[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
7 Coastal Zone Information Center RHODE ISLAND AREAWIDE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN INVENTORY REPORT URBAN RUNOFF TASK Prepared Pursuant to Title 11, Section 208, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 for the RHODE ISLAND STATEWIDE PLANNING PROGRAM Contract No. 77-27 August 1977 GC RAYTHEON COMPANY 1212 OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES RAYTHEON .R4 R3343 1977 ERRATA SHEET Rhode Island Areawide Water Quality Management Plan Urban Runoff Task The following pages contain corrections of the most serious errors found in the Urban Runoff Task Inventory Report. The pages have been punched for insertion in your report. We regret any misunderstanding that may have resulted from these errors. Page Change v "Figure 7-16" found on page "7-37" should read page 117-39". vi. "Table 7-2" found on page "7-38" should read page 117-40". vii ... IrvM21, ... should read ..."mi 2, 1-1 eleventh line..."be determination"...should read... "be a determination"... 1-2 sixteenth line..."separtely"...should read... 11separately". . . 1-2 seventeenth line..."The"...should read..."They"... 3-1 ninth line. . . "Section 5". . should read "Section 6". . . 5-4 eighteenth line..."discharge"...should read..."dis- charged" 5-4 twenty-seventh line..."have more"...should read... "have a more"... Page Change 6-19 eighteenth line..."have a significant"...should read ..."have significant"... 6-28 seventeenth line..."Practise"...should read... Practice"... 6-35 page 6-35 should be page 6-36 6-36 page 6-36 should be page 6-35 6-37 page 6-37 should be page 6-38 6-38 page 6-38 should be page 6-37 6-56 twenty-first line..."involues"...should read..."involves"... 7-36 page 7-36 should be page 7-38 7-37 page 7-37 should be page 7-39 7-38 page 7-38 should be page 7-40 7-39 page 7-39 should be page 7-36 7-40 page 7-40 should be page 7-37 7-50 fourteenth line..."92 acre"...should read..."10 acre"... 7-86 twenty-sixth line..."approval"...should read... 11ap- proved"... 7-87 twenty-seventh line..."All but one community"... should read..."All the communities"... 7-92 nineteenth line..."numicipal"...should read..."municipal"... 7-93 ninth line..."one ties"...should read..."one communi- ties". . . 8-1 sixteenth line..."Level 1"...should read..."Level I"... 2 property of CSC Library, AREAWIDE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN INVENTORY REPORT VOLUME II: SECTIONS 9-12 URBAN RUNOFF TASK August 1977 By RAYTHEON COMPANY OCEANOGRAPHIC & ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Portsmouth., Rhode Island 02871 Contract No. 77-27 Prepared Pursuant to Title II, Section 208 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 Prepared for RHODE ISLAND STATEWIDE PLANNING PROGRAM 265 MELROSE STREET PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 02907 Ll - S' - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 22,34 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE @HARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 11-me Area-wide Waste rreatment Management Planning Program is supported by a grant by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, through a Joint Funding Act project. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the sponsoring agencies. This publication is based upon publicly-supported research and may not be copyrighted. It may be reprinted, in part or in full, with the customary crediting of the source." ABSTRACT This report was prepared to provide data for the determination of the importance and magnitude of urban stormwater runoff as a source of non-point pollution in the Rhode Island 208 area. A detailed investigation of literature pertinent to the problem has been completed and included in the report. Methods available to control urban stormwater runoff, available analytical techniques for assessment of runoff, characteristics of urban stormwater runoff, and urban stormwater runoff problems similiar to those found in the study area have all been examined. Selected data from Federal, State, and local governments as well as physical reconnaissance are presented along with an analysis of these data. A separately-bound packet of.urban drainage area and land-use maps is included with the report. CONTENTS 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 10. Annotated Bibliography and Bibliography . . . . 10-1 11. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 12. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 A. Water Quality Criteria . . . . . . . . . A-1 B. Survey Questionnaire - Inventory Data B-1 C. Table of Problem Areas and Affected Receiving Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 SECTION 9 REFERENCES Section 4 1. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program. Project Control Plan. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, Providence Rhode Island. June 1976. 2. State of Rhode Island Contract No. 77-27. Urban Runoff. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, Providence, Rhode Island. February 11, 1977. Section 5 1. Field, R., A.N. Tafari, and H.E. Masters. Urban Runoff Pollution Control Technology Overview. EPA-600/2-77-047, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. March 1977. Section 6 1. Whipple, W. Urban Runoff-Quantity and Quality. Proceedings of a Conference held at Frankline Pierce College. ASCE, New York, New York. August 11-16, 1974. 2. Vitriurus. The Ten Books on Architecture. M.H. Morgan, trans- lator. Dover Publications, New York. 1960. 3. Enviro %,"'ontrol, Inc. Final Report - National Assessment of Trends in Water Quality. Report to the Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, DC. June 1972. 4. Lager, J.A., and W.G. Smith. Urban Stormwater Management and Technology: An Assessment. EPA 670/2-74-040, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. December 1974. 5. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. American Sewage Practice, Volume I: Design of Sewer, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1928. 6. American Public Works Association. Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows 1967. 11080--12/67, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. December 1967. 9-1 7. Whipple, W., J.V. Hunter, and S.L. Yu. Characterization of Urban Runoff-New Jersey. NTIS No. PB 261246, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington, DC. June 1976. 8. McElroy, F.T.R. et al. Sampling and Analysis of Stormwater Runoff from Urban and Semi-Urban/Rural Watersheds. NTIS No. PB 262080, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. September 1976. 9. Haith, D.A. Land Use and Water Quality in New York Rivers. Environmental Engineering Division, J., 102(EEI): 1-15. February 1976. 10. Omernik, J.M. The Influence of Land Use on Stream Nutrient Levels. EPA-600/3-76-014., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. January 1976. 11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water Quality Manage- ment Planning for Urban Runoff. EPA 440/9-75-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. December 1974. 12. Field, R., A.N. Tafari, and H.E. Masters. Urban Runoff Pollution Control Technology Overview. EPA-600/2-77-047, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. March 1977. 13. Wenzel, H.G. Detention Storage Control Strategy Development. Water Resources Planning and Management Division, J., 102 (WRl): 117-135. April 1976. 14. ASCE. Utility of Urban Runoff Modeling - Proceedings of a Special Session. NTIS No. PB 261460 1 U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. July 1976 15. Joint Committee of WPCF and ASCE. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. WPCF, Washington, D.C. 1970- 16. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Drainage of Agricultural Land. Water Information Center, Inc., Port Washington, New York. 1973. 17. Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler, and J.L.H. Paulhus. Hydrology for Engineers. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1958. 18. McElroy, A.D., S.Y. Chin, J.B. Nebgen, A. Aleti, and F.W. Bennett. Loading Functions for Assessment of Water Pollution from Non-Point Sources. EPA-600/2-76-151, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, J.C. May 1976'. 9-2 19. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Storage, Treatment, Overflow, Runoff Model "STORM". Computer Program 723-S8-L7520. Dours, California. July 1976. 20. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., University of Florida, and Water Resources Engineers, Inc. Storm Water Management Model. 11024 DOC, 4 Volumes, U.S. Enviruniaental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office. Washington, DC. 1971. 21. Heaney, J.P. et al. Storm Water Management Model: Level I. Preliminary Screening Procedures. NTIS No. PB 259-916, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. Octo- ber 1976. 22. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory. Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual. EPA-600/9-76-014, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. July 1976. 23. Hydroscience, Inc. Simplified Mathematical Modeling of Water Quality. Report to U.S. Envoronmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. March 1971. 24. Jalal, K.F. Water Quality Impacts of Urbanization - A Methodology. Environmental Engineering Division, J., 103 (EEl): 49-57. February 1977. 25. Donigan, A.S., and N.H. Crawford. Modeling Non-Point Pollution from the Land Surface. EPA-600/3-76-083, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia. July 1976. 26. Torno, H.C. Storm Water Management Modeler. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. June 1977, 27. Nuber, W.C., J.P. Heaney, M.A. Medina, W.A. Peltz, It. Sheikh, and G.F. Smith. Storm Water Management Model User's Manual Version II. EPA-670/2-75-017. U.S. Environmental Protection Iff Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. March 1975.. 28. Raytheon Company. New England River Basins Modeling Project Final Report, Volume III - Documentation Report, Part I - RECEIV-II Water Quantity and Quality Model. Contract Number 68-01-1890. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. December 1974. 29. Frere, M.H., C.A. Onstad, and H.N. Holtan. ACTMO-An Agricul- tural Chemical Transport Model. Agricultural Research Ser- vice, DeparUtient of Agriculture, Hyattsville, Maryland. ARS-H-3. June 1975. 9-3 30. Donigian, A.S., Jr., and N.H. Crawford. Modeling Pesticides and Nutrients on Agricultural Lands. EPA 600/2-76-043, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ath&ns, Georgia. September 1975. 31. Brandstetter, A., R.L. Engel, and D.B. Cearlock. A Mathematical Model for Optimum Design and Control of Metropolitan Wastewater Management Systems. Water Resour. Bull. 9(6): 1188-1200. December 1973. 32. Hydrocomp Inc. Hydrocomp Simulation Program Operations Manual. Palo Alto, California. November 1975. 33. Terstriep, M.L. and J.B. Stall. The Illinois Urban Drainage Area Simulator. Bulletin 58, State of Illinois, Department of Registration and Education, Urbana, Illinois. 1974. 34. Crawford, N.H., and A.S. Donigian, Jr. Pesticide Treatment and Runoff Model for Agricultural Lands. EPA-600/2-74-013, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia. December 1973. 35. Watkins, L.H. The Design of Urban Sewer Systems. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. London, England. Paper 55. 1962. 36. Fulkerson, W., W.D. Shultz, and R.I. VanHook. Ecology and the Analysis of Trace Contaminants, Progress Report: January 1973-September 1973. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ORNL-NSF-EATC-6, January 1974. 37. Bruce, R.R., et al. Water-Sediment-Chemical Effluent Pre- diction (WA-S-CH Model). Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center. Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Watkinsville, Georgia. June 1973. 38. Lager, J.A., T. Didriksson, and G.B. One. Development and Application of a Simplified Stormwater Management Model. EPA-600/2-76-218, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. August 1976. 39. Wullschlegar, R.E. et al. Methodology for the Study of Ur- ban Storm Generated Pollution and Control. EPA-600/2-76-145, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gin'cinnati, Ohio. August 1976. 9-4 40. Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle. Maximizing SLorage in Combined Sewer Systems. 11022 FT-K, U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, Washington, D.C. December 1971. 41. Metropolitan Sewer Board, St. Paul, Minnesota. Dispatching System for Control of Combined Sewer Losses. 11020 FAQ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. I-larch 1971. 42. Colorado State University, Department of Civil Engineering. Metropolitan Water Intelligence Systems Completion Report Phase I. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research. Washington, D.G. June 1972 43. Bradford, B.H. Optimal Storage Control in a Combined Sewer System. Water Resources Planning and Management Division, J., 103(WW1): 1-15. May 1977. 44. Janson, L.E. et al. Equalization of Flow Variations in Com- bined Sewers. Environmental Engineering Division, J., 102(EEl): 1139-1149. December 1976. 45. Karl R. Rohmer Associates, Inc. Demonstration of Void Space with Treatment and Flow Regulation. EPA-600/2-76-272, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. December 1976. 46. flardt, R.A., and S.J. Burges. Some Consequences of Areawide Runoff Control Strategies. NTIS No. PB 261258, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. June 1976. 47. Eckhardt, D.A.V. Sediment Dishcarge from an Area of Highway Construction. Appleman's Run Basin, Columbia County, Penn- sylvania. NTIS No. PB 263616, U.S. Geological Survey, Harris- burg, Pennsylvania. October 1976. 48. Curtis, D.C., and R.H. McCuen. Design Efficiency of Storm- waLer Detention Basins. 1.,Tziter Resources Planning and Manage- ment Division, J., 103 (WRl): 125-140. May 1977. 49. RipKen, J.F. et al. Methods for Separation of Sediment from. Storm Water at Construction Sites. EPA-600/2-77-033, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. January 1977. 50. Rueter, F., and C. Fox. Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Non-Structural Pollution Controls: A Manual for Water Quality Management Planning. NTIS No. PB 260513, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. April 1976,.- 9-5 Section 7 1. U.S. Weather Bureau, Technical Paper 40 - Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States. U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. may 1961. 2. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program. Area and Agency Designations. Providence, Rhode Island. April 1975. 3. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program and Department of Health. Water Quality Management Plan. Providence, Rhode Island. 1975-1976. 4. Raytheon Company. New England River Basins Modeling Project. EPA Contract 68-01-1890, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. December 1974. 5. Anderson, Nichols, and Waterman Engineering. 201 Facilities Report for Providence, Central Falls, and Pawtucket. Providence, Rhode Island. 1976. 6. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program. Population Projections by County, City, and Town. Technical Report No. 25. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, Providence, Rhode Island. April 1975. 7. General Laws of the State of Rhode Island. Rhode Island Sub- division Regulation Law. Chapter 45-23. Providence, Rhode Island. 8. General Laws of the State of Rhode Island. Rhode Island Zoning Enabling Act. Chapter 45-24. Providence, Rhode Island. 9. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program. State Land Use Policies and Plan. Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, Providence, Rhode Island. January 1976. 9-6 SECTION 10 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY & BIBLIOGRAPHY The annotated bibliography presented here results from a comprehensive literature search intended to augment the existing stormwater runoff library at Raytheon OES. Those items included in Raytheon's existing library prior to the search, are tabulated in the Bibliography. The new items added to the library as a result of the search are presented in this Annotated Bibliography. The objective of the literature search was to identify pertinent technical literature on the following topics: 1. urban stormwater runoff problems in areas similar to the Rhode Island 208 area 2. characteristics of ur',jan stormwater runoff 3. analytical techniques available to assess urban storrmvater runoff 4. methods available to control urban stormwater runoff. The search was limited to recent years, because greater attention has been paid to urban runoff during that period, giving a higher return on search time spent. Some well known older items are also included, because of their i---nportance to the field of knowledge. In addition, some references on rural runoff and the general field of non-point pollution are included, because of Raytheon's responsibilities for certain aspects of these problems. The entries resulting from the search are presented on a Document Summary Form containing both the citation and reviewer's surmrary. Each document reviewed has been assigned a Document Number in one or more Categories. No special significance should be attributed to the Document Number; it was assigned in the order of review and is useful for identification of the document. The Category designation is used to group together 10-1 documents on related topics. Table 10-1 summarizes the meanings of the Category designators. Table 10-2 provides an index of all documents assigned to each Category for rapid reference. Section 5 of the report contains a synopsis of this literature search as it relates to urban runoff in the Rhode Island 208 area. 10-2 TABLE 10-1. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY CATEGORIES. Letter Meaning Designation A Lab analytical techniques C Characteristics of runoff E Engineering analysis method s I Instrumentation L Load reduction methods (pre-storm event) M Load management methods (during storm event) P Policy R Receiving waters effect S Sampling T Treatment processes 10-3 TABLE 10-2 CATEGORY INDEX FOR ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Document Category Number A C E I L M P R s T 1 X 2 X X X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X X X. X 5 X X X 6 X 7 X 8 9 X X 10 X x 11 X X X 12 x 14 X 15 X X X X X X X X X X 16 X 17 x X X X x x x x x x 18 X X X X X X X, x x X 19 X 20 X X 21 X 22 X X x X X X X X X X 23 X X X X X X X X X X 24 x x X 25 X X 26 X 27 X X 28 x X X 29 x X 30 x x 10-4 TABLE 10-2 CONTINUED Category Document Number A C E I L M p R s T 31 x 32 x 33 x x 34 x x ',7 35 x x x 36 x x x x 37 x x 38 x x x x 39 x 40 x x 41 x x x 42 x x 43 x 44 x x x x x x x x x x 45 x 46 x x x x 47 x x 48 x 49 x x x 50 x x x x 51 x 52 x x 53 x x 54 x 55 x 56 x 57 x x 58 x 59 x 60 x A% 10-5 TABLE 10-2 . CONTINUED Document Category Number A C E I L M p R s T 61 x 62 x 63 x 64 65 x x 66 x x x x X. x x x x x 67 x x x 68 x t* 1110 10-6 -RAYTHEON-- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK M DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers Author(s) Joint Committee of WPCF and ASCE. Af f iliation(s) Publication or WPCF Publisher Washington, DC WPCF Manual of Publication Date: 1970 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. Practice #9 Summary: Standard sewer design manual. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: May 19, 1977 ,RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 2 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: S,A,I,M,T,L Title Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control. Author(s) R.E. Wullschleger, A.E. Zanoni, C.A. Hansen Affiliation(s) Envirex, Inc. Milwaukee, WI 53214 Publication or USEPA Municipal Environmental Research Lab Publisher Cincinnati, OH 45268 EPA-600/2-76- Publication Date: August 1976 Volume/Issue/1'eport No 145 Summary: Due to lack of standardization, it is often difficult to make comparisons between or combine data from various stormwater programs. The report proposes standard approaches and methods in 6areas of stormwater analysis: 1. Sampling and sample preservation 2. Monitoring instrumentation 3. Choice of water quality constituents to be analyzed. 4. Sample analysis methods 5. Impact evaluation methods 6. Treatment process evaluation methods. Emphasis of report is on areas 1, 2, 3, and 4. Area 6 is given more emphasis than area 5.. While the report makes strong recommendations and has the aura of authority for standardization in these areas, its effect is limited by the EPA disclaimer'attached and by the 1 year and 8 month delay in its publication. Presents a comprehensive review of the important factors to be considered in stormwater runoff and techniques for dealing with those factors. For receiving waters, recommends few intense surveys over longer duration low intensity data acquisition. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: --May 19, 1977 ,@AYT H Is] RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER:- 3 URBAN RUNOFF TASK L,M,E DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Non-Structural Pollution Controls: A Manual for Water Quality Management Planning Author(s) F. Rueter and C. Fox Affiliation(s) CONSAD Research Corporation 121 North Highland Avenue Publication or Pittsburgh, PA 15206 publisher Environmental Protection Agency Planning Assistance Branch Washington, DC 20466 Publication Date: 4/30/76 Volume/Issue/Report No.: PB-260 513 Summary: The report reviews the important non-engineering- aspects of evaluating non-structural pollution control methods. Aspects considered are: legal feasibility, private costs and benefits, social costs and benefits, public and private adminis- trative costs, procedures for evaluating changes in land values, employment and income effects, tax base effects and just com- pensation. Some specific non-structural controls discussed are: regulatory controls, growth management controls, eminent domain controls, pricing and taxation controls, and planning process controls. The focus is on actions that may affect private property, as opposed to those non-structural controls, such as street sweeping, that are routinely within the public domain. Report provides a number of "check-list" forms for evaluating candidate actions. Emphasis is on "cost-effectiveness", not "cost-benefit", just as in Raytheon's work on sampling systems; the stream standards are taken as objectives. Many ref's to the`208 Guidelines", etc. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- May 20, 1977 .,RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 4 URBAN RUNOFF TASK S,I,M,T,R,L DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title London's Stormwater Problem Author(s) R.W. Horner, L.B. Wood, L.R. Wroe Affiliation(s) Greater London Council England Publication or Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation publisher Publication Date: January 1977 Volume/Issue/ 1'%eport No. : 49(l): 103-110 Summary: Paper presents a detailed review of t he massive Greater London combined sewer system. System is one of oldest in use today and has developed largely through experience. Present-day system is capable of handling typical 5-hour, "'once in five years" storm without overflow. London has extensive automated monitoring network in existence since 1966. Special techniques were developed to handle sampling of gravity sewers discharging through tide gates to the Thames (due to backwater and river water intrusion problems). Combination of 5-year design storm with antecedant DO's leads to once in 10 to 15 year lathal DO levels, Approach used for control calls for storage and treatment, using in-line, available unused canals and "water meadow" storage. Even brief detension results in significant physical treatment. Modeling and real-time control of system out of question, because of com- plexity of system. Some in-stream reaeration under consideration. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date May 23, 1977 _RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 5 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: P,LPR Title Non-P oint Sources and Planning for Water Pollution Control Author(s) W. Whipple, Jr. and J.V. Hunter Affiliation(s) Zutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Publication or Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation publisher Publication Date:January 1977. Volume /Issue/ Report No. : 49(l) :15-23 Summary: General review of non-point source pollution. Summarizes status, some available data and some existing programs. Reiterates Enviro Control contention that runoff accounts for at least as much pollution as point sources. Cites a number of studies showing BOD and phosphorus loadings for agricultural, suburban and urban con- ditions. Shows distinct seasonal variability in BOD for various runoff discharges. Contends that nutrient loads, particularly phosphorus, are not adequately represented by low-flow data. Shows strong relationship of heavy metals to particulates, giving stronger sediment metals loads than in water column. Suggests "drainage area management" as single most important element to control. Is somewhat pessimistic about existing institutions providing adequate "drainage area management". Notes strong need for disinfection of stormwater. Contends DO levels in streams can be maintained more cheaply by oxygenation than by treating runoff. Reviewed by: C. Beckers May 24, 1977 Date: '._RAYTHEO@N RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK CATEGORY: P DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM Title Planning for implementation under Section 208. Author(s) W.C. Lienesch G.A. Emison Affiliation(s) USEPA Planning Council Washington, DC Montgomery County, MI) Publication or Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Publisher Management Division, ASCE Publication Date:November 1976Volume/Issue/ Report No. :102 (WR2) - 283- -295 Summary: Excellent review of 4 major problem areas in the implementation of 208 plans: constraints of existing capital investments in treatment, low probability oficon'sistent application of non-structural approaches, legal barriers to successful desi- gnation of a management.agency, and limitations on positive citizen participation. EPA has made a policy decision to allow 201 plans to go ahead without 208 input; this adds on new coordinative requirement that may preclude adaptions of certain non-structural approaches. The concept of cost-effectiveness used to evaluate both structural and non-structural alternatives must be expanded to include social, political and economic impacts. There is a bias in operating agencies toward facilities and little coordina- tion between operating and planning agencies. The major barrier to land use controls is political, especially due to fragmentation of governmental authority and the influence of growth-oriented developers, This probably requires state controls. The Act cont'ains nine requirements for the authority,of the designated agency. In most states, these authorities are fragmented among 6 or more different organizations. Even selections of a single lead agency may be difficult. This has been alleviated somewhat by belated recognition by EPA of the role of states in 208 planning. In the area of citizen participation the basic problem is one of awkwardness of large committees. Also, an over-reliance of planners on technical analysis leads to distrust by those not schooled in the methods. There is some concern that citizen parti- cipation may extend to court suits that will be counter-productive, no matter what the outcome. The 2-year limit is seen as a fundamental readblock to resolution of many of these issues. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 24 May 77 '..RAYTHEON-- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 7 URBAN RUNOFF TASK E DOCUMENT SUMRARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Hydraulics of Slope Erosion by Overland Flow Author(s) S. Komura Affiliation(s) Gifu University Kagamigahara, Gifu, Japan Publication or Journal of the Hydraulics Division , ASCE I-'ublisher Publication Date:October 1976 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. :102(HY10) :1573- Summary: Paper examines problem of computat ion (estimation) of 1586 slope erosion using deterministic (non-statistical) methods. Develops equations for estimating slope erosion,from first prin- cipals and shows agreement with limited data availabe. Calls for development of additional study data to give coefficients for broader range of soils, etc. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 25 May 77 ,-RAYTHEO@N- 8 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK E DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Runoff Files for Flood Hydrograph Simulation Author(s) A.L. Lumb L.D. James Affiliation(s) Hydrocomp, Inc. Georgia Inst. of Tech. Atlanta, GA Atlanta, GA Publication or Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE i-lublisher Publication Date:October 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.:102(HY10):1515- 531 Summary; Although focusing on flooding, the paper presents concepts that may be found useful in dealing with pollution from stormwater runoff. The approach is to develop a computational scheme that segments the problem into 2 parts, what is leaving the land and how it is transported in the drainage system. Runoff patterns are developed for a variety of soil, slope, rainfall, etc. patterns to be used repeatedly in testing alternative drainage routings. The Stanford Watershed Model is used to create the runoff file and a Hydrocomp-proprietary model for flow routing. Approach is suitable to long term repeated use to test alternatives as they are proposed by government,'private owners and developers. Reviewed by: C Date: 25 May 77 @AYTHEON__ RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK L, R DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Land Use and Water Quality in New York Rivers Author(s) D.A. Haith Affiliation(s) Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY Publication or Journal of the Environmental Engineering Div., ASCE Publisher Publication Date:February 19 76 Volume /Issue/ 11'keport No. :102(EEI) :1-15 Summary: Paper uses statistical methods to analyze relationship between water quality and land uses in New York. Finds significant correlations between nitrogen and land uses. S'uspended solids was correlated only with high density residential, while no correlations were found for phosphorus. Regression equations were developed for nitrogen and suspended solids, explaining 89% and 63% of the variance, respectively. Transportation was found to be a useful indicator of commercial/industrial and residential development, explaining more variance than these other factors independently. Nitrogen is negatively related to forests and positively related to cropland, agriculture and transportation. Suspended solids were related most closely to high density residential development. They were not able to separate point and non-point sources within a land use, using this analysis. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 25 May 77 ,,RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 10 URBAN RUNOFF TASK L,R DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Salt Storage and Runoff in Urban Watershed Author(s) R.H. Hawkins Affiliation(s) Utah State Univ. Logan, Utah Publication or Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Alublisher ASCE Publication Date:August 1976 Volume /Issue/ 1'\eport No. :102(EE4) :737- -743 Summary: Brief-paper indicates 82% of salt applied to highways in study area is carried away in runoff (annual averages). This indicates 18% either is deposited or leaves by.other means. Study shows increasing summer chlorides. Contents in base flow indicating build-up of salt deposites affecting groundwater chlorides. Paper cites other research showing fraction in runoff ranging from 50% to 100% Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 25 May 77 ,@AYTHEON_ RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: E. M. T Title Theory of Storage and Treatment-Plant Overflows Author(s) C.D.D. Howard Affiliation(s) Consultant Winnipeg, Canada Publication or Journal of Environmental Engineering Division ASCE Ilublisher Publication Date:August 1976 Volume/Issue/1'\eport No.:102(EE4):709- 722 Summary: Excellent paper presenting the theoretical basis and some demonstration for a stochastic model of a storage and treat- ment system for stormwater runoff. Basic input's to the analysis are weather records and estimates of drainage basin characteris- tics. These are used to-estimate statistical parameters descriptive of the interaction among a sequence of rainfalls, available storage, treatment capacity and expected overflow. Method is somewhat biased to represent heavy rainfalls better than light rainfalls. Looks like good approach to consider when dealing with specific site problem; not appropriate to gross area-wide planning. Reviewed by- C, Beckers Date: 25__May 77 .'-RAYTHEON- R1 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 12 URBAN RUNOFF TASK P DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Executive Summary of Section 208 Program for Designated Areas - Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 Author(s) Affiliation (s) US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Publication or (Same) I'dolisher Publication Date:October 1974 Volume/Issue/l'keport No. :PB-258 163 Summary: Concise summary of 208 Program as of October 1974. Slightly out of date with regard to designation/non-designation policy, but otherwise a good overview of important aspects of program. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 23 May 77 ,@AYTHEON__ RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 13 URBAN RUNOFF TASK E DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Water Quality Simulation and Public Law 92-500 - Case Study: Southwestern Illinois Author(s) N.V. Schultz A. Wilmarth Affiliation(s) Hydrocomp, Inc. Southwestern Illinois Metro & Chicago, IL Regional Planning Commission Publication or (Unpublished) Collinsville, IL. Publisher Publication Date: ? Volume/Issue/Report No.: Summary: Paper describes application of Hydrocomp, Simulation Program (HSP) to load allocation and alternative selection for SIMAPC. Few details of model, but appears to'be standard time- variable water quality model with a hydrological "front-end" to provide runoff data. Point sources are represented in more common "direct input" form. Model appears to be best suited for analysis of non-urban runoff, since it does not seem to have pipe routing capability. (HSP is proprietary to Hydrocomp.) Results are typical of those achievable with other models. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 23 May 77 ,-RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 14 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Development and Application of a Simplified Storlawater Management Model Author(s) Lager, J.A., T. Didriksson and G.B. Otte Affiliation(s) Metcalf & Eddy Publication or EPA Report Publisher Publication Date: August 1976 Volume /Issue/ Peport No. : EPA-600/2-76-218 Summary; A simplified stormwater management model has'been created to provide an inexpensive, flexible tool for planning and preliminary sizing of stormwaterfacilities. The model delineates a methodology to be used in the management of stormwater and consists of a series of interrelated tasks that combine small computer programs and hand computations. The model successfully introduces time and probability into stormwater analysis, promotes total system consciousness on the part of the user, and assists in establishing size-effectiveness relationships for facilities. Advantages of Simplified SWMM for planning applications over SWMM include reduced cost, reduced data requirements and ability to simulate continuous records over long time.periods (eg, 20 yrs). Advantages over STORM include ability to allow time steps of one day (as well as one hour), thus reducing computer costs for analysis of long records, and ability to allow a network of sewer channels, overflow points and drainage areas. ZONE Date: Reviewed by: S.G. Chathp-rinin- Ph n May 25, 1977 RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 15 URBAN RUNOFF TASK S,A,I,M,T,RL,E,P,C DOCUtFC,NT SUMMARY FORII CATEGORY: Title Urban Runoff-Quantity and Quality (Proceedings of a Conference held at Franklin Pierce College, August 11-16, 1974) Author(s) W. Whipple, Jr. (ed.) Affiliation(s) PubliCILIon or ASCE PubLisher New York, New York Publication Date . 1975 Volume/Issue/Report No.: Summary: Proceedings of a conference on the state-of-the-art in urban runoff as of 1974. Divided into 6 topics; 1) User needs, 2) Social, political, and economic aspects, 3) Collection, storage and treatment, 4) Environmental impact, a) Data col- lection and 6) Flood management. Topics are of varying technical content. Sections on collection, storage, and treatment provide greatest substantive information. Serves to emphasize relationship between flood control and water quality. Reviewed by:, C_ BP_nkP_rs Date: 14 June 1977 RAYTH EON- Rl 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 16 URBAN RUNOFF TASK @DOCUTTEII.'IT SUMMAR'f FORM CATEGORY: Title Water Quality Management Planning for Urban Runoff Author(s) Affiliation(s) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Planning and Standards Public..-it:ion or Washington, DC 20460 Pub I Lsher Publication Date :December 1974Volume/Issue/ Report No. : EPA440/9- 75-004 Summary: Although not identified as such, this is the so-called URS model approach to urban runoff modeling. Three levels of resolution are described, depending on the desired degree of detail and the availability of site-specific data.. All computations are manual. The method focuses on impervious areas, but is expandable to include pervious areas as well. The method provides estimates of quantity and quality of runoff for a design storm. Some discussion of available treatment, abatement and disposal methods is included. Methods described are appropriate to Preliminary Evaluation Phase analysis. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 14 June 1977 .,RAYTHEON-- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER:-17 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOW-ENT SUMMARY FOR11 CATEGORY:S.1A,I.M,T,R,L,E,P,C Title Urban Stormwater Management and Technology: An Assessment Author(s) J. A. Lager and W. G. Smith Affiliation(s) Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Palo Alio, California 94303 Public@iLion or USEPA-NERC Cincinnati Publ.isher Cincinnati, OH 45268 Publication Date:December 1974Volume/Issue/Report No.:EPA 670/2-74-04( Summary: A definitive "textbook" on urban stormwater management reviews the nature of the problem and the various alternatives for control. Approaches conaidered include: solid waste management, street cleaning, control of chemicals applications, erosion control, sewer separation, I/I control, sewer flush- ing, regulators, remote monitoring and control, storage, physical treatment, biological treatment, physical-chemical treatment, and disinfection. Other areas detailed include design/implementation approaches (e.g. math models) and O&M factors. An extensive reference list is included. Good companion work to Document Numbers 2 and 3. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 14 June 1977 RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 1 R URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY S, A, I, M, T ,R ,E,P,C Title Selected Urban Stormwater Runoff Abstracts July 1971-June 1972 Author(s) D. A. Sandoski Affiliation(s) Publiction or USEPA-ORM Publisher Washington, DC 20460 Publication Date: December 1972 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. EPA-R2-72-127 Summary: As the title implies, 215 abstracts of technical articles in a variety of international journals on the subject of urban stormwater for the 1971-1972 period. It is one of a series of such annual bibliographies. Predominance of hardware, operating and structural emphasis. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 15 June 1977 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 19 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUT-FENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: E Title Mod .eling NonPoint Pollution from the Land Surface Author(s) A. S. Donigan, Jr. and N. H. Crawford Affiliation(s) Hydrocomp, Inc. Palo Alto, California 94394 PubILCILion or USEPA-ORM Publisher ERL@Athens Athens, Georgia 30601 Publication Date: July 1976 Volume/Iss@ie/Report No.:EPA-600/3-76-083 Summary: This is the documentation report for the Non Point Source Pollutant Loading (NPS) Model. The model is one of a series of related models including the Agricultural Runoff Model (ARM), and Pesticide Transport Model (PTR) developed under the auspices of the EPA Athens Labortory. Model is capable of representing water temperature, DO, sediment and up to five user-specificifiedl non-point pollutants. Model emphasizes overland, open channel and natural water,course flows, giving little consideration to sewered flow. Appears most useful for simulating gross water quality effects in larger watersheds with a diversity of urban and rural (predominantly rural) land uses. Would be especially useful in examining gross impact',of urbanization of a watershed. Model is computerized and level of data inputs are probably most appropriate for detailed study of a single watershed. Reviewed by: Date: 5 Time 1C)77 "RAYTHEOR RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 9n URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FOR11 CATEGORY: M-R Title Erosion and Sedimentation-A Planning Report Author(s) US Army Corps of Engineers & US Dept. of Agriculture Affiliation(s) Soil Conservation Service PublicaLion or New England River Basins Commission Publisher New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Publication Date@ January 19 75Volume/Issue/Report No.: Summary: A planning report on coastal and upland soil erosion and sedimentation in the Long Island Sound drainage basins. First 2/3 of report is on coastal erosion; remainder on upland erosion. In the Sound region, soil erosion is considered less severe than in other regions of the country, but still significant. Report summarizes benefits and losses due to sedimentation and erosion. Finds erosion losses highest in untreated croplands, followed by urban areas (due to large urban area). Construction sites account for 3rd largest losses. About 35% of soil loss is attributable to "natural" causes that are not strongly related to mants use. Estimates based on Universal Soil Loss Equations for most areas. Reviewed by: C. Beckprq Date: 15 June 1-9 -RAYTHEON- 21 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: E Title Literatura Review and Analysis of Tbchniques for Identification and Evaluation of Non-Point Sources of Pollutants Author(s) Affiliation(s) Dames & Moore Publication or Greater Portland Council of Governments Publisher Portland, Maine Publication Date:January 1976 Volume /Issue/ Rep.ort No. :7787-001-86 Summary: Report is somewhat spotty in its coverage'of available techniques, giving 3 pages (for example) to methods for evaluating impact on lakes and ponds without citing any of the several models available. It does, however, provide some useful summaries of 3 computerized data management systems (ADAPT, GIMS, and LUDA), of 5 runoff models (STORM, SWMM, BATTELLE's UWM, PTR, and RRM) and 7 receiving water models (DOSAG, QUAL II, STREAM SSAM, AUTO-QUAL, MONOGAHELA MODEL, and COLEAT) Reviewed by: C_ Beckers Date: 15 jjing- IQ77 ,RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 22 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DO=-FENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY:S--A-T-M-T-R-T. E,P,C Title Proceedings- Urban Stormwater Management Seminars Atlanta, Georgia Nov. 4-6, 1975 & Denver, Colorado Dec. 2-4, 1975 Author(s) Affiliation(s) Public@ition or USEPA Publisher Planning Assistance and Policy Branch Water Planning Pivision Washington, DC 20460 Publication Date: Volume/Issue/Report No.:WPD 03-76-04 Summary: Collection of excellant technical papers presented on all aspects of urban stormwater runoff. Authors are all well known and recognized for their expertise in the field. Reviewed by: G- Reckgrg Date: 15 Tllnp 1 Q77 RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 23 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY:S.A T M,T, R,T,,E,P,C Title Urbanization and Sedimentation-A Bibliography Volume 2 Author(s) US Dept. of the Interior Affiliation(s)Office of Water Research and Technology Water Resources Scientific Information Center Publication or Washington, DC 20240 Publisher Publication Date:December 1975Volume/I ssue/ Report No. :OWRT/WRISC 75-207 Summary: Bibliography of journal papers, reports, books, etc on the effects of urbanization on stream sediment load and sedimentation. Reviewed by: Beckers Date: 15 June 1977 RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 24 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: R,E,M Title The Influence of Land Use on Stream Nutrient Levels Author(s) j. M. Omernik Affiliation(s) Corvallis ERL Corvallis, Oregon 97330 Publication or USEPA Publisher ORD Corvallis, Oregon 97330 Publication Date:January 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.:EPA-600/3-76-014 Summary: Studied relationship between basin characteristics, especially land use, and nutrient (nitrogen and phosporus) levels in streams for 473 basins in eastern US. Reports positive correlation between nutrient levels and agricultural, or combined agricultural and urban land use. Forested areas have lower levels. Found that loads were comparable in all areas, but there were strong differences in concentrations due to differences in hydrology. Regression equations give limited predictive ability. These results are qualitatively similar to those reported in Document Number 9, but not directly comparable due to differences in form of the regression equations. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 15 June 1977 RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 25 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUPFENT SUMMARY FORII CATEGORY: C -F- Title Characteristics of Non-Point Source Pollution and Urban Runoff (Draft) Aut'nor(s) Southeastern Regional Planning and Economic Development Affiliation(s) District Marion, Massachusetts 02738 PubILcit:ion or Publisher Publication Date: December 19757olume/Issue/ Report No. Summary: Report is presented in 2 parts. The first part summarizes the characteristics and comparative magnitudes of runoff from the following types of sources: agriculture sanitary land fills and solid waste general soil erosion commercial and pleasure boating septic systems highways industries The second part of the report constitutes a review and implicit endorsement of the URS method described in Document Number 16. Reviewed by:, C_ Hackers Date: 1@ June 1977 ,RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 26 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: L Title Impact of High Rise Buildings on the Urban System Author(s) H.A. Simon (ed.) Affiliation(s) Illinois Univ. at Chicago I Chicago, Ill. Publication or National Science Foundation Publisher Washington, DC PB-263 387 Publication Date: Dec. 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No,: NSF-GK-41663 Summary; Des.cribes a university study of political, social, economic, transportation and utilities impacts of high-rise building development. Relevant conclusions are: 1) high-rise development tends to reduce dependence on private automobiles by putting residences in close proximity to central business district and 2) high-rise development allows larger permeable spaces surrounding structures, reducing runoff. Reviewed by: r Date: 31 May 77 ".'-RAYTHEON-,' RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 27 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: M,T Title Demonstration of Void Space Storage with Treatment and Flow Regulation Author(s) Karl R. Rohner Associates, Inc. Affiliation(s) Akron, OH 44321 Publication or USEPA/ORD Publisher Municipal Environmental Research Lab Cincinnati, OH 45268 Publication Date: Dec. 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.: EPA-600/2-76-272 Summary: Well written report documents demonstration of a so-called "Geo-Cell" concept for detention of combined'sewage for later @reatment. A "Geo-Cell" consists of an excauation lined with an impermeable material, filled with a porous medium that provides structural support to a "roof" of natural fill. Incorporated in the system are a clarifier, chlorination and settling tubes, which provide a degree of treatment in addition to the medium itself prior to discharge to the STP. Results of the demonstration were generally positive with recommendations confined to design features rather than overall concept. The "roof" is suitable to open space or parking area development, as it is level with surrounding terrain. Reviewed by: C Back Date: 31 May 77 EON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 28 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: C.A.T Title Proceedings of Workshop on Micro-organisms in Urban Stormwater - Held at Edison, NJ, on March 24, 1975 Author(s) USEPA/ORD Affiliation(s)Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory Publication or Edison, NJ 08817 Publisher Publication Date: Nov. 1976 Volume /Issue/ [Zeport No. : EPA-600/2-76-244 Summary: Proceedings of a conference to discuss current EPA research in 3 basic areas: 1) How are pathogens related to indicator organisms (e.g. coliforms) in urban runoff. 2) What high-rate disinfection processes might be used to treat these pathogens. 3) What methods should be used to select levels of disinfection-(coliforms are not necessarily the best criteria). First paper focuses on evaluation of lab methods. Funds wide variability in ratios of pathogens to indicators in stormwater; some inhibition of pathogens by stormwater. Second, paper finds very high indicator in low-flow waters and.poor correlation between increases in pathogens and in indicators during runoff. Found chlorine disinfection superior to ozonation. Third, paper reports early findings on study of viruses in stormwater. Fourth, paper examines ways of elimination use of C1 for stormwater disinfection due to high dosage requirements. Finds Clo 2 a good alternative in both performance and cost. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 1 June 77 -RAYTH EON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 99 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: r-R Title Effects of Agricultural Practices and Land Disposal of Solid Waste on Quality of Water from Small Waterbeds Author(s) C.H. Shelton & G.M. Lessman Affiliation(s) University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tenn. Publication or U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, OWRR Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date:Jan. 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.: PB-263-240 Summary: Brief report summarizes resulting water quality due to agricultural land management practices on a number of test watersheds. Concludes significant increase in contaminants during late winter and early spring when land is fallow and runoff greatest. Increases in nitrates, chlorides and orthophosphates in runoff directly related to fertilizer application. Metals in runoff correllated with rainfall history and fallow conditions. Timing of application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer affects concentrations of coliforms and BOD in runoff. Careful distinction must be made between heavy metals in runoff from natural sources and those due to management practices. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 2 June 1977 .1RAYTHE6N_ RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 30 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: - C,R Title Investigation to Determine Extent and Nature of Non-Point Source Enrichment and Hydrology of Several Recreational Lakes of Eastern Washington. Author(s) H.D. Copp, et al. Affiliation(s) Washington State University Pullman, Washington Publication or US Dept. of Interior OWRR publisher Washington, DC Publication Date: Nov. 1976 Volume/Issue/11\eport No.:PB 263 354 Summary: A detailed study of the specific effects of increasing human use of previously virgin lakes in hilly regions of Washington State. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date 2 June 1977 _RAYTHEON- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: -31 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Attitudes and Interactions of Citizen Advisory Groups & Governmental Officials in the Water Resources Planning Process. Author(s) R.A. Shanley Affiliation(s) Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, Mass. Publication or U.S. Dept. of Interior/OWRT publisher Washington, DC Publication Date: August 1976 Volume /Issue/ Peport No. PB 263 483 Summary: The report studies use of citizen participation in three New England area environmental planning studies. It raises specific questions as to the representativeness of the groups and the inputs elicited through them. Specific communications limitations are identified, both between the general populace and the group, and between the group and the planners. Reviewed by: Date: 2 June 1977 ,,-RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: -32 URBAN RUNOFF TASK P DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Case Study of the Metropolitan Council as an Environmental Management Organization Author(s) School of Public Affairs Affiliation(s) University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN Publication or USEPA Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date': Jan. 1976 Vol'ume/Issue/Report No.: PB-263 486 Summary: This report looks ahead to the requirements of unified, multi-media control of pollutants by a single regional agency. By an accident of its history, the Minneapolis-St. Paul (Minnesota) Metropolitan Council has many of the attributes of such an agency, including operational, governmental, planning, funding and regulatory functions. In some ways, it constitutes a tr super-government", although it has no authority to override any local government. The report traces the historical development of the Council as an example of the problems entailed in the creation of such an agency. A 'i A01 IN, S 4 �1 Reviewed by: C., Beckers Date: 22 July 1977 ,-RAYTHEON- 33 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK L, C DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Nitrate in Effluents from Irrigated Lands, Annual Report Author(s) P.E. Pratt, et al. Affiliation(s) University of California Riverside, CA Publication or NSF-RANN publisher Washington, DC 20550 Publication Date: July 1976 Volume/Issue/Peport 1.'jo.: NSF/RA-760285 Sunnary: The conclusions of several other documents reviewed are that nutrients in runoff from agricultural areas is strongly dependent on antecedant conditions of water flux and fertilizer application (e.g. Document Number 29). This collection of papers reports on detailed research into the movement of nutrients, specifically nitrates, into, within, and out of the "field system". Focus of work is irrigated fields, but work may be extendable. The approach is at a level that limits the immediate application of the results to runoff modeling, but they may be useful for specific study cases. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: June 16, 1977 .RAYTHEON-- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 34 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Characterization of Urban Runoff - New Jersey Author(s) W. Whipple, J.V. Hunter, and S.L. Yu Affiliation(s) Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Publication or OWRT publisher Dept. of the Interior Washington, DC - Publication Date: June 1976 Volume/Issue/1'\eport No.: PB 261246 Summary: Reports on a detailed field sampling program to characterize urban runoff in New Jersey. The program is one of several such funded to sample urban runoff in eastern states. Pollutants considered include heavy metals, BOD, phosphates and suspended solids. Dry weather, wet weather and storm event sampling was done on both stream and sewer flows. A limited attempt was made to relate the results to land use in qualitative terms. Results should be useful in assigning load rates for urban areas in Rhode Island, due'to geographic proximity and climatological similarity. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date. June 16, 1977 _RAYTHEON-- 35 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK M, E, C, P DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Some Consequences of Area Wide Runoff Control Strategies in Urban Watersheds Author(s) R.A. Hardt and S.J. Burges Affiliation(s) University of Washington Seattle, Washington Publication or OWRT Publisher Dept. of the Interior Washington, DC Publication Date: June 1976 Volume/Issue/lZeport 'No.: PB 261258 Summary; A numerical model of stormwater runoff is used to examine the consequences of alternative hydraulic controls on hypothetical urban watersheds. No consideration is given to quality aspects. The approach is to attempt to devise strategies that maintain peak flows at the pre-urbanized level for the watershed. Conclusions include: controls must be on.watershed, not political juris- diction, basis choice of 0@timum controls requires detailed hydrologic data runoff volume reduction is effective control method restricted outflow achieves peak cont rol, but extends time of outflow longer duration storms created higher peaks than shorter duration storms. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- June 16, 1977 "-RAYTHEON-- 36 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUHENT SUMMARY FOR14 CATEGORY: M, T, E, R, P Title Analysis of Stormwater Seepage Basins in Florida Autllor(s) H. Rubin, J.P. Glass, and A.A. Hunt Affiliation(s) University of Florida Gainesville, FL Publication or OWRT Pi.ib lisher Dept. of the Interior Washington, DC Publication Date: Sept. 1976 Volume/Issue/keport. @4o.: PB 261393 Summary: Study is directed at providing a design approach for engineering stormwater basins to serve multiple purposes of flood control, stormwater pollution abatement and groundwater recharge. Of particular concern is tran *sport of stormwater pollutants into the groundwater. An overall approach is developed incorporating traditional preliminary evaluations and final design steps, but emphasizing recent developments in legal, institutional, economic and social considerations. A thorough analysis of flow from a basin into groundwater is presented, based on first principals. Particular attention is paid to conditions of high groundwater (a problem not unknown in Rhode Island). A substantial portion of the paper is devoted to analysis of the Floridan Aquifer, which does not appear to be especially relevant to Rhode Island. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: June 16, 1977 ,,,RAYTHEON-' RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 37 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: E,P Title utility of Urban Runoff Modeling - Proceedings of a Special Session, Spring Annual Meeting, AGU, April 14, 1976. Author(s) ASCE Affiliation(s) New York, New York 1)ublication or OWRT l'ublisher Dept. of the Interior Washington, DC Publication Date: July 1976 Volume/Issue/l'keport 'go PB 261460 Summary: Proceedings of a workshop session on the cost-effectiveness of use of models in planning and engineering for urban runoff. Identifies reasons for poor acceptance of modeling by most public agencies, including lack of motivating pressures, prior failures of models and conservatism of consultants. Models believed most useful for examining alternate futures, for understanding the details of a complex problem and especially for design of active sewer control systems. The greatest problem identified is lack of calibration data, due primarily to lack of foresight on part of funding agencies. Stormwater models apparently cannot be justified on the basis of capital savings, but rather on effect- iveness of the resulting design, especially in a tax or fine based incentive system. The papers describe a number of successes in application of models to urban runoff. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: June 17, 1977 RAYTHEON R1 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 38 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUtIE'NT SUt,1MAPY FORM CATEGORY: S-I.C-A TitleSampling and Analysis of Stormwater Runoff from Urban and Semi-Urban/Rural Watersheds Autlior(s) F.T.R. McElroy, C.F. Mattox, D.W. Hartmann, J.M. Bell Affiliation(s) Perdue University W. Lafayette, Indiana Pub]Lc,icion or OWRT 1)ubl.Lsher Washington, D.C. Publicar-ion Dat:L-Sept. 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.:PB262080 Summary; Deals solely with stormwater runoff, not combined sewage. Presents a useful review of literature for BOD, suspended solids, fecal coliforms and effects of first flush. Notes some difficulties with BOD test at low dilutions. One study cited related virtually all fecal coliform. in stormwater runoff to non-human sources. Some researchers observe "first flush", others relate concentration only to rainfall intensity. Some researchers show little relationship between concentration and antecedent conditions. Actual research consists of a detailed study of 1 urban and 1 rural watershed. Sampling station design is thoroughly described, including automatic instrumentation. Emphasizes need for automated sample initiation to catch first samples. BOD's, suspended solids and fecal coliform. analysis were performed. Sampling was done by continous sequential compositing to make up the necessary analysis volume. Results show need for high frequency sampling to get good peak values. Mass of pollutants washed off was directly related to volume of flow, so observation of 90% of mass required observation of 90% of flow. This sets sampling duration. Concentration of pollutants in "dry weather" flow were found to be higher in urban area than in rural. Report tabulates detailed results from a number of storms at both sites. Urban hydrograph and pollutographs are clearly "peakier" than rural. Urban area clearly yielded higher BOD values, with the urban area average about 4-5 times greater than the rural area. While the average suspended solids were similar in both basins, the urban area showed greater variability. The maximum suspended solids was 1.5-2 times greater in the urban area. However, the load per acre is greater for the rural area than for the urban area. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date 29 June 77 ,RAYTHEON--, RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 39 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUIfENT SUM MARY FORM CATEGORY: F Title Methods for Calculating Maximum Flood Discharges for Natural Watercourses and Urban Areas in the USSR Author(s) V.V. Kuprianov Affiliation(s) State Hydrological Institute Lenningrad, USSR Publication or NSF Publisher, Washington, D.C. Publication Date-August 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.: PB262070 Summary: Brief report on stormwater quantity analysis practices in the Soviet Union. Emphasis is on a highly statistical approach to determination of coefficients in the classical "rational method". (One of a series; see Document Number 40 and 41.) Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 29 June 77 @',RAYTHEON-' 40 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK Ej DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Urban Hydrological Modeling and Catchment Research in the United Kingdom Author(s) M.J. Lowing Affiliation(s) Institute of Hydrology Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. Publication or NSF Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date: July 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.: PB 262 069 Summary: Brief report summarizes work in progress in the United Kingdom but provides virtually no technical data on that work. (One of a series; see Document Numbers 39 and 41.) Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 29 June 1977 ,RAYTHEON-- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 41 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUPTENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY. E,I,S Title Urban Hydrological Modeling and Catchment Research in Canada Author(s) J. Marsalek Affiliation(s) Canada Centre for Inland Waters Burlington, Ontario, Canada PublicaLion or NSF Publisher, Washington, DC Publication Date: June 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.: PB 262 068 Summary, Notes difficulties in instrumenting catchments, particularly sewer flow gaging, and high costs. Primarily a summary of work in progress on urban runoff with few technical details. Does provide some guide on parameters typically sampled. Block diagrams of some existing automated data systems. Ranges of values given for many parameters, but insufficient information to relate them to land use. Reviews a number of existing, available models including SWMM and STORM. Gives brief description of an attempt to combine best features of SWMM and STORM. Provides details on a sensitivity analysis of SWMM. An appendix provides details on.a number of individual catchment studies. (One of a series of reports; see Document Numbers 39 and 40.) Reviewed by: C- Beckers- Date- 29 June 1977 YTHEON 42 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUtVENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: M,T Title Methods for Separation of Sediment from Storm Water at Construction Sites Autlllor(s) J.F. Ripken, J.M. Killen, J.S. Gulliver Affiliation(s) Univ. of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota USEPA Publication or Municipal Environmental Research Lab Publisher Cincinnati, Ohio EPA-600/2- Publication Date: Jan. 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.: 77-033 Summary: Report focuses on treatment of sediment load that results even after application of best management practices during construction. Assumes problem is primarily suspended mineral solids, not dissolved or organic materials. Points out that construction should not be held accountable for natural sediment removal, typically 1-4 tons/acre/year in U.S. Simple settling basin is most cost-effective in removing coarse fractions. This also has the effect of reducing the flow to any high-rate removal facility, reducing capital costs at that point. Uses "rational formula" and "Universal Soil Loss" equation to estimate sediment loads. Use of commercial clarifiers is not deemed economical; much better to use traditional settling basin with commercial secondary systems. Report goes through a detailed evaluation of commercially available secondary units of the following types: sieve bends (not suitable) rotary screens tubular strainers micro-stra.iners (consider for larger size sediments) disc strainers high rate gravity separators (useful to reduce settling basin size) hydrocyclones (no additional capability over settling basins) swirl concentrators (no additional capability over settling basins) teacup separators centrifuges (not cost-effective) filtration (not suitable, except sand or rotary vacuum) electrophoresis (not suitable) Also considered are chemical additives to promote cogulation and flocculation, which are considered useful to attended operations. ELH.E 6 - NJ Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 29 June 1977 RAYTHEON- RI 208- P1ROJE`CT' DOCUMENT NUMBER: 43 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUPTENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: C Title Projection of Petroleum Content of Urban Runoff Author(s) W. Whipple, Jr., J.V. Hunter, S.L. Yu Affiliation(s) Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Publication or NSF Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date: April 1975 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. : PB 262 756 Summary: Study of a single 318 acre storm drainage basin in Philadelphia indicates urban runoff will contribute more petroleum to the Delaware River than the 7 refineries on the river after installation of secondary treatment. Drainage basin is well- maintained multi-family residential/commercial/industrial. Low-flow petroleum concentrations found negligible. Petroleum was associated primarily with suspended sediments; little floating petroleum was observed. Enclosure 1 gives concentra- tions of various petroleum components. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: July 1, 1977 .,RAYTHEON- 44 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK S,A,I,M,T,R,L,E,P,C DOCUPTENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Urban Runoff Pollution Control Technology Overview Author(s) R. Field, A.N. Tafuri, H.E. Masters Af filiation(s) EPA-MERL Edison, NJ Publication or USEPA-ORD Publisher Cincinnati, Ohio EPA-600/2- Publication Date: March 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.: 77-047 Summary: Reviews on-going and completed EPA programs in urban runoff and cites some results. Gives typical concentrations and loads for urban runoff. Identifies a computerized data base containing screened data for model development; may be useful to 208. Categorizes urban water management analysis into 4 levels, according to availability of data and sophistication of methodology. Level 1 (desk top) approaches mentioned the Univ. of Florida method and the Hydroscience method. Signifi- cantly, the URS method is not mentioned. Various structural and non-structural alternatives are reviewed; indicates storage probably most cost-effective structural method. & Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 1 July 1977 ,_RAYTHEON-- 45 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK C DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Sediment Discharge from an Area of Highway Construction, Appleman's Run Basin, Columbia County, Pennsylvania Author(s) D.A.V. Eckhardt Affiliation(s) USGS Harrisburg, PA Publication or USGS Pablisher Harrisburg, PA Publication Date: October 1976Volume/Issue/['\eport No.: PB 263 616 Summary: Brief report on detailed study of effects of highway construction on sediment in stream. Found =100% increase in sediment yield due to construction on about 10% of basin. Most (83%) of erosion occurred during January to June storms, with 69% between April to June. After completion of construction, restorative measures took several years to become effective. The report presents storm by storm data for stream discharge and sediment yield, but not rainfall. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date. 5 July 1977 ,.'-RAYTHEON--- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 46 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: M, T, E, C Title Pollutional Analysis of Combined Sewer Systems Author(s) O.G. Lindholm Affiliation(s) Norwegian Inst. for Water Research Blinden, Norway Publication or Journal of the Environmental Engineering Div. publisher ASCE 102(EE2): Publication Date: April 1976 Volume/Issue/l'keport No.: 301-312 Summary: Paper uses math models to examine hypothetical catchment/treatment plant combinations for their effectiveness in reducing the pollution reaching the receiving waters. Basic control and treatment system studied includes storage, primary settling, aeration and secondary settling (with return sludge to the aeration tank). (NOTE: system is assumed combined.) Paper cites a number of references to BOD5 in stormwater and uses 4 basic curves to represent time-variation of BOD in runoff. Of particular interest are graphs showing effect of runoff BOD on total discharge as a function of storage and sanitary waste strength, effect of storage volume on BOD discharged and relation- ship among choice of storage, overflow and clarifier size. Con- cludes that retention, in combination with properly sized overflows and clarifier, can substantially reduce discharge of pollution. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date-. June 20, 1977 ,RAYTHEON __ 47 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK P,C DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Non-Point Sources of Pollution: A Federal Perspective Author(s) M.A. Pisano Affiliation(s) U.S. EPA Washington, DC Publication or Journal of the Environmental Engineering Div., publisher ASCE 102(EE3): Publication Date: June 1976 Volume/Issue/Report 'No 555-565 Summary; Paper is basically a renewed "call to arms" in the non-point area. It cites numerous nationwide statistics to emphasize the magnitude of the problem and proposes specific inter-governmental programs to resolve it. One interesting proposal is creation of a CCC-like, labor intensive work program to reduce pollutant collection in sewers, highways, etc., thereby reducing "first- flush". Emphasis of the paper is on rural, agricultural, silvacultural, mining, etc., rather than urban. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: June 20, 1977 .,,-RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 48 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: M Title Equalization of Flow Variations in Combined Sewers Aut' 'lor(s) L. E. Janson, S. Bendizen and A. Harlaut Affiliation(s) Stockholm, Sweden Pub I L C,-1 L t on or Journal of the Environmental ETIgineering Div. Pub I Lslier ASCE 102(EE6): Publication DaL(. Dec. 1976 Volume/Issue/Report io.: 1139-1149 Summary: Paper describes the design principles behinq a unique passive device for use of available storage in sewer systems to reduce combined sewer overflows. The helical shaped device operates on the principle of a weir, but has features that preserve flow at dry weather and enhance passage of suspended materials at high flow. It is capable of correct metering at all flows, through full-pipe. At full-pipe, the discharge through the device is virtually the same as for no-control, i.e. friction losses are negligible. It can be installed in existing sewers and there are no moving parts. Used in tandem, these devices can substantially increase the storage available inaa system. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date. 20 June 1977 ,_RAYTHEON ---- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 49 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCW-rENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: T.R.C Title Stormwater Studies and Alternatives in Atlanta Author(s)R.F. Holbrook, A.J. Perez, B.G. Turner & H.J. Miller Affiliation(s) Black, Crow & Eidsness, Inc. Jordan, Jones & Goulding, Atlanta, Georgia Inc. Atlanta, Georgia Publication or Journal of Environmental Engineering Div., ASCE Publisher 1263- Publication Date:December 1976Volume/Issue/Report No.:102(EE6):1277 Summary: paper simmarizes results of a Corps of Engineers funded urban runofT study in the Atlanta area . Provides data on typical stormwater pollutant loadings. Finds correlation between flow and loading, but no "first flush" phenomenon in storm sewer. Phosphorus loads were found independent of land development. Samples in "downtown" area tended to have higher concentrations than suburban samples. "First flush" was found in combined sewers. Corps of Engineers STORM model was used to forecast loads; notes limitations of STORM handling short-term hydrographs. Changed STORM to calculate BOD separately, rather than as ratio to suspended solids. Found difficulty transferring data from one watershed to another with similar land uses. Attempted to use a steady-state model for re- ceiving waters, using "small" storm. Found forecast water quality well below standards. Found chemical treatment of stormwater best, due to high dissolved loads. When considering storage, found above- and below-ground had similar capital costs but below-ground maintenance costs were 10-20 times greater. For combined sewer overflows, recommends a hybrid of storage with either air flotation or transmission to a treatment facility. Found following cost-effectiveness ratios: Separation $3.62/lb. BODs removed Storage & air flotation $0.86/lb. BODs removed Storage & treat $0.93/lb. BODs removed Provides good tabular data on costs. (Paper also noted difficulties with BOD tests at low dilutions.) Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 29 June 1977 ..,RAYTHEON-- 50 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK S,A,I,C DOCU@IENT SUMMARY FOF21 CATEGORY: Title A Study of Runoff from Small Rural Watersheds in Response to Completed and Proposed Land Use Changes Author(s) M.J. Smith Affiliation(s) Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Publication or OWRT Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date: 1972 Volume/Issue/ Report No. : PB 264 900 Summary: An M.S. thesis cn the results of land use changes in 2 rural watersheds. In one, the results of strip-mining are studied; in the other, the anticipated results in a change in agricultural practices are considered. Extensive use is made of statistical models. Data were collected starting in 1968. Emphasis is on hydrologic effects, but water quality is also considered. Reviewed by:, C. Deckers Date: 5 July 1977 51 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUPTENT SUM MARY FORM CATEGORY. E Title Wastewater Storage - Simulation of Instream Effects Author(s) J.S. Tapp Affiliation(s) USEPA, Region IV Atlanta, GA Publication or Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division Publisher ASCE 102(EE6)-. Publication Date: Dec 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.:1151-1159 Summary: Paper concludes that storage of point source wastes during low flow and discharge during high flows is a viable mechanism for maintaining stream standards. While the paper is directed at point sources, it is related to stormwater runoff storage problems and computation of stream assimilative capacity under high flow conditions. Approach makes use of steady-state modeling, which limits application to seasonal high flows, not individual storms. It also assumes that the increased flows do not increase the pollutional concentrations, a weak assumption under stormwater runoff conditions. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 6 July 1977 .",RAYTHEON-- RI ,208 PROJECT. DOCUMENT NUMBER: -52 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUTIENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agricultural Runoff Author(s) D-A. Haith J.V. Dougherty Affiliation(s) Cornell University Gannett, Fleming, Corddry Ithaca, NY and Carpenter Engrs. Harrisburg, PA Publtc,iLion or Journal of Environmental Engineering Div., ASCE Publisher 1055- Publication Date : October 1976 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. :102(EE5) :1069 Summary: Report describes the theory and demonstration of a model for agricultural runoff intended for use with typically available data. Emphasis is placed on failure of model to include snowmelt, which has been shown significant. Model is applied to an agricultural basin of New York's Southern Tier, with satisfactory results. Comparison is made between a wet year and a dry year. Also compares detailed model with estimation techniques, finding the detailed model gives consistently lower loadings. Finds the gross estimation techniques unsat- isfactory for water quality management, because they are insensitive to local factors. Reviewed by: Q_ BeckeX-s Date: 8 July 1977 RAYTHEON. 53 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK E,M DOCUPTENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title Design Efficiency of Stormwater Detention Basins Author(s) D.C. Curtis and R.H. McCuen Affiliation(s) Univ. of Maryland College Park, MD Publication or Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Publisher Management Division, ASCE 103(WRl): Publication Date: May 1977 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. : 125-140 Summary: Reports on theory and initial results of a simple computer model for stormwater detention basins. The model incorporates hydro- logic and sediment components and considers the effects of various outflow structures. Results of use of the model on a typical case indicate location of the detention within the basin can have a significant effect on peak discharge, even increasing it if timing is right. Also confirms the assumption of Document Number 42 that detention is most effective on the larger particle sizes. Finds shallower basins more effective than deeper ones and use of initial storage is not an effective mechanism from the viewpoint of either flow or sediment control. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 8 July 1977 ..RAYTHEON--- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER:- 54 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: E Title Urban Runoff Digital Computer Model Author(s) S. Phamwon and Y.S. Fok Affiliation(s) Khon Kaen Univ. University of Hawaii Khon Kaen, Thialand Honolulu, Hawaii Publication or Journal of Hydraulics Division ASCE Publisher 723- Publication Date:July, 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.:103(HY7):735 Summary: Paper describes the development of yet another hydraulic urban watershed model. Comparison with the ILLUDAS model shows equivalent results at lower rainfalls and better results at higher rainfalls. 10-0 Ix 1.0 Reviewed by. C. Beckers Date: 3 July 1977 ,_RAYTHEON-- RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 55 URBAN RUNOFF TASK E DOCUTIENT SUMMARY FORI CATEGORY: Title Water Quality Impacts of Urbanization- A Methodology Author(s) K.F. Jalal Af filiation(s) James F. Maclaren, Ltd. Toronto, Canada PublLcaLion or Journal of the Environmental Engineering Div, ASCE Publisher Publication Date:February 1977VOlume/Issue/Report No.:103(EEl):49-57 Summary: Brief paper describes a quantitative methodology for use of the STORM model in preliminary design of urban stormwater management systems. The central feature of the method is a pollutant loading index that compares the results of urbanization with acceptable results. (The approach viotates the basic principles of US water quality standards, as discussed in Raytheon's report on Quantitative Methods for Preliminary Design of Water Quality Surveillance Systems.) Reviewed by: C- RpnkQrs Date: 8-July 1977 ,RAYTHEON- 56 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK P DOCUtTENT SUMMARY FOWI CATEGORY: Title Appraisal of Areawide Wastewater Planning Author(s) R.P. Shubinski and W.N. Fitch Affiliation(s) Water Resources Engineers Springfield, VA Publication or Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Publisher Management Division, ASCE 103(WRl): Publication Date: May 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.: 63-72 Summary: Paper compares the relationships among 208, 201, 303 and 402 planning as intended in PL 92-500 with the actuality as realized under EPA administration. Identifies a number of actual relationships, none of which correspond with that intended in the law. Four technical limitations to the success of 208's are: insufficient data base, inadequate analysis techniques, manpower shortages and limited understanding of side-effects. Management limitations are claimed to be failure to identify public goals, jurisdictional conflicts, economic conflicts, ineptness of public officials and restricting institutional structures. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 8 July 1977 AYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 57 URBAN RUNOFF TASK - E, 14 DOCUMENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY. Title Optimal Storage Control in a Combined Sewer System Aut'lor(s) B.H. Bradford Affiliation(s) Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA Publication or Journal of the, Water Resources Planning and Publisher Management Division, ASCE Publication Date: May 1977 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. : 103(WRI) :1-15 Summary: Demonstration of a previously published hierarchical control technique for combined sewer systems. The paper compares the results of automated control with static control methods, such as weirs, and shows automated control to be much more effective in terms of flood reduction, pass through to treatment and minimization of both storage use and overflows. The method is a hierarchical solution to the control problem using linear programming and significantly reduces the computational requirements over that necessary for a global solution. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 8 July 1977 RAYTHEO RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 58 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUP-TE'NT SUMMAPZY FORM CATEGORY: P Title Urban Sediment Problems: A Statement on Scope, Research, Legislation and Education Author(s) Task Committee on Urban Sedimentation Affiliation(s) ASCE Public,-ILEon or, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE PublLsher Publication Datu: April 1975 101(HY4): Volume/Issue/Report No.:329-340 Summary: The paper is a product of the task committee review of the state of knowledge on urban sedimentation. It indicates that, while this sediment source is small relative to non-urban sources, it frequently has more effect due to the po ulation densities in urban areas, The paper summarizes avaiUble control guidelines, outlines areas of research, investigates needed legislation and suggests educational goals. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date. 8 July 1977 j. RAYTHEON RI1 208 PRIOJ ECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 59 URBAN RUNOFF TASK P DOCU@IENT SUMMARY FORII CATEGORY: Title Comprehensive Water Quality Management Planning Author(s) K.A. Bartel L.V. Gutierrez Affiliation(s) Dept. of Envirormental Camp Dresser & McKee Resources Boston, MA Harrisburg, PA Publication or Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE Publisher 101(HY4): Publication Date: April 1975 Volume/Issue/Report No.: 371-386 Summary: The paper describes the Pennsylvania COWAMP program, which is a pre-208 comprehensive water quality management plan. Emphasis of the paper is on the management and organization of COWAMP, rather than the technical results. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 8 July 1977 :,,-RAYTHEON--- - - 60 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUHENT SUM MARY FORM CATEGORY: - EX Title Detention Storage Control Strategy Development Author(s) H.G. Wenzel J.W. Labadie & N.S. Grigg Affiliation(s) Univ. of Illinois Colorado State University Urbana, IL Fort Collins, Colorado PublicaLion or Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Publisher Management Division, ASCE 102(WRl): Publication Date: April 1976 Volume/Issue/Report No.: 117-135 Summary: The paper provides a detailed analysis of control strategies for storage/treatment of stormwater runoff. Demonstration case is Vicente Basin in San Francisco, with 5 detention basins. Analysis is restricted to quantity of overflow. A relatively simple runoff model is coupled with a computerized optimization routine to identify preferred control strategies based on a 66 year rainfall record. The report concludes that control leads to substantial improvement over no control. Also concludes that the single most important parameter in selecting the strategy is the maximum allowable flow to the interceptor. Points to storm prediction as a major requirement for a true test of the concept. Indicates that a dynamic control strategy may be better than a static one. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date. 11 July 1977 ,@AYT H EON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 61 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FOW1 CATEGORY: E Title Routing Stormwater Through a Drainage System Author(s) S. Pinkayan Affiliation(s) Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok, Thailand Publication or Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE Publisher 98(HYl): Publication Date: Jan 1972 Volume/Issue/Report No.:123-135 Sunnary; Theoretical paper reporting the results of analysis of storm drains using method of characteristics to solve the equations. Method allows calculation of hydrograph at any point in the drain on surface profile at any time. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 11 July 1977 RAYTHEON- RII.208 PiOJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 62 URBAN RUNOFF TASK E DOCUTFEENT SUMMARY FORII CATEGORY: Title Synthesis of Snowmelt Runoff Hydrographs Author(s) A.B. Cunningham Affiliation(s) Univ. of Nevada Reno, Nevada Public,-]Lion or Journal of the Hydraulic Division, ASCE Publisher 103(HYl): Publication Datu Jan 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.: 51-67 Summary; Author develops a method for preparing a dimensionless snowmelt hydrograph specific for each given basin. Using limited data for a single observed event the method allows development of a characteristic hydrograph that can then be used in general for the basin. Input to the analysis are air temperatures and water equivalent of the snow pack. Method is shown to give reasonable results for forested areas, but is probably not very good in inhabited areas, especially urban areas. C. Beckers 11 July 1977 Reviewed by: Date: "RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 63 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUMENT SUMMARY FOWI CATEGORY: E Title: Peak Discharge Frequency from Rainfall Information Author(s) W.C. Hughes Affiliation(s) Univ. of Colorado Denver, Colorado Publication or Journal of Hydraulics Div. ASCE Publisher Publication Date:Jan. 1977 Volume /Issue/ Report No. -J-03(HYl) :39-50 Summary: Paper proposes and demonstrates a probabilistic method for determining hydrograph shape from hyetograph data. It is intended for use on small basins having little hydrologic data available, but having rainfall data. The demonstration case gives satisfactory results, but the author calls for more exten- sive testing to validate method. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 12 July 77 @YTHEON.- RI1208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: 64 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUr,TENT SUMMARY FORTI CATEGORY: R - T Title: Impact on Marine Benthos of Wastewater Discharge Author(s) G.T.. Orlob and D.A. O'Leary Affiliation(s) Resource Mgmt. Assoc. Lowry and Associates Lafayette, Calif. San Diego, Calif. Publication or Publisher Journal of the Environmental Engineering Div., ASCE Publication Date: April 1977 Volume/ I ss uel Report No. : 103(EE2):307-320 Summary: The paper reviews the data on benthic conditions surrounding the San Diego ocean outfall off Pt. Loma. The survey has been underway since 1962, one year prior to beginning the discharge from the 80 MGD design capacity plant. The plant is now hydraulically overloaded, treating 110 MGD. The outfall continues to meet all water quality standards, including water contact sports. While sediment BOD's have increased, there is no apparent detrimental effect on benthic organisms. There are, however, community adjustments to the outfall. The environment appears capable of continued discharge to the site 2 miles offshore. Reviewed by: C- Rp-ckp-rs Date: -12 JUIX `J RAYTHEON RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER:65 URBAN RUNOFF TASK E,T DOCU1fENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY: Title: Management Model for Wastewater Disposal on Land Author(s) A. Koenig & D.p. Loucks Affiliation(s)Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY Publication or Publisher Journal of the Environmental Engineering Div., ASCE Publication Date:April 1977 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. : 103(EE2):181- 196 Summary: The paper proposes a model incorporating the gross performance of a storage lagoon and soil disposal area in removing nitrogen from wastewater. Nitrogen is the limiting constituent, due to its mobility in the soil system, compared with other constituents. The fundamental constraint is the drinking water standard for nitrate-N (10 mg/1). The management objective is satisfied by minimizing cost through minimizing area. A sample problem is given, demonstrating the method. Reviewed by: Rpokers Date: 12 July 1977 ,:,,,RAYTHEON-,; RI 208 PIZOJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER:- AA URBAN RUNOFF TASK S,A,I,M,T,R,L,E,P,C DOCU1fENT SUMMARY FORM CATEGORY- Title Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual Author(s) Municipal Environmental Research Lab. Affiliation(s) USEPA-ORD Cincinnati, OH Publicacion or USEPA Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date:JulY 1976 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. EPA-600/9-76-014 Summary : This three volume manual is under a condition of continuing growth and development. It is intended to ultimately provide guidance for all aspects of 208 planning. At present it consists of two partially complete loose-leaf volumes covering many of the technical aspects of the problem. Some of the sections prepared by private consultants display a distinct bias in favor of the approaches developed by those consultants to the exclusion of others. It is probably not an especially useful document for this reason. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date- 12 July 1977 .,_RAYTH EON RI 208 PROJ ECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: -67 URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUITENT SUM MARY FOWI CATEGORY: R r-L Title: Storm Water Management Modeler Autllor(s) H.C. Torno, Ed. Affiliation(s) Publication or USEPA-ORD Publisher Washington, DC Publication Date:June 1977 Volume/Issue/Report No.: Summary: Proceedings of the SWMM User's Group meeting at Gainesville, FL. on 4-5..April 1977. Includes following papers: "Simulation Studies.for Section 208, PL 92-500" A.M. Lumb, Hydrocomp, Inc., Atlanta, GA. "Interfaging STORM/SWMM" J. Kuhner Meta Systems Inc, Cambridge, MA "Continuous Unsteady Simulation with QO ,S11 W.F. Geiger, Dorch Consult, Munich, Germany "SWMM/STORM Application in Canada" A.R. Perks, Proctor & Redfern LTD, Toronto "Non-8tructural Best Management Practises for Control of Combined Sewer Problems" W.C. Pisano, Energy & Environmental Analysis, Inc., Boston, MA "Criteria for Using Models" M.B. Sounen, WRE, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA. Reviewed by: C. Beckers Date: 12 July 1977 EAYTHE6N--- 68 RI 208 PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER: URBAN RUNOFF TASK DOCUI-TENT SUM MARY FORM CATEGORY: E Title Storm Water Management Model: Level I. Preliminary Screening Procedures. Aut'hor(s) J.P. Heaney, W.C. Huber, S.J. Nix Af f ili at ion (s) University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Publication or USEPA - ORD Publisher Cincinnati, Ohio Publication Date: October 1976 Volume/ Issue/ Report No. : PB 259-916 Summary: The report documents a stormwater analysis procedure that is significantly less detailed than the original SWMM. The objective is to provide a rough, order-of-magnitude estimate of the impact of stormwater runoff, using desk top procedures. While the approach is not widely tested, the authors are recognized for their competence in the field, leading the reviewer to expect a useful methodology. Reviewed by: C. Beckers 25 July 77 Date- BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. The American Water Works Association. Water Quality and Treatment. McGraw-Hill Company, New York, New York, 1971. 654 pp. 2. Anderson, D.J., and R.O. Meyers. Computer Halts Flooding Complaints. Water and Wastes Engineering, June 1976. pp. 27-30. 3. Anderson, D.R. Water Quality Models for Urban and Sub- urban Areas. NTIS No. PB 238-622. Office of Water Research and Technology. Washington, D.C., 1974. 108 pp. 4. Anderson, D.R. Water Quality Study of Non-point Source of Agricultural Runoff. A-036-NEB, Water Resources Institute, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1975. 19 pp. 5. Andrews, W.H., Riley, J.P., Colton, C.W., Shih, G.B., and M.B. Masteller. Modeling the Total Hydrologic- Sociologic Flow System of Urban Areas. NTIS No. PB 234-318, U.S. Department of the Interior, Utah., 1973. 108 pp. 6. ASCE. Utility of Urban Runoff Modeling - Proceedings of a Special Session, Spring Annual Meeting, AGU. NTIS No. PB 261-460,.U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1976. 7. Athayde, D.N. Proceedings: Urban Stormwater Management Seminars. WPD 03-76"04, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. 484 pp. 8. Atlantic Research Systems Division. Recovery of Floating Oil Rotating Disk Type Skimmer. 15080 FWN 07/71, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 134 pp. 9- Bartel, K.A., and L.U. Gutierrez. Comprehensive Water Quality Management Planning. Hydraulics Division J., 101(HY4): 371-386. 1975. 10. Black, Crow, and Eidsness, Inc. Process Design Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974. 11. Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers. Process Design Manual for Phosphorus Removal. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 12. Boen, D.F., J.H. Bunts, and R.J. Currie. Study of Rentilization of Wastewater Recycled Through Ground- water. 1606ODD2 07/71, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 150 pp. 13. Bouwer, H., R.C. Rice, and E.D. Escarcega. High-rate Land Treatment I: Infiltration and Hydraulic Aspects of the Flushing Meadows Project. Water Pollution Control Federation J., 46(5): 834-846. 1974. 14. Bradford, B.H. Optimal Storage Control in a Combined Sewer System. Water Resources Planning and Management Division J., 103(WR 1): 1-15. 1977. 15. Brown and Caldwell Inc. Process Design for Nitrogen Control. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975. 16. Buchanan, T.J. and W.P. Somers. Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations. Book 3, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1969. 65 pp. 17. Buchanan, T.J. and W.P. Somers. Stage Measurement at Gage Stations. Book 3,'U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1968. 28 pp. 18. Carter, R.W. and J. Davidson. General Procedure for Gaging Streams. Book 3, U.S..Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1968. 13 pp. 19. Cesareo, D.J. and R. Field. Infiltration-Inflow Analysis. Environmental Engineering Division J., 101(EE5): 775-785. 1975. 20. Chan g, Chi.-Tong. Computation of Unit Hydrograph by Linear Programming. Presented at Twelfth American Water Resources Conference, Chicago, Illinois, September 20- 22, 1976. 14 pp. 21. Chen, C., and Shubinski, R,P. Computer Simulation of Urban Stormwater Runoff. Hydraulics Division J., 97(HY12): 289- 301. 1971. 22. Cherkauer, D.S. Urbanization Impact on Water Quality During a Flood in Small Watersheds. Water Resources Bulletin, 11(5): 987-998. 1975. 23. Chow, V.T. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Company, New York, New York. 1964. 1043 pp. 24. Colston, N.W. Characterization and Treatment of Urban Land Runoff. EPA-670/2-74-096, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1974. 158 pp. 25. Copp, H.D. et al. Investigation to Determine Extent and Nature of Non-point Source Enrichment and Hydrology of Several Recreational Lakes of Eastern Washington. PB 263-354, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1976. 26. Cox, L.M. and Zyzel, J.F. Forecasting Runoff from Universal Surface Gage Snowmelt Measurements. Soil and Water Conservation J., pp. 131-134. May-June 1973. 27. Crawford, N.H. and A.S. Ponigian. Pesticide Transport and Runoff Model for Agricultural Lands. EPA -660.2-74-013, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973. 211 pp. 28. Cross, W.P. Flow Duration of Ohio Streams. Bulletin 42, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus Ohio, 1968. 68 pp. 29. Cunningham, A.B. Synthesis of Snowbelt Runoff Hydrographs. Hydraulic Division J., 103(HY1)@: 51-67. 1977. 30. Curtis, D.C., and McCuen, R.H. Design Efficiency of Stormwater Detention Basins. Water Resources Planning and Management Division J., 103(WRl): 125-140. 1977. 31. Dames and Moore. Literature Review and Analysis of Techniques for Identification and Evaluation of Non-Point Sources of Pollution. Report No. 7787-001-86, Greater Portland Council of Governments,' Portland, Maine, 1976. 32. Dapper, G. Pesticide Analgis from Urban Storm Runoff. NTIS No. PB 238-593, U.S. epartment of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1974. 33. Davis, D.W, Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial Data Management Techniques. Presented at Twelfth American Water Resources Conference, Chicago, Illinois, September 1976. 21 pp. 34. DiGiano, F,A.,and R.A. Coler. Definition of Procedures for Study of River Pollution by Non-Point Urban Sources, NTIS No. PB237 972, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1974. 20 pp. 35, DiGiano, F.A.,and P.A. Mangarella. Short Course Proceedings: Applications of Stormwater Management Model. EPA-670/2-75- 065, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 427 pp. 36. Donigan, A.S.,and N.H. Crawford. Modeling Non Point Pollution From Land Surface. EPA-600/3-76-083, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, 1976. 37. Dornbush, J.H., J.R. Anderson, and L.L. Harms, Quantification of Pollutants in Agricultural Runoff. EPA-660/2-74-005, U,S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974, 149 pp., 38. Eckhardt, D.A.U. Sediment Discharge from an Area of Highway Construction, Appleman's Run Basin, Columbia County, Pennsylvania. NTIS No. PB 263-616, U.S. Geological Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1976. 39. Economic Research Service. Methods and Practices for Controlling Water Pollution from Agricultural Non-Point Sources. EPA-430/9-73 015, U.S.0Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973. 83 pp. 40. Edison Water Quality Laboratory. Chemical Treatment of Oil Slicks. DAST-18, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1969. 20 pp, 41. Edison Water Quality Laboratory. Oil Dispersing Chemicals. ORD-3, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1969. 27 pp. 42. Envirometrics, Inc. The River Basin Model: An Overview. 16 110 FRU 12/71-1,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 109 pp. 43. Field, R. and J.A. Lager. Urban Runoff Pollution Control State of the Art. Environmental Engineering Division J.' 101(EEl): 107-125. February 1975. 44. Field, R., and P.J. Szeeley. Urban Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflow. Water Pollution Control Federation J., 46(6); 1209-1226. 1974. 45. Field, R., A.N. Tafuri, and H.E. Masters. Urban Runoff Pollution Control Technology Overview. EPA-600/ 2-77-047, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977. 46. The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories. Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts. WP 20-21, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 1969. 52 pp. 47. The Garrett Corporation. Oil/Water Separation System with Sea Skimmer. 18080 DJP 10/70, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C,, 1970. 187 pp. 48. Glover, G.E., and G.R. Herbert - Microstraining and Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow - Phase II. Project No. 11023 FWT, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1972. 136 pp. 49. Green, A.J. Design of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. EM 1110-2-767, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1974. 642 pp. 50. Graf, W.L. The Impact of Suburbanization on Fluvial Geomorphology. Water Resources Research, 11 (5): 690-692. 1975. 51. Haith, P.A. Land Use and Water Quality in New York Rivers. Environmental Engineering Division J., 101(EEl): 1-15. 1976. 52,6 Haith, P.A., and Dougherty, J.W. Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agricultural Runoff. Environmental Engineering Division J., 102(EE5): 1055-1069. 1976. 53. Hardt, R.A., and S.J. Burges. Some Consequences of Area- wide Runoff Control Strategies in Urban Watersheds. NTIS No. PB 261258, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1976. 54. Hawkins, R.H. Salt Storage and Runoff in Urban Watershed. Environmental Engineering Division J., 101(EE4): 737-743. 1976. 55. Heaney, J.P. , and W.C. Huber et al. Urban Stormwater Management Modeling and Decision Making. EPA - 670/2-75-022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 185 pp. 56. Heerdegen, R.G. The Unit Hydrograph: A satisfactory Model of Watershed Response. Water Resources Bulletin, 1974. 10 (6): 1143-1161. 57. Hittman Associates, Processes, Procedures, and Methods To Control Pollution Resulting From All Construction Act- ivity. EPA 430/9-73-007, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973. 234 pp. 58. Hjelmfelt, A.T. Modeling of Soil Movement Across a Water Shed. A-0760MO, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1976. 62 pp. 59. Holbrook, R.F., A.J. Perez, B.G. Turner, and H.J. Miller. Stormwater Studies and Alternatives in Atlanta. Environmental Engineering Division J., 102(EE6): 1263-1277. 191@1-.; 60. Holloway, D. and T. Sofka. Modeling The Quantity and Quality of Storm Runoff from the Woodlands Development. Project No. 802433, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975. 44 pp. 61. Horden, R.M. Application of Factor Analysis to Water Quality Data: The Passaic River Basin. Symposium on Urbanization and Water Quality Control, New Brunswick, New Jersey, June 30-July2, 1975. 12 pp. 62. Horner, R.W., L. B. Wood, and L.R. Wroe. London's Stormwater Problem. Water Pollution Control Federation J., 49(l):103-110. 1977. 63. Horstein, B. The Appearance and Visibility of Thin Oil Films on Water. EPA-R2-72-039, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1972. 95 pp. 64. Howard, C.O.D. Theory of Storage and Treatment Plant Over- Flows. Environmental Engineering Division J., 102CEE4); 709-722. 1976. 65. Huber, W.C., J.P. Heaney, et al. Storm Water Management Model User's Manual: Version II. EPA-670/2-75-017, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 351 pp. 66. Hughes, W.C. Peak Discharge Frequently from Rainfall Informa- tion. Hydraulic Division J., 103(HYl):39-50. 1977. 67. The Hydrologic Engineering Center. FY 1975 Annual Report On The Quality of Yrban Storm Runoff Entering The San Francisco Bay. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Davis, California, 1976. 68. Hydrologic Engineering Center. Water Quality for River- Reservoir Systems. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Davis, California, 1974. 212 pp. 69. Hydrologic Engineering Center. Scour and Seposition in Rivers and Reservoirs. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Davis, California, 1974. 34 pp. 70. Hydrologic Engineering Center. Urban Storm Water Runoff "Storm". U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Davis, California, 1975. 104 pp. 71. Jalal, K.F. Water Quality Impacts of Urbanization - A Methodology. Environmental Engineering Division J., 103<EEl):49-57. 1977. 72. JansonfLpE., S. Bendizen, and A. Harlaut. Equilization of 0 low Variances in Combined Sewers. Environmental Engineering Division J., 102(EE6):1139-1149. 1976 73. Jenkins, C.T. Computation of Rate and Volume of Stream Depletion by Wells. Book 4, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1970. 17 pp. 74. Jewell, T.K., and D.R. Gaboury. SWMM Input/Output Data Handbook. Applications of Stormwater Management Models, Short Course, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, August 19-23, 1974. 105 pp. 75. Joint Committee of WPCF and ASCE. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C., Manual of Practice No. 9. 1970. 76. Kincannon, D.F. Water Resources Planning Studies Oklahoma and Arkansas, Phase II. Project No. B-006 OKLA, Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute, 1971. 148 pp. 77. Kisiel, I.T., R.A. Rao, J.W. Delleur. Turbulence in Shallow Water Flow under Rainfall. Engineering Mechanics Division J., 99(all): 31-53. 1973. 78. Koenig, A., and D.P. Loucks. Management Model for Waste- water Disposal on Land. Environmental Engineering Division J., 103(EE2): 181-196. 1977. 79. Komura, S. Hydraulics of Slope Erosion by Overland Flow. Hydraulics Division J., 102(HY 10): 1573-1586. 1976. 80. Krygier, J.T., G.W. Brown, P.C. Klingeman. Studies on Effects of Watershed Practices on Streams. 13010 EGA 02/71, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 173 pp. 81. Labadie, J.W., N.S. Grigg, and B.H. Bradford. Automatic Control of Large-Scale Combined Sewer Systems. Environmental Engineering Division J., 101(EEl): 27-39. February 1975. 82. Lager, J.A., T. Didriksson, and G.B. Otte. Development and Application of a Simplified Stormwater Management Model. EPA-600/2-76-218, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 1976. 83. Lager, J.A. and W.G. Smith. Urban Stormwater Management and Technology: An Assessment. EPA-670/2-74-040, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1974. 84. Langford, K.J., and A.K. Turner. An Experimental Study of the Application of Kinematic - Wave Theory to Overland Flow. Hydrology J., 18 (1973): 125-145. 1973. 85. Lee, C., and R.T. Cheng. On Seawater Encroachment in Coastal Aquifers. Water Resources Research, 10 (5): 1039-1043. 86. Lehman, E.J. Urban Storm Sewers and Water Runoff - A Bibliography with,Abstracts. NTIS No. PS-74/108, National Technical Information Center, Springfield, Virginia 1974. 241 pp. 87. Lehman, E.J. Urban Surface Runoff - A Bibliography with Abstracts. NTIS No. COM-73-11387, National Technical Information Center, Springfield, Virginia, 1973. 96 pp. 88. Leopold, L.B. Hydrology for Urban Land Planning - A Guidebook on the Hydrologic Effects of Urban Land Use. Circular 554, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1968. 17 pp. 89. Li R., D.B. Simons, and M.A. Stevens. Nonlinear Kinematic Wave Approximation for water Routing. Water Resources Research, 11 (2): 245-252. 1975. 90. Lienesch, W.C., and G.A. Emison. Planning for Implementation Under Section 208. Water Resources Planning and Management Division J., 102 (WR2): 283-295. 1976. 91. Lindholm, O.G. Pollutional Analysis of Combined Sewer Systems. Environmental Engineering.Division J., 102 (EE2): 301-312. 1976. 92. Lis Kowitz, J.W., and G.J. Franey. Suspended Solids Monitor. EPA-670/2-75-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 39 pp. 93.1 Lowing, M.J. Urban Hydrological Modeling and Catchment Research. NTIS No. PB 262 069, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1976. 94. Lumb, A.L., and L.D. James. Runoff Files for Flood Hydrograph Simulation. Hydraulics Division J., 102(HY 10): 1515-1531, 1976. 95. Maddaus, W.O., and P.S. Eagleson. A Distributed Linear Representation of Surface Runoff. Report No. 115, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1969. 134 pp. 96. Malina, J.F. et al. Design Guidelines for Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes. 11010ESQ 08/71, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 221 pp. 97. Mar8alek, J. et al. Comparative Evaluation of Three Urban Runoff Models. Water Resources Bulletin, 11 (2): 306-328. 98. Marsalek, J., Instrumentation for Field Studies of Urban Runoff. Report No. 42, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, 1973. 82 pp. 99. Marsalek, J. Urban Hydrological Modeling and Catchment Research in Canada. NTIS No. PB 262 068, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1976. 100. McCuen, R.H. A Regional Approach to Urban Storm Water Detention. Geophysical Research Letters, 1 (7): 321-322. 1974. 101. McElroy, A.D., F.Y. Chiu, and A. Aleti. Analysis of Non-Point Source Pollutants in The Missouri Basin Region. EPA-600/5-75-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975. 163 pp. 102. McElroy, F.T.R., C.F. Mattox, D.W. Hartmann, and J.M. Bell. Sampling and Analysis of Stormwater Runoff from Urban and Semi-Urban/Rural Watersheds. NTIS No. PB 262 080, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1976. 103. McKinney, R.E., J.N. Dornbush, and J.W. Vennes. Waste Treatment Lagoons - State of the Art. 17090 EHX 07/71, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 152 pp. 104. McPhereson, M.B. Need for Metropolitan Water Balance Inventories. Hydraulic Division J., 99 (Hy 10): 1837-1847. 1973. 105. Midwest Research Institute. Processes, Procedures, and Methods to Control Pollution Resulting from Siluiculture Activities. EPA 430/9-73-010, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973. 91 pp. 106. Molvar, A.E. State of the Art on Instrumentation and Auto- mation of Wastewater-Treatment Facilities - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, November 1974., 405 pp. 107. Molvar, A., Selected Applications of Instrumentation and Automation in Wastewater Treatment Facilities. EPA-600/ 2-76-276, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1976. 297 pp. 108. Molvar, A, and A. Tulumello. Assessment and Development Plan for Monitoring of Organics in Storm Flows. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1968. 92pp. 109. Morris, R.L., and L. Johnson. Buffalo Bill Watershed Agricul- tural Runoff and Waste Load Allocation Study. 68-01-2636, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,' 1975, 109 pp. 110. Nebolsine, R., P.J. Harvey, and C. Fan. High Rate Filtration of Combined Sewer Overflows. 11023EY1 04/72, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1972. 339 pp. of T 111. NUS Corporation, Design i@ater Quality Surveillance Systems. 16 090DBJ 08170, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1970. 303 pp. 112. Office of Air and Water Programs. Identification and Control of Pollution from Salt Water Intrusion, EPA 430/9-73-013, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973, 94 pp. 113. Office of Program Management. Bibliography of R&D Research Reports.. EPA 600/5-73-002, U.S, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973. 101 pp. 114. Office of Water and Hazardous Materials - Federal Guidelines: Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.., 1974. 26 pp. 115. Offner, F.F. Computer Simulation of Storm Water Runoff. Hydraulics Division J., 99(Hy 12):2185 - 2194. 1973. 116. Omernik, J.M, The Influence of Land Use on Stream Nutrient Levels. EPA 600/3-76-014, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C,, 1976. 106 pp, 117, Orlob, G,T., and D,A. OLeary. Impact on Marine Benthos of Wastewater Discharge. Environmental Engineering Division J., 103 (EE2) ;307@320. 118. Ott, W.R. Proceedings of the Conference on Environmental Modeling and Simulation, EPA 600/9-76-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,.Ohio, April 19-22, 1976, 847 pp. 119. Paik, I.K., J. Harrington, and F.W. McElroy. The Integrated Multi-Media Pollution Model. EPA 600/5-74-020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 259 pp. 120. Papadakis, C.N., and H.C. Preul. Testing of Methods for Determination of Urban Runoff. Hydraulics Division J., 99(HY9): 1319-1335. . 121.. Pattern, B,C.. Systems Analysis and Simulation Ecology, Academic Press, New York, New York, 1972. 592 pp. 122. Phamwon, S., and Y.S. Fok. Urban Runoff Digital Computer Model. Hydraulics Division J., 103(HY7)723@735, 1977. 123. Pilgrim, D.H.,, and I. Cordery. Rainfall Temporal Pattern for Flood Design.. Hydraulic Division J., 101(HY 1):81-95. 1975, 124, Pimentel, K.D, Toward a Mathematical Theory on Environmental Monitoring: The Infrequent Sampling Problem, NTIS No: UCRL@,51837, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1975, 376 pp. 125, Pinkayan, S. Routing Stormwater Through a Drainage System. Hydraulics Division J., 98(HY 1):123-135.- 1972. 126. Pisano, M.A., Non-Point Sources of Pollution: A Federal Perspective , Environmental Engineering Division J., 102(EE 3):555@565. 1976. 127. Pratt, P.E. Nitrate in Effluents from Irrigated Lands, Annual Report. NSF/RA-760285, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C,, 1976. 128. Pruel, H.,C,, and C.N. Papadakis. Development of Design Storm Hyetographs for Cincinnati- Ohio, Water Resources Bulletin, 9(2):291-300. 1673. 129. Proctor and Redfern Limited., Storm Water Management Model Study Volume 1 and 2. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, 1976. 130. Radziul, J.V. et al, Effect of Non-Point Discharge on Urban Strema Quality. Symposium on Urbanization and Water Quality Control, New Brunswick, New Jersey, June 30-,July 2, 1975. 16 pp. 131. Karl R. Rohner Associates, Inc. Demonstration of Voi4 Space Storage with Treatment and Flow Regulation. EPA-600/ 2-76-272, U,S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1976. 132. Rubin, H., J,P. Glass and A.A. Hunt. Analysis of Stowmwater Seepage Basins in Florida.. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1976. 133. Rueter, F,, and C, Fox, Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Non Structural Pollution Controls: A Manual for Water Quality Management Planning. NTIS No. PB 260 513, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1976. 134. Sandowski, D.A. Selected Urban Stormwater Runoff Abstracts. EPA,R2-72-127, U,S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1972. 135. Sarma, P.B.S., J..W. Delleur, and A.R. Rao. Comparison of Rainfall -,r Runoff Models for Urban Areas. Hydrology J., 18(1973):329-347. 1973. 136. School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota., Case Study of the Metropolitan Council as an Environmental Management Organization. NTIS No.. PB 263 486, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1976, 137., Schultz, N,U., and A, Wilmarth. Water Quality Simulation and Public Law 92-500- Case Study: Southwestern Illinois. Unpublished., 138. Shanley, R.A. Attitudes and Interactions of Citizen Advisory Groups and Governmental Officials in the Water Resources Planning Process. NTIS No., PB 263 483, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C,, 1976. 139. Shelton, C.H., and G.M. Lessman. Effects of Agricultural Practices and Land Disposal of Solid Waste on Quality of Water from Small Watersheds. NTIS No., PB 263 240@ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1977. 140., Shubinski, R,P.., et al. Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality. NTIS No. PB 242 297, U.S. Department of Interior. Washington, D.C., 1975. 34 pp., 141. Shubin Ski, R.P., and W.N. Fitch. Appraisal of Areavide Wastewater Planning. Water Resources Planning and Management Division, 103 (WRl): 63-72, 1977. 142. Simon, H.A. Impact of High Rise Buildings on the Urban System. NTIS No. PB-263 387, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1976. 143. Singh, V.P. University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model. Hydraulics Division J., 99 (HY 7): 1194-1196, 1973. 144. Smith, M.J. A Study of Runoff from Small Rural Watersheds in -Response to Completed and Proposed Land Use Changes. NTIS No. PB 264 900, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1972. 145. Smith, R., and R.G. Eilers. Cost to the Consumer for Collection and Treatment of Wastewater. 17090 - D7/70, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1970. 86 pp. 146. Soil Conservation Service. Soils Information for Designers of Sewage Disposal Systems in Rhode Island. 1975. 7 pp. 147. Sonnen, M.B., L.A. Roesner, and R.P. Shubinski. The State of the Art and Future Direction of Urban Water Models. 68-03-0499, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 123 pp. 148. SERPED. Characteristics of Non-Point Source Pollution and Urban Runoff (Draft). SERPED, Marion, Massachusetts, 1975. 149. Stewart, B.A. Control of Water Pollution from Cropland, Volume I and II. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975. 150. Swindell - Dressler Company. Process Design Manual for Carbon Adsorption. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1971. 151. Symons, J.M. Water Quality Behavior in Reservoirs. Publication No. 1930, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969, 616 pp. 152. Tafuri, A.N. Pollution from Urban Land Runoff. News of Environmental Research in Cincinnati, April 11, 1975. 153. Tapp, J.S. Wastewater Storage - Simulation of Instream Effects. Environmental Engineering Division J., 102(EE6): 1151-1159., 154. Testriep, M.L., and J.B. Stall. Urban Runoff by Road Research Laboratory Method. Hydraulics Division J.' 94(HY 6): 1809-1834. 1969. 155. Tholin, A.L., and C.J. Keifer. The Hydrology of Urban Runoff. Sanitary Engineering Division J., 85(SA2): 47-106. 1959. 156. Thomas, O.M., and M.A. Benson. Generalization of Streamflow Characteristics from Drainage Basin Characteristics. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 1969. 45 pp. 157. Torno, H.C., Ed. Stormwater Management Modeler. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1977. 158. Urban Drainage Subcommittee Program. Report of the Urban Drainage Subcommittee Program Canada - Ontario Agreement. Ontario Ministry of the Environ- ment, Toronto, Ontario, 1976. 57 pp. 159. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers. Erosion and Sedimentation - A Planning Report. New England River Basins Commission, New Haven, Connecticut, 1975. 160. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Areawide Assess- ment Procedures Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 161. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Executive Summary of Section 208 Program for Designated Areas - Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. NTIS No. PB 258-163, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974. 162. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Water Quality Manage- ment Planning for Urban Runoff. EPA 440/9-75-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974. 163. Vansteenkiste, G.C. Computer Simulation of Water Resources System. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York, New York, 1975. 686 pp. 164. Vitale, A.M.,and P.M. Sprey. Total Urban Water Pollution Loads: The Impact of Stormwater. NTIS No. PB 231- 730, Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C., 1974. 183 pp. 165. Vittands, J.P. Three Case Studies on the Application of the Storm Water Management Model. Applications of Stormwater Management Models, Short Course, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, August 19-23, 1974. 55 pp. 166. Voorhes and Associates, Inc. Sewer System Cost Estimation Model. Regional Planning Council, Baltimore, Maryland, 1969. 125 pp. 167. Waldrop, W.R., R.C. Farmer, and P.A. Bryant. Saltwater Intrusion into a Flwoing Stream. Technical Report No. 161, Coastal Studies Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1974. 39 pp. 168. Walesh, S.G. Urban Runoff By Linearized Subhydrographic Method. Hydraulic Division J., 101(HY11):1447-1449. 1975. 169. Waller, D.H., W.A. Coylter, et al. Urban Drainage Model Comparison for a Catchment. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Toronto, Ontario, 1976. pp 35. 170. Walton, W.C. Groundeater Resource Evaluation. McGraw-Hill Company, New York, New York, 1970. 664 pp. 171. Wenzel, H.G. Dentention Storage Control Strategy Development. Water Resources Planning and Management Division J., 103(WRI):117-135. 1976. 172. Whipple, W. Urban Runoff-Quantity and Quality-Proceedings of a Conference. ASCE, New York, New York, 1975. 173. Whipple, W., and J.Y. Hunter. Non-Point Sources and Planning for Water Pollution Control. Water Pollution Control Federation J., 49(l):15-23. 1977. 174. Whipple, W., J.Y. Hunter, S.L. YU. Projection of Petroleum Content of Urban Runoff-NTIS No. PB 262 756, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1975. 175. Whipple, W., J.Y. Hunter, and S.L.Y.U. Unrecorded Pollution from Urban Runoff. Water Pollution Control Federation J., 46(5):873-885. 1974. 176. Wullschlegar, R.E., A.E. Zononi, and C.A. Hansen. Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control. EPA-600/2-76-145, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1976. 177. Yen, B.C. Open-Channel Flow Equations Revisited-Engineering Mechanics Division J., (EM5):979-1009. 1973. 178. Yomtoulan, I. Surface Runoff Simulation Model NTIS No. PB 237 159, Springfield, Virginia, 1973. pp 99. 179. Yorke, T.H. Effects of Sediment Control on Sediment Transport in the Northwest Branch Ancostia River Basin, Nontegomery County, Maryland. Research U.S. Geologic Survey J., 3(4):487-494. 1975. 180, Young, G.K. Dicision Perspectivies on Urban Storm Water Po Pollution. Water Resources Research, February 1976, pp 94-101. 181. Young, F.H.F. Pollution Effects on Surface and Ground Waters. Water Pollution Control Federation J., 46(6) 1419-1429. 1974. SECTION 11 GLOSSARY abatement: The lessening of pollution effects. acre foot; A unit for measuring the volume of water. It is equal to the amount of water needed to cover one acre of land with water one foot deep. the act: Public Lsw 92-500. "Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972". advanced waste treatmentf:. A further degree of treatment of wastewater, over and above so-called secondary treatment, in order to further purify these effluent waters by the removal of additional amounts or types of pollutants, or their modification into non- polluting forms. aerated lagoon; A natural or artificial wastewater treatment lagoon (generally from 4 to 12 feet deep) in which mechanical or diffused air aeration is used to supplement the oxygen supply. aeration; The act of exposing to the action of air, such as, to mix or charge with air. aerosol, A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in air or gas. agricultural land: Land in farms regularly used for agricultural production, The term includes all land devoted to crop or livestock enterprises; for example, the farmstead lands, drainage and irrigation ditches, water supply, cropland, and grazing land of every kind in farms. agronomic practices; The soil and crop activities employed in the production of farm crops, such- as selecting seed, seedbed pre- paration, fertilizing, liming, manuring, seeding, cultivation, harvesting, curing, crop sequence, crop rotations, cover crops, stripcropping, pasture development, etc., algae: Any of numerous chlorophyll-@containing plants of the phylum thallophyta that grow in either sea water or fresh water; seaweeds and pond scum are algae, algorithm: A rule or procedure for solving a logical or mathematical problem, frequently as incorporated into computer programs. alkaline; Having the qualities of a base, J_e, a pH above 7.0. alluvium: Clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other rock materials trans- ported by flowing water and deposited in comparatively recent geologic time as sorted or semi,sorted sediments in riverbeds, estuaries, floodplains, and in fans at the base of mountain slopes., ammonia-@.-nitrogen (HN4): A form of nitrogen which is an essential nutrient to plants (can cause algal blooms if all nutrients are present in sufficient quantities), A product of natural decompo- sition of fecal matter, urea and other animal protein. 11-1 ammonification: The biochemical process whereby ammonia-nitrogen is released from nitrogen-containing organic compounds. ammonium fixation: The adsorption or absorption of ammonium ions by the mineral or organic fractions of the soil in a manner that they are relatively unexchangeable by the usual methods of cation exchange, antecedent conditions; Initial conditions in catchment as determined from hydrologic events prior to storm., antecedent moisture conditions (AMC): The degree of wetness of a watershed at the beginning of a storm. antecedent precipitation index (API): An indicator of the amount of water (in inches) present in the soil at any givem. time. The calculation of the API is based on the assumption that, during time periods of no precipitation, the soil moisture decreases logarithmically with time, aquifer: Any geological formation that contains water, expecially one that supplies wells and springs. area rainfall distribution factor: The ratio of the rainfall in a selected area to that measured at a reference rainfall gage. artificial recharge: The addition of water to the groundwater reservoir by activities of.man, such as irrigation or induced infiltration from streams, wells, or spreading basins, asphalt concrete: A paving material consisting of aggregate bound with asphalt, made by heating both materials to around 300'F, followed by mixing, delivering, spreading, and compacting while still hot., attenuation: The reduction of the magnitude of an event, as the reduction and spreading out of the impact of storm effects. available nutrient: That portion of any element or compound in the soil that readily can be absorbed and assimilated by growing plants. average cleasing efficiency: The percent of deposited solids removed from a given length of sewer. background: A description of pollutant levels arising from natural sources, and not because of man's immediate activities. backwater curve: The longitudinal shape of the water surface in a stream or open conduit where suchwater surface is raised above its normal level by a natural or artificial constriction or a change in grade.. base flow: Stream discharge derived from groundwater sources, Some- times considered to include flows from regulated lakes or reservoirs., Fluctuates much less than storm runoff. 11-2 baseline sample: A sample collected during dry-weather flow (i.e., it does not consist of runoff from a specific precipitation event). basin: The term "basin" means the streams, rivers, tributaries, and lakes and the total land and surface water area contained in one of the major or minor basins defined by EPA, or any other basin unit as agreed upon by the state(s) and the Regional Administrator. beneficial use of water: The use of water for any purpose from which benefits are derived, such as domestic, irrigation, industrial supply, power development, or recreation. benthic deposits: deposits of living, bottom dwelling organisms in a stream. best available technology (BAT): "Not later than July 1, 1983, effluent limitations for categories and classes of point sources, other than publicly owned treatment works, ... shall require application of the best available technology economically achievable for such category or class, which will result in reasonable further progress toward the national goal of eliminating the discharge of all pollutants as determined in accordance with regulations issued by the Administrator pursuant to Section 304(b)(2) of this Act....." (Act, Section 301(b)(2)(A)). best practicable control technology (BPCT): "Not later than July 1, 1977, effluent limitations-for point sources, other than publicly owned treatment works, shall require the application of the best practicable control technology currently available as defined by the Administrator pursuant to Section (304(b) of this Act..." (Act, Section 301(b)(1)(A)). This is also referred to as Best Practical Technology (BPT). best practicable waste treatment technology (BPWTT): "Waste treatment management plans and practices shall provide for the application of the best practicable waste treatment technology before any discharge into receiving waters, including reclaiming and recycling of water and confined disposal of pollutants so they will not migrate to cause water or other environmental pollution..." (Act, Section 201(b)). BOD5: Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand: A standard test for the amount of oxygen utilized in aerobic decomposition of a waste material during a five-day incubation at a specified constant temperature, biological treatment processes: Means of treatment in which bacterial or biochemical action is intensified to stabilize, oxidize, and nitrify the unstable organic matter present.. Trickling filters, activated sludge processes, and lagoons are examples. brackish water: Water containing dissolved minerals in excess of acceptable normal municipal, domestic, and irrigation standards, but less than that of sea water. 11-3 buffer strips: Strips of grass or other erosion-resisting vegetation between orbelow cultivated strips or fields. bypass: A pipe line which diverts wastewater flows away from or around, pumping or treatment facilities - or bypasses them - in order to limit the flows delivered to such facilities and prevent surcharging or adversely affecting their operation or performance. calibration: The.procedure of assigning values to the uncertain or unknown parameters in simulation model and adjusting them until model predictions correspond acceptable closely with observed prototype behavior, catch basin: A chamber or well, usually built at the curb line of a street, for the admission of surface water to a sewer or sub- drain, having at its base a sediment sump designed to retain grit and detritus below the point of overflow. catchment: Surface drainage area. channel: An elemental one-dimensional flow path having the usual properties of a water channel, whichis used to construct certain receiving water simulation models. Also used in discussing the river channel itself. check dam: Small dam constructed in a gully or other small watercourse to decrease the streamflow-velocity, minimize channel scour, and promote deposition of sediment. chemical oxygen demand (COD): A standard test which measures the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of organic (carbonaceous) matter to carbon dioxide and water using a strong oxidizing agent (dichromate) under acid conditions. chemical weathering: Chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, or oxidation, by which rocks and minerals are broken down into soil. clay; The smallest mineral particles in soil, less than .004 Mm in diameter; soil that contains at least 40 percent clay particles, less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt. clay seal: A barrier constructed of impermeable clay that stops the flow of water. clear cutting: The felling of all trees in an area at one time. closed basin: A basin is considered closed with respect to surface flow if its topography prevents the occurrence of visible outflow. It is closed hydrologically if neither surface nor underground outflow can occur. coliform bacteria: All the aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram- negative nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria which-ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35'C. Used as an indicator of bacterial pollution.. 11-4 collector sewer-, A sewer located in the public way which collects the wastewaters discharged through building sewers and conducts such flows into larger interceptor sewers and pumping and treatment works. (Referred to also as "street sewer"). combined sewer: A sewer receiving both surface runoff and sewage. commercial forest: The forest which is both available and suitable for growing continuous crops or raw logs or other industrial timber products, judged capable of growing at least 20 ft' of timber per acre per year. complete sewer separation; separation of all pbulic combined sewers into two separate and independent sewer systems, one for the handling of sanitary sewage and industrial and commercial wastes and the other for the handling of storm water flow. concentration; The quantity of a given constituent in a unit volume or weight of water. confined aquifer: An aquifer which is bounded above and below by formations of impermeable or relatively impermeable material. conservation: The protection, improvement, and use of natural resources according to principles that will assure their highest economic or social benefits. consumptive use (Water): The sum of the quantity of water used by vegetative growth in transpiration or building of plant tissue and the quantity evaporated from adjacent soil or plant surfaces in a given specified time. Also referred to as Evapotranspiration. contamination: The degredation of natural water quality as a result of man's activities, to the extent that its usefulness is impaired, contour furrows: Furrows plowed approximately on the contour on pasture or rangeland to prevent soil loss and increase infiltra- tion, Also, furrows laid out approximately on the contour for irrigation purposes. conventional tillage: Land prepared by turning with a mold-board plow, discing, harrowing and cultivation of row crops., cover crop: A close-growing crop grown primarily for the purpose of protecting and improving soil between periods of regular crop production or between trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. critical depth: The depth of water flowing in an open channel or partially filled conduit corresponding to one of the recognized critical velocities. curb length.: The distance of single street curb, or the length of one side of a street or other thoroughfare. Distinguised from street-length which normally represents two or more curb lengths. 11-5 degree days: Sum of negative departures of average daily temperature from 65'F; used to determine demand for fuel for heating purposes and snow melt calculations. demineralization: The process of reducing the concentration or -removing the mineral salts from water. denitrification: The biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen, depletion (Ground Water): The withdrawal of water from a groundwater source at a rate greater than its rate of replenishment, usually over an extended period of several years, depression storage: Watershed capacity to retain water in puddles, ditches, depressions and on foliage.. design storm, A selected rainfall pattern of specified amount, intensity, duration, and frequency which is used as a design basis, desilting area: An area of grass, shrubs, or other vegetation used for inducing deposition of silt and other debris from flowing water, located above a stock tank, pond, field, or other area needing protection from sediment accumulation, detention dam: A dam construct 'ed for the purpose of temporary storage of streamflow or surface runoff and for releasing the stored water at controlled rates. detention: The slowing, dampening, or attenuating of flows either entering the sewer system or within the sewer system by tempo- rarily holding the water on a surface area, in a storage basin, or within the sewer itself. digestion: The anaerobic or aerobic decomposition of organic matter resulting in partial gasification, liquefaction, and minerali- zation. dilution ratio: The ratio of the quantity of combined sewer overflow or storm sewer discharge to the average quantity of diluting water available after initial mixing at the point of disposal or at any point under consideration, This is not only used with respect to sewer overflows but also it is used for any point or nonpoint sources- of pollution, direct connection; Any opening, pipe, or other arrangement permit- ting storm water to directly enter a sanitary sewer.. directly connected paved area: The paved portion of a basin from which.runoff water can reach a sewer without first passing over grassed area., direct runoff: The water that enters stream channels during a storm or soon after, It may consist of rainfall on the stream surface, surface runoff, and seepage of infiltrated water., 11-6 disinfection: The art of killing the larger portion of micro- organisms in or on a substance with the probability that all pathogenic bacteria are killed by the agent used. dispersion; The mixing of polluted fluids with a large volume of water in a stream, estuary, or other body of water. dispersion, soil: The breaking down of soil aggregates into individual particles, resulting in single-grain structure. Ease of dispersion is an impor Itant factor influencing the erodibility of soils, Generally speaking, the more easily dispersed the soil, the more erodible it is. dissolved solids (DS): The total amount of dissolved material, organic and inorganic, contained in solution in water or wastes. distributed load; A constituent load which enters the receiving water over a considerable distance, as in the case of ground- water seepage, rather than at a point as with a sewer outfall. DO: Dissolved oxygen, the amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in a liquid sample. DO deficit: The extent by which the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below its saturation level, drainability: ability of the soil system to accept and transmit water by infiltration and percolation. drainage basin: A geographical area or region which is so sloped and contoured that surface runoff from streams and other natural watercourses is carried away by a single drainage system by gravity to a common outlet or outlets; also referred to as a watershed or drainage area, drainage density; Ratio of the total length of all drainage channels in a drainage basin to the area of that basin. dry weather flow- Th-e combination of sanitary sewage, and industrial and commercial wastes normally found in the sanitary sewers during the dry weather season of the year, Also that flow in streams during dry seasons, ecosystem: A total organic community in a defined area or time frame, effluent limited segments, "Any segment were it is known that water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water quality standards or where there is adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Sections 301(b)(1)(A) and 301Cb)(1)(B) of the Act"'. (40 CFR 130.11(d)(2)). effluent limitation: "The term "effluent limitation"means any restriction established by a State or the Administrator on quantities, rates, and concentrations or chemical, physical, bio- 11-7 logical, and other constituents which are discharged from point sources into navigable waters, the waters of the contiguous zone, or the ocean, including schedules of compliance. (Act, sec. 502 (11). effluent standard: A restriction on the quantities or concen- trations of constituents from an effluent source, emissions: Effluents discharged into the environment, specified as weight per unit time for a given pollutant from a given source. entry time; The time in minutes for runoff water to flow from the most remote point on the directly connected paved area to a specified inlet. equalization; The averaging (or method for averaging) of variations in flow and composition of a liquid. equivalent days of accumulation (EDA): A measure of the relative days of accumulation of pollutants on a street' surface as a function of rainfall and sweeping history and respective removal efficiencies, equivalent uniform depth (E.U.D.): The average amount of rainfall over an area developed from the constituent rain gage stations and their associated Thiessen Polygons contained within the network of gaging stations. erosion, sheet: The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil from the land surface by runoff water, estuary: The mouth of a river, where tidal effects are evident and where fresh water and sea water mix. eutrophication; The progressive enrichment of surface waters parti- cularly non-flowing bodies of water such as lakes and ponds, with dissolved nutrients, such as phosphorous and nitrogen compounds, which accelerate the growth of algae and higher forms of plant life and result in the utilization of the usuable oxygen content of the waters at the expense of other aquatic life forms, evapotranspiration: The comined processes of evaporation from land, water and other surfaces, and transpiration by plants. fecal coliform; Fecal coliform. are indicators of human and animal pollution and are expressed as numbers of bacteria per volume of sample.. feedlot: A relatively small, confined land area for raising and fattening cattle. filter strip: Strip of permanent vegetation above farm ponds, diversion terraces, and other structures to retard flow of runoff water, causing deposition of transported material, thereby reducing sediment flow. 11-8 first flush: The condition, often occurring in storm sewer discharges and combined sewer overflows, in which a dispro- portionately high pollutional load is carried in the first por- tion of the discharge or overflow. floatable trap, A device or structural configuration which inter- cepts floatable solids and retains these materials at a desired location until removed and disposed of by predetermined means. flooding: A method of surface application of water which includes border strip, contour check, and spreading methods. floodplain- The flat ground along a stream course which is covered by wa@er at flood stage. food chain: Refers to the dependence for food of organisms upon each other in a series, beginning with plants and ending with the largest carnivores. food web: The combination of all of the food chains in a community. flow augmentation: The addition of water or' wastewater effluents to surface water sources, for the purpose of increasing the volume of such water as rivers, lakes or other inland bodies of surface water; in the case of groundwater, the addition of wastewater effluents which will increase the volume of the underground water source and raise or help maintain the ground- water table, foundation drain: A pipe or series of pipes which collects ground- water from the foundation or footing of structures and discharges these waters into sanitary, combined or storm sewers, or to other points of disposal, for the purpose of draining unwanted waters away from such structures. frequency of storm (Design Storm Frequency): The anticipated period in years which will elapse, based on average probability of storms in the design region, before a storm of a given intensity and/or total volume will recur; thus a 10-ypar storm can be expected to occur on the average once every 10 years. Sewers designed to handle flows which occur under such storm conditions would be expected to be surcharged by any storms of greater amount or intensity. grade stabilization structure: A structure for the purpose of stabilizing the grade of a gully or other watercourse, thereby preventing further head,curring or lowering of the channel grade. grassed waterway: A natural or constructed waterway, usually broad and shallow, covered with erosionrresistant grasses, used to conduct surface water from cropland. grease? In sewage, grease includes fats, waxes, free fatty acids, calcium and magnesium soaps, mineral oils, and other nonfatty materials.. Substances soluble in n-hexane.. 11-9 grit: Heavier and larger solids which, because of their size and specific gravity, settle more readily to the floor of a swirl concentrator chamber by the phenomenon of gravity classifica- tion. ground water infiltration: The seepage of groundwater into an opening in a sewer. ground water basin: A ground water reservoir together with all the overlying land surface and the underlying aquifers that contri- bute water to the reservoir, In some cases, the boundaries of successively deeper aquifers may differ in a way that creates difficulty in defining the limits of the basin, ground water recharge: Inflow to a ground water reservoir. ground water reservoir: An aquifer or aquifer system in which ground water is stored.. The water may be placed in the aquifer by artificial or natural means, ground water storage capacity: The reservoir space contained in a given volume of deposits. Under optimum conditions of use, the useable ground water storage capacity volume of water that can be alternately extracted and replaced in the deposit, within specified economic limitations. groundwater table: The free surface of the groundwater, that surface subject to atmospheric pressure under the ground, generally rising and falling with.the season, the rate of withdrawal, the rate of restoration, and other conditions. It is seldom static. gully: A channel or miniature valley cut by concentrated runoff but through which water commonly flows only during and immediately after heavy rains or during the melting of snow, gully control planting: The planting of forage, legume, or woody 0 plant seeds, seedlings, cuttings, or transplants in gullies to establish or reestablish a vegetative cover-adequate to control runoff and erosion., hardness: A property of water caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium, which is reflected in the amount of soap necessary to form suds and incrustations in appliances and pipes when the water is heated. It is expressed as an equivalent amount of calcium carbonate, hard water: Water with over 60 mg/1 of hardness. heavy metals; Metallic elements with high molecular weights, generally toxic in low concentrations to plant and animal life. Examples are; mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead. herbicide: A chemical substance used for killing plants, especially weeds. 11-10 homogenous: Consisting throughout of identical or closely similar material whose proportions and properties do not vary. humus: That more or less stable fraction of the soil organic matter remaining after the major portion of added plant and animal residues have decomposed; usually amorphous and dark colored. hyetograph; An intensity-time graph for rainfall derived from direct measurements. hydrograph: A flow versus time graph derived from direct measurement. hydrological; Pertains to the branch of hydrology that treats surface and groundwater; its occurrence and movements; its replenishment and depletion; the properties of rocks which control groundwater movement and storage; and the methods of investigation and utilization of groundwater, hydrologic cycle: The circuit of water movement from the atmosphere to the earth and return to the atmosphere through various stages or processes as precipitation, interception, runoff, infiltration, percolation, storage, evaporation, and trans@- piration, hydrology: The science dealing with water in the atmosphere, on the earth's surface, and underground; its properties, laws, geographical distribution, etc, illicit connection: An unauthorized connection from a residence, apartment, etc,., which.introduces liquid other than sewage (usually stormwater) into the sanitary sewer. impervious; Not permitting penetration or passage (e,g,, of water). indirect runoff: That portion of runoff that contributes to the runoff pollution that enters receiving water as point discharges from separate storm sewer systems and as general surface runoff. industrial waste: The liquid wastes from industrial processes as distinct from domestic or sanitary sewage., infiltration: The water entering a sewer system, including sewer service connections, from the ground, through suchmeans as, but not limited to, defective pipes-, pi.pe joints, connections, and manhole walls. Infiltration does not include, and is distinguished from, inflow. Infiltration includes all extraneous water during wer weather, i,e,, groundwater and surface water. infiltration inflow.- A combination of infiltration and inflow waste water volumes in sewer lines that permits no distinction between the two basic sources and has the same effect of usurping the capacities of sewer systems and other sewerage system facilities. infiltration-@percolation: An approach to land application in which large volumes of wastewater are applied to the land, infiltrate the surface, and percolate through the soil pores.. infiltration rate: A soil characteristic determining or describing the maximum rate at which water can enter the soil under spec- ified conditions, including the presence of an excess of water. inflow: The water discharged into a sewer system, including service connections, from such sources as, but not limited to, roof leaders, cellar, yard and area drains, cooling water dischargers, drains, foundation drains, drains from spring and swampy area, manhole covers, cross connections from storm sewers and combined sewers, catch basin, surface runoff, street wash waters, or drainage. Inflow does not include, and is distinguished from, infiltration. interceptor sewer: A sewer which receives dry-weather flows from a combined collection sewer system and pre-determined additional amounts of storm flow by means of any form of regulating device and then conducts these flows to point by tratment or discharge. intercepted surface runoff: That potion of surface runoff that enters a sewer, either storm or combined, directly through catch basins, inlets, etc. irrigation return flow: Irrigation water which is not consumed in evaporation or plant gowth, and which returns to a surface stream or groundwater reservoir. lagoon: A shallow pond, usually man-made, to treat municipal or industrial wastewater. land application: The discharge of wastewaters onto land areas, as an alternative treatment procedure to conventional method or disposal of effluents into surface water sources. land cost: Cost of land acquisition including surveys, condemnation proceedings, fees, taxes, leases, and othe financial and legal actions. land use: Differentiating the spatial arrangements and activity patterns of land areas. land use controls: Methods for regulating the uses to which a given land areas may be put, including such things as zoning, sub- division regulation, and flood-plain regulation. lateral sewer: A sewer which receives wastes only from the house connections. leaching: The removal of chemical or physical components from soill or other media by dissolution or physical adsorption action of percolating water. leachate: The liquid that.has percolated through the soil or other media and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from it. 11-12 limited body contact recreation: Use of natural waters, such as rivers, lakes, and coastal water, for recreational pruposes which do not represent deliberate or planned total body immersion such as swimming or bathing; thus, use of waters for boating, fishing, and related sports. mai-n sewer: A sewer to which one or more branch sewers are tributary which serves a large territory; also called a trunk sewer. meclianical practices: Those management techniques for soil and water conservation that primarily change the surface of the land or that store, convey, regulate, or dispose of runoff water without excessive erosion. mineralization; The process of accumulation of mineral elements and/ or compunds in soil or water. mulching: The addition of materials (usually organic) to the land surface to curtain erosion or retain soil moisture. natural erosion: Wearing away of the earth's surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions of climate, vegetation, etc., undisturbed by man. natural leaching: The removal by a solvent of the more soluble minerals in soil or rocks by percolating waters. nitrate (n03): A form of nitrogen which is an essential nutrient to plants (can cause algal blooms if all other nutrients are present in sufficient quantities). Product of bacteria oxidation of other forms of nitrogen, from the atmosphere during electrical storms and from fertilizer manufacturing. nitrification; The biological oxidation of ammonium salts to nitrites and the further oxidation of nitrites to nitrates. nitrogen (ammonia); A product of microbiologic activity sometimes acceL@-ed as evidence of sanitary pollution in surface waters. nitrogen, available: Usually ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate ions, and certain simple amines are available for plant gowth. A small fraction of organic or total nitrogen in the soil is availableat any time. nonpoint source pollution: A pollutant which enters a water body from diffuse origins on the watershed and does not result from discernible, confined, or discrete conveyances. nonsewered urban runoff: Surface runoff in an urban drainage areas which drains inco a receiving stream without passing through a sewer sustem. nutrient: A substance necessary for the growth and reproductions of organisms. nutrient, available: The protion of any element or compound in the soil that can be readily absorbed and assimilated by growing plants. 11-13 low ,IATION CENT organic nitrogen: Nitrogen combined in organic molecules such as protein, amines, and amino acids. Gradually converted to ammonia- nitrogen and to nitrites and nitrates if aerobic conditions prevail. outfall: The point, location, or structure where wastewater or drainage discharges from a sewer to a receiving body of water. overflow: A pipe line or conduit device, together with an outlet pipe that provides for the discharge of portions of conbined sewer flows into receiving waters or other points of disposal, after a regulator device has allowed the portion of the flow which can be handled by interceptor sewer lines and pumping and treatment facilities to be carried by and to such water pollution control structures. overland flow irrigation: A process of land application of waste- water which provides spray distribution onto gently sloping soil of relatively impervious nature, such as clays, for the purpose of attaining aerobic bio-treatment of the exposed flow in contact with ground cover vegetation, followed by the collection of runoff waters in intercepting ditches or chan- nels and the return of the wastewater back to the spray sys- tem or its discharge into receiving waters; sometimes called spray runoff, oxidation pond: A basin for the retention of wastewater, on a batch or continuous flow basis, where organic materials can undergo aerobic stabilization in the presence of adequate oxygen made available by either natural or various mechani- cal means of aeration and mixing. partial separation: Removal of some portion of all the elements of storm drainage into a combined sewer; e.g., streets and parking areas only, leaving roof and foundation drainage to enter the combined sewer. pathogen: A microorganism capable of causing disease. Percolation: The movement of water beneath the ground surface both vertically and horizontally, but above the groundwater table. Pervious: Allowing movement of water. pesticides: Chemical compounds used for the control of undesirable plants, animals, or insects. The term includes insecticides, herbicides, algalcides, rodent.poisons, nematode poisons, fungicides, and growth regulators. phosphorus, available: Inorganic phosphorus which is readily available for plant growth. 11-14 photogrammetry: The science of making surveys and maps through the use of photographs. physical-chemical treatment: A method of semi-advanced or advanced wastewater treatment which combines the use of chemicals, such as activated carbon or lime, to induce reactions such as coagulation, absorption or adsorption of pollutional substances, with processes which physically remove unwanted contaminants by such means as straining, screening, settling, or filtering. planning process: Strategy for directing resources, establishing priorities, scheduling actions, and reporting programs toward achievement of program objectives. plume: An area of contaminated water originating from a point source and influenced by such factors as the local water flow pattern, density of pollutant, and characteristics of the dissimilar streams. point source: "The term 'point source' means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged." (Act, Section 502(14)). pollutant: "The term 'pollutant' means dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal and agricultural waste discharged into water." (Act, Section 502(6)). pollution parameters: The physical, chemical, and bacterial contaminants which can be quantified to indicate pollution levels. pollutograph: A graph of pollutant concentration as a function of time during a rainfall/runoff event. polychlorinated biphyenyls (PCB): Organochlorine compounds of a pesticidal nature which are usually used for industrial purposes (such as plastic manufacture). porous pavement: A pavement through which water can flow at significant rates. pretreatment: The removal of material such as gross solids, grit, grease, and scum from sewage flows prior to physical, bio- logical, or physical-chemical treatment processes to improve treatability. Pretreatment may include screening, grit re- moval, skimming, preaeration, and flocculation. primary treatment-. Processes or methods, that serve as the first stage treatment of sewage and other wastes intended for the removal of suspended and settleable solids by gravity sedi- mentation; provides no changes in dissolved and colloidal matter in the sewage or wastes flows. raw sewage sludge: The accumulated suspended and settaable solids of sewage deposited in tanks or basin mixed with water to form a semi-liquid mass. reaeration: The process entraining air in liquids such as wastewater effluents, etc. Reaeration is proportional to the dissolved oxygen deficit; its rate will increase with increasing deficit. recharge basin: A basin provided to increase infiltration for the purpose of replenishing ground water supply. regulator: A structure installed in a canal, conduit, or channel to control the flow of water or wastewater at intake, or to control the water level in a canal, channel, or treat- ment unit. In the context of combined sewers, a regulator is a device or apparatus for controlling the quantity and quality of mixtures of sewage and storm water admitted from a combined sewer collector sewer into an interceptor sewer or pumping or treatment facility, thereby determining the amount and quality of the flows discharged through an overflow device to receiving waters, or to retention or treatment facilities. residential density: The number of persons per unit of res- idential land area. Net density includes only occupied land. Gross density includes unoccupied portions of residential areas, such as roads and open space. residual wastes: Those solid, liquid, or sludge substances from man's activities in the urban, agricultural, mining and industrial environment which are not discharged to water after collection and necessary treatment. retention: The storage of stormwater to prevent it from entering the sewer system: may be temporary or permanent. return flow: That part of a diverted flow which is not con- sumptively used and which returns to a source of supply (surface or underground). riparian rights: A principle of common law which requires that any user of waters adjoining or flowing through his lands must so use and protect them that he will enable his neighbor to utilize the same waters undiminished in quantity and undefiled in quality. riprap: rough stone of various sizes placed compactly or irregularly to prevent erosion. roof leader: A drain or pipe that conducts storm water from the roof of a structure, downward and thence into a sewer for removal from the property, or onto or into the ground for runoff or seepage disposal. 11-16 routing: Storing, regulating, diverting or otherwise controlling the peak flows of wastewater through a collection system according to some prearranged plan. runoff: That portion of the precipitation on a drainage area that is discharged from the area in stream channels. salinity: Salt content concentration of dissolved mineral salts in water or soil. salinization: The process of accumulation of soluble salts in soil or water. salt water intrusion: The invasion of a body of fresh water by salt water. It can occur either in surface or goundwater bodies. sanitary sewer: A sewer that carries liquid and water-carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutfLons, together with minor quantities of ground, storm, and surface waters that are not admitted intentionally. scour: The clearing and digging action of flowing air or water, especially the downward erosion by stream water in sweeping away mud and silt on the outside of a curve or during a flood. 4ecchi disk: A disk, painted in four quadrants of alternating black and white, which is lowered into a body of water. The measured depth at which the disk is no longer visible from the surface is a measure of relative transparency. secondary treatment: Processes or methods for the supplemental treatment of sewage and other wastes, usually following primary treatment, to effect additional improvement in the quality of the treatment wastes by biological means of various types, including activated sludge treatment or trickling filter treatment; designed to remove or modify organic matter. Treatment of wastewater which meets the standards set forth in 40 CYR 133. sedimentation: The process of subsidence and deposition of suspended matter carried by water, sewage, or other liquids, by gravity. It is usually accomplished by reducing the velocity of the liquid below the point where it can transport the suspended material. separate sanitary sewer: A sewer that carries liquid and water- carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants and institutions, together with minor quantities of ground, storm and surface waters that are not admitted unintentionally. 11-17 separate storm sewer: A set#er that carries storm water and surface waters, street wash and other wash waters, or drainage, but excludes domestic wastewater and industrial wastes. sewer-use ordinance: A regulation, code, or ordinance enacted by a jurisdiction to specify the types and volumes of waste waters that can be discharged into sewer system, the waste waters that cannot be so discharged, and the fees or charges to be imposed for the privilege of discharging those wastes and volumes which are permitted. sludge digestion: A process by which organic or volatile matter in sludge is gasified, liquefied, mineralized, or converted into more stable organic matter through the activities of living organisms. sluice gate: A vertically sliding gate of any shape used to control or shut off flow in a sewer or other channel. SMSA: Except in the New England states, a standard metropolitan statistical area is a county or group of contiguous counties which contain at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants. In the New England states, SMSA's consist of towns and cities instead of counties. soft water: Water containing 60 mg/l or less of hardness. spray irrigation: The application of wastewater to land areas by means of stationary or moving sprays which distribute the liquid in sheet, particle or aerosol mist form. stabilized grade: The slope of a channel at which neither erosion nor deposition occurs. standard methods: Methods of analysis of water sewage and sludge approved by a Joint Committee by the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Federation of Sewage Works Association. storm frequency: The time interval between major storms of predetermined intensity and volumes of runoff for which storm sewers and combined sewers, and such appurtenant structures as swirl concentrator chambers, are designed and constructed to handle hydraulically without surcharging and backflooding: e.g., a five-year, ten=year or twenty- year storm. storm sewer: A sewer which carries storm water and surface water, street wash and other wash waters or drainage, but excludes sewage and industrial wastes. (Also called a Storm Drain). 11-18 storm water infiltration: The entrance of stormwater into a sanitary sewer. subarea: A subdivision of a subcatchment (generally based upon a single land use but may be identical to a subcatchment). sub-basin: A physical division of a larger basin which is associated with one reach of the storm drainage system. subcatchment: A subdivision of a drainage basin (generally determined by topography and pipe network configuration). subdrain: A pervious backfilled trench containing a pipe or stone for the purpose of intercepting groundwater or seepage. surface runoff: Precipitation that falls onto the surfaces of roofs, streets, ground, etc., and is not absorbed or retained by that surface, thereby collecting and running off. terrace: An embankment or combination of an embankment and channel constructed across a slope to control erosion by diverting or storing surface runoff instead of permitting it to flow uninterrupted down the slope. tertiary treacmeht: A third stage of treatment of sewage and other wastes, following primary and secondary treatment, for the purpose of further.improving the quality of the treataA waters by the removal or modification of constituents which have not been removed or modified by previous treatment steps. topography: General term to include characteristics of the ground surface such as plains, hills, mountains; degree of relief, steepness of slopes, and other physiographic features. total dissolved solids: The dissolved salt loading in surface and subsurface waters. total solids: The solids in water, sewage, or other liquids. It includes the dissolved, filterable, and nonfilterable solids. toxic metals: Any metal substances in wastewater which could be toxic or poisonous to grasses, to crops, or to ground- water, and which could adversely affect those who ingest or imbibe these sub9tances; common examples of toxic metals are copper, cadmium and boron. 11-19 transpiration: The process by which plants of all types of agricultural., horticultural and silvicultural growths dissipate water or moisture into the atmosphere from stomata of leaves or other surfaces, in the form of a vapor; dissipation of water by direct evaporation from the surface of plants, bark or other membranes, stomata, and lenticula into the atmosphere. ultimate oxygen demand: The total amount of oxygen that is utilized by bacteria in the decomposition of sewage. This includes both the carbonaceous BOD and nitrogenous BOD. uncontrolled storage: Storage not controlled by any remotely operated gates but depending entirely on weir or river elevations. underdrain system: A system of pipes or ducts, placed under- ground, to intercept and collect percolated wastewater and to return these waters to a predetermined location for a predetermined purpose, often to prevent the discharge of such underground water into water sources which it is intended to protect. universal soil loss equation: Predicts the short-term rates of soil loss for localized areas. This equation takes into account the influence of the total rainfall energy for a specific area rather than rainfall amount. urbanized area: Central city, or cities, and surrounding closely settled territory. Central city (cities) have population of 50,000 or more. Peripheral areas with population density of 1,000 persons per acre or more are included. urban runoff: Surface runoff from an urban drainage area Ithat reaches a stream or other body of water or a sewer. virus: Any of a group of ultramicroscopic biological infectious agents that reproduce only in living cells; therefore considered evidence of human pollution. volatile solids: The quantity of solids in water, sewage or other liquid lost on ignition of the total solids at 600 0 C. waste load allocation: A waste load allocation for a stream segment is the assignment of target pollutant loads to point and nonpoint sources so as toachieve water quality standards in the most effective manner. wastewater reclamation: The process of treating salvaged water 11-20 from municipal, industrial, or agricultural wastewater sources for beneficial uses, whether by means of special facilities or through natural processes. water control (soil and water conservation): The physical control of water by such measures as conservation practices on the land, channel improvements, and installation of structures for water retardation and sediment detention. water desalination: The removal of dissolved salts from a saline water supply. water quality: A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. water quality limited segments: "Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards, and is not expected to meet applicable water quality standards even after the application of the effluent limitations required by sections 201 (b) (1) (A) and 301 (b) (1) (B) of the Act." (40 CFR 130.11 (d) (1)). water right: A legally protected right to take possession of water occurring in a water supply and to divert that water and put it to beneficial use. watershed: The region drained by or contributing water to a stream, lake, or other body of water. water table: The upper surface of the free groundwater in a zone of saturation except when separated by an underlying of groundwater by unsaturated material. wet weather flow: A combination of Dry weather flows, infiltration, and inflow which occurs as a result of rainstorms. windbreak: (1) A living barrier of trees or combination of trees and shrubs located adjacent to farm or ranch headquarters and designed to protect the area from cold or hot winds and drifting snow. Also headquarters and livestock windbreaks. (2) A narrow barrier of living trees or combination of trees and shrubs, usually from one to five rows, established within or around a field for the protection of land and crops. May also consist of narrow strips of annual crops, such as corn or sorghum. zero pollution: A degree of pollution control or prevention which eliminates the addition of any contaminants or unwanted foreign material into surface water sources; incorrectly interpreted as "zero discharge" of any effluents into watercourses (land application of wastewater effluents has been suggested as one means of establishing "zero pollution" conditions). 11-21 SECTION 12 APPENDICES Table of Contents Appendix A "Standards of Quality for classification of waters of the state." Appendix B Survey Questionaire - Inventory Data Appendix C Characteristics of Problem Areas and Receiving Waters 12-1 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS OF THE STATE ADOPTED 1967, revised 1973, 1975, 1977 GENERAL POLICY The following are the criteria of water quality adopted for use in the classification of the waters of the state. In classification of the waters, consideration is given to all factors involved, including public health, public enjoyment, propagation and protection of fish and wildlife, and eco- nomic and social development. Classifications are not intended to permit indiscriminate waste disposal or to allow minimum efforts of waste treatment under any circumstances. In the discharge of waste treatment plant effluents to the receiving waters, cognizance shall be given both in time and distance to allow for mixing of effluent and stream. Such distances required for complete mixing shall not affect the water usage Class adopted but shall be defined and controlled by the regulatory authority. ANTIDEGRADATION I. No new discharges permitted into Class A, SA, B, or SB waters. This prohibition shall not apply where it is demonstrated by the applicant to the state.that the discharge under most adverse conditions will not 'impair any usages specifically assigned to the class and the waters will not be degraded below existing classification. Most adverse conditions shall include but not limited to minimum dilution predictable and complete disruption in operation at any treatment system. This prohibition shall not apply to normal stormwater drainage. II. Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards as of the date on which such standards become effective will be maintained at such high quality unless it has been affirmatively demonstrated to the Director and after a oublic hearing that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social development and will not result in a significant loss of a use presently possible in such waters. Any industrial, public, or private pro- ject or development which would constitute a new source of pollution or an increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be required to provide the highest and best practicable means of waste treatment to maintain high water quality. In implementing this policy, the Administrator of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency will be kept advised and will be provided with such information as he will need to discharge his responsibilities undpr thr Federal Water Prllution Control Act, as ampnded. In the review of EPA NPDES Derwits, no approva will. be qj-,Lan unl QT_ u n L - - '_ 19i ---'fo--r @ - _' ' f -_ ' '_ I, Le_u il the rec as in ormation on existing water quality 'or the substances to be discharged. A-1 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR FRESH WATERS Item Class A Class B Class C Class D Suitable for water supply and all suitable for bathing, other recrea- Suitable for fish and wild life habi- other water uses; character uni- tional purposes, agricultural uses, tat, recreational boating, and in- formly excellent. industrial processes and cooling; dustrial processes and cooling; Suitable for navigation, power, cer- excellent fish and wild life habitat; good aesthetic value. tain industriaIprocesses and cool- good aesthetic value; acceptable ing, and migration of fish; good Tor public water supply with appro- aesthetic value. priate treatment. Dissolved oxygen 75% saturation, 16 75% saturation, 16 Minimum 5 mg/l any time. A minimum of 2 mg/l at hours/day, but not hours/day, but not Normal seasonal and di- any time. > less than 5 mg/l less than 5 mg/l urnal variations above at a@X LiT:e. at any time. 5 mg/l will be main- tained. For sluggish eutrophic waters, not I ess than 4 mg/l at any time. Normal seasonal and diurnal variations above 4 mg/l will be maintained. None allowable None (See Note 7) Sludge deposits None allowable None (See Note 7) solid refuse- floating solids- _)ils-grease-scum 3. Color and None other than of None in such concen- None in such concen- None in such concen- turbidity natural origin. Not trations that would trations that would trations that would to exceed 5 Jackson impair any usages impair any usages impair any usages Units (5 JU). specifically assigned specifically assigned specifically assigned to this Class. Not to this Class. Not to this Class to exceed 10 JU. to exceed 15 JU. FRESH WATER (Continued) Item Class A Class B Class C Class D Coliform bact,i I d Not to exceed a median Not to exceed a median None in such concen- None in such concen- of 100 per 100 ml nor of 1,000 per 100 ml trations that would trdtions that would more than 500 in more nor more than 2,400 impair any usages impair any usages than 10% of samples in more than 20% of specifically assigned specifically assigned collected samples collected to this Class to this Class Fecal colifor... (See Note 12) (See Note 12) bacteria/100 ,.i Taste and odor None other than of None in such concen- None in such concen@ None in such concen- natural origin trations that would trations that would tritions that would impair any usages impair any usages impair any usages > specifically assigned specifically assigned specifically assigned to this Class nor to this Class nor to this Class cause taste and odor cause taste and odor in edible portions in edible fish of fish pH As naturally occurs 6.5 - 8.0, or as 6-0 - 8.5 6.o - 9.0 naturally occurs. z Allowable None other than of Only such increases Only such increases Noiie except where the temperature natural origin that will not impair that will not impair in,rease will not exceed increase any usages specif- any usages specif- th,l recommended limits ically assigned to ically assigned to this on the most sensitive this Class (See Note 6) Class or causes the water use and in no growth of unfavorable ca-e exceed 900F. species of biota, ._'hemical con- (See Note 5) (See Note 5) (See Note 5) (S,e Note 5) stituents NOTES: FRESH WATER 1. These Standards do not apply to conditions brought about by natural causes. 2. Class D waters will be assigned only where a higher water use Class cannot be attained after all appropriate waste treatment methods are utilized. Appropriate waste treatment shall be secondary treatment with disinfection or the equivalent. 3. All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disinfection before discharge into a watercourse. 4. Any water falling below the standards of quality for a given Class shall be considered unsatisfactory for the uses indicated for that Class. Waters falling @elow the standards of quality for Class D shall be Class E and considered to be in a nuisance condition. 5. Chemical Constituents a. Waters shall be free from chemical constituents and radio-active materials in concentrations or combinations which would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life for the appropriate most sensitive and governing water class use or unfavorably alter the biota. b. In areas where fisheries are the governing considerations and approved limits have not been established, bioassays shall be performed as required by the appropriate agencies. The latest edition of the federal publication Water Quality Criteria.will be considered in the interpretation and applica n of bioassay results. Bioassays shall be performed accordin2 to the latest edition of Standard Methods for th@ ExaminatioR'-ofWater and Wastewater (APHA). c. Phosphorus Concentration - none in such concentration that would impair any usages specifically assigned to said Class. New discharges of wastes con- taining phosphates will not be permitted into or immediately upstream of lakes or ponds. Phosphates shall be removed from existing discharges to the extent that such removal is or may become technically and reasonably feasible. d. For public drinking water supplies, the limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency will be used where not superseded by more stringent e requirements. e. The latest edition of Environmental Protection Agency Quality Criteria for Water, the latest edition of Water Quality Criteria State of California, and other scientifically acceptable criteria will be used as guidelines in assessing impacts of chemical constituents in the issuance of permits and implementinq other water quality improvement programs. A-4 6. The temperature increase shall not raise the temperature of the receiving waters above the recommended limit on the most sensitive receiving water use and in no case exceed 830F. In no case shall the temperature of the receiving water be raised more than 40F. Heated discharges into designated trout habitats shall not raise the temperature above 50OF du ing October to 15 June nor greater than 54-6-F, 15 Jun-e@O=u t September. 7. Sludge deposits, floating solids, oils, grease and scum shall not be allowed except for such small amounts that may result from the discharge of appropriately treated sewage or industrial waste effluents. 8. The minimum average daily flow for seven consecutive days that can be expected to occur once in ten years shall be the minimum flow to which the standards apply. 9. Class B and C waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that: a. Un esirably affect the composition of bottom aquatic life, b. Undesirably affect the physical or chemical nature of the bottom, c. Interfere with the propagation of desirable aquatic life. 10. Class A waters in use for drinking water supply may be subject to restricted use by State and local authorities. 11. The latest edition of Standard Methods for Examiniation of Water and Wastewater, APHA, will be followed in the collection, preservation, and analysis of samples. Where a method is not given, the latest procedures of the American Society "or Testing Material (ASTM) will be followed. Other methods r-ecommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can be used, if legally acceptable. 12. As a guideline, pending further research, a fecal coliform criteria for Class A waters of a median of 20 per 100 ml, not more than 200 per 100 ml in more than 10% of the samples collected, and for Class B waters a median value of 200 per 100 ml, not more than 500 per 100 ml in more than 20% of the samples collected, ,vill be asea. 13. In the case of thermal discharges, where mixing zones are allowed, the mixing zone will be limited to no more than 1/4 of the cross sectional area and/or volume of flow of stream or estuary, leaving at least 3/4 free as a zone of passage. 14. All small streams tributary to Class A waters shall be Class A. All other small streams where the classification is not indicated shall be Class A-5 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR SEA WATER Item Class SA Class SB Class SC Suitable for bathing, other recrea- Suitable for all sea water uses includ- tional purposes, industrial cooling Suitable fish, shellfish and wild life ing shellfish harvesting for direct and shellfish harvesting for human habitat; suitable for recreational human consumption (approved consumption after depuration (re- boating, and industrial cooling; shellfish areas), bathing and other stricted shellfish area); excellent good aesthetic value. water contact sports. fish and wild life habitat; good aesthetic value. 1. Dissolved oxygen Not less than 6.0 Not less than 5.0 Not less than 5 mg/l mg/l at any time mg1l at any time during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period nor less than 4 mg/l at any time 2. Sludge deposits- None allowable None allowable None except that amount > solid refuse- that may result from floating soli's- the discharge from a oils-grease- waste treatment facil- scum ity providing appro- priate treatment 3. Color and None in such concen- None in such concen- None in such concen- turbidity trations that will trations that would trations that would impair any usages impair any usages impair any usages specifically assigned specifically assigned specifically assigned to this Class to this Class to this Class 4. Coliform bacterizz Not to exceed a med- Not to exceed a med- None in such concen- per 100 ml ian MPN of 70 and ian value of 700 and trations that would not more than 10% of not more than 2300 impair any usages the samples shall in more than 10% of specifically assigned ordinarily exceed an the samples to this Class MPN of 230 for a 5- tube decimal dilution or 330 for a 3-tube decimal dilution SEA WATER (Continued) ittem Class SA Class SB Class SC 5. Fecal coliform (See Note S.9) (See Note S.9) bacteria/100 ii,i 6 Taste and odor None allowable None in such concen- None in such concen- trations that would trations that would impair any usages impair any usages specifically assigned specifically assigned to this Class and none to this Class and none that would cause taste that would cause taste and odor in edible and.odor in edible fish or shellfish fish or shellfish pH 6.8 - 8.5 6.8 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 d; Allowable (See Note S.10) (See Note S.10) (See Note S.10) temperature > increase 9, Chemical con- None in concentrations None in concentrations None in concentrations stituents or combinations whi,.h or combinations which or combinations which (See Note S.4) would be harmful to would be harmful to would be harmful to human, animal or aqtiatic human, animal or aquatic human, animal or aquatic life or which would make life or which would make life or which would make the waters unsafe oc the waters unsafe or the waters unsafe or unsuitable for fish or unsuitable for fish or unsuitable for fish or shellfish or their prop- shellfish or their prop- shellfish or their prop- agation, impair the agation, or impair the agation, or impair the palatability of san,,.,, water for any other usage water for any other usage or impair the water. assigned to this Class assigned to this Class for any other uses Radioactivity (See Note S.7) (See Note S.7) (See dote S.7) NOTES: SEA WATER S - 1 Sea waters are those waters subject to the rise and fall of the tide. S - 2 All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disinfection before discharge to sea waters. S - 3 The water quality standards do not apply to conditions brought about by natural causes. S - 4 The waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that will: a. Unduly affect the composition of bottom fauna, b. Unduly affect the physical or chemical nature of the bottom, c. Interfere with the propagation of fish and shellfish, d. Undesirably alter the qualitative and quantitative character of the biota. e. T-he-latest edition of Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Criteria for Water, the latest edition of Water Quality Criteria State of California, and other scientifically acceptable criteria will be used as guidelines in assessing impacts of chemi- cal constituents in the issuance of permits and implementing other water quality improvement proqrams. S - 5 Bacteriological surveys of sea waters should include sampling during periods when the most unfavorable hydrographic and pollution conditions prevail. S - 6 Any water falling below the standards of quality for a given Class shall be considered unsuitable for the uses indicated for that Class. Waters falling below the standards of quality for Class SD shall be Class SE and considered to be in a nuisance condition. S 7 The level of radioactive materials in all waters shall not be in concentrations or combinations which would be harmful to human, animal or aquatic life, or result in concentration in organisms producing undesirable conditions. S 8 In the case of thermal discharges into tidal rivers or estuaries, where mixing zones are allowed, the mixing zone-w-M-5-e-Ti-m-1-te-d-fo no more than 1/4 of the cross sectional area and/or volume of flow of stream or estuary, leaving at least 3/4 free as a zone of passage. In wide estuaries and oceans, the limits of mixing zones will be establi d by the Director. S 9 As a guide, pending further research, for Class SA waters a fecal coliform criteria of a median value of 15 per 100 ml not more than 10 percent of the samples exceeding 50 per 100 ml and for Class SB waters and a fecal coliform criteria of a median value of 50 per 100 ml and not more than 500 per 100 ml in 10 percent of the samples collected, will be used. A-8 S - 10 Temperature increase: None except where the increase will not exceed the recommended limit on the most sensitive receiving water use and in no case exceed 830F or in any case raise the normal temperature more than 1.50F, 15 June through September and notmore than 40F from October through 15 June at the boundary of such mixinj zones as is found to be reasonable by the Director. S - 11 The latest edition of the federal publication Water Quality Criteria will be considered in the interpretation and application of bioassay results. Bio- assays will be performed according to the latest edition of Standard Methods for the Na-r@@ination of Water and Wastewater (APHA). S - 12 The latest edition of Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste- water, APHA, will be followed in the collection, preservation, and analysis of samples. Where a method is not given, the latest procedures of the American Society for Testin2_Materials (ASTM) will be followed. Other methods recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can be used, if legally acceptable. A-9 STATE OF FWDE ISLAND AND PROVID04M PLANTATIONS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISICN OF WATER POLUJTION CDNML PROPOSED CHANCES IN WATER QLUUZTY CLASSIFICATICNS - FRESH VQATER River Section Existing Proposed Classification Classification Clear River fran Harrisville Dam to a point 1 mile upstream from confluence with Chepachet River (1.4 miles) C B Pawtuxet River from the confluence with the Pocasset River to the Pawtuxet. Cove Dam (4 miles) D C Unnamed brook tributary to Pawtuxet. River, Warwick (Pawtuxet Village), RI (0.5 miles) C B Saugatacket River from Kingston Road in Peace Dale to the Main Street Dam in Wakefield (1.1 railes) C B Woonasquatucket. River from the outlet of Slack's Reservoir to the inlet of Stillwater Reservoir (2 miles) C B Woonasquatmcket River fram Georgiaville to Greystone Dam Road 0. 2 miles north of the Smithfield/North Providence line (1.4 miles) C B PROPOSED CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION - SEA WATER Area Existing Proposed Classification Classification Upper Narragansett Bay in the vicinity of North Farm on the Bay south of line from the northermost extremity of the breakwater at the North Fann marina easterly to the shore, and east and north of the breakwater at the North Farm marina (5Acres) SA SB The waters in the vicinity of Quonset Point within 1,500 feet of shore fram the western end of the carrier pier to A-10 Area Existing Proposed Classification Classification a point 1,000 feet north of Quonset Point (148 Acres) SB & SC Sc The waters in the vicinity of Quonset Point, exclusive of those waters described above, north and east of a line frm the southeastern corner of the boundary fence at Electric Boat to General Rock buoy, north of a line frm Sauga. Point to Bucy (Fl 4 sec)3, north and west of a line from Buoy (Fl 4 sec)3, to Buoy (Ok Fl)13, north and west of a line fran Buoy (Qk Fl) 13, to Buoy (Qk Fl RY12, west of a line from Buoy (QK Fl R) 12, to nun buoy 18 and south-and west of a line from nun buoy 18 to a point approximately 3,000 feet north of Quonset Point (459 Acres) SA,SB,SC SB Former SB areas around Qrhonset Point (296 Acres) SB SA The waters within 1,000 feet of any point on the shore line of Gould Islands (250 Acres) SC SA The waters in the vicinity of Coasters Harbor which are within 500 feet of the Newport marine outfall sewer (18 Acres) SB SC The waters in the vicinity of Taylor Point which are within 300 feet of the Jamestown marine outfall sewer (7 Acres) SA Sc The waters in the vicinity of Taylor Point, exclusive of those waters described above, south of a line fvam the northernmost extremity of Taylor Point to can buoy 13, north of a line fran a point of land approximately 1,000 feet south of the Newport Bridge to the northernmost extremity of Rose Island, and within 1,000 feet of the shoreline of Jamestown (49 Acres) SA SB The waters in the vicinity of East Ferry west of a line fran Bryer Point to a point approximately 1,500 feet sourh of Narragansett Avenue (61 Acres) SC SB A-11 Area EKisting Proposed The ueters in the vicinity of Classification Classification Marton's Shipyard which are south and west of a line fran a point of land approximately 3,000 feet north of Bull Point to the northernmost of "the Dumplings", and west of a line from the northernmost of the "Dumplings" to a point of land approximately 1,000 feet north of Bull Point (17 Acres) SA SB The waters in bhe vicinity of South Ferry within 500 feet of the University of Rhode Island Narragansett Bay Campus Marine Outfall sewer (9 Acres) SB SC The waters in the vicinity of Condon Street at Narragansett Pier, Narragansett (28 Acres) SC SA The waters in the vicinity of Tucker's Dock which are within 500 feet of the South Kingstown/Narragansett Regional Sewage Treatment Plant outfall (18 Acres) SA SC The waters in the vicinity of Tucker's Dock, exclusive of those waters described above, which are within 2,500 feet of any point on the shoreline between Continental Road and Hazard Avenue (207 Acres) SA SB The waters in the vicinity of Scarborough within 500 feet of the marine outfall sewer located approximately 2,000 feet, bearing 1330 fram a point of land at the northern boundary of Fort Nathaniel Greene (18 Acres) SB SC The waters in the vicinity of Scarborough which are more than 500' but less than 1,500' away from the marine outfall sewer located 1330 approximately 2,000 bearings from a point of land at the northern boundary of Fort Nathaniel Greene (144 Acres) SA & SB SB A-12 Area Eyristing Proposed Classification Classification Upper Point Judith Pond north of (An Buoy 25 including the Saugatucket Fiver downstream of the Main Street Dam (43 Acres) SC SB The waters in the vicinity of Galilee within 500 feet of the share fram the breachway to a point approximately 600 feet west of Great Island Road (39 Acres) SA SB The waters in the vicinity of Jerusalem within 500 feet of the shore fran the breachway to a point approximately 1,000 feet north of the State Pier (23 Acres) SA SB The waters in the vicinity of Snug Harbor within 500 feet of shore fram Gooseberry Road to High Point (24 Acres) SA SB The waters in the vicinity of Old Harbor which are within 500 feet of the Block Island marine outfall sewer (12 Acres) SA & SB SC The waters in the vicinity of Old Harbor, exclusive of the waters described above, which are within 1,000 feet from shore from a point 1,000 feet north of the Block Island marine outfall sewer to a point 1,000 feet south of the marine outfall sewer (31 Acres) SA & SB SB The waters in the vicinity of old TlarIADr west of a line from the fixed red light at the end of the northern breaRwater to the shore at Pebbly Beach which are not included in the SB & SC areas above (23 Acres) SB SA A-13 Appendix B - Survey Questionaire - Inventory Data A. Land Use Maps (present and future) B. Population Projections (present and future) C. Codes or other pertinent Legislation concerning Runoff/Litter/Chemicals D. Results of any S-tormwater Analysis E. Typical Catch Basin Detail Drawing F. Overflow Structure Drawings G. Methods of Runoff Analysis required by Municipality H. Problem Areas I. Future Plans for Stormwate*r Related Projects. J. Stormwater & Combined Sewer System Maps. B-1 SURVEY - LJJTER City State Date Prep@_rj_F_ Title Dept. Ma i I i ng Address A. Please rate the following factors, which may.becontrolled or clteecl by the action of public officials, and result in a more attractive woste-fice urbar'. Community, in their order of im- portance from 1 to 26 as related to yot:r community. Please use number one (1) to indicate most serious. Use each number once only. RatiN Ch eck (when Check (when Check if Check if in applicable) oppl;cable) penalties not a Order if controlled if existing are acces- problem (See A- by exiving ordinance sed on of- in your Item above) ord;nonce enforced fenders city a. Spillage from overloaded trucks b. Litter from parades and Jorge public events c. Disintegration of poorly surfaced streets d. Lack of paving at drivewpy ono alley entrance% e. Yard refuse (leaves, lawn c I ippings) f. Animal droppings g. Deposition from windstorms h. Improperiy used trash receptac I es Improper storage of house- hold-refuse j. Debris from construction and demolition k. Roadside dumping I .. Lack of satisfactory street cleaning eqjipment m. Poor refuse collection practices n. Street trees, type or placement a. Lack of catch basin and storm water inlet main- tenance p- Air pollution q. Droppings from vehicles (grease, oil, etc.) r. Poor public cooperation S. Lack of adequate public trash receptacles t. Lack of public education u. Inadequate budget for street c I eoni ng B-2 v. Other (Specify) w. Other x. Other y. Other z. Other B. Street Cleaning Frequency (days per week, wer4,y, mve thly, etc (Check) Frecuency Total curb j;,-; 9 -na i;@ No Miles as miles swept (do;ly-weekly-monthly) Year Winter Type Street Classified Annuolly Flvs@ed Swept Round Sweeping Residential Commercial Downtown business Arterial (4 or more lanes) Industrial Pork roads Private (if applicable) Other (specify) C. Amount of Street Refuse I . Area served Population served Volume Weight (if by City (Check); Cu. yds. Tons If by contract - Specify) Annucl amount street refuse removed Annual amount from litter recepticles removed Annual amount leaves & ycrd trim- mings removed (from streets) D. Annual tabor for Street Refuse Re-oval Period Total Hours Labor Equipment Hand sweeping Mechanical flushing Mec@anical sweeping Disposal of sweepings Catch basin cleaning Litter basket emptying Other TOTAL B-3 E Refuse Sanitation inspection Activities I . Inspection activiries are carried out by public works depcrtment police depcrtme-ii Health department Other 2. Number of city refuse sorilation inspectors assigned to: Type area Number of equivalent full time employees Residential Commercial Industrial 3. Primar) function of inspector is to require proper placement of refuse require proper containers for refuse improve customer relations enforce co!lection standards other 4. Performance of inspector is judged by (title) 5. Litter control activities are coordinated by (title) 6. Placement of litter baskets is determined by (title) 7. (Check one) Private- Public Contract Collects contained residential 8. (Check one) Private Public Contract Collects commercial 9. (Check one) Private- Public Contract Collection industrial F. Other comments (if any) B-4 SLAV(Y - STC@cm sf mir @_lt City 7-- Dote- Prepared by Mailing Address 1. General Information Length Sewers* Area Serv;ce4j 164, (Miles) Sanitary Sewers Storm Sewers Combined S,,,,ers TOTAL Average annual rainfall i. A.-auol averoge snowfall in. eqVivaltnt ;ft. of rainfall (*Omit house connections) 11. Points of solid removal A. Catch basins 1. Are catch basins used. Yes 2. Are catch basins currently rejvi cu o@ @r- Pcw- se-erl: Yes No 3. Are catch basins cleaned by Se-ef Dect. Yes NO-. by Street Dept./Div. Yes r@;o of other fsr-'.W;Fy) 4. Approximate number of catch basins 5. Have regular cleaning policy: Yes If yes, please attach copy of colic r,. 6. Approximate annual volume sol;cs re"%ovod cu. ycis. How determined? What are neig@6orhood chorecte6stict -ost effec-;roa ant of solids? 7. Annual: Salaries--faum.- oil Total S. No and composition cf calct bai' Describe crew and equipment) Total man hours./year Frequency of cleon;ng cctci' 0,3"'@t year B-5 9. What type of trcp do you use on catch basin? \/@%at was basis for selection of type of trap? Pleas"e attach copy of standard drawing. 10. Principal source of solids believed to be from I I . Where and how do you dispose of the solids collected? 12. Do you contract with private firms to clean catch basins? Yes No If yes, per cent of work done by contract annual cost of contract B. Sewer Cleaning Combined Sewers Sanitary Sewer Storm Sewer I . Estimated infiltration (a) gal./in-diam./mile (b) total m.g.d. (for the system) 2. Miles in system (a) 6-12" diameter (b) 15-24" diameter (c) 27-72" diameter (d) over 3. Average volume of solids removed per mile (cu. ycls.) per year 4. Annual equipment and labor Crew Size Man Hours Type equipment used Combined Sanitary Storm TOTAL 5. Volume dry weather flow in storm sewers (m.g.d.) B-6 C. Overflow diversion chambers on combined systems anwser only for combined sewer) I -Do you have equipment installed to indicate over overflow occurs? Yes - No If yes, please describe 2. Usual overflow setting: X dry weather flow 3. Special maintenance problems encountered 4. Have you determined if there is used capacity in the interceptor system? Yes No If yes, how D. Grit removal I Sewage treatment plant has provisions for grit removal. Yes No If yes- 2. Annual volume of solids removed (cu.yds.) 3. Special problems encountered 4. Annual operation cost of grit removal E. Outfall removal I .Dredging or other removal activities at sewer outfall required: Yes No If yes: 2. Frequency of removal (per year) 3. Volume removed (cu. yds./year) 4. Describe nature of material B-7 5. Where is material disposed 6. Annual cost Annua I man hours F. Other comments (if any) G. For sewer system please check allowable connections for discharge of: Combined Storm Sanitary Yes No Yes No Yes No Swimming pools Foundation drains Roof drains Sump pump Cooling water Ind. process water (treated) Ind. process water (untreated) B-8 SURVEY - CHEMICALS A. Deicing Agents Major active ingredients Annual Amount Roadway Miles or identification Used (Tons) Covered B. Chemical Fertilizers Used: Major active ingredients Annual Amount Area Covered or identification Used (Tons) (Acres) C. (Check one) This report covers the use of all such chemicals by the city: Yes No If no, to whom would additional copies be -se--n-t7- Mailing address D. What city official determines'the chemical to be used? E. What city official determines the amount of chemical to be used? F. On what basis is the type and amount selected? G. Is there any evidence in your city of stream pollution or fish kill caused by runoff from storm sewers carrying disso lved chemicals? Yes No H. Has any action been taken by the city to eliminate or reduce this pollution or fish kill? Explain B-9 I SURVEY - CHEMICALS (CONTINUED) I I I. Other comments (if any) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I B-10 A) m I-A 00 rt rL (D %4 m C: ib ti. m 0 p) m m F- > U V n 0 0 co rt F- C) rt C> Fj. tl 1--h 0 H. OQ r_ v rt rt rt m (D 0 r__, C: 0 ci t-4 Cn H W En > 0 C) En w 0 tri > 0 0 F@ F-J 0 rt rt rt rt 1-3 C) (n rt Fl- o rt En C) F_j 0 C) t-4 q>_4 IA 0 rt Survey Dry Weather Flow in Combined Sewer Systems A. Average daily flow from residential, commercial and industrial sources in MGD B. Average dialy total suspended solids load in lbs/day C. Average daily total settleable solids load in lbs/day D. Average daily total BOD load in lbs/day E. Average daily total nitrogen loads in lbs/day F. Average daily total orthophosphate load in lbs/day G. -Average daily total coliform organisms load in billion MPN/day ov, 'X@ @041 B-12 T-D 0 t-i 0 0 m (D 0 m rt m co 0 0 ED @J In @J 0 F9 Eg Sb H. m H. 0 0 rr r"t :j 0 rt rt P@ n r@ r- 0 0 m (D n rt rt 0 rt @j CA @-h (D rt H (D m z M W m pa rt H. cn (D 0 o ti r-i w (D 93 (D 0 0 0 (D P) Fj- P, 0 @- 11 @--Gq P@ 0 :4 m @- (D rD n " (n e@ aq CD '0 rf F---< H. 0 m @jl (D r@ H- m ril 0 014 Q@ 0 w 0 m ::3 0 F-A @J m " :I rD m ;Kl 0 UQ m @- ap " rt -@ @-j rt @d @d m w @j rt (D IV 0 @3 It (D 0 m C) H- Q@ 0 0 Fj- rD 0 0 D3 po It I-d CIQ H. 0 I-d "Id <@ C') H Hn (D ti m 0 n C-71 @-3 m ::i m Ici 0 (D CL ol 0 Do M @d H @v 0 0 (D n 0 0 t::) C) CJ C) > t74 0 0 I'd Ho @'d Id t--l z I-d L-4 L-4 -d Pd '@d 0 tj n'@-d > > > > @u It -A t- I-d 1-3 rq 0 > r-I 0 C., C) U) In En cn En 0 En En pu F@ F@ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @- @- m I * H. H. P- 0- ta, P@ O@ Q@ P@ H- M 0, Fj- H' C) U) ag GQ m m m m m v OQ (D GQ D) M GQ GQ mmm @:T, :3, " " 1-1 :3, @3' ti @:;' rt @-t :3, ::1, @-i -@ --@ rt rT D3 0 0 0 rt rt 03 w r-r D3 rt m < -@ m rt rt r-t rt rt rt rt M (D (D 0 Fj H z 0 PO Z-0 I 0 z pd m 0 F-A 0 F- 0 ti 03 v aq ti 0 0 H 0 V) 0 2 0 (D rt rt rt rt @r 0 14 r- @r H. r. 0 (D 0 < tal 0 C-L 0 0 0) Fj- (D PIV (D ;$V (D 0 cn F' :J (D :j (D 0 rt 5 o H o o 0 rt .4 C) F-1- (D (D < (D Fj. 0 0 rt Fi. 1-1 CL 03 ti :@r CL /-N M (D rt D3 t-h (D 11 En (D (D C) A) 0 > @d 0 @j Fj- 0 0 0 cn :j Fi. M A) 0 0 rt 03 m (D n .4 r. rt 0 rt rt 0) (D td 0 rt 0 F- (D FJ- rt m > L-4 0 0 P@ rn tZI (D (D 0 CD tal En (D (D rt 1-11 1 C/3 CL (D :F-l U) 0 0 0 0 10 M 0 0 H F@ m (D (D 0 m 0 0 0 0 CD 10 (D (n 0 0 93 (D (D (D rt 4 0 0 0 0 lel @v m rt @31 ;j -:@ 0 PV N, PV H. rt 03 CD P) ti- A3 P3 43 H. K, 0 0 0 OA 0 @O (n OA U) POW w " m 0 :1 :j (D m 0 lb 4 @Q (D W C-) H- (D .0 (D rt ;;@A 7ZA pV pd rt 0 0 r- r_ 0 r_ ru e, 0 r. :j 0 ftl txj 0 m aq 03 P3 N 0 0 @3 (D 0 0) 0 :j @d po PO 171 Z@ Cl PO (D rt rt rt (D IN, A) PV rt (D (D H- H. H. @-d t-d r- r_ 0 VA < C@ 0 0 0 0 0 Pd 0 @O (D (D (D @-3 t3rj (D 0 :3 7v pl;l ;5;1 H. 7;, H. " t-I m Pd CL CL (D (D (D <4 (D -.4 :@ (D rt rt rt (D 0 (D rt (D (D (7) 1-t tl 0 t-I pi @d ;d tal @d Fj. H. H. H- (D (D (D (D H t-I t-I t1i I 0 tz) tv u t:l 0 0 0 U 0 u t@l t) 0 0 U L4 L4 C, C-) C-) C-) n n C) C-) C) C-) L. C-4 L4 L. L-1 L, L. C, C-1 (I L. L4 C, C-.. '13 I F-I H 0 -xJ H H ---A 1-3 H 3 3 -3 -3 -3 -3 H t- "d t- t- 1.0 I-d I'd 1-0 It I-d Pd Pd ;d @o tz) @,j 17J .I -.i ftl t- t- m o C@ I - , > to cn Pd @d t7@ t- --j --I --j t-4 M " - p 1.0 U) U) (7) (7) 0 (7) (7) 0 0 (7) 0 (7) 0 (7) 0 0 (7) Q 0 P-1 P-1 t-i " pi 1-i ti t-i ti po (D (D m (D CL (D (D (D (D (D (D (D (b m (D (D m m m P) P3 03 lb m P) 90 9) 03 A) P3 PO 0) 93 P) D3 PO $13 C) En rt rlt rt rt rt rf rt rt rr rr rt rt rlt rt rt m tri til 0) tm -::! rlt 17J M I (D PO t2l PO z C-) H. 0 lb A) 0 0 0 m m 0 (D r- H X rn lb 0 r- 0 ;j cn 09 03 10 m rr rt rt rt rt rt :4 P, @r 0 0 H. (D 0 H. m @r w ti 0 0 w w H (D ti 0 (D 0 0 0 CL rt rt I rt VD 0 lb H. H. m rt rt 0 (D t@ F" rt P3 r- I n 4 t" (D t@ W @-j t-j t-4 rt C-4 (D H- ::C m M t@ 1-- 0 1 0 z 0 H. 1 0) to co o z 0 I-d I > 0 tri Oj 03 m 0 ::1 rt t-4 rt rt rt U) W 0 (a 0 > txl 0 r- rt ft rL rt :j :3 0 0 m N, :F-I :j (D fb rt rt PV (D w ZE: m w P-0 It Pid r- lb nJ A) P3 M 0 t- 9) (D 0 0 o (D P) ID :j w P (n 0 0 ti 0 0 0 t1l :jr 0 rt 0 P) PD 00 0 7z, H. :3@ P) pv, @r w w I 0 crQ (IQ 0 (n En H. (n rn A) rn cn m PV P3 rt W rt (D :j (D (D (n 0 PU po 0 I'd m 0 0 rt rt rt rt w I'd N M m H. :3 0 0 0 H. " 0 (D m CA (D @4 (D :j w PV m Pd 0 Pd Pd 0 00 (D rt m m la, F-A- H. 0 rL 0 rt PO PO le@ M Pd PV m H- (D m (D 0 00 H- m (D m 0 rL C-) 0 n 0 En Id Cl C) L4 L4 0 C) L4 ci r- C. "I L-4 U L4 13 ftl 1-0 po t- r- En I'd t- 1-4 @d I'd r- I., > I-d u r-4 -d I-d r- 1-0 .j ftj t-4 I-d C- m 0 _ I > 1-4 I-d I-d t-4 M L4 L. cn (n En En U) F@ F-J @-A t.- 0 F@ t1l 0 txl m m (D @J. Fl- @J- Fl, M CL Fj- (D (D m CL F. C-) En v 03 (D crq 0 0 0 m up P) M tri M rt rt rt ::r :r ::r ::r rt rt rt rt H rt rt rt rt 03 rt lb rt <i rt rt Hmw I (D m ZOH 0 v-3 z 0 17-0 1 > t--J En z 0 @D- 0 (D 0 P3 0 4) 10 Fj. 0) 0) rt 10 e, rt (D rt rt 0 7q, 71 0) Qrq :j OIQ 0 0 t-i m P, 0 qq 0 (D rt (D 7V to ri) :@@ (D pql 93 I-d (D ti 8 1 0 P) Po N H. txj > t-I H- F@ (D C) F@ (D t-4 1--d cn t.-d En PTJ z Ili o > 0 H P) 0) 0 A) 0 0 " P) 02 10 0 _7' PD PV o :4 0 4 " ::s rt (D U) 10 " ti ti g: (D aq rr rr rt rt rt rt rt 0 m P7, rl P@ 0 rt m 4 U) 0 0 Z, p @r 0 P, td :4 m r- H. @J 0 (D H. @r Mo m X x " :7J P) 0 >4 On D) @J 0 0 H. M W (D tO M td 0 H- 0 H- P' (D r_ I'd pl;l m rt r-r rlt " 0 -4 0 0 rt Cd 09 1-d 0 0 P3 ;IV m rt :31 (M el 0 0 C) pl;" ::E@ 0 PV ello z PO 0 ;a :3 GQ Pd 0 n 0 P. 0 0 M H-0 Fj- 0 0 H- 0 0 P@ U) 0 14 @r e. ::r P, H. 0 -.4 m 0 (D m m -4 < H- (D (D @4 H (D M < (D ti (D 0 ti 0 tz) t:@ 1-3 u u U C') C) C) 0 0 t:i tZI L-4 C-) C-) tz) C) C-) n C) li j 1-71 H > > En 1-11 It L. lid u 1-4 ftj ftj r- :D. H > r- En m PO 0 C@ M Ud U) 10 I-d --d -A H u C.) > t--l ril in > in w V) U) U) En En En En (n (n cn cn 0 @@ f@ 1-- 0 0 0 0 0 0 tal H- Fj- H- CL H- PJ H' (a. (al PA CL aq QQ (D (IQ Qq (IQ (M (D OQ m GQ (D (D (D (D 03 C) m U) :r ::r ::r P, @r @:r ti @r :3, ti " 1-1 " pt m rt rt rt rt rt rt rt 03 rt m rt 913 P) 0) 0 ftl ::! rt rt rr rt rt rr ril I (D (D (D M (D m (D m :3 0 0 P) H- 0 ri) H. H. p;' 0 0 0 -:@ 0 rt -el 0 m 0 CL 7V w @j (D (D rt @-h D3 (D @-h ri) H. aq @1: 0 (D C-4 Fi. 1-1 @d r- H (a, (D la, w 3' F-I m I-d H. m 0 (D 0 rlt rt H 1-1 Fi. 0 _Ir rt m .4 0 W rt FJ- (D 0 > m 0 m F-i (n tv En U) :-;7' @r. Z 0 0 Fi. @r P3 (D P) H. H. Fj- @-j 0 En 0 t@ 0 :j e. C-L @m P@ F-i 0) rt (D (D r_ t-h rt t)d GQ P) 0 C-) OIQ H (IQ H- 0 fn (D I-- M 0 CL P3 F-j (D F@ (D U) C') H- pq, 4) (D @'d PIV (D m I rt (D 0 rt 0 w lb rlr Q H H (a, rt rt I-j t7l ::I 0 m @-4 In to 0 0 t:j z I 0 0 D) ti :j r- k-4 CL n Pid U U U U 0 '-A @t n t7@ t-4 'Pd "C-) 'n "n :84 :0- t- I-d :@-7' Pd 1--J > Fo U F@ td > w cn t- ;o F-3 1.1 t-, M 0 0 0 0 F-A @-j Q@ CL H. (a, CL H. Q@ Fj- H. (IQ (IQ (D (D GQ (D (D M m m M @3a ::r :31 t-I H P- 1-1 :3. P, rlt ft fu D3 rt A) P3 rt w Ft FT rt rr (It rlt rt ftl m m (D (D (D (D H t2l @d t@@ C) H z 0 F-3 Pt tTi t i I I I I I i I I i i i I I I 3 6668 00001 8079