educating the public and controlling non-point source pollution generated by private citizens. York County, Pennsylvania York County Planning Commission The County's In order to explore many of the storm drain marking issues driving growth and develop- program places re- ment within the county, the York flective plastic stick- County Planning Commission ers on all storm drain participated in planning and con- inlets in the county. ducting the first "York County Fo- The drains are rum." marked with a mes- sage reading "Do Focusing on the topic, "Balanc- Not Litter, Chesap- ing Our Future: York County in the eake Bay Drain- 1990's", the program was aimed at age." The installa- quality of life issues within the tion and maintenance county. of the stickers is per- The two-day forum looked at a formed by Public broad cross-section of interests Works in the course of their regular drain maintenance I including local government, business and development, Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 53 Public Information and Education and the public. Forum issues included re-thinking tradi- City of Virginia Beach, VA tional development, building land conservancies, exam- Public Information Office/Municipal Cable ining the legal context of change, directing growth, preserving the agricultural economy and historic re- The City of VirginiaBeach utilizes the city-managed sources, and addressing perspectives from the public and cable channel to generate public interest and increase private sectors on development. The forum used the educational opportunitiesfor local environmental edu- expertise of both local and out-of-state speakers to offer cation programs. insights into each issue. Program planners and partici- pants felt that there was significant value in looking at the In order to increase public awareness of local envi- viewpoints from neighboring jurisdictions since they ronmental issues, the City of Virginia Beach developed often face similar circumstances and offer unique per- a short video program for broadcast on the Municipal spectives. Cable Channel. The taped program discusses: Financing for the Forum came from donations from local businesses and organizations and a minimal regis- C3 Problems facing the city due to rapid growth and tration fee. development, Contact: Reed J. Dunn, Jr., Director O Options being used to address these problems, York County Planning Commission 118 Pleasant Acres Road CO Successes and inadequacies of current solutions, and York, PA 17402 O" Future options being considered by the city. Allegany County, MD An additional program developed for Virginia Beach Health Department cable viewers focuses on the impact of the oil cargo business on the Virginia Beach area. "Planet Earth and This educational program developed in Allegany Private Enterprise: Can They Co-Exist?" discussed the County, Maryland is designed to evaluate and encour- preparedness of and response to potential oil and/or age students' knowledge on the Chesapeake Bay and chemical spills in the Bay and Virginia Beach region. subjects of environmental importance. Contact: Linda M. Roe Beginning in May 1990, the County Health Depart- MCN 29-Vo-tech ment held an annual "Envirothon" in which three teams 2925 North Landing Road from each of the eight local schools competed in a round- Virginia Beach, VA 23456 robin event. The teams rotate between stations and (804) 427-8047 answer questions on a specific topic (i.e. recycling, forestry, soil conservation, etc...) at each location. The first, second and third place team are awarded with a trip Anne Arundel County, MD to the Baltimore National Aquarium. Department of Recreation and Parks The event is funded through a $400 donation from the local Lions Club while the prize trips are financed AnneArundel County, Maryland undertakes a vari- through a $400 contribution from the local Rotary Club. ety of intensive public education programs designed to Transportation is provided by the board of education . teach children about life in the Bay and surrounding areas through hands-on interaction with aquatic life. Contact: Darrell Spence Allegany County The Downs Park Education Program teaches chil- Department of Environmental Health dren between the ages of 11 and 15 through participa- P.O. Box 1745 tion in the Junior Naturalist Program. The program Willowbrook Rd. teaches participants about wildlife, trees and flowers, Cumberland, MD 21402 insects, pond study and ecology of the Bay through (301) 777-5655 direct interaction with the subject matter. 54 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Public Information and Education For children 12 and under, there is 'Fishing with the Pequea Township's Environmental Advisory Coun- Ranger" which includes a short talk on fish and fishing cil was voluntarily developed under the guidelines es- techniques followed by prizes for fish caught. An tablished by the State Conservation Commission. The additional 12 and under program, "Mummichogs!," Council is made up of concerned and knowledgeable involves seining for minnows and other Bay life with citizens who are appointed by the township supervisors discussion of the species captured. to investigate, educate, and offer advice on environ- Both programs are very popular because they allow mental issues. the children to learn and have fun at the same time. The Pequa Township's program has been in place since educational programs are partially financed by a $5 1989. To date, the Advisory Council's activities have enrollment fee for all Junior Naturalist participants. All focussed on providing information and technical assis- other expenses for equipment and ranger salary are tance on issues of local concerns including: absorbed under the park operations budget. County Educational programs for children of all ages fl Sinkholes includes the Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary focusing on [3 Water quality the conservation and protection of the unique wetlands C3 Nitrates at Jug Bay on the Patuxent River. This is accomplished 03 Indoor air pollution by emphasizing environmental education and research 0] Pesticide poisoning first aid of plants and animals of both the wetlands and the sur- CJ Water and energy conservation, and roundings upland forest. 03 Radon. The program is being implemented with the help of a Scientific Advisory Committee. The public is admitted Many of these information /education initiatives have for programs on marsh ecology while the research been accomplished through preparation of bulletins program is carried out by staff naturalists and extensive developed for the supervisors and local citizens. A volunteer participation for data collection. number of these have also been printed in the newspa- Primary funding is included in the Recreation and per. Parks budget, however, additional assistance comes The Advisory Council has also played a large role in from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources the development of the township's landscape ordinance and a 500 member support group, the Friends of Jug and is responsible for reviewing site plans under its Bay. Donations of equipment, educational aids and pro- regulation. Because the Council members are not paid, fessional talent play a significant role in maintaining the the costs of the program include only secretarial time success of the Jug Bay Programs. and bulletin production costs, both of which are fi- nanced by the township. Contact: Ranger The Advisory Council has been successful in provid- Downs Park ing a needed resource for elected township officials as 8311 John Downs Loop they consider policies impacting the environment. Pasadena, MD 21122 (301) 437-7658 Contact: Alan Peterson, M.D. 243 Shultz Rd. Contact: Christopher Swarth Lancaster, PA 17603 Jug Bay Program (717) 464-2322 1361 Wrightson Road Lothian, MD 20711 (301) 741-9330 York County, Virginia Public Information Office Pequea Township, Pennsylvania Working to keep citizens abreast of ongoing county land use activities and regulations, York County, Vir- In efforts to provide the Township Supervisors with ginia is informing area residents through publication of independent expertise on environmental issues, an En- a periodic newsletter. vironmental Advisory Council was created Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 55 Public Information and Education This program provides information to citizens on a Contact: Michael Lovegreen variety of county activities and regulations affecting Bradford County land use, and development issues throughout the county. Conservation District Through a Citizens Newsletter, a publication which R.R. #5, Box 5030-C began circulation in the summer of 1989, citizens, Towanda, PA 18848 developers and others keep touch with the status of (717) 265-5539 various environmental initiatives. A recent issue presented information on the elements Amanda Ritchey of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act and Blair County Conservation District the impact the Act's regulations would have on citizens 1407 Blair Street in the upcoming years. The newsletter is locally funded Hollidaysburg, PA 16648 and administered. (814) 696-0877 Contact: John Carl York County Centre County Conservation District, Pennsylvania P.O. Box 532 Yorktown, VA 23690 Providing hands-on technical training is one of the (804) 898-0204 goals of the Centre County Conservation District in its efforts to educate a variety of constituents on proper en- vironmental mitigation techniques, sediment control, Bradford and Blair County and general environmental education. Conservation Districts, Pennsylvania The District's education/workshop programs pro- Area Conservation Districts have prepared exhibits vide environmental education opportunities to various anddisplays to emphasize the need for local government groups. Annual workshops on erosion control are participation in the goals of the Bay Program. conducted for loggers, developers and other eartlimovers. Teacher training workshops are also held in coopera- The Bradford County Conservation District devel- tion with the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks on an oped an enclosed trailer (7'X 16') to house a display that annual basis. Teachers receive workbooks which con- travels to fairs, schools and various shows. The display tain classroom curriculums on Bay conservation and includes a comprehensive map of the Bay watershed as ecology for various age groups. well as examples of environmental problems and solu- Canoe tripson local waterways are organized for high tions. school students through cooperation with state and The program established a highly visible and trans- private organizations in order to demonstrate non-point portable method for reaching the community. Funding source pollution problems common to the county. was provided through local funds, donations and a $500 Funding for the program comes from allocations in Chesapeake Bay mini-grant from the Bay Education the Chesapeake Bay Program and through Conservation Office. District tree seedling sales. The Blair County Conservation District exhibit was designed to educate farmers on the detrimental impacts Contact: Ted Onufrak of soil erosion and excess nutrient runoff on the water Centre County Conservation District quality of the Bay. R.D. #5, Box 390 This exhibit features a table display that demon- Bellefonte, PA 16823 strates the hazards of poor farming practices and pro- (814) 355-6817 motes the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs). The display is taken to area farm shows, fairs, and meetings in order to reach as much of the general farming public as possible. Funding comes from the district budget as well as the State Conservation Comn- mission. 56 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Public Information and Education Southeastern Virginia Planning District Commission Physical Planning Department Harford Through a Groundwater Protection Handbook; this Community Planning District Commission provides educational opportunities to local government officials and assists College them in protecting groundwater resources. Environmental The Southeastern Virginia Planning District Com- mission Groundwater Protection Handbook addresses: O Local hydrogeology and groundwater use; [O Existing and potential groundwater contamination problems; O The role of government, O Local groundwater protection techniques; and O Recommended local regulations. The program was funded through the Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program and the Commission. Offered by the Environmental Technology Institute Division of Continuing Education 723 Woodlake Dr. 401 Thomas Run Road Chesapeake, VA 23320 Bel Air, Maryland 21014 (804) 420-8300 and co-sponsored by The Harford County Government Department of Planning and Zoning Harford County, Maryland DPW Bureau of Environmental Affairs Department of Planning and Zoning The Harford County programs combines the resources of the County and the community college to educate in- agement requirements and design, water dividuals about local environmental regulations. roads, erosion and sediment control, recycling, water- dividuals about local environmental regulations. shed protection, and buffering protection. The courses are directed toward individuals working The Harford County Department of Planning and Zoning works with the Harford Community College's as contractors, developers, engineers, designers, real- Zoning works with the Harford Community College's Environmental Technology Institute, the County's tors, inspectors, and individuals involved in home- Environmental Technology Institute, the County's Department of Public Works' Bureau of Environmental owner development associations. Affairs, and state and federal officials to provide techni- Contact: Andy Meyer cal update courses to exchange ideas, problems, solu- tions and "tricks of the trade." Harford County Dept. of Planning and Zoning The courses are geared around Harford County's 220 S. Main Street environmental regulations and procedures. In particular, Bel Air, MD 21014 the county designed courses to discuss stormwater man- (301) 838-6000 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 57 I ntergovernmental Cooperation The county's Local Government Services Pro- gram was developed to provide professional planning services to communities in the area who otherwise could not afford them Both the County Planning Department and the Public Works Department provide staff as- sistance to twelve incorporated municipalities within the county. Assistance includes: O Review of municipal site plans, O Building permits, a Sediment control, , Stormwater management and other regula- tions; O Aid in development or updating of municipal master plans, zoning ordinances, and O Special studies. Intergovernmental Cooperation The program has been well received by the munici- palities and serves as a built-in communication and co- The ability to address environmental problems on a ordination process between the county and municipal regional level necessitates a need for strengthened com- officials. There are no specific costs for this program munications between all levels of government. The beyond staff time which is paid through the county cause and effect relationship between activities taken by planning budget. one jurisdiction to another is particularly important in responding to these environmental quality issues. Regional intergovernmental cooperation is particu- Winchester Hall larly important tobringtogether thoselocal governments 12 East Church Street with a vested interest in problem solving. Overcoming Frederick, MD 21701 the "not in my backyard" syndrome may be easier when the opportunities for redress are expanded. In addition, neighboring local jurisdictions that are made aware of potential problems caused by their activities, or those York County, Virginia generated by others, are more willing to use this coopera- Department of Community Development tive forum to establish regional perspectives and priori- (in association with the Peninsula Planning District ties. Commission) A number of programs of this nature are ongoing in the watershed, often administered by Councils of Govern- The Peninsula Planning District Commission cre- ment, Planning District Commissions and others. They ated a Local Task Force to address Chesapeake Bay have been successful in promoting the regional aspects of Program implementation issues. Chesapeake Bay restoration. Several examples are in- cluded: As a member of the Local Task Force, York County and other localities (the counties of Henrico, Chester- field, King George, Northampton, Richmond, King Frederick County, Maryland William, Mathews, Prince William, and the Virginia Planning and Zoning Department Municipal League) participate in a once-a-month round 58 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Intergovernmental Cooperation table discussion about problems and successes with the O Developing a Geographic Information System data- implementation of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation base for use in hydrologic modeling and monitoring and Criteria. tracking non-point source pollution through a grant The program resulted in the identification of areas of from the Maryland Department of the Environment. regional concern and is working to access new informa- tion to assist local governments in complying with Funding for the Tri-County Council's programs is program goals. Most recently, the Task Force has been provided by the counties and municipalities who are discussingways in which to improve methods to address members of the Council. stormwater runoff. There is no specific funding needed for the program. Contact: Michael Kakuska Tri-County COG Contact: Cynthia Taylor Box 1634 P.O. Box 532 Charlotte Hall, MD 20622 Yorktown, VA 23690 (301) 870-2520 (804) 898-0085 Southeastern Virginia Planning Tri-County Council of Southern Maryland District Commission As a regional Council of Governments, including The Southeastern Virginia Planning District Com- Charles, Calvert, and St. Mary's Counties, theTri- mission established a Regional Environmental Man- County Council of Southern Marylandprovides a wide agementProgram tofacilitate localgovernment coordi- variety of local intergovernmental programs and serv- nation andcooperation in addressing regional environ- ices to further the goals of the Chesapeake Bay Agree- mental problems and opportunities. ment. The Regional Environmental Management Program The Tri-County Council's program works to promote provides educational information, technical analyses environmentally sound policies and practices through- and management plan recommendations to local offi- out Southern Maryland through intergovernmental net- cials and citizens on the following subjects: works and consistent regionally oriented environmental services. Elements of the program include: 3 Surface and groundwater resources (quantity and quality), [O Conducting a Regional Stream Survey to develop a El Solid and hazardous waste management, multi-year water quality management program which [] Land use, identifies and assesses areas in the region's waters that UO Recreation, demonstrate pollution problems and sensitive and valu- [O Critical resources, and able areas, C3 Air quality. El Participating in the implementation of the Patuxent The program was instituted in response to local River Watershed Protection Plan through cooperation in requests. Demands for technical assistance and problem the Patuxent River Discovery Day Planning Committee, solving have greatly exceeded the present resources. monitoring the Patuxent Water Quality Management Funding is provided through the annual Planning Dis- Plan and assisting local governments in implementing trict budget as well as through federal and state agencies water quality protection plans; (EPA, VA Dept. of Waste Management, etc.) on a program-specific basis. [O Providing technical assistance to counties on coastal zone management issues, sewage treatment needs, and Contact: John Carlock water quality planning; and 723 Woodlake Drive Chesapeake, VA 23320 (804) 420-8300 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 59 Intergovernmental Cooperation Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments governments in the clean-up of the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay. Additional work and coordination Working in cooperation with local governments and with the Region's air quality, transportation, growth and regional and state agencies, COG coordinates a MIl development forecasting, and recycling, along with range of environmental programs designed to protect providing technical assistance to agencies involved in the region's environmental integrity. the operation of the Blue Plains Wastewater Treatment Plant are also included in COG's work program. As part of an interconnected effort to plan for the region's water quality and participate in efforts to re- Contact: Stuart Freudberg, Director store and preserve the Chesapeake Bay, COG develops Department of Environmental Programs management plans for the area's water resources. These Metropolitan Washington COG include the Potomac and Anacostia rivers as well as 777 North Capitol Street, NE other waters located throughout the Region. Suite 300 In conjunction with its water resources management Washington D.C. 20002 responsibilities, COG performs many technical and (202) 962-3340 reporting functions. For instance, water quality trends are monitored, and water quality modeling performed on both the Potomac and Anacostia. Baltimore Regional Council of Governments COG also is a recognized leader in the area of storm- water runoff control in urban and developing regions. The Baltimore Regional Council of Governments co- The organization provides technical information, de- ordinates environmental activities for Baltimore City, sign guidance and demonstration projects. Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Harford and How- COG provides related services in other areas of water ard Counties and area municipalities. management. For example, COG coordinates harvest- ing of hydrilla in the Potomac River, and assists local The Regional Council's Development Division con- ducts environmental research, facilitates inter-local co- ordination on environmental planning and manage- ment, and prepares reports and workshops on a number * ~~~~~~~~~of issues. Specific activities include: __________~~~~~C OSupport for the Regional Environmental Board O3 Facilitation and staffing of Regional Environmental Technical Teams on a number of issues including: o reservoir watershed protection o open space and greenways o coastal area planning o recycling O3 Preparation of a Regional Development Plan, and O Technical studies of water quality. Contact: Jim Holway, Coordinator Environmental Planning Baltimore Regional COG 2225 North Charles Street 1989 Status Report Baltimore, MD 21218-5767 (301) 554-5621 60 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level inancing Financing Local Environmental nancing environmental projects squarely on the shoul- ders of the local governments. To complicate matters, Protection changes to municipal bond structures recently amended into the Tax Code make this more difficult. The key issue facing local governments as they debate their level of participation in Chesapeake Bay Local Environmental Grant Programs restoration and other environmental activities is -- Who To overcome this shortfall in funds, local govern- pays, why, and how? ments are turning to innovative financing mechanisms Local governments in the Chesapeake Bay water- to meet their mandated environmental goals. Although shed, like their counterparts throughout the country, are local governments continue to rely on grants from fighting to meet increasing public service pressures in an various state and federal agencies for major infrastruc- era of resource constraints. Local governments serve on ture projects, other alternatives are being explored to the frontlines in tackling issues like environmental pro- meet the large number of need at the environmental tection, illegal drugs, education, transportation, health front. care, crime, and housing. But, as municipalities attempt For projects including stream retrofitting, river to meet these challenges, they often find that existing and dump-site clean-up, monitoring, tree planting, and revenues are inadequate for addressing the service needs habitat restoration, local governments have been able to of their communities. utilize innovative financing and volunteer assistance Environmental issues in particular will gain increas- methods to maximize resources and distribute the bur- ing attention in this decade. Not since Earth Day in 1970 den. Local governments are also turning to develop- has public attention to the environment and its place in ment of their own local environmental grant programs. policy debate received such attention from the public Program mechanics are relatively simple: and federal, state, and local policy makers. Debate over the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and water shortages EO Local governments make an annual lump sum appro- dominate the national agenda, while the local scene is priation from the general fund, or from revenues gener- characterized by new found priorities including waste- ated from payment of fines from environmental regula- water, drinking water, and solid waste disposal services. tion violations. A 1986 New York Times/CBS poll found that 66 percent of those polled agreed with the statement that "protecting the Total Public Works environment is so important that re- Outlays by Level of Government quirements and standards cannot be (Billions of 1984 Dollars) too high, and continuing environ- mental improvements must be made 60- regardless of cost." This repre- sented a steady increase over the 58 50 - percent who agreed with the state- ment in 1983, and the 45 percent who agreed in 1981. Percentages 3o - may be even higher today. Local government officials must 20 - contend with this public perception, and work to meet their requests for 10 high quality of life standards. In attempting to do this, local govern- 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 ments find that the required reve- nues are often nonexistent. Cut- - Local Federal tate backs in federal funding, often re- Source: sult i gin cutbacks in state appro- Apogee Research from Bureau of the Census and Budget of the US Government, Various Years suting in cutbacks in state appro- (National League of Cities, Financng Infrastructure at the Local Level, December 1987) priations, leave the burden of fi- Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 61 Financing Local Environmental Protection CE Local civic organizations are then encouraged to number of communities applying for and receiving apply for small grants to carry out environmental proj- grants has varied from year to year, the county budgets ects. $100,000 per year for Grant distribution through Com- munity Services. O Local funds are matched with community participant funds, so the local government receives double the bene- Contact: Rosemary Church fit for half the cost. Arundel Center North 101 Crain Highway These grant programs have been successful in meet- Glen Burnie, MD 21061 ing many of the challenges facing local governments, (301) 222-6880 especially in areas where they have neither the available time or resources necessary to accomplish them. Local governments are also turning to development York County, Pennsylvania of public-private partnerships as a mechanisms to fi- Action Group to Save the Bay nance environmental, and specifically Bay restoration, initiatives. Creating ties with private enterprise in order to Two examples of these financing programs operating maximize available revenues for Chesapeake Bay and within the Bay watershed that access revenues, and pro- other significant environmental education initiatives, vide for their efficient distribution include: leadto theparticipation of a member of the York County Commissioners in development of the York County Action Group to Save the Bay. Anne Arundel County, Maryland Community Services The York County Action Group to Save the Bay was formed due to the interest of several residents of the The program provides necessary local government funds county who made a commitment in saving the Bay. Or- to encourages citizen groups to conduct environmental ganization and incorporation of the group relied onjoint improvement projects in their communities. cooperation from representatives of the County Com- missioners, the agricultural community, and the local Communities may apply to Anne Arundel County for education system. an environmental grant of up to $2,000. The community The Chesapeake Bay Foundation was tied into the then provides matching funds; the preferred form of mission of the group, working to organize the local/ which is volunteer time or tools. county group with the ability to raise funds for an This program is a cost efficient way to create environ- estuarine field study program in Pennsylvania. mental improvements in the county because citizens During its first year, the Action Group raised over generally know what needs attention and will provide $15,000, and in association with the Chesapeake Bay future maintenance of the project area. Community Foundation started a field study program. The local project activities have included: education program involvs selected science and agricul- tural junior and senior high school students from five O Installation of bulkheads different school districts in the county. As the Action Group gains continued credibility it Ol Planting of aquatic grasses in conjunction with the intends to focus additional efforts into improving best County's Emergent Grasses Program (see Wetlands) for management practices by the county's farmers. erosion control and shoreline stabilization, and Contact: Milton Menchey, M.D. O Planting trees and shrubs to enhance open areas for York County Action Group wildlife habitat. to Save the Bay 924 B Colonial Avenue To date, the program has provided over 65 communi- York, PA 17403 ties with Environmental Grant funds. Although the (717) 845-8623 62 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Appendix Survey responses were received from over 300 local governments throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 276 of which have been catalogued in this Appendix. The survey asked local governments to indicate those environmental areas in which they had developed specific programs. Each is marked with a ". Additional information and contacts from these local governments can be obtained by contacting the individual local government or the: Chesapeake Bay Local Government Advisory Committee Suite 300 777 North Capitol Street, NE Washington, D.C. 20002 800-446-5422 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 63 ~~~~~~cOO -6 5 , e E *30 z w Z Mo. Accomack County, VA / / / / Adams Twp. (Snyder), PA / / / Adams Twp.(Cambria), PA f / / / ,/ Adams County, PA / / / / Alexandria, VA / / / / / / / Allegany County, MD Anne Arundel County, MD / / / / / / / / / / / / Antrim Township, PA / / / ,/ Arlington County, VA / / / / / / / / Ashland Boro., PA / / / Ashville Boro., PA ~ / Athens Twp., PA / / / / Barr Twp., P A / Bear Creek Twp., PA/ ,/ / / Beavertown Boro., PA / / / / / Benzinger Twp., PA / / / / / / / / / Berks County, PA / / / / / Berryville, VA MD / Beth el Cunty,MDPA / / / / Bingham Twp., PA / / / / Blair County, P A / / Blakely Boro., PA / / ,/ Blossburg, PA / / / Bradforde Regional CGons. Dist., PA / / / / Bradford County, PA / / / / / Brady Twp. (Clearfield) / / / / 64 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Zn '- t 0 ~ -o 61 o a b n 0 S r C r . & c O c X E o~ � O � 3 0 . C V �C - U Brady Twp. (Huntingdon), PA / / Brecknock Twp., PA / / Broad Top City Boro., PA / Brunswick, MD / / / Brush Creek Twp., PA / Buffalo Twp., PA / / Burlington Twp., PA / Butler Twp., PA / / / / Cameron County, PA / / / / Cape Charles, VA / / / / / / Carlisle Boro., PA V/ / / / , / V / / Caroline County, VA / / V , Carroll County, MD / / / / / / / / , / / / , / Carrolltown Boro., PA / , , f Cass Twp., PA / Cecil County, MD / / / / / / / / , Centre Twp., PA / Centre Co. Cons Dist., PA / / / / / / / ./ , / / / , / Chapman Twp., PA / / / Charles City Co., VA d/ '/ / / Chesapeake, VA / I / / / / / / Chesterfield County, VA / / / / / / / / , Chincoteague, VA v / / V / / Choconut Twp., PA / Clarks Summit Boro., PA / / / Clarks Green Boro., PA / Cogan House Twp., PA / Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 65 '4 *c 8 ! S 8E Cumberland Co. Cons. Dist., PA / / 0 / / / / / / / and Twp., PA / / / Cummings Twp. PA / / / D allas Boro., PA / / / / / / Dallastown Boro., PA a / /A ~CDenver Boro., PA / E. Hanoverto Twp., PA / / / Cumberland Co. Cons. Dist., PA V ' 1 - Co CumbE. Peterlansburg Twp., PA / / E. Buffalo Twp., PA / / / / / / E. Brunswick Twp., PA / / / / / / / Eaglelas Bor o., PA ,/ l e V Dallastowern Shore SWCD, VA / Dauphin BoTwp., PA V/ Elmhurst Bor., PA / / / / / / Ephratary Twp. (Montour), PA V / / Eulaiarry Twp., PA V / / / E.Fairfax Hanover Countywp., PA / / / / / / / / / FaiE. Petersburview Twp., PA / / / / E. Buffalo Twp., PA V / / E. Brunswick Twp., PA V V V V alls MeChure Bor.ch , PA / / 66 Chesapeaken Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level Eden Twp., PA / Elmhurst Twp., PA / / /o V / Ephrata Twp.( , PA / EulHalia Twp., PA / Fairfax County, VA V / Fairview Twp., PA Y/ V V V / / Falls Church, V A 0 I / 66 Ceesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level .5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. c )~ o b u 0 C.)~~ Fishing~~~~~~~U Cree Tw . PA Frankintn Twp. (ouba, PA/ Frederick County, MD / V / / / / Frederick, MD/ / // /// Freeland Boro., PA Galeton Boro., PA / Garrett County, MD / / V I / Gettysburg Boro., PA / / // . Graham Twp., PA / Gratz Boro., PA/ / / Greencastle Boro., PA / / / I / Greene Twp., PA V Greenfield Twp., PA 01/1 Greenwood Twp., PA / / Gregg Twp., PA / V / / Hallam Boro., PA/ Hallwood, VA Hamilton Twp., PA / / VI Hampton, VA / / Hanover Boro., PA V / // //V / / / V Harford County, MD / v / /e V VI/ / / Harris Twp., PA / / / Harrisburg, PA / / / // / Hebron Twp., PA/ / Henrico County, VA V Herndon Boro., PA/ / Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 67 0 E 8 - = E Hollenback Twp., PA - Juniata Terrace B oro., PA / / ~Kent County, MD / / / 0/ / / / / / / King George County, VA / - K~istler Twp., PA / Hollenback Twp., PA / Hollidaysburg Boro., PA / / / HoLackaward County, MDPA ,/ Huntington Twp., PA / / Isle of Wight Co., VA / / / Jackson Twp., PA / / Jacobus or.unty, PA / , JanaesCtyCuty, A / / / / / / Lancaefferson Twp., PA / / , / Lohnsonburg c ork., PA / / / Juniata Terrace Boro., PA / / / Kent County, MD / / / / / / / / / / King George County, VA /9/ Kistler Twp., PA / Knox Twp., PA / Laceyville Boro., PA / / / Lachesapeake Bwanna County, PAthe Local Level Laflin Boro.,PA / / / Lamar Twp., PA / / Lancaster Co. Cons. Dist. V / / / / / / / / / Lancaster County, PA 9 9 9 9 Lancaster, PA 9 / 9 9 / 9 Lancaster Twp., PA 9 9 9 9 Leacock Twp., PA 9 9 9 Lenoyne Bora., PA 9 9 9 Lewis Twp.(Northumberland), PA 9 Lewisburg Boro., PA 9 / v V v 9 9 9/ 68 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level S 8 ., .c a ... a go V .4 *0 *a Q *0 O 3 . . b D .X (fl La' E 3 z z Liberty Boro., PA , , Liberty Twp. (Centre), PA / / / Liberty Twp. (Tioga), PA ,/ Lincoln Twp., PA / Littlestown Boro., PA / / Liverpool Boro., PA / / ,/ Logantown Twp., PA / / / Loudon County, VA / / / / Lower Windsor, Twp., PA / , , Lower Frankford Twp.,PA / Loyalsock Twp., PA / / Lykens Boro., PA / / / Lykens Twp., PA / Manassas, VA / / / / / / / / / Manheim Twp., PA / / / / Martic Twp., PA / / / / / McConnellsburg Boro., PA / McSherrystown Boro., PA / / / Melfa, VA / / / Middlesex Twp., PA / / / Milford Twp., PA / / / Miller Twp., PA/ / Millersburg Boro., PA / , Millheim Boro., PA / / / Monaghan Twp., PA / / Monroe Boro., PA / / Monroe Twp.(Snyder), PA / / Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 69 @0 6c 8 m - 0 S o 0 3 a 3 o a M I.i 'T w p ., . = Montgomery Twp., PA / ,/ / , Mountville Boro., PA / / Muncy Twp., PA / / N. Branch Twp., PA / N. Cornwall Twp., PA / / / / N. Londonderry Twp., PAMD / / / Napier Twp., PA/ / Nescopeck Twp., PA / / // / NewPhiladelphia Boro., PA / New Kent Co., VA / / / / New Salem Boro. (York) / / / Newberry Twp., PA / Newporwall Twp., A / / / / / / / / N ew r y Boro ., PA / Nippenose Twp., PA / N orfol k, V A / V/ / / / Northumberland Boro., PA / Olyphant Boro., PA / / / / Oneida Twp., PA / Orange Twp., PA O swayo Twp., PA / Ov erfiel d Twp ., PA // P almyra Boro., PA / / / / / Pa radise Twp., PA v / / / / 70 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level .2 . 0 - e0 P e~~~~~F Cu ~~ 88 - uC to A CuU2 C - - a.. a.. Ca - 2 b C~a 4 q Patton Boro., PA Peach Bottom Twp., PA Penn Twp. (Huntingdon) Pennbrook Boro., PA Pequea Twp., PA Peters Twp., PA V V Philipsburg Boro., PA V ,J Pillow Boro., Pa Plymouth Twp., PA Port Royal Boro., PA Porter Twp., PA Portsmouth, VA V/ Prince William County, VA I/ V/ V/ V" J J J Queen Anne's County, MD v, / V, J J J J J J Reed Twp., PA ye o Richmond County, VA / C Richmond Twp., PA8 Roaring Springs Boro., PA Royalton Boro., PA I,/ 601 Rush Twp., PA S. Centre Twp., PA . - S. Waverly Boro., PA . S. Willia msport Boro ., PA / / / S. Londonderry Twp., PA / / / S. Lebanon Twp., PA / S, Woodbury Twp., PA Salem Twp., PA a / Chesapeak e Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 71 Scranton, PA / ,/ / f ,/ / Silver Spring Twp., PA / /2 d Snow Shoe Twp., PA / / Somerset County, MD / / ,/ / / ,/ ,/ ,/ >/ / / ,/ / Southwest Madison Twp., PA / / / / / / / Spring Garden Twp.(York), PA / / / / / Spring Grove Bor., PA / / Springfield Twp., PA / / / / Suffolk, VA n, MD / , / , / Surry Co. , VA / Susquehanna Depot Boro., PA / ,/ / / Sylvania Boro., PA Taylor Twp., PA / Terry Twp., PA / Thompsona Twp., PA ,/ SThroop Boro., PA / / / / Todderr Twp., PA / / Tremont Twp., PA / Tri-County COG, MD / / / / / / / / / / / / / Tri-County RPC, P A / / / / Turbett Twp., PA V/ / / / Tuscarora Twp., PA / / / / / / / / / Tyrone Twp., PA / / Ulysses Boro., PA / Union Twp.(Cle, PA / / 72 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level .., 0. . ,F co O e e > 2 2 Valley Twp., PA / / Vienna, VA / / / Virginia Beach, VA / / / / / / / / / / W. Lampeter Twp., PA / / / ,- / / W. Pe n nsboro Twp ., PA / / / / Walker Twp. , PA / / Walkersville, MD PA/ / / / / Warwick Twp., PA / / // / / Washingtonvil, A / / P West Wyomin g B oro, PA / / / WicomicopCounty, MD / / / Williams Twp., PA / / / Windham Twp., PA / WindsorBoro., PAMD / / / / / Winterstown Boro., PA/ / Wolf Twp., PA / f / Worcester County, MD // / / / / / / / Worth Twp., PA / Wrightsville Boro. PA / City of Y ork , PA / / / York Springs Boro., PA / / York County, VA / / / / / / / / / / / York County, PA / / // / York Co. PA Cons. Dist. / / / / / / / Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level 73 Credits Cover Photography: Chesapeake Bay Foundation Skip Brown, University of Maryland Sea Grant College Photography Skip Brown, University of Maryland Sea Grant College, pp. 1, 33, 37, 38, 49 Eric Jenkins, Local Government Advisory Committee, pp. 2, 10, 15, 30, 41, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 53 Curtis Dalpra, Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, p. 13 Chesapeake Bay Foundation, pp. 17 Potomac Electric Power Company, p. 18 (courtesy of ICPRB) Virginia State Travel Service, p. 19 (courtesy of ICPRB) Soil Conservation Service, pp. 24, 25 (courtesy of ICPRB) Office of Maryland Governor Schaefer, p. 29 Michael W. Fincham, University of Maryland Sea Grant College, p. 35 Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, p. 36 (courtesy of ICPRB) Soil Conservation Service, p. 43 (courtesy of MD Sea Grant College) Sarah Williamson, Local Government Advisory Committee, p. 58 Printed on Recycled Paper *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991--522-713/D05398 74 Chesapeake Bay Restoration: Innovations at the Local Level