[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




           1~~~~~~~~~~~~~1K









                  NEW YORK / NEW JERSEY
                     HARBOR ESTUARY
             WATER USE MANAGEMENT STUDY




                           PREPARED BY

            THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING
                WATERFRONT AND OPEN SPACE DIVISION
                               &
                    THE NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF
                     ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
                   DIVISION OF COASTAL RESOURCES




                           FEBRUARY, 1991






TD                               ; 
224
.N7
N48      _
1991










                   NEW YORK / NEW JERSEY

                       HARBOR ESTUARY

                WATER USE MANAGEMENT STUDY

  NEW YORK /
  NEW JERSEY
HARBOR ESTUARY
  WATER USE
 MANAGEMENT
    STUDY
                             A STUDY TO:


               ASSESS THE CURRENT LEVEL OF ACTIVITY ON THE
                WATERWAYS OF THE NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY
                HARBOR ESTUARY

 PREPARED BY   *  PROJECT FUTURE LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF
E NEW YORK ClY   ACTIVITY WITHIN THE ESTUARY
DEPARTMENT OF
CITlY PLANNING  *  IDENTIFY WAYS OF REDUCING THE POTENTIAL
WATERFRONT AND    FOR CONFLICT AMONG THE VARIOUS VESSEL
   DIVISION     TYPES USING THE WATERWAYS OF THE ESTUARY
     &
THE NEW JERSEY
DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
 PROTECTION
 DIVISION OF                  PREPARED BY
  COASTAL
 RESOURCES                  THE NEW YORK CITY
                      DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING
                  WATERFRONT AND OPEN SPACE DIVISION
                                  &
                      THE NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF
                       ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION       U.. DEFARTiENt OF COMMERCE NOAA
                     DIVISION OF COASTAL RESOURCES    C 1 AL SERVI(E- CENTER

                                                    L-234 SCOUTH HOESON AVENUE
FEBRUARY, 1991                                                  T           45241

                            FEBRUARY, 1991
                                                       Prcopc':ty/ of r:CO L~]:;ry-~

                       THIS STUDY WAS FUNDED BY THE
    :.-  ' ....... UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
  .-  ' -: NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
          .g ~ ~ g    GRANT NUMBER: NA 89AA-D-C2137







m











                         FOR NEIL BAUMLER, WHO TAUGHT US SO
                       MUCH, AND WHOSE LOVE OF THE HARBOR
                        AND APPRECIATION OF THE PEOPLE WHO
                         IARE PART OF IT, INSPIRED THIS REPORT.




















0










                         Table of Contents


                                                       PAGE


Chapter 1           Introduction                        1.1



Chapter 2           Jurisdiction and Regulations        2.1



Chapter 3           Maritime and Industrial Activities
                         Introduction                  3.1
                         History                       3.4
                         Present Conditions            3.11
                         Future Conditions             3.34



Chapter 4           Ferries
                         Introduction                  4.1
                         History                       4.1
                         Present Conditions            4.3
                         Future Conditions             4.11



Chapter 5           Commercial Boating
                         Introduction                  5.1
                         History                       5.2
                         Present Conditions            5.10
                         Future Conditions             5.27



Chapter 6           Recreational Boating
                         Introduction                  6.1
                         History                       6.2
                         Present Conditions            6.9
                         Future Conditions             6.46



Chapter 7           Conflicts and Recommendations
                         Conflicts                     7.1
                         Recommendations               7.47










                         LIST OF FIGURES


FIGURE                        NAME                      PAGE


1.1       STUDY AREA                                    1.5

3.1       PORT CARGO OPERATIONS: EXISTING               3.12
3.2       PORT CARGO ROUTES: EXISTING                   3.13
3.3       CONCENTRATIONS OF MARITIME SUPPORT
          SERVICES: EXISTING                            3.20
3.4       MARITIME SUPPORT SERVICES: EXISTING ROUTES   3.21
3.5       CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER DEPENDENT USES:
          EXISTING                                      3.24
3.6       WATER DEPENDENT USES: EXISTING ROUTES         3.25
3.7       PORT CARGO OPERATIONS: FUTURE                 3.36
3.8       PORT CARGO ROUTES: FUTURE                     3.37
3.9       CONCENTRATIONS OF MARITIME SUPPORT
          SERVICES: FUTURE                              3.40
3.10      MARITIME SUPPORT SERVICES: FUTURE ROUTES      3.41
3.11      CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER DEPENDENT USES:
          FUTURE                                        3.44
3.12      WATER DEPENDENT USES: FUTURE ROUTES           3.45

4.1       COMMUTER FERRY DOCKING SITES: EXISTING        4.8
4.2       COMMUTER FERRY ROUTES: EXISTING               4.9
4.3       AVERAGE WEEK DAY PASSENGER TRIPS              4.12
4.4       POTENTIAL FERRY ROUTES CONNECTING
          NORTH/SOUTH POINTS                            4.15
4.5       HOVERCRAFT ILLUSTRATION                       4.22
4.6       POTENTIAL/FUTURE FERRY DOCKING LOCATIONS      4.27
4.7       POTENTIAL/FUTURE FERRY ROUTES                 4.28
4.8       EXISTING AND FUTURE FERRY DOCKING LOCATIONS  4.29

5.1       COMMERCIAL BOATING DOCKING LOCATIONS:
          EXISTING                                      5.11
5.2       COMMERCIAL BOATING ROUTES/DESTINATIONS:
          EXISTING                                      5.12
5.3       COMMERCIAL BOATING DOCKING LOCATIONS:
          FUTURE                                        5.35
5.4       COMMERCIAL BOATING ROUTES. DESTINATIONS:
          FUTURE                                        5.36
5.5       PARK WATER LINKAGES: PROPOSED                 5.39

6.1       CONCENTRATIONS OF MARINAS AND YACHT CLUBS:
          EXISTING                                      6.22
6.2       CONCENTRATIONS OF MOTORBOATING & SAILING:
          EXISTING                                      6.23
6.3       BOAT TRAILER RAMPS/BOAT HOUSES/
          HAND BOAT LAUNCHES: EXISTING                  6.24
6.4       CANOE/KAYAK/ROWING SHELL ROUTES: EXISTING    6.25
6.5       CONCENTRATIONS OF MARINAS AND YACHT CLUBS:
          FUTURE                                        6.54










6.6       CONCENTRATIONS OF MOTORBOATING & SAILING:
          FUTURE                                        6.55
6.7       BOAT TRAILER RAMPS/BOAT HOUSES/
          HAND BOAT LAUNCHES: FUTURE                    6.56
6.8       CANOE/KAYAK/ROWING SHELL ROUTES: FUTURE       6.57

7.1       MARITIME, FERRY AND COMMERCIAL ACCIDENTS      7.5A
7.2       RECREATIONAL BOATING ACCIDENTS                7.5B
7.3       AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING
          LONG ISLAND SOUND & THE UPPER EAST RIVER      7.10
7.4       AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE
          LONG ISLAND SOUND & THE UPPER EAST RIVER      7.11
7.5       AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING   HUDSON,
          HARLEM & LOWER EAST RIVERS &HELL GATE         7.14
7.6       AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE   HUDSON,
          HARLEM & LOWER EAST RIVERS & HELL GATE.       7.15
7.7       AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING  THE
          UPPER BAY                                     7.24
7.8       AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE  THE
          UPPER BAY                                     7.25
7.9       AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING
          THE ARTHUR KILL & KILL VAN KULL               7.30
7.10      AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE
          THE ARTHUR KILL & KILL VAN KULL               7.31
7.11      AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING NEWARK BAY
          HACKENSACK & PASSAIC RIVERS                   7.32
7.12      AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE  NEWARK BAY
          HACKENSACK & PASSAIC RIVERS                   7.33
7.13      AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING  THE LOWER
          BAY, RARITAN BAY & SANDY HOOK BAY             7.40
7.14      AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE  THE LOWER BAY
          RARITAN AND SANDY HOOK BAYS                   7.41
7.15      AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING
          JAMAICA BAY                                   7.44
7.16      AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE
          JAMAICA BAY                                   7.45











                              APPENDIX




                                                             PAGE




Appendix 1.1         Waterbody Characteristics                Al.l


Appendix 2.1         Recreational Boating Regulations         A2.1


Appendix 2.2         Compact of 1834                          A2.18


Appendix 3.1         Maritime Vessel Type and Size            A3.1


Appendix 5.1         Table 1: Commercial Cruise Ships         A5.1
                    Table 2: Excursion, Sightseeing
                               and Similar Vessels            A5.2
                    Table 3: Commercial Sport Fishing        A5.9


Appendix 5.2         Commercial Boating Vessel Size           A5.15


Appendix 6.1         Recreational Boating Registrations       A6.1


Appendix 6.2         Bull and Engine Design/Boat Types        A6.3


Appendix 6.3         Recreational Boating Facilities          A6.14


Appendix 6.4         Recreational Facilities Listing          A6.17


Appendix 6.5         Future Proposals for Ferry,              A6.19
                     Commercial and Recreational
                     Boating Facilities













CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION


Over 150 square miles of water bordering some 750
linear miles of shoreline lie within New York-New
Jersey Harbor.   The Port of New   York and New
Jersey is one of the largest and most active in the
world.   Boasting a natural deepwater harbor,  the
region has been a center of national and
international commerce since the Dutch first
established a trading post at the mouth of the
Hudson in 1616.


Today, the 17-county area of the Port of New York
and New Jersey is home to 15 million people who
live and work in the region, with almost 200,000
directly employed in the maritime industry.
Millions more rely on the Port for the daily
movement   of  goods,   food   and   fuel.        The
infrastructure of the Port includes container
terminals, break-bulk piers, shipyards, rail lines,
tug boats, barges and docking facilities, all
working daily to generate $18 billion this year in
economic activity.


The waterfront area encompassing the Port of New
York and New Jersey accommodates a wide variety of
other uses as well. in addition to port activities
on the waterfront, there are manufacturing and
industrial firms, commercial and recreational
marinas, parks and open space, housing, restaurants
and a number of municipal facilities such as solid
waste transfer stations and sewage treatment
plants. They have collectively created water uses

               1.1









which are sometimes compatible and sometimes
conflict.


Resolving conflicts between competing land uses is
the traditional role of zoning. New York City and
municipalities along the New Jersey shoreline have
adopted detailed zoning ordinances to define
appropriate uses at assigned locations. However,
many of these uses include not only upland
activity, but are active users of the waterways as
well.


Certain uses require a waterfront location for
their operation, such as water dependent industrial
uses, sewage treatment plants or marinas, while
others are attracted by views or types of activity
on the waterways in the New York-New Jersey Harbor
area.   Traditional zoning methods are inadequate
for dealing with the varied uses of the waterways
or to plan effectively for their continued growth.


Both states have established successful state or
local Coastal Zone Management Programs. The New
York City Waterfront Revitalization Program, which
is administered by the Department of City Planning,
a component of the New York State Coastal
Management Program administered by the New York
Department of State and the New Jersey State
program administered by the New Jersey Department
of Environmental Protection. Both entities have
completed major studies related to public access,
economic   development   and   natural   resource
protection.


In order to assess the current l evel of activity on

               1.2










              the waterways of New York-New Jersey Harbor,
              predict and project future levels of activity, and
              plan to avoid potential conflicts among the variety
              of diverse uses of the waterways, the New York City
              Department of City Planning and the New Jersey
              Department   of   Environmental   Protection   have
              undertaken this study. This report constitutes a
              cooperative planning effort between the two Coastal
              Zone Management Programs to solve shared problems
              related to waterway use in the Estuary. Funding for
              this study comes from the Office of Ocean and
              Coastal   Management,    National    Oceanic    and
              Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United
              States Department of Commerce. Section 309 of the
              Federal Coastal Zone Management Act provides
              funding for contiguous coastal states to work
              cooperatively   to  address   common   issues   and
              implement   unified   coastal   zone  policies   in
              adjoining areas.


The Study       The Harbor is divided into the Lower Bay  (Outer
Area            Harbor) and Upper Bay (Inner Harbor) at the Narrows
              which is spanned by the Verrazano Narrows Bridge.1I
              The Lower Bay is the part of New York Harbor,
              approximately 9 miles measured from the Narrows
              into the Atlantic Ocean, that extends from Sandy
              Hook westward to the Raritan River, northward to
              the Narrows and eastward through Jamaica Bay.
              Ambrose Channel in the Lower Bay, provides the
              principal entrance to New York Harbor, extending
              from the sea for a distance of 10.2 miles to a
              point south of the Narrows where it meets Anchorage
              Channel into the Upper Bay.




                              1.3










              The Upper Bay consists of the waters north of the
              Verrazano Bridge and south of the Battery. To the
              north of the Upper Bay lies the Hudson, Harlem and
              East Rivers, and Long Island Sound and tributary
              waters. To the east, the tributary waterways
              include Gowanus, Flushing Bay and Creek, and the
              Bronx and Hutchinson Rivers; and to the west,
              tributaries include the Kill Van Kull, Arthur Kill,
              Newark Bay, and the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers. 2
              Due to the length and changing characteristics of
              the East River, it has been divided into three
              segments; the Upper East River, Hells Gate and the
              Lower East River.(See Figure 1.1, Appendix 1.1 for
              further detail on Waterbody Characteristics3)


STUDY NEED      As  redevelopment  in both states  creates  new or
              revitalized waterfront uses, water uses on the
              shared estuary are increasing rapidly both in type
              and  quantity.    This  increase  is  taking  the
              following forms:



                 * Port activity is predicted to remain steady or
                   increase in the New York Harbor area.


                 * Maritime support services will remain steady
                   or increase to match the change in port
                   activity.


                 * Commuter ferries, for many years limited to
                   the Staten Island Ferry (and with restricted
                   access, the Governor's Island Ferry), have
                   multiplied in the last few years to 11
                   different routes and are projected to continue
                   to expand.

                              1.4









                                    ...........................................
                                              . ................
                                     . . ............... . . ......
                            .. . . . . . .. . ......
                            . ...............
                            ... ......... . ..........
                           ... ............ ......... C                                                                                                                                        hristian
                                                           .... ........ .......
                                                                       ..........
                                                                     ........................................... ...............
                                                                                        LONG ISLAND
                                                                     ........... ..... .............
                                                                                         SOUND
        ............ ..
                                                                     . .. ..................
                                                                   .. ...........
     ................
     .................
    .. ............... . . .......... .....
                                                                      ................
                                                                       .................
                                                                       ...............
   ...................... ...........
   ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . ............... .. .. ....
. . . . . ...................... .............................
    ................................ . ....... ......
.. . . ........... .. ....
.. . . .............%.......
.. . . .............. ................
     ..............................
                                                                                             ........ ..........
........ ..... .......
... ................... .......
                                                                ......................
                                                                  ..... ......... ...........
..... ...... ......
                                                                    ..........

         . ............
                                                                            . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. . . . . . . .
                               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                     . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                         . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .
     ...... .......
                     ........ ....
                     ......... .... . ... ... . ........... Ao:                                                                                                                                                                     island:
                                                                                ...................
                                                                              ......................
                                         UPPER ...............
                                                                         ................. ......
-.0 .. . . .......... BAY
 ............. ........... ...............
                                                                                        .......... ..........
                                                           .... .......................
........................... ......
   U: " I ON:
   .. . ..........
     ................
                      .. ........
   ... . ..... ....... ....
                                                           .............. ...
 ........ .............
                                                                                             NASSAI
                      ........... ....                         i                                                               i............. ..
                       .......... .......
........... ...... ..........
........... ... ....... ............ ......
 ......... .... ST .........
  ..... ..... .. .. ......
                              .. . . .............
.......... .......

                                       LOWERBA
                                                                       KAWAYS






                    RARITAN BAY


                                         DY HOOK
                                         AY

                                    ........ . ......

                            ......... . . ........ . . .. ....






                                                                               NEW YORK NEW JERSEY
    CHAPTER I FIGURE 1.1 HARBOR ESTUARY
                                                                               WATER USE MANAGEMENT
    NEW YORKINEW JERSEY STUDY
    HARBOR ESTUARY STUDY AREA NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                               NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                               PROTECTION









  * Commercial boating activity,  which includesS
    vacation cruises, excursion, sightseeing and
    similar  activities   and  commercial   sport
    fishing, has experienced a dramatic increase
    especially relating to chartered vessels over
    the last decade, a trend which is expected to
    continue.


  * Cultural/educational water related activiti es
    including Harbor Park, consisting of five
    waterfront parks in New York City as well as
    other parks proposed to be connected by water
    links, will increase activity in the harbor.


  * Recreational boating, until recently absent or
    limited in the Estuary, is reestablishing
    itself, with new slips, moorings, and other
    facilities being built within the study area
    and many more proposed as part of new
    developments.


  * Marina support services, while still limited,
    are expected to increase to meet demand as the
    number of slips increase.


Bi-state harbor activity, therefore, has increased
dramatically within the last few years as a result
of market forces, a strong regional economy,
special events such as the Mayor's Cup, and active
promotion by the two state's Coastal Management
Programs. All recent planning and transportation
studies in each state predict and encourage
additional water dependent uses.




               1.60









              This increase in activity has led and will
              increasingly lead to water use conflicts between
              widely varying types of uses such as sailboats,
              freighters,  speed boats and ferries.   Conflicts
              among these uses can take a number of forms such as
              wake action, route crossings, speed differentials,
              maneuverability problems and harbor drift issues.
              There is a clear need for a comprehensive approach
              to the management of water uses in the New York/New
              Jersey Harbor to minimize these conflicts.



Goals and       The goal of this study, therefore, is to formulate
Objectives      recommendations  to minimize water  use conflicts
              without discouraging harbor activity.


              The objective of this project is to understand the
              nature and feasibility of present and potential
              future water uses in the Estuary, predict and
              encourage their growth in the future, determine the
              areas and types of current and future water use
              conflict, and determine an implementation strategy
              to minimize and control that conflict.


              PROJECT DESCRI PTION


              The New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Water Use
              Management Study looks at present and potential
              future water use trends for four separate water
              uses - maritime and industrial, ferry, commercial
              and recreational boating. These uses have the
              largest potential for causing congestion or
              conflict  in the Estuary.   Using projections  of
              future routes and frequencies, potential conflicts
              have been identified and recommendations devised to

                              1.7










minimize, regulate or eliminate those conflicts.
New or expanded water uses may then be encouraged
at appropriate locations.


1)   Port  and  Maritime  Trends.    An  important
    component of water uses on the harbor include
    port and municipal services activity and the
    maritime support services industry such as
     tugboats  and  towboats.      To  the  extent
    possible, this task estimated locations,
     routes and frequency of port activity.   The
     sub-tasks included:


  * Estimation of existing Port and Maritime Use.
   * Based  on  the  bi-state  Maritime  Support
     Services Study, the Harris Report, existing
     literature  and  discussions  with  private
     terminal operators and appropriate agencies
     including the Port Authority of New York and
     New Jersey, an analysis of present and
     potential port industry activity was conducted
     including cargo and navy shipping, maritime
     support services, municipal services including
     sludge   hauling,   marine   transfer,   etc.,,
     enforcement  activities,   and  Coast  Guard
     activity.


  * Determination of Future Maritime Routes and
     Estimation of Frequency of Port Activity.
     Maritime routes are primarily determined by
     the location of marine terminals.  As no new
     terminals are proposed, the maritime routes
     are expected to remain the same. Maritime and
     maritime support vessel movements function at
     a generally constant volume throughout the

               1.8









                     year.   Most vessel types are active daily,
                     unaffected   by   weather.   The   intra-port
                     movements of deep draft vessels are subject to
                     tides.  Each type of water dependent use has a
                     vessel movement frequency based on their
                     specific needs. Sludge and solid waste barge
                     movements occur on a regularly scheduled
                     basis. With the cessation of ocean dumping and
                     the closing of landfills the routes of these
                     barges will change. Industrial users set
                     deliveries at certain intervals, e.g. monthly
                     deliveries.    The  possible  introduction  of
                     high-speed, time sensitive freight services,
                     linking the airports to the regional core are
                     the only new routes envisioned.


                   * Recommendations.  Based on the above analyses,
                     regulatory or other mechanisms for port
                     industry activity are suggested.


                2)   Waterborne Transportation Trends.  While fixed
                     route ferries and other large scale waterborne
                     passenger transportation have shown rapid
                     growth over the last few years, recent studies
                     have identified landing sites or markets for
                     future landing sites.   This task sought to
                     determine, to the maximum extent practical,
                     given the dynamic nature of the industry,
                     probable future routes, scheduling frequency
                     and interstate mechanisms for regulation. The
                     sub-tasks included:


                   * Estimation    of    Existing    Waterborne
                     Transportation Frequency.   Not surprisingly,
*                     ~~~~~~there is a concentration of intense activity

                                1.9










around rush hours.  The major connections to
Staten Island and New Jersey may grow; the
others have yet to broaden their ridership.


Determination    of    Future    Waterborne
Transportation    Routes.    This    sub-task
determined present and projected waterborne
transportation routes based on discussions
with the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey,   the   New   Jersey   Department   of
Transportation, the New York City Department
of  Transportation  and  other  appropriate
agencies and a review of existing literature
related to marketing, landside access and
possible   mass   transit   connections   and
alternatives.


Analysis  of  Probable  Waterborne  Designs.
Different boat types such as hydrofoil, crew
boat, catamaran, hovercraft, etc. and sizes of
boats can have different water use impacts in
terms of wake, speed etc.  To determine the
areas of potential water use conflicts, an
analysis was completed of future waterborne
passenger transportation designs most likely
to be used in the harbor.



Implementation Strategy.  Based on the above,
this  sub-task  determined   the  types  of
interstate regulation and/or coordination
necessary to address the needs or conflicts of
this growing industry, and recommend ways to
implement those regulations.



          1.10









0                *   ~~~~~Water    Taxi    Feasibility.    Waterborne
                     transportation has been increasing over the
                     last few years in the Hudson River Estuary but
                     this renewed interest has tended to focus on
                     ferry services. In many cases, however, such
                     larger scale services have been shown to be
                     financially difficult to operate. Water taxi
                     services   require   a  much   lower   capital
                     investment,   smaller   vessels   and   fewer
                     employees than large scale ferries, while
                     providing   greater   flexibility   to   more
                     locations with minimal terminal facilities.


                     When researching water taxi location and use,
                     little comparable experience in American urban
                     areas could be found.   However, water  taxi
                     service does exist in resort areas such as
0                     ~~~~~~Cape Cod and Fire Island.  There are currently
                     no applications or moves toward water taxis in
                     the bi-state port.  Furthermore, there is no
                     concrete understanding of how this mode of
                     transportation  would  function.    At  best,
                     speculation would focus operations on the
                     metropolitan  business   core,   i.e.   around
                     Manhattan's central business district. Those
                     caveats aside, a brief discussion of water
                     taxis has been incorporated in Chapter 4 on
                     ferries as they are subject to similar issues.
                     It is not anticipated that water taxi service
                     will be active in the Harbor in the near
                     future.


                3)   Commercial  Boating  Trends.  The  commercial
                     boating industry which includes vacation
                     cruises, sightseeing, excursion and similar










  activities, commercial sport fishing and
  cultural/educational  waterborne  activities
  represents a growing segment of activity in
  the  harbor.   The  study assesses  the  last
  decade of growth in the industry, estimates
  future trends including docking location and
  the destination and overall industry growth.


* Estimate of Existing Commercial Boating Use.
  A number of studies were consulted concerning
  trends in the industry as well as regional
  trends. In addition, a survey mailed to vessel
  operators in the New York/New Jersey area and
  telephone   interviews   with   representative
* vessel operators were conducted.


* Determination   of   future   docking   sites,
  routes/destinations and amount of activity.
  Based on data gathered, maps were prepared to
  assess the most likely areas of growth and
  vessel concentration.   These often coincide
  with proposed waterfront development along the
  Hudson River where docking sites for excursion
  vessels are frequently included in development
  proposals. When coupled with industry trends,
  growth was projected to be most notable in the
  Hudson River and Upper Bay.


* Assessment of Waterborne Transportation Links
  Connecting Waterfront Parks. Building on the
  success of the New York State Urban Cultural
  Parks' Harbor Park, this task expanded the
  concept of linking waterfront parks in the
  entire estuary by water. While Harbor Park has
  as its theme, immigration and maritime trade,

             1.12










                     this task recognized that other recreational
                     areas can be connected as well, and highlights
                     probable routes.


                     Existing literature and discussions with
                     appropriate agencies found that the New York
                     City Department of Parks and Recreation had
                     identified ten routes linking New York City
                     Parks, a concept that could easily be expanded
                     to include waterfront parks in New Jersey as
                     well. Implementation would likely be a
                     function of the Department of Parks and
                     Recreation's Waterfront Management Plan.


                  * Recommendations. Based on the above analyses,
                     mechanisms for reducing conflict between
                     commercial vessels as well as other vessel
                     types  were  recommended.      These  include
                     operator safety measures as well as facilities
                     siting recommendations.


                4)   Recreational  Boating  Trends.  Recreational
                     boating has shown enormous growth in the past
                     decade. A wide range of recreational activity
                     including motorboating, fishing, sailing,
                     rowing, canoeing and kayaking takes place in
                     the harbor. There are proposals for over
                     12,000 new slips as well as other new boating
                     facilities.   This task sought to determine
                     current locations, amount and characteristics
                     of recreational  boating  activity.   To  the
                     extent feasible future demand and locations
                     were   projected.   Existing   problems   and
                     conflicts were analyzed and projections were
*                     ~~~~~~made on where they are most likely to occur in

                               1.13









  the future. The subtasks included:


* Existing   Recreational   Boating   Facilities
  Survey. Building on current studies, surveying
  land use and industry sources, this task
  tallied boating facilities in the study area.


* Recreational Boating Areas Survey.   Based on
  the above and discussions with recreational
  boating representatives, areas, times and
  types of recreational boating activity in the
  Harbor were broadly determined. Analysis was
  made of problems and conflicts that occur in
  these areas.


* Recreational Boating Future Trends Analysis.
  Based on existing analyses of regional demand
  for slip space and potential development
  sites,   tempered  by  the  recent  economic
  downturn and real estate development slowdown,
  the aggregate future number of slips and other
  recreational facilities in the Estuary was
  estimated. Future areas of use and potential
  conflicts were analyzed.


* Recommendations.   Based on the above, areas
  most appropriate for new marina or other
  boating activities were recommended as well as
  other methods to reduce potential future
  conflicts.



5) Water Use Conflict Identification.   Based on
  Tasks 1 through 4 above, this task analyzed a
  range of scenarios regarding the locations,

            1.140









    routes and scheduling of potential water users
    in the Estuary in order to identify existing
    or potential areas of conflict. Augmented by
    surveys  and  interviews  of  harbor   ship
    captains, tug boat operators, harbor police,
    recreational boaters and others with extensive
    experience on the water, the significant
    problems were noted and possible solutions
    sought. Potential problems or issues examined
    included, dredging of shipping channels,
    anchorage   areas  or  shoreside   land  use
    conflicts and waterway congestion.


6)   Implementation Strategy.  In consultation with
    the U.S. Coast Guard and other appropriate
    local,    state    or    federal    agencies,
    recommendations were made for alternatives and
     implementation  mechanisms  to  minimize  or
     regulate conflicts between identified water
    uses.


CONFORMANCE WITH 309 GUIDELINES


The New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Water Use
Management Plan addresses an important interstate
need and, would greatly improve the coordination
and cooperation between New York and New Jersey.
This proposal conforms with 309 guidelines in the
following ways:


  * Builds  on present  Coastal  Zone  Management
    efforts;
  * Addresses an interstate problem and provides
    an interstate solution;
  * Implementation is a priority and a likelihood

               1.15










  because the agencies conducting the studies
  are empowered with permitting and land use
  authority;
* Consistent with approved 309 programs;
* Consistent with goals of New York-New Jersey
  Harbor Estuary Program;
* State-federal consultation process.










































            1.16









Chapter 1 - Endnotes




1.  U.S Army Corps of Engineers, "The Port of New
York, NY & NJ (Washington D.C. 1988), pg. 1.

2. Ibid pg. 1-2.

3.  Appendix   1.1:  Waterbody   Characteristics,
describes the different types of characteristics of
each of the waterbodies in the harbor. The chart
is organized by waterbody with the main waterbodies
in bold and associated tributaries and bays
following.


The chart includes currents, mainly tidal in the
study area; mean tidal ranges; length, width and
depth where applicable; anchorage areas and
important environmental considerations. Under the
headings,    "obstructions"                     and
"constraints/attributes," additional information on
the waterway that may effect vessel use has been
provided.


The chart does not attempt to be all inclusive, but
instead to highlight important features that may
make   a   particular   waterbody   favorable   or
unfavorable to vessel activity. The effect that any
one of these characteristics may have on a
particular vessel is dependent on the type, size
and activity of the vessel and therefore will be
described under specific vessel categories in
latter chapters where applicable.





               1.17












              CHAPTER 2: JURISDICTION AND REGULATIONS



Rules Of The   Vessel operators of all types are governed by a set
Roads           of principles, known as the "Rules of the Road",
              which regulate movement of all vessel types with
              regard to safety on the waterways.   While these
              rules attempt to define, as specifically as
              possible, the appropriate action in a given
              situation, they do not establish geographically
              specific rules or regulations, such as speed limits
              or iso-access areas.   The "Rules of the Road"  -
              include the following principles:


              Lookout - Every vessel shall at all times maintain
              a proper lookout and attention to sounds, so as to
              make a full appraisal of the risk of collision.


              Safe Speed - Every vessel shall, at all times,
              proceed at a safe speed, to be determined by
              specific conditions or circumstances including
              visibility,       traffic    density,        vessel
              maneuverability, background lights at night, wind,
              sea, current conditions, and navigational hazards.


              Collision - Every vessel shall use all available
              means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances
              and conditions to determine if risk of collision
              exists. If there is any doubt, such risk shall be
              deemed to exist.


              Action To Avoid Collision - Any action taken to
              avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the
              case allow, be positive, made in ample time and

                              2.1










with due regard to the observance of good
seamanship.   If necessary,  to avoid collision or
allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel
shall slow down or 'take the way off' by stopping
or reversing her means of propulsion.


Narrow Channels - A vessel proceeding along the
course of a narrow channel must keep to the right
(starboard) and as close to the outer limit of the
channel as is safe and practicable.


Head on Situation - When two power-driven vessels
are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal
courses which may involve risk of collision, each
shall alter its course to starboard so that each
shall pass on the port side of the other. Neither
vessel has the right-of-way.


Crossing Situation - When two power-driven vessels
are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision,
the vessel which has the other on her starboard
side shall keep out of the way and shall, if
circumstances allow, avoid crossing ahead of the
other vessel.   Although not officially stated in
the rules of the road, an unofficial danger zone
has been established.


Overtaking - When one power vessel is overtaking
another and is within a certain distance so as to
risk collision, the overtaking vessel must yield to
the slower vessel.   Once a vessel has overtaking
status, it remains an overtaking boat until clear
of the other vessel. No subsequent alteration of
the bearing between the two vessels will make the
overtaking vessel a crossing vessel. Therefore, an

               2.2










overtaking vessel an the starboard side does not
have the right-of-way as in a crossing situation.


Don't Impede Other Vessels - A power vessel or
sailing vessel less than 20 meters (65.6 feet) must
not impede the passage of any other vessel
navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.
This includes crossing so as not to impede the
progress of a vessel that must stay within that
channel.


Vessel Hierarchy - Except for vessels otherwise
specifically designated, such as vessels in narrow
channels and those overtaking, vessels may be
"ranked" for right-of-way as follows: (1) vessels
not under command (such as with a disabled engine),
(2) vessels restricted in ability to maneuver, (3)
vessels engaged in fishing (does not include
trolling lines or drift fishing or hand rods and
lines), (4) sailing vessels, and (5) power-driven
vessels.   Each type of vessel in this list must
yield right-of-way to vessels listed higher, and
will be privileged with respect to those lower on
the  list. I  (A  chart  specifically  addressing
regulations for recreational boating can be found
in Appendix 2.1.)


The waters of the New York-New Jersey Harbor are
subject to four jurisdictions: Federal, State of
New Jersey, State of New York, and City of New
York.







               2.3










              FEDERAL JURISDICTION


The Coast       There are four Coast Guard stations in the New York-
Guard           New Jersey  Harbor,  the largest  of which  is on
              Governors island in the Upper Bay. Other stations
               are at Fort Totten on Long Island Sound in Queens,
              Rockaway Station in Jamaica Bay in southern Queens,
              and at Sandy Hook in Monmouth County, New Jersey.


              At the federal level, the Coast Guard, a part of
               the Department of Transportation, enforces all
               applicable federal laws pertaining to water and
               vessel safety. Federal jurisdiction within the
               study area includes all navigable waters within the
               Harbor, thus placing all navigable tributaries,
               rivers, bays, and streams under Coast Guard
               jurisdiction.   Enforcement and regulation within
               the Port is done through the "Captain of the Port".
              The Coast Guard has, among other responsibilities,
               the power to:


               a)   establish,   operate,   and  maintain   vessel
                   traffic services and systems for ports,
                   harbors and other waters subject to congested
                   vessel traffic;


               b)   control  vessel  traffic  in areas  which  are
                   determined to be especially hazardous, or
                   under  conditions  of  reduced  visibility,
                   adverse weather, vessel congestion, or other
                   hazardous circumstances by:


                    1)   specifying times of entry, movement or
                        departure to, from, within or through
                        ports, harbors, or other waters;

                              2.4










                     2)   establishing   vessel   traffic   routing
                          schemes;


                     3)   establishing  vessel  size  and  speed
                          limitations    and   vessel    operating
                          conditions; and


                     4)   restricting   vessel   operation   in   a
                          hazardous   area  or  under   hazardous
                          conditions   to   vessels   which   have
                          particular operating characteristics and
                          capabilities considered necessary for
                          safe operation under the circumstances;


                   C) dispatch rescue boats in response to vessel
                     distress calls and lend assistance or perform
*                     ~~~~~~rescues when vessel rescue is not possible;


                d)   conduct  a national  boating  safety  program
                     encompassing research and development of safer
                     boating practices, enforcement of industrial
                     and on-the-water safety standards and an
                     educational program for the boating public;


                e)   operate, maintain, and set standards for aids
                     to navigation, including lighthouses, buoys,
                     off-shore towers, and electronic aids;


                f)   establish and enforce regulations dealing with
                     marine environmental protection, including oil
                     spill   prevention   and   cleanup   and   the
                     regulation of the transportation of hazardous
                     cargoes; and




                                2.5










              g)   designate and regulate anchorage areas in the
                   harbor. 2


Enforcement    The  Coast  Guard  is  not  responsible  for  the
              enforcement of any state or local laws pertaining
              to waterways whether or not they also have
               jurisdiction over those navigable waters. However,
              municipal harbor police units and state police are
               responsible for the enforcement of municipal,
               state, and those federal laws where authority has
               been delegated to them.  As discussed in Appendix
               2.1, most of the state and local regulations tend
               to mirror the federal regulations, so in effect the
               state and local enforcement officers are enforcing
              m~any of the same laws as the federal.


               Conversations with Coast Guard representatives in
               the New York-New Jersey region indicate a "chronic
               shortage" of personnel for the enforcement of
               federal regulations. The situation is particularly
               serious now due to recent personnel cuts resulting
               from federal budget deficits. Enforcement personnel
               have also been reassigned recently to address the
               high number of oil spills in the Harbor. Cleanup is
               a very labor-intensive activity.   The number of
               enforcement personnel at the four Coast Guard
               stations in the harbor is approximately: 50 to 60
               at Governors Island, 40 to 50 at Sandy Hook, 30 to
               40 at Rockaway Station, 20 to 30 at Fort Totten. 3


Vessel          In the past,  the Coast Guard operated a Vessel
Traffic        Traffic Service (VTS) in the New York-New Jersey
Service        Harbor to monitor vessel movement via radar at a
               central command post. Due to federal budget cuts,
               the system was discontinued in 1988.  Partly in

                              2.6










              response to the oil spill of the Exxon Valdez in
              Alaska and a series of smaller spills in the New
              York-New Jersey Harbor in 1990, the U.S. Congress
              has appropriated monies for the reactivation of the
              Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) in the New York-New
              Jersey Harbor.   Administered by the Coast Guard,
              VTS monitors all vessels over 300 gross tons or
              passenger ferries over 100 gross tons. Monitoring
              includes radio, radar and TV observation, checking
              upon vessel movement, reports on vessel traffic,
              anchorage,   bridge,   weather   information   and
              emergency situations.


              While the main impetus for the reactivation was the
              response to oil spills and the associated
              environmental risks, such a service will help to
              minimize conflicts between large vessels in the
              Harbor.   The Coast Guard currently also operates
              traffic  surveillance  in  the  Houston-Galveston
              shipping channel, Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay,
              Louisiana's Berwick Bay, and in Prince William
              Sound in Alaska.


              The VTS will be reactivated in three stages, with
              surveillance first covering the Upper Bay, Newark
              Bay and the Kill Van Kull by January 1991. By the
              summer of 1991 the service will be extended to
              include a larger portion of Newark Bay and the
              Hudson and East Rivers will be included within the
              system by 1992. Approximately 35 people are
              employed under VTS.


Special Events Special events attract all types of vessels, from
              maritime support craft, such as the "Tug Boat
              Beauty Contest" held last year in Jersey City, to

                             2.7









recreational and commercial vessels participating
in the "Mayor's Cup."   Special events affect the
operation of all types of vessels by increasing
activity in an already busy harbor. Last year, the
New York/New Jersey Harbor played host to over 75
special events, ranging from windsurfing races in
the Hudson River and Upper Bay to "Fleet Week,"
during which American military ships called on the
port. Many of these activities call for heightened
patrol and/or readiness on the part of the Coast
Guard as well as Harbor Police and there is some
increase in distress calls and breakdowns. However,
no major increase in reported accidents has
occurred during these special events.


To stage a special event, the sponsor is required
to submit an application to the U.S. Coast Guard at
least 30 days prior to the event. The Coast Guard
reviews the scope and location of the event and may
modify or move it either for reasons of conflict or
safety.   The vast majority of events,  with the
exception of "Fleet Week" and the "14th of July"
fireworks display, do not require closing major
portions of the Harbor. The Coast Guard alerts the
maritime community of the date, location and type
of   event   enabling   them  to  take   necessary
precautions. It is the responsibility, however, of
the event participants to stay out of the way of
regular commercial traffic.  The vast majority of
events occur in the warmer months from may to
September. One of the most popular sites for many
of   these   events   is  the  area   around   the
Battery/Statue of Liberty in the Upper Bay, because
of its aesthetic quality and because its width at
this point makes it optimal for racing.  In recent

                2.8









*                 ~~~~years  there  has been a marked  increase  in the
                 number of special events, a trend which is expected
                 to continue.


   Coast Guard    The Coast Guard is assisted by the Coast Guard
   Auxiliary       Auxiliary, a civilian volunteer organization which
                 provides   education   and   free   boating   safety
                 examination to the public and assists the Coast
                 Guard in search and rescue, but does not have
                 enforcement powers.


   U.S. Army       The Army Corps has many and varied responsibilities
   Corps of        relating to coastal and harbor management, including
   Engineers       regulation of any permanent or temporary structures
                 below Mean High Water, regulation of dredging or
                 filling of wetlands and navigable waters, and
                 maintenance of the existing federal channel and
                 anchorage areas.  Most Corps regulatory authority
                 originates from Section 10 and 11 of the Rivers and
                 Harbors Act of 1899, Section 404 of the Clean Water
                 Act, and Section 103 of the Marine Protection,
                 Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972.


                 Under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbor Act of
                 1899, the Corps regulates structures in, or
                 affecting, navigable waters of the U.S. as well as
                 excavation or deposition of materials (e.g.
                 dredging or filling)  in navigable waters.   The
                 shoreward limit of Corps jurisdiction in coastal
                 waters "extends to the line on the shore reached by
                  the plane of the mean (average) high water."


                  Section 11 of the Rivers and Harbor Act authorized
                 the Corps to establish harbor lines, channelward of
Is ~~~~~which no piers, wharves, bulkheads, or other works
                                 2.9










              may be extended or deposits made without a permit.
              Prior to 1970, work shoreward of established harbor
              lines could be undertaken without a Corps permit.
              Currently,   however,   activities   shoreward   of
              established harbor lines are required to receive
              permits under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors
              Acts and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (if
              applicable).


              Under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution
              Control Act Amendments (Clean Water Act of 1977),
              the   Corps   is   responsible   for   evaluating
              applications for permits for any activities that
               involve the placement of dredged or fill materials
               into waters of the United States including adjacent
              wetlands. In tidal waters, the landward limits of
              Corps jurisdiction extends to the high tide line.
               "High tide line" is defined as "the line of
               intersection of the land with the water's surface
              at the maximum height reached by a rising tide."


              Under Section 103 of the Marine Protection,
              Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, the Corps
               regulates ocean transport and disposal of dredged
              mater ial1.


Permits        The Corps  may  issue  two  types  of permits  for
               structures and work subject to the Section 10 and
               404 regulatory programs:   individual permits and
              general permits.


              An individual permit is issued following evaluation
               of a specific proposal and involves public notice
              of the proposed activity, review of comments and,
               if necessary, a public hearing.   In general, an

                              2.10










*                ~~~~~individual permit must be received f rom the Corps
                  for most activities that involve:


                      *    filling of wetlands and navigable waters;


                         * placement  of  structures  in  navigable
                           waters, including docks, piers, pilings,
                           and bulkheads; and


                         * dredging and disposal of dredged material
                            including maintenance dredging and beach
                            restoration.


                 Where dredging is proposed, the applicant must
                  include results of tests relating to heavy metals,
                  hydrocarbons, petroleum and organic compounds that
*                 ~~~~~may be found in the dredge material.


                 A general permit is an authorization issued for
                  categories of activities that are judged to be
                  substantially similar in nature and to cause only
                 minimal   individual   and   cumulative   adverse
                  environmental impacts. General permits, which may
                  be issued on either a state, regional, or
                  nationwide basis, may be modified or revoked if the
                  permitted  activities   are  found  to  have  an
                  unacceptable adverse impact or it becomes otherwise
                  evident that the activities are more appropriately
                  regulated by individual permits. Issuance of state
                  or regional general permits requires a Coastal Zone
                  consistency determination. Nationwide permits are
                  exempted.  Existing authorized structures or f ill
                  may be repaired, rehabilitated or replaced under a
                  nationwide permit.   However, if the structure or
*                 ~~~~~fill has been put to any use different from uses

                                 2.*11










              specified  in  any  permit  authorizing  original
              construction,   an  individual   permit   will   be
              required.


              Examples of activities permitted (subject to
              various conditions and restrictions) under the
              nationwide  permit  include:  aids  to  navigation
              authorized  by  the  Coast  Guard;  non-commercial
              single-boat mooring buoys; temporary buoys and
              markers placed for recreational use such as water
              skiing and boat racing; lobster traps, duck blinds
              and other types of fish and wildlife harvesting
              devices and activities; outfall structures where a
              National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
              program permit has been obtained; and repair,
              rehabilitation, or replacement of any previously
              authorized, currently serviceable, structure of
              fill.


Harbor Drift   Harbor drift is defined as anything floating freely
              in the harbor that threatens the safety of vessels
              traversing the harbor. It comes from several
              sources including the decay of wooden piers and
              derelict boats.   Drift  from decaying piers  has
              become an increasing problem as the quality of the
              water has improved, allowing the survival of marine
              worm bores which eat away at the piers and
              accelerate their decay.


              Derelict boats are usually abandoned by their
              owners.  Recently the Harbor Unit of the New York
              City Police has begun a program towing derelict
              boats to the Rockaway Coast Guard Station for
              pickup by the Army Corps of Engineers. Jamaica Bay
              appears to suffer from this problem more than other

                             2.12









areas in the harbor. Hundreds of boats clutter the
shoreline or drift in the waters. During a full
moon, with its accompanying high tides, abandoned
boats are pulled into the water. Theories of why
boats are abandoned include insurance fraud and
avoidance of high winter storage costs.


The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for
the removal of this debris, as well as its sources,
through the Harbor Drift Program. There are two
separate programs to accomplish this mission, one
to pick up floating debris and a second, the U.S.
Army Corp Demolition Program, to remove the sources
of debris.


For administrative purposes, the Army Corps has
divided the harbor  in sectors.   The  Corps  had
completed the section from The Battery to 90th
Street on the East River by 1982; Stapleton, the
east shore of Staten Island by 1985; and Manhattan
Bridge to Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn by 1988.  4Work
will soon begin on the New Jersey side of the Kill
Van Kull.

The Corps operates three specially designed vessels
for  the  removal  of  floating  debris.      Their
demolition program removes derelict piers, pilings
and boats. The Corps does review and contracting
for  projects  to  remove  decaying   waterfront
structures.


The Corps estimates that 23.5 million cubic feet of
timber from 2230 derelict vessels, 100 deteriorated
piers, wharves, shore debris and other non-
repairable structures will need to be removed. The

               2.*13










demolition program intends to repair 160 piers,
wharves and other shore structures in the future.


Currently, the Corps has permission from the EPA to
burn wood debris 18 nautical miles off Point
Pleasant Beach, New Jersey. The resulting ash then
goes to a landfill.   The Corps of Engineers has
experimented with alternative methods for disposal
such as shipping wood to incinerators or converting
it to mulch. These alternatives are three to five
times more expensive than burning at sea.   The
deadline for ceasing open burning of debris at sea
is December 31, 1993 in order to find an acceptable
alternative.    The  EPA  requires  that  a  person
accompany all barges to oversee the burning
operation  and  to  ensure  that  timbers  are  not
allowed to fall overboard and become a hazard to
navigation during transit to burning locations.


Unfortunately, funding for the Harbor Drift Program
has recently been reduced and is not likely to
expand in the near future. This has contributed to
an increase in the amount of material floating in
the Harbor. Furthermore, while funding for the
Harbor Drift Program shrinks, the cost of disposing
all the collected material has become more
expensive.  The Army Corps hopes to reduce the cost
of disposal of derelict boats and is currently
negotiating an agreement with the New York City
Department of Sanitation whereby the Corps would
transport derelict boats directly to a landfill,
thus eliminating the need to first break them up
with a bulldozer and then pay to have them placed
in a landfill. in return, the Army Corp would


               2.14









                 remove abandoned submerged cars which have been
                 dropped off of piers.5

  Dredging        There  are  three  categories  of dredge  material:
                 Category I consists of clean material suitable for
                 unrestricted  disposal.   Category  II  materials
                 contain low levels of pollutants that are not
                 considered to pose an environmental threat under
                 current methods of disposal. Category II materials
                 are disposed in the ocean and covered with a thick
                 cap of clean dredge material. Category III's
                 materials are considered to be too contaminated for
                 ocean disposal. This category represents less than
                  5% of the total amount of dredged material. This
                 material is only suitable for disposal in confined
                  facilities.


*                 ~~~~~The Army Corps  is responsible  for dredging  the
                  federal navigable channels; however, the Corps does
                 not dredge private facilities such as commercial
                 dockage marinas  or yacht  clubs.   in order  for
                  individual facilities to dredge they must submit a
                 permit application to the Army Corps of Engineers.
                 Testing for heavy metals, hydrocarbons, petroleum
                 and organic compounds such as PCBs must be done as
                 part  of  the  application  process.    Contaminant
                  locating is unpredictable, although more likely in
                  areas of previous heavy industrial use or adjacent
                  industrial use. Testing can be expensive and, if
                  contaminants are found, the identification of
                 appropriate disposal sites is often difficult. If
                  no disposal site appropriate to the category of the
                 dredge material can be located, the Army Corps will
                  not grant  the dredging permit.   The Army Corps
                  itself  must  identify  disposal  sites  for  the

                                 2.15










              contaminated  material   from  their  maintenance 
              dredging of federal navigable channels. Currently,
              the Corps is finalizing its analysis of subaqueous
              borrow pits (underwater sand and gravel pits that
              would be capped) for the disposal of contaminated
              dredged sediment.


              In the Harbor, dredging is used to remove sediment
              from the ocean or river floor in order to maintain
              access to channels or in-water facilities. Without
              dredging, the average controlling water depth in
              the Harbor would only be about 19 feet at mean low
              water. As many of the newer containerships draw up
              to 40 feet, the Port of New York and New Jersey
              would be unable to function.


              The Army Corps is presently preparing to dredge the
              navigation channel to 40 feet in the Kill Van Kull,
              extending from the Upper Bay to Newark Bay. Work
              will be conducted in 3 phases and is expected to
              take 57 months beginning in 1991. Vessel movements
              in the Kill will be closely regulated during this
              time under the Vessel Traffic System.


              STATE JURISDICTION


State of New   The Compact of 1834 gives New York State  (NYS)
York            exclusive jurisdiction over all the waters of the
              Hudson River lying west of Manhattan island and the
              south  of  Spuyten  Duyvel.   The  State  also  has
              exclusive jurisdiction over all waters in New York
              Harbor and also Ellis and Bedloes (Liberty)
               Islands.     In  the  Kill  Van  Kull,  NYS  has
               jurisdiction to the westernmost end of Shooters
               Island,  and  in the Arthur  Kill,  from  Shooters 

                              2.16










              Island to Woodbridge Creek. The enforcement of NYS
              laws in the Harbor is done by the NYC police.


              The State of New York regulates construction
              dredging, and development within the designated
              coastal zone area for compliance with New York
              State Coastal Zone Program. The NYS Department of
              Environmental   Conservation   administers   water
              quality standards and regulates development in
              erosion or flood hazard areas, and regulates
              impacts to environment and wildlife of tidal and
              freshwater wetlands.


State of        The New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety,
New Jersey      through the Division of State Police Marine Law
              Enforcement Bureau, is responsible for enforcing
              all state and federal laws, rules, and regulations
              on the waters and waterways of the State of New
              Jersey, including up to three miles off-shore. New
              Jersey has adopted the Navigational International -
              Inland Rules and the Code of Federal Regulations as
              the standards for vessel equipment and operation. 6


              The New Jersey State Police Marine Law Enforcement
              Bureau operates only one station within the Study
              Area, located in Port Newark. Another station, in
              Monmouth County, is located just outside the Study
              Area, but the jurisdictional area of that station
              includes a portion of the Study Area.


              The State of New Jersey exercises jurisdiction over
              construction and dredging activities in tidal
              waters of the state pursuant to the New Jersey
              Waterfront Development Laws. In addition, the State
              also regulates an upland area between 100 and 500

                              2.17










               feet adjacent to tidal waters under the authority
               of this statute. These regulations are intended to
               protect navigation, commerce and the environment.


              LOCAL JURISDICTION


New Jersey     In New Jersey, waterways management is, for the
              most part, under state control. The State of New
               Jersey regulates all activity within its navigable
               tidal waters under the Waterfront Development Law
               of 1914. Municipalities and local authorities
               within New Jersey have also been given jurisdiction
               to enact local ordinances that are identical to the
               provisions of state law or have been approved by
               the state. Under the Compact of 1834, New Jersey
               has jurisdiction over the waters of the Arthur Kill
               up to the low water mark in Staten Island.


New York City  In New York City waterways management is within the
               purview of the municipality. The City of New York
               has jurisdiction over all waters within the City of
               New York, generally demarcated as the center line
               of shared rivers. In addition, the Compact of 1834
               gave New York City jurisdiction up to the low water
               mark on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River.
               The state of New Jersey retains the exclusive right
               of property in and to the underwater land lying
               west of the middle of the Upper Bay and west of the
               middle of that part of the Hudson River which lies
               between Manhattan Island and New Jersey. The State
               of  New  Jersey  also   retains   the  exclusive
               jurisdiction of and over the wharves, docks and
               improvements made, and to be made, on the shore of
               the said state, and of and over all vessels aground
               on said shore, or fastened to any such wharf or

                              2.18










                 docks; except that the said vessels shall be
                 subject to the quarantine of health laws. The
                 Compact of 1834 results in several waterways with
                 police jurisdictions that extend beyond the
                 municipal boundaries between New York City and New
                 Jersey.  Those waterways include the Arthur Kill,
                 and the Kill Van Kull and a portion of the Inner
                 Harbor and the Hudson River. 7(See Appendix 2.2).


                 The majority of regulations locally promulgated
                 contain the body of NYS Navigation Law, plus local
                 additions over and above NYS law. Local laws are
                 subject to approval by the NYS Office of Parks,
                 Recreation and Historic Preservation. All New York
                 City local laws pertaining to the water apply
                 within 1,500 feet or to municipal limits whichever
*                 ~~~~~is greater from shore.


                 Harbor Police stations are located throughout the
                 City, including an administrative center in the
                 Bronx, and stations at Randall's Island, Manhattan,
                 College Point, Shell Bank Basin in Queens, and on
                 the Inner Harbor in Brooklyn.   Substations,  open
                 for the summer only, are located in Great Kills
                 Harbor in Staten Island and Kingsborough Community
                 College on Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn.   Sources
                 have indicated that there is a large personnel
                 shortage, which is not expected to change in the
                 near future.


                 The New York City Waterfront Revitalization Program
                 reviews construction, dredging, and development
                 projects for consistency with Coastal Zone policies
                 and advises the New York State Department of State,
                 the New York State Department of Environmental

                                2.19










Conservation and other State agencies as to their
findings.    Development  in  New  York  City  is
controlled by the N.Y.C. Zoning Resolution and by
the N.Y.C. Building Code, which is enforced on the
waterfront by the N.Y.C. Department of Ports and
Trade   for   commercial   developments   and   NYC
Department    of    Buildings    for    residential
developments.








































               2.20










CHAPTER 2 - ENDNOTES




1. Elbert S. Maloney, Chapman Piloting, Seamanship
and Small Boat Handling (New York, 1985), pg. 93-
100.

2. U.S. Department of Transportation, United States
Coast Guard, "Missions of the United States Coast
Guard."

3. Meeting with Coast Guard representatives
3/26/90.

4. L.R. Johnston Assoc., "Village of Mamaroneck
Underwater Lands Study," Westport, Conn., Aug. 89. -
pg. 5-3 - 5-5.

5. EPA, Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the
Designation of Ocean Woodburning Site for the New
York Bight, U.S. EPA., Agency, June 1989.

6. New Jersey State Police, Boating Safety: Sixth
Revision, February, 1990.

7. Laws of the State of New York, Charter of 1834,
57th Session, Chapter 8.























               2.21













                 CHAPTER 3: MARITIME AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES


                 New York Harbor has long been one of the world's
                 busiest  commercial  seaports.   While  total  port
                 activity has increased steadily over time, its new
                 competitive  position  nationally  has   somewhat
                 declined.   Today,  the Port of New York and New
                 Jersey has the 3rd largest number of ship arrivals
                 of United States ports with 4,816 ship arrivals in
                 1989, and carries the 2nd largest tonnage after the
                 Port  of  Los  Angeles.       Although  stable  or
                  increasing slightly in total size, the physical
                 nature of operations in the Port of New York and
                 New Jersey has changed considerably in past
                 decades, as many smaller facilities in New York
                 have closed and larger operations have consolidated
                  in New Jersey.   In this chapter,  discussion of
                 vessel activities will focus on three major
                  categories,   cargo   vessels,   maritime   support
                  services vessels, and industrial or municipal water
                 dependent uses.


                 CATEGORIES OF MARITIME AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES


   Cargo Vessels  Cargo   vessels   transport   cargo   between   both
                  international and domestic ports, either for import
                  and/or export.   There are three basic types of
                  cargo vessels.


                  Containerships are large vessels designed so that
                  goods loaded into metal containers are directly
                  loaded and unloaded onto and of f the ships. They
*                 ~~~~~are unpacked  only  on  reaching  the  consumer  or

                                 3.1









               market. Containerships vary in size from 450 feet
               to over 1000 feet in length, have a large beam size
               and can draw up to 42 feet of water.


               General dry cargo vessels carry break-bulk cargo
               which is loaded into the vessels, either in crates
               or bags, and unloaded from the ships at terminal
               piers and then repacked for shipment or transport.
               The coffee and cocoa beans shipped to 23rd Street
               and South Brooklyn Marine Terminals in Brooklyn are
               examples of the type of cargo handled.


               General liquid cargo vessels are tankers designed
               to carry liquid cargo such as oil. Their contents
               are   loaded   directly   into  the   vessels   and
               subsequently piped directly into storage or
               transportation facilities at the destination ports.


Maritime        Maritime Support Service Vessels are the tug boats,
Support         barges and ship service vessels that are intrinsic
Service         to the operation of the port and to certain water
Vessels         dependent industries.  They are used to move cargo
               locally and within the Port and to service the
               ocean going vessels that call at the Port.


Industrial     Water Dependent Uses are a category of uses which,
& Municipal    dependent by their physical nature or operation,
Water           require direct access to, or location in marine or
Dependent       tidal waters for their continued viability and which
Uses            therefore  cannot  be  reasonably  located  inland.
               These  "1water   dependent"   uses  are   primarily
               industrial or commercial and are located throughout
               the Study Area.




                               3.2










Although both Port cargo and maritime support
services make up a large portion of the water
dependent use activities, there are also a number
of other types of water dependent use facilities
located in the Harbor.


Bulk  goods  and  cargos  encompass  specialized
installations for industrial oil, construction
materials and other commodities.   The first sub-
category includes petroleum products handling and
bunkering facilities used for the receipt of fuel
oil for private consumption (including public
utilities), facilities adjacent to airports to
receive aviation gasoline, and facilities which
handle    petroleum    products    for    regional
distribution. Facilities within the second sub-
category  include  those  used  for  loading  and
offloading of sand, concrete, cement, asphalt and
cement-related products.   The third sub-category
consists of facilities specifically geared to rope,
lumber or newsprint; metal products, scrap metal or
chemicals; food products; fish; and general or
local cargo or heavy equipment.   This last group
includes break-bulk facilities not involved with
port activity.


Government  Uses/Services  embrace  vessels  and
facilities for safety and environmental needs,
municipal and federal government vessels and
facilities such as harbor police and fire units or
Coast Guard; sludge and refuse or garbage transfer
facilities.   Sludge,  the end product  of sewage
treatment plants after treatment and dewatering, is
barged to and dumped at the Ocean Dump Site, 106
miles offshore. Water dependent refuse or garbage

               3.3










facilities include marine transfer stations, the
Fresh Kills landfill, private carting companies and
junk haulers.


Two other sub-categories must be noted. These are
car   floats-barges   that   transport   railroad
equipment, and moorings including layovers for all
types of vessels that need docking or mooring but
do not require upland facilities.


HISTORY


Throughout its history, the waterfront has played
an important part in New York City's economy and
physical development.   Situated along one of the
North Atlantic's best natural harbors, the New
York/New Jersey Region's growth paralleled that of
its port. By the mid 1800's, the Port of New York
had become the United States' largest port, and New
York City had risen to the status of the nation's
leading city.   The waterways served as the entry
point for maritime commerce and also for the waves
of new immigrants that came to the United States in
the 19th and early 20th centuries. New York City's
large expanse of shoreline offered tremendous
growth potential for maritime and industrial
activities. Manufacturing facilities were attracted
by the possibility both of receiving incoming raw
materials and fabricating the products that were
shipped out as exports.  By 1870 the Port of New
York was handling 57% of the nation's trade.
Ferries provided access to the future boroughs and
New Jersey, carrying workers as well as goods. New
York's harbor was bustling with maritime activity.
Piers and port facilities were built along much of

                3.4










the shoreline. Most of lower Manhattan and areas
extending from the Upper Harbor north along the
Hudson River in New Jersey and New York were
densely developed with piers and with the upland
wharfs and marginal streets that provided access to
them.


With the population growth at the turn of the
century the Port expanded beyond Manhattan.   By
1920,  the  Port  included  hundreds  of  miles  of
developed facilities serving thousands of vessels -
tugs,   barges,   ferries,   passenger   boats   and
freighters among them.  New Jersey's Hudson River
cities of Hoboken and Jersey City became active
maritime and industrial centers. in Brooklyn, the
area from Owls Head north to and including Newtown
Creek, was developed with piers backed by upland
warehouses and large industrial zones. in addition
to the cargo operations, many individual industries
received their raw materials directly by ship.
Although shipping activity was less intense along
the East River further north, a number of piers and
wharfs were built to ferry goods and passengers
between  Manhattan  and  Queens.      Many  of  the
industries that developed on the western shore of
Queens received materials by ship. 2


Car floats for transporting rail cars across the
harbor were introduced in the mid 1800's and by the
1860's were a major activity crossing the harbor
from facilities in all the boroughs but Staten
Island. Cars rolling off transfer car floats in the
various boroughs of the city entered self-contained
freight terminals made up of tracks, loading
platforms, and warehouses.   All the terminals on

               3.5










Manhattan's west side belonged to individual
railroads, and several lines also had such
facilities on the Bronx side of the Harlem River.
In Brooklyn, the Pennsylvania Railroad had a
terminal at 4th Street in Williamsburgh, and the
Lackawanna had a terminal at 25th Street in
Gowanus. Most of Brooklyn's terminal activity was
handled by four independent firms. The Brooklyn
Eastern District Terminal Company had facilities on
the waterfront of Williamsburgh and Queens. The Jay
Street Terminal Company was located between the
Navy Yard and the Manhattan Bridge; the New York
Dock Company had piers from Brooklyn Heights to
Atlantic Basin; and Bush Terminals occupied most of
the developed shoreline between Gowanus and Bay
Ridge. To move freight carts within its terminal,
each independent terminal company established its
own railroad.


The history of water dependent uses is similar to
the history of commercial and maritime uses in the
port. In the 1860's, the construction of railroads
from the west to New Jersey signaled the beginning
of waterborne  trade  throughout  the  area.    The
Hudson River provided not only a link to New Jersey
but a gateway to New England and the Great Lakes. 3
The use of the waterways expanded during the
intense industrialization of the early 1900's in
what was one of the world's fastest growing urban
regions.   The geography of the metropolitan area
magnified this dependence. Because the population
centers of the New York/New Jersey Region are
separated by water, the waterways became important
connections, and the Hudson River became the vital
link between eastward and westward movement of

               3.6









0                 ~~~~~goods. Both sides of the Hudson developed as highly
                  industrialized areas connected by water.


                  The history of fishing in the harbor dates back to
                  the time Native Americans first inhabited this
                  area.   The Dutch settlers continued the fishing
                  tradition, which experienced its greatest expansion
                  with the arrival of immigrants in the mid-18001s.
                 A wide variety of fish and shell fish were found in
                  the Harbor ranging from cod and mackerel in the
                 Upper Bay to shad and sturgeon in the Hudson. The
                  port and its banks also served as a processing and
                  distribution center for the fish caught both in the
                  harbor and at sea.   The majority of the fishing
                  fleet operated out of Manhattan's Fulton Market on
                  the lower East River.


0                 ~~~~~Vessels used for fishing changed as the industrial
                  revolution progressed, moving away from sail craft
                  powered by the wind to steam power. In 1927, New
                  York's fleet consisted of 175 vessels. A sizable
                  number landed their catch at the Fulton Fish Market
                  in lower Manhattan through World War II and into
                  the 1950's.


                  Over the last 50 years, the pattern of waterfront
                  and port use has changed dramatically.   With the
                  development of a highway system and the consequent
                  growth in trucking, the importance of the waterways
                  for transporting goods diminished. The construction
                  of the bridges and tunnels linking the boroughs
                  together and the City with New Jersey brought about
                  a sharp decline in the need for ferries.   By the
                  end of World War II, trucks dominated local
                  commerce, displacing the previous dependency upon

                                  3.7










ships for movement of goods into and within the
metropolitan  area.    This  movement  to  trucking
particularly affected the predominantly intraport
and coastwise water dependent industries. The
decline in manufacturing activities in the Port
region that was characteristic of the 1970's and
1980's led to a parallel drop in the number of
vessels that were needed for both goods delivery
and export.


Perhaps most important were the substantial changes
in maritime  technology  itself.   General  cargo,
historically shipped by "break-bulk," was now being
containerized. "Break-bulk" referred to the way in
which individual packages or pieces of cargo were
unloaded from the ship and then repacked for
transport   to   the   final   consumers.    With

containerization, goods were initially packed into
the large standardized metal containers and were
only unpacked once the container reached the
consumer. The containers were thus unloaded
directly from the ship onto either a railbed or a
truck frame. To accommodate these containers, new
larger vessels have been built that carry numerous
containers at once. In this way the same volume of
cargo can be carried by fewer ships. 4


The effects of this change on land use in the Port
were significant. Cargo handling operations have
shifted    to   the   origination    points    and
transportation nodes away from the population
centers, such as New York City, that are the
consumers  of  the  products.      Containerization
requires extensive upland area. The use of
mechanical cranes allows the containers to be

               3.8









*                 ~~~~~unloaded from the ship much faster than break-bulk.
                 They are stacked at a container terminal awaiting
                 pickup by trucks. Since the areas of Manhattan and
                 many of those in Brooklyn lacked the needed upland
                 storage space they were determined to be unsuitable
                 for  containerized  shipping.   Also,  since  fewer
                 vessels are required to carry the same amount of
                 cargo, fewer but longer piers are needed.   As a
                 result, by the mid 1960's, most of the operations
                 in the Port were transferred to Staten Island and
                 New  Jersey.     The  shift  from  break-bulk   to
                 containerization, for the most part, did not effect
                 the various subcategories of water dependent
                 industries which required specialized vessels
                 dedicated to the transport of specific raw
                 materials or goods integral to the very operation
                 of these water dependent industries. Two notable
*                 ~~~~~exceptions are car floats and general cargo.


                 By the early 1970's, the Port Authority of New York
                 and New Jersey had focused most of its efforts on
                 the development of the 2,100 acre container
                 facilities at Port Newark/Elizabeth in New Jersey.
                 Across Newark Bay, Howland Hook on Staten Island
                 was developed as the premier containerport for New
                 York City.   With 187 acres of upland it met the
                 storage and highway access requirements of the new
                 maritime technology.   Even though Port Authority
                 and the City of New York had spent millions of
                 dollars in the 1970's improving the break-bulk
                 piers on Manhattan's West Side, Piers 36 and 42 on
                 the East River, and Brooklyn Heights Piers 1-6, the
                 piers in New York City that had been active break-
                 bulk piers were generally no longer needed by the
                 maritime industry. By the mid 1970's many of these

                                 3.9









piers were unused and deteriorating.  The bulk of
cargo operations shifted away from the New York
sections of the Harbor and the need for car floats
for  the  westward  movement  of  goods   became
unnecessary.   In 1986, after the Port Authority
spent considerable funds upgrading Howland Hook,
the principal tenant went bankrupt and the
facilities were left empty.


The advances in steel shipbuilding increased the
size of barges for transporting raw materials, such
as oil, coal, gravel, sand and cement to industries
and thus also reduced the number of piers and
wharfs needed.  many industries that had received
materials by barge or ship now relied on truck or
pipeline delivery. As a result, while many of the
industrial areas that had developed adjacent to the
waterfront continued to prosper, their use of the
water diminished.  As the number of vessels and the
amount of cargo handling decreased,  so have the
number of maritime support vessels such as tugs,
barges, and ship service and repair as well as
space requirements for docking. 5


In the past few decades, commercial fishing
activities in the Port have declined.   Fish are
being landed closer to fishing grounds like Cape
May in southern New Jersey and Greenport on eastern
Long Island's North Fork.  Furthermore, the catch
is delivered in refrigerated trucks to market.
Combined with the reduction in water quality due to
pollution, competition from foreign ships and the
general decline in number of fish due to over
fishing, the Fulton Market Fleet had declined to 2
or 3 vessels by 1970.  In 1980 only one ship, the

               3.10










S                ~~~~~Brooklyn built Felicia, was still calling on the
                 market regularly. The Fulton Fish Market is still
                 active but its catch is all delivered by
                 refrigerated  truck  or  rail  car.    Fishport,  a
                 centralized facility opened by the Port Authority
                 in 1985 to serve as a major f ish processing and
                 distribution facility for the region, closed in
                 1989 due to insufficient tenancy.


                 PRESENT CONDITIONS


                 In the 1990's, the region's waterfront finds itself
                 in a radically different position than it was 40 or
                 50 years ago.   Many areas  that once served as
                 critical staging points for ocean, coastwise and
                 internal harbor traffic are no longer needed for
                 such purposes and now serve or are projected to
                 serve different uses.


  Cargo          In the past decade, the maritime industry in New
  Industry       York Harbor has declined sharply.  The Port's share
                 of the nation's cargo as well as New York City's
                 share  of  the  Port's  activity  have  dropped
                 significantly. The Port, however, is still a major
                 contributor to the New York regional economy,
                 representing $18 billion in economic activity and
                 191,600 jobs.   An additional 88,500 jobs can be
                 seen as indirectly linked to the Port.  6Figure 3.1
                 and Figure 3.2 show existing locations and routes
                 of  cargo  facilities.      Utilization  of  these
                 facilities is described in Table 3.1.


  New York City  Currently the most active container operations doing
  Cargo          business in New York City are in Brooklyn.  After a
  Facilities     few years of difficulty in attracting business, Red

                                3.11

















































 MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES  CHAPTER 3 FIG. 1 NEWYORKNEWJERSEY
                                                                            HARBOR ESTUARY
   *   PORT CARGO OPERATIONS: EXISTING FACILITIES                            WATER USE MANAGEMENT
       1. PORT NEWARK           5. PORT AUTHORITY AUTO         ANCHORAGE    STUDY
       2. PORT ELIZABETH           MARINE TERMINAL                           NYC DEPT, OF CITY PLANNING
       3. HOWLAND HOOK          6. RED HOOK CONTAINER
         MARINE TERMINAL          TERMINAL                                   NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
       4. GLOBAL MARINE TERMINAL  7. SOUTH BROOKLYN
                                   MARINE TERMINAL



                                         3.12
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             MARITIME~ï¿½:ï¿½ï¿½:ï¿½ï¿½iï¿½ï¿½1" &   NUTILATVTE   HPTR3FG        ABRSUR
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     MARINE :EMIA                  TERMINA                                   NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTALiiiri~r
           r                       MARINE TERM~a::j::INAL                    PROTECTION iil

                                              3.12~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~:::






































                              ....~ *.....:*.       .






















            * . .   .... *.** "Ia   I".II a**   a...... malo-"
















                                                                          NEW YORK I NEW JERSEY
MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES  CHAPTER  3  FIG. 2   HARBOR ESTUARY
                                                                          WATER USE MANAGEMENT
PORT CARGO ROUTES: EXISTING                                               STUDY
 all'  HEAVY USE                                                           NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING

      MODERATE USE                                                         NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                          PROTECTION





                                      3.13











TABLE 3.1



UTILIZATION CHART - 1989



                         VESSELS             GROSS TONS

Anchorage only               119               3,246,367


NEW YORK

Red Hook                     304               3,948,584

Howland Hook                  41                 562,217

SBMT                           3                  16,358

23rd Street                    4                  23,824


New York Sub Total           352

NEW JERSEY

Port Elizabeth             1,359              38,355,096

Port Newark                  776              19,326,307

Global Terminal              209               5,177,524

Auto port                     37  (May - Dec)


New Jersey Sub Total       2,381


PORT TOTAL                 2,850



Source: Maritime Association of New York/New Jersey, "Statistics"
         for the Port of New York/New Jersey," 1989









                               3.14










Book marine Terminal, located on 118 acres, has
developed as a thriving container port and is now
in need of expansion space. The facility serves a
New York City consumer market including imports
such as edibles, furniture and clothes, and such
exports as waste paper, chemicals and industrial
goods.   Smaller shipping lines serving  Southern
Europe and developing countries use Red Hook.
Currently, 304 vessels call annually.


The 110 acre South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (SBMT)
in Sunset Park, Brooklyn although equipped with
container handling facilities, is currently being
used as a break-bulk terminal for cocoa. In 1988,
39th Street became the break-bulk import center for
cocoa and is now the nation's second largest port-
of-entry for this commodity. By identifying these
"niche" markets where break-bulk facilities are
still needed, New York was able to reutilize these
maritime  facilities.   Although  these break-bulk
operations appear to be growing, they do not, at
this time, fully utilize the available terminal
space.


The 23rd Street Marine Terminal in Sunset Park
north of SBMT is a 16 acre break-bulk terminal used
for the warehousing of coffee and cocoa. In 1986
New York City granted a lease for the 23rd Street
Marine Terminal and it now handles over 35% of all
U.S. coffee imports.


Although the U.S. Line's bankruptcy had left the
Howland Hook facility in Staten Island empty in
1986, in 1988 a new tenant engaged in a smaller
container and lumber operation was brought into

               3.15










              Howland Hook and the utilization of this facility
              has increased to 41 ship arrivals in recent years.
              These operations, however, presently utilize less
               than one-third of the available 187 acres. Lease
               negotiations between the City of New York and the
               Port Authority have recently been finalized and the
              Port Authority expects to bring Hiowland Hook back
               to full utilization as a container port. 7


New Jersey      The  situation  in  New  Jersey  is  dramatically
Cargo           different  from New  York.  Port Newark  and  Port
Facilities      Elizabeth underwent tremendous growth over the past
               several decades and currently account for over
               2,000 ship arrivals and 80% of the general cargo
               activities in the Port of New York and New Jersey
               in 1989.    The Port Authority's 2,100 acre Port
               Newark/Elizabeth Marine Terminal connects to inland
               destinations via two interchanges on the New Jersey
               Turnpike (Interstate 95) and numerous railroads --
               Conrail, CSX and numerous regional railroads.
               Portside International Rail Container Terminal is
               one of the East Coast's largest intermodal
               facilities for handling containers and is part of
               the complex. All 2,100 acres are a Foreign Trade
               Zone.   The facility handles  a wide  variety  of
               commodities ranging from automobiles to orange
               juice to copper.   It has advanced cargo handling
               equipment   and  millions   of   square   feet   of
               warehousing and distribution space.


               The largest privately owned marine facility in the
               Port of New York and New Jersey is Global Marine
               Terminal. It is located on the Bayonne/Jersey City
               Peninsula and encompasses 100 acres.         In 1989
               Global Maritime Terminal had 209 ship arrivals.  in

                              3.16










0                ~~~~~addition, in May 1989 the Port Authority opened the
                 128 acre Port Authority Auto Marine Terminal in the
                 Greenville Rail Yards adjacent to Global Marine.
                 There were 37 ship arrivals in 1989. This facility
                 is expected to eventually increase in activity to
                 account for 20% of all cars imported into the
                 United States.8


  maritime        The maritime support services are critical to the
  Support         operation of the Port.   They provide  necessary
  Services        services to ocean going ships; or transport goods
                 from large distribution centers to satellite
                 centers or end users; use the Port as their home
                 port; operate shallow draft vessels; and require a
                 waterfront location to operate.


                 There are six industry segments:   towing, barge,
                 ship service, contractor, shipyards, and government
                 agencies.    These  industry  segments  serve  the
                 following   activities:       shipping,   petroleum
                 distribution, sand and gravel receipt, waste
                 movement, and receipt of fuel.  Over 100 million
                 tons of cargo are transported locally and coastwise
                 by maritime support service industries. There are
                 more than 260 firms in the Port employing over
                  4,200 people and generating up to $90 million in
                 wages.   The maritime support services range from
                 firms employing under ten workers to those with
                 hundreds of employees.   The companies aggregate
                 over 700 large vessels and at any given time 100-
                 300 pieces of floating construction and lifting
                 equipment based in the Port. 9


                 The maritime support services have very specific
*                 ~~~~~siting needs that are critical to their viability.

                                 3.17










              These needs can be grouped into three major
              categories: location, zoning, and hydrographic
              conditions.   Since high travel costs can make a
              company unprofitable, most of the maritime support
              services need to be located near their particular
              center of activity.   In addition, because of the
              noxious and noisy character of many of these
              industries, they should be located in manufacturing
              areas, preferably in traditional maritime areas
              where secondary industrial links still exist.
              Finally, maritime support services must consider
              certain hydrographic conditions such as high waves,
              exposure to strong currents, and water depth at all
              tide levels in deciding upon the suitability of a
              site. 10


              Currently, there are several specific areas where
              maritime  support  service  activities   tend  to
              cluster.   They are the New York and New Jersey
              shores of the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull;
              the New Jersey shore of the Upper Bay south of
              Caven Point; the Upper Bay, Gowanus Bay, Brooklyn
              Piers 7 & 8 and Wallabout Bay Basin in Brooklyn;
              Newtown Creek between Brooklyn and Queens; and
              Flushing Bay in Queens. 11Figure 3.3 and figure
              3.4 show existing locations and routes of Maritime
              Support Services.


Industrial      The overall drop in water dependent uses continued
and Municipal  into  the  1980's  reflecting   the  decline   in
Water           manufacturing  in the Port  region.  Despite  this
Uses            general    trend,    certain    water    dependent
              subcategories have increased in terms of number of
              facilities.   These subcategories include moorings
              and municipal  uses,  (in parti cular, sludge  and

                             3.18











TABLE 3.2



                           New York City
                    Water-Dependent Facilities



                                                    PERCENT CHANGE

                                                         1978-
     USE               1965       1978       1988         1988

Industrial Oil           118        83         65          -22

General/Local
 Cargo/Heavy Equip.    110          42         21          -50

Mooring                   64         35        49          +23

Food Products             14         13         4          -69

Metal Products/
 Scrap Metal/
 Chemicals                13        10           8         -20

Car Floats                49         10           4        -60

Fish                       6          5           3        -40

Municipal Uses            23         18          24        +33

Sludge                    11        10          11         +10

Rope/Lumber
 Newsprint                12          4          1         -75

Refuse/Garbage            15         12         18         +50

Sand/Cement, etc.         60        34          31          -9

TOTAL                    495       276         239         -13



Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Port of New York and New
         Jersey Boating Almanac Co., Inc., The Boating Almanac:
         Volumes 2 and 3.







                                 3.19












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solid waste). 12 Table 3.2 describes the change in
number of New York City Water Dependent Use
Facilities from 1965 - 1988.


Since water dependent uses are largely industrial,
and  frequently  noxious  they  are  most  often
concentrated in those areas which allow heavy
manufacturing.


In   New   York   City,   the   major   geographic
concentrations of water dependent uses include Red
Hook, the Gowanus Canal, and the Sunset Park
waterfront extending south from Brie Basin to Owls
Head in Brooklyn. Newtown Creek, separating
Brooklyn and Queens, is also a major center for
water dependent uses.  The other concentration in
Queens is located along the Flushing Creek. In the
Bronx, the waterfront along the south shore, in the
Hunts Point/Morris Point area, has a sizable number
of water dependent uses and there are also several
water dependent uses dispersed along the Bronx side
of the Harlem River. Although few in number, most
water dependent uses in Manhattan are located along
the Hudson River south of 59th Street. In Staten
Island, the largest concentration of uses are
found, alongside the maritime support services, on
the Kill Van Kull and along the Arthur Kill.


In New Jersey, major concentrations of water
dependent uses are located along both the Arthur
Kill and the Kill Van Kull. Smaller concentrations
can be found in Newark and Raritan Bays and along
the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers.13  The various
subcategories   of  water   dependent   uses,   are
concentrated within different a reas of the Harbor

               3.22










in accordance with their locational needs. Each of
the   following   sub-categories   has   particular
locational requirements that determine the siting
of facilities. Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6 show
existing concentrations and routes of Water
Dependent Uses.


Nearly 44 million gallons of oil move through New
York  Harbor  daily.    While  located  in  several
different   areas   throughout   the  Harbor,   oil
terminals do have general areas of concentration.
The largest concentration is the complex of
refineries,  pipelines,  storage  facilities  and
marine terminals on the Kill Van Kull and the
Arthur Kill along both the New York and New Jersey
shores.   Seventy-five percent of the port's oil
traffic is on these waterways.   The next largest
concentration  (and  the  largest  within New  York
City) is along both sides of Newtown Creek. Smaller
concentrations can be found along Mill Basin and
Sunset Park in Brooklyn, Flushing Creek in Queens,
the south shore of the Bronx at Westchester Creek
and the East River, and along the Passaic and
Hackensack Rivers in New Jersey. In addition, many
utilities are dependent upon waterborne delivery of
oil. These facilities, however, are dispersed
throughout the Harbor.


Although construction materials facilities can be
found in several locations throughout the Harbor
they tend to be concentrated in areas that are near
the point of origin of the raw materials. Much of
the sand and gravel is barged into the Port of New
York and New Jersey from Long Island Sound or from
the lower Harbor and Raritan Bay. There facilities

               3.23















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MnARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES CHAPTER 3 FIG. 5NEYOKIEWJRY
                                                                                                              HARBOR ESTUARY

                                                                                                              WATER USE MANAGEMENT

   CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER DEPENDENT USES:     STUDY
      EXISTING FACILITY LOCATIONS                                                                          NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING

                                                                                                              NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                                                              PROTECTION I






                                                           3. 24










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                                                                                                                                                    NEW YORK I NEW JERSEY.......
                                                        MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES  CHAPTER  3  FIG.  6   HARBOR ESTUARY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ...........
                                                                                                                                             ...E .S .M...GEMENT
                        .                                                                          NJ EP. OF .ENV.RONMENTAL
0~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..........AT. ...... .                     .         .        .       .        OTECTION....

                                                                                                           3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25.










can be found clustered in areas near the supply,
such as Flushing Creek and along the Raritan River.


There are very few rope, lumber, or newsprint
facilities that remain water dependent. Although
newsprint was once delivered by barge in New York
City, it is no longer delivered by water.   There
remain, however, two major lumber operations, one
in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and the other at Port
Newark, New Jersey.


Metal Products, Scrap Metal Chemicals/Local and
Cargo/Heavy Equipment uses are clustered around the
industrial sections of Brooklyn and Staten Island
with very few located in the Bronx, Queens or
Manhattan.   In New Jersey these facilities also
tend to locate near areas with industrial upland
(i.e., the mouths of the Hackensack, Passaic and
Raritan rivers). There is a major scrap metal
exporter located at Caven Point in Jersey City.


Food products and fish were both originally
delivered to the Port of New York and New Jersey by
vessel. With the increase in refrigerated trucks
most of these commodities are now brought in by
truck.   Even the Fulton  Fish Market,  New York
City's premier wholesale fish market, receives most
of its f ish in this way.  Two commercial fishing
ports are active in the study area, both in New
Jersey.   The Menhaden  catch  at Belford  in New
Jersey accounts for over half of the state's
commercial landings.  Menhaden are usually caught
within the Raritan-Sandy Hook Bay and in the ocean
within three miles of shore. The second commercial
fishing port is located at High lands, New Jersey.

               3.26










                 The Highlands port is actually located in the
                 protected mouth of the Shrewsbury River, but all
                 traffic to and from the port must pass through
                 Sandy Hook Bay which is in the study area. There
                 are approximately 30 vessels berthed at the Sandy
                 Hook Bay area. Recently proposals have been made
                 for the construction of a new depuration facility
                 on Sandy Hook Bay to allow the f ish industry to
                 continue to grow.   In New York State,  there  is
                 commercial lobstering in Long island Sound off the
                 eastern shore of the Bronx, the north shore of
                 Queens and in the Upper and Lower Bays of New York
                 Harbor.   Commercial Crabbing can be found in the
                 Hudson River, Jamaica Bay, the Upper and Lower
                 Bays, and in the Long Island Sound. A few food
                 products facilities, such as AMSTAR Sugar in
                 Williamsburg, Brooklyn, still receive their raw
                 materials by ship.   These remaining food-related
                 water dependent activities, however, are spread
                 throughout the Harbor with no specific areas of
                 concentration.


                 While representing a sizable number of vessel
                 movements, government services activities are also
                 scattered throughout the Harbor.  Operations such
                 as the Harbor Police and the Marine Fire Unit have
                 specific geographic districts of the Harbor for
                 which they are responsible. The Coast Guard, which
                 is located at Governor's island and at three other
                 locat4.ons within the Harbor, has specific patrol
                 routes which take its vessels to all parts of the
                 Harbor.


                 Sludge and solid waste facilities are dispersed
Is ~~~~throughout   the  Harbor   according   to  service

                               3.27









catchment areas.   In New York City,  the sludge i
facilities are located alongside the wastewater
treatment facilities which can be found in all five
boroughs.    Currently  all  of  the  sludge  barges
travel to the Ocean Dump Site located 106 miles
offshore to dispose of the sludge.   Six northern
New Jersey sewerage authorities transport sewage
sludge by barge to the 106 mile sludge dump as
well. They are: Middlesex, Linden, Roselle, Essex-
Union, Passaic Valley, Rahway and Bergen County.
Because of federal legislation, this practice will
end in the near future.


The New York City Department of Sanitation marine
transfer stations relate to sanitation districts
and are also located in all boroughs.   The one
point of concentration of solid waste vessel
movements is the landfill at Fresh Creek along the
Arthur Kill in Staten Island, where all New York
City solid waste barges dispose of their cargo.
Although there are also private solid waste
carters, most of these do not currently use barges
to transport solid waste. Currently no solid waste
in New Jersey is transported by barge.


The only remaining car float operation connects the
65th Street Rail Yard in Sunset Park, Brooklyn with
the Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey.
The private operator-Cross Harbor-has seen a slow
but steady increase in railcar movements in the
years 1984-1990.


Commercial Moorings are the most widely scattered
water dependent use in the Harbor, with many
waterfront   industrial   areas   having   mooring

               3.28









                       facilities. Often the areas between piers, which
                       were  once  used  for  break-bulk   docking   and
                       offloading, are now used for vessel mooring. 14


                       ROUTES AND AREAS OF' USE


        Cargo           The routes of cargo vessels are quite specific and
                       consistent because they are dependent upon the
                       existence   of   adequately   dredged   navigati on
                       channels.   Most of the Port of New York and New
                       Jersey terminals, both container and break-bulk,
                       are located off of Upper New York Harbor or Newark
                       Bay.   The common route for cargo vessels  is to
                       travel from the Lower Harbor through the Narrows to
                       the LerHarbor and then proceed either via the
                       Kill Van Kull to Port Newark, Port Elizabeth, or
                       Howland Hook, or to go directly from the Upper
                       Harbor to Global Marine in New Jersey or Red Hook,
                       23rd Street or SBMT in Brooklyn. In each case the
                       vessels are restricted to the navigable channels.
                       Many vessels, however, need to tie up in anchorage
                       areas in the Upper Bay while awaiting available
                       space at their terminal. Some vessels also tie up
                       at the anchorage area in order to "lighter" (off
                       load) some of the cargo in order to shorten their
                       draft and allow safe navigation through the
                       channel.   All vessels travelling from a foreign
                       port, or vessels sailing under foreign registry are
                       required, upon entering the Harbor to have a pilot
                       licensed by New York or New Jersey to assume
                       responsibility for taking the vessel through the
                       Harbor. In addition to the vessels headed for the
                       Port of New York and New Jersey, there are also up
                       to 80 vessels annually that travel up the Hudson to

is
                                      3.29









              Albany and approximately 100 vessels that travel to
              points north along the Hudson. 15(See Figure 3.1)

Maritime       The maritime support services have routes that are
Support        based on the point of origin of materials  they
               transport, their destinations, and their own upland
               operating sites. As a result, although the service
               industries themselves are generally concentrated in
               specific areas, their activities can take them to
               all parts of the Harbor from the Hudson and East
               Rivers to Long Island Sound or to Jamaica Bay (see
               Figure 3.4).


Water           Similar to maritime support services vessels, water
Dependent      dependent use vessel routes are based on the point
Uses           of origin of the materials  they transport,  the
               areas of concentration of landside water dependent
               uses, and their destinations.  These destinations
               are often intraport with vessels crossing through
               the Harbor.   For this reason, many of the water
               dependent use routes are difficult to identify,
               although landside uses are concentrated in the
               Inner Harbor, the Kill Van Kull and Arthur Kill,
               Newark Bay and the East River up to Newtown
               Creek. 16(See Figure 3.6)


               Some of the subcategories of water dependent uses
               do  cluster  in  certain  areas.    The  areas  of
               concentration of oil facilities, and thus, tanker
               movements, for example, can be identified and have
               recently been responsible for the most serious
               problems associated with Harbor use conflicts. The
              Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull are the areas
               with the greatest number of oil facilities.   The
               number of oil spills in the re gion has increased

                              3.30










                 substantially in the past few years, from 257
                 spills in 1987 to 368 spills in 1989.  The most
                 significant spill occurred in January of 1990, when
                 571,000 gallons of fuel oil was spilled in the
                 Arthur Kill. Oil spills have become a real threat
                 to the effective functioning of these waterways.
                 In addition to the damage done to the natural
                 environment, the oil spills often result in the
                 closing of the entire waterway to vessel movements
                 until the spills are cleaned. 17


                 In studying the problems that have resulted from
                 the 12 major oil spills that have occurred in the
                 Arthur Kill/Kill Van Kull area in the first six
                 months of 1990, the U.S. Coast Guard identified a
                 series of actions that should be considered in
*                 ~~~~order  to  reduce  the  potential  for  future  oil
                 spills. Since the navigation channels are narrow
                 and the oil tankers are both deep and long, the
                 chances   of   groundings   are   increased   under
                 conditions which include vessel congestion of the
                 waterways.   As previously mentioned.  The  Coast
                 Guard has reestablished a mandatory Vessel Traffic
                 Service (VTS) in New York Harbor to monitor vessel
                 movement and avoid conflicts and congestion.   The
                 VTS has been approved and is being implemented in
                 three phases. 18


                 The sludge routes, while starting at different
                 points of origin, are all destined for the 106 mile
                 Ocean Dump Site. Thus, their routes tend to
                 coincide in the Lower Harbor.   The same type of
                 convergence   can   be   seen   with   the   solid
                 waste/garbage barges which depart from different


                                3.31










sites throughout the Harbor but all travel to the
Fresh Kills Landfill. 19


PROBLEMS & CONSTRAINTS


maritime cargo and support service vessels are the
largest and most powerful ships using the waterways
of the Harbor.   Their size, in terms of length,
width, and draft, presents several problems.
First, it serves to constrain the areas in which
these vessels can safely operate. Water depth in
the navigable channels of a majority of these
waterways depends on maintenance dredging which can
be complicated by funding and environmental
constraints. In addition, the very maneuverability
of the vessels themselves is often quite limited.
For example, a barge under tow is not only
restricted to areas with adequate water depth, but
is also unable to respond quickly to alter its
route or speed should another vessel come into its
path. Indeed, containerships, freighters, tankers
and tugs, when on their own power, must generally
keep a minimum speed of approximately 4 knots in
order to maintain proper control. Another problem
resulting from the size of these vessels is the
wake they create.   A maritime cargo or support
vessel often creates a large wake which affects,
not only other passing vessels, but landside
docking facilities such as marinas which require
sufficient breakwaters. These wakes are the source
of a great number of conflicts between these
vessels and other commercial and recreational
boats.




               3.32










Nevertheless, because of their size, demanding
locational and navigational needs, and substantial
contribution to the region's economy, the maritime
cargo and support services must be considered as
priority uses to which the other water use
activities    must    ultimately    accommodate.
Improvements in operations and certain siting
guidelines should, of course, be analyzed. Yet it
is important to realize that both the cargo
operations  and  the  maritime  support  services
function within relatively rigid parameters.


Cargo activities  are  confined  to only  a small
portion of the waterways around New York and New
J'ersey. With the implementation of the VTS by the
Coast Guard, the careful siting of facilities,
appropriate marina design, training and education
of recreational and commercial vessel operators,
water use conflicts with cargo and maritime
activities can be minimized. (See Figure 3.1)


The maritime support services are also concentrated
in a limited number of areas including the Kill Van
Kull, Red Hook/Erie Basin, the Gowanus/Sunset Park
waterfront, Brooklyn Navy Yard and Newtown Creek in
New York City; and Caven Point, the Kill Van Kull,
and the Arthur Kill in New Jersey. (See Figure 3.3)


While the VTS system will improve the situation in
the Upper and Lower Harbor and along the Kill Van
Kull, this system will relate only to larger
vessels.   Since the Kill Van Kull is an area of
intense cargo and maritime activity, recreational
or other commercial vessels should be discouraged
from using this waterway.   Areas  f rom Red Hook

               3.33










              Marine Terminal to SBMT in Brooklyn should also be0
              analyzed carefully before other uses are sited
              along this waterfront. Newtown Creek, while
              currently unappealing for recreational activity,
              should also be maintained for existing and future
              cargo and maritime support vessels. The Arthur Kill
              area, especially in New Jersey, north of the Outer
              Port Mobil is an area of intense water dependent,
              as well as maritime support service use. Because
              the channel is narrow, other vessels should not be
              encouraged to recreate along this waterway other
              than in transit from existing marinas or from areas
              along the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers or Newark
              Bay to the Lower Harbor.


              FUTURE CONDITIONS


Cargo Industry Although the Port of New York and New Jersey is no
              longer America's largest port, it has still grown
              in actual tonnage in recent years and is projected
              to continue this growth over the next twenty years.
              No new containership facilities are planned for the
              next 20 years, but, greater utilization of existing
              facilities is anticipated. Vessels calling at the
              Port are expected to be the newest generation of
              larger containerships that are projected as the
              future in cargo shipping. 20Figure 3.7 and Figure
              3.8 illustrate future locations and routes of Cargo
              Facilities.


              The segment of the Port market accommodated at Red
              Hook, Brooklyn is growing and the operator,
              Universal Terminals, has concluded that expansion
              is necessary at Red Hook to accommodate the
              projected annual increase of 1. 4 million tons in

                             3.34










cargo. With a strong marketing commitment and with
additional warehousing (particularly refrigerated)
within the general area, Red Hook could capture new
commodities such as fresh fruit, steel products,
cocoa, coffee, paper and fresh and frozen meat.
The needed expansion could be accommuodated in
several different ways, however, a consultant study
(done for the Port Authority and the New York City
Department of Ports and Trade by the firm of
Frederick R. Harris) recommended the extension of
Berths 1 and 2 by about 350 feet into the Atlantic
Basin.   21The construction of this extension  is
expected to be completed in 1991. In addition, the
Harris study indicated that improvements in cargo
And container handling and truck access are crucial
to the future success of Red Hook. 22


Regarding the future of the South Brooklyn Marine
Terminal, the Harris study noted that, whereas SBMT
has the advantage of greater storage areas, there
does not appear to be adequate container demand in
New York City to support both Red Hook and SBMT as
container terminals. The Department of Ports and
Trade continues to support the expansion of the
cocoa facilities at SBMT. With the provision of
additional storage facilities, a continual increase
in cocoa operations volume and vessel movements is
envisioned. The exact growth is expected to be
about 30% in volume. Additional warehousing could
help capture new commodities such as fresh
fruit. 23


Upon completion of lease negotiations with New York
City, the Port Authority intends to have the 187
acre facility at Howland Hook return to full

               3.35












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                                                                         NEW YORK NEW JERSEY
 MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES CHAPTER 3 FIG. 7 HARBOR ESTUARY

   PORT CARGO OPERATIONS WATER USE MANAGEMENT
                                                                         STUDY

   FUTURE: NO NEW FACILITIES PROPOSED NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                         NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL

        EXISTING FACILITIES PROTECTION





                                        3. 36




























.......... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~    ~    ~   ~    ~   ~   ,.,






























                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.a... ,*, .  . .. u......i ~. ..... .













                                                                                                    NYC EP. .... ..............
          EXISTING ROUTES:                                       NJ DEPT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............ENTAL
          in~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... H.A..SEPROECIO
                    MODERATE USE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:..




                                                                 3.37~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o










              utilization  as  a  containerport.    When  fully0
              operating, the number of vessel movements are
              projected to increase from 41 to over 156 vessels
              yearly. 24


              According to Port Authority officials, the current
              level of tonnage handled at Port Newark & Port
              Elizabeth is anticipated to double over the next
              twenty years.   The increase in vessel movements,
              however,   will  be  less  marked   due   to  the
              introduction of larger containerships with greater
              tonnage capacity. 2


              Global Marine at Caven Point, is anticipated to
              continue expanding in tonnage. In addition, the
              newly opened Port Authority Auto Marine Terminal is
              expected to be operating at capacity by 1992 and
              will   provide   for   some   increase   in  vessel0
              movements. 26


Maritime        After two decades of decline, the maritime support
Support         service industries are expected to experience some
Service         degree of growth.  The economic factors and future
              trends that will affect the level of growth
              include: the expansion of international shipping,
              regional   economic   growth,   new   residential,
              commercial    and    infrastructure    construction
              activity, changes in sludge and solid waste
              disposal, and the construction of the U.S. Navy
              Homeport  in  Staten  Island.    The  industry  is
              expected to expand by approximately 800 new jobs by
              the  year  2000.   To accommodate  this  projected
              growth, the Maritime Support Services Location
              Study Report (Dravo Van Houten, 1990), projects
              that the maritime support services will need not

                             3.38










only their existing facilities, but will require
the addition of one nautical mile of berthing space
and 40 upland acres. Large ship repair facilities
are currently underutilized in the port and are
expected to remain so through the year 2000. The
number of shipyards may therefore be even further
reduced. Although there appears to be sufficient
shipyard and ship service space, tug companies,
barge lines and construction companies will each
need at least one new facility and the construction
industries will also need 30 acres of upland for a
precasting yard. Figures 3.9 and 3.10 show future
locations and routes of Maritime Support Services.
The  Dravo  Van  Houten  study  identified   six
geographic areas that are critical to the support
services and must be retained for its future needs:


1)   The  New  Jersey  side  of  the  Arthur  Kill
    currently   has   several   maritime   support
     industries and must be considered an important
    area to be retained for maritime support
     service growth.
2)   The New York and New Jersey shores of the Kill
    Van Kull, collectively house 75% of the
    e-iisting maritime support services in the Port
    and constitute the single most important area
     in the New York/New Jersey Harbor to be
     retained for future needs of the maritime
     support industry. Only a few vacant sites
     remain.
3)   Caven Point to Bergen Point in New Jersey is
    also a significant resource for maritime
     support industry growth. Careful consideration
     should be given before allowing new non-
    maritime uses in this area.

               3.39























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      CONENTATINS F MRITME UPPRT ERVCESWATR UE MNAGMEN
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    MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES CHAPTER 3 FIG. 10 HARBOR ESTUARY
          MARITIME SUPPORT SERVICES                                                                                    WATER USE MANAGEMENT
          FUTURE: NO NEW ROUTES PROPOSEDSTD
                                                                                                                           NYC DEPT, OF CITY PLANNING
          EXISTING ROUTES:                                                                                             NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAl
          * * I HEAVY USE                                                                                              PROTECTION
           ..... MODERATE USE



                                                                    3.41
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                                     CX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X~E OKI  NE                    WJESE
         MARITIME &               ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½lï¿½ï¿½rl:                                           INDSRILACIIIE HATR3 I. 0HRBRESUR
                       MARITIME SUPPORT SERVICES WATER USE MANAGEMENT
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     EXISTNGROTE:NJDET.OFEVIONENA
     0 NI EAY SE ROECIO




                                       .....  MODERATE U~~~~~~~~~EWYOK  NW  ESEY

                    MAITME3INUSRALACIVTESCHPER3 IG 03. 41                                                                          ETUR










              4)   The Brooklyn shoreline from Owls Read to Erie
                   Basin is an area which is currently used by
                   several support services and could, by itself,
                   meet   almost   all   the   future   expansion
                   requirements of the maritime support services.
                   The area is located at the center of the Upper
                   Harbor with easy access to most of the centers
                   of  activity.    It  still  has  many  of  the
                   secondary industrial links located in the
                   adjacent industrial areas.
               5)   The Brooklyn Navy Yard already has two ship
                    repair facilities, Westley Thomas Industries
                   and G. Marine Diesel. Circle Line leased Pier
                   C for vessel berthing in 1990, thus only Piers
                   D, 6 and J remain available. Although there
                    is little remaining industrial space, there is
                    still some berthing space available along the
                   piers. There are five (5) active drydocks and
                   one (1) that is under repair.
               6)   Newtown Creek, on both the Brooklyn and Queens
                    shorelines, is currently the location of a
                    number of maritime support industries and,
                    because of its industrial character, is an
                    ideal location for new and/or expanding
                   maritime support industries.   Although there
                    are   several   vacant   parcels,   the   site
                   preparation costs are very high (in some cases
                    involving toxic waste clean up) making the
                    area    costly    for    maritime    support
                    industries. 27


Water          Between  1965  and  1978  the  number  of  water
Dependent      dependent facilities within New York City
Uses           showed  declines  in  every  facility  category.
               However, between 1978 and 1988 the rate of decline

                              3.42










                 slowed with several categories actually showing
                 increases in the number of facilities. (See Table
                 3.2) Within the last ten years, specific areas of
                 strength and geographic concentration have evolved.
                 Many new uses have opened in these areas while many
                 of the discontinued uses have shut down outside
                 these clusters. These areas of concentration
                 include the Kill Van Kull in Staten Island; Port
                 Morris, lower Westchester Creek and the lower Bronx
                 River, in the Bronx; Flushing Creek in Queens;
                 Newtown Creek between Queens and Brooklyn; the
                 Buttermilk Channel area of Brooklyn; and the
                 Brooklyn Army Terminal.2


  New Jersey     In New Jersey,  the redevelopment of a number of
                 waterfronts, in particular along the Hudson River,
*                 ~~~~has  resulted  in  a  substantial  drop  in  water
                 dependent uses.   Although this decline may still
                 continue in this area, it is likely that most other
                 areas will remain in water dependent use.   These
                 areas are south of Caven Point on the Hudson
                 waterfront, the eastern half of the Kill Van Kull
                 (Constable Hook), the lower Hackensack River,
                 Newark Bay, the lower Passaic River, the lower
                 Raritan River, and the Arthur Kill. 29Figures 3.11
                 and 3.12 show future locations and routes of Water
                 Dependent Uses.


  Trends         Several major future events in the New York/New
                 Jersey region will have important consequences for
                 the future needs of water dependent industries.
                 Examples of these events include changes in
                 regulations and management of waste and dredge




                                3.43










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 MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES CHAPTER 3 FIG. 11  HARBOR ESTUARY

     CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER DEPENDENT USES                                                                             WATER USE MANAGEMENT
                                                                                                                        STUDY
      FUTURE: NO NEW AREAS OF CONCENTRATION PROJECTED    NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
      111 AREAS OF DECREASING ACTIVITY                                                                                  NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                                                                        PROTECTION
     E EXISTING AREAS OF CONCENTRATION



                                                                 3.44
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                                  FUTURE  NO NE  AREASOF CONENTRATON PROECTE                                            NEWYORK/NEWJERSEY,,,


         Ii AREAS OF DECREASING ACTIVITY                                                                                NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                                                                        PROTECTION
               EXISTING AREAS OF CONCENTRATION



                                                                 3.44











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                              ,i.,.sA, HNC  DET.  OF CTPAIN

























                        SENSITIVE CARGO                       _,,. HEAYY USE                               NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                        FERRY ROUTE                     ,          .    MODERATE USE                     NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                                                          . PROTECTION




                                                         3.45
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                                                         3. 45









spoils; changes in the location and the federally
mandated phasing out of the sludge dump; the
closing   of  the   Fresh   Kills   Landfill,   the
construction, operation and repair of vessels
related to the Navy Homeport; the expansion of
several   waste   water   treatment   plants;   the
construction and operation of the proposed resource
recovery    plants;    the    construction    and
rehabilitation of major roadways in both New York
and New Jersey; and proposals for major new
developments  in both New York and New Jersey. 30
Projections for several facility categories are as
follows:


Most of the subcategories of industrial oil such as
crude petroleum, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene and
fuel oil are projected to increase only slightly by
the year 2000. Most oil facilities are now located
along the Arthur Kill, the west side of Newark Bay
and along Newtown Creek.   There is likely to be
little change, in either New York or New Jersey, in
the number of facilities in this category as the
physical infrastructure commitment (i.e. tanks) of
the oil facilities and the cost of their removal
makes them less vulnerable to redevelopment
pressures.


The location of a Petroleum Industry Center for oil
spill clean up developed by the Petroleum Industry
Response Organization (PIRO), while adding to the
number of vessels stationed in the Harbor, may
decrease the time waterways are currently closed
during oil spill cleanup.




               3.46










Government      Government  uses  are  expected  to show  a  slight
Uses            increase through the year 2000.  The   U.S. Navy
              Homeport proposes bringing seven war ships and
              approximately 10 service and shipyard craft into
              the port. Because of national security measures,
              waters around the Homeport will be closed to all
              other vessels. The waterborne Police and Fire units
              are not expected to increase. Some growth in Coast
              Guard personnel has been recommended in relation to
              the VTS program.

Sludge         While  exhibiting  a nearly  40%  increase  in  the
              number of sludge facilities between 1978 and 1988,
              sludge hauling in both New York and New Jersey is
              likely to decrease dramatically by the mid-1990's
              as ocean disposal of sludge is prohibited.
              However, intra-Port sludge movement for sludge
              dewatering and sludge processing will require
              continued barge activity.   As a result,  it is
              likely that barge movements will remain constant
              into the near future. The location of sludge
              processing and disposal facilities is still
              undetermined.


Solid Waste    The current movement of solid waste from marine
              transfer stations in New York to the landfill at
              Fresh Kills on the Arthur Kill in Staten Island and
              Edgemere in Queens will change when these landfills
              are closed by about the year 2000. Some refuse is
              scheduled to be burned at waste-to-energy plants
              and barge movement of solid waste to and from
              waste-to-energy plants is likely. In addition, the
              new recycling mandates in the New York Metropolitan
               region will provide for the possible development of
              new  transfer,  processing,  and  remanufacturing

                             3.47










              facilities. Locations have not yet been selected.
              Although the routes will change, much of the
              movement of materials to and/or from these
              facilities will be done by-barge. it is, therefore
              estimated,..that approximately the same number of
              barges currently used for solid waste movements to
              Fresh Kills will be used for inter-and intra-Port
              solid waste transport. In New Jersey solid waste id
              currently not moved by barge.


New Water       in addition to changes in the number of facilities
Dependent      and land area needed for current water dependent
   Indusriesindustries, a number of new, water -dependent
              industries are likely to require waterfront sites.
              While additional study is needed to determine
              exactly which new water dependent industries could
              locate in New York City, examples of two viable
              industries are as follows:


Time           Waterborne  overnight  package  delivery  between
Sensitive      the New York/New Jersey Region's office centers and
Cargo Ferry    airports could eliminate some highway transport
              uncertainties. High speed ships would require
              docking  locations  near  business  centers.  The se'
              vessels, which depend on speed in order to be
              economically viable, would be traveling from
              Kennedy, La Guardia and Newark Airports through
              Jamaica Bay, the Upper East River, Newark Say and
              the Kill Van Kull.-These areas already experience a
              great deal of cargo movement and a considerable
              amount of recreational vessel use.


Newsprint      Recent reports suggest that water transportation
Shipping       could soon become a primary mode for newsprint
              imports if adequate sites are located and/or

                             3.48










preserved along the waterfront for newspaper
printing facilities. 31


In both instances, since the distribution terminals
for these uses would require industrially zoned
land, it is anticipated that the new facilities
would be located in areas of already existing water
dependent uses or industrial concentration.


FUTURE PROBLEMS8 AND CONFLICTS


Most current problems relating to cargo, maritime
support and water dependent industry vessels will
continue.   Although tonnage handled by existing
cargo terminals, both container and break-bulk is
expected to increase, the number of vessels is
projected to remain constant. The increased size of
vessels  Willi,  however,   present   several   new
potential conflicts.   1)  The larger ships will
have even less maneuverability.'  2)  Ships will
require   higher   speed   to  maintain   steering
capability. 3)  The vessels will require a larger
anchorage area in the Lower Harbor. 4) The deeper
draft of these vessels will require that they
lighter their materials more often than is
currently  required.    5)   The  dredging  of  the
navigable channels that will be required to
accommodate the larger vessels will in itself,
congest these waterways.


The introduction of high speed, time sensitive
cargo ferry operations may also result in new
conflicts because of the importance of speed in
making these vessels financially competitive.  in
addition, these high speed vessels may be docking

               3.49










at locations near the business centers that are  
already congested with other vessel movements.
















































              3.50












Chapter 3 - Endnotes

1. Journal of Commerce Staff, "New York, Los
Angeles Vie for Top Trade Spot, "The Journal of
Commerce" (New York, New York) May 1990.

2. Norman Brouwer, "The Port of New York, A
History: 1860-1985, Moving Goods Within the Port,"
Seaport, Vol. XX Number 4 (Spring 1987) p. 30-35.

3. Ibid.

4. Mitchell L. Moss, "Staging a Renaissance on the
Waterfront," New York Affairs, Vol. 6 Number 2
(1980) pp. 7-8.

5. Dravo Van Houten, "Maritime Support Services
Location Study", (1991), pp. 3-5.

6. City Council Legislative Panel on Waterfront
Development, "Proud Legacy? The Future of New York
Citys' Waterfront, Lost Opportunity?" 1987 p. 4.

7. Port Authority, "FREIGHT FACTS," 1989 pp. 15-16.

8. Port Authority, interview, Port Division Staff.

9. Dravo Van Houton, p. 8.3.


10. Ibid p. 6.5.

11. Ibid p. 6.12.

12. Neil Baumler, "Water Dependent Use Study"
(Draft).

13. Larry Baier, Memo, New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection.

14. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers "The Port of N.Y.
& N.J. and Ports on Long Island, N.Y.," Port Series
No. 5, 1988.

15. The Maritime Association of the Port of New
York/New Jersey, "Berth Totals for New York/New
Jersey for the Year 1989."

16. Neil Baumler, "Op cit.


               3.51









17. U.S. Coast Guard, "Board of Inquiry Report,
Ports and Wa.

18. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard,
"Vessel Traffic Service New York-Users Manual, Oct.
1990.

19. Baumler, Neil "Water Dependent Use Study"
(Draft).

20. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey,
interview Port Division staff, 1990.

21. Frederick R. Harris, Inc. "Study of the
Brooklyn  and  East  River  Marine Terminals,  July
1987, pg. xii-xiv.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid pg. 1, 4.

24. Interview with Port Division, Port Authority,
1990.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Dravo Van Houten, "Maritime Support Services
Location Study," (1991), pg 8.3-8.5

28. Ibid, pg. 8.7-8.13

29. Baumler, op ict.

30. Baier, op cit.

31. Baumler, op cit.














               3.52










                  CHAPTER 4: FERRIES


                  Passenger ferries have always been an important
                  water use of the New York-New Jersey Harbor. While
                  the number of routes and ridership have risen and
                  fallen over the past two c enturies, current and
                  future trends point to an increasing number of
                  ferrie's on the harbor. Understanding the operation
                  of ferries is especially critical in addressing the
                  large safety issues arising from vessels carrying
                  up to several hundred passengers in a variety of
                  weather conditions and sharing the Harbor with a
                  number of other uses.


                  This chapter will focus solely on passenger
                  carrying vessels. Freight, cargo and rail ferries
                  are considered within the Maritime and Industrial
                  Activity chapter.


                  FERRY HISTORY


                  Ferry service -in New York dates back to the
                  earliest European settlements in the area. Ferries
                  often   provided   the   sole   connection    for
                  transportation and commerce, linking islands and
                  crossing rivers. The first ferry in the region, in
                  1641, crossed the East River from lower Manhattan
                  to Fulton Landing, Brooklyn. By the 1660's, ferry
                  connections  between  -Manhattan,. -New..; Jersey  and.
                  Staten Island were established.


                  Many of these ferries established routes that were
                  later to form the major corridors of the city's
                  fixed transportation network. Bridges and tunnels
*                  ~~~~~constructed in later years traveled the paths of

                                  4.1











original  ferry  routes.    Examples  include  the0
Brooklyn and Williamsburg Bridges linking Manhattan
and Brooklyn, the Whitestone Bridge linking the
.Bronx and Queens, and the Holland Tunnel linking,.
Manhattan and New Jersey.


The early ferries were either. sail or human
powered. The introduction of steam power in the
early 19th century allowed ferry travel to become
more swift-.and reliable. During the first half of
the 19th century ferry operators remained small and
independent, with little revenue to expand or
refurbish.     Most  ferries  combined  passenger
movement and goods movement, creating a situation
where pigs, cows and people all traveled together.


By the middle of the 19th century, the railroads,
rapidly becoming large, successful businesses,
discovered that ferries could be used as a part of
an intermodal transportation service, thereby
expanding rail distances.   As railroads began to
control ferry lines, investments were made in
technology, passenger comfort and terminal design..
Over the next few decades five major rail/ferry
centers emerged at Hoboken, Weehawken, Jersey City
and Pavonia.   From them, passengers  sailed  to
terminals in midtown and lower Manhattan, and
Brooklyn.   Although originally conceived as long
distance freight carriers, .within -a: -decade of,-.
establishing rail/ferry connections, the railroads
were carrying commuters via their ferry terminals
into Manhattan.   IManhattan had at least twenty
separate passenger ferry locations with connections
to all of the future outer boroughs and New Jersey.
Several hundred river crossings occurred daily.

                4.2











                  Bridge construction signaled the slow decline of
                  ferry use where bridges traversed the paths of
                  early  ferry  routes.    The  1883  opening  of  the
                  Brooklyn  Bridge  allowed  travelers  to  journey
                  without changing transportation modes to and from.
                  Brooklyn and Manhattan, spurring an extraordinary
                  construction and population boom in the former.


                  The most dramatic fall off in ferry ridership
                  occurred in the 20th century.  The subway tunnels
                  linking  Brooklyn,  Queens    and  the  Bronx  with
                  Manhattan displaced ferries as passengers selected
                  more convenient modes of transport.   The Trans-
                  Hudson   ferries  witnessed   sharp  declines   in
                  ridership with the construction of the Hudson and
                  Manhattan tubes  (PATH) and Pennsylvania Railroad
                  Tunnel, followed by the Holland Tunnel (1927), the
                  George Washington Bridge (1931) and the 'Lincoln
                  Tunnel (1937).  By the end of World War II there
                  were no East River ferries in operation and, in
                  1967, the last Hudson River ferry, from Hoboken to
                  Barclay Street, stopped operating.   From 1967 to
                  1986, the only ferries in New York Harbor were the
                  Staten Island and Governor's Island Ferries.


                  FERRIES - PRESENT CONDITIONS


                  The return of private ferry service in New York
                  began in 1986, with the, issuance of 'the New York,
                  City Waterborne Transportation Policy Statement.
                  Bridge and tunnel congestion, a resurgent interest
                  in   residential   and   commercial   waterfront
                  development, and operator interest due to the
                  availability of offshore oil boats as inexpensive
0                  ~~~~~equipment, led the City's transportation planners

                                  4.3










              to  reexamine  the  water-ways.     The  goals  and
              objectives contained within the Policy Statement
              reflect these changing conditions:


              - transport passengers in a safe, reliable and
              efficient manner;
              - facilitate access to and within the city, or to
              recreational areas;
              - reduce the number of motor vehicles entering
              Manhat tan; -
              - enhance the development of the city's waterfront;
              -integrate easily into the existing transportation
              system.


              The Waterborne Transportation Policy Statement
              encouraged private, unsubsidized ferry operations
              which would not compete with existing mass transit.
              The New York City Department of Transportation
              began issuing permits to private companies for
              ferry routes, both intra- and inter-state, usually
              with Manhattan as the final commuting destination.
              Additionally, the, City also provid~d improved
              docking facilities for ferry landings.


Ferry Studies 'The recent growth in the ferry industry has given
               rise to several publicly funded studies. Two of
              these studies have been conducted by the New York
              City Department of City Planning and relate to
              landside access  at -potential  ferry, stops.   The
               first study, entitled Improving Landside Access for
              Perry Services(1987), examined  criteria  for  the
              establishment of a ferry terminus.   The  second
               report, Landside opportunities for Expanded Ferry
              Service(1990), selected sites and described the
               feasibility of developing each. The objectives of

                              4.4










                 these studies complement the original Policy
                 Statement.      They  identify  opportunities  for
                  improving private ferry services that serve the
                                                            2
                  travel  needs  of  commuters  and  tourists;   and
                 develop a framework for the 'establishment of
                 additional privately operated ferry services. 3


                 A third study being conducted by the New York City
                 Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transit
                 Operations, Private Ferries Operations, is entitled
                 An Assessment of the Potential for Ferry Services
                  in New York Harbor. This study follows upon other
                  studies in analyzing the operational and financial
                 viability of several new routes, with special
                 attention to those that may capture a portion of
                  the current auto commuter market.


                 The fourth study, produced for the New Jersey
                 Department of Transportation, is entitled Hudson
                 River Waterfront North-South Ferry Study(1990).
                 The purpose of the study, given the large .number of
                 New  Jersey  waterfront   developments,   was   to
                 determine "whether, when, how and to what degree
                  ferries might also play a role in satisfying
                  intrastate waterfront oriented travel demand."


                 These studies, several of which are federally
                  funded, are expected to continue the public
                  encouragement of private ferry operations.


                 As previously noted, contemporary operators were
                  initially attracted to the ferry business by the
                 availability of inexpensive crew boats resulting
                  from the depression in the Texas oil industry.
*                 ~~~~~These boats were used by the industry to transport

                                 4.5










work crews to offshore oil rigs.  Retrof itting them
for use as ferry boats was also relatively
inexpensive.


Many  developers   regarded  the  ferries  -as  a
tremendous asset to their waterfront property.
Among the first operators was Arthur Imperatore,
president and owner of Arcorp, who incorporated
ferry service as part of his plan to develop two
miles of New Jersey waterfront across from
Manhattan. His ferry run, linking Weehawken with
West 38th Street, offers parking and connecting bus
or van service to midtown.    Walter Mihm, a real
estate  developer  and  owner  of  a, 256  acre
development in Port Monmouth, New Jersey, is
another operator, connecting his site by ferry to
Pier 11 near Wall Street.


While crew boats were inexpensive, they generally
lacked  comfort  and  speed.    Maximum  speed  was
approximately nineteen knots, making it difficult
to provide long ferry runs. For this reason many
of the newer entries to the ferry roster have used
much more advanced transportation technology.
Greatly improved conventional monohulls as well as
twin-hulled catamarans are the latest additions to
the Harbor.   These ships travel at much higher
speeds than the crew boats. Obtaining speeds of up
to 50 mph, long ferry routes can become much more
time efficient and provide a more comfortable ride.
The former is not always the case. For example,
last summer, an advertised run from East 34th
Street in Manhattan to Ocean Bay Park on Fire
Island hoped to transport passengers in under two
hours.   In reality the trip time actually  took

               4.6










S                      ~~~~~~~three hours.   The real attraction was that  the
                      ferry provided a much more scenic trip and
                      guaranteed the passengers would not be stuck in
                      traffic.  While alternative means of Itransportation
                      for this trip may take a similar -amount of time,.
                      most require mode changes, which the ferry does
                      not.


                      The return of commuters is critical to the
                      resurgence of ferries.   Public encouragement  of
                      private operations must come simultaneously with an
                      increase  in  demand.    Given  vehicular  traffic-
                      congestion and the number of new waterfront
                      developments along both the New Jersey and New York
                      City waterfronts, a strong market has developed.
                      For many of the routes the destination time may be
                      comparable   to  other   modes   of   transit   or

                      automobiles.   However, at least in the case of
                      automobiles, destination time can vary widely,
                      whereas ferry times are much more predictable. The
                      cost of ferries as a mode of transit is usually
                      comparable with express buses', which have higher
                      tariffs than non-express transit yet are still
                      subject to congestion problems.


       Existing       There are currently 11 ferry  routes within  the
       Routes         New York/New Jersey Harbor, carrying an average
                      daily   weekday   ridership   of   over    13,000
                      passengers.(See Fig 4.1 and Fig.4.2.) Table I shows
                      the majority of existing routes connecting with
                      Pier 11 at Wall Street (though this landing site
                      does not necessarily receive the most passengers).


                      Quite naturally, most of these ferry runs are made
                      during peak commuting hours in the A.M. with

                                      4.7



























































                                14           1~~~4. PTANIER HIGHLLNDST, MNHATA
                                              15. WHITEHAL TRALD, MNJATA
                M~~t4MOUT~~~i              1~6. GOTVERYPRKS CITYANHATA
                                               17. PIR8  WEST 36 TH ST.), MANHATTAN
                                               1S.6T POT. IPIERIA, WEEAWKDENN


                                                    9.   LINCOLNHARBOR, WEHTAWKNN

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 PORTMUBTER JERSEY DCKNSITES: EITNGJAE S MNGMN

                                                    12.   BA~~~ YCDP.OFCTPLNNENJ
                                                    13.~~~~N SET. GORGE SAENVISLANMETA



                                   ~~~~~4.8TATCHIHADN




































































FERRIES    CHAPTER 4    FIG. 2                                            NEW YORK NEW JERSEY
                                                                        HARBOR ESTUARY

        COMMUTER FERRY ROUTES: EXISTING                       WAE SETUNGEEN

                                                                        NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                        NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                        PROTECTION




                                        4. 9










                                                     TABLE 4.1 DESTINATION FERRY ROUTES


      ORIGIN         PIER 11,     EAST 34TH         PIER 78 W.   SLIP 5,7     BATTERY PARK    WHITEHALL  Pier 84
                     WALL         STREET, MAN.,    38TH          BATTERY      CITY, MAN., NY  TERMINAL   W.44th St.
                     STREET,      NY               STREET,       MARITIME                       SOUTH       Man.,NY
                     MAN., NY                      MAN., NY      BLDG,                          FERRY,
                                                                MAN., NY                      MAN.,NY

69TH STREET PIER
BAY RIDGE, BKLYN.,        X
NY

MARINE AIR
TERMINAL LAGUARDIA        X               X
AIRPORT, QUEENS,
NY

HIGHLANDS,:
MONMOUTH, NJ              X

ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS
MONMOUTH, NJ              X

PORT                      X
LIBERTE,HUDSON,NJ

BAYONNE HUDSON, NJ        X

PORT IMPERIAL                                            X            X
WEEHAWKEN, HUDSON,
NJ

HOBOKEN,HUDSON, NJ                                                                    X

GOVERNORS IS., NY                                                     X

ST. GEORGE, STATEN
ISLAND, NY                                                                                          X
LINCOLN HARBOR,                                                                                                  X
WEEHAWKEN, HUDSON,                                                    X
NJ


                                                   4.10












              reverse runs in the P.M.  For this reason, ferry
              use is very time sensitive, though a certain amount
              of ferry movement is done off peak.   This latter
              movement comes in two forms, the movement of the
              vessels to their overnight or midday mooring
              locations, and the evening use of some of these
              boats for alternative activities, as harbor
              cruises,  or  private  charter.    These  uses  ar e
              discussed in detail within the commercial boating
              section of-this report.


              FUTURE CONDITIONS


              The number of people using ferries to commute has
              been increasing.  (See Fig. 4.3.)  In the future,
              more commuters will be choosing ferry service for
              several reasons: first, overall population growth
              in the region is expected to bring more commuters
              into Manhattan and between various parts of the
              harbor.      Second,   more   reliable   and   more
              competitively priced service will be made available
              through technological improvements. Third, existing
              transportation infrastructure is at capacity,
              deteriorating, and not likely to expand. Finally,
              more ferry landing sites will probably become
              available for private ferry operators to provide
              service. Predictions concerning number of ferry
              routes can be inferred from analysis of factors
              encouraging demand for ferry service, routes and
              access.


Watertaxis,    While the same conditions which make ferry service
              an attractive transportation option will also make
              watertaxis a possibility, they have not been
              investigated here. There has been no public demand

                             4.11












    OFFICE OF FERRY PLANNING
    ALL PRIVATE OPERATIONS


    AVERAGE WEEKDAY PASSENGER TRIPS
 16





 12-                 /,











  4 -











        -  1987  -4- 1988      - 1989   -   1990


-RIDERSHIP IN THOUSANDS

               Fig. 3.


   Source: Peter Hallock, New York City Department of





               4.12
               4.12










for this type of transportation nor has there been
any private  sector  initiatives.    The projected
costs of operation has made it prohibitive. It is
not considered to be a viable transportation option,
now or in the immediate-fluture.  For the majority
of commuters, the high fares the watertax-i operator
would have to charge would eliminate most of the
public from using them. If watertaxi service
overcomes these economic barriers, it will probably
occur in waterfront areas which have not been cut
of f from populated areas by either highways or
parks. Watertaxis would probably operate between
mixed used developments proposed throughout the
harbor, such as Hunters Point, Queens and the New
Jersey side of the Hudson River.


While watertaxi services will not be prevalent use
in this harbor, they have recently been considered
by the New York Parks Department as a way to link
waterfront parks.  6These proposed watertaxis  or
water shuttles would utilize a smaller vessel
carrying 12 to 30 people. Meanwhile, the use of
hovercrafts in creating waterfront park linkages in
New York-New Jersey Harbor, might allow immediate
commencement of services. For example, the Gateway
National Recreation Area Park in Jamaica Bay,
Staten Island and Sandy Hook could be joined
without disturbing the existing habitats and
without any immediate infrastructure improvements.
Finally, growth of ferry service may be affected
either positively or negatively by the possible
addition of watertaxis, especially the use of
hovercrafts which appear to be an ideal vessel for
use as watertaxis.


               4.13










increasing      The existing demand for ferry service is projected
Commuters       to increase.   The rise in ferry commuters can be
              expected to be a function of the increase in the
              number of people residing in areas surrounding the.
              harbor. National population: growth-predictions for
              the next 20 years conclude those counties with the
              largest gains in population will be primarily in
              suburbs of the largest cities. Consequently, the
              peripheries of transportation routes in New York
              are expected to be among the fastest growing areas.
              The city has experienced significant intercoastal
              growth. With increased population, there is also
                                                          7
              the expectation of continued suburban sprawl. This
               sprawl will mean the existing transportation
               infrastructure will be further burdened with more
              commuters traveling not just to Manhattan for work
              but to various locations throughout the area.
              Wherever the region's waterways offer viable ferry0
               transit alternatives, ferry service, spurred by
              development, will grow as a result of the increased
              number of commuters.


              The numbers of commuters will be closely tied to
              projected population growth areas. While Manhattan
              will continue to have the largest number of jobs
              and therefore generate the most commuters, new
              developments  in other areas of the harbor will
              emerge as destination and origin points for
               commuters.  (See  Fig. 4.4)  Location and policy
              will   encourage   many   of   the   proposed   new
               developments to include ferry service as a logical
              means of transit and to mitigate the developments
               impact on the existing infrastructure. In addition,
               ferry routes will likely involve more than one stop
               during rush hours.

                              4.14










                                         ...........~~T~~ETE
        PASSAIC                                               --~~~~~~......

                          .  .   .............



                               N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....

                     ESSEX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... .




                    SIATEN..........
                                   ISLAND~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
                  0~~~~~~~~~...........






             * MIDDLESEX  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
     ..............


                        .......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E  ..~  EWJRE
                   FERRIES    CHAPTER  4    FIG  4                          IIAR9OR ESTUARY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ...
                                                                                                 ....... ....NAEMN
                  g~~~~ ~~~~OTENTIAL FERRY ROUTE CONNECTING~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........
         ORTH/SOUTH  POINTS                                              STU.......
                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NCDP..................
                                ....~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~N ........ OF ENVIRO.MENTAL
SOURCE~~~~~~~~~~............... ......... .ESE DEATM.   ............NPRTECIO
  PREPARED~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... ....... ........INEROF

                                                            4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..15.......












Existing        Even without the projected development along the
Infrastructure shoreline and the expected increase in population,
               the  condition  of  existing  roads,  bridges    and
               public transportation is expected to continue to
               deteriorate. The New York City Department of
               Transportation (NYCDOT) found 56 percent of the 842
               city owned bridges to be "structurally deficient"-
               no longer strong enough to carry loads for which
               they were designed. It appears that over the next
               ten years several bridges may have to be closed. 8
               Mass transit systems throughout the region are near
               or at capacity. Subway commuters already encounter
               lines operating at capacity, especially in areas of
               Queens connecting to Manhattan. Meanwhile, those
               who use express buses or commute by automobile face
               severe highway congestion. Any new funds allocated
               for roads bridges and subways will probably be
               spent on repair and maintenance, not expansion.


               The effective guidance and support of public
               agencies   is   mirrored   in   the  -successful
               establishment  of  new  services.    The  level  and
               concentration of services in turn may signal the
              ,,potential for congestion and conflict and need for
               improved Harbor traffic control.


Regulations    While the demand for ferries will increase,  the
               entry rate of new ferry operators will depend on
               the impact of government regulations and subsidies
               in fostering or inhibiting service. Presently, no
               direct  subsidies  are  available.    The  indirect
               support now existing for some ferry landing sites
               represents   those   agencies   controlling   and
               developing their own piers.


                              4.16











                     The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and
                      the New York City Department of Ports and Trade own
                     or operate many of the proposed ferry landing
                      sites.   As publicly owned piers are  no longer
                     needed for industrial uses, such agencies can make
                     them available to private ferry operators. Unless
                      ferry operators have sufficient capital to develop.
                      these sites, the growth of ferry service in several
                     areas of the harbor will be limited by the fiscal
                     ability of Ports and Trade and the Port Authority.
                     Barring the need to offer emergency alternatives to
                      infrastructure closures, as with the Williamsburg
                     Bridge, it may be difficult to justify public
                      investment in a ferry landing site that may not be
                     profitable, especially during a weakened economy.


*                     ~~~~~Ferry  service  is  viewed  as  a way  to  attract
                     automobile commuters out of their cars.  Reducing
                      the number of private automobiles in the city will
                     help to be reduce air pollution and traffic
                     congestion. Recent policy and structural changes in
                     the transportation agencies seek to promote 'the
                      integration of ferry service with the existing
                      infrastructure. Whether these are as of yet being
                      realized is unclear.   In general,  ferry service
                     will not be competing with existing subway and
                      train systems unless those systems are at capacity.
                     Through their respective review and approval
                     processes, both states encourage mass transit. as
                     the alternative   for automobile  commuters.  New
                     Jersey accomplished this goal via the State
                     Department of Environmental Conservation's issuing

                     of Waterfront Development Permits (WDP).  9This is
                     mirrored by the New York City Department of City
0                     ~~~~~~Planning  administered  Waterfront  Revitalization

                                     4.17











              Program (WRP) . Through the continued aggressive use
              of the WRP approval process every major project
              along the shoreline in New York City will be
              reviewed   for   consistency   with   requirements
              concerning potential landing facilities,


              Likewise in New Jersey, the waterfront development
              permits will be   required for new ferry landing
              sites.  Those  areas  where  ferry  service  is
              appropriate will have to meet WRP and WDP policies
              advocating water dependent uses and public access.
              For example an applicant proposing a residential
              development  or a marina development may also be
              encouraged to include a ferry landing site in the
              development plans when being reviewed for WRP
              consistency approval.   (The New Jersey equivalent
              to New York City WRP approval process is in Chapter
              7E of New Jersey Administrative Code entitled
              Coastal Resource and Development Policies.)


              In addition, the United States Army Corps of
              Engineers prov~ides an indirect support- through
              their removal of dilapidated piers and obstructions
              and administering dredging permits, enabling once
              unstable waterfront spaces to function as  ferry
              landing sites. While the Army Corps is not mandated
              to promote ferry service it does so by creating a
              better environment for all vessels, including.
              ferries.


operations     Besides the availability of adequate landing sites,
              ferry route permits require ferry operators to have
              contingency plans for vessel breakdowns.  This is
              to insure that the ferry operator provides
              consistent service (and avoid unnecessary schedule

                             4.18












                  interruptions) critical to developing an adequate
                  customer base. The more trips provided during peak
                  commuting times the more likely an operator will
                  attract the necessary numbers of passengers to
                  become profitable.


                  An aspect of the NYCDOT ferry permit which could
                  limit the growth of ferry service is the one year
                  permit  limitation.    Presently,  having  made  a
                  substantial commitment of capital, a ferry operator
                  has no guarantee that when their permit expires,
                  the same route and access to certain piers at
                  specific  times  will  be  renewed.    An  operator
                  seeking a longer franchise period needs New York
                  City Council approval. Expanding the length of the
*                  ~~~~~ferry permit thus becomes an important investment
                  incentive.


                  Operators now have two options available to
                  increase ferry ridership.  They can operate their
                  own bus or van service and not charge'an additional
                  fee for the bus or they can make a request to the
                  Port Authority, the Metropolitan Transportation
                  Authority(MTA) or New York City Department of
                  Transportation(NYCDOT), for modification of an
                  existing bus route or the creation of a new one.
                  At this time, the MTA takes six months to a year to
                  evaluate a request for change of siervice. For a new.
                  ferry service, this could be the deciding factor on
                  whether the service is successful.


                  In New Jersey, the Port Authority is investigating
                  development of an integrated fare system, enabling
                  commuters to pay one fare for several types of mass
                  transportation, thus eliminating their need to

                                 4.19











              purchase a ticket every time they change to a new
              transportation mode. For example, a commuter could
              easily switch from a ferry to a bus.


              The recent reorganization of NYCDOT placing Private
              Ferry Operations under the direction of the
              Division  of  Surface  Transit  -is - expected  to
              contribute to future ferry service success. This
              coordination could consist of changing an existing
              bus route to make an additional stop at a pier at a
              certain time or actually developing new bus service
              to specifically link new ferry service.


Technology      In the future,  experts envision  new high  speed
              ferries becoming prevalent in the harbor.   These
              high speed ferries will meet the demand of those
              commuters traveling longer distances necessitating
              faster, reliable, consistent trips. Through use of
              a catamaran type hull, these vessels can easily
              achieve speeds of 30 knots (where allowed in the
              study area), twice as fast as the converted crew
              boats currently used by the majority of ferry
              operators in the harbor. They can carry over 300
              passengers and allow ferry operators to charge
              competitive    fares    with    other    modes    of
              transportation.   It is expected in areas such as
              Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey and Breezy Point,
              Queens will attract more of these long distance
              commuters    because    the    existing    ground.
              transportation infrastructure is overloaded and
              involves long travel times.


              Another    significant    improvement    in   ferry
              transportation which may be operating within the
              study area soon is the introduction of amphibious

                             4.20










hovercraft vessels into the harbor.   While their
unique features have not been considered in any
recent studies concerning the suitability of a
particular site as a hover-craft ferry landing site,
one is scheduled to begin operating within the
Harbor in 1991.


The hovercraft generates a cushion of air and is
propelled by rear mounted fans behind it.(See
Fig.4.5.) These features allow it to: travel above
water (at 50 knots), onto land, over objects such
as ice and large logs in the water, to have
excellent maneuverability, to be fuel efficient,
land without piers, and to be easily maintained.
Hovercraft use also allows travel in areas of the
harbor that other types of ferries cannot go such
as  shallow,  environmentally  sensitive  areas. 1
Somewhat disquieting, noise from the two large
propellers may be a problem.



FUTURE PERRY LANDING SITE LOCATIONS


While the majority of commuters using ferry service
will continue to be those destined for Manhattan,
including those using new landing sites, service
may also develop in a north/south direction along
the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. 11still
another projected growth area will be from Staten
Island directly to the Jersey side of the Hudson
River.  Conservative estimates suggest the number
of ferry routes could easily double in the next
five years even if the present recession continues.


Several constraints that have inhibited private

               4.*21


















































       Fig. 5. An illustration of a British hovercraft
       which is currently used as a passenger ferry in the
       English Channel.




Source: "Hovercraft and Your Community," British Hovercraft
       Corporation, East Cowes, isle of Wight, England, February
       1990



                          4.22










                       ferry service will be eliminated thus allowing for
                       even more ferry routes to be developed.' The
                       operation of ferry service should become more cost
                       effective as ridership increases on the shorter
                       commuting   routes   and   longer   routes   become
                       economically feasible through the use of high speed
                       ferries.   Concurrently,  numerous  short 'distance
                       routes will develop,, especially along ~the Hudson,.
                       as piers are made available through the government
                       improvements    and    through    new    waterfront
                       development.    Longer  routes  will  become  more
                       attractive  as  automotive  commuting  times  to
                       Manhattan and throughout the region increase along
                       with toll and fuel costs.   This growth will be
                       propelled as more fuel efficient faster vessels,
                       such as high speed catamarans and hovercrafts, are
*                       ~~~~~~~incorporated into ferry operations.


                       The following list and maps (See Figs.4.6 - 4.8.)
                       illustrate sites which could becomie a ferry landing
                       site because of any combination of these factors:
                       They serve an existing market; create a new market
                       through development; and/or require little physical
                       improvements to begin service immediately.


                       POSSIBLE FUTURE PERRY LOCATIONS  12; NEW YORK CITY,
                       WESTCHESTER,  LONG  ISLAND,  13NEW  JERSEY  14AND
                       SURROUNDING AREAS


                       Manhattan - Hudson River


                            - Battery Park City; Pier A
                            - West 30th Street Heliport
                            - 42nd Street Terminal
*~~~~~~~~~ -Trump City (Proposed Development)

                                       4.23










     - 72nd Street
     - 79th Street Boat Basin
     - Harlem on the Hudson, 125th Street


Manhattan-East River

     - Piers 9-13(Expansion of Pier 11 Terminal).
     - East 28th Street Park
     - East 63rd Street
     - East 78th Street
     - 107th Street Pier


Brooklyn
     - Canarsie Pier
     - Mill Basin
     - Sheepshead Bay
     - Toys-R-Us, Bay 44th Street
     - Brooklyn Army Terminal, 65th Street
     - Red Hook
     - Brooklyn Piers and Fulton Landing
     - North 5th to North 11th Street,Williamsburg


Bronx
     - Orchard Beach
     - Marina Del Ray, Shurz and East Tremont Ave.
     - Ferry Point Park, Westchester Creek
Queens
     - Point Little Bay adjacent to the Throgs Neck
       Bridge, Powell's Cove Blvd.(Proposed
       Development)

     - Worlds Park Fair Marina/Shea Stadium,
       Flushing Meadow Park


     - 44th Street Pier, Long Island City
       Hunters Point (Proposed Development)

     - Breezy Point

               4.24











     - Arverne (Proposed Development)


Staten Island

     - St. George Seaport (Proposed Development)

     - Alice Austin Park Area
     - Great Kills
     - Prince's Point


Long Island-Nassau County

     - Inwood
     - Port Washington
     - Glen Cove
New Jersey
     - Old Ferry North, Edgewater
     - Old Ferry South, Edgewater (Proposed
       Development)
     - Renaissance Square Edgewater (Proposed
       Development)
     - Stevens Castle Point Hoboken (Proposed
       Development)
     - Exchange Place, Jersey City (Proposed
     Development)
     - Elizabeth Port Marina, Elizabeth
     - Harbortown, Perth Amboy
     - South Amboy Redevelopment Parcel, South
      Amboy
     - Keyport
     - Point Atlantic, Keansburg


FUTURE FERRY LANDING OUTSIDE OF STUDY AREA WITH
DESTINATIONS INSIDE STUDY AREA
     - Greenwich, CT
     - Norwalk, CT
     - Stamford, CT
     - Rye Playland, Rye, NY


               4.25










                   - Mamaroneck, NY
                   - New Rochelle, NY
                   - Tarrytown, MY
                   - Rockland Lake State Park, NY
                   - Nyack, NY
                   - JFK Marina, Greenwood, NY
                   - Yonkers, NY



PROBLEMS\       As ferry operators attempt to meet demand they will
CONFLICTS       be expanding  their  schedules.  Maintaining  these
               schedules will become increasingly difficult as
              operators provide more trips and\or faster service.
              Time pressures will continue to discourage ferry
              operators from slowing down or altering their
               course in heavily traveled shipping channels or
              densly populated recreational boating areas of the
               harbor.  This may create problems  resulting from
               ferries creating wakes and possibly cutting off
              other types of vessels-when attempting to maintain
               their expanding schedules. With increased dens3ity
               of ferries at certain landing sites, crowding
               during peak commuting times may occur. Especially,
              when a delayed ferry creates a backlog at a pier
              preventing other ferries from docking their boats.


CONCLUSION      Private ferry service growth will be dependent on
               commuters   and   related   government   agencies
              perceiving service as not just an amenity for a few
               but a part of the mass transportation systems for
               areas surrounding the study area. How fast the
               number of new ferry routes grow depends on the
               kind of service ferry operators provide, available
               landside access, and integration of ferry service
               with other modes of transportation. Ferry service

                              4.26





































FERRIES CHAP~~~~~~~~~TcfE3R 4FG  E OKINWJRE







    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ABRESTUAR




                          4.2~~~~~~~7"






































































                                                                        NEW YORK I NEW JERSEY
FERRIES   CHAPTER 4   FIG. 7                                                 HARBOR ESTUARY
                                                                        WATER USE MANAGEMENT
   \,POTENTIAL/ FUTURE FERRY ROUTES                           STUDY
                                                                        NYC DEPT. OF CIrY PLANNING
                                                                        NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                        PROTECTON




                                        4.28























           ..........~~~~~~E~
..... ....



















     FERRIES CHAP~~TER4FG.  EWOKINEWJRE

                                                  T~~HARBOR ETUAR







                                         4.29~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A











needs to be addressed in a comprehensive way by the
communities in New Jersey. While ferry service has
been considered for all of New York City through
the New York City Waterborne Policy Statement this
statement may have to be revised if ferry
transportation systems are to prosper.


Despite existing constraints on ferry service
passenger ferry service is expanding. Because of
existing  -infrastructure    deterioration    and
congestion,   commuters  have  begun       to  seek
alternative methods of transportation. Those used
to traveling by automobile are finding ferry
service a more reliable, comfortable and affordable
alternative. Providing adequate parking, shelters
for waiting, easy connections with other modes of
transportation and convenient schedules, will all
contribute to attracting sufficient numbers of
commuters to operate a successful ferry service.


,Acquiring capital to develop  amenities  probably
has prohibited many potential operators -from
entering the ferry business.  Providing some type
of subsidy to create a nurturing environment should
be' studied and possibly provided. Adequate landside
access is an essential part of ferry service
growth.      Since   comprehensive   ferry   siting
regulations do not exist in New Jersey ferry
operators must rely on their ability -to find ~and.
acquire   landside   access       from   individual
municipalities. Meanwhile, New York City's primary
facilitator of landside development of piers, the
Department of Ports and Trade, seek to maximize
profits when it develops piers for ferry landings.
Ferry operators,  who must  lease space on these I

               4.30











piers to pick up and discharge passengers, are
often competing with the express bus operator freed
from paying a fee for every stop made.


The City can accelerate ferry service growth by
allowing ferry operators to develop a sufficient
customer base to start to generate a profit before
requiring a fee at City owned piers.   Granting a
ferry operator a route permit for longer than the
current legal lease limit of one year at a
particular pier would provide ferry operators with
the incentive to invest in new sites. This would
prove to be a more realistic time frame in which to
develop business and amortize debt. The investment
amortization time frame must not be taken lightly.
One private ferry service now operating, Arcorp,
despite  owning  its  landing  sites  and  having
sufficient capital from a real estate company had
to operate at a deficit for two years even with
large numbers of passengers. 1


Without government  subsidies,  only   those ferry
operators who are supported usually by large
corporations or real estate developers will
continue to support ferry service. One result will
be that ferry service will remain as an amenity
instead of a part of the transportation network.
How government subsidies should be spent on ferries
needs to be studied to determine not,:o-nly the most
efficient way to promote service but also to
determine how mass transportation money should be
allocated for ferry service.


Formally integrating ferry service into the mass
transportation system will directly affect the

               4.31











number of ferries operating within the Harbor. At
New York City Department of Transportation, ferry
operations have been merged into the Division of
Surface Transportation to better coordinate ferry
service with connecting bus service operations.
Concurrently, the Port Authority is attempting -to
develop a unified ticketing system for comnmuters to
purchase one ticket for use on all types of mass
transportation   within   control   of   the   Port
          16
Authority.


With these two recent changes, it becomes easier to
measure any impact on the growth of ferry service.
Interstate coordination between New York and New
Jersey concerning ferry service will probably have
to be established   as well as a coordination of
ferry service within New Jersey if ferry service
is  to  be  formally  integrated  into  the  mass
transportation  system.   Meanwhile  ferry  service
within  New  Jersey  should  be  reviewed  in  a
comprehensive manner. The New York City Waterborne
Policy Statement may need to be altered not only to
allow ferry service within New York City but to
create a nurturing environment, thus enabling ferry
service to grow at a rate needed to meet
anticipated demand. These New York City Waterborne
Policy Statement revisions are being considered by
the New York City Council.











               4.32










     Chapter 4 - Endnotes



1. The New York Ferries:  The More Things Change, The
More They Remain the Same, NY Metropolitan Transportation
Council, 1989.

2. Improving Landside Access for Ferry Services, NYC
Department of City Planning, March 1988.

3. Landside Opportunities for Expanded FerryServices,
NYC Department of City Planning, June 1990.

4. "Hudson River Waterfront North-South Ferry Study;
Request for Proposals," NJ Department of Transportation,
December 8, 1988.

5. "Ferry Routes in New York Harbor, Bulletin Number 21,"
NYC Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transit Operators,
August 1990.

6.Sidney M. Johnson & Associates, Waterfront Management
Plan, Executive Summary,1990.

7. Thomas J. Culliton et al, 50 Years of Population
Change Along the Nation's Coasts: 1960-2010, The second
report of a coastal trends series, Office of Oceanography
and Marine Assessment, National Ocean 'Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC,
April 1990.

8. Calvin Sims, "New Problems are Found on Bridges," The
New York Times, September 15, 1990.

9. "Coastal Permit Program Rules, N.J.A.C. 7:7," NJ
Department of Environmental Protection, May 1989.

10. "Hovercraft and Your Community," British Hovercraft
Corporation, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, England, February
1990.

11. Parsons Brinckerhoff-FG, Inc., Final Report:. Hudson
River Waterfront North/South Ferry Study, prepared for NJ
Department of Transportation, March 1990.

12. See Appendix 6.5 Future Proposals for Ferries,
Commercial and Recreational Boating.

13. "Landside Opportunities for Expanded Ferry Services:
Technical Memorandum No. 2 - Site Renaissance and
Recommendations", New York City Department of City

                     4.33











Planning, 1988.

14. New Jersey Waterfront Development on the Hudson
River, NJ Governor's Waterfront Development Office, April
1988.

 15. Barry Light, testimony on behalf of the Arcorp Co. at
New York City Council hearing on "The Future of Commuter
Ferry Service in New York City," City of New York, City
.Hall, October 29, 1990.

 16. Dick Kelly, Dir. of Interstate Transportation, The
Port Authority of NY & NJ, testifying at New York City
Council hearing, October 29, 1988.




















                     4734
















                     4.34












CHAPTER 5 - COMMERCIAL BOATING



In recent years a growing interest in the New York
and New Jersey waterfront for non-traditional uses
has led to the resurgence of many water-related
activities,  including  -a  variety  of  commercial
boating operations.  As areas on the waterfront
formerly  utilized  for  maritime  or  industrial
activities,  such as the South Street Seaport in
Manhattan and the northern New Jersey waterfront
are revitalized, opportunities to dock commercial
craft and attract patrons are created.  Four types
of commercial boating activity will be examined in
this   chapter:   commercial   vacation   cruises,
excursion,   sightseeing  and   similar   vessels,
commercial sport fishing and cultural/educational
water-related activity.



TYPES OF COMMERCIAL BOATING ACTIVITIES



The commercial boating industry contains a variety
of different operations ranging from regularly
scheduled excursions leaving at a set time and
location to vessels chartered by a group or
-individual  for- -a-.party ;~and thaving, -a  flexible-
departure site and route tailored to the client's
needs. The type of operation often determines the
docking location, time of day and route.   It is
important to examine the characteristics of each
activity to understand their impact on harbor
traffic.

               5.1











              A second factor affecting the operations is the
              method of payment, which may take two forms; the
              first being an "open boat" or a "party boat" which
              may also be referred to as a "head boat" and the
              second being a "charter". An open boat or a party
              boat is a vessel which operates on a regular
              schedule for a specified purpose. Patrons pay as
              they board the vessel  and ~are,,not -necessarily
              associated with others on board. Commercial open
              or  party -vessels  operate  for  a  variety  of
              activities including fishing, cruising, dining,
              entertainment or education, and may or may not
              include a destination.   A commercial charter, on
              the other hand, i s a vessel which is hired or
              leased for a specific purpose by an individual or a
              collective group. There is usually a set price for
              the "charter" and the group using the vessel is
              often associated in some way. Commercial charters
              can be for a variety of activities including
              parties and receptions, fishing, cruising, dining,
              entertainment, education or business, and may or
              may not include~ a destination.


              HISTORY

Commercial     Overseas shipborne visitors to the New York-New
Cruise Ships   Jersey Harbor date back to the arrival of early
              European explorers such as Henry Hudson in the late
              1500's and the early Dutch. settlers in -the early.,
              1600's.   All settlers and visitors to the "New
              World" continued to traverse the ocean by boat.

              However, sailing f rom Europe to America or back
              purely for pleasure or vacation was not yet widely
              known.

                              5.2









                   The first oceangoing luxury liners arrived in New
                   York Harbor in 1838. They were built by British
                   companies and propelled by paddle wheels.   1843
                   brought the first transatlantic steamer to have an
                   iron hull and be driven by propeller. These ships
                   were later subsidized by carrying mail as well as
                   passengers across the Atlantic to Europe. In the
                   mid 1850's, these iron hulled, -propeller driven-
                   vessels began carrying the first of the two large
                   waves of European immigrants to America.1



                   In 1860, the "Great Eastern", launched near London,
                   .arrived in New York where over 140,000 people
                   toured her paying one dollar apiece. The ship also
                   took 2,000 people on a cruise to Cape May, New
                   Jersey, thus expanding its use to an excursion
                   vessel. Later this ship was used to strengthen the
0                   ~~~~~~British military presence in Canada and then to lay
                   a transatlantic telegraph cable. 2


                   After the Civil War, the ships became larger,
                   faster and more opulent.   As ships increased in
                   size and draft, New York Harbor's center of
                   activity shifted from the East River to the Hudson
                   River, where 800 foot piers were built below West
                   23rd Street to accommodate the great vessels. 3  At
                   the same time, two large German ship companies
                   developed piers in-Hoboken, New Jersey,.-just north..
                   of the Erie-Lackawanna Ferry Terminal.4


                   During the 1920's and 1930's, the ships continued
                   to grow larger and faster. The "United States" was
                   launched in 1951 and set the transatlantic record
                   of 3 days, 10 hours, and forty-five minutes.

    0                              ~~~~~~~~~~~5.3










              Finally, in 1967, the Queen Elizabeth II was
              launched by the Cunard Line. At 887 feet, it was
              the last passenger ship built for transoceanic
              liner service and is the only one still maintaining
              a limited schedule of transatlantic crossings.5



              The advent of the comunercial jet, ,allowing travel
              to Europe in a matter of hours as opposed to days,
              helped bring about a decline in the transatlantic
              passenger ship industry. Another factor leading to
              a decline in the number of passenger ships docking
              in the harbor was the trend in the vacation cruise
               industry of cruises with an average length of 7
              days, thus limiting the potential destination
              points accessible within that time frame. Many
              passenger ships are now located in Miami because of
               its proximity to the islands of the Caribbean and
              other popular destination points for travelers.
              Bermuda, as the closest island resort destination
              to New York, is by far the most common destination
              for cruise ships docking in the harbor. Although
              not frequenting the Harbor at levels equalling
               those during the period prior to trans-atlantic air
               travel, passenger ships continue to define the Port
              of New York and New Jersey in terms of grace and
              majesty. 


Excursion      The pleasure  -cruise  or* -excursion--vessel  has -a
Sightseeing    history in the New York/New Jersey Harbor closely
   &   ~~~    associated with the need for transportation. The
Similar        earliest   "excursions"   began  soon  after   the
Vessels        Revolutionary War and operated to transport wealthy
              urban dwellers to summer resorts along the Hudson
              Valley north of Albany to destinations such as

                              5.4









Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs.   Because  the
journey was long, meals and sleeping arrangements
were often provided on board.   In the early 19th
century, summer resorts appeared in the Catskills
which attracted the likes of Thomas Cole, leader of
the Hudson River School of Painting, as well as
others interested in the beauty of the region.
These vessels started as "sidewheelers" -.and were
then converted to steam. In the late 19th century,
a trip to the "shore" was seen as an alternative to
the mountains, thus encouraging the development of
Coney Island and the Rockaways, as well as Asbury
Park and Point Pleasant along the New Jersey
coast.7


In addition to transporting passengers to vacation
resorts, "Coastwise Steamers" carried passengers
from the East River Piers to New Haven, Providence
and  Boston  and  from  Hudson  River  piers  to
Philadelphia. Travel by vessel to these East Coast
cities declined as train service made the journey
in less time.


Yachting also gained popularity in the 19th century
but remained a private sport for the well-to-do.
Until the early 1800's, recreational opportunities
for the working class were limited and it was the
excursion  steamboat  that  provided  the  first
inexpensive transportation for large numbers of
people to escape the crowded city for day trips by
boat. Steamboats transported passengers to picnic
groves  in Hoboken  and  upper  Manhattan.    Trips
became longer as the century progressed and
improved technology allowed increased speed. These

                5.5











boats were usually less luxurious than the
excursion vessels bound for the Hudson Valley and
were characterized by a number of levels of largely
unenclosed decks. The picnic groves soon developed
into   amusement   parks. and   "beer   gardens",
conveniently accessible by excursion boat or ferry.
They  continued  to  thrive  until  the  onset  of
Prohibition in :the" 1920'1s when -many of z7the beer
gardens were forced to close. Another major loss
of a waterfront recreation area served by excursion
vessels resulted from the construction of La
Guardia Airport in the 1930's, in the North Beach
area of Queens.   The final event contributing to
the decline of the excursion vessel came as
competition with the automobile increased. As more
people took to the roads to find an escape from the
city, the excursion vessel became less profitable.
With the loss of patrons brought by boat, waterside
amusement parks experienced further decline.8



The history of -excursion vessels is not without
tragedy,  the greatest of which occurred in 1904
when the General Slocum, one of New York's largest
and. most popular excursion boats, caught fire in
the waters of Hell Gate.  The Slocum was carrying
1,331 passengers, mainly residents of Little
Germany on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. With
little room to maneuver, the Captain tried to beach
the vessel, but had to continue to North Brother
Island, by which time the flames had engulfed most
of the ship. There were life jackets on board, but
due to age, they had rotted and proved useless. At
least 1,021 people died in the disaster. 9



                5.6










               Though the tragedy of the Slocum was not caused by
               conflict with another vessel, there have been man4y
               instances where this has been the case.  In 1926,
               the Washington Irving of the Hudson River Day Line
               collided with a barge in tow by the Thomas E. Moran
               in the Hudson River. Ano ther significant accident
               occurred in 1950 when the Excalibur, a passenger
               ship bound -for 'the Mediterranean :car~rying 114
               passengers, collided with the Columbia, a Danish
               freighter, off of Bay Ridge in Brooklyn.   It is
               interesting to note that many of the mishaps
               occurred during heavy fog, which is still very much
               a factor in harbor safety. 10



               Trips to the Statue of Liberty survived the decline
               of excursion vessels and continue to be one of the
               harbor's major attractions.   The f irst trip was
               made in 1884 and continues today with a second
               departure point added in Liberty State Park in
               Jersey City. By 1975, only three excursion/


               sightseeing operations were still cruising the
               harbor: the Statue of Liberty Ferry, run by Circle
               Line Inc. ; the Circle Line, making trips around
               Manhattan Island; and the Day Line, traveling up
               the Hudson to West Point. 11



               The 1980's have -seen a revival; -of -recreational
               boating including a variety of yachts available for
               charter or on an open boat basis. In addition to
               an expanded number of excursion and sightseeing
               vessels, a new category of dining and entertainment
               vessels now ply the local waters. For example, the


0                               ~~~~~~~~~~~5.7











              South  Street  Seaport  now  operates  the  Andrew
              Pletcher,  a  sidewheel  vessel  and  the  Dewitt
              Clinton, a propeller driven vessel, for a variety
              of excursions including moonlight cruises for
              dinner, dancing or music. Additionally, the large
              fleet of World Yacht Enterprises operates dinner
              cruises departing regularly from Pier 62 at the
              foot of West 21st Street inManhattan. Some~of this.
              increased activity can be attributed to a law suit
              brought against Circle Line in the early 1980's
              which    allowed  for  greater  competition  among
              commercial boating operators.



Commercial     In addition to the commercial fishing  industry,
Sport Fishing  fishing for sport has long been a recreational
              pastime in the region. A wide variety of fish and
               shell fish were found in the harbor ranging from
              cod and mackerel in the port to shad and sturgeon
               in the Hudson.   Until  the late 1800's, sharks
               regularly frequented the Upper and Lower Bay and
              were caught  for sport.   The sharks .have since
               disappeared due to pollution but are still spotted
               in the waters off Sandy Hook, New Jersey. 12



               Commercial sport fishing from larger vessels can be
               found on City island in the Bronx, Sheepshead Bay
               in Brooklyn and the -Atlantic Highlands/Keyport area.
               in Monmouth County. 'T'his type'of fishing originally
               got its start as the commercial fishing industry
               experienced decline due to a variety of factors,
               including depleted fishing grounds, pollution,
               waterfront development and higher fuel prices. As
               many of the commercial fishermen were forced out of


                              5.8










business, a few identified an opportunity to
continue practicing their trade by taking groups of
local fishing enthusiasts out to the open ocean to
try their luck. In 1975, there was a fleet of 20
party   fishing   vessels,   some  converted   from
commercial use and others brand new, sailing from
Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn.   A similar situation
arose on City 'Island in -the -Bronx,  with its
proximity to the waters of Long Island Sound. The
catch from these vessels was often so good that
area residents and restauranteurs waited at
dockside as the fleet returned with the catch of
the day.     13A similar situation exists in Raritan
Bay where a once strong commercial fishing industry
is now dominated by recreational anglers, many of
whom choose to practice their sport aboard a head
or party fishing boat. 14


Commercial sport fishing continues to thrive today,
though other problems, including insufficient
  paringand the absence of adequate-docking space,
especially in Sheepshead Bay, threaten to limit the
success of the industry.
















               5.9











PRESENT CONDITIONS



Tables 1-3 in Appendix 5.1 provide an inventory of
the  major   commercial   boating   operations   by
activity/use category located within the study
area.   This data was gathered using commercial
listings, telephone interviews and a mailed survey,
and includes docking locations), activity, number
of vessels, route(s) and/or destination~s). 15The
following is a breakdown by category, as listed in
Appendix 5.1, of operations and vessels involved in
commercial activity within the harbor:



Commercial Cruise Ships
Total Number of Operations: 6
Total Number of Vessels:  140



Excursions, Sightseeing, Dining/Entertainment
& Party/Reception Vessels (open boat and charter)
Total Number of Operations: 32
Total Number of Vessels: 65



Commercial Sport Fishing Vessels (open boat and
charter)
Total Number of Operations: 30
Total Number of Vessels: 30


Two maps were prepared using the tables contained
in Appendix 5.1.   Figure 5.1 identifies docking
sites used most frequently for passenger pick-up.
These locations may or may not serve as the
permanent home of the vessel. As illustrated, the

               5.10






















                                      N           ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.:.:..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:I





























                      E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ABRSSEAR























CNETAINOFCOMMERCIAL SPORTFSING  CHPTROTFG                                     EWYIORNWESY



DOCKISNGE PIKU  LOCATIONS:  EXISTINGNJDP.OEVROMTA















































                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HRRESSUARY

   +CMCA L CRIESI OT:EITIGWTRUEMNGMN
 E] ROTSDSIAIN OF E C U SO,                                        T

















  ROUTES/DESTINATIONSGO CHAPTERC5   IAL 2RONECMORKNEE


L.J.-  SPORTTFISING ADSMLRVESSELS: EXISTING                       NCDP.O IYPANN




                                         5.12










                   southern tip of Manhattan near the Battery and the
                   South Street Seaport area, as well as the West Side'
                   piers from 21st to 52nd Street and 23rd Street
                   (Skyport Marina) and 34th Streets on the East
                   River, are active docking sites for commercial
                   boating operations, including commercial cruise
                   ships, while Sheepshead Bay, Sandy Hook/Atlantic
                   Highlands andi City Island, are active -areas for
                   commercial sport fishing boat docking.



                   The second map, Figure 5.2, shows frequently
                   traveled routes and/or waterbody destinations. As
                   shown, the Hudson River, Upper Bay, Liberty and
                   Ellis Islands and the East River, are popular for
                   sight-seeing,   excursion,   party/reception   and
                   similar vessels, while popular fishing destinations
*                   ~~~~~~are typically further out and do not pose a serious
                   problem of conflict within the busiest sections of
                   the harbor.


     Time, Route   -Because of the variety of activities included ~In the
     and Activity   commercial category,  it is important to look at
                   each as it relates to time of day, season of-year
                   and route in order to have a better understanding
                   of  potential  conflict.    This  also  allows  a
                   comparison of commercial operations with the other
                   categories included in this report.



                    In general, all commercial categories increase in
                   activity during the summer months. The waters
                   around Manhattan are favored by both open and
                   chartered excursion, sightseeing, party/reception
                   and dining/entertainment vessels, while coastal


                                   5.13










              waters   are   preferred   by   fishing   vessels.
              Sightseeing   and   dining/entertainment   vessels
              operate both during the day and at night with the
              most popular passenger pick up/drop off time being
              between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. . Fishing, excursion,
              cruise ship loading and unloading, and cultural
              activities occur mainly during the day. These are
              important distinctions to consider when-analyzing
              conflict in the harbor.


Commercial     Vacation cruises are quite different from other
Cruise Ships   types of commercial boating.   Patrons board large
              ocean going vessels at the New York' Passenger
              Terminal operated by the Port Authority of New York
              and New Jersey -located at piers 88, 90 and 92 on
              Manhattan's West Side between 48th and 52nd
              Streets.    The  ships  are  generally  bound  for
              Bermuda, Florida or the Caribbean and are usually
              gone a minimum of three days with the average
              cruise being seven days before returning here to
              dock. This activity is most popular in the summer
              months. The 'Passenger Ship Terminal contains six
              berths and provides the only location within the
              study area for docking commercial cruise ships.
              Figures 5.1 and 5.2 illustrate the docking
              locations and routes.



              Oceangoing cruise ships are the largest vessels in
               the commercial boating category and range from the
               887 foot Queen Elizabeth 1I to approximately 60
               feet. They have a deep vee-shaped hull drawing up
               to 30 feet of water which adds to their stability
               in rough ocean waters.   Because of their size,
               these vessels, like the cargo vessels discussed

                              5.14











                   earlier, are difficult to maneuver and require the
                   assistance of tugs to maneuver into and out of the
                   berths at the Passenger Ship Terminal. Additional
                   vessel characteristics are listed in Appendix 5.2.



                   As noted previously, there were six cruise ship
                   "lines" calling on the Harborr in- 1989 with a total
                   of 14 vessels. Table 5.1. below, provides data on
                   the total commercial cruise ship activity and
                   number of round trip passengers in the port for the
                   years 1980-1989, as recorded by the Port Authority
                   of New York and New Jersey. These f igures do not
                   exhibit a general trend but rather illustrate an
                   erratic pattern in both number of ships and number
                   of passengers  over  the  ten year  period.    The
                   busiest year recorded occurred in 1983 with the
9                   ~~~~~highest number of trips at 262 and the highest
                   number of passengers at 230,098.
























                                   5.15









                   TABLE 5.1

Total number of ships calling on the port and round

trip passengers for the New York Passenger Ship

Terminal as recorded by the Port Authority of New

York and New Jersey



YEARS     TRIPS      PASSENGERS      PASS. PER SHIP


1980      204         171,260           839

1981      206         158,958           771

1982      235         168,025           715

1983      262         230,098           878

1984      222         168,579            759

1985      239         222,264           930

1986      255         204,607           802

1987      242         199,343           824

1988      228        201,576            884

1989      212         165,881           782

1990      N/A        N/A                N/A



The majority of passenger ships calling on the Port
of New York and New Jersey offer cruises which
average seven days -in length and are primarily
bound for Bermuda.   This frequency of voyages to
Bermuda is due in part to its proximity which
provides the optimum combination of cruising time
at sea and docking time in Bermuda.   Cruises to
other destinations including the Caribbean, Coastal
U.S. and Canada are also available but tend to be

               5.16








longer and are offered on a more limited basis.
Cruises to nowhere, which are often as short as two
to three days, are also offered and simply cruise
in a large circle without having a destination or
docking location.   Table 5.2, below provides a
break down of destinations as recorded by the Port
Authority of New York and New Jersey for 1987.1



                   TABLE 5.2

DESTINATION                   NUMBER OF CRUISES

Bermuda                             140

Caribbean                            18

Coastal U.S. and Canada              19

Transatlantic                        26

Cruises to Nowhere                   39

TOTAL                               242



Cruise ship activity is heavily dependent on
weather both at the point of departure as well as
the point of destination. This is reflected-in the
Port Authority figures for 1987 which show no
cruise ships calling on the Harbor between January
and April and only one, the Queen Elizabeth II,
calling in December. The Bermuda Bureau of Tourism
lists May through October as their prime season.
Given that the vast majority of cruises from the
New York/New Jersey Harbor are bound for Bermuda
this seasonal variation in activity is not expected
to change.




               5.17









              As a possible result of the recent economic
              downturn in the region, commercial cruise ship
              operators report a decline in activity for 1990.
              Once a' stronger economy returns, cruise ship
              activity is expected to rebound to 1987 levels but
              is not expected to experience a significant-amount
              of growth.1


Sightseeing    This  category  of  commercial  boating  activity
Excursion      contains a wide range of activities and vessel
and Similar    types. Excursions give patrons a chance to reach a
Vessels        recreational  waterfront  destination  by  boat.
              Destinations may be islands accessible only by
              boat, or waterfront locations where boat access
              provides an alternative transportation option.
              Examples of excursions include the ferries to the
              Statue of Liberty leaving from the Battery in
              Manhattan and Liberty State Park in Jersey City,
              and the ferry to Monmouth Race Track, which leaves
              from several points including the.69th Street Pi er
              in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Excursions take place year
              round but greatly increase in the summer months.
              Excursion vessels such as these generally operate
              on an open boat basis but often supplement their
              business by offering group charters.



              Sightseeing and moonlight cruises are similar to
              excursions   but  do  not   include   a  specific
              destination or stopping point as the primary
              objective. Examples include the Circle Line, which
              travels around the island of Manhattan, and the
              Seaport Line, which offers patrons views of the
              lower Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty.
              Sightseeing can take place during the day or at

                             5.18









night which is often referred to as a "onih
cruise". These vessels operate year round but
greatly increase in number of vessels and trips in
the summer months.  Again, this type of activity
can either be on an open boat or charter basis.



Dining and entertainment vessels vary in size and
type of fee more than any of the other activities.
These vessels serve meals and/or drinks to patrons
while cruising around the harbor, generally on a
regular schedule and from a steady docking site,
and may include concert cruises with scheduled
performances. There are regularly scheduled trips,
such as those aboard the Andrew Fletcher leaving
from the South Street Seaport or the dinner cruises
offered by World Yacht, departing from 21st Street
on the Hudson River in Manhattan.



Vessels chartered for parties and receptions also
travel around the Harbor while serving food and
drink to their patrons. These vessels differ from
the dining and entertainment category in that they
are almost exclusively run on a charter basis and
sail at a time and from a location convenient to
the patrons. There are numerous organizations who
act  as  "brokers"  or  "agents"  to    facilitate
arrangements between the boat owner and the group
wishing to charter a vessel.  Operations such as
World Yacht maintain a fixed schedule and often
supplement their operation by chartering boats for
parties and receptions.





               5.19









Sightseeing, Excursion and similar vessels  fall
primarily into two classes, the first being the
large open and vessels, such as those run by Circle
Line.   These boats carry between 500 and 1,000
passengers and are up to 210 feet in length with a
breadth of up to 33 feet.   Their shallow hull
design tends to generate a substantial wake at
normal cruising speed. These vessels tend to have
varying degrees of maneuverability depending on
size and hull design.



The second class of vessels in the sightseeing/
excursion category can be described as the dinner
boat or luxury yacht.   These vessels are often
smaller and more maneuverable than the large open
boat vessels and range from 65 to 170 feet with a
draft   of   between   five   and   eight   feet.
Accommodations for food preparation, dining and
dancing are provided on board. (See Appendix 5.2
for additional vessel design details.)


The Maritime SuDvort Services Location Study found
approximately 20 sightseeing, excursion and similar
vessels in operation in 1985. This figure includes
both party boats as well as chartered vessels.
Based on the growth and demand for these services,
they forecast that by 1990, 35 such vessels would
be in operation and by 2000 the figure would reach
55.18



A review of commercial listings for excursion,
sightseeing and similar vessels confirmed by
telephone interviews and a mailed survey, revealed


               5.20









                  approximately 32 such operations with a total of 65
is ~~~~~vessels currently operating within the Harbor. A
                  detailed break down of sightseeing, excursion and
                  similar commercial vessel operations is provided in
                  Appendix 5.1 Table 2. Of the 32 operations in this
                  category six operate on an open or party boat basis
                  with supplementing charter service, while 28 are
                  hired exclusively-for charter.19



                  These figures suggest a significant increase in
                  these types of commercial boating operations within
                  the Harbor at a growth rate far exceeding what was
                  predicted just five years ago.   Discussion with
                  vessel operators and brokers revealed that the
                  rapid rate of growth which occurred between 1980-
                   1988 is beginning to level off. The current
                  economic down-turn is cited as having a direct
                   impact on charters which rely heavily on corporate-
                  sponsored parties. Some operators also feel that
                  the market is currently saturated and that any
                  growth will be at the expense of less competitive
                  operations resulting in a relatively stable number
                  of vessels in the harbor. other operators, however,
                  see the lack of adequate docking space as limiting
                   the growth of the industry and point to development
                  along the Hudson River in New Jersey as possible
                  sources of new markets as well as docking sites.20



                  Operations such as these depend heavily on docking
                   locations which are both convenient to patrons as
                  well as being relatively close to the desired
                  harbor destinations. Data gathered and depicted in
                  Figure 5.2 suggests the Lower East River, the Lower


                                  5.21









Hudson River, the Upper Bay and the area around the
Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island are most often
cited as being the water destinations of excursion,
sightseeing and similar types of vessels. Operators
note that the most desirable locations for
passenger pick-up are in Manhattan although many
operators have relocated their vessels to other
boroughs of New York City and to New Jersey to take
advantage of less expensive docking (storage)
space.   Charter operations  in Manhattan report
using Pier 11, a NYC Department of Ports & Trade
facility which is shared with commuter ferry
operations. Piers 9 and 13 located adjacent to Pier
11 also provide excursion vessel docking.   The
Spirit of New York currently uses Pier 9 for over
night berthing. In addition, Pier 13 was recently
upgraded to accommodate excursion vessels both for
pick up/drop off and overnight users.  The Water
Club located at East 28th Street on the East River,
Skyport Marina at East 23rd Street and facilities
at East 34th Street, in addition to the World Yacht
pier located at 21st Street on the Hudson are also
used by excursion vessels picking up passengers.



Transportation to the departure site and/or parking
facilities at the site are also important to the
success of the operation.   The preferred docking
sites provide sewer and electricity as well as on-
land facilities for waiting and/or entertainment
such as Battery Park City and the South Street
Seaport. Discussion with vessel operators revealed
a general dissatisfaction with many of the docking
sites. Generally leased, they are described as



               5.22









              being in poor condition, expensive and often
              crowded due to the number of vessels trying to>
              dock.


Commercial     Commercial Sport Fishing can be done via charter or
Sport Fishing  or on an open boat basis and af fords patrons the
              opportunity of leaving the Harbor to f ish of f of
              New Jersey and Long Island. The most active areas
              for docking f ishing boats are Sheepshead Bay in
              Brooklyn, City island in the Bronx, and Atlantic
              Highland in Monmouth County. Currently, a fleet of
              16 vessels sail from Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn
              carrying patrons out to the waters off the New
              Jersey Coast,  Sandy Hook and Raritan Bays.   In
              addition to this site there are three operations on
              City island in the Bronx, one on the Bronx River,
              one on the north shore of Queens, nine in the
              Keyport/Atlantic Highlands area of f of Sandy Hook
              and five sailing out of nearby Leonardo, New Jersey
              State Marina. Fishing boats u'sually leave in the
              morning and return late afternoon, with summer
              being their busiest season.   Telephone interviews
              confirmed listings for 30 commercial sport fishing
              operations  with a total  of  30 vessels.    (See
              Appendix 5.1, Table 3)



              Commercial sport fishing is common aboard cruisers
              and super cruisers.   These vessels are fast and
              maneuverable and range from 25 to 50 feet for
              chartered fishing excursions to between 60 and 100
              feet for party boats.   They have a relatively
              shallow draft of between six and ten feet. The
              vessels are usually equipped with a heated cabin,
              rest rooms and fishing gear. (See Appendix 5.2)

                             5.23









Discussion with fishing captains suggests that as I
the waters of the Harbor become cleaner, fish are
returning and being caught in large numbers. Their
main complaint was general dissatisfaction with
docking space, especially at Piers 1-10 in
Sheepshead Bay, a number of which are currently
being rebuilt, and insufficient parking space near
their operations which limits the growth-potential
of the industry, especially in built-up urban
areas.   The Department of Ports and Trade along
with the Public Development Corporation are
currently   examining   strategies   to   provide
additional parking in the area. The Department of
Ports and Trade notes that use of Piers 1-9 in
Sheepshead Bay is currently at 50% of capacity. The
Market Opportunity Study to Expand Charter Fishina
Boat Activities at the Westchester Avenue Bridae
Waterfront Park Area  (1988), prepared by E. L.
Crow. Inc. for the NYC Department of City Planning,
reported that there is disagreement on the future
of the industry, while some 'fishing captains
projected a slight increase, others felt interest
in fishing in general was declining.21


Many of the same conditions important to sight-
seeing and excursion vessels are also important to
recreational   fishing   operations,   the   major
difference being the destination of the fishing
boats tends to be further out to sea, either in the
waters off of New Jersey or the Long Island Sound
as illustrated by Figure  5.2.   Because of the
desire to reduce travel time, recreational fishing
operations are often located on the outer edges of
the region closer to the Atlantic Ocean or Long
Island Sound in locations such as Sheepshead Bay in

               5.24










                  Brooklyn, Atlantic Highlands in Monmouth County and
                  City Island in the Bronx. Though not generally
                  posing a problem, some commercial sport fishing
                  vessels docking in City island travel through the
                  East River in route to the Atlantic ocean. At
                  times, this may cause a significant wake that can
                  impact on other water users. Proximity to public
                  transportation and adequate parking are also
                  crucial to the success of these operations and the
                  final destination of fishing vessels is influenced
                  by the type of fish being caught, weather and
                  currents. Figure 5.1 shows the present location of
                  concentrations of recreational fishing operations.


    Cultural/      Cultural/Educational is a unique category which
    Educational    includes a variety of different uses, all with the
*                  ~~~~~purpose  of  providing  educational  or  cultural
                  experiences  related  to  the  water.   The  sloop
                  Clearwater sails up and down the Hudson River
                  educating people about the environment. Also in
                  this category, Harbor Park, though not a vessel,
                  consists of five New York City waterfront park
                  sites historically linked to the Harbor and
                  proposed   to   be   connected   by   waterborne
                  transportation.     The  park  will  include  the
                  following existing New York City and New York State
                  Parks: Battery Park and South Street Seaport in
                  Manhattan, Fulton Ferry/Empire Stores State Park in
                  Brooklyn, Snug Harbor Cultural Center on Staten
                  Island and the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island
                  National Historic Sites.   It is anticipated that
                  the parks will be linked via water using passenger
                  vessels in addition to the existing Statue of



                                 5.25









Liberty and Ellis Island ferries and various
vessels docking at the South Street Seaport.



Currently, the system of waterborne transportation
has not been finalized. However, it is anticipated
that within the next three. to five years between
one and three vessels will be added to the Harbor
to serve the Harbor Park System. Eventually, the
City hopes to expand the Harbor Park System to
include sites in the Bronx and Queens.22



Circle Line vessels currently depart from Liberty
State Park in Jersey City bound for the Statue of
Liberty and around the island of Manhattan.   The
addition of new waterborne transportation modes
linking these already popular sights, plus the
recent opening of Ellis island (September 1990)
with ferry service from Battery Park and Liberty
State Park via the Statue of Liberty provided by
Circle Line, will increase the number of vessels in
and around this area.



Based on the data collected, there appears to be a
modest increase in all of the categories of
commercial vessels over the past decade with a more
significant increase in the category of excursion,
sightseeing and similar vessels.  The area around
lower Manhattan, including the East River, Upper
Bay, Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island and the Lower
Hudson River is the most heavily traversed.





               5.260










              FUTURE: CONDITIONS



              Using a variety of data, including regional
              demographics, tourism trends, increased water
              quality/improved   fishing   and   perhaps   most
              importantly, proposed development within the study
              area (which presents opportunities for additional
              docking sites), it is possible to identify future
              growth patterns and locations in the industry.
              Having identified areas of potential growth and/or
              change, a better understanding of future areas of
              conflict will be gained and will subsequently lead
              to recommendations that respond to the changing
              conditions.


National       A recent study entitled Marina Service Marketina
Trends         Toward the 21st Century (1989); relates a variety
              of socio-economic changes relates to the marina
              industry,  many of which can be adapted to the
              commercial boating category.23   Among the trends
              relevant to this section of. the report, are the
              growing  service  economy  and   an  aging  marine
              clientele.



              The study envisions that as the large baby boom
              generation born between 1946 and 1964 enters their
              50's, 60's and early retirement, there will be an
              increase in leisure time.   The nation's coastal
              areas include some of the most densely populated
              counties   in   the   country.      The   National
              Oceanographic   and  Atmospheric   Agency   (NOAA)
              projected that between 1960 and 2010 the coastal
              population will have grown from 80 million to more


                             5.27










than 127 million people, an increase of almost 60
percent. Given this trend, an overall increase in
the number of potential commercial boating patrons
can be anticipated, whether it be taking a dinner
cruise or chartering a fishing boat with a group of
friends. 24



The'marina marketing study also indicated that an
increasingly service-driven economy is an important
factor which will affect peak water use times. Over
90 percent of the new jobs created during the last
twenty years have been in the service sector. Over
75 percent of U. S. jobs are now in the service
sector, with this sector accounting for over two-
thirds of the Gross National Product within the
U.S.25 These jobs often require working evenings'.
weekends and holidays to meet customer needs whicgh
are the impetus of a service economy, thus
decreasing leisure time during traditionally.heavy
weekend and holiday periods and increasing the
number  of mid-week users.   This change  has a
potentially positive impact on the commercial
boating industry (i.e., it may hold use steady or
reduce demand during traditionally heavy periods.)
This in turn may translate into reduced risk of
conflict and provide a more constant stream of
patrons   during   traditionally   slow  weekdays.
Greater constancy between the number of weekend and
weekday users may also have the effect of
increasing the viability of these types of
operations, thus encouraging the start up of new
operations.26




               5.28









Regional       Population trends affecting the Northeast are much
Trends         the same as those predicted for other U.S. coastal
              areas.   The NOAA report, "50 Years of Pooulation
              Chanoe aloncr the Nation's Coasts, 1960-2010",
              predicted that the population of coastal counties
              from Maine to Virginia will have increased by 30
              percent between 1960 and 2010, with the greatest
              amount of that increase having occurred during the
              1960's. Projections for the next 20 years suggest
              population growth in the Northeast will be lower
              than the national coastal average. This is due in
              part to the fact that the region already accounts
              for more than one third of the nation's coastal
              population   and   to   a   general   decline   in
              environmental quality caused by this population
              concentration.*2



              The study noted that almost 63 percent of. the
              region's coastal states' population resides within
              the narrow band of coastal counties that border the
              ocean and estuaries. Significantly, these coastal
              counties contain only one quarter of the land in
              the region. Overall population density currently
              reaches 750 persons per square mile in the coastal
              counties and is projected to increase to 830
              persons per square mile by 2010. Of the 5 counties
              identified  as  "Hot  Spots",  defined  as  areas
              exhibiting  the fastest rate of growth,  highest
              density and greatest increase in density, one,
              Queens,  NY  is  in the  study  area  and  another,
              Suffolk, NY is adjacent to and has an impact on the
              New York/New Jersey Harbor study area.28




                              5.29









              These population projections affect each of the
              categories in this report, translating into a
              general growth of water related activities.   The
              recent economic downturn in the Northeast will slow
              the rate of growth projected by these studies
              somewhat; however, in the long term, modest growth
              is anticipated to continue.       While indicators
              associated with the economic downturn, including
              increasing taxes, decreasing job opportunities and
              less disposable income, all contribute to dampening
              the projected increase in the commercial and
              recreational    boating    industries,    the
              recommendations  put  forth  in  this  report  are
              intended to address the long term increases in the
              industry.



Tourism        Data provided by the New York State Division of
              Tourism illustrated in Table 5.3 show a decline in
              total number of tourists visiting the New York City
              area from 1988 to 1989 with the decline resulting
              from  fewer  domestic  visitors.     international
              visitors  increased  by  400,000  in  the  same
              period.29 Because the figures are only available
              for~ these two years, it is difficult to identify
              trends,  however,  the  sheer  number  of  people
              visiting the area has a major impact on the
              sightseeing   and   excursion   vessel   category.
              Chartered boats are less affected by tourism trends
              because   they  require  pre-planning,   however,
              increasingly, tours, seminars and conventions are
              chartering boats on which they host receptions.






                              5.30













                            TABLE 4:  NEW YORK CITY VISITORS

                       YEAR  INTERNATIONAL  DOMESTIC    TOTAL

                       1988  4,400,000      21,120,000  25,520,000

                       1989  4,800,000       20,520,000  25,320,000





    Special        With renewed interest in waterfront and maritime
    Charters       activities which has been documented over the past
                  10   years,   corporations,    institutions   and
                  individuals are recognizing the attraction of
                  hosting parties, weddings, seminars, proms and
                  receptions on chartered vessels. Discussions with
is ~~~~~charter boat captains revealed that approximately
                  40 percent of their business is corporate sponsored
                  events, 40 percent weddings and 20 percent special
                  occasion parties.   The current economic downturn
                  has temporarily slowed the growth in this segment
                  of the industry, however, over the next 20 years
                  the category of charted vessels is expected to
                  grow.30



    improved       Discussion with recreational fishing boat captains
    Water Quality  cited an abundance of fish throughout the Harbor as
    and Fishing    a result of ef forts to clean up the water.  Loth
                   factors were identif ied as having a positive impact
                  on the number of patrons seeking to go on chartered
                   and open fishing boats.




                                  5.31









Development    The major limitation to growth of the charter and
and Additional excursion categories as cited overwhelmingly by
'Docking       various  operators  is  the  lack  of  adequate,
Opportunities  af fordable, conveniently located docking space in
              proximity to such desired water destinations as the
              Statue  of  Liberty/Elli~s  island,  downtown  and
              midtown Manhattan in the Upper Bay.    This has
              resulted in over-crowded docking locations near the
              South Street Seaport, lower Manhattan and the west
              side of Manhattan between 21st and 52nd Streets
              with few -opportunities to embark at locations
              outside of Manhattan.  Recent improvements by the
              Department of Ports and Trade at Piers 9, 11 and
              13, have resulted in an increased number of
              berthing spaces in the lower East River.   Future
              plans for these piers call for the addition of a
              number of new pick up/drop of f spaces as well as
              over night berths.


              A variety of recent developments with waterborne
              recreational components may significantly affect
              this existing limitation thus allowing further
              expansion of the industry as a whole and creating
              a different docking site pattern. A brief overview
              of the proposed developments likely to include
              provisions for larger vessel docking is discussed
              below.   It should be recognized that these are
              proposals  which  may  or  may  not  be  built  as
              conceived or at all.  Each acknowledged inclusion
              of  commercial  boating  activity  as  both  an
              acceptable and exciting way of adding life to a
              project and generating revenue. An example is the
              Port imperial project on the Hudson River in
              Weehawken, New Jersey, which will combine office
              and retail space with the already functioning

                             5.32








marina and ferry/excursion boat docking at the
water's edge.


Figure 5.3 accompanied by Table 5.4 lists projects
which may provide docking space for excursion
vessels.   It should be noted that the following
table does not include docking sites within parks
unless   they  are  associated  with   a  larger
development. Waterborne routes linking parks are
listed in Table 5.5 and accompanied by Figure 5.5.






































               5.33









                    TABLE 5.4
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS PROVIDING
     EXCURSION VESSEL DOCKING
HUDSON RIVER/UPPER BAY - NEW YORK SHORE

Dyckman Street Marina
RiverBank State Park
Harlem-on-the-Hudson
79th Street Boat Basin
West Side Waterfront (Pier 62-64, 79)

HUDSON RIVER/UPPER BAY - NEW JERSEY SHORE

Old Ferry North/South
Independence Harbor
Roc Harbor
Port Imperial (Arcorp existing docking location)
Lincoln Harbor
Stevens Institute/Castle Point
Hoboken Piers/Erie Lackawana Terminal
Newport (existing docking location)
Harsimus Cove
Harborside
Colgate-Palmolive
Liberty Harbor (existing docking location)
Liberty State Park
Port Elizabeth Marina

HARLEM/LOWER EAST RIVERS

Inwood Hill Ecology Center
Ball Park Ferry- Yankee Stadium
Roosevelt Island
Hunters Point
Brooklyn Heights Piers 1-5
Piers 9, 11 & 13 Improvements

LONG ISLAND SOUND/UPPER EAST RIVER

Flushing Meadows

LOWER BAY/JAMAICA BAY AND INLETS

Sheepshead Landing/Park-n-Sail
Harbor Town, Perth Amboy, NJ
South Amboy Redevelopment
Point Atlantic, Keansburg, NJ

* For additional Information, see Appendix 7.1
Proposed Facilities

               5.34































































COMMERCIAL BOATING CHAPTER 5 FIG. 3
                                                                  HARBOR ESTUARY
  1  CO)MMERCIAL CRUISE SHIP DOCKING: EXISTING  (~POTENTIAL FUTURE WATER USE MANAGEMENT
                                                EXCURSION, SIGHT- STUDY
  ï¿½ EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSEL SEEING AND    NCDP.O  IYPANN
     PASSENGER PICK UP LOCATIONS: EXISTING
     CONCENTRATIONS OF COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING PASSENGER PiCK PROTECTION
     DOCKING LOCATIONS: FUTURE (SAME AS EXISTING) UP LOCATIONS



                                        5.35
                       i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~E YOR I                       NEW JERSEY:ï¿½ï¿½::ï¿½ï¿½-iï¿½ï¿½ï¿½:::ï¿½ï¿½
        COMMERCAL BOAING   CHATER 5 IG 3                            HARBOR ESTUARY,'" ',
   *~i~ COMRILCUS  HPDCIGEISTN                    OTNILFUUE          WTE  S  ANGMN
                                                   EXCURSIONSIGH- STD
EXCURS~ii~4ij~~(iION, SIHSEN  N  I~LA~R VSE        EIGADNCDP.O ~YPANN
         PASEGE PIKU  OAIN.  XSIGSMLR ESL                            N ET O  NIOMNA
4i  CONCNTRAION OF CMMECILSPOT FIHIN   PASENGR P CK   PROTECTIO
          DOCKINGE-;?;;:- LOAIN:FTRE(AEA  XSIN) U  OAIN

                                     5.35b










                                                       E ric     WSTIESE







                           . .............~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




               PA$$A1~~~~














          N.                                                              I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.




















COMMERCIAL BOATING   CHAPTER 5  FIG. 4                         NEW YORKINEW JERSEY
                                                                          HARBOR ESTUARY
4+ + COMMERCIAL CRUISE SHIP ROUTE: FUTURE (SAME AS EXISTING)    WATER USE MANAGEMENT
  IfhiROUTES/DESTINATIONS OF EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING &          STUDY
  IItiSIMILAR VESSELS: FUTURE INCREASED CONCENTRATION           NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                          NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
            ROUTS/DSTIATINSOCOMMERCIAL                           PROTECTION
     SPORT FISHING VESSELS: FUTURE (SAME AS EXISTING)          _________


                                             5.36









*                  ~~~~~if docking space is provided at some or all of
                  these locations a significant shift in the existiz~g
                  land-side location of excursion/charter vessels
                  could occur, potentially having the following two
                  impacts: Development would eliminate the major
                  growth limitation of insufficient docking space
                  which coupled with additional markets could lead to
                  a significant overall increase in excursion and
                  charter vessel use in the Harbor.         Secondly,
                  additional docking sites could redistribute the
                  concentrations of vessels docking through reduction
                  of congestion at existing overcrowded facilities.
                  This could result in a reduction in the potential
                  for conflict at landside docking locations.
                  However,    waterborne   destinations    are   not
                  anticipated to significantly change thus increasing
                  the potential for conflict around the Statue of
                  Liberty/Ellis island and the Upper New York Bay.


                  in addition to these proposed developments, the
                  Waterfront Manaaement Plan prepared by the New York
                  City Department of Parks and Recreation, along with
                  the proposed Harbor Park System, suggest a number
                  of waterborne linkages tying existing parks and/or
                  expanding  the  Harbor  Park  System.    The  plan
                  envisions 10 routes, each having from 2-10 stops,
                  which are listed in Table 5.5 below and shown in
                  Figure 5.5.   if implemented,  these routes will
                   significantly -increase the number of excursion
                  vessels in the Harbor.   in addition, a number of
                   ferry docking sites have been projected around the
                  Harbor,  many  of which  could  also  function  as
                   excursion vessel stops.   These are described in
                  some detail in Chapter 4: Ferries.


                                  5.37









TABLE 5.5: PROPOSED WATERBORNE PARK LINKAGES

   ROUTE 1: HARBOR PARK       ROUTE 6: BRONX

   BATTERY                    FERRY POINT
   ELLIS ISLAND               FT. SCHUYLER
   LIBERTY ISLAND             LOCUST POINT
   SNUG HARBOR                PELHAM WEST
   CROMWELL CENTER            E. CITY ISLAND
   SHORE PARKWAY              ORCHARD BEACH
   COFFEY STREET
   FULTON LANDING
   PIER 11
   BATTERY                    ROUTE 7: QUEENS

   ROUTE 2: BROOKLYN          FLUSHING BAY
                              HERMON MACNEIL PARK
   69TH STREET PIER           FERRY POINT
   BENSONHURST                LITTLE BAY
   CONEY ISLAND               CROSS ISLAND PARKWAY

   ROUTE 3: MANHATTAN         ROUTE 8: BROOKLYN
   (HUDSON RIVER)
                              CONEY ISLAND
   BATTERY                    BRIGHAM STREET
   23RD STREET                116TH STREET
   79TH STREET
   155-158TH STREET
   SPUYTEN DUYVIL
   RIVERDALE                  ROUTE 9: BROOKLYN

   ROUTE 4: MANHATTAN         CONEY ISLAND
   (EAST/HARLEM RIVER)        FAR ROCKAWAY

   PIER 11                    ROUTE 10: STATEN
   WILLIAMSBURG               ISLAND
   34TH STREET
   WARDS ISLAND               CROMWELL CENTER
   107TH STREET PIER          ALICE AUSTEN HOUSE
   RANDALL'S ISLAND           MIDLAND BEACH
   YANKEE STADIUM             GREAT KILLS
   ROBERTO CLEMENTE           LEMON CREEK
    STATE PARK                CONFERENCE HOUSE PARK
   INWOOD HILL PARK

   ROUTE 5: BRONX

   WARDS ISLAND
   SOUNDVIEW PARK
   CLASON'S POINT
   FERRY POINT

               5.38

















































                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ABRESTUAR


















                 .~~~~~~~~~~~ . .~~~~~~~~~N DP. OF ENVIRONMENTA



DOKIGLOATOS  N  ROUTES NUBE PRECETOPOSE                           WATER USE MANAGEMENT PA

           PARK WATER LINKAGES                                     STUD








              CONCLUS ION0


-Commercial     In general, cruise ship activity will not experience
Cruise Ships   significant growth due to a variety of factors
              discussed in the current conditions section. One
              important   development,   nevertheless,   is  the
              recommendation made in the "West Side Waterfront
              Panel  Report"  for  consolidating  cruise  ship
              activity on two of the three piers currently used
               for  loading  and  unloading  passengers,  thereby
              reducing the number of berths from six to four.


Sightseeing,   This category over the past decade has shown an
Excursion,     increase at a growth rate far exceeding what was

and Similar    predicted  just  5 years  ago.3    This  trend  is
Vessels        expected to continue and is influenced by a variety
              of  factors:  the  general  trends  in  population,
               tourism, and most importantly, proposed expansion
               of docking sites associated with new waterfront
               developments.  The majority of these facilities are
               along the Hudson River from the Battery to the
               George Washington Bridge.   Docking locations are
               likely  to  disperse  thus  reducing  conflict  at
               specific docking locations while increasing total
               activity.    Because  the major  impetus of  these
               vessels is to provide patrons with a chance to view
               the Manhattan skyline, the East River bridges and
               the Statue of Liberty, there is an increased
               propensity for conflict in these areas.  This is
               true for vessels that operate on both an open boat
               as well as a charter boat basis.   Figure  5.3
               illustrates proposed docking locations while Figure
               5.4 shows the most likely routes and destinations
               of new excursion vessel activity.


                                                                     is
                              5.40









commercial     As with other water related activities, recreational
Sport Fishing  f ishing has witnessed a modest increase over the
              past 10 years. Certain facilities within the study
              area especially Sheepshead Bay, have experienced a
              decline in number of vessels docking while other
              areas specifically Sandy Hook/ Raritan Bay have
              reported an increase in the number of vessels
              docking.     Improved  water  quality  has  been
              identified as one factor resulting in an observed
              increased abundance of fish, which in turn may
              produce increased interest in fishing.  Growth in
              this realm will, however, not have a significant
              impact on conflict in the heavily used Upper Bay,
              but will likely continue to be concentrated along
              the fringes of the study area including City Island
              and Sheepshead Bay in New York and Atlantic
              Highlands/Sandy Hook in New Jersey.


Cultural/      This type of activity will continue to be popular in
Educational    the future as evidenced by the proposed Harbor Park
              and interconnecting water shuttles. In addition, a
              number of other proposals which include docking for
              excursion vessels, will offer landing sites for
              educational vessels such as the Clearwater.


Areas of       The trends explored in this section point to an
Conflict       overall increase in number of commercial vessels,
              especially   in   the   sightseeing,   excursion,
              dining/entertainment and charter segments of the
              industry.  This, coupled with a proliferation of
              new docking sites proposed for the Hudson River,
              points to a potential risk of conflict in this
              waterway.   This risk is increased as different
              types and sizes of vessels are docked near one


                              5.41









another, i.e. small recreational craf t vs. large
excursion and cruise vessels.


Given   the   aesthetic   appeal   and   historic
signif icance of the Statue of Liberty and the Lower
Manhattan skyline, the lower East and Hudson
Rivers, and the Upper Bay will continue to be the
primary destination of excursion and chartered
vessels both during daylight and evening hours.
The total number of vessels is expected to
increase. -    Coupled   with   expanded   docking
facilities,  the potential for conf lict in these
waters will increase.   The recent economic down-
turn in the region will impact the rate of growth
in all categories; however, over a longer period,
modest growth is expected in all categories.




























               5.42









Chapter 5 - Endnotes




          1. Norman Brouwer, "The Port of New York 1860-1985: The
         Passenger Ship Era", Seaport, Fall 1988, 36 - 41.

          2. Ibid.

          3. See Chapter 4 History.

          4. Brouwer, "The Port of New York 1860-1985: The
         Passenger Ship Era", 41.

          5. Ibid.

          6. Ibid.

         7. Norman Brouwer, "The Port of New York 1860- 1985:
         Recreation on New York Waters", Seaport, Summer 1989, 36-
          41.

          8. Ibid.

          9. John Steele Gordon, "The Wreck of the General Slocum",
          Seaport, Summer, 1989, 28-35.

          10. Jeannette Edwards Rattray, The Perils of the Port of
         New York, 1973 (New York) 148-149.

          11. Brouwer, "The Port of New York 1860-1985: Recreation
          on New York Waters", Seaport, Summer, 1989, 41.

          12. William N. Zeisel, Jr., "Shark! and Other Sport Fish
          Once   Abundant   In   New   York   Harbor",   Seaport,
         Winter/Spring, 1990, 36-39.

          13. Norman Brouwer, "The Port of New York 1860-1985:The
          New York Fisheries", Seaport, Winter/Spring, 1990, 14-17.

          14. Michael Cohn,  "The Final Years of the New York
          Fisheries", Seaport, Winter/Spring, 1990, 33-35.

          15. Upwards of 70 commercial boating operations were
          gathered from sources such as the Yellow Paaes, Maritime
          Association publications, etc. Many of these represent
          brokers or agents who arrange charters as well as
          operations which do a very small amount of business
         within the Harbor. Additionally, there are a significant
          number of operations listed outside of the study area

                              5.43










which occasionally or frequently navigate within the
study area boundaries that are not included in the
listing in Appendix 1.

16. Dravo Van Houten, Maritime SuDDort Services Location
Study: Task 2, prepared for NYC Dept. of City Planning,
1988, p.5.33.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid p. 5.32.

19. See endnote 16.

20. Telephone interview with Nancy Meyer, owner, Yachts
For All Seasons and Paul Mahoney, owner, Metropolitan
Yacht, Charters, Dec. 1990.

21. E.L. Crow, Inc./Consultants The Market Orpportunity to
Expand Charter Fishinq Boat Activity at the Westchester
Avenue Bridae Waterfront Park Area, prepared for NYC
Department of City Planning, 1988, 60.

22. Wendy Feuer, "Harbor Park New York City's Newest
Park", Neiahborhood, Summer 1985, 2-5.

23. Bruce DeYoung, Ph.D., Marina Marketina Service Toward
the 21st Century, 1989, National Marina Research
Conference, 224-45.

24. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, National Ocean
Service, 50 Years of Population Chanae Alona the Nation's
Coasts 1960-2010, 1990, 3.

25. Heskett, 1987 from DeYoung.

26. DeYoung, 248.

27. NOAA, 7-8.

28. Ibid, 10-11.

29. New York Division of Tourism.

30. see endnote 20.

31. Maritime SunDort Services Location Study: Task 2, p.
5.33.





                    5.44










0                  ~~~~~~CHAPTER 6: RECREATIONAL BOATING


                   Recreational boats include a wide variety of
                   waterborne vessels owned and operated for personal
                   use in leisure and sporting activities such as
                   fishing, waterskiing, racing, day and overnight
                   cruises. Since the Colonial period, the Harbor has
                   been used for recreational boating with different
                   types of boating rising and falling in popularity
                   over time as the Harbor changed. After a period of
                   gradual decline over the first half of this
                   century, recreational boating began to increase
                   steadily in the 19501s, with a marked upswing over
                   the past decade. Several factors have contributed
                   to this resurgence:


                     * Heavy maritime and industrial traffic in the
                        harbor contributed to a decline in many types
                        of recreational boating activity prior to the
                        1950's.      Changes   in   technology   and
                        industrialization  have  caused  maritime  and
                        industrial traffic to consolidate.1


                     * New  waterfront  residential  and  mixed  use
                        developments and public and visual access to
                        the water have renewed the public's awareness
                        of the waterfront and increased focus on the
                        Harbor's potential for recreational use.


                     * Water quality improvements have increased the
                        Harbor's appeal for recreational boating and
                        associated activities such as fishing. These
                        improvements are a result of the reduced
                        industrial pollution and domestic sewage
                        outfall and surface runoff, and of the Army

                                   6.1









                   Corps of Engineers' Harbor Drift Program. 

                 * A demographic shift, wherein  'baby-boomers'
                   are entering their peak earning years, coupled
                   with an economic upturn, has increased the
                   amount  of  disposable  income, available  -for
                   purchase of boats and related equipment. In
                   1987 Americans spent approximately $7.74
                   billion on boat purchases and close to $10
                   billion more on such things as storage,
                   accessories, fuel, maintenance and insurance. 2

                 * Technological changes in boat building, such
                   as the use of materials like fiberglass, and
                   innovations in engine design have decreased
                   the cost of owning a boat and made some boats
                   easier to operate.


              HI STORY


              Boating as a sport in the New York-New Jersey
              Harbor  began  in a  spontaneous  and  uno rganized
              fashion.   The  rise of recreational boating  was
              closely linked to the commercial and mercantile
              needs of the Harbor and started in the form of
              competition between working boats.


Rowing          The rowing boats of the Colonial Era served as the
              Harbor's first watertaxis.  -Competitive rowing was
              encouraged by passengers attempting to reach
              incoming ships first, for news and supplies.
              Watermen raced against each other trying to prove
              who was the fastest.   The first reported rowing
              race in New York Harbor was in 1757 for a prize of
              $20 .OO.3

                              6.2











By the beginning of the 19th century, rowing
competitions began to attract more rowers and
observers. In 1820 a race between an English crew
of Thames Watermen and the American New York
Whitehallers attracted an estimated 20-50,000
spectators.4 A newspaper report of a race between
the Fulton Meat Market crew and the Whitehallers
stated  that  "the  harbor  was  magnificent.    It
appeared as if the city had poured forth all its
inhabitants to witness some great contest on which
their existence depended."5


By   the  mid-nineteenth   century,   sports   and
recreation began to be viewed as a way to establish
order and improve the health and well being of city
residents through physical activity and access to
fresh air. Recreational boating was influenced by
these  changing  attitudes  and  grew  into  an
increasingly organized sport within the Harbor.


By the 1870s, 74 amateur rowing clubs were listed
in New York, making it the national capital for
rowing.6 The National Association of Amateur
Oarsmen was founded in 1872 in New York.  One of
its main goals was to establish a common set of
rules and regulations for the sport.


By  the  late  1800's,  the  Harlem  River  was
Manhattan's rowing center.  It was "considered to
be one of the premier rowing capitals of this
country."7  Approximately 16 boathouses stretched
from Spuyten Duyvil to the Polo Grounds, with the
major  concentration    between  149th  and  159th
Street.8 Growing numbers of amateurs, representing
a broad spectrum of the population, replaced

               6.3










              professionals, developing the sport to Olympic
              levels.


              Changing demographics, increased industrialization,
              and the construction of the Harlem River Drive in
              the 1930s combined to bring an end to -much of -the,
              rowing  on  the  Harlem. 9    By  1950,  only  five
              boathouses remained on the Harlem, including
              Columbia University's at Spuyten Duyvil and four
              others in the area of Sherman Creek. Only Columbia
              continued to row competitively. By 1978 the only
              remaining boathouse was Columbia's.


              The creation of Orchard Beach Lagoon during the
              1930's, through Robert Moses' connection of
              Rodman's Neck and Hunters Island to form Orchard
              Beach, engendered a new area for rowing. In 1967,
              the lagoon was straightened and a 2000 meter course
              was created for Olympic rowing and canoeing trials.



Sailing         Yachts, defined as sailing boats usedT for pleasure
              cruising and racing, had their beginnings as work
              boats. 10 There are early reports of boats being
              specifically built for pleasure yachting in the
              Colonial  era,  but  little  happened  in  yacht
              development until the nineteenth century when two
              distinct groups of yachts emerged. The first were
              small open boats adapted from fishing and oyster
              boats. 11 The second group, schooner and sloop type
              cabin boats, were grander and larger in scale and
              size, well-staffed with both seamen and cabin
              servants, and owned by the wealthy. 12


              Large yachts, with a full crew and an anchor watch,

                              6.4










0                   ~~~~~~could anchor or moor in any deep water area in the
                  harbor, including the same areas used for general
                   shipping. Small craft, however, sought the shallow,
                  protected mudflats suitable for the mooring of
                   sloop boats, which required only two feet of water.
                   Shoal coves were found on the -Hudson, East and
                   Harlem rivers, a large area at Hoboken, at
                   Conununipaw just below Jersey City,  and   farther
                   south in Bayonne. Even the higher shores of Staten
                   island offered shelter in small bays, and there was
                   almost unlimited mud along the Brooklyn and Long
                   Island Sound shore.1


                   The establishment of the New York Yacht Club in
                   1844 marked the beginning of organized sailing in
                   the New York-New Jersey Harbor. Three additional
                   clubs were established by 1865. These were the
0                  ~~~~~Brooklyn Yacht Club, at the head of Gowanus Bay,
                   the Jersey City Yacht Club, whose members sailed in
                   Commnunipaw Bay, and the Hoboken Yacht Club. 14


                   After the Civil War, interest in all type's of
                   sports increased,  including yachting.   By 1872,
                   fifteen yacht clubs had been established in the
                   area. 15By 1900, Mannings Yacht Registry listed
                   24 clubs located around the Harbor in such areas
                   as Gravesend Bay, Coney Island, Jersey City,
                   Atlantic Highlands, Bowery Bay, College Point,
                   Jamaica Bay and City Island. 16


                   In the early part of the twentieth century,
                   yachting began to move out of the Harbor to such
                   places as Eastern Long Island and Narragansett Bay
                   in Rhode Island, due to the gradual increase in
                   commercial use of the Harbor.    increased water

                                  6.5










              pollution also contributed to the decline in
              yachting in the harbor. The Atlantic Yacht Club,
              situated at Seagate in Coney Island, was one of the
              major clubs in the New York area until commercial
              traffic and water pollution gradually ruined the
              Lower Bay area for sailing purposes.   The club
              closed in the early 30s.6.17


Canoes          The first canoes used in New York Harbor in the
              Colonial era were probably the dugout canoes that
              the  early,  settlers  acquired  from  the  Native
                                            18
              Americans local to the Harbor.    The most common
              .type of canoe in the New York Harbor was
              approximately  15  feet  long  with  a  beam  of
              approximately four feet. It was well suited for
              oystering   in  protected   waters. 19Settlers
              developed enough skill to use the canoe in
              protected waters and at times it was adapted to
              carry a sail (the Periagua).  However, the canoe
              was ill-equipped to carry heavy cargo, and thus
              shipbuilders from Europe were brought to the States
              to construct boats suitable for carrying loads. 20
              The first recreational canoe was introduced to New
              York Harbor from Scotland in the late 1850's. The
              canoe that was introduced was different from the
               'native' canoe.   It was almost completely decked
              like a kayak, with two or more sails and was about
              16 f eet long.     21By the 1870s it had become an
              extremely popular craft in the Harbor. Because it
              was relatively inexpensive, it was known as the
               "po man's yacht" *22


              By the early 1900's, a canoe similar to today's was
               in use.   Modeled after the birch bark canoe and
              constructed either of wood or canvas, it was wider

                              6.6










              and therefore more stable than earlier models.
              Shortly after World War II, many of the city's
              waters, including the Hudson along upper Manhattan,
              City Island, Jamaica Bay -and College Point, were
              filled with thousands of canoeists on any given
              Sunday. Clubs and-societies had been formed which,
              sponsored outings, events and races. Canoeing
              remained popular until  the 1950's.   Some canoe
              clubs became yacht clubs housing motor boats;
              others disappeared altogether. The Inwood section
              of northern Manhattan, for example, at one time had
              seven boathouses  on the Hudson.   The  last  one
              burned in 1989. 23


Motorboats      The  first  motorized  recreational  boats  were
              developed in the late 1880's, when an auxiliary
              engine was attached to sail and row boats that had
              previously been  fitted with steam engines.   As
              these engines became more reliable and capable of
              going  longer  distances,  boats  were  covered  to
              provide protection for cruising; the distinct
                                                        24
              saloon and the cabin boat, were developed.    The
              saloon boat had the engine placed toward the bow,
              in front of a glassed-in cabin that protected
              passengers from noise and fumes. Though luxurious,
              they functioned poorly in rough weather because
              excessive weight and openness in the forebody made
              them easy  to swamp.   The cabin  boat,  probably
              modeled after the -torpedo boat, placed the cabin
              forward and was therefore sturdier and better
              suited for overnight use. These early boats moved
              relatively slowly obtaining speeds of approximately
              7 to 12 knots. 25


              As interest in racing these boats grew, the

                              6.7










technology  improved  as  well.    Boat  designers
discovered how hulls could be built to plane at
higher speeds and still be controlled by their
operators.   In the post World War I era, unused
airplane engines from the war were modified for
motorboats.   Production technique-s were borrowed.
from the auto industry allowing for the inexpensive
mass production of lighter, more reliable engines
for boats.


During World War II, fiberglass was invented. This
material was strong, waterproof, resistant to
shipworms, easily moldable for mass production and
proved to be very useful for boat development. It
continues to be the most popular material used in
the manufacturing of boats.


After World War II, there was an enormous increase
in  pleasure  boat   construction.       Fuel   was
inexpensive and people had the discretionary income
to spend. During this time, boats were designed to
achieve speeds of 20 to 30 knots, even with large
and comfortable interiors and galleys.2


Prior to the 1950's, the inboard engine transmitted
its power to the propeller shaft, running through
the bottom of the boat or keel. in the 1950's the
inboard/outboard engine was introduced, making the
engine easier and quicker to install and providing
more interior space in the boats.   In addition,
these engines were lighter, more efficient, and
thus capable of obtaining high speeds. Because of
their lower cost they became available to more
people.


               6.8










                  Another development during the 1950's was the
                  introduction of the jet engine.   By the 1960's,
                  professional boat racers using these engines could
                  obtain record speeds of up to 276 mph.  27Today,
                  the distinction between power racing boats and
                  recreational motor boats -is blurred, enabling the
                  purchase of cruising type boats that can easily
                  obtain speeds of approximately 85 mph.  28As boats
                  have become faster, the design community has become
                  increasingly aware of the need to design safety
                  features into boats.


                  EXISTING CONDITIONS


                  Throughout   the   country,   the   popularity   of
                  recreational boating and related activities (e.g.
                  waterskiing,  fishing,   windsurfing)  has  grown

                  explosively. Nationally it was estimated that 8.8
                  million pleasure boats were owned in 1970, by 1989
                  the number had increased by 77% to 15.6 million,
                  with a midway increase from 1980 to 1989 of 32%. 29
                  The actual number of persons participating in
                  recreational boating is far higher than the number
                  of boats owned. It is conservatively estimated that
                  for every boat registered at least ten different
                  people participate one or more times a year in
                  recreational boating. 30


                   In the study area, the number of registered boats
                  has also shown a dramatic rise. New York City boat
                   registrations have increased by 24% from 18,328 in
                  1980 to 22,652 in 1989 and by 46% from 108,246 to
                  158,253 in the same period for New Jersey
                   (Statewide). The actual number of boats owned in
*                  ~~~~~~the area is higher as not all boats are required to

                                  6.9










be registered.3   (It should be noted that between
1988 and 1989 New Jersey boat registrations
suffered their first decline in many years - close
to 10% decrease from 173,208 to 158,253.   it is
unclear if this is a statewide or concentrated
phenomena.    Nevertheless ,  it  can  probably  be
attributed to a weakened economy which has hit much
of the recreational boating industry in the last
year.) (See Appendix 6.1).


A review follows   of the types of recreational
boating activity that occur in the Harbor, the
problems and benefits of their particular use,
facilities needed to serve different types of
boats, and trends that have occurred in the Harbor
in the recreational boating industry, concluding
with  an  overview    by  water  body  of  where
recreational boating takes place in the Harbor.


Four basic groups of boats are used: motorboats,
sailboats, canoes/kayaks and rowing shells. Within
each of these categories there is considerable
variety in size, design, maneuverability and
stability. In combination with the above, different
water and weather conditions, and the skill and
judgement of the boater, affect where and how boats
are used (See Appendix 6.2.)


Market studies of sales :and the -distribution of
boating registrations both indicat-e well over 50%
of boats in the Harbor are within the range of 16
to 26 feet (See Appendix 6.1). Although there are
no exact figures for the study area, national data
indicates that approximately 60% of all boats owned
are outboard or inboard engine motor boats, with

               6.10










                        the majority being outboard engines, 27% are canoes
                        and  rowboats  and  8.5%  are  sailboats.   32 N
                        national data exist concerning the percentage of
                        boats that are rowing shells, probably because
                        there are relatively few when compared with other
                        recreational vessels. The percent of .-motorized
                        boats in the New-York/New Jersey Harbor is probably
                        higher than the national figures, because canoes
                        and rowboats are found in higher frequency in
                        inland waters and lakes than in coastal waters.


          Boating         Aside from being in close proximity to a particular
         .Activity       body of water, boaters choose areas where the water
                        is suitable for the intended activity. Often these
                        areas differ from one activity to another. Where
                        different activities occur together, they may
      *                  ~~~~~~become  incompatible  with  each  other  if  the
                        concentration is too high or if there are unsafe
                        boating practices taking place. In, a worst case
                        scenario this equation can result in fatalities.
                        Other events result in injury or vessel damage,
                        perceived or real harassment between participants,
                        or the forcing of one type of activity out of an
                        area because the boater cannot or will not compete
                        as the waters appear too dangerous or unappealing
                        for a particular activity.

                        Boating activity may also be incompatible with a
                        particular environment, either -because -it is -a
                        sensitive natural resource, the water quality is
                        unacceptable for primary or secondary recreational
                        contact with the water 33 or- the water conditions
                         (e.g. currents, waves/wakes, depths) are unsuitable
                        for an activity. (See Appendix 6.2). The chapter
is on conflicts will expand this discussion to include
                                       6.11










maritime and industrial port users, ferries and
commercial vessels.


A motorboat, broadly speaking, is any boat with a
mechanically driven means of propulsion.   For the
sake of discussion, sailboats, canoes-or kayaks,
though legally considered motorboats if they have
any sort of mechanical propulsion, will be
discussed separately.


There   are   four   basic   types   of   activity:
Motorboating, cruising or racing in a motorboat,
jet skiing, waterskiing and fishing from a boat. 34
Issues that pertain to the operation of all types
of motorboat activities will be discussed first.


!4otorboating can occur in most parts of the Harbor
depending on the craft's capabilities and water
depth. Motorboating generally does not involve
primary contact with the water. Water quality is
far  more   important   to  such   activities   as
waterskiing. Nevertheless, floating debris in the
water can cause damage to the boat hull and
propellers. A jammed propeller can cause a boat to
stop suddenly, potentially causing injury if the
passengers are thrown forward. if noise, wakes and
increased    turbidity    occur,    environmentally
sensitive areas may be disrupted.


Motorboats vary in size, maneuverability and
stability.    Smaller  boats  tend  to  have  less
stability and are better suited for protected
waters. Their stability is reduced considerably if
they are loaded improperly or passengers are
standing.   The degree of responsibility of the

               6.12









*                  ~~~~~operator has a lot to do wi th whether they will
                  conflict with other types of vessels.   At high
                  speeds, they become incompatible with most types of
                  water activity. Boats traveling too fast may lose
                  control and may flip or sustain hull damage.


                  The generation of wakes occurs at different speeds
                  and varies depending on hull design and size. If
                  large enough, wakes can cause other boats to alter
                  their course to avoid the full impact of the wake
                  or can cause damage to another boat through
                  capsizing or swamping.


                  Federal  and  State   regulations  prohibit   the
                  operation of a motorboat in a reckless or negligent
                  manner so as to endanger the life or limb of any
                  person. Powered vessel operators are responsible
                  for their own wake or wash.   In New York State
                  speed is limited to 5 mph within 100 feet of shore,
                  dock, raft, or pier. (The differences between New
                  York and New Jersey regulations are detailed in
                  Appendix  2.1.)   In New Jersey,  legislation  is
                  pending (S-1527) which would restrict vessels to
                  idle speed or 5 mph when operating within 50 feet
                  of any shoreline protected or not.


                  Waterskiing is subject to special regulations that
                  include time of day, distance from shore and
                  adequate   observation    (See ,Appendix    2.1).
                  Waterskiing usually requires a motorboat of 121-141
                  minimum and speeds of 10 to 36 mph. The speed
                  attained depends on the type of skiing being done,
                  the size of the ski being used and weight of the
                  skier.    Considerable  distancing  is needed  for
                  waterskiing, since the measurement from the bow of

                                  6.13










the boat to the skier is approximately 90 to 100
feet.


Good water quality is desired for waterskiing
because of primary contact with the-water.  Areas
high in floating debris are- to beravoided because
of potential risk to the boat passengers and
skiers. Hazards can also occur if other boats get
in between the skier and the boat crossing the tow
line. In addition, the skier, if down, is difficult
to see and vulnerable in congested waters. Most
waterskiing occurs in calm, quiet waters, where the
boats' noise can interfere with other activities
which seek out quiet places such as fishing or
kayaking. 35Wakes can be created by this activity,
posing a problem for smaller boats, though often
these boats when planing throw a smaller-wake than
a similar vessel moving slower.  The tendency of
wakes to reverberate in small, enclosed bodies of
water makes these areas less than ideal for the
sport.


Personal watercraft, frequently referred to as jet
skis (a brand name), are the fastest growing boat
type in the nation, having increased by 100% from
1987 to 1989.  36They are some of the smallest
craft in the motorboat family. Due to size, limited
draft, instability, and limited fuel carrying
capacity, these craft~tend to stay close to shore.-
Because an operator can easily have direct contact
with the water, areas with good water quality are
                       37 
desired for this sport.   Jet skis frequent the
same type of areas as swimmers, small sailboats and
motorboats, waterskiers and canoes/kayaks. Their
speed and high maneuverability allow them to come

               6.14










0                  ~~~~close  to  other  boats,  causing  conflicts  and
                  potential danger if not operated responsibly.


                  Jet skiing is subject to special regulations (see
                  Appendix 2.1) governing speed when close to the
                  shoreline and the times of day they can be
                  .operated.


                  Fishing in small boats, which are usually less
                  stable than larger ones, requires calmer waters.
                  Wakes and strong weather conditions can increase
                                              38
                  the potential for accidents.   Fishing from boats
                  occurs most often in areas where water quality is
                  good although they can also be found in other
                  waters. Fishing does not involve high speeds;
                  instead, boats tend to move slowly, drift, or sit
                  at anchor.


                  Fishing   is   incompatible   with   jet   skiing,,
                  waterskiing and other high-speed boating which may
                  cross lines or create wakes around the fishermen.
                  Noise can also disturb the quiet frequently sought
                  by fishermen. If the waters become too congested,
                  the area becomes less attractive for fishing.


                  Ocean fishing differs from the majority of fishing
                  activity that takes place in the Harbor. In this
                  case, boats must be large enough to sustain wave
                  action and heavier seas.-Generallyi -larger fishing
                  vessels ply the offshore waters while smaller boats
                  are confined to the quieter waters of the harbor.


                  Sailboats are divided into two separate activities:
                  sailing and windsurfing. Sailing is more dependent
                  on weather than motorboating because wind is used

                                  6.15










as the means of propulsion. Smaller sailboats lack
stability to handle heavy weather or waters and
tend to stay in protected bays whereas larger craft
can be designed for larger, more volatile water
bodies.


The deep draft of sailboats prevents them from
going in shallow areas because of the risk of
grounding. Larger sailboats have auxiliary power
that enables them to move out of an area if the
wind dies. These engines, along with sailboat hull
design, usually allow for only minimum speeds when
in use. Sailing usually occurs in an area where
there is sufficient room to tack back and forth as
the boat moves by catching the wind. This can be
confusing to other boaters if the waters are
congested. Accidents can occur if the operator
isn't paying attention, especially when the sail
blocks the field of vision. Furthermore, wakes from
motorized boats can cause a sailboat to alter its
course. 3

Windsurfers  (or  sailboards)  differ  from  other
sailing craft in that the boats are similar to
surfboards and maneuvered by operators shifting
their weight and pivoting the mast to move the sail
as they plane across the water. A beginner can
drift while trying to maneuver the board. Even the
most experienced windsurfer can tire -especially in
high winds. Strong offshore winds can easily carry
a windsurfer out to sea and cause difficulty
getting back to shore. Large wakes and fluctuating
wind   conditions   can   present   difficulties.
Windsurfers, therefore, tend to remain within a
small area close to shore.

               6.16











Given the strenuous nature of these sports,
windsurfers, canoeists, kayakers and rowers all
require higher degrees of physical fitness than
most other types of boaters.


in windsurfing, direct contact with the water is
inevitable and thus areas where the water quality
is good and free from debris are sought out. The
quality of the water's bottom is also important,
especially near launching sites. The wakes and the
potential for collision make them incompatible with
high speed motorized vessels. The problem is
compounded   because,   like   waterskiers,   the
windsurfer is difficult to see when down. Larger
vessels may also block the wind and effectively
stop the windsurfer. Because many of the conditions
that are ideal for windsurfing are also ideal for
swimmers, they often compete for the same space.
Unless care is taken there is a risk of collision
near the shoreline. 40


Canoes and kayaks are used for exploring areas
along the shore or to venture into less protected
waters. There are several types of boats in this
class with varying degrees of stability. Canoes are
highly unstable in strong wakes, heavy winds and
sea conditions.   It takes years of practice  to
venture out in canoes beyond very calm conditions.
Kayaks are much more seaworthy. Winds, waves and
wakes present less problems, except for the very
narrow high performance (British) kayaks which
amateurs tend to avoid due to their extreme lack of
stability. One of the most commonly used in this
area is the sea kayak. A large number of these are

               6.17










of the folding variety, requiring few facilities
for launching.


Because they ride close to the water these vessels
are difficult to see. Good knowledge of weather,
currents and boating areas is required for safe
operation. Most accidents occur when these factors
are misjudged. Going against currents or tides or
in heavy winds decreases maneuverability, slows
movement and increases physical strain. 41   Waves
and wakes are a large problem for less skilled
canoeist  and  kayakers.   Wakes,  noise  and  the
dangers of being hit by high speed boats cause many
to move out of waters heavily congested with
motorboats. The tendency of many of these small
vessels to be in protected shallow waters can cause
conflicts with jet skiers who also have access to
shallow water and can create wakes. 42


Rowing shells are one of the most unstable and
fragile boats found in the Harbor. Waves and wakes
can cause shells to crack or be swamped.   Areas
where the water is relatively calm are desirable.
Stability increases with the number of oars. Newer
models of recreational rowing shells have increased
stability and durability increasing the areas they
can travel.


Rowing usually takes place in narrow protected
waters that are not desirable to sailboats.   The
single or doubles row backward which makes it
difficult to spot traffic. In collegiate or group
club situations a motorized boat rides alongside
for supervision and coaching.


              6.18 Is










Facilities      Recreational boating  facilities  include marinas,
Requirements   yacht clubs, moorings, wet and dry rack storage,
              boat trailer ramps, hand boat launches and
              boathouses (See Appendix 6.3). Their location
              depends on a variety of factors, including upland
              zoning,   access  to  waters   appropriate   to  a
              particular water sport, the ability to provide
              security for the facility, and shelter from
              wave/wake action. Sufficient in-water and upland
              area and services to provide for the needs of
              boaters are required.


              Where areas of adequate depths are not available,
              dredging will be required to allow boats to pass
              freely. Dredging can add substantially to marina
              development   costs.      Bottom   conditions   are
              particularly important when piles must be driven.
              If the bottom is either very rocky or too soft, the
              cost of driving piles will significantly add to the
              expense of development.


              Strong currents or heavy wave action can make it
              difficult to maneuver boats in and out of a
              facility. Wave and wake action can also damage
              bulkheads, docks and boats docked at a marina. Wave
              and wake actions are persistent problems in the
              study area.


              Heavy commercial traffic too near a facility can
              create   conflicts   between   recreational   and
              commercial boats as they enter or exit the
              facility. in addition, ice can also create problems
              by heaving piles and fixed docks, or shearing piles
              as  the ice flows with  the tide.   If there  is
              inadequate natural protection, these problems can

                             6.19









              sometimes  be  alleviated  through  the  use  of i
              artif icial structures such as breakwaters, which
              protect docked boats from wave/wake action. lcee
              breakers are used to protect marinas from ice
              damage.


              Upland space requirements for marinas and other
              boating facilities include areas for parking, room
              for   support   services   such   as   repair   and
              maintenance, and storage and space for sale of food
              and supplies. Infrastructure considerations include
              road access for patrons, fire and sanitary
              services, potable water, and electricity.


              Finally, existing natural areas such as shellfish
              beds, wetlands, extensive mudflats, or nesting
              areas may make an area unsuitable for boating
              facility development. Another problem prevalent in
              the Harbor is contaminated sediment, which may make
              dredging  unadvisable.    The  awareness  of  the
              environmental impacts of coastal construction and
              stricter    governmental    regulations    have
              significantly lengthened the planning and design
              time required before permits are secured and
              construction can begin on marina projects. 43


Marina Trends  Since 1970 the total number of marinas in the Harbor
              has decreased, while the average marina size has
              grown   larger.   Residential   development   with
              accessory slips have also been built on sites
              previously occupied by marinas. Overall, the total
              number of boat slips and boat registrations have
              both increased. These trends probably reflect the
              closing of the smaller, less economically viable
              facilities and the expansion and opening of new

                             6.200









             marinas large enough to be profitable. Industry
             spokesmen observe that new marinas must have at
             least 200 slips to be profitable.


             marina operators interviewed in New York City have
             consistently reported waiting lists for slip space.
             Coast Guard regulated Special Anchorage areas in
             Sheepshead Bay and Great Kills Harbor, used
             predominately for boats under 40', have reported a
             steady increase in the length of waiting lists for
             the use of these facilities. Additionally, studies
             show that much of the demand for recreational
             boating from residents of the New York/New Jersey
             Harbor area -is now met outside of the Harbor
             itself. Marina slips outside of the Harbor may be
             less expensive and more easily obtainable and
             waters perceived as cleaner and more accessible. 44


             RECREATIONAL BOATING LOCATIONS


             The study area contains fourteen major bodies of
             water and many smaller tributaries and bays. This
             section describes the areas where recreational
             boating takes place and the location of boating
             facilities. (Further detail on water conditions can
             be found in Appendix 1.1.) Figures 6.1 through 6.4
             and Appendix 6.4 show the approximate number of
             marinas, yacht clubs, slips, moorings, boat trailer
             ramps, hand boat launches, and rowing sites
             throughout the harbor, by waterway. Boat slips at
             marinas located just outside the study area,
             numerous transients coming through the area, and an
             unknown   number   boats   docked   behind   private
             residences and at yacht clubs, constitute sources
             of additional unquantifiable recreational boaters.

0                             ~~~~~~~~~~6.21












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                                                                              NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY
RECREATIONAL BOATING   CHAPTER 6  FIG. 1HARBOR ESTUARY
                                                                              WATER USE MANAGEMENT
* CONCENTRATIONS OF MARINAS ANDSTY
    YACHT CLUBS  EXISTING                                                                    NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                              NJ DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                              PROTECTION




                                         6.22
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        AND SAILBOATING: EXISTING                                          STUDY
                                                                                             NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                                             NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                                             PROTECTION



                                                6.23











































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                                                6D.2













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                   RECREATIONAL BOATING CHAPTER 6 FIG. 4 NEW YORK I NEW JERSEY
                   RECREATIONAL BOATING CHAPTER 6  FIG. 4HARBOR ESTUARY
                                                                         WATER USE MANAGEMENT
   ...CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES: EXISTING                                         STUDY
+ +  ROWING SHELL ROUTES:   EXISTING                                       NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
                                                                         NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONIMENTAL
                                                                         PROTECTION



                                     6.25











Long island    Long Island Sound is in the northeastern portion of
Sound           the study area.  It is entered from the East River
              between Throgs Neck in the Bronx and Beechhurst in
              Queens, affording access to northern Long Island as
              well as Connecticut, Rhode Island and points
              beyond. The Sound offers some of the best boating
              waters in all of New York State and is used by all
              types of boats.  It is excellent water for motor
              boating and fishing. Sailing is also good in this
              area.   However,  in mid-summer  the winds can be
              variable and make it difficult for sailing at
               times. Smaller boats, such as windsurfers and
              personal watercraft,  use the waters around City
               Island and Throgs Neck, even though the sailing can
               be difficult due to tides, wakes, fluctuating
               winds, few launching sites, poor water quality and
               floating  debris.  The  area  is also  popular  for
               fishing. In addition boats transiting into the East
               River wait in the Sound for tides and currents to
               be advantageous for their passage into the River.
               During peak boating season, crowded waters make it
               difficult for smaller boats to operate.


               Pelham Bay Lagoon, in the northernmost part of the
               Sound,  is located within Pelham Bay Park.   The
               lagoon waters are calm, have minimal tidal currents
               and  are  protected  from  the  wind.       Although
               inadequate  for  long  distance  rowing,  this  is
               considered one of the best rowing sites in the
               city. Boat houses are located to the north in New
               Rochelle and rowers from the New York Athletic
               Club, Iona College, Iona Prep and Sarah Lawrence
               regularly row down to use the lagoon. A hand boat
               launch is also located here. Small boats using the

                              6.260









                 Park's ramp may remain in the lagoon or travel from
                 here   to  Stepping   Stone  or   Execution   Rock
                 lighthouses, Hart Island, City Island or David's
                 Island in Westchester or across the sound to Little
                 Neck Bay. 45


                 Until the summer of 1990, the Lagoon was also used
                 by powerboats, its calm waters especially popular
                 among water-skiers.   The lagoon had become very
                 congested and conflicts occurred between motorized
                 and non-motorized boats, with the former operating
                 at unsafe speeds, creating damaging wakes and
                 harassing  other  boaters.    The  major  conflict
                 appeared to be between rowers and water-skiers.
                 Rowers complained that the speed and wakes from
                 motorized boats had caused some shells to be
                 swamped or cracked.   Many water-skiers responded
*                 ~~~~~that it was the only place to ski for championship
                 level skiing and that the waters could be shared.
                 In addition, concerns arose that motorboat wake was
                 eroding the shoreline and disturbing bird nesting
                 areas.   This  led to the New York City Council
                 passing a law restricting the speed limit in the
                 lagoon to 4 mph. Because the law was not enacted
                 until November of 1990, it is too early to tell
                 what effect it will have.


                 In the Sound to the east of the Lagoon is Orchard
                 Beach, whose waters are restricted to navigation to
                 protect swimmers. A bridge connecting City Island
                 with the mainland crosses at Rodman's Neck. There
                 is a no wake zone in the channel between Rodman's
                 Neck and City  Island.   The bridge  is used  for
                 fishing and problems occur with boaters becoming
                 fouled on fishermen's lines.

   0                             ~~~~~~~~~~6.27









City island, located east of Pelham Bay Park, lies
between Long Island Sound and Eastchester Bay. It
has long been considered one of New York City's
major boating centers. It has deepwater facilities,
especially along its eastern shore.   There is a
major concentration of marinas, marina support
services and yacht clubs.   Boat rentals are also
available.   It is also the City's major location
for sailing schools. Classes range from beginners
to cruising classes and run from April to October.
The best times for sailing classes as well as
sailing in general are reported to be from April to
early July and then September and October as the
wind in the area tends to be less dependable in the
middle of the summer.


In Eastchester Bay, currents are minimal and depths
sufficient for most boats. Depths decrease towards
the mouth of the Hutchinson River at the, head of
the bay.   Groundings occur- on Big Tom and Cuban
Ledge.  The area offers easy access to the sound
and is popular for sailing, motorboating, and
fishing. As with the Sound, the winds -can be
variable in the mid-summer, sometimes causing
difficulty for sailboats. The Bay's northeastern
shore is parkland with tidal wetlands. City Island
lies to the east. The western shore has six marinas
and yacht clubs totalling approximately 900 slips.
A private boat trailer ramp is located south of
Pelham Bay Park and there are general and special
anchorage areas.


A rowing facility used by the State University
Maritime College and St. John's University is
located south of Eastchester Bay, in the Sound

               6.28










              beneath the Throgs Neck Bridge at Fort Schuyler.
              This area is unusual for rowing because of its
              exposed location. To avoid difficulties presented
              by wind and choppy waters that come up later in the
              day, rowing takes place early in the morning.
              Conflicts with other recreational boaters are
              avoided because rowing occurs during the school
              year and not in the peak summer boating season.
              Some windsurfers also use the area, although they
              experience difficulty related to wakes when the
              waters become congested.


              Little Neck Bay in northeast Queens opens onto the
              southern  shore  of  Long  Island  Sound.    It  is
              approximately two miles long and has good depths
              for all kinds of boating. The waters are calm and
              sheltered, making it attractive to fishermen,
              water-skiers and paddlers. A private yacht club is
              located on the eastern shore of the bay.  On the
              western shore there is a New York City Parks
              Department concessioned marina and a boat trailer
              ramp. Due to its construction, trailered boats must
              be launched and retrieved in or around high tide.
              Limited parking restricts access to the ramp. The
              ramp is also a Parks Department designated hand
              boat launch. Boaters either remain in the Bay or
              travel into the Sound and Eastchester Bay or
              towards Flushing Bay and the East River.


Upper East      West of Long Island Sound is the entrance to the
River           upper part of the  East River which extends to Hell
              Gate. The currents increase as one heads towards
              Bell Gate. This portion of the river is used by
              sailboats, motorboats, canoes and kayaks, though
              not as heavily as the Sound.  Many boats use the

                             6.29









waterway to transit either to the Hudson river via
the Harlem River or to Long Island Sound, or to
explore and fish in some of its bays.


There are restrictions for masts over 125' in the
vicinity of La Guardia Airport and a 35' mast
height restriction in Flushing Bay to avoid
penetration  of  airplane  flight  paths.    Harbor
police have voiced security concerns about boats
coming too close to Rikers Island where a
correctional facility is located.  No regulations
restrict navigation around the Island except the
above regulations related to La Guardia Airport. A
reef off of College Point covered by 6' of water
should be avoided by deep draft boats.



Little Bay contains the U.S. Army's Fort Totten,
located on a peninsula jutting into the Bay's
eastern shore. The Bay's western shore contains
tidal wetlands. Depths range from 6' to 10'1. The
area is used for fishing and a general anchorage
area. To the west is Powells, Cove, between
Whitestone and College Point, which is shallow and
contains wetlands on all sides. No facilities are
located within this cove; however, shallow draft
boats can and do use these waters.


The area of College Point between Powells Cove and
Flushing Bay has the largest concentration of
boating facilities in northern Queens, centered on
the west side of the College Point peninsula.
Depths north of College Point range from 2' to 51,
and 1/2' to 10' on the western side. Erosion of
soil into the Bay from the adjacent upland has

              6.30









*                ~~~~~diminished depths at some of the marinas in this
                 area. The southern and part of the western shore of
                 Flushing Bay is parkland with one marina.   The
                 channel depth within the bay ranges from 9' to 12'.
                 The channel extends about 0.8 miles into Flushing
                 Creek at the southern end of the bay. A restricted
                 area in the southern part of the channel prevents
                 conflict with airplane traffic. No vessels with
                 height greater than 35' and no unnecessary delay of
                 other  vessels  are  permitted.    The  majority  of
                 recreational boats in the bay head out to the
                 Sound. The water quality in the bay is acceptable
                 for secondary contact but not recommended for
                 primary contact recreation, nevertheless, there is
                 a long history of complaints of strong odors
                 emanating from the combined sewer outfalls which
                 can make the bay highly unattractive at times. 46


                 On the north shore of the Upper East River there
                 are a few marinas.   A Parks Depattment hand boat
                 launch is located at Ferry Point where the East
                 River meets Westchester Creek. A boat trailer ramp
                 is located at Clason's Point.   Because cars are
                 often dumped off the ramp, its access is semi-
                 restricted access, as a Parks Department employee
                 must be contacted to open it. The ramp enters
                 directly into the East River and currents can
                 create difficulties for small boats.


                 Boaters use these waters for fishing and also head
                 out to the Sound. Some head west toward the Hudson
                 or Lower East River for other boating waters.
                 Boating destinations from the hand boat launches
                 for canoes/kayaks include the area's wetlands,
Is ~~~~Westchester Creek, and shipwrecks and lighthouses
                                6.31









              in the area. Heading east f rom the launches, boats
              travel into the Sound and to the many islands
              around City Island including Hart and David's
               Island  (Westchester).    Heading  south,  boaters
               travel to Little Neck Bay and west to Flushing Bay
              and Hell Gate. 47


Hell Gate       The Upper East River leads to the turbulent waters
              of Hell Gate. Randall's, Ward's and Mill Rock
               Islands are located there.   This section of the
              East River is notorious for its strong tidal
               currents which can run at 4 knots. Whirlpools and
               standing waves can also be found. The waters are
               frequently less than ideal for recreational boats,
               not only because of the water conditions, but also
               due to heavy commercial traffic which itself must
               contend with the adverse conditions.


               Hell Gate is part of a link from Long island Sound
               to the Hudson or Lower East River which connects to
               other boating waters. Boaters usually wait outside
               Hell Gate for the currents to be advantageous
               before entering.   Only one recreational boating
               facility is located in this portion of the river, a
               rowing facility at the Fire Boat Pier at about 91st
               Street in Manhattan, sited in a small cove which is
               somewhat protected from the prevailing conditions
               of this area. Although the pier is in need of
               renovation, a 15 member club continues to use it.
               Once outside of its protection, they must contend
               with currents and other adverse river conditions.
               Rowers travel from this site up into the Harlem
               River. They are generally on the water from 6:00
               to 7:15 AM before heavy traffic begins. The site
               is attractive to rowers because of its proximity to

                              6.32









                midtown and lower Manhattan. Kayakers also use the
                 area.  All boaters require considerable knowledge
                 and experience to use this area safely.


  Harlem River   The  Harlem River links the East River at Hell Gate
                 to the Hudson River through Spuyten Duyvil Creek.
                 Due to its narrowness, it is generally not a
                 destination for motorboats or sailboats, but is
                 used as a thoroughfare between the Long island
                 Sound and the Hudson. Passage is problematic for
                 boats needing a vertical clearance of greater than
                 24'. The River is spanned by over a dozen draw and
                 fixed bridges, and passage of boats greater than
                 24' are subject to drawbridge regulations. There is
                 one marina and yacht club in the river at Sherman
                 Creek. Minimal depths make it difficult to enter or
                 leave.


                 The narrowness of the river and numerous bridges
                 allow for few areas where the speed limit can
                 exceed  5 mph.   Anecdotal  information,  however,
                 indicates that boats frequently exceed this limit
                 when transiting through it.


                 The river's most regular boaters are rowers. The
                 Harlem River is considered one of the best
                 locations for rowing in the city despite debris,
                 poor water quality and objects being thrown from
                 the bridges above. Columbia University has rowing
                 facilities adjacent to its athletic field on
                 Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek.    Fordham  and  Manhattan
                 College share a facility on the west side of the
                 Harlem River near Sherman Creek. The Empire State
                 Rowing Association's facilities are located at

is ~~~~Roberto  Clemente  State  Park.    Only  Columbia's
                                6.33










              facility is a permanent structure.   The lack of
              adequate   facilities   limits   the   number   of
              participants.


              Rowers tend to row in the early morning and
              evening, choosing their direction in accordance
              with the tide.   When motorized recreational boat
              traffic becomes too heavy, usually from late spring
              to early fall, the river is less safe for rowers.
              Wakes from passing traffic are the major problem,
              hitting the bulkheaded shore and reverberating back
              into the river repeatedly. Rowers experience
              extended waiting periods, damage to rowing shells
              and swamping. Damage to piers is also attributed to
              the wake. Currently, reconstruction work at the
              landmarked University Heights Bridge has closed off
              half of the waterway, further narrowing the channel
              through which all boats must pass to about 75'.


Hudson River   Within  the  study  area,  the  Hudson  River  runs
              between Manhattan and the Bronx on the east and
              Bergen and Hudson counties on the west.  It is a
              narrow waterway with relatively strong currents.
              Waves occur naturally, and wakes develop from
              passing large boats and shipping traffic. Floating
              debris, especially when the tide changes, is also a
              problem.


              Currents and unpredictable winds as well as
              commercial traffic, especially in the lower portion
              of the river make the Hudson better suited for
               larger engine powered boats. Sailing is difficult
              due to the narrowness of the waterway which causes
               variable winds and need for frequent tacking.   A
              major amount of recreational traffic consists of

                              6.34









                 transient   cruising  boats  which  head  either
                 east/west to and f rom Long Island Sound via the
                 Harlem or north/south toward Albany or to the
                 Upper, Sandy Hook, Raritan and Jamaica Bays or to
                 the Atlantic Ocean.


                 Occasionally, rowers come out of the Harlem River
                 and   use   the  area   around   Spuyten   Duyvil.
                 Canoe/kayakers travel along the river to view the
                 Palisades and Manhattan skyline.   There are some
                 reports of waterskiing and windsurfing in the
                 sheltered areas on the river, but these activities
                 occur infrequently.


                 Above the George Washington Bridge there are two
                 marina/yacht clubs, both in New Jersey.  Two boat
                 trailer ramps exist on the western shore and a hand
*                ~~~~~boat launch is located on the Manhattan side at
                 Inwood Park near Dyckman Street. In addition, the
                 Inwood Canoe Club is located here. Until a recent
                 fire, canoeing lessons were given here.


                 Below the George Washington Bridge, two marinas are
                 located on the Manhattan shore.   The first,  the
                 79th Street Boat Basin, has serious problems with
                 silting, making it difficult for many boats to
                 leave or return except at or around high tide. In
                 addition, there are frequent complaints about wakes
                 f rom passing traf fic causing damage to boats docked
                 at the marina. The second marina is located at
                 Battery Park City, with 26 slips for luxury yachts
                 between 80' and 150'. On the western shore there
                 are six existing marinas totaling approximately
                 1000 slips. Canoes and kayaks use three hand boat
                 launches on the Manhattan shore located at 148th

   0                             ~~~~~~~~~~6.35









              Street, 79th Street, and Pier 26 in lower Manhattan
              for trips up and down the Hudson River or to the
              Upper Bay. As a rule they stay to the sides of the
               river except to cross.


Lower East      The Lower East River extends from the Battery to
River           Hell Gate and separates Manhattan from Brooklyn and
              Queens.    Strong  tidal  currents,  heavy  shipping
               traffic, and ferries make its waters difficult for
               recreational  boats.    Boats  generally  wait  for
              currents to be advantageous before entering the
               river.   There are only two marina/yacht clubs on
               the river.   one is a sailing school located at
               South Street Seaport with twelve 24' sailboats.
              The sailing school generally conducts classes and
               regattas in the Upper New York Bay.   The other
               facility is a small marina on 23rd Street.


               Boats generally use the river for transiting. While
               there are no designated hand boat launches, areas
               in lower Manhattan near the Brooklyn Bridge are
               reportedly used.


The Upper Bay  The Upper Bay is bounded by Hudson County to the'
               west, Staten Island to the southwest, Brooklyn to
               the east  and Manhattan  to the north.   Located
              within the bay are Liberty, Ellis and Governor's
               islands.   The East River, Hudson River, Kill Van
               Kull and Lower Bay all intersect with the bay. The
               Upper Bay is the busiest section of the harbor. A
               handful of marinas and yacht clubs are sited on the
               bay. Two are in Staten Island and one is in Hudson
               County. A boat trailer ramp, used by canoers and
               kayakers as well, is located at Liberty State Park
               in Jersey City. A hand boat launch is located at

                              6.360









                 Alice Austen Park in Staten Island.  The site can
                 be  difficult  in  strong  winds. 48    A  general
                 anchorage area fronts the site; small boats using
                 this launch must take caution to avoid conflicts
                 with large working vessels anchored and entering
                 the anchorage area.


                 The skyline of Manhattan, the Statue of Liberty and
                 Ellis Island all make the Upper Bay a destination
                 for boaters.  Boats also transit through the area
                 to and f rom the Hudson or Lower Bay. From here,
                 canoes and kayaks head to the above destinations,
                 to Hoffman and Swinburne Islands in the Lower Bay
                 or to Jamaica Bay.   49In the southern part of the
                 Upper   Bay   near   the   Narrows,   sailing   and
                 motorboating can also be found. There are strong
                 currents along these routes, variable winds, wave
0                 ~~~~~and wash from heavy commercial, maritime and ferry
                 traffic, and floating debris. Concern that canoes
                 and kayaks and other recreational 'vessels not get
                 too close to these other port users has been voiced
                 by larger vessel operators.


  Kill Van Kull  The Arthur Kill, Kill Van Kull and Newark Bay are
                 among   the   Harbor's   most   heavily   travelled
                 commercial waterways. major containerports and oil
                 terminals are located along their banks.   These
                 waterways, along with the tributary Hackensack and
                 Passaic Rivers are heavily degraded. Water quality
                 and   heavy   commercial   traffic   limit   their
                 attractiveness to recreational boati ng. The 1500
                 foot wide Kill Van Kull separates Staten Island
                 from Hudson County. Shooters Island lies off Staten
                 Island shore. Shoals, obstructions and numerous
                 wrecks lie on both sides of the 800 foot to 1000

   0                             ~~~~~~~~~~6.37










              commercially travelled channel. One small yacht
              club is located on the Staten Island side which can
              be entered or exited only in or around high tide.
              Some power boats and canoes and kayaks traverse the
              area, usually remaining inland of the channel.


Newark Bay      Hudson, Essex and Union counties and the northwest
              shore of Staten island surround Newark Bay.   The
              Hackensack and Passaic rivers flow into the north
              end of the bay and the Kill Van Kull and Arthur
              Kill lie to the south. Outside the dredged channels
               the waters are shallow.


              Recreational boats, especially mnotorboats, cross
               the waterway en route to the Upper Bay or Sandy
              Hook and Raritan Bays. Canoes and kayaks also
               explore the area. Only two yacht clubs are located
               in Hudson and Essex Counties on the east side of
               the bay.   Recreational  boats stay close to the
               eastern shore and out of the channel. Some fishing
              and crabbing does take place, despite poor water
              quality.


The Hackensack The Hackensack River is navigable for approximately
and Passaic    17.8 Miles.   It has six marinas with 213 slips,
Rivers          three  yacht  clubs  and  one  boat  trailer  ramp.
              Boaters reach the Raritan, Sandy Hook, and Upper
              Bays via Newark Bay and the Kills. It receives
               little recreational traffic for reasons similar to
              Newark Bay.


              The  Passaic  River  flows  into  Newark  Bay.    it
               receives little recreational traffic due in part to
               river conditions and poor water quality similar to
              Newark Bay.  There are two marinas with a total of

                              6.38 I









*                ~~~~18 moorings  and  one  boat  trailer  ramp  on  the
                 portion of the river in the study area.


                 A rowing facility in Kearney is used by Kearney,
                 Beilville and Nutley High Schools. Approximately
                 275 to 300 students participate in the rowing
                 program from March until June. A few other people
                 use  the  facility  year  round.    There  are  few
                 conflicts with barge traffic as the railroad
                 bridges do not open during rush hours and the
                 barges go upriver at night time. The main problem
                 for the rowers is the amount of debris in the water
                 which can damage the shells and break oars.


  The             The Arthur Kill separates Staten Island from Union
  Arthur Kill    and Middlesex Counties. It is a narrow waterway of
                 approximately 1500' to 2000' breadth with a dredged
                 channel of 500' to 800', characterized by numerous
                 sunken vessels on both shores. Prall's Island, a
                 wildlife  sanctuary  with  restricted  access,  is
                 located in the upper part of the Kill.


                 A small marina has been developed in Elizabeth, New
                 Jersey   on   Arthur   Kill   near   Newark   Bay.
                 Additionally, a sizable waterfront park exists in
                 the same vicinity.   Most pleasure boats docked at
                 this marina travel down the Arthur Kill to Raritan
                 Bay for fishing, skiing or sailing activity.
                 Although this marina is protected by a wooden
                 breakwater, wake problems from passing maritime
                 vessels have been noted.


                 There is a concentration of marinas along Smith
                 Creek in the lower part of the Arthur Kill and one
                 boat trailer ramp. Here, sheltered waters make for

                                6.39









              easy launching.  A hand boat launch is located at
              Conference House Park at the southern end of Staten
              island.  Paddlers go from here to Sandy Hook and
              Raritan Bay as well as up the Arthur Kill to its
              ship graveyards. 5


Lower Bay       The Lower Bay includes Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays
              and  extends  northward  to  the Narrows.    It  is
              bounded by Middlesex and Monmouth Counties to the
              south, Staten Island to the north and Brooklyn and
              the Rockaways to the northeast. The Atlantic Ocean
              lies east of Sandy Hook. It is one of the busiest
              sections of the study area being both the main
              entrance into New York Harbor and a major
              destination for recreational boats. Some of the
              best boating waters in the study area are located
              here.    The  bay  is  recommended  for  secondary
               recreational contact and in most areas it is
              alright for primary recreational contact as well.


              Raritan Bay lies in the western end of the Lower
               Bay, west of Point Comfort and south of Staten
               Island. There are numerous shallow areas with
               depths of 7' to 18' until beyond the line of Sandy
              Hook.   Tidal creeks,  marshes,  bluffs  and sandy
               beaches are prevalent features of its shoreline. it
               is a popular spot for fishing and for a large
               variety of recreational boating. However, the tidal
               wetlands, shallow waters and at times degraded
               water   quality   can   present   limitations   on
               recreational use of Raritan Bay.


               Marinas, yacht clubs' and boat trailer ramps are
               concentrated in South Amboy, Morgan, Cheesequake
               and Keyport on the southwestern side of the bay.

                              6.40









Keyport has a several marinas on Matawan Creek
above a low fixed bridge.   Keansburg has a high
concentration of boating facilities. Port Monmouth
offers a well marked deep harbor on Compton Creek
(known as Belford) which is widely used by
commercial fishing boats.  Leonardo has an almost
landlocked manmade harbor with a five foot channel
leading to a basin with seven foot depths where
there is a state marina. 51


The Raritan River navigable for approximately 11
miles to New Brunswick, flows into the Raritan Bay
between Perth Amboy and South Amboy. There are two
boat trailer ramps, one on either side of the mouth
of the river and a yacht club. Most recreational
traffic  heads  out  into  Raritan  Bay.    Rutgers
University rows out of New Brunswick but rarely
comes down into the lower part of the river (they
usually stop about 5 miles up river).


Much of the Staten island shore is inappropriate
for siting of recreational facilities because it is
unprotected   from   ocean   wave   action.      Two
exceptional concentrations of facilities are Lemon
Creek, just off the Lower Bay, and Great Kills
Harbor. Great Kills Harbor, protected from the open
ocean by a barrier peninsula, houses the major
concentration of marinas and yacht clubs in Staten
Island as well as a boat trailer ramp.   In the
summer the area can become quite congested.


Sandy Hook Bay lies east of Point Comfort and west
of the Sandy Hook peninsula. The Hook forms
Horseshoe Cove and provides a sheltered waterbody.
Atlantic   Highlands   is  one  of   the   busiest

               6.41









              recreational boating locations in the area. There

              is a large concentration of marinas and yacht clubs
              between Atlantic Highlands and Highland Beach. In
              addition, there are approximately 1600 slips at
              marinas located on the Navesink and Shrewsbury
              rivers just outside the study area .  Many boats
              berthed. in these rivers use Sandy Hook Bay to
              access the open ocean or recreate within Raritan
              and Sandy Hook Bays.


              Currents and winds can be problematic for smaller
              boats beyond the protection of Sandy Hook.   Many
              areas  attract  fishermen.   The protected  waters
              attract smaller boats, waterskiers, jet skiers and
              windsurfers while larger and deeper draft boats
              head further out. The waters of Sandy Hook and
              Raritan Bays can become congested in the summer.


              Water quality in Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays is
              substantially better than that of the Kills, Newark
              Bay, and the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers. Bathing
              beaches are found at Keyport, Union Beach, and
              Keansburg.  However, water quality in Raritan and
              Sandy Hook Bays can be degraded due to algae-
              blooms, mainly in the summer months.


The Narrows    Heading  northwest  from  Sandy  Hook/Raritan  Bays
              toward the Narrows, sailboats as well as other
              motorized boats, including fishing, use the waters.
              The openness of the waters makes it particularly
              desirable for sailboats. Congestion occurs as the
              width diminishes at the Narrows and shipping
              channels converge.


              Heading southeast, smaller sail and motorboats tend

                             6.42









              to concentrate in Gravesend Bay, and only larger
              cruiser type boats continue out into the ocean.
              Fishing is very popular in the area. There are a
              few marinas and yacht clubs in Gravesend Bay with
              approximately 200 slips.


Atlantic        Both the southwestern shore of Brooklyn and the
Ocean           southern shore of Rockaway Inlet are sandy public
              beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. No boating
              facilities are located along either stretch.
              Sailing, motorboating and fishing along this
              coastline is popular. Problems occur when fishing
              boats and jet skies get too close to the bathing
              beaches.


Jamaica Bay    Jamaica Bay is shared by Brooklyn and Queens.   It
              is characterized by numerous meadows, small islands
              and marshes. There are approximately 4000 acres of
              tidal wetlands in the bay.


              The waters of the Jamaica Bay receive pollutants
              from various sources and the water quality is poor
              to  fair.    Primary  and  secondary  recreational
              contact is not recommnended along its northwest
              shoreline. The waters become cleaner away from the
              shore. Despite poor water quality, it is a vital
              natural resource supporting birds in great number
              and variety and containing critical spawning
              grounds and nursery areas for fish and shellfish.


              Most of the tidal creeks have been bulkheaded,
              dredged and channelized to depths of 12 to 20 feet.
              Depths in non-channelized portions of the bay are
              frequently extremely low ranging from I to 5
              feet. 52

                             6.43









The bay's many shallow areas outside of the dredged
channels make it less than ideal for boats with i
deep drafts, especially sailboats. The shallowness
of the area can be problematic.   The Coast Guard
estimates that approximately 60 - 70% of their
calls in the bay are for groundings.


In addition, the bay suffers from frequent illegal
dumping along the shore and in the water.   One
particular problem, abandoned derelict boats,
causes hazards to navigation.


Jamaica Bay has one of the largest concentrations
of recreational boating in the study area. It is
well suited for most types of boating activities,
but is most frequently used for motorboating and
fishing.


Marinas and yacht clubs are clustered around Shell
Bank Creek, Sheepshead Bay, Mill Basin and Shell
Bank Basin. There are 48 marinas and yacht clubs
and well over 3000 slips in the bay. There are four
boat trailer ramps in the bay.. The public ones are
located at Floyd Bennett Field in Gateway National
Recreational Area, and at Beach Channel High School
on the Rockaway Peninsula.   The other ramps are
operated by private marinas in Mill Basin. Two
Special Anchorage Areas are located in the bay, one
on the westerly side in the vicinity of Paerdegat
Basin and the other in the vicinity of Broad
Channel north of the Shore Parkway Bridge abutment
to the Rockaway Peninsula.


Canoers and kayakers usually paddle through the bay
to explore the beaches, marshes and wildlife areas

               6.44









of Gateway National Recreation Area. The New York
City Parks Department has two designated hand boat
launches in Jamaica Bay, one in Marine Park on
Gerritsen Inlet, and the other, currently in
disrepair, in Canarsie Park along Paerdegat Basin.
The Sebago Canoe Club, also located on Paerdegat
Basin, offers instruction in canoeing, kayaking and
small boat sailing, and operates programs for
Outward Bound and Boy Scout troops. Although the
currents at the Marine Park site are not strong
within the immediate area of the launch, they
become swifter further south.53


Plumb Beach, adjacent to Sheepshead Bay in
Brooklyn, is one of the most popular areas in New
York City for windsurfing because of favorable
tidal and wind conditions. Nonetheless, the water
quality and bottom surface here is less than ideal
for windsurfing and the area must be frequently
cleared of debris by the windsurfers.


Some waterskiing occurs in the bay at Gerritsen
Inlet, Dead Horse Bay, Barren Island and in the
calmer waters of Jamaica Bay. The floating debris
in the water can be hazardous to the skiers.


Beach Channel High School's rowing facility is
located at Floyd Bennett Field. The crew rows in
East Mill Basin. They are currently looking for a
new site, because the existing facilities are
located approximately 1/4 mile from shore and lack
amenities and security. There are some reports that
recreational rowing also occurs in the bay.




               6.45









FUTURE CONDITIONS


Tremendous growth in recreational boating has
occurred  over  the past  two  decades.    In  this
section,   future  trends  and  the  demand   for
recreational boating activity by water bodies will
be examined. Methodologies used to predict future
demand for recreational boating include an analysis
of boater registration and examination of waiting
lists for existing marinas and other boating
facilities.


Boat registrations have been steadily increasing in
New York City and New Jersey, consistent with
national trends. This mirrors predictions of future
national projections of growth. However, the
dramatic rise in boating activity and registrations
will probably taper off if the current weak economy
persists as exemplified by the drop in New Jersey
registrations from 1988 to 1989.


The length of waiting lists has changed for some
marinas but those for Coast Guard regulated-Special
Anchorage Areas have been increasing and can be
anticipated to continue doing so. The increase is
probably related to the ease of permitting and
lower costs associated with using these areas
versus docking.


In recent years, studies of market demand for boat
slips and other recreational boating facilities
have found a high unmet demand for boating
facilities in the study area.


The National Marine Manufacturers Association has

              6.460









predicted a 4% to 6% annual increase in boat sales
through the year 2000 based on demographics. Baby
boomers, aged 35 - 55, are the primary segment of
the boat sales market.  54Recreational boating is a
luxury, and as such, rises and falls according to
the perceived health of the economy.   While boat
sales have dropped recently, an improved economic
outlook in the future could herald a rebound. An
adequate supply of slips or even a glut of vacant
slips today may fall far short of future demand
once the economy has turned around.


The Bayshore Waterfront Access Plan for Monmouth
County's Raritan and Sandy Hook Bay waterfront,
projects "an additional 1300 slips, 540 rental
boats and 18 boat ramps are currently needed." The
New Jersey State Comprehensive outdoor Recreation
Plan suggests that by the year 2000, an additional
1900 slips would be needed would be nee ded in the
Bayshore area to satisfy demand. 55


A   report   entitled   "Perspectives -on   marina
Development in New York City" states: '.The bottom
line is that an estimated base latent demand totals
9,364 boats, of which 7,360 could be expected to
require slips and moorings.5


The population in the study area is anticipated to
grow,   yielding   an  even   greater   number   of
boaters. 57   Furthermore,  the  proportion  of  the
population  which  participates  in  boating  is
anticipated   to  increase.       Participation   in
recreational boating is higher than the actual
number of boats owned.  Nationally, 23 percent of
the population participated in 1950; by 1984, this

               6.47









percent had increased to 27 percent. It is forecast
to  jump  to  36  percent  by  the  year  2000. 58
Promoters of recreational boating may increasingly
look towards segments of the population that
traditionally have had low involvement in the
sport. One example is the recent growth of boating
classes targeted for women.


The increasing proportion of participants over
actual boat owners may be due in part to
timesharing as expressed in increased community
boat ownership, 59(e.g., rowing facilities where a
few rowing shells are used by many).  60In New York
City, Manhattan Yacht Club, based at South Street
Seaport has twelve sailboats that are used by
approximately 500 members. This factor will
increase   not   only   the   number   of   people
participating but may also spread the peak times of
boating over a greater period of time during the
week.


Economic conditions may effect the size of boats
that  will  be  purchased.    The  cost  of  boat
ownership, including maintenance, fuel, insurance
and storage, is rising. Some people may be driven
out  of  the  market   altogether.        There   is
disagreement about the types of boats people will
purchase during this period of weakened economy.
Sales of the 25' to 40' boats may be the hardest
hit. Market research for the Mid-Atlantic region
indicates the boats 401 and longer are the fastest
growing segment of the boat industry.   Continued
sales in the over 40' category may be explained by
the fact that owners of larger boats have higher
incomes and are less affected by a weakened

               6.480









                 economy. However, although sales of this size boat
                 have grown fastest, they represent less than 1% of
                 total registered boats. The largest percentage of
                 boats is in the 16' to 26' range and will probably
                 continue to be.   Middle and lower middle income
                 boat owners may purchase smaller boats in this
                 range.     61In all probability the   size of boats
                 purchased will fluctuate with the economy.


                 The spread of the peak boating hours will be
                 affected by a growing service economy with
                 anticipated changes in the work schedule including
                 longer work hours and a change in the traditional
                 work schedule from 9 to 5 Monday through Friday to
                 weekends and evenings. 62


                 A substantial amount of the demand for recreational
*                 ~~~~~boating is currently met outside of the study area,
                 partially attributable to perceptions of poor water
                 quality.    The  quality  of  the  area  water  has
                 improved and can be expected to continue to
                 improve, thus increasing the appeal of boating.


  Facilities      In order to meet boating demand, appropriate sites
                 for recreational boating must be available.   Boat
                 ownership usually increases as boating waters
                 become  more  accessible. 63  The  development  of
                 marinas as well as other boating facilities is
                 constrained by the amount of shoreline, adequacy of
                 the upland space and infrastructure, zoning and
                 environmental conditions and concerns.


                 Numerous potential sites have been identified for
                 recreational boating facilities.   Due to economic
                 feasibility, not all will be built, while others

                                6.49









may face construction delay.  However, if even a
quarter of them were built, there would be a
significant increase in facilities.


There   are  currently   13  proposed   waterfront
development projects with a marina component in New
York City. If built, these would provide 1,246 new
boat slips, representing a 17% increase from 1988.
On the New Jersey side of the Harbor, proposals (as
with New York City, many accessory to housing or
mixed-use development) totalling nearly 8,000
proposed new slips, representing more than a 100%
increase.  In addition, numerous planning studies
have indicated the desirability of a marina
component or other recreational boating facilities.
(See Figures 6. 5-8 and Appendix 6.5, Future
proposals).


As traditional water dependent uses have declined,
sites that are no longer needed for such purposes
may see an increased amount of recreational use.
Examples include Brooklyn Piers 1-5, Manhattan's
West Side piers, and the entire New Jersey Hudson
River waterfront.


Another factor that will influence the location of
recreational facilities is the need to regularly
dredge. Certain areas, such as College Point, are
becoming less inviting for recreational boating as
access  to  some  facilities   is  curtailed   by
siltation. Fewer natural harbors remain undeveloped
for the potential siting of new boating facilities,
and development of such facilities in areas less
amenable to facility siting may be prohibitively
expensive.    However,  new  technologies  may  be

               6.50









                 developed to allow for less expensive development
                 of marinas at difficult sites. 64


                 Other   elements   affecting   the   planning   and
                 development of marinas will be the size of the
                 boats to be served. If the trend continues toward
                 serving the larger end of the market (boats over
                 35' to 40'), more space will be required for
                 berthing,   diminishing   the   number   of   slips
                 available.   In addition, the larger boats have a
                 greater appeal for many developers; one 40' boat
                 may yield the same return as two 20' boats while
                 decreasing the amount of upland parking needed.
                 Owners of larger boats generally spend more dollars
                 at a marina on supplies, fuel, equipment and other
                 items than do owners of smaller boats.


*                 ~~~~Rack  storage  will  probably  also become  a more
                 significant  facility  type       as  environmental
                 concerns, costs of in-water development-, and upkeep
                 of boats increase.   As small power boats become
                 more popular, the demand for rack storage may
                 increase.


  Recreational   Almost all  recreational boating activity can be
  Boating         expected  to  increase  as  the  quality  of  water
  Activity        improves and the population grows.   !4otorboating
                 will   continue   to  grow,   propelled   by   the
                 aforementioned factors, increased demand for close-
                 to-home recreation and relative affordability of
                 smaller vessels. Popular boating waters will become
                 more congested. This may exacerbate existing
                 problems  associated  with  speed  and  wake.    if
                 smaller boats are used this may increase the
                 hazards related to less stable boats. Fishing will

                                6.51









probably increase as water quality improves. Some
conflicts may occur between fishing and other
motorboat activity as their concentration rises.


Currently,   waterskiing   does   not   have   wide
participation in the harbor.   As water  quality
improves, waterskiing may become more appealing.
Waterskiing is an activity where existing conflicts
have been observed.   Due to the relatively large
area and calm waters needed for the sport,
conflicts may be further exacerbated. The growth of
jet skis will probably increase dramatically. The
market for jet skis is one of the few areas where
boat sales have increased.   It is too early to
predict trends for this relatively new sport,
nevertheless, conflicts may occur between this
activity and other activities that occur close to
the shoreline. There is a widespread perception
that jet skis are a potential future problem.
Florida and other localities have developed
legislation to control or prohibit their use in
sensitive areas.


The overall percentage of the population that
participates in sailboating is not anticipated to
change  markedly.    However,  there  may  be  an
increased number of participants as the population
grows. Much of the current demand for windsurfing
in New York City is met outside the city. There are
no clubs or organizations that operate regularly
within New York City waters. The appeal of
windsurfing in the Harbor will probably increase as
water quality improves.  This may cause conflicts
between windsurfers and other water activities that
occur close to shore.

               6.52









              Although there are no specif ic numbers, anecdotal
              information points to an increase in kayakingj and
              canoeing in the area over the last two years. This
              trend will probably continue as people become more
              interested in pursuing recreational alternatives of
              minimal environmental impact. A weakened regional
              economy may also contribute to the popularity of
              canoes and kayaks, which are relatively inexpensive
              boats with low maintenance, operation and storage
              costs.


              Rowing is, similarly, a growing sport and likely to
              continue to increase in popularity. increased
              interest in health and f itness enhanced by rowing
              machines for practice, greater participation by
              women and high school students, and increased
              durability of newer boats have contributed to
              rowing's  rebirth.    One  of  the  major  problems
              consistently associated with the growth of rowing
              in the harbor is the lack of safe and secure
              facilities for the storage of equipment close to
              the waters edge. In other cities such as Boston and
              Albany, community facilities have been developed.
              If rowing facilities become more available there
              will probably be an increased collegiate as well as
              community and high school participation in the
              sport.


              FUTURE RECREATIONAL BOATING LOCATIONS


Long Island    Long Island Sound will likely continue to be a major
Sound           recreational boating area, and its attractiveness
              will increase as water quality improves. In turn,
              this will increase congestion in this waterway,
              especially on peak boating days.

                             6.53


















                                        idiom ~ ~   ~     ~               ~TtETE    .


















RERATIOAL~                       BOTNCHPER  FG.             ABRESTUAR




                                                                    ~~~~~~WATRUEMNGET









                                                                   6.54~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.































































RECREATIONAL BOATING  CHAPTER 6  FIG. 6                      NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY
                                                                HARBOR ESTUARY
    CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING                           WATER USE MANAGEMENT
    AND SAILBOATING: EXISTING                               STUDY
                                                                NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
  ()CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING                            NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
    AN4D SAILBOATING: FUTURE                                PROTECTION




                                6.55



















                    ..........WE.~H                 T~
PAS$MC    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~r -t.....







                       .. ....



      *4~~~~~~~.....


















       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ABRESTUAR

     HAND BOAT LA~~~~~~~UNC:EXISTNPRPSDERUEMAGET
  *   ROWING   SHELIBOAT  HOUSE:EXISTING El ROPOSED STUD
  * BOATTRAILR RAMP EXISING PRPOSEDNYC DET. OFCITY PANNIN
       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N D E PT. OFEVROMNA
          -~~~~~~~~~                     44~~~~~~RTETO


                             6.56~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
















                  *'...........































     ~~~~~~~~~~AER UEMNAGEMEN













6.57~~~~~~~.









It is too early to assess the outcome of the 4 mph
speed limit in the Pelhamn Bay Lagoon as it was not
enacted until after the end of the 1990 boating
season. However, the restriction on motorized boats
will probably increase the desirability of the area
for all types of non-motorized boating activity and
fishing and reduce potential conflicts.


Nearby, windsurfers have identified the northern
tip of Orchard Beach as a desirable location for
future increased windsurfing activity.   If this
occurs, caution will be needed to avoid conflict
with the swimmers at the beach adjacent to this
location.


To the east, City Island will continue to hold its
place as one of the major boating centers in New
York  City.    There  are  (currently  in  the  pre-
application  phase)  over  250  additional  slips
proposed here, most of them either expansion of
existing facilities or associated with residential
development. In addition, the Parks Department
Waterfront Management Plan recommends a trailer
boat ramp/hand boat launch facility at a pier under
its jurisdiction.  (However, the cost of renovating
the pier is prohibitive.) There are no plans or
applications that indicate further growth in
facilities in Eastchester Bay.  As water quality
improves an overall increase in the number of
boaters is probable.


The Parks Department Waterfront Management Plan has
recommended the siting of a hand boat launch at
Alley Pond Park at Little Neck Bay in Queens. The
current launch site on the bay has limited parking.

               6.58









              If this were improved at the new site, more people
              might be encouraged to use it. Canoeists and
              Kayakers would probably travel to the same places
              they visited from the existing hand boat launch on
              the bay.


              Due to its design, the existing boat trailer ramp
              can only be used at or near high tide.  Although
              there are no proposals to remedy this problem (as
              well as the limited parking) there would probably
              be an increase in small boats if these problems
              could be remedied. A minimal increase in boating in
              the area therefore can be anticipated.


Upper East     The largest factor affecting this body of water will
River          probably be the increase in transiting recreational
              traffic. Improved water quality may also encourage
              an increase in fishing. There are plans to expand
              the number of hand boat launches in seven
              locations. As part of the Parks Waterfront
              Management Plan, Little Bay has been identified for
              a boat trailer/hand boat launch site which would
              Increase the number of boats departing from this
              area.


              The Parks Department has conducted a pilot study
              for the creation of a waterfront park in Powells
              Cove.  Part of the plan is to create a "Blueway"
              which would have its center here or at Little Bay.
              The "Blueway" would be a hand launched boat course
              demarcated along the northern shore of Queens and
              connecting existing parks from Alley Pond Park in
              Little Neck Bay to Flushing Bay Marina at Flushing
              Meadows-Corona  Park.  The  "Blueway"  might  be
              delineated by buoys and include signage identifying

                              6.59









              each stopping point or hand boat launch site.   A
              protected basin, either in Powells Cove or Little
              Bay, could serve as a center for the "Blueway"
              activities, including a concession offering boating
              instruction and rentals.65


              Along the section of the East River from just east
              of Little Bay to Flushing Bay, two additional hand
              boat launch sites have been suggested as potential
              components of the "Blueway". Furthermore, a vacant
              site under study at Whitestone could be developed
               for residential development with a commercial
              marina.   175 slips located here have fallen into
              complete disrepair. To the west, in College Point,
              a residential complex has approvals for 28
              accessory slips.


              The existing Parks Department-concessioned marina
              at the southern end of Flushing Bay has a cap of
               800 slips with an agreement to continue to build to
               this level  if the demand should be there.   In
              addition,   the   Parks   Department   Waterfront
              Management Plan cites this area as having potential
               for a boat trailer ramp/hand boat launch. Conflicts
               could occur between small motorized boats and hand
              boats if they become too congested in the area and
               operators do not act responsibly. Along the
               northern shore of the Upper East River, three sites
               have been identified in the Plan for hand boat
               launch sites, a boat trailer ramp and a marina. In
               addition, a privately owned 180 slip marina has
               been proposed.


Hell Gate       There  are  few  plans  for  recreational  boating
               facilities in Hell Gate due to its currents. Two

                              6.60









*                 ~~~~~hand boat launch sites were identified on Randall's
                 and Mill Rock Islands as part of the Parks
                 Department Waterfront Management Plan.  There has
                 also been discussion of renovating and expanding
                 the rowing facility at the Fire Boat Pier at East
                 91st Street in Manhattan; however, little progress
                 has been made. The siting of facilities in this
                 less than ideal location could be hazardous.
                 Increased    river    traffic    from    transiting
                 recreational boaters creates the potential for even
                 greater conflict if amateurs should use these two
                 sites.


  Harlem River   A recent  New York City Planning Department study
                 for the Bronx shore of the Harlem River recommended
                 alternatives for the siting of two different rowing
                 facilities. There have also been discussions of
*                 ~~~~~making two of the temporary rowing facilities on
                 the river permanent, as well as the siting of a
                 boat trailer ramp, hand boat launafh and marina in
                 the area.   The encouragement  of both motorized
                 vessels and rowing in the river could increase the
                 potential for conflicts. Further conflicts may be
                 created by increasing the number of recreational
                 boats transiting through this very narrow waterway.


                 The reactivation of the Spuyten Duyvil Railroad
                 Bridge may also effect boat traffic in the river.
                 While the bridge would only be closed to allow
                 Amtrak trains to pass, its closure would briefly
                 block river traffic needing greater than a five
                 foot vertical clearance.  Although no plans exist
                 at this time to introduce Metro-North commuter rail
                 traffic, such a scenario could lead to closure all
                 the time during rush hours. Most likely all vessels

                                6.61









              would be discouraged from transiting during those
              hours.

Hudson River   The  Hudson  River  waterfront  is  undergoing  the
              Harbor's most rapid and dramatic transformation,
              especially on the New Jersey side. What was once a
              busy water-dependent working waterfront is being
              redeveloped for residential, office and commercial
              enterprises.    Proposals  for  future  waterfront
              development include over 6000 boat slips on the New
              Jersey shore. For the Manhattan side of the river,
              several planning studies recommend the siting of
              marinas with an undetermined amount of slips. There
              is a proposal for 127 slips and 100 dry racks as
              well as additional moorings at Dyckman Street in
              Inwood. The Inwood Canoe Club is also in the
              process of rebuilding its facilities. Further down
              river, a New York City Planning study recommended
              the expansion of the 79th Street Boat Basin in
              Riverside Park by approximately 100 slips.   The
              greatest number of boating facilities recommended
              for Manhattan would be built in association with
              the development of a Greenway paralleling Route 9A
              from the Battery to 59th Street. Community
              facilities, marinas, a sailing school and the
              expansion of a hand boat launch facility are all
              proposed,


              Along with an increase of boats transiting, the
              Hudson will need close monitoring to avoid
              conflicts if all of these facilities are built. of
              particular concern will be small boats in the area
              of the Lower Hudson close to the Upper Bay.
              Increased traffic will also increase the potential
              for increased wake conditions.

                             6.620









*    ~Lower East      Currently,  the only proposal for the Lower East
     River           River is for Piers I - 5 beneath Brooklyn Heights.
                    Strong public demand exists for a marina at this
                    site, although plans for the piers have not been
                    finalized. The boaters at this site will have to
                    contend with the commercial traffic in the area and
                    the site will need to be protected from wave and
                    wake action of passing vessels. Whether a facility
                    is constructed here or not, transiting recreational
                    traffic will probably increase in the river.


      Upper Bay       The  Upper  Bay  will  probably  see  additional
                    activity, not so much because of an increased
                    number of facilities but because of the overall
                    increase in boating. The area will remain a major
                    attraction for many boaters. The Parks Department
                    Waterfront Management Plan has indicated the
                    potential for siting a marina at Red Hook Park in
                    Brooklyn and at the Cromwell Recreation Center (a
                    port pier converted in 1936) in Tompkinsville,
                    Staten  Island.    If  a marina  is  built  at  the
                    Cromwell Recreation Center, boaters will have to
                    use caution so as not to interfere with the Staten
                    Island Ferry or the general anchorage area.   As
                    with the lower portion of the Hudson, the increased
                    congestion may create conflicts between all types
                    of boats if they are not operated responsibly.


                    The restricted area around the Navy Homeport may be
                    problematic for small boats, (especially kayaks
                     launching from the Alice Austen site) because the
                     restricted area forces boats traversing north along
                     the Staten Island coast to travel 600' from the
                    pierhead line into the general anchorage area where
                    ships may be swinging on their anchors.

                                    6.63










Kill Van Kull  There are no recreational facility proposals for
               the Kill Van Kull. The only change that may occur
               in this area is an increase in transiting boats
              coming from Newark Bay, the Hackensack and Passaic
               rivers and the upper portion of the Arthur Kill.


Newark Bay      The eastern shoreline of Newark Bay in Bayonne was
               the subject of a local coastal planning effort in
               1984. The plan recommends reclaiming the length of
               the Bayfront for use as a public park, with the
               exception of industrial facilities located at the
               south end. The study also suggests the development
               of  a  public  marina  on  the  bay.    No  future
               development is anticipated on the northern or
               western shores for recreational boating.


               The lower Hackensack River falls under the
               jurisdiction   of   the   Hackensack   Meadowlands
               Development Commission (HMDC).  Approximately two
              miles of the lower river and nearly one mile of the
               upper river (just south of Overpeck Creek) are
               zoned for heavy industrial use. In the balance of
               the   HMDC   area,   marinas   and   water-oriented
               recreation are encouraged at the water's edge, in
               addition to the zoned office park and residential
               uses.     Currently,   HMDC  is   reviewing   four
               applications for marinas involving 173 recreational
               boat slips.


               North of HMDC lands, it is unlikely that industrial
               facilities along the river will be able to expand.
               In fact, residential uses have been proposed
               adjacent to existing industrial uses. In the long
               term, the Hackensack waterfront may see a decrease

                              6.64











                 in industrial shipping and, as water quality
                 improves, an increase in recreational traffic.


                 Recreational use of the Passaic River may expand if
                 water quality continues to improve; however, the
                 increase in traffic will be confined to craft using
                 existing  trailer  ramps.    No  new  marinas  are
                 proposed on the Passaic River.


  Arthur Kill    The city of Elizabeth is contemplating a second
                 municipal marina adjacent to an existing marina at
                 the Elizabethport site. At the opposite end of the
                 Arthur Kill, Perth Amboy has proposed expanding its
                 60 slip marina to 300 slips in conjunction with the
                 development of a historic waterfront park.   The
                 southern end of the Kill is also witnessing some
*                 ~~~~pressure  to  convert  from  industrial  uses  to
                 residential and commercial uses. In particular, a
                 250 slip marina was proposed on a site adjacent to
                 the Perth Amboy Dry Dock Company. A second large
                 mixed-use development included 934 slips. The New
                 Jersey Department of Environmental Protection has
                 voiced   concern   that   these   developments   are
                 incompatible with the Kill's existing water-
                 dependent industrial uses and may eventually force
                 businesses such as the Perth Amboy Dry Dock Company
                 out of the area.


                 On the Staten Island shore, a project with 250
                 slips and a 50-room boatel is currently under
                 review. Several sites are under study for a boat
                 trailer ramp although none has been chosen at this
                 date. The increased number of facilities will add
is ~~~~to the number of boats  transiting  through  this
                                6.65








              critical but narrow industrial waterway, usually to
              Sandy Hook and Raritan bays.


The Lower Bay  Former  industrial waterfront sites in the South
              Amboy area on Raritan Bay are proposed for mixed-
              use redevelopment that includes marinas. The
              increased number of facilities will probably
              increase congestion in the area especially on peak
              boating days.  As previously indicated, Monmmouth
              County's Bayshore Plan suggests that the existing
              supply of boat slips in the Harbor will need to
              double to meet demand. The New Jersey Department
              of Environmental Protection is reviewing an
              application for 705 slips at Port Belford and has
              approved an application for 103 slips and 426
              moorings at Point Atlantic which has yet to be
              built.  Another 1637 slips at eight sites are on
              the drawing board for Bayshore along with an
              additional 266 dry storage slips. One other marina
              and one possible expansion has also been proposed
              in that area, but no specific information is
              available concerning the number of slips proposed.


              There has also been a proposal for a renovation of.
              a marina at Lemon Creek along Staten Island's
              eastern shore, but this will probably not increase
              the number of boats that are docked in the area.
              New York State Parks may site a boat trailer ramp
              here or on the Arthur Kill that would serve small
              boats. Recommendations have been made for a boat
              trailer ramp/hand boat launch site at Wolfe's Pond
              Park.


              There are several proposals for marinas in
              Gravesend Bay that would increase the slips by over

                             6.66









               300.   This increase would probably not create a
              problem as there is easy access to the Lower Bay,
              which is a wide body of water. Use of these waters
              and the adjacent segment of the Lower Bay for
               sailing, motorboating and fishing will probably
               continue to increase.


Jamaica Bay    Four proposals or planning studies recommend the
               development of over 250 slips in Jamaica Bay. This
               relatively small number is related to much of the
               area having environmentally sensitive lands. There
               are four additional recommendations for hand boat
               launches.   Improved water quality will probably
               increase the amount of all small boating activity.
               This increased activity may create conflict between
               different types of activities competing for the
               same close-to-shore water areas.


               If Beach Channel High School builds new rowing
               facilities, their use could be exp~knded to include
               other high schools.   Currently, no site has been
               designated for this purpose.




















0                              ~~~~~~~~~~6.67










CHAPTER 6 - ENDNOTES






1. Geismar & Calamari, P.C Consulting Engineers
Staten Island Small Boat Launching Feasibility
Study, prepared for New York State Office of Parks,
Recreation and Historic Preservation, (New York,
1988), p. 4-5.

2. Geismar and Calamari, P.C., pg. 6., and
National Marine Manufactures Association Boating
1989: A Statistical Report of America's Top Sport
(Chicago: National Marine Manufacturer Association,
1989).

3. Melvin L. Adelman,  A Sporting Time, (Chicago:
1986), p.189-90.

4. Ibid, p. 190.

5. Ibid

6.  Thomas  C.  Mendenhall,  A  Short  History  of
American Rowing, (Boston), pg. 18.

7. Robert Fox, "Harlem River Tradition", Empire
State Rowing Association Boathouse Proposal.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Pleasure Boating, Crescent Books, (Gothenburg,
Sweden: 1977), p. 9.

11. Howard I.Chapelle, American Small Sailing
Craft: Their Design, Development, and Construction,
(New York: 1951), p. 245.

12. Fred S. Cozzens and Others, Yachts and
Yachting, (New York: 1887), pg.28., and
Pleasure Boating, pg. 28.

13. William P. Stevens, Traditions and Memories of
American Yachting, (Brooklyn, Maine: 1989) pg. 3.

14. Cozzens and Others, pg. 4.


               6.68                                          0









15. Stevens, pg. 2.

16. Mannings Yacht Registry, 1900.

17. William H. Taylor and Stanley Rosenfeld, The
Story of Yachting.

18. Chappelle, 36-7.

19. Ibid, pg. 8.

20. Ibid, pg. 8.

21. Jerry Stelmok, The Wood and Canvas Canoe,
(Gardiner, Maine:1987), pg. 17.

22. Stevens, pg. 3.

23.    Recreational    Canoeist,    "Our    Roots",
Metropolitan Canoe and Kayak Association Vol 15, No
1, January/February/March, 1990, pg 1, 13 and Lisa
G. Kohn, "The Inwood Canoe Club", The American
Canoeist, Vol. XII, Number 2, May 1990, pg 12-13
and Telephone Conversation, Richard Schneider,
Sebago Canoe Club, 4/10/1990.

24. Pleasure Boating, pg. 22.

25. Ibid, pg. 22.

26. Ibid, pg 24.

27. Ibid, pg. 24.

28. "TEST RIDE: Eliminator 32' Daytona" Hot Boat
(August, 1990), pg. 71.

29. National Marine Manufacturer Association,
Boating 1989: A Statistical Report on America's Top
Sport   (Chicago:   National  Marine  Manufacturer
Association, 1989), p.8.

30.  Telephone  Conversation  with  Neil  Ross,
President, International Marina Institute, December
1990.

31. New York State Boat Registrations include all
motorized vessels; New Jersey registrations include
all motorized vessels as well as all vessels over
12'. New Jersey boat registrations are not broken
out by county.


               6.69









Compiled by the Bureau of Marine and Recreational
Vehicles, New York State Office Parks, Recreation
and Historic Preservation, 1989 Boating Accident
Statistics, (Albany, NY:1989), p. 5, 6 and 1980 -
1983 Boating Accident Statistics, (Albany, NY:
1983),  p.  2  and  New  Jersey  Department  of
Environmental Protection

32. Geismar and Calamari, P.C., Appendix I.

33. Primary contact is defined as direct contact
with the water such as swimming. Secondary contact
is defined as being on the water without direct
contact.

34. State of Delaware, Department of Natural
Resources, Delaware Inland Bays Wateruse Activity
Impact Reports and Draft Wateruse Plan, (March:
1990) pg. 32.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid, pg. 33.

37. Ibid.

38. California Department of Boating and Waterways,
Safety Hints for Hunters and Fishermen, (printed by
the California Office of State Printing) 1989 pg. 1
-3.

39. Delaware Inland Bays Wateruse Activity Impact
Reports and Draft Wateruse Plan, (March 1990)
pg.48.

40. Ibid, pg. 29.

41. Trade Association of Sea Kayaking, Before You
Go, (Seattle, Washington).

42. New York Statewide Comprehensive Recreation
Plan, People Resources Recreation,(Albany,/ny:
1983) pg. 111-37 and Halycyon, Ltd., Market Support
Study for Brooklyn Piers, Prepared for the Port
Authority of New York and New Jersey, (June 1985).


43. Fred B. Klanchik, "Planning Marinas for the
1990's" Marina/Dock Age, January, 1990 pg. 29.




               6.70









44. New York Statewide Comprehensive Recreation
Plan, People Resources Recreation (Albany, 1983)
pg. 111-37 and Market Support Study for Brooklyn
Piers.

45. Ralph Diaz, "New York's Canoe and Kayak launch
Sites: How To Get Them, What You'll Find" (New
York) pg. 19

46. New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation, Classifications in New York Harbor
1987 (1887) pg. 2-3.

47. Ralph Diaz, "New York's Canoe and Kayak Launch
Site: How to Get To Them, What You'll Find", (New
York), pg. 4.

48. Ibid, pg 10.

49. Ibid, pg. 9.

50. Ibid, pg 10 and Boating Industry Magazine,
Waterway Guide: northern 1988, (Atlanta, Georgia:
1988), pg. 81.

51. Ibid, pg. 72 - 73 and New York City Department
of City Planning, Draft Report, Jamaica Bay Report,
(New York: 1990).

52. Ibid.

53. Diaz, pg. 8,9.

54. Ron Stone, Director, Government Relations
Department, Boating and the Economy, Presented
October 19 - 21, 1988, "Boating and Mooring in the
90's, (Everett, Washington), pg. 10.

55. Monmouth County Planning Board Bay Shore
Waterfront Access Plan (Freehold, NJ: 1987) pg 25.

56. Neil G. Wist & Clark A. Heatwole, "Perspectives
on Marina Development in New York City" (May 1981)
pg 80.

57. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National
Ocean Service "50 Years of Population Change Along
the Nation's Coasts 1960-2010", 1990.

58. Neil Baumler and Barry Seymour "The New York
City Marina Needs Study" 1989 Marina Research
Conference (Wickford, R.I. 1989) pg. 1.

               6.71









59. Bruce DeYoung "Marina Services Marketing Toward
the 21st Century" 1989 National Marina Research
Conference (Wickford, R.I. 1989) pg. 247.

60. Jane Morrison, "Sharing Excellence with the
Community", American Rowing (March/April:1990) pg.
16-17 and Bill Sanford, "Syracuse Chargers", Rowing
USA (August/September 1982) pg. 36.

61. Telephone Conversation Douglas O'Fario, State
University of New Jersey : Rutgers, Bureau of
Economic Research (Fall 1990).

62. Bruce DeYoung, "Marina Marketing Toward the
21st  Century".  1989  National  Marina  Research
Conference, (Wickford, R.I.: 1989) pg. 247.

63. Fred A. Klanchik, "Planning Marinas for the
1990's" Marina/Dock Age (January/February 1990 pg.
29.

64.Ibid.

65. Sidney M. Johnson & Associates, Waterfront
Management Plan, Executive Summary, 1990, pg. 45.




























               6.72











                 CHAPTER 7: CONFLICTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


                Conflicts occur in the Harbor where one or more
                 types of vessel activity impact negatively on the
                activity of other vessels. The existence of
                 conflicts is represented by both reported accidents
                and estimates of unreported occurrences. When
                 conflicts occur they disrupt the work or leisure
                 activity of those using the Harbor. Factors
                 contributing to the potential for vessel conflict
                 include the characteristics of the vessels, their
                 use, operators, and the nature of the waterways.


  Vessel Use      Each of the harbor user types discussed in the
  And             report has different characteristics.  Of the four
  Schedules       categories, maritime and industrial activity is the
*                 ~~~~only  one  that  does  not  generally  depend  on  a
                 specific time of day or season for operations..
                 These vessels may wait for a change of tide or
                 currents to allow them to travel efficiently or
                 dock at one of the container ports or other
                 destinations.


                 Commuter ferries are also a year-round activity.
                 Although ridership tends to drop in the winter, the
                 number of ferry routes usually remains constant.
                 Ferries are largely active during peak commuting
                 hours in the morning and evening and adhere to
                 strict schedules.


                 Commercial and recreational boats are similar in
                 that they are largely seasonal (late spring to
                 early fall), with the greatest activity on weekends
                 and holidays. Weekday evenings are also an

                                7.1










              important time, especially for commercial boating
              activity. The seasonal operations characteristics
              for the different categories of vessels are not
              anticipated to change in the future.


              The operating hours of maritime and industrial
              vessels and ferries are likewise not expected to
              change significantly except for the potential
              introduction of high speed time sensitive, cargo
              ferry operations. These operations, carrying cargo
              from airports, would have to operate on predictable
              schedules to make them competitive with over-land
              transportation.   There may be some change in the
              peak water use hours in the commercial and
               recreational categories due to an anticipated
              altering of traditional work hours, decreasing
              leisure time during weekends and holiday periods
              and increasing mid week commercial and recreational
              users.


Vessel Design  Vessel design, especially size and the ability to
              maneuver, is critic~al in how vessels are used and
              the potential for conflict. For example, maritime
              cargo -and support service vessels are the largest
              ships using the waterways. Length, width and draft
              confine their movements to very specific navigable
              channels of the estuary.    Some must travel at a
              certain rate of speed (even while under tow) to
              maintain proper steerage. These vessels are unable
               to respond quickly to alter their route or speed
              should another vessel come into their path. Their
              size and hull design cause them to create wakes of
              sufficient size to be a problem for other water
              users and docking facilities, such as marinas.


                              7.2









                The   anticipated   increase   in  the   size   of
                containerships    may    further    reduce    their
                maneuverability.   The accompanying deeper draf ts
                may also increase the number of vessels requiring
                to lighter at the anchorage area in the Harbor,
                thus increasing the associated lightering vessel
                movements.  Dredging of navigable channels needed
                to accommodate deeper draft vessels may add to
                congestion especially in narrow channels like the
                Kill Van Kull.


                By comparison, ferries and commercial vessels are
                usually relatively maneuverable, although large
                craft, like the Staten Island Ferry require a
                considerable distance to stop. Ferries designed to
                achieve higher speeds are expected to become more
                common. Increased speed may decrease their ability
0                ~~~~~to react to other vessels crossing their path. The
                introduction of the Hovercraft ferry with minimum
                depth requirements could increase the number of
                areas accessible to waterborne transportation. The
                minimal wakes and easy maneuverability of th~is
                craft might counterbalance some of the hazards
                associated  with  increased  speed.   In contrast,
                commercial boat design and technology for excursion
                type   boats   is  not   anticipated   to   change
                significantly. Luxury accommodations rather than
                high speed is the major design consideration for
                many of these types of vessels.


                Recreational boats tend to be lighter and less
                powerful or stable than other vessel types. This
                makes them vulnerable not only in a collision
                situation but also to wakes, wash or suction
                current created by the propellers of larger

                                7.3










              vessels.   Most  recreational boats  found  in the
              Harbor require relatively minimal depths allowing
               them to move more freely about the harbor than
              other vessels. The average recreational boat may
              decrease slightly in size and increase in speed
               capabilities.   They will continue to be the most
              vulnerable in the harbor.


Vessel          Of  the  factors  involved  in conflict  situations
operations      for all vessels, the degree of good seamanship, and
               the knowledge and skill of the operator have
              perhaps the greatest influence on the frequency and
               severity of conflict situations. Conflicts due to
               operator error can occur anytime and anywhere. All
               vessel operators with the exception of recreational
               boaters, are required to be licensed.   However,
              many  recreational  boating  safety  courses  are
               available through the Coast Guard Auxiliary, Red
               Cross and a variety of other organizations.


Accidents       Recreational accident data is collected separately
               from all other harbor accident data unless a
               recreational boat is involved with a maritime or
               industrial,  ferry  or  commercial  vessel.    The
               absence of recorded accidents does not necessarily
               imply the absence of a problem.


               According to Coast Guard data the majority of
               accidents that occurred in the maritime, ferry and
               commercial categories were between vessels engaged
               in similar activities. Approximately 330 accidents
               attributable to conflict situations were reported
               between 1981 and 1989. (see Figure 7.1) This
               includes all collisions, groundings, capsizing,
               floodings, sinkings or being disabled. 1Over the

                              7.4









past ten years, only four accidents involving
recreational boats were reported in this grouping.
The Coast Guard states that this data is 95%
accurate.


The largest number of accidents in the harbor
occurred in the Upper Bay; the second highest
occurred in the Lower Bay followed by the Kill Van
Kull. The large number of collisions in the Upper
Bay was probably due to the high volume of water
use there. The majority of accidents that occurred
in the Lower Bay were non-collision accidents
especially groundings.   This may be due to the
numerous shallow areas in these waters. The number
of collisions in the Kill Van Kull could be due to
the narrowness of the channel and volume of traffic
on the waterway.


Figure 7.2 graphically depicts recreational boating
accidents which occur in higher frequency than
maritime, ferry or commercial accidents. The Coast
Guard believes that only one-tenth of all non-fatal
boating accidents in the United States are reported
to the Coast Guard or to local or state law
enforcement agencies.  However, they believe that
nearly all fatal accidents are included in their
files.2 The Coast Guard is currently working to
improve data they are receiving. 3


The number of recreational accidents occurring
shows no clear trend. This may be due to a variety
of factors that vary from year to year, such as
weather, water quality, special events, the
economy, enforcement and reporting. Interestingly,
while boating registrations went up, there was no

               7.5













             Fig. 7.1 Maritime, Ferry, and Commercial Accidents,
                    New York/New Jersey Harbor, 1981 - 1989


          70








          50 ....... .....






Number of
Accidents ......
                              30:........ ........ . ........ ........
                       _ ........ .....
          2.0 .......................






















           0

               Hudson   East    Upper    Kill   Newark  Arthur   Lower
                       River    Bay      Van      Bay    Kill      Bay
                                      Kull
                                  Waterbodies

         Groundings, Capsizing,        U  Collisions
          Flooding/Sinking, or Disabled



                            7. 5A

       Source: U. S. Coast Guard, Marine Investigation Division,1990.
  .   _   ......,                                     ....2....












                 Fig.7.2. Recreational Boating Accidents,
               New York/New Jersey Harbor, 1979-1989


        120




        1 00 









Accidents 60 |   -|-  -  -  -   |  | |

         80 --g1A

         40 -







         20



             1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
                                  Years

       Accidents                     * Accidents Resulting in Fatalities



                          7.5B

 Source: U. S. Coast Guard, Office of Navigation Safety and Waterway Services,1990.










signif icant change in the number of accidents or
fatalities.  The New York State Office of Parks,
Recreation and Historic Preservation attributes
some of this to an increase in enforcement and
smarter boaters. 4


Overall, the majority of reported accidents were
collisions with another vessel. It is unclear if
this type of accident actually occurs more
frequently or if it is just more likely to be
reported. Groundings of recreational craft usually
are less severe than groundings of larger vessels.
When smaller craft run aground, they generally do
not leave significant fuel spills and often do not
require machinery to refloat them. Most often these
types of minor accidents go unreported. Collision
figures for the harbor are similar to New York
State figures wherein 42% of all accidents were
caused by collisions with another vessel while only
9% were due to capsizing. Fatalities are much more
likely to be associated with capsizing. Statewide,
46% of the accidents resulting in fatalities were
the result of capsizing. In 82% of the fatalities,
no personal floatation device (PFD) was worn. The
Coast> Guard  also  estimates  that  50%  of  all
accidents are drug or alcohol related.5   Boating
while intoxicated (BWI) has been targeted by
enforcement personnel to reduce accidents in the
harbor.   If successful this could greatly reduce
the number of accidents in the harbor.








               7.6









              CONFLICTS BY WATERWAY


              Each waterbody has its own set of characteristics
              that affect its use and potential for conflict
              situations. (See Appendix 1.1)


Long Island    In    Long    Island    Sound    there    are    a
Sound          limited  number  of  vessels  involved  in  cargo
              activity. They are found either in the anchorage
              areas or in transit in the navigable channels.
              There is currently no ferry service in this area.
              Commercial sport fishing is popular in this area,
              but the overall number of fishing vessels is
              relatively low. it is, however, one of the major
              boating waters for all types of recreational
              boating activity in the study area, and the
              majority of conflicts that arise in the Sound are
              between recreational boaters.   As noted earlier,
              conflicts between motorized and non-motorized boats
              in Pelham Bay Lagoon led to the adoption of a local
              law restricting the speed in the area to 4 mph in
              November 1990.



              In  peak   boating   season,   there   is  intense
              recreational  boating activity.   The waters  can
              become sufficiently congested to encourage some
              small boaters to stay away from the area.   There
              are complaints that some boaters do not operate
              safely, travelling too fast or too close to other
              users. There are also groundings in the area due
              to reefs and rocks. Figure 7.3 illustrates current
              conditions in the area.




                              7.7









              Future, significant growth in the maritime or
              commercial categories is not anticipated in this
              area. There may be some increase in high speed
              ferry service for eastern Bronx and south western
              Queens. Recreational facilities and boating are
              expected  to  increase.    As  the  water  quality
              improves, more small craft such as fishing boats
              and windsurfers will be attracted to the area,
              which may increase problems between recreational
              boaters if good boating practices are not adhered
              to. Figure 7.4 illustrates future conditions in
              Long Island Sound.


Upper East      In the Upper East River currents begin to gain
River           intensity in the western end of the waterbody near
              Hell Gate. This body of water begins to have high
              concentrations of maritime and industrial vessels.
              Flushing Bay accommodates oil tanker traffic
              serving petroleum storage tanks and sand and gravel
              barges. On both the northwestern edge of Queens,
              (Astoria) and the southern portion of the Bronx
              there are several large operations involving the
              transfer and delivery of oil to utilities. -



              The only existing ferry route in the area travels
              between La Guardia Airport to East 34th Street in
              Manhattan  and Pier  11/Wall  Street.    Commercial
              sport fishing vessels occasionally use the waterway
              as a transit way heading north towards Long Island
              Sound or south from City Island to the Atlantic
              Ocean. Though not posing a significant problem,
              some commercial sport fishing vessels docking at
              City Island travel through the East River on route
              to the Atlantic Ocean. At times they can create

                              7.8 i









*                ~~~~~significant wakes that can disrupt ferry service
                 transiting the area.



                 Recreational   facilities   are   concentrated   in
                 Flushing Bay. This portion of the river is used by
                 some sailboats, motorboats, canoes and kayaks,
                 however, they tend to be found in higher
                 concentrations in Long Island Sound. There appears
                 to be no significant conflict between the users of
                 this water body.   There is, however,  a security
                 concern related to small boats coming too close to
                 Rikers Island, a city correctional facility. Figure
                 7.3 depicts existing conditions in the area.


                 Maritime use is not anticipated to increase.   A
                 number of possible sites for ferry service have
*                 ~~~~~been identified as well as routes through the river
                 connecting sites in Long Island Sound which would
                 increase  traffic.    A  significant  increase  in
                 commercial boating is not anticipated.   There are
                 some   proposals   for   increased   recreational
                 facilities along the river, however, the area
                 especially around College Point has problems with
                 diminishing depths due to the settling of soil. As
                 noted earlier, the Parks Department Waterfront
                 Management Plan has recommended a small boat trail
                 ("Blueway") which would extend into Flushing Bay.
                 No conflict should occur if the trail is kept well
                 out of the channel used by the maritime vessels.
                 Some problems in the summer between maritime
                 traffic, high speed ferries and recreational boats
                 could  occur.   Figure   7.4  illustrates   future
                 conditions in the area.



                                 7.9






















                                           IEW YOK  NE 






















Q = .F. .3.
  -,-~,.,- - COMUTR FE+"'RRY.RE,  S













                   7.0
          ... ..100        . ....  ........................11~





















        * * * *                                     Al.... .....
       ...... 1l.... 10
    ....................
      .................. ........... .












                                                                  ~~~~~~~li~~ i..........iiii















                                                                         2,ASiS..............


































AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE    LONG ISLAND SOUND &  NEWYORK/NEWJERSEY
millIll MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY ROUTES    THE UPPER EAST RIVER   HARBOR ESTUARY
  *    COMMUTER FERRY DOCKING SITES O  FUTURE FERRY DOCKING SITES FIG. 7.4   WATER USE MANAGEMENT
        COMMUTER FERRY ROUTES       - FUTURE FERRY ROUTES                       NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
 '.~.'\ CONCENTRATION OF COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING                                NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                                      AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE LONG ISLAND SOUND NEPT. YO ENIRONMENTAL





        CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING & SAILBOATING: FUTURE INCREASED ACTIVITY  PROTECTION
 ** * * CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES       . 3 .   ROWING SHELL ROUTES



                                        7.11









Bell Gate       Hell Gate, notorious for its strong tidal currents, i
              requires all vessels passing through to take
              considerable  caution.    Even  though  currents  at
              times are not hazardous, the area does pose
              potential risks to operators unaware of how to
              handle strong tides and currents especially in less
              powerful boats. A marine transfer station is
              located in this area, both maritime and industrial
              vessels and recreational boats transit through
              these waters.   The primary source of commercial
              traffic is generated by the Circle Line which
              passes through Bell Gate on its way around
              Manhattan.   The Pan Am ferry linking La Guardia
              Airport and Manhattan also passes through here.
              There is some rowing associated with a boat club
              located in the area. They head up into the Harlem
              River usually just after day break. Figure 7.5
              illustrates existing conditions in the area.


              Future proposals for the area include a ferry
              landina at 107th Street Pier and two potential hand
              boat launch sites identified on Randall's and mill
              Rock  Island.   These  facilities  alone  will  not
              significantly alter the existing use pattern in the
              area.-. Transiting recreational traffic can be
              anticipated to increase.  This may lead to vessel
              congestion which could increase the risk of
              collisions or groundings. Figure 7.6 details future
              conditions in Hell Gate.


Harlem River   Due to the narrowness  of the Harlem River  and
              numerous bridges, the majority of the river is
              restricted to a 5 mph speed limit, although
              anecdotal information indicates that this is
              frequently ignored.

                             7.12










*                ~~~~There are a limited number  of sand  and gravel
                barges traversing this waterway as well as the
                Circle Line which comes through approximately every
                45 minutes in the summner and every one and a half
                hours in the of f season.   Motorboats using  the
                waterway en route to other boating waters are less
                predictable.    Rowing  is  the  main  recreational
                activity in the river.



                one of the major problems in the Harlem River is
                the wakes of motorized vessels reverberating off
                the bulkheaded shore. The wakes can capsize or
                damage rowing shells or force them to stop until
                the water is calm. From May to October rowers must
                be off the water by about 10:00 a.m. to avoid
                motorized vessel traffic.



                Reconstruction work currently being done on the
                University Heights and Broadway bridges has forced
                all waterborne traffic to pass under one side of
                this  bridge.    This  has apparently  caused  some
                difficulties with boats having to pass in opposite
                directions through a narrow area of approximately
                75 feet. Figure 7.5 illustrates existing use
                patterns.













                               7.13




























                                  ..........~~~~~~ ..'



























                                                                    THE LOWER EAST RIVERX
























     - COMMUTER FERRY DOCUNGSTES              TELWRASTRVR                     WTRUSEMAYEMN
                      . ...........~~FIG 7.






















          ï¿½ ï¿½       COMMUTERCIAL FERRY ROUTES                                  STUDY
4+4 +COMMERCIA CRUISE SHIP ROUTE              FIG 75                          NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
          CONCENTRATION OF COMMERCIAL BOATING ACTIVITY   ,-,,, CIRCLE UNE ROUTE   NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
          CONCENTRATION OF MOTOR BOATING & SAILBOATING                         PROTECTION
** *k  *  CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES   +P ++ ~  ROWING SHELL ROUTES




                                                   7.14
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                           AREAS  .F   COFLICT    EXISTNG  TH  HUDSO RIVE, HARLM NEWORK/NEJERSE
                       MARITIE&INDUTRIAL~n~rrYOUTESRIVERHELL GTE & ARBOR STUAR
             COMUTR ERY OCKNGSIESTH LWEREAT IVR ATE UE ANGEEN
                   COMMUTE FERRYROUTESFIG. 75 STUD
                              + + +  +COMMERCIAL CRUISE SHIP ROUTE  NYC  DEPT.  OF  CITY  PLANNING~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'

        CONCNTRTIONOF OMMECIA BOAINGACTIITYs-me CICLE INEROUT NJDEPT OFENVIONMNTA
                      CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING & SAILBO A T I N G       PROTECTIONiii
                       CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES + + +  ROWING   SHELL ROUTESi


           iiiii                                                        ;:i~~7.1




















                                                    BERGEI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~








  0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......











               AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE   ThEHUDSONRIVERHARLEMRIVER  NEWYORKINEWJERSEY~~~~~~~~..........
























CAONCENRTONOFCOMRIL BAINACTIVIETY:EFUTUOREINCREHASEDMACIVITY     NJEWT YORK ENIRONMEWNTALE



      CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING & SAILBOATING: FUTURE INCREASED ACTIVITY  PROTECTION

 ****CANOEIKAYAK ROUTES   + + +  ROWIING SHELL ROUTES


                                          7.15









              No significant future increase is anticipated in
              maritime, ferry or commercial boating activity.
              There are several proposals for new facilities for
              rowing. If these facilities are built, they will
              add to the number of rowers on the river and
              probably encourage them to extend their hours of
              use. Discussions have also been held on developing
              a marina and boat trailer ramp as well as a hand
              boat launch. The introduction of motorized boating
              facilities, in addition to projected growth in
              recreational traffic, could further exacerbate the
              existing problems related to wakes in the area.
              Figure 7.6 depicts future use patterns in the
              Harlem River.



Hudson River   Over the last 20 years there has been a dramatic
              decrease in the number of traditional port uses in
              the  Hudson.    The  majority  of  the  remaining
              maritime/industrial traffic is either associated
              with the two Sanitation Department marine transfer
              stations located at 57th Street and 125th Street in
              Manhattan and vessels travelling to and from Albany
              and intermediate points. Several ferries cross the.
              Hudson  in  an  east-west   direction  with   the
              northernmost docking facility at Pier 84 at 45th
              Street in Manhattan.   Commercial vessels usually
              only come as far north as 52nd Street.   Ocean
              liners with limited maneuverability dock at the
              Passenger Ship Terminal located between 48th and
               52nd Street. Most recreational boats traverse the
              Hudson heading for other boating waters. Canoeing
              and Kayaking and some fishing takes place in the
               river also. There are a few marinas, hand boat
               launches and boat trailer ramps along its shores.

                             7.16










0                ~~~~~Figure 7.5 illustrates existing use patterns in the
                 Hudson River.



                 The major problem appears to be wakes from passing
                 vessels, especially as they affect recreational
                 boating facilities.



                 Barring  commencement  of  time-sensitive   cargo
                 operations using docking facilities along the
                 Hudson, maritime and industrial activities will
                 probably continue to have a limited impact. Ferry
                 activities are expected to increase, with routes
                 envisioned extending further north, possibly to
                 Rockland or Westchester counties. There will also
                 be an increase in the number of routes between New
*                ~~~~Jersey  and New York  and along  the New  Jersey
                 coastline.   Commercial vessel activity may also
                 increase as dock sites close to office development
                 are constructed.



                 Cruise ship activity is not likely to increase.
                 Cruise ships currently dock at 48th and 52nd
                 streets in Manhattan and will continue to be there.
                 However, their six berths may be reduced to four.
                 Other types of excursion vessels are expected to
                 increase significantly.



                 Numerous facilities for recreational boating have
                 been planned for the Hudson River which, if
                 constructed, will generate a dramatic increase in
                 the number of recreational vessels in the waterway.



                                7.17









              The dramatic rise in ferries and recreational
              boating will expand the potential for conflict.
              Peak evening ferry commuting hours could conflict
              with recreational boats. As more close to home
              recreational facilities become available, operators
              will use them over a wider time frame. As ferries
              become faster and their numbers increase, the
              potential for conflict will grow. Figure 7.6
              illustrates future use patterns in the area.


Lower East      The Lower East River is used by all vessels mainly
River           for passage to other parts of the Harbor.   There
              are, however, concentrations of maritime support
              and industrial docking facilities at the former
              Brooklyn Navy Yard; Newtown Creek is heavily used
              by the water dependent industry.


              Currently, there are only two active ferry landing
              sites on the river, one at East 34th Street and
              another located at Pier 11 adjoining South Street
              Seaport. Excursion vessel operators cite locations
              along the Lower Ea'st River at 34th Street, 23rd
              Street Pier, the Water Club and South Street
              Seaport as. the most preferred docking sites in the
              Harbor'. The vessels travel either up the river to
              look at the bridges and Manhattan Skyline or
              southward towards the Statue of Liberty and Ellis
              Island.   There are only two small  recreational
              boating facilities, a marina at 23rd Street and a
              sailing school at the South Street Seaport where
              sailors tend to head out to the Upper Bay. While
              recreational boaters also use the river for




                             7.18









passage, some linger around the Seaport, usually
staying out of the channel, while looking closely
at the landside activity.



Currents pose some risks but these do not appear to
be significant. While the Lower East River has one
of the higher reported maritime, ferry and
commercial collision rates in the Harbor, this
numbers only 23 over the past ten years and nine of
those accidents were with piers and docks. Figure
7.5 illustrates existing use patterns in the lower
East River


No  significant   change   in  maritime   use   is
anticipated.   While there are only a few ferry
landing sites proposed, this number may increase in
response to needed bridge repair work. There are
few proposals for additional excursion vessel
docking sites but activity may increase as
excursion demand rises. Ports and Trade is
currently working to expand and improve its
facilities at Piers 9, 11 and 13. Pier 9, intended
for long-term excursion vessel docking,  will be
expanded from one berthing space to four or five
new  berths  by  March,   1991.       Pier  11,  a
ferry/excursion dock for pick-up and drop off
service currently has the capacity for 20 ferry
landings and 10 excursion landings an hour. While
the capacity can be doubled, as ferries and
excursion vessels increase there may be an
increased competition for the 5:30 PM time slot,
currently the time of greatest competition between
ferries and excursion vessels for space. Pier 13,
for pick-up and drop off excursion vessel service,

              7.19










              has been available since late fall, 1990.  It can
              accommodate four excursion vessels an hour. It is
              currently not at capacity. Finally a layover area
              for ferries exists between piers 13 and 14.
              Currently there is no need to use the area but as
              demand increases for docking space, ferries that
              currently berth at the docks during layover periods
              may move over to this area.   Piers on Roosevelt
               Island will have the capability of accommodating
              excursion vessels. However no such service is
              planned  at  this  time.    Only  one  additional
               recreational boating site has been discussed on the
              River,  for Brooklyn Piers 1-5.   if a marina of
               significant size were constructed and there was an
               increase in commercial and ferry routes, the
               current coexistence, especially below the Manhattan
               Bridge, could change. Figure 7.6 depicts future
              potential use patterns.



Upper Bay       The Upper Bay, the busiest section of the Harbor
               serves as a major crossroad for all types of
               vessels.   The complexity of the activity -differs
               between north and south. For discussion purposes,
               the northern section lies north of a line extending
               from Red Hook to Jersey City just below the Statue
               of Liberty and Ellis Island. The southern section
               extends southward to the Verrazano Narrows Bridge.


               In the northern Upper Bay there are two traditional
               maritime activities.   The first includes vessels
               passing through the waterway to points north along
               the Hudson and East Rivers. In relative numbers,
               this does not constitute a major source of traffic
               in  the area.    The  second  significant  maritime

                              7.20









                 activity is generated by the containerports at Red
                 Hook and South Brooklyn Marine Terminal. Vessels
                 bound for Red Hook are sometimes under tow and
                 travel along Buttermilk Channel.


                 The area is the primary hub of commuter ferry
                 operations which approach from points north and
                 south at both high and low speeds.   These land
                 either at South Ferry at the Battery or nearby in
                 the East and Hudson rivers, especially at Pier 11
                 which is the major docking facility for private
                 ferries. The Staten Island Ferry crosses every 15
                 minutes to and from South Ferry during rush hour
                 and ever 30 minutes during off peak hours and
                 hourly at late night. The Governor's Island Perry,
                 which is restricted to military personnel, provides
                 regular service departing simultaneously every 15
9                ~~~~~minutes from Governor's Island and South Ferry from
                 6 AM to 7 PM during the weekdays.


                 The Upper Bay also serves as the premier site for
                 excursion vessel docking. The majority of tours to
                 the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island leave from
                 the Battery.   Excursions also head to the lower
                 Hudson and East rivers. Docking space in this area
                 remains limited, resulting in congestion near
                 docking facilities.


                 The Manhattan skyline near the Battery and the
                 Statue of Liberty and Ellis island also attract
                 large numbers of recreational vessels. The sailing
                 school at South Street Seaport uses the Upper Bay
                 for classes and weekly regattas in the summer. The
                 Upper Bay is the most sought after spot for special
                 events, ranging from the Mayor's Cup sail boat race

   9                             ~~~~~~~~~~7.21










to a recent  windsurfing  contest.   Coast  Guard
Statistics show 75 special events occurred in 1990.
Governor's island is the headquarters for the Coast
Guard.


Some of the traffic intensity is ameliorated by the
bay's width. Where vessels converge, however, in
particular, the vicinity of the Battery, the
potential for conflicts increases.   Conflicts in
this area are particularly numerous due to the
multitude   of   vessel   types,   intersections,
schedules, routes and intent.


Congestion in the area of the landing sites for
ferries and excursion vessels is a concern.
Recreational boats cross the paths of these vessels
creating increased potential for conflict.


Coast Guard statistics for the past decade indicate
that while the Upper Bay has experienced the
highest number of maritime, ferry and commercial
collisions, their number was limited (35), and the
majority (20) were classified as collisions with a
fixed objects.  VTS regulations monitoring Harbor
conditions, larger vessel movements and accidents,
have just recently been reactivated and should
reduce accidents. Figure 7.7 illustrates the
intensity and variety of uses in the Upper Bay.



The anticipated expansion of the Red Hook Marine
Terminal will result in vessels berthed in close
proximity to the channel which could result in an
increased risk of conflict. Future growth of ferry
and commiercial operations may exacerbate the

               7.22









                potential for conflicts not only near the docking
                sites but also along their  routes.   Tremendous
                growth in commuter ferry services is expected as
                vehicular    infrastructure    deteriorates    and
                congestion on roadways and bridges increases.
                Should crowding occur at existing docking sites
                this would pose a problem.



                Concentrations of recreational vessels in this area
                are expected to increase, the product of new
                developments with accessory marinas in Jersey City,
                Weehawken and Brooklyn Heights, as well as an
                overall increase in recreational boating. Weekday
                evening recreational use of the water may increase
                as there are more close-to-home recreational
                boating facilities that have access to the Bay.
*                ~~~~~Conflicts associated with congestion of vessels and
                 recreational boats coming too close to docking
                sites may increase. Figure 7.8 illustrates future
                use patterns in the Upper Bay.


                The southern portion of the Upper Bay serves as a
                gateway to the Atlantic Ocean for the majority of
                ocean going vessels. There are a tremendous number
                of maritime vessels traversing this area. The vast
                majority are bound for the Kill Van Kull en route
                to  Port   Newark/Elizabeth   or   Howland   Hook.
                Occasionally  vessels   calling  on  the  Marine
                Terminals tie up in the anchorage area just north
                of the Narrows.   Many of the large -tankers must
                lighter their cargo because of inadequate depths
                both in the Kill Van Kull and at their cargo
                berths. This activity results in additional vessel
                and barge movements to and from the anchorage

                               7.23




















 ...........~                        *...MAH~A. 
............  ~~I. .            ..
                                             h~~~~~~~~~. ..................
                                             ~~~~~gï¿½7   P~~~~~~~~~...........

                        ........................
                                       *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...........




                      ......   ..                              ..                     . ..........






    ......................BR.......







                  ..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~


        AREAS OF CONFLICT: EXISTING  THE UPPER BAY          NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY. ........
      u,..i~~i MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY ROUTES  FIG 77  HAR.....R........
        *   COMMUTER FERRY DOCKING SITES                    WATER USE MANAGEMENT...........
             COMMUTER FERRY ROUTES                            STUDY~~............ X
      +4 ++COMMERCIAL CRUISE SHIP ROUTE                     NYC DEPT OF CITY PLANNIN.......
              CONCENTRTION OF OMMERCIL BOATIN ACTIVIT         NJ DEP. OF EN........NT
              CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING & SAILBOATING     PROTE.......
      ** * * CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES                            __________________.... ........





                                             7~~~~~~~~..24...........





















                                                                                                                     ...............



                            ..................  . . .....~~~i










0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:iig












                                                        $TATEH~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;ii





                                                ISLAND~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .............


                                        AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE             THE UPPER BAY                  NEW YORKINEWJERSEY~~~~~~~~...............
                                        SIUNIE   UAR~~~~~flME& INDUSTRIAL A~~~~~~~ilVITY ROUTES  FIG 7 8     HARBOR........ ESTUARY....
                                                           COI~~~IUTER FERRY DOCKING SiTES: E2US11NG  Q   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  WATER USE MANAGEMENT.........
                                                            COIWUTER FERRY ROUTES. EXISTING  -   FUTURE INCREASED AC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iVITY   STUDY.....
                                                4 + + 4 COM~~~~~~~tERCIAL CRUISE SHIP ROUTE                    NYC DEPT. OF CrTY PLANNING~~~~~~~~~~.............
                                                  CONCENTRATION O~ COMMERCIAL BOATING ACTIVITY: FUTURE INCREASED ACTIVITY  NJ DEPT........I........
                                                           CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING & SAILBOATING: FUTURE INCREASED ACTIVITY  PROTECTION.. ........
                           0  ****  CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........




                                                                                7.25k








areas. In some instances, customs officials or
Harbor pilots will board vessels, in Ambrose0
Channel in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of the
demarcation line between Breezy Point Light and
Sandy Hook.


A small number of maritime vessels travel northwest
to the Port Authority Auto Marine Terminal, Global
Marine or the Army depot along the eastern shore of
Hudson County.   Some vessels continue at reduced
speed up through the Upper Bay into the Hudson or
East River,  at which time  some are  under  tow.
Barges carrying  solid waste  from New York  City
marine transfer stations head for the Kill Van Kull
en route to Fresh Kills. Maritime support vessels,
such as tugs and barges, abound. A number of water
dependent industries are also located along the
southwest Brooklyn waterfront, extending from Red
Hook to Owls Heads. Currently, all sludge barges
traverse the Narrows on route to the Ocean Dumping
sites.



Two high speed ferries go through the Upp'er Bay
during peak commuter time. With the exception of a
few commercial fishing operations from Hudson
County, commercial vessels do not go through the
Narrows.



Recreational boats enjoy the lower portion of this
area. Canoes and kayaks can launch from the shores
of Staten Island near the anchorage area and head




               7.26









                 up towards the Statue of Liberty or down into Sandy
                 Hook, Raritan and Jamaica Bays. Figure 7.7
                 illustrates existing use patterns.


                 With the construction of Homeport there will be an
                 increase in large naval ships transiting this area.
                 Effective as of February 8, 1991 a restricted area
                 has been placed around the Homeport. It is divided
                 into  two parts.    The  area  extending  600  feet
                 easterly or channelward of the U.S. Pierhead line
                 is closed to all vessels and persons unless
                 specifically authorized to enter. The remainder of
                 the area is open to transiting vessels provided
                 they proceed by the most direct route without
                 unnecessary delay or stopping.   A portion of the
                 restricted area is within the general anchorage
                 area.    However,  commercial  vessels  which  are
*                ~~~~~properly anchored within the anchorage alrea will be
                 allowed to swing into the seaward portion of the
                 restricted area.6


                 An increase in the number of vessels using the
                 anchorage is not expected.  The proximi ty of a hand
                 boat launch at Alice Austen Park in Staten Island
                 to the anchorage area raises several concerns.
                 Small boats risk being run-over by maritime vessels
                 unable to see them or stop if they cross their bow
                 too closely. Furthermore, if navigating too close
                 small boats might be caught in the vortex created
                 by the propellers of the large ocean going vessels.
                 This could be further exacerbated with the
                 placement of the restricted area around Homeport
                 which would force boats traveling north of the
                 launch site out into the anchorage area.


                                7.27









              Traffic from ocean dumping vessels is expected to
              decrease as New York and New Jersey conform to the
              federal ban on ocean dumping. The dredging of the
              Kill Van Kull (which will be discussed later) will
              result in additional congestion in this part of
              Upper Bay during of this project.



              Although there is a concentration of vessel
              movement through the Narrows, for larger vessels,
              the VTS will monitor activities from the time of
              their entry in the Upper Bay until they exit the
              Harbor to avert potential conflicts.



              Fifteen high speed ferries are projected to pass
              through the southern Upper Bay. A proposed ferry
              route from the St. George Perry Terminal to Hudson
              County will cross the channel heading into the Kill
              Van Kull. Figure 7.8 illustrates future use
              patterns in the area.


Kill Van Kull Seventy five percent of all maritime support
              services are located along the banks of the'Kill
              Van Kull. Over 2000 maritime vessels traverse this
              waterway annually, bound to and from Howland Hook,
              Port Elizabeth and Port Newark. (See Figure 7.9)
              As the primary route to the Port's major cargo
              docks, the Kill Van Kull must be dredged
              periodically in order to accommodate deeper draft
              container ships.  The Army Corps of Engineers is
              expected to begin dredging in 1991 and take
              approximately 4 1/2 years to complete the project.
              As a result, only one side of the channel will be
              available for vessel movement during the course of


                             7.28









              the project. After the project is complete a two
              way 40 foot deep channel will be available
              throughout the Kill. The VTS will be responsible
              for   closely   monitoring   all   movements   of
              participating vessels in the Kill Van Kull.



              A few water dependent uses, including sludge
              facilities and petroleum depots are interspersed
              among maritime support uses.   Recent oil spills
              have necessitated closings of this waterway for
              clean up.  Collisions and groundings of maritime
              vessels, which occur within this relatively narrow
              waterway, can also slow and inhibit vessel
              movements.   While the total volume of maritime
              vessels is not expected to expand, vessel size will
              likely    increase,    resulting    in    reduced
              maneuverability.   Traffic is also anticipated to
              increase with the revived and expanded use of the
              Howland Hook containerport in the e~rthur Kill.



              An additional ferry route is anticipated in the
              future connecting Elizabeth and the Battery area.
              With the exception of the proposed Harbor Park link
              to Sailors Snug Harbor, no other commercial boating
              activity  is  expected.      No  new  recreational
              facilities are anticipated here. Figure 7.10
              illustrates potential future use of this area.


Newark Bay/    The western shore of Newark Bay accommodates the
Hackensack     largest marine facilities in the Harbor, Port Newark
and Passaic    and Elizabeth.   The vast majority of the Port's
Rivers         container  vessel movements  are bound  for  these
              facilities.   In addition, there are a number of


                             7.29



































































 AREAS OF CONFLICT:  EXISTING    THE ARTHUR KILL &                           NEW YORK /NEW JERSEY
      MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY ROUTES:  KILL VAN KULL FIG. 7.9    HARBOR ESTUARY
      e * *  PORT CARGO ROUTES                                               WATER USE MANAGEMENT
      *  .. WATER DEPENDANT USE ROUTES                                       STUDY
      ,,,,  MARITIME SUPPORT SERVICE ROUTES
 *    COMMUTER FERRY DOCKING SITES                                           NJ DEPT. OF CIRONNTAL
                                                                            NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTALi
-     COMMUTER FERRY ROUTES                                                  PROTECTION
*** CANOE/KAYAK ROUTES



                                        7.30



















































































 AREAS OF CONFLICT: FUTURE    THE ARTHUR KILL &                                  NEWYORK/NEWJERSEY
       MARITIME & INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY ROUTES: KILL VAN KULL FIG- 7-10 HARBOR ESTUARY
       ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ PORT CARGO ROUTES                                                   WATER USE MANAGEMENT
              ...., WATER DEPENDANT USE ROUTES  *..  POTENTIAL TIME SENSITIVE CARGO
                                                   FERRY ROUTE                     STUDY
       ï¿½ ,,   MARITIME SUPPORT SERVICE ROUTES
 *    COMMUTER FERRY DOCKING SITES                                               NYC DEPT. OF CITY PUNNING
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                            7.33~~* 










              water dependent industries especially oil and
              chemical storage facilities along the western shore
              of Newark Bay and the lower reaches of the
              Hackensack and Passaic Rivers.   Because of  the
              restrictions of railroad bridges crossing the
              Hackensack   and  Passaic  Rivers   most   vessels
              servicing industrial uses operate at night. Sludge
              and solid waste barges serving northern New Jersey
              communities traverse Newark Bay on route to the
              Ocean Dump.


              There is no ferry or commercial traffic in the Bay
              and  little  is anticipated.    While  industry  is
              concentrated on the western shore of the Bay, some
              recreational boating facilities and activities are
              on the eastern shore where the depths are
              shallower. The lower reaches of the Hackensack and
              Passaic rivers also contribute a small amount of
              recreational  traffic.    There  appear  to  be  no
              significant  conflicts  in the area.  Figure  7.11
              illustrates existing uses in the area.



              Maritime use will remain heavy in this area with
              some increase associated with barge movements
              lightering cargo ships in the anchorage areas.
              Recreational   boating   traffic   will   increase
              marginally with expected landside development on
              the Hackensack River and eastern shore of Newark
              Bay. Figure 7.12 illustrates potential future use
              patterns in the area.


Arthur Kill    The  navigation  channel  in  the  Arthur  Kill  is
              narrow, allowing large maritime vessels little
              flexibility to maneuver.    With the exception of

                             7.34









oil storage facilities, the New York side of the
Kill is characterized by wetlands; the New Jersey
side contains a number of water dependent uses.
(See Figure 7.9).   Collectively,  the two shores
house the largest oil storage facilities in the
harbor,  thus, much of the vessel traffic is oil
tankers. At this time, most traffic enters the
Arthur Kill via the Kill Van Kull. The Arthur Kill
however, is more heavily used when movement along
the Kill Van Kull is encumbered by oil spills or
accidents.   Some maritime support vessels transit
the Arthur Kill en route to Newark Bay and other
points in New Jersey.   The Fresh Kills Landfill,
situated off of the Arthur Kill on Fresh Kills
Creek, is a destination point for New York City
garbage scows. It is barred to navigation by all
other  vessels.      Howland  Hook,   the   largest
containerport  in  New  York  City,  is  currently
underutilized and does not presently generate much.
traffic. The Port Authority plans to restore the
facilities and expects Howland Hook to be operating
during the next decade at full capacity.   Most
vessels calling on Howland Hook will enter via the
Kill  Van  Kull.    Traffic  to  the  oil  storage
facilities especially those at Port Mobil and
northward  is expected  to remain  constant.    In
addition, the Army Corps dredging of the Kill Van
Kull may cause an increase in the number of vessels
using the Arthur Kill. When the landfill at Fresh
Kills closes sometime in the next century, barge
traffic will be reduced considerably.


There are no ferry or regular excursion routes on
this body of water and only one ferry route is
currently  proposed.      Some  recreational  boats

               7.35









              transit the Arthur Kill. A few, especially smaller

              boats, explore the waterway's ship graveyards. A
              concentration of recreational facilities can be
              found in the lower reaches on Smith Creek in
              Woodbridge and at Perth Amboy and Tottenville.
              Vessels here head into Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays.
              Another marina, which could also be a potential
              ferry landing site, is located in the upper
              portion, in the city of Elizabeth. Although
              protected by a break water, wake problems from
              passing vessels have been reported here. The city
              is currently contemplating an additional marina
              adjacent to its existing marina. This could add to
              traffic that has to cross the channel of the Arthur
              Kill as well as contribute to traffic on the Kill
              Van Kull. In the southern end of the Arthur Kill
              there are several proposals that could potentially
              add a large number of slips.  An additional boat
              trailer ramp is also being contemplated in -the area
              which would serve small recreational motorboats.
              This could increase the potential for conflict
              between maritime vessels and recreational boats on
              this narrow stretch of water, adding pressure to
              traditional maritime users. Figure 7.10 illustrates
              potential future use patterns in the area.



Sandy Hook & Ra ritan and Sandy Hook Bays have relatively few
Raritan Bays   maritime  water dependent  activities occurring.
              The majority of cargo vessels in this area transit
              to the Arthur Kill. Water dependent activities are
              limited to the shoreline of Middlesex and Monmouth
              County. There is a Naval Pier in Leonardo situated
              near the Sandy Hook peninsula, subject to some
              vessel movement restrictions. Two high speed ferry

                             7.36









routes cross through this section of the bay
linking Atlantic Highlands and Highlands in Sandy
Hook Bay with Pier 11 in on the East River in
Manhattan and an intermediate stop at 69th Street
Pier in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn.I



Only one excursion vessel operates in this
waterway, taking passengers from Brooklyn's 69th
Street Pier to the Monmouth County racetrack. The
area is also popular for commercial sport fishing.



The bays constitute some of the best recreational.
boating waters in the study area.   Windsurfers,
personal watercraft and waterskiers stay behind
Sandy Hook for protection whereas larger boats go
further out into the open water where the water is
rougher.  There are approximately 4000 slips with
additional boat trailer ramps and hand boat
launches proximate to the bays. An additional 1600
slips are located in the Navesink and Shrewsbury
Rivers just outside the study area. In the summear,
the waters become congested with recreational
traffic and choppy due to recreational boat wakes.
This seasonal activity sometimes produces conflicts
between recreational and maritime vessels.   On a
few occasions, these waters can become sufficiently
congested as to require the Coast Guard to warn
recreational boats that have drifted into the Sandy
Hook Channel to get out of it. Figure 7.13
illustrates existing activity in the area.


Maritime traffic is anticipated to remain at
approximately the same level with a slight


              7.37









              reduction related to the eventual closing of the
              Fresh Kills Landfill.   Additional ferry landing
              sites have been proposed for southeastern Staten
              island, Middlesex and Monmouth countries, with
              routes between these locations and Manhattan. No
              significant increase in commercial boating activity
              is envisioned, except perhaps, commercial sport
              fishing attracted by improved water quality.
              Recreational boating is expected to increase.
              Proposals have been made for approximately 2500
              slips and additional moorings and boat trailer
              ramps. Windsurfing and jet skiing may also
              increase.  Figure  7.14  illustrates  future  use
              patterns.


Lower Bay      The Lower Bay is the main entrance to the Port.
              There are two main channels through which all
              oceangoing maritime vessels entering the Harbor
              must  travel.     Maritime  vessels  are  usually
              travelling at optimal speed and on their own power
              when transiting the Lower Bay. A limited number of
              water dependent industrial and municipal users are
              located along Gravesend Bay.


              The previously mentioned high speed ferries
              traverse through here going between Highlands,
              Atlantic  Highlands  and  Manhattan.      The  sole
              excursion vessel using this waterway is the summer
              Monmouth Race Track-Bay Ridge service. The area is
              also used for commercial sport fishing and
              recreational boaters coming from Sheepshead Bay and
              Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays en route to deeper
              waters. Sailboats are especially attracted to the
              area, because of the openness and depth of the


                             7.38









             water.  Canoes, kayaks and some rowing shells can
             be found in the area. Fishing boats as well as
             other recreational boats can drift into the channel
             and it can become congested.   However, conflicts
             between recreational and maritime vessels occur
             infrequently. When the larger ships sound their
             horn other vessels move out of the channel. As



             with adjacent Raritan and Sandy Hook bays, the
             Coast Guard sometimes has to warn recreational
             vessels to clear the channel. Figure 7.13 depicts
             existing use in the area.


             maritime use of this portion of the Lower Bay is
             not anticipated to change significantly.   Ships
             coming in from the Atlantic may be larger thus
             decreasing  their  maneuverability.    High-speed,
             time-sensitive cargo ferries may transit through on
             their way from JFK Airport in Jamaica Bay to
             Manhattan   and   the   region's   core.   Fourteen
             additional high speed ferries from Raritan, Sandy
             Hook and Jamaica Bays are envisioned traversing the
             Lower  Bay  en  route  to Manhattan.    These  will
             probably operate most often during peak commuter
             hours. The high speed ferries coming through may
             also create a problem moving through recreational
             boating areas, especially if ferries travel outside
             peak  commuter  times.    Because  of  the  limited
             projected increase of excursion vessels they are
             not anticipated to contribute significantly to
             future conflict problems, however, they will have
             to deal with those created by other users.




0                            ~~~~~~~~~~7.39














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            .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... .......A lESNSiECAGFRYROTFI. 7.14 WAE.UEMAAEMN






 .  COMMUTER FERRY DOCKING SITES   Q FUTURE FERRY DOCKING SITES              STUDY
-   COMMUTER FERRY ROUTES               FUTURE FERRY ROUTES                  NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING
444COMMERCIAL CRUISE SlI-P ROUTE                                             NJ DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
    CONCENTRATION OF COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING
    CONCENTRATION OF MOTORBOATING & SAILBOATING                              PROTECTION
    CANOEIKAYAK ROUTES                                                      ____________




                                       7.41










              A limited number of additional excursion boat
              routes through the Lower Bay have been proposed
              connecting the Jamaica Bay and Sandy Hook sectors
              of Gateway National Park. Recreational boating in
              the Lower Bay is anticipated to increase more from
              an overall increase in boats than from actual
              facility  development.    There  are proposals  for
              approximately 250 slips in Gravesend Bay as well as
              a boat trailer ramp. Figure 7.14 depicts the
              potential future uses in this area.


Jamaica Bay    The limited amount of traditional maritime activity
              in Jamaica Bay consists mainly of oil barges going
              to Mill Basin and Kennedy Airport and municipal
              sludge  and  solid  waste  barges.    No  ferry  or
              excursion  routes  exist.      There  is  a  large
              concentration of commercial sport fishing vessels
              mainly from Sheepshead Bay heading for the Atlantic
              Ocean via the Rockaway Inlet.



              Jamaica Bay is a major recreational boating area.
               It is used especially by shallow draft vessels due
              to the limited depths outside the channels.   The
              bay is' a unique and fragile ecosystem.  There are
              currently over 3000 slips, as well as many boats
              docked behind private homes. Canoeists, kayakers,
              windsurfers and personal watercraft operators also
              use the area. A boat house for a city high school
               rowing program is also located here.


              There are no significant conflicts at this time.
              The Coast Guard has indicated that the intensity of
               recreational boats is manageable. A major problem

                             7.420










                 is the high number of derelict boats that present
                hazards to navigation.  There have also been some
                complaints concerning motorboats coming too close
                 to other boats and weaving in and out.  When the
                 short-lived, high speed ferry came through, there
                were complaints about its wakes. The vessel itself
                 suffered   propeller   damage   from   the   dense
                vegetation.   Figure   7.15   illustrates   current
                 conditions in the area.


                High speed, time-sensitive, cargo ferries are a
                potential future activity linking JFK Airport with
                Manhattan via the southern part of the Bay.   Any
                 other significant change in maritime traffic is not
                 anticipated.


*                ~~~~~Seven high speed passenger ferry routes have been
                 projected, tying bay points with Manhattan. There
                 are no excursion vessels proposed for this area;
                 however, two water shuttles have been considered to
                 connect waterfront parks in the Bay.


                 There are currently over 350 slips proposed as well
                 as several hand boat launches. Like other parts of
                 the Harbor, the Bay may see an increase in
                 windsurfers, personal watercraft and fishing as the
                 water quality improves. In addition, if the rowing
                 program can find new facilities to expand, this
                 activity will increase also. As recreational
                 boating increases, there could be increased
                 conflicts associated with congestion, especially
                 smaller boats which tend to cluster in similar type
                 of water.


                                7.43













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                                                                                   7.44














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                                     000    POTENTIALTIMESE~~~~~~~~~~~~~srriVECARGOFFRRYROUTE  HARBOR  ESTUARY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Xi~iii
                          0  FUTURE FERRY DOCIONG   SITES    WATER   USE  MANAGEMENTli(~lij~Bliii
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                     CONCENTRA~TION        OF   COMMERCIAL  SPORT FISHING NYC DEPT. OF CITY PLANNING::::
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The major conflict will probably come from wakes
generated by high speed cargo and passenger
ferries, causing problems for recreational boats in
the summer months. In addition, conflict may occur
in the evening peak ferry runs with recreational
boats. Unlike the Upper Bay where there is limited
access to facilities close to home, this is not the
case in Jamaica Bay. Figure 7.16 illustrates future
conditions in Jamaica Bay.



































               7.46









                    RECOMMENDATIONS


                    The following recommendations are intended to
                    reduce risks in areas identified as having either
                    present or future conflicts. Some are associated
                    with general Harbor use whereas others are more
                    site specific. They require further investigation,
                    coordination or implementation strategies to be
                    worked out by the agencies closest to the issue or
                    having enforcement authority. They may also require
                    bi-state coordination.


                    The study's recommendations include education and
                    information,   criteria   for   siting,   physical
                    improvements  and  specific  regulatory   issues.
                    Details are provided where appropriate.


*    ~Education and  Education   is   perhaps   the   most   critical
     Information    recommendation and has the potential of being a very
                    cost effective and implementablq strategy for
                    alerting boaters to the hazards, restrictions and
                    limitations of other vessels sharing the Harbor.
                    Many of the conflicts that occur harborwide are
                    associated with the operator not following existing
                    regulations. Knowledge and understanding of basic
                    safe boating practices does much to reduce
                    conflicts.


                      * Require a boating safety certificate for all
                         recreational boaters in New York and New
                         Jersey Harbor.


                    In terms of vessel numbers, recreational boats are
                    projected to have the greatest increase in the
                    harbor; however, these boaters have the least

                                   7.47









required training in safe operation of their
vessels. These newcomers will be confronted by a                is
diversity of vessel types and sizes, each with its
own    particular    navigational    constraints,
concentrated within the confines of the harbor.


Frequently, regulations that could be made on a
site specific basis to reduce conflicts are either
already existing or implied in the rules of the
road.   These cover  excessive speed,  coming  too
close to other vessels and harassment of other
water users. As enforcement personnel cannot be
everywhere, and current budget cuts may further
affect their staffing ability, it is even more
imperative that all boaters have the knowledge and
understanding needed to operate their boats with
good seamanship.


Certification  would  entail  two  components:    a
general boating safety course (applicable in both
states) and a supplemental map and handbook listing
hazards and regulations for the New York and New
Jersey Harbor. This publication would be 'Widely
distributed locally as well as regionally in order
to inform transients. The map and handbook would
include navigable channels heavily used by maritime
and industrial vessels, ferry landing locations and
routes, reduced speed areas, natural hazards,
characteristics of certain types of vessels that
effect their operation, right-of-way rules, areas
of heavy use and other existing regulations. in
addition vessel specific informational pamphlets
could be written.    These  would  concentrate  on
letting each class of boat know of problems and
conflicts they tend to have with other boating

               7.48










0                ~~~~~interests as well as specific safety and operating
                 requirements peculiar to their own class.


                 Further evaluation is needed to determine the most
                 effective way to carry out the certification
                 including determining what level of education, who
                would be qualif ied to provide the education, and
                 proof of education.


                 Development of the handbook and implementation of
                 the   boating   education   certification   would
                 necessitate the cooperation of the Coast Guard,
                 state legislators, state and local enforcement
                 authorities and representatives from different
                 vessel  categories.    As  the  regulations  differ
                 somewhat  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey,
                 coordination of these regulations is needed or a
*                ~~~~~clear representation of when what rules apply (see
                 Appendix 2.1).


                 This type of education and certification program
                 may have utility in the remainder of the state~sl
                 waters; however, such a determination is beyond the
                 scope of this study. if subsequent investigation
                 reveals that a certification program is warranted
                 statewide,   the  Harbor   education   should   be
                 integrated with the states' programs.


                   * Require a safety plan to be posted at all
                      recreational boating facilities adjacent to
                      shipping channels.


                 A marina safety plan will educate boaters to stay
                 out  of  channels  where  practical  and  offer
                 precautions to take when it is necessary to enter

                                7.49








              or cross a channel. This is particularly-relevant
              to the numerous marinas proposed for the Hudson
              River. Boaters would be advised of opportunities
              and hazards of boating in waters adjacent to these
              sites.   The Coast Guard and/or state and local
              enforcement authorities would be responsible for
              reviewing and approving safety plans, setting
              minimum standards and criteria, and making the
              determination to require any additional warning
              devices.


Facility       Vessel activity and facility development detrimental
Siting &       to  the  environment  should  be  avoided.  Certain
Physical       environmentally sensitive areas cannot sustain any
Improvements   vessel activity whereas in others certain types of
              activities pose no harm. It is beyond the scope of
              this study to fully assess this issue. Analysis of
              environmental conflicts engendered by different
               types of activity, and ways to minimize these
              impacts is needed.


              Facility siting guidelines are important to ensure
               the appropriate water-related landside development,
              thus avoiding or lessening the potential for
              conflicts arising when different vessel types
              compete  for  the  same  space.    The  following
               recommendations  will  require  the cooperation of
              local planning authorities who review the siting of
              facilities as well as other agencies, where noted.


              The criteria for determining appropriate siting of
              facilities and measures needed to avoid conflict
              vary according  to vessel activity.   In certain
              situations, different vessel types can coexist in
              the same area. There is a hierarchy of siting of

                             7.50








facilities starting with the largest, maritime and
industrial vessels which are critical to the
functioning of the port and are the most
constrained in where they can be sited.


  * Encourage appropriate t ypes of facility siting
    to achieve the best use of the water and a
    minimum of conflicts between vessels.


Maritime and Industrial Criteria include:


- Encourage  siting in areas adjacent to federal
navigation channels where there is sufficient water
depth to accommodate deep draft vessels.


- Encourage siting in areas of existing maritime
and industrial activity;


 -Encourage siting in areas that are in close
proximity to cargo facilities and along waterways
that provide access to water-dependent industrial
uses.


- Encourage siting of maritime support activities
in areas that are identified as critical to their
support services and must be retained for their
future needs.


- Use caution when siting facilities in areas with
heavy recreational use.



Ferry Criteria include:


-Encourage facilities to be located in areas close

               7.51









to commuting populations;


- Priority should be given to ferries for dock
space which is near other modes of landside
transportation such as subway and bus service or
where there is adequate parking;


- Use caution when siting facilities in areas with
heavy recreational use.


In areas like Long Island Sound and Jamaica, Sandy
Hook and Raritan Bays, the vessels selected for
ferry   use   should   take   into   consideration
minimization of wake generation. The speed at which
they travel should be closely monitored by the
Coast Guard, state and local officials in order to
determine the maximum speed allowable for safe
operation.



Commercial Criteria include:


Excursion, sightseeing and similar activities


- Siting should be encouraged in close proximity to
major activity centers;


Commuter ferry and excursion vessel docking are
uses that can coexist at shared docking facilities.
Therefore the above criteria for ferry siting are
also applicable to commercial docking.   However,
priority should be given to commuter ferries.



Recreational Criteria include:

               7.520









              -Discourage siting of facilities in waters having
             a heavy concentration of maritime and industrial,
             ferry and commercial vessel activity;


             - Recreational boating facilities for vessels that
             have limited power and maneuverability should not
             be located in areas that require these boats to
             cross the paths of maritime, industrial, ferry or
             commercial traffic.


             -   Encourage   siting   recreational   facilities
             accessible to waters appropriate to a particular
             water sport;


             - Discourage siting in locations with strong
             currents or prone to heavy wave or wake action;


              -Encourage siting in areas where there is adequate
             natural protection. Where this is not the case,
             adequate artificial protection should-be required.
             Structurally adequate and environmentally sound
             breakwaters should be part of all marinas located
             adjacent to heavily traveled navigable channels.


             The intent of this last criteria is to reduce
             conflicts created by wakes from passing vessel
             traffic, recognizing that large vessels will throw
             a sizeable wake regardless of speed. It is not
              intended to relieve the vessel operator causing the
             wake of responsibility but is rather to offer an
             additional means of protection for vessels docked
             at marinas. Details of breakwater design should be
             outlined and required by the Army Corps of
             Engineers.


Is ~~~~~~~~~7.53










              - Encourage siting where there is adequate upland to
              provide for parking, security and infrastructure
              needs such fire, water and sanitary services.


Specific       The following recommendations are intended to avoid
Waterways &    different vessel facilities being located in areas
Regulations    where  they will  come  into direct  contact  with
               incompatible water activity and to encourage their
              appropriate siting.



                 * Encourage ferry and commercial boat docking
                    facilities in the Hudson River to relieve
                   congestion in the Upper Bay (and improve
                   access to ferry services).


                 * Establish   temporary   queuing   area   to
                   accommodate vessels awaiting docking at Piers
                    9 and 11.


               Piers 9 and 11 function as a major hub for both
               ferry and excursion. vessel operations.   Any plan
               for the development of these piers must recognize
               and accommodate these uses.   If no new docking
               sites -are developed, congestion will occur around
               these facilities as vessels wait for pier access.
               While improvements to the piers, including the
               construction  of  passenger   waiting  areas  or
               ancillary retail services, should be encouraged,
               the primary function of the piers as docking space,
               should remain and be expanded. The plan should be
               developed in concert with the Coast Guard, state
               and local enforcement officials and ferry and
               commercial operators as well as planning officials.


                              7.54









*               *   ~~~~~Encourage recreational boating facilities in
                    environmentally appropriate areas along Long
                    Island Sound, Sandy Book, Raritan and Jamaica
                    Bays.


               These areas are excellent sites for recreational
               boating and facilities should be encouraged to
               locate here. Other types of vessel activities that
               do not exist, or are not needed to meet certain
               municipal needs, should be discouraged from
               locating here except for ferries and excursion
               boats.


                  * Encourage rowing along the Harlem River and
                    enforce the speed limit in effect for many
                    parts of the river, minimize wakes and
                    discourage facilities for motorboating.


               Despite our previous recommendation of discouraging
               the siting of recreational facilities in areas
               prone to heavy wake action, the Harlem River is one
               of the few good rowing locations in the Harbor.
               Consequently, all other vessels should proceed
               through the waterway with extreme caution. Signage
               indicating speed limits and cautioning against
               wakes should be clearly and frequently placed along
               the river.


                  * Do   not   site   new   recreational   boating
                    activities along Hell Gate.


               Due to the strong currents and other adverse water
               conditions, Hell Gate should only be used as a




  0                            ~~~~~~~~~~7.55









transit way for all vessels. The siting of new
recreational facilities should not be encouraged
here.

  * Do not site new recreational facilities along
    the Kill Van Kull

Because of the existing and continued concentration
of maritime and maritime support activity no new
recreational facilities should be sited along the
Kill Van Kull.

  * Discourage siting of new recreational boating
     facilities along the Arthur Kill north of Port
    Mobil in Staten Island and Smith Creek in
    Middlesex County.


The northern section of the Arthur Kill is heavily
trafficked by large maritime vessels, especially
oil tankers servicing the largest oil storage
facilities in the harbor. In addition, increased
vessel activity is anticipated with the restoration
of Howland Hook. The siting of new recreational
facilities in this narrow waterway increases the
potential for conflicts between recreational and
maritime vessels, as well as wake problems at
recreational facilities.

  * Recreational boating facilities sited along
     the lower East River should be targeted to
     activities   that   can  handle   the   river
     conditions.


Future development along the lower East River
should be studied carefully.   The proposals for

               7.56









                 Piers 1-5 in Brooklyn may provide for both a marina
                 and docking space for excursion vessels. Any new
                 development especially below the Manhattan Bridge,
                 should be carefully analyzed to ensure vessels
                 served by the facility have adequate design,
                 stability and power to handle water conditions. As
                 there is a potential for a great deal of marina
                 growth in this area it should be monitored
                 carefully by the Coast Guard and state and local
                 enforcement officials to ensure that they do not
                 become unduly congested with recreational traffic.


                   * Reexamine the siting of the Alice Austen Park
                      hand boat launch in the Upper Bay.


                 The newly enacted restricted area around the Navy
                 Homeport will force boats launching from this site
*                ~~~~~heading north to enter the General Anchorage area
                 where large maritime vessels are located creating
                 potential hazards. Reexamination might include
                 warnings about traveling north from this site,
                 advising only expert use or discontinuing the site.


                 Further discussions are needed with the Parks
                 Department,   Coast   Guard,   state   and   local
                 enforcement official and the launch site users to
                 determine the best way to ensure the safety of
                 users of this site.


  Site/Vessel    Site or vessel type specific regulations are
  Type Specific  intended to reduce conflict in specific areas or
  Regulations    between vessel  types which  require  adoption  of
                 regulations in addition to education.




                                7.57








  * Establish a restricted area around major ferry
    docking locations to reduce the risk of
    conflict between commuter ferries and other
    types of vessels.


Hoboken Terminal, Pier 12. on the East River in
Lower Manhattan, South Ferry and St. George, are
examples'of landing sites heavily used by commuter
ferries. The rules of the road do not directly lay
out the rights of ferries but the courts have
repeatedly ruled that ferries are entitled to a
reasonable degree of freedom in entering and
exiting from their slips.  7The restricted areas
would function as a safety zone keeping   other
vessels from crossing in front of ferries entering
and exiting docking sites; the point at which
ferries have limited ability to alter their course.
These safety areas should not unduly encumber
navigable channels.


Details of this recommendation should be worked out
between the Coast Guard, state and local officials.
Restrictions may encompass one specific distance
for all docking facilities or be tailored to fit
specific landing sites in accordance with the type
of ferry being used.


  * Investigating the creation of a restricted
    area around Rikers Island.


Concern has been expressed about security around
Rikers Island from the standpoint of small boats
coming too close to the correctional facility. The
Coast Guard and state and local enforcement
officials should investigate this further.

              7.58









                 * Programs that have been established in the
                   Harbor to provide for safe navigation by all
                   vessels should continue or increase in their
                   activity.


              These include funding for the VTS, the Army Corp of
              Engineers Harbor Drift Program, and safe boating
              enforcement efforts by the Coast Guard and state
              and local authorities.


                 * Continue phasing in the Coast Guard Vessel
                   Traffic Service (VTS). Use VTS to provide
                   information on the routes and schedules of
                   ferries traveling through the Upper Bay.


              Because of the large number of vessels that use the
              Harbor as well as the number of oil spills that
              have recently occurred, VTS is critical in reducing
              the probability of collisions and groundings by-
              providing  up  to  date  informat~ion  on  vessel
              movement, congestion, weather and other hazards to
              navigation.


              Given the importance of ferry operations all vessel
              types should be made aware of ferry routes and
              schedule requirements, and should be advised to
              remain out of ferry routes and away from ferry
              docking sites when possible.


Implementation As a follow-up to this report we recommend that the
              Coast Guard and New York and New Jersey enforcement
              personnel meet to:





 0                             ~~~~~~~~~~7.59









- Carefully monitor areas of projected growth to
ensure that they do not become unduly congested and
continue to monitor frequency and types of
conflicts that occur within the Harbor.


When many of the vessel facilities projected to
.occur in the harbor are actually built, additional
measures such as specific activity use areas, speed
limits or restrictions may be necessary to ensure
safe vessel operation in the harbor. These areas
should be continually monitored for this need.


- Discuss such issues as clarification and
standardization of regulations and coordination of
enforcement efforts.


Although many of the regulations of the two states
(see Appendix 2.1) are similar and not in conflict
with each other there could be a potential for a
problem where these differ.


Finally,    the   New   York   City   Waterf ront
Revitalization   Program   and   the   New   Jersey
Department of Coastal Resources should implement
facility siting criteria through their existing
permit programs.














               7.60











                 Chapter 7 - Endnotes



                 1. U.S. Department of Transportation, United States
                 Coast Guard, "Commercial Vessel Casualties, Post
                 1980,". 11/15/90

                 Mechanical problems that did not result from a
                 collision or other external cause were not included
                 in our analysis.   The types of collisions included
                 meeting, overtaking, crossing, submerged objects,
                 piers, docks, aids to navigation, bridges and other
                 causes.   Classified separately, where collisions
                 were  not  involved,  were  groundings,  flooding,
                 sinking, capsizing or being disabled.

                 2.   Letter   from   the   U.S.   Department   of
                 Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Richard Bergan
                 Chief,  Consumer  Affairs  and  Analysis  Branch,
                 Auxiliary, Boating and Consumer Affairs Division,
                 Office of Navigation, Safety and Waterway Services,
                 December 21, 1990.

*                 ~~~~~Data includes all accidents that are reported to
                 the Coast Guard including groundings, capsizing,
                 swamping-flooding, sinking, fire, vessel collision,
                 collision with a fixed or floating object, falls
                 overboard, falls in boat, struck by propeller or
                 boat, waterskiing and other.

                 The data is compiled on a countywide level and not
                 by waterbody, therefore some of the figures include
                 accidents that took place outside of the study
                 area, for example, all of Monmouth County, is
                 included. As we do not have a way for determining
                 the number of vessels that are registered in the
                 study area, comparative analysis of data could not
                 be made. Comparative analysis with national data
                 also could not be made as it is based on an
                 estimate of the number of boats that are in the
                 country, including non-registered craft. There is
                 no similar local data.

                 3. Captain Alan D. Rosebrook "Remarks of A.D.
                 Rosebrook, Captain," Proceedings Fourth Annual
                 conference of States Organization for Boating
                 Access (Portland, Marine), September, 1990 pg 71.



                                7.61









4. Complied by the Bureau of marine & Recreational
Vehicles,  New  York  State  Office  of  Parks,
Recreation and Historic Preservation, 1989 Boating
Accident Statistics, (Albany, NY: 1989), pg. 2.

5. Compiled by the Bureau of Marine and Recreational
Vehicles, 1989 Boating Accident Statistics, New
York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic
Preservation, (Albany: 1989), pg. 23-27.

6. Federal Register, Department of Defense, Corps
of Engineers, Department of Army, 33 CFR Part 334,
"Restricted Area, New York Harbor, Staten Island,
NY", Vol 56, No 27, February 8, 1991, Rules and
Regulations, pg. 5300.

7. Elbert S. Maloney, Chapman Piloting, Seamanship
and Small Boat Handling (New York: 1985), pg. 99.)

8. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard,
Vessel Traffic Service New York, Users Manual,
(October l990)pq. 1.































               7.62








APPENDIX










                              APPENDIX




                                                             PAGE




Appendix 1.1        Waterbody Characteristics                 Al.1


Appendix 2.1        Recreational Boating Regulations          A2.1


Appendix 2.2         Compact of 1834                          A2.18


Appendix 3.1         Maritime Vessel Type and Size            A3.1


Appendix 5.1         Table 1: Commercial Cruise Ships         A5.1
                    Table 2: Excursion, Sightseeing
                              and Similar Vessels            A5.2
                    Table 3: Commercial Sport Fishing        A5.9


Appendix 5.2         Commercial Boating Vessel Size           A5.15


Appendix 6.1         Recreational Boating Registrations       A6.1


Appendix 6.2         Hull and Engine Design/Boat Types        A6.3


Appendix 6.3         Recreational Boating Facilities          A6.14


Appendix 6.4         Recreational Facilities Listing          A6.17


Appendix 6.5         Future Proposals for Ferry,              A6.19
                    Commercial and Recreational
                    Boating Facilities









                         APPENDIX 1.1
                         WATERBODY CHARACTERISTICS


























0








Appendix 1.1   WATERW OIY AI EISTICS1



  WATERWY           |              mE  | CURRE     | tENGHfluImH       |DEPlTH                  AMCHRAGE        j DNIRONMIT                  OBSTRUaca                      |  NISwAIS/ATTRIBIUES



  LONG ISLA)                                                                                                      . Recommended for         . Boulder reef South East        . Restricted to navigation
  SONiD                                                                                                           primary and secondary     from Stepping Stone light to    off Orchard Beach swimming
                                                                                                                contact recreation and    Long Island Shore                area
                                                                                                                 any other use except
                                                                                                                 shellfishing for market                                    . Winds can be variable mid-
                                                                                                                 purposes in the western                                    summer
                                                                                                                 portion

  Pelham Bay                                                            10 - 15' mid-                             . Tidal Wetlands                                           . 4 mph speed limit as of
  Lagoon                                                                channel                                                                                              11/90
                                                                        1 - 2' on edges                          . Bird Nesting
                                                                                                                 Area

                                                                                                                   Recommended for
                                                                                                                 primary and secondary
                                                                                                                contact recreation and
                                                                                                                 any other use except
                                                                                                                shellfishing for market
                                                                                                                 purposes fishing
                                                                                                                 alright with some
                                                                                                                 restrictions

  City Island Area   7.2 '      Variable at                                                    General            . Predominately            . Some caution needed along      . No Wake Zone - Channel
                                bridge .3 - 1.5                                               Special            developed                 shores due to boulders           between Rodmans Neck and City
                                knots. Can exceed                                                                                                                            Island
                                1.5 knots at                                                                                                . 12' vertical clearance -
                                bridge                                                                                                      bridge between City Island       . Hell Gate Pilot Station on
                                                                                                                                           and Rodmans Neck                 City Island  (board Execution
                                                                                                                                                                            Rock)
                                                                                                                                             11' vertical clearance -
                                                                                                                                           High Island bridge - 1' water
                                                                                                                                           depth under bridge











                                                                                                     Al .1














| WiTERWY           M     EAN     C       URRT        I LENGHIIDTH        DEIM                    ANM& AGE           ENVIRONMENT                 OBSTRUCTION                     | NSTRAINTSfATRIBUrES
                      TIDAL
                      RANGE

 Eastchester Bay     7'         0.4 - 0.8 knots                            7' - 10 ' lower       General            . Landfill                  . Big Tom (Rock)
                                                                         part                   Special            leachate on west shore
                                                                          3' - 5' upper part                                                   . Cuban Ledge
                                                                         Dredged Channel to                        . Tidal wetlands
                                                                         Hutchinson River                          Palmer Inlet                . Numerous Rocks and Shoals

                                                                                                                    Recommended for           . Several wrecks
                                                                                                                  primary and secondary
                                                                                                                  contact recreation and
                                                                                                                  any other use except
                                                                                                                  shellfishing for market
                                                                                                                  purposes. Fishing
                                                                                                                  alright with some
                                                                                                                  restrictions.

 Locust Point                                                              5' at entrance                                                       . Rocks north side of
                                                                          4' - 20' inside                                                      approach


 Hutchinson River                                     2.8 miles to        3 - 5'                                     . Protected tidal          . Numerous Rocks and Shoals       Thomas Pell Wildlife refuge
                                                     Pelham                                                        wetlands & marsh            on both sides of the channel
                                                                                                                  bird nesting
                                                                                                                  area (white                 . Bridges -
                                                                                                                  heron) at Thomas           - Minimum 8' vertical
                                                                                                                  Pell refuge                clearance

 Little Neck Bay                                      Approximately 2    10 - 12' at              General            . Tidal Wetlands                                              Fort Totten Coast Guard
                                                     miles in length    entrance depth           Special                                                                         Station
                                                                         2 1/2 - 7' at                             . Recommended for
                                                                         anchorage depth                           primary and secondary
                                                                                                                  contact recreation and
                                                                                                                  any other use except
                                                                                                                  shellfishing for market
                                                                                                                  purposes. Fishing
                                                                                                                  alright with some
                                                                                                                  restrictions









                                                                                                       A1 .2










} A                 RE Wma             C        UREN T    jGIMTHhH  | DEPTJH               |                     IOIMENT           M umEmru         alcriM                 CNSTRAIWS/ATTRIIUTES
                   TIDAL
                   RANGE                        I I                I I

UPPER EAST RIMER    7.1'      0.7 knots at         . 14 miles in      East River Channel    General            Tidal Strait               . Rikers Island Channel          . Restriction around Rikers
                   at        Throgs Neck          total length       from Throgs Neck       Anchorage 21 -   . Bird nesting areas        between Rikers Island and        Island for masts >125' for
                   Willets                                           to Brooklyn Navy       30' depths        (North & South Brother    mainland - obstructed by          air penetration of La Guardia
                   Point     1.6 knots at Port   . Entrance          Yard (35' depth)                         Island)                    lighted runway at La Guardia    flight path
                             Morris              between Throgs                                                                         Airport
                    5.1'                          Neck and           . Channel between                        . Not recommnended for                                      . South Brother Channel -
                   at Hell   4 knots at Hell      Willets Point      North and South                          sheliflshing for market   . North/South Brother Island    same as above
                   Gate      Gate                 the Upper East     Brother 25'.                             purposes or primary or    channel - a ledge, partly
                                                 River starts at   shoaling to 16'                           secondary contact          bare at low water extends 0.2   . Direction and velocity of
                                                 Throgs Neck and                                             recreation. Alright for   miles southward from South        currents are affected by
                                                 Willet's Point     . South Brother                          fishing with some          Brother Island                   strong winds
                                                 and extends to     Island Channel                           restrictions
                                                 approximately      controlling depth                                                                                    . College Point Reef - depth
                                                 Port Morris in    35' shoaling on the                                                                                   1/2' to 10' - covered with 6'
                                                 the Bronx and      edges                                                                                                of water approximately 1000'
                                                 Berrian's                                                                                                               offshore
                                                 Island (Con
                                                 Edison Plant)                                                                                                           . Rikers Island occupied by
                                                 in Queens.                                                                                                              correction facility
                                                   Followed by
                                                 Hell Gate then                                                                                                          . Channel between North and
                                                 the Lower East                                                                                                          South Brother Island subject
                                                 River which                                                                                                             to strong current and should
                                                 extends to                                                                                                              not be used by vessels of
                                                 Upper Bay                                                                                                               limited maneuverability
                                                 entrance at The
                                                 Battery and
                                                 Governors
                                                 Island
                                                 * Federal
                                                 navigable
                                                 channel 1000'
                                                 wide












                                                                                                A1.3














|WATERWAY     M      EAN   CU RR ET O JLE THA                        | DEPTH A  N       CORAG E       ENVIRONNT OBSTRUCTIN aesrcriw                                           NATITRIBUtIES
                    TIDII
                    RANGE                                                                  I     -I                                     I                                I

Little Bay                                                            9' Channel             General            . Wetlands on a western   . Throgs Neck viaduct 30'        Fort Totten Coast Guard
                                                                                                              shore                     vertical clearance               Station
                                                                     West of Willets                          . Recommended for
                                                                     Point depths of                          primary and secondary
                                                                     6' - 10'                                 recreational contact
                                                                                                              and any other use
                                                                                                              except shellfishing for
                                                                                                              market purposes.
                                                                                                              Fishing alright with
                                                                                                              some restrictions.

Powells Cove                                                           2' - 5'                                  . Wetlands on all sides   . Pier ruins on east side of
                                                                                                                Not recommended for     cove
                                                                                                              shellfishing for market
                                                                                                              purposes or primary or
                                                                                                              secondary contact
                                                                                                              recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                              fishing with some
                                                                                                              restrictions.

Old Ferry Point                                                        15 - 35'              General                                      . Shoals abruptly from 18' to   . Located under Whitestone
                                                                                                                                        depths of approximately 4' -    Bridge on the Bronx side
                                                                                                                                        5' 1500' from shore


Westchester                                        Runs between        6' except 3 1/2'                         . Small tidal wetland      . Bruckner Expressway Bascule
Creek                                              shallows           shoaling in upper                         on south west shore       14' vertical clearance
                                                  between Old        60'                                      . Not reccmmended for
                                                  Ferry and                                                   shellfishing for market   . Fixed bridges, least hgt.
                                                  Clason Point                                                purposes or primary or    52'
                                                  for 2.3 miles                                               secondary contact
                                                                                                              recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                              fishing with some
                                                                                                              restrictions.

Pugsley Creek                                                          Very shallow                             . Tidal wetlands
                                                                                                                Not recomamended for
                                                                                                              shellfishing for market
                                                                                                              purposes or primary or
                                                                                                              secondary contact
                                                                                                              recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                              fishing with some
                                                                                                              restrictions



                                                                                                   A1 .4








WA| ERWAY A   CLU|RRENT                              LENIGTHIDIH         DEPTH                  ANCHO  RAG         ENVIRP NEW                | OBSTRUCTION                     | 7STRIAINSIATTRRIDI TES

                                                                      m..
College Point                                                            Depths on west side                                                                                      . College Point Reef
                                                                       of Point 1/2' to                                                                                        approximately 1000' offshore
                                                                       10'                                                                                                     covered by 6' of water
                                                                       North of College                                                                                        . NYC Harbor Police Unit
                                                                       Point 2'-5'

Flushing Bay                                                             Channel from East      General            . Waterfowl wintering       . Dike of approximately 3000'   . Restricted Area in southern
                                                                       River to .8 miles      Special            area                        marked. Is covered by high        part of the channel - No
                                                                       up Flushing Creek;                        . Not recommended for       water runs along west side of   unnecessary delay; no vessel
                                                                       9 - 12' depth                             shellfishing for market   the channel to within about         with height  greater 35'
                                                                       through bay, l' -                         purposes or primary or    1500' of the head of the bay
                                                                       11' through creek                         secondary contact
                                                                                                                recreation. Alright for   . Depths less than 6' outside
                                                                                                                fishing with some          of the channel
                                                                                                                restrictions
                                                                                                                                            . Ice obstructs navigation in
                                                                                                                                            Bay and Creek generally in
                                                                                                                                            January and February

                                                                                                                                            . Whitestone Bridge .2 miles
                                                                                                                                            above into Creek - 35'
                                                                                                                                            vertical clearance

Bowery Bay                                                               Approach from East    Special west        . Not recommended for
                                                                       River Main Channel     of Bay             shellfishing for market
                                                                       10' depth              General            purposes or primary or
                                                                                                                secondary contact
                                                                                                                recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                                fishing with some
                                                                                                                restrictions.















                                                                                                     A1 .5














WATERAI Y           | WJEm     I QRRT               j LENGTH/WIMTH        DEPH A                  UNCRAGE          1ENIRCMENT                   0STRUCrION                       aCNSTRAIN1S/ATTRIBUtES



 Bronx River          6.9'                            Dredged Channel    . Depths 3' to           . Mouth of         . Not recommended for      . Bridge 27' vertical
                                                     for                Westchester Ave.,       river tidal        shellfishing for market   clearance (1.7 miles above
                                                     approximately      then less than 1/2'   wetlands             purposes or primary or    the entrance)
                                                     2.3 miles           . River being          (Soundview         secondary contact
                                                     entered through    filled in above          Lagoons) on       recreation. Alright for   . Bascule 14' 2 miles from
                                                     a shallow bight    172nd St.               east shore         fishing with some           entrance
                                                     between Clason      . Depths along                            restrictions.
                                                     Point and Hunts    Hunts Point 17' -
                                                     Point              24'

                                                                        . Depths of 9'-17'
                                                                        on flats east of
                                                                        wharf at Hunts
                                                                        Point

 Bronx Kill                                           .6 mile length                                                 . Not recommended for      . Navigable for .2 miles from
                                                                                                                  shellfishing for market   Harlem River to a Dam
                                                                                                                  purposes or primary or
                                                                                                                  secondary contact
                                                                                                                  recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                                  fishing with some
                                                                                                                  restrictions.

HELL ATE             5.1'       4 Knots                                  Depths variable,                           . Not recoamnended for                                        . Strong Tidal Currents
                                                                        can range from 45'                        shellfishing for market                                       . Direction and velocity of
                                                                        to 100' in a matter                       purposes or primary or                                        currents are effected by
                                                                        of yards                                  secondary contact                                             strong winds
                                                                                                                  recreation. Alright for                                       . Whirlpools and standing
                                                                                                                  fishing with some                                            waves can be found
                                                                                                                  restrictions.                                                 . Mill Rock, Randalls and
                                                                                                                                                                              Wards Island located here
                                                                                                                                                                              . Harbor Police Station

HARLEM RIVER         5.1'       2 knots              7 miles long        11' - 14'. Not recommended for                                         . 15 Bridges Nininmu              . Bulkheaded shoreline causes
                                                                                                                  shellfishing for market   Clearance under lowest 24'         wakes to reverberate back and
                                                                                                                  purposes or primary or    (draw bridge)                      forth off wall
                                                                                                                  secondary contact
                                                                                                                  recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                                  fishing with some
                                                                                                                  restrictions






                                                                                                       A1 .6









WATERWAY      M       EAN    | (liRRT      |        LENM /WIDTH    |DEP | EN                     IIRONMEN                                      OCBSTRWFTIOf                      UaRAIwIS/ATMRIRITES



Spuyten Duyvil       3.6'      2 knots - can                                                                       . Not recomtended for       . S' vertical clearance  -         . Currents at mouth of creek
Creek                          exceed                                                                              shellfishing for market   vertical lift span - Amtrak -   swift and erratic
                                                                                                                purposes or primary or    NYC-Albany route
                                                                                                                secondary contact                                              . Occasionally there are
                                                                                                                recreation. Alright for                                      large accumulations of ice at
                                                                                                                fishing with some                                            Spuyten Duyvil making it
                                                                                                                restrictions.                                                difficult for lower powered
                                                                                                                                                                            vessels or tows to make
                                                                                                                                                                            headway




































                                                                                                     A1 .7













|ATERWY              WmN      |2CRRENT              | LETHIDTH            DEPTH                   ANCHRG E            ENIROWME                  j OBSTUCTIOMN                        COlSTRAINIS/ATRIBUTES

   i'-~~~~~AG I I-   III
IUDSON RIVER         4.5' at   1.4 knots              Width: About        Channel in Lower        General -           . Fish spawning area                                           . Wind generated waves l  -
                    Battery   northwest of           3500' for the       Hudson 43 feet or       Starts 5 miles                                                                    3'
                               Battery              first 5 miles       greater mid-channel    above the            . Waterfowl wintering
                    3.7' at   2.2 knots at           from the            from Upper Bay off      Battery and        area                                                           . Wakes natural and from
                    Yonkers   George Washington   Battery                Ellis Island            extends for 10                                                                    passing vessel traffic
                               Bridge                                                            miles              . Not recommended for
                                                    3000' at the        Above 59th Street                          shellfishing for market                                        . Floating debris
                                                   George              30 - 32'                                   purposes or primary or
                                                   Washington          depths to Albany                           secondary contact                                              . Fish traps from March to
                                                   Bridge                                                         recreation. Alright for                                        May for Shad run to spawning
                                                                       Depths on New                              fishing with some                                              grounds in the Upper Hudson
                                                   Length: 275         Jersey side in                             restrictions.
                                                   miles from The      Basins 3 - 7'                                                                                             . Ice Floes - Open Channel
                                                   Battery to                                                     . Recommended for                                              maintained unless extremely
                                                   source in           New York City side                         primary and secondary                                          severe winters when
                                                   Adirondacks         12' to bare                                contact recreation and                                         navigation can be interrupted
                                                                                                                any other use except                                          for short periods of time
                                                                                                                shellfishing for market                                       During strong winds slips on
                                                                                                                purposes above the                                            the exposed side of channel
                                                                                                                Harlem.                                                       become packed with ice

                                                                                                                 . Below the Harlemn                                           . Currents around the mouth
                                                                                                                recommended for                                               of Spuyten Duyvil Creek are
                                                                                                                secondary contact only.                                       swift and erratic

                                                                                                                                                                             . Tides and currents can be
                                                                                                                                                                             affected by winds, freshets
                                                                                                                                                                             and draughts

                                                                                                                                                                             . VTS activation planned for
                                                                                                                                                                             1992













                                                                                                     A1 .8









kIERmY        W         m   CIDA  RRENT |LE| I1IMIDIU                  |BTH                    |AN OCRE            ENVIRfNMN                                                    CUT|lRAINIS/ATTRIBUTES



LOER EAST RIVER   5.1' at   4 knots at Hell          14 miles long      East River Channel                         . Tidal Strait              . 36th Avenue Bridge crosing   . Currents in both channels
                    Hells     Gate                  from entrance       from Throgs Neck to                       . Not recommended for       eastern channel from              off Roosevelt Island are
                    Gate                            at Throgs Neck      Brooklyn Naval Yard                       shellfishing for market   Roosevelt Island to Long            strong and require caution
                    4.6' at   3 knots at            and Willets         going west of                             purposes or primary or    Island vertical lift span
                    The        Brooklyn Bridge      Point to Upper      Roosevelt Island                          secondary contact           clearance of 40' down and 99'   . Channel between the Battery
                    Battery                         Bay entrance at    35' depth then 40'                         recreation. Alright for   up                                  and Governors Island is very
                               1.5 knots at         The Battery and    depth to the Upper                         fishing with some                                             congested and subject to
                               Governors Island    Governors            Bay                                       restrictions                . Roosevelt Island Reef with    strong currents caution
                                                    Island                                                                                   bare islets rocks awash, and    needed
                                                    . Lower East       Channel east of                                                       submerged rocks extend about
                                                    River starts at    Roosevelt Island                                                       1500' south west from Island.    . Traffic in the western
                                                    Hell Gate and      controlling depth                                                      Belmont Island near southwest   channel of the East River
                                                    continues to       of 23'                                                                 end of reef                       between Brooklyn Bridge and
                                                    Upper Bay                                                                                                                   Poor House Flats Range -
                                                    . Width: 600 -                                                                                                              Shallow draft vessel keep to
                                                    4000'                                                                                                                       West (Manhattan side) whether
                                                    Federal                                                                                                                     heading north or south.  Deep
                                                    navigable                                                                                                                   Draft vessels keep to the
                                                    channel widths:                                                                                                             east (Brooklyn Side).
                                                    . 1000' at                                                                                                                  Northbound shallow draft
                                                    Battery                                                                                                                     vessels cross from east to
                                                    . 900' at                                                                                                                   west in the vicinity of
                                                    Greenpoint                                                                                                                  Colears Hook and from West to
                                                    . 550' at                                                                                                                   East in the vicinity of
                                                    Western side of                                                                                                             Newtown Creek
                                                    Roosevelt
                                                    Island                                                                                                                      . VTS activation planned for
                                                    . Eastern side                                                                                                              1992
                                                    not a Federal
                                                    Navigable
                                                    channel
                                                    . Ba0' at Hell
                                                    Gate then 600'
                                                    then 1000' in
                                                    Upper East
                                                    River










                                                                                                      A1.9
















IWRTEMaY       M     PEAN        JaWRENT            1LENIHMIINj   DEPM                           I ANDIRAGE          DEIRMN)Wv                    OBSTRUCTION               OfhI          TMINW/ATT1m1rIOES
                   TIDA
                   RANGE IIIIII-L

Newtown Creek        4.11       Tidal current         3.3 miles long      23' Channel                                   Not recommended for
                             weak                                                                                 shellfishing for market
                             to 125'-150'                                                                         purposes or primary or
                             Federal navigable                                                                    secondary contact
                             channel                                                                              recreation. Airight for
                                                                                                         fishing with some
                                                                                                         restrictions









































                                                                                               Al .10










       |tATERWRY  |MEAN |QWERENT                   wEIMUHMM           D                Od g EP~~b~II                                 H       ||ENaT |"OtuICrIw TT 



UPPER BAY            4.6'       1.5 knots            . Anchorage         . Anchorage Channel                       . Not recommended for       . Bay Ridge Flats shoal areas   . Caution needs to be
                                                    Channel from        - 45' depth                               shellfishing for market   5' - 20' depth east of              exercised when docking and
                                                    the Lower Bay       . Bay Ridge. Red                          purposes or primary or    Anchorage Channel                   undocking vessels on south
                                                    to the Battery     Hook and Buttermilk                        secondary contact                                             east side of Bay Ridge
                                                    Is about 5.7       Channels  follow                           recreation. Alright for   . Gowanus Flats north and of    Channel because currents may
                                                    miles               the Brooklyn Piers                        fishing with soane          Bay Ridge Flats                   run opposite direction to
                                                      From 660' to     have depths of 30 -                        restrictions,                                                 those found normally in
                                                    2000' wide         40', except for                                                        . Jersey Flats the area on        channel especially
                                                    opposite the        shoaling to 19' at                                                    the New Jersey side west of       at piers
                                                    anchorage          the Junction of Bay                                                    Anchorage channel has depths
                                                      Buttermilk       Ridge Channel and                                                      up to 6', channels have been    . Cross currents can set
                                                    Channel - lOO'    Red Hook Channel                                                        dredged through shoal             north in Hudson and west in
                                                    wide in                                                                                                                     East River ("the Spider)
                                                    easterly and          Dredged channel                                                       Obstruction covered by 28'    causing vessels to be pushed
                                                    westerly           of 23' depth from                                                      of water at junction of Red       off course to shoals on
                                                    direction and      Main Channel to                                                        Hook and Buttermilk Channel       Governors Island
                                                    goes into East      Ellis Island
                                                    River                                                                                     . Pierhead Channel has              Governors Island Coast
                                                    * Bay Ridge        . Statue of Liberty                                                    submerged obstruction             Guard Station
                                                    Channel 1200' -    in eastern part of                                                     and wreck (covered by 19' of
                                                    1700' wide         Jersey Flats                                                           water                             . Statue of Liberty/Ellis and
                                                    * Red Hook         channel on west                                                                                          Governors Island
                                                    Channel 500' -      side of Island has
                                                    1200' wide         a controlling depth                                                                                      . Caution needed in Immediate
                                                                       of 15' except for                                                                                       vicinity of Statue of Liberty
                                                                       shoaling to 11'                                                                                         where depths are as low as
                                                                       along the east edge                                                                                     2'-6'
                                                                         Pierhead Channel
                                                                       leading from the                                                                                        . Harbor Police located in
                                                                       main channel about                                                                                      Brooklyn
                                                                       3500' south of
                                                                       Liberty Island and                                                                                      . Anchorage Channel, an
                                                                       then along the New                                                                                      extension of Ambrose Channel
                                                                       Jersey Pierhead                                                                                         from the Lower Bay is the
                                                                       line to Kill Van                                                                                        main passage through the
                                                                       Kull has a                                                                                              middle of the Bay
                                                                       controlling depth
                                                                       of about 16' with                                                                                       . VTS reactivated January
                                                                       shoaling at about                                                                                       1991
                                                                       11'
                                                                       * Channel through
                                                                       connecting branch



                                                                                                      A1.11













|WATERIY     M      EAN    | CURRENT                 L GT"/WIDTH         DEPTH                 I   NRU   a                                            TI-A                     | CPNRAINsATMIGUMS
                    TI-m_


Gowanus                                              Dredged channel    Dredged Channel                             . Not recommended for      . Bridge at 3rd St. -  3'
Bay/Canal                                            form Gowanus        form Gowanus Bay to                        shellfishing for market   vertical clearance
                                                    Bay to Gowanus     Gowanus Canal with                         purposes or primary or
                                                    Canal for about   depth of 12 -16'                            secondary contact
                                                    1 mile             mid-channel to                             recreation. Alright for
                                                                       above Hamilton                            fishing with some
                                                                       Avenue then 8 -12'                        restrictions


Erie Basin                                                                                                          . Not recommended for                                         . Entered through Red Hook
                                                                                                                 shellfishing for market                                      Channel
                                                                                                                 purposes or primary or
                                                                                                                 secondary contact
                                                                                                                 recreation. Alright for
                                                                                                                 fishing with some
                                                                                                                 restrictions.

KILL VAN KUlL        4.5'       Eddy when current   About 1500'          35' depth form                             . Tidal wetlands on        . Shoals, obstructions and         . VTS reactivated January
                               is at its            wide                channel in Upper                          Staten Island shore         numerous wrecks are along         1991
                               strength             800'-1000' wide    Bay through Kill                                                       both sides of dredged channel    . Shooters island located in
                                                    Federal            Van Kull to Arthur                         . Shooters Island is an                                       the south west part at the
                                                    navigable           Kill north of                             important bird nesting    . Many sunken and visible           head of Newark Bay
                                                    channel             Shooters Island has                       area                        wrecks are in the channel
                                                                       a project depth of                                                    south of Shooters Island
                                                                       30'                                       . New Jersey shoreline
                                                                                                                 nearly entirely
                                                                        D Oredged channel                         developed  residential
                                                                       23' depth leads                           at western end
                                                                       easterly from end                         Industrial uses at
                                                                       of Kill Van Kull to                       eastern end
                                                                       Constable Hook
                                                                                                                 . Not recommended for
                                                                                                                 primary or secondary
                                                                                                                 recreational contact












                                                                                                      A1 .12









|IOTERAY  M    E             tAN I       CRREN T  | LETIHM0D1H    DEPTH                      j NMORAGE    j             M aOal   Osiurc                           'r"fINTS/TAITTFRIBUES



NO1ER IBAY          5'                             4 miles in          . Large part of Bay   General             . Shoreline largely        . Ice sometimes closes            . New Jersey State Harbor
                                                   length from        very shallow but a    Special             developed, the western    navigation during part of         Police Station
                                                   Kill Van Kull      dredged channel                           shore for port             January and February
                                                   to Junction of     leads through bay                         activities and the                                           . VTS reactivated for part of
                                                   Hackensack and     to Rivers                                 eastern shore for          . Railroad Bridge In Port         Bay in January 1991.
                                                   Passaic Rivers                                               residential and            Newark Channel has vertical      Expansion of system is to
                                                                      . Main Channel (35'                      recreation                 lift span of 35' vertical         occur in Summer of 1991
                                                   . 500'-900'        depth) leading to                                                    clearance closed and 135' up
                                                   wide               Branch channels to                        . There are a few small                                      . Heavy maritime and
                                                                      Port Elizabeth and                       tidal flats on the                                           industrial use on the western
                                                   . Juncture of      Port Newark                               eastern shore                                               shore
                                                   two navigable      Terminal and then
                                                   channels to        to junction of                            . Least Tern nesting
                                                   rivers located     Rivers with depth                         site reported near Port
                                                   here               of 35'                                    Newark

                                                                      . Elizabeth and                          . Water in Bay can
                                                                      Pierhead Channels                        become anoxic in summer
                                                                      from main channel
                                                                      In the bay has                           . Not recommended for
                                                                      depth of 35'                             primary or secondary
                                                                                                               recreational contact























                                                                                                    A1 .13













|m ERY  |                                                                    CRET L |   |   MIDTH                                                      O EPMH |ANRA  ENVIRONlT  O BssTCrICTIN  CONSIRAs/1ATTRIBTES
                     TIDAL
                     RANGE I                         I                    I                        I I                                              I

IMalt RIVER    5' at                                    Navigable for        30' depth channel                            . Extensive tidal            Minimum clearance of fixed
                     mouth                             about 17.8           from Newark Bay  to                          phragmites wetlands          Bridge 35' vertical clearance
                     of                                miles to draws       25' turning basin                            along river                  at Little Ferry
                     river                             at Milford           to Marion - above
                     5.3' at                           200'-400' wide       this point 11' to                            . Confirmed herring run   Draw span 2' vertical
                     Little                            federal              Hackensack                                                                clearance at Hackensack
                     Ferry                             navigable                                                         . Includes Saw Mill
                                                     channel                                                          Creek wildlife
                     5.3' at                                                                                             management area
                     Hacken-
                     sack                                                                                                . Heron and Ibis
                                                                                                                    nesting area, also
                                                                                                                    Kearney Marsh an
                                                                                                                    important migratory
                                                                                                                    stop over

                                                                                                                     . Impacted by modified
                                                                                                                    hydrology, landfills
                                                                                                                    and encroaching
                                                                                                                    development north of
                                                                                                                    the Meadowlands

                                                                                                                      North of Meadowlands
                                                                                                                    recommended for primary
                                                                                                                    and secondary
                                                                                                                    recreational contact

                                                                                                                     . From south of the
                                                                                                                    Meadowlands to Route
                                                                                                                    9/1 not recommended for
                                                                                                                    primary or secondary
                                                                                                                    recreational contact













                                                                                                         A1 .14










|WATERWRY      W A N           CLUMI 6               |T | DIM~aDT"          w    p     m         M       ENO(R|     ENVI WNMT                   OBI U3SrUAION |TNS                             / lRI6UTaI



PASSAIC RIVER                  Can reach 3 knots   13 miles from        30' depth channel                          . Shoreline entirely        . Drawbridge at Arlington so
                              due to freshets      Newark Bay to      frm  Newar k Bay to    modified and developed    restrictive use. Fixed span
                               at Newark and at    Passaic 200'-       about 1/2 mile then                                                    with 35' vertical clearance
                              times the mouth      300' wide          20' to Jackson                             . Tidal watershed
                              of the river         Federal            Street Bridge then                         heavily developed           . Minimum clearance of
                                                   navigable          16' to Arlington                                                       bridges with draw spans 7'
                               Destructive          channel            then 10' to Passaic                         . Water quality            vertical clearance
                               freshets  occur                                                                    degraded little
                               rarely in spring                                                                   terrestrial habitat         . Unused swing bridge in
                              and fall                                                                                                       Newark kept open  - fender
                                                                                                                . Confirmed andromous      system of bridge was in an
                                                                                                                species run for herring   advanced state of
                                                                                                                and American shad          deterioration obstruction
                                                                                                                                           covered by 15' of water in
                                                                                                                . From Paterson to         east channel of swing bridge
                                                                                                                Second River - not         and caution needed
                                                                                                                recommended for primary
                                                                                                                recreational activity

                                                                                                                . From Second River to
                                                                                                                Newark Bay not
                                                                                                                recommended for primary
                                                                                                                or secondary
                                                                                                                recreational activity





















                                                                                                     A1.15















|WTERWAY  MEA CURRENT                                 LEN jIIDHjPTH  N C                          RAGE -              ENVIRIENT OSIMJCtR10N                                        |ISTIRNS/ATNIARINITES



ARlTiR KILL          5'         1 - 1.5 knots         Federal Channel                             General             . Tidal wetlands, on        . Numerous sunken and visible   . Safety Zone around loaded
                                                    depth 35'                                                      New Jersey shores, bird   wrecks are adjacent to both          LPG vessels transiting
                                                                                                                   nesting areas (Prall's    sides of the channel -               between Scotland lighted buoy
                                                     Elizabeth Port                                                 Island & Isle of            caution is advised                 at the entrance of Sandy Hook
                                                     depths along                                                   Meadows)                                                       Channel and the LPG facility
                                                    wharves 3 - 32'                                                                                                               immediately south of Morses
                                                     500'-800' wide                                                    New Jersey shore                                            Creek: 100 yard radius from
                                                     navigable                                                      largely developed with                                         boats loaded with LPG coming
                                                    channel                                                         industrial uses some                                           in or out. Safety Zone
                                                                                                                   wetlands remain                                                extends from Sandy Hook
                                                                                                                                                                                Channel,Raritan Bay East and
                                                                                                                     Northern section not                                        West Reach and the Arthur
                                                                                                                   recommended for primary                                        Kill to LPG  facility
                                                                                                                   or secondary                                                   immediately south of Morses
                                                                                                                   recreational contact                                          Creek

                                                                                                                   * Southern section not                                         . Ice rarely obstructs
                                                                                                                   recommended for primary                                        navigation but can in severe
                                                                                                                   contact                                                        winters

                                                                                                                                                                                  Many factories, oil
                                                                                                                                                                                refineries and oil storage
                                                                                                                                                                                facilities especially on the
                                                                                                                                                                                western shore
                                                                                                                                                                                 * Perth Amboy - Customs point
                                                                                                                                                                                of entry

Smith Creek                                           3' depth                                                        . Impacted by shore
                                                                                                                   development

Port Sacony                                           35' channel                                                                                                                    . Bulk oil storage tank
                                                    depth                                                                                                                          located here
                                                     15 - 35'
                                                    alongside of
                                                    dock










                                                                                                       A1 . 1 6









WATERWV                        aYWm C              |IENH/MITH    DEPTH                         |  K2 GE           |ENhIRhNU             O B STRUCTION                          |   6SIRAINMS/ATTMIUTES



Part Reading                                         18' - 36' depth


                                                   Depths
                                                   alongside the
                                                   coal pier 17'
                                                   on south side
                                                    10' to bare on
                                                   north side

Fresh Kills                                                                                                        . Tidal wetlands                                              . Closed to navigation except
                                                                                                                                                                             for garbage skows transiting
                                                                                                                                                                             to landfill
Rahway River                                        Extends from        5' depth                                   . Developed watershed,    . East Rahway Bascule 6'
                                                   mouth at Arthur                                               tidal portion of river    vertical clearance
                                                   Kill to Rahway                                                has undeveloped
                                                   about 4.5 miles                                               shoreline and wetlands    . Fixed Bridge 3.8 miles up
                                                                                                                 mixed with industrial      river 6' vertical clearance
                                                                                                                 uses. Tidal flats on
                                                                                                                 both sides

RARITAN RIVER        5' at                           11 miles from      Channel 20' depth                          . Extensive tidal           . Railroad Bascules
                    South                           Raritan Bay to                                                phragmites particularly
                    Amboy                           New Brunswick       Depths along                              at the mouth of South       . Victory Bridge 28' vertical
                                                                       wharves in South                           River.  Several            clearance (swing span)
                    5.8' at                                            Amboy 6 - 30'                              Sanitary Landfills
                    New                                                                                           flank the river.
                    Brunswi                                                                                       Confirmed Andaromous
                    ck                                                                                             fin fish, herring

                                                                                                                   Recomnended for
                                                                                                                 primary and secondary
                                                                                                                 contact











                                                                                                      A1 .17














             ATEA WI m           knos ENT  LEIhMIDTH           | OEPIH                |o   E  ENVIRONMENT                           OBSR CClCN aTRAINIS/ATTRIBITES
              TIDAL
               RANGE

LO    BAY      4.7' at   2 - 2.2 knots at    . Approximately    . Ambrose Channel       General           . Hoffman Island           . 5 shoal areas In the           . When current strong in
              Sandy     Ambrose Channel      9 miles            45' depth                                important nesting area    entrance to New York Harbor       Ambrose and Swash Channel can
              Hook      near outer           measured from                                               for gulls                  that are subject to change in   push vessels off course onto
                         extremities of      the Narrows to      . Sandy Hook                                                       depths:                          Romer Shoal
                         Coney Island,       the Atlantic       Channel 35' depth                         . Fish in Lower Bay
                         Sandy Hook and      Ocean              connecting to                             include striped Bass,     . False Hook off Northeastern   . Floating debris in harbor
                         the Narrows                             Raritan Bay Channel                      weakfish, summer          side depths of 4' - 18'          and channels
                                               Ambrose          to the west Chapel                       Flounder, Bluefish,
                           Seaward end of    Channel the        Hill Channel (30'                         Hake and Skup             . Flyns Knoll between Swash,    . Pilots westward of Ambrose
                         Ambrose 1.7 to      principal          depth) to the north                                                 Sandy Hook  and Chapel Hill      Light
                         2.3 knots           entrance to New   Terminal Channel to                        . Northern portion not    Channel depths of 9' - 18'
                                             York Harbor        the south Swash                          recommended for                                             . Landing not permitted on
                                             extends from       Channel (18' depth)                      shellfishing for market   . Rommer Shoal between            Hoffman and Swinburne Island
                                             the sea for        between Ambrose and                      purposes or primary or    Ambrose and Swash Channel
                                             10.2 miles to a   Sandy Hook Channel.                       secondary contact         depths of 4' - 15'
                                             point south of                                              recreation. Alright for
                                             the Narrows                                                 fishing with some          . East Bank north and east of
                                             where it meets     .Areas of 13'                            restrictions.              Ambrose Channel  depths  5' -
                                             Anchorage          depth on the sides                                                  15'
                                             Channel            of Swash Channel                         . In southerly
                                                                and a spot of 14'                        direction recormended      . West Bank west of Ambrose
                                                                in middle of                             for primary and           Channel between West Bank and
                                                                channel                                  secondary contact         Fort Wadsworth has depths
                                                                                                        recreation and any        from bare to 20'
                                                                  False Hook                             other use except
                                                                Channel along and                        shellfishing for market   . Tip of Sandy Hook is
                                                                close to eastern                         purposes with some        changeable and an area around
                                                                shore of Sandy Hook                      areas similar in          it is subject to severe
                                                                has depths from 9'                       quality to above          shoaling
                                                                to over 20'
                                                                                                                                   ï¿½ Staten Island Flats
                                                                                                                                   extensive shoals along
                                                                                                                                   southeastern side of Staten
                                                                                                                                   Island includes West Bank
                                                                                                                                   shoal and Old Orchard Shoal

                                                                                                                                     Depths between Hoffman and
                                                                                                                                   Swinburne Islands 1' - 7'

                                                                                                                                   ï¿½ Coney Island Channel 11' to
                                                                                                                                   Rockaway Inlet




                                                                                              A1 .18











                    | TIMDAL    IIRREE
RTEmM                                                   ITHCUhE                                                       I   DTIN N                                              I I-RAI/All][IES
Raritan Bay         5'         Currents beyond                          35' depth dredged       General            Shoreline features:                                           . Safety Zone see Arthur Kill
                               protection of                            channel to Junction   Special
                               Sandy Hook can be                        of Arthur Kill                            . Tidal creeks; bluffs;                                       . In easterly winds drift Ice
                               Problematic                                                                        sandy beaches: former                                         in the Lower Bay collects in
                                                                       Bay full of shoals                        dredge spoil disposal                                         Raritan Bay for short periods
                                                                       with depths of 7' -                       areas                                                         of time
                                                                       18'
                                                                                                                . Hard and soft clam                                         . Can become anoxic in summer
                                                                                                                beds;                                                        due to algae blooms

                                                                                                                . Western:. Prohibited
                                                                                                                for shellfish harvest

                                                                                                                . Eastern: Special
                                                                                                                Restrictions apply for
                                                                                                                shellfish harvest

                                                                                                                . Recommended for
                                                                                                                primary/secondary
                                                                                                                contact

Great Kills                                                              Mid-channel depth      Special            . Waterfowl wintering                                         . Harbor Police summer
Harbor                                                                   9' except 3' depths                       area                                                          substation
                                                                       in northeast side
                                                                       of channel                                . Great Kills - Crookes
                                                                                                                Point Adult Terns,
                                                                                                                gulls, concentrate on
                                                                                                                point along important
                                                                                                                migratory stopover for
                                                                                                                songbirds

                                                                                                                . Recommended for
                                                                                                                primary and secondary
                                                                                                                contact recreation and
                                                                                                                any other use except
                                                                                                                shellfishing for market
                                                                                                                purposes. Alright for
                                                                                                                fishing with some
                                                                                                                restrictions

Sequine Point                                                           2' depth




                                                                                                     A1.19















|imuB               (       BY  A  URRENT            I  LEN G4IMODH      DEANHORAGE  ENVIRONiENT                                             O        BmRUCTION                 ONSTrAINT/ATTRIBIES



 Lemon Creek                                                             2' mid-channel                           Tidal Creek and             . Overhead power cables
                                                                        narrow shallow                           Wetlands                   crossing Creek at 47' above
                                                                        becomes deeper
                                                                        inside creek

 Keyport Harbor                                                          6 1/2' dredged                           . Residential Shoreline
                                                                       depth                                    development with narrow
                                                                                                                 beach which widens
                                                                                                                toward Conaskonk Point

 Matawan Creek                                                           Controlling depth                         . Tidal Credk
                                                                       4' then to 2' to                         surrounded by tidal
                                                                       bare about 1.5                           wetlands of salt meadow
                                                                       miles above mouth                        cordgrass, meadow hay
                                                                                                                and spike rush. Tidal
                                                                                                                upstream to Lefferts
                                                                                                                Lake.

 Cheesequake         5'                                                  4' depth for about                       Extensive tidal meadows   . Sunken wrecks                    Cheesequake State Park
 Creek and Stump                                                         1500'
 Creek

























                                                                                                      A1 .20










|WATERWAY            |EAN| MJT                       L Ih    1h        | DEPTH                   M               I W               - ECIO&MSION                                |UNSTRANM SIATRIBUtIES

                                                       T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ID

Sandy Hook Bay       4.7'       2 knots                                  30' depth form          General           . Sandy beaches with        . Horseshoe Cove, the spit of   . See Arthur Kill for Safety
                                                                       inside Sandy Hook                         low tidal creeks and        land that formns cove is          Zone
                                                                       to 15' near                               wetland areas in the        submerged in high water and
                                                                       southern end of                           western area                can create a false navigable    . Sandy Hook Coast Guard
                                                                       Bay, shoaling                             . No tidal creeks or       channel                            Station
                                                                       gradual                                   wetlands in eastern
                                                                                                                area                        . Heavy Fish Trap Area on         . Security Zone in area of
                                                                       . Horse shoe cove                         . Eastern area large       shoals on southwest side of        U.S Naval Ammunition depot at
                                                                       shallow depths                            coastal bluffs to 350'    Sandy Hook Bay between              Leonardo and Terminal
                                                                                                                known as highlands.        Atlantic Highlands and Point    Channel:  No vessel shall
                                                                       . 14 - 17' down                           Area includes Sandy        Comfort                            anchor, stop or drift without
                                                                       western side of                           Hook, 1600 acres of                                           power into security zone.  No
                                                                       Sandy Hook                                Gateway National                                              vessel shall enter cross or
                                                                                                                Recreation Area which                                         otherwise navigate in the
                                                                       . Sandy Hook                              includes sandy beach on                                       security zone when a public
                                                                       Channel 35' depth                         the Atlantic Ocean                                            vessel or any other vessel
                                                                                                                side, a maritime forest                                       that cannot safely navigate
                                                                         Terminal Channel                        and 71/2 miles of beach                                       outside the Terminal Channel
                                                                       35' depth                                 and wetlands on the                                           is approaching or leaving the
                                                                                                                Bay.  The area is a                                           Naval Amsmunition Depot piers
                                                                         Raritan Bay                             recurved spit migrating                                       at Leonardo
                                                                       Channel 35' depth                         north and west.
                                                                                                                 . Near shore, bay is                                          . New shellfish depuration
                                                                         Atlantic                                shallow                                                       plant proposed on Sandy Hook.
                                                                       Highlands 1/2' - 6'                       . Important for Osprey,
                                                                       depth in basin                            Great Blue Heron and                                          . Can become anoxic during
                                                                                                                Terns and Gull nesting                                        summer months due to algae
                                                                         6' controlling                          area. Aquatic species                                         blooms.
                                                                       depth  at channel                         include Striped Bass,
                                                                       in Leonardo to boat                       Flounder, Bluefish,
                                                                       basin                                     Weakfish, Hake, Skup
                                                                                                                and many hard and soft
                                                                         6' - 7' depth in            :hell clam beds.
                                                                       Compton Creek

                                                                         3 1/2' depth at
                                                                       Pews Creek








                                                                                                     A1.21














WITERWIY             IEN  CURRENT   |    tENGKIHIrI |                    DEPIH                   AN|ORG ENIRONMTosTRU cTIOa                                                       aO1RrnINS/ATrRIBUTEs



                               Sandy Hook Bay                                                                     clam beds.
                                                                                                                 . Special restrictions
                                                                                                                 apply to shellfish
                                                                                                                 harvest.

                                                                                                                 . Recoamended for
                                                                                                                 primary and secondary
                                                                                                                 recreational contact

THE NARROWS                     1.7 - 2 knots        Approximately       Depths vary from 45                        . Not recommended for
                                                    3500' wide          - 100'                                    primary or secondary
                                                                                                                 recreational contact.
                                                                                                                 Alright for fishing

Gravesend Bay                                                            11 - 50'                general            . Not reconmended for
                                                                       southeasterly                             or primary or secondary
                                                                       portion of bay                            recreational contact.
                                                                       1 - 6'                                    Alright for fishing
                                                                                                                 with some restrictions:

Coney Island                                                             11' deep channel to                                                   . Obstruction and several
Creek                                                                    about 200 yards                                                       wrecks in channel
                                                                       below Cropsy Avenue
                                                                       Bridge then 11 - 2'                                                   , Bascule bridges lowest 2'
                                                                       to about 1/2 mile                                                     vertical clearance
                                                                       above bridge



















                                                                                                      A1 .22









WATERWAY    W ml CURRENT                           |L      hDTH        |DEPIH                 |     OAG          | EN DVIRONMENT       O BSTUCTI                O      N          I0 INTS/WATRIlUES
                                                          T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IDA

Jamaica Bay          5' at     2.2 knots at          7 miles long        . 19' or more                             Numerous meadows, small                                       . Ice in the tributaries in
                    Rock-      Rockaway Point,      approximately      channel depths at                          Islands and marshes                                           January through March is a
                    away      can exceed 3          and 3 1/2 miles    Rockaway Inlet                                                                                           problem
                    Inlet      knots                wide               except for west                               about 4000 acres of
                                                                       side of channel                           tidal wetlands                                                . Derelict Boats and illegal
                                 South of Barren                       with depths of 1'                                                                                        dumping
                               Island 2 knots       . 22.5 square      or less                                    . Spawning ground and
                                                    miles                                                         nursery for fish and                                          . Current in Rockaway Inlet
                                                                         Tidal creeks in                         shellfish                                                     can be of sufficient strength
                                                                       Jamaica Bay                                                                                             to cause vessels to veer
                                                                       channelized to                             . Atlantic Flyway (326                                       suddenly off course at
                                                                       depths of 12 - 20'                        species of birds)                                             entrance and exit of Rockaway
                                                                       depths in non-                                                                                          Inlet
                                                                       channelized creeks                        . DEC significant
                                                                       can be low (1 - 5')                       habitat for waterfowl                                         .  Rockaway Coast Guard
                                                                                                                                                                             Station
                                                                          Sheepshead Bay                         .  Recommended for
                                                                       Channel entrance                          primary and secondary
                                                                       depth of 14' except                       contact recreation and
                                                                       for shoaling to 12'                       any other use except
                                                                       along east edge of                        shellfishing for market
                                                                       channel, 6 -10' in                        purposes except near
                                                                       Sheepshead Bay then                       shore from Paerdegat
                                                                       2' depth along                            Basin to the vicinity
                                                                       shore                                     of Shell Bank Basin
                                                                                                                 where it is not
                                                                                                                 recomnended for
                                                                                                                 shellfishing for market
                                                                                                                 purposes, primary or
                                                                                                                 secondary recreational
                                                                                                                 contact Alright for
                                                                                                                 fishing with some
                                                                                                                 restrictions.











                                                                                                      A1 .23














|WATERMY          |            TICL |E|                LENIGI DWIIM DEPTH AN                                         ENVIRONMENT                 OBStRCINWATTRIBUIES



 Jamaica Bay                                                              . North (Island)        Special:                                      Numerous bridges lowest on
                                                                        Channel depth of        . Vicinity of                                 significant channels : Hammil
                                                                        16' or more except    Paerdegat                                       Swing Bridge 26' vertical
                                                                        6' depth leads from   Basing                                          clearance
                                                                        Barren Island to                                                      -North Channel fixed Bridge
                                                                        Canarsie and Howard    . Broad                                        20' vertical clearance
                                                                        Beach                  Channel
                                                                                                                                              Sunken wrecks in Rockaway
                                                                        ï¿½ Pumpkin Patch                                                       Inlet
                                                                        Channel 24' depth
                                                                        along Southeast                                                       . Bare shoal on north side of
                                                                        side of Barren                                                        Beach Channel south of Little
                                                                        Island (Floyd                                                         Egg Marsh at low water
                                                                        Bennet Field)
                                                                                                                                            ï¿½ Cross Bay Memorial Bridge
                                                                          Beach Channel lB'                                                   across Beach Channel vertical
                                                                        depth from Rockaway                                                   clearance 26'
                                                                        inlet to 700 yards
                                                                        above Gil Hodges                                                      . Railroad Bridge swing span
                                                                        Bridge then 15' to                                                    over Beach Channel 26'
                                                                        Grass Hassock                                                         vertical clearance
                                                                        Channel
                                                                                                                                            ï¿½ East Broad Channel is
                                                                        ï¿½ Winhole Channel                                                     blocked off by Railroad
                                                                        expect except 11'                                                     bridge
                                                                        shoaling of 4' in
                                                                        areas.

 Sheepshead Bay                                                           14' depth in            Special                                                                          . Harbor Police summer
                                                                        entrance of channel                                                                                     substation
                                                                        except for shoaling
                                                                        to 12' on east edge
                                                                        of channel

                                                                        6' - 10' inside bay
                                                                        except for shoaling
                                                                        to 2' on edges

 Gerritsen Inlet                                                          12' depth in Plumb                                                    . Submerged wrecks
                                                                        Beach Channel with
                                                                        some depths to 5'




                                                                                                      A1 .24









| WERWAlY     MEA            CURRENT |                  NTHIDI"           DPH    ANCORAEI5 ENVIRONMENT OB0SlT R61UCION                                                    NS/TRRINWTTUTES



Shellbank Creek                             . Dangerous pilings and
                                                                                                                                      remains of old barges

Mill Creek                                                                                                                                     . Submerged wrecks

                                                                                                                                      . Fixed Highway Bridge over
                                                                                                                                      creek in ruins and some parts
                                                                                                                                      in ruins and causing
                                                                                                                                      obstructions to navigation in
                                                                                                                                      area

 Dead Horse Bay

Mill Basin                                                               13' depth                                                             . Bridge with 34' vertical
                                                                                                                                      clearance crosses Mill Basin

East Mill Basin                                                          13' depth

Paerdegat Basin                                                          11' depth mid                                                         . Bridge 29' vertical
                                                                     channel                                                               clearance

Fresh Creek                                                              B' depth mid                                                          . Bridge 21' vertical
                                                                     channel                                                               clearance

Old Mill Creek                                                           Bare at low water

Shellbank Basin                                                          Controlling depth                                                                                         Harbor Police Station
                                                                     5'

Hawtree Basin                                                            11' depth                                                             . Pedestrian Bridge 17'
                                                                                                                                      vertical clearance

Sommerville                                                              27' - 40' depth in                                                    . Charted sunken wreck
Basin                                                                    basin, 15' depth at
                                                                     approach









                                                                                                  A1 .25














 -M-EY       m     Em|     UIRRENT         LENGTH/WIMIH  DEP                  ANIORAGE      ENVIRINET              OBS UCTIGN                 C STARINWS/ATRINITES



 'otts Basin                                               Entered by Negro                                        . Overhead power cables    . Ice may obstruct navigation
                                                       Bar Channel with
                                                       depths of 15' at
                                                       entrance to two
                                                       branch channels 3'
                                                       depth at junction
                                                       of Negro Bar
                                                       Channel with Grass
                                                       Hassocks depths
                                                       along wharves 1 -
                                                       14'

 Thurston Basin                                            10' depth at
                                                       entrance
                                                       2' depth at head

 Grassy Bay                                                                                                        . Blocked at southeastern end
                                                                                                          by JFK International Airport
                                                                                                          runway

 Bergen Basin                                              15' depths with                                         . Sunken wreck
                                                       less depth in
                                                       eastern arm of
                                                       basin

1.U.S.  Army  Corp Of Engineers,  The Port of New York  and New Jersev on Lona  Island.  NY  (Washington,  D.C.:1988),  pg.  1 - 28

  U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, United States Coast
Pilot. Atlantic Coast: Caoe Cod to Sandy Hook, (Washington, D.C.: 1989), pg, 193 - 201, 211 - 239.

  New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, "Classifications in New York Harbor 1987"












                                                                              A1.26









                         APPENDIX 2.1
                         RECREATIONAL BOATING
                         REGULATIONS

















e








RECREATIONAL BOATING REGULATIONS1

I Regulation       DERAL                 mm                   JERSEY                                 INE YORX

 REGISTRATION   All undocumented vessels equipped with  Regulations are the same as federal and   Regulations are the Same As Federal.
                propulsion machinery must be             go further to include:
                registered in the state of primary                                                   Also includes all documented boats used for
                use.                                     All boats greater than 12 feet in length  non commercial purposes primarily in the
                                                         regardless of propulsion all documented   state.
                Exceptions include foreign boats         boats normally on New Jersey waters.
                temporarily in U.S. waters, ships
                lifeboats and governmental vessels       Pertinent exceptions:
                other than recreational type craft.
                                                         Vessels used exclusively for racing
                                                         while competing in an authorized race.

                                                         Non-motorized inflatable, surfboard,
                                                         racing shell, or tender for direct
                                                         transportation between vessel and shore
                                                         and for no other purpose (i.e. dinghy),
                                                         except power vessels, or non-motorized
                                                         vessels 12 ft or less in length.

                                                        A non-powered kayak or canoe.



















                                                                     A2.1













                                                       Regulation FEDERAL NM JERSEY NM YORK

EQUIPNENT      Recreational boats are divided into       Same As Federal                             Same As Federal
               four classes, with graduating require-
               ments for the different classes.
               Classifications are as follows:

               Class A: less than 16'
               Class 1: 16' and over, but less than
               26'
               Class 2: 26' and over but less than
               40'
               Class 3: 40' and over, but not more
               than 65'
               Requirements include carrying of Types
               of Personal Floatation devices,
               signalling equipment and safety
               devices.
PERSONAL       All boats, regardless of length must      Same As Federal                             Same as Federal
FLOATATION     carry a PFD for each person aboard
DEVICE (PFD)   including canoes, kayaks and water
               skiers.

               Exceptions include:
               - racing shells
               - rowing skulls
               - racing kayaks
















                                                                   A2. 2








   Rgulatio   FEDERAL                                   NEW JERSEY                                  NEM YORK

DISTRESS       All vessels used on coastal waters 16'  Sane As Federal                               Same As Federal
EQUIpmaff      or greater or carrying passengers for
               hire must be equipped with visual
               distress signals.

               The following vessels are not required
               to carry night signals when operating
               from sunrise to sunset:

               - Boats less than 16 ft.

               - Boats participating in organized
               events such as races, regattas or
               Marine parades.

               - Open sailboats less than 26 ft. in
               length not equipped with propulsion
               equipment.

                Manually propelled boats.





















                                                                    A2.3













I Regulation    FEDERAL                                   NEW JERSEr                                  NEW YORK 

 SOUND          Regulations do not specifically          A mechanically operated (powered)           A mechanically operated (powered) whistle
 SIGNALING      require vessels less than 12 meters       whistle or horn as well as a bell must    or horn as well as a bell, must be carried
                (39' 4") to carry a whistle, horn or    be carried on all vessels over 26',         on all vessels, over 26'.  Vessels under
                bell. However, the navigation rules      under 26' may carry a portable or mouth   26' may carry a portable or mouth operated
                require sound signals to be made under  operated device.                            device in place of a mechanical horn.
                certain circumstances, such as in
                meeting, crossing, and overtaking
                situations described in navigation
                rules, as well as to sound fog signals
                during periods of reduced visibility.
                Therefore, the vessel must have some
                means of making an efficient sound
                signal.

                - Vessels 12 meters or more are
                required to carry a powered whistle or
                power horn and a bell.























                                                                    A2.4








IRegulation    IFEDERAL                                   NWAU JERSEf                        Mn-      imm YORK   _______

ANCHORS                                                                                              All mechanically propelled vessels must
                                                                                                    carry an anchor and anchor line of
                                                                                                    sufficient weight and strength to provide
                                                                                                    safe anchorage.
NAVIGATIONAL   Recreational vessels are required to    Same as Federal                               Same as Federal
LIGHTS         display navigation lights between
                sunset and sunrise and other periods
                of reduced visibility, including both
                mechanically and sail powered vessels.

                Vessels under oar may display the
                lights prescribed for sailing vessels,
                but if not, must have ready at hand an
                electric torch or lighted lantern
                showing a white light in sufficient
                time to prevent collision.























                                                                     A2.5









                                  *~~~~~~


IRegulation      FEDEAL                                    (NEWU JERSEY             MMW YORK

NAVIGATIONAL   Power driven vessels and sailing             Same As Federal                                Same As Federal
LIGHTS AT       vessels at anchor must display anchor
ANCHOR          lights.
               Vessels less than 7 meters (22' 10")
               are not required to display anchor
               lights unless in a narrow channel,
               fairway or anchorage or where other
               vessels normally navigate.
               Anchor lights are not required on
               vessels less than 20 meters (65' 7"),
               anchored in special anchorages
               designated by the Secretary of
               Transportation in inland waters.
VESSEL
OPERATION





















                                                                  A2.6









I Regulation    IFEDAL                                  I NMW JERSEY            mmW YORK 

NEGLIGENT OR   Negligent or grossly negligent             Same As Federal                              Same As Federal
GROSSLY        operation of a vessel which endangers
NEGLIGEIT       lives and property is prohibited by
OPERATION       law.  The Coast Guard may impose a
               civil penalty for negligent operation.
               Grossly negligent operation and an
               operator may be fined up to $500.00,
               imprisoned for one year or both.

               Examples of actions that may
               constitute negligent or grossly
               negligent operation are:

               - Operating a boat in a swimming area
               - Under the influence of alcohol or
               other drugs
               - Excessive speed in the vicinity of
               other boats or in dangerous waters
               - Hazardous skiing practices.






















                                                                   A2.7












negulatioD                           -                     NM  JERSEY                 K                 MEW YORK

OPERATING       Operating a vessel while intoxicated       No person shall operate a vessel while       An impaired operator, which includes but is
WHILE           is a federal offense violators are         under the influence of an intoxicating       not limited to a minimum of .07% but less
INTOXICATED    subject to penalties not to exceed          liquor, a narcotic, hallucinogenic, or       than .1% blood alcohol level will have the
               $1,000 or criminal penalty not to         habit-producing drug, or with a blood         following actions taken if caught:
               exceed $5000, 1 year imprisonment or       alcohol concentration of 0.10% or more
               both.                                      by weight of alcohol.                        First offense violation is punishable by a
                                                                                                   fine not exceeding $150.00
                                                        No person shall permit another who is
               Standard for determining when an          under the influence of intoxicating           Second offense within five years of the
               individual is intoxicated is a SAC of    liquor, narcotic, hallucinogenic or            first shall be punishable by a fine not
               .10% (.08% in UTAH).                      habit-produc'ing drug or who has  a blood   exceeding $500 and/or by imprisonment of
                                                        alcohol concentration of 0.10% or more      not more than seven days.
                                                        by weight of alcohol to operate any
                                                        vessel owned by the person or in his         A Third offense within five years of the
                                                        custody or control. first two convictions shall be punished by
                                                                                                  a fine not exceeding$750 and/or by
                                                        For a first offense, a fine of not less    imprisonment of nbt more than fifteen days.
                                                        than $250.00, nor more than $400.00; and
                                                        the revocation of the right to operate a Boating while intoxicated is punishable by
                                                        vessel on the waters of this State for a  a fine not exceeding $350.
                                                        period of not less than six (6) months
                                                        nor more than one (1) year from the date   A Second offense itithin 5 years of a
                                                        of conviction. previous conviction is punishable by a fine
                                                                                                  not to exceed $152 and/or imprisonment of
                                                        For a second offense, a fine not less       not more than 75 days.
                                                        than $500.00 nor more than $1,000.00; to
                                                        the performance of community service for  A third violation within 5 years of the
                                                        a period of thirty (30) days in the form  previous convictions is punishable by a
                                                        and on the terms as the court deems         fine not to exceed $1000 and/or not more
                                                        appropriate under circumstances             than 180 days in jail.
                                                        imprisonment of not less than forty-
                                                        eight (48) hours, nor more than ninety
                                                        (90) days which shall not be suspended
                                                        or served on probation and the
                                                        revocation revocation of the right to
                                                        operate a vessel on the waters of this
                                                        State for a period of two (2) years
                                                        after the date of conviction.
                                                        For a third offense, a fine of$1,000.00;
                                                        to the imprisonment for a term of not

                                                                    A2.8








RegulationIFDEA                                          NEW .TMSET                                  NMW YORK

                                                        revocation of the right to operate a        A police or peace officer may arrest
                                                        vessel on the waters of this State of       without a warrant if a boater is operating
                                                        two (2) years after the date of             a vessel while impaired or intoxicated and
                                                        conviction.                                 causes an accident or collision.

                                                        For a third offense, a fine of              An officer may only administer a chemical
                                                        $1,000.00; to the imprisonment for a        test for the purpose of determining alcohol
                                                        term of not less than one hundred eighty   or drug content with a court order which
                                                        (180) days, except that the court may       can be obtained over the phone, radio or
                                                        lower this term for each day not            other electronic communication.
                                                        exceeding ninety (90) days during which
                                                        the person performs community service,
                                                        in the form and terms as the court deems
                                                        appropriate under the circumstances; and
                                                        the revocation of the right to operate a
                                                        vessel on the waters of this State for a
                                                        period of ten (10) years after the date
                                                        of conviction.
                                                        A person who operates a powered vessel
                                                        which is twelve feet or greater shall be
                                                        deemed to have given his consent to
                                                        taking samples of his breath for the
                                                        purpose of making chemical tests to
                                                        determine the content of alcohol in his
                                                        blood, except that the taking of samples
                                                        shall be made in accordance with the
                                                        provisions of the act and at the request
                                                        of any law enforcement officer who has
                                                        reasonable grounds to believe that the
                                                        person has been operating a vessel in
                                                        violation of the provisions of the act.









                                                                    A2.9











   Regulatio FEDERAL               PMW JERSEY                                  MMNE  YORK

OPERATING A                                               A judge shall revoke the right of a
VESSEL WHILE                                              person to operate a power vessel or a
INOXICATED                                                vessel which is twelve (12) feet or
                                                      greater in length, if after being
                                                      arrested for a violation of operating
                                                      under the influence the person refuses
                                                      to submit to the chemical test when
                                                      requested to do so. The revocation
                                                      shall be for six (6) months unless the
                                                      refusal was in connection with a second
                                                      offense. The fine shall be for not less
                                                      than $250.00 or more than $500.00.
SAFE           Every vessel must operate at a safe        Same As Federal                             Same As Federal
OPERATION       speed at all times.  Specific factors
SPEED          to be considered in determining 'safe   The speed of all power vessel shall be          Speed is limited to 5 mph when within 100
              speed include but are not limited to:    regulated at all times in order to avoid   ft. of shore, dock, pier, raft, float or
              The state of visibility, traffic          injury to any craft, whether in motion       anchored boat.
              density including concentration of        or anchored to any type of construction
               fishing activity or other vessels,        either directly or by the effect of wash  A skipper is responsible for damages caused
              vessels maneuverability, at night the    or wake raised due to speed of such           by his wake.
              presence of background lights such as   vessels.  The operator of any vessel is
               those from shore or from back scatter    responsible for any damage caused from        When encountering a marine regatta or
              of vessels own lights, the state of       the wake of this vessel. parade transit of the area is to be made
              wind, sea and current and the                                                          with an escort boat.  If no escort is
              proximity of navigational hazards. provided, the vessel may proceed at a safe
                                                                                                no wake speed.















                                                                  A2.10








*euato F-T"mDuI                                                 MME               mm                        YORK

 PERSOiAL                                                  In addition to all other requirements,      No person shall operate a personal
 WATERCRAFT                                                the following rules apply to the use of   watercraft within 500 feet of any
  (JET SKI)                                                personal watercraft on the waters of         designated bathing area, except in bodies
                                                          this State.                                 of water where the opposing shoreline is
                                                                                                     less than 500 feet from such designated
                                                          A person shall not operate a personal       area and in accordance with any local law
                                                          watercraft during the hours between         or ordinance, but in no event at a speed in
                                                          sunset and sunrise or during times of       excess of 10 mph. (5 mph speed 100' from
                                                          restricted visibility. shore for all vessels applies to this
                                                                                                    exception)
                                                          A person shall not operate a personal
                                                          watercraft in the Point Pleasant or Cape   No operator shall operate a personal
                                                          May canals.                                 watercraft or specialty watercraft unless
                                                                                                    each person riding on or towed behind such
                                                          A personal watercraft shall at all times   vessel is wearing PFD.
                                                          proceed at a safe speed so that it can
                                                          take proper and effective action to         Any person operating a personal watercraft
                                                          avoid collision and be stopped within a   with a lanyard type engine shut off shall
                                                          distance appropriate to the prevailing      attach it to self.
                                                          circumstances and conditions.
                                                                                                    Every personal watercraft shall be operated
                                                          A person shall not operate a personal       in a reasonable and prudent manner
                                                          watercraft in such a manner so as to        including weaving through congested vessel
                                                          become airborne or completely leave the    traffic, jumping the wakes of another
                                                          water while crossing the wake of another   vessel unreasonably or unnecessarily close
                                                          vessel within 100' of that vessel           to it or when visibility is obstructed and
                                                          creating the wake.                          swerving at the last moment shall
                                                                                                    constitute reckless operation of a vessel.
                                                          A person shall not operate a personal
                                                          watercraft within 50 feet of a bathing      No livery shall lease, hire or rent a
                                                          beach that has its boundaries marked by   personal watercraft to any person under
                                                          buoys or signs.                             sixteen.









                                                                     A2.11












   RegulationFEDERAL                                     NEW JERSEY           mmu   YORK

PERSONAL                                                  A person shall not operate a personal       No person shall operate a personal
WATERCRAFT                                                watercraft above idle speed within 50       watercraft at any time between the hours
CONTINUED                                                 feet of shoreline or 50 feet from a          from one-half hour after sunset to one-half
                                                      person in the water. before sunrise

                                                      A person shall not tow a waterskier or
                                                      any device with a personal watercraft.

                                                      Any person operating a personal
                                                      watercraft and any passenger shall at
                                                      all times wear a PFD when in operation.

                                                      The operator of a vessel with a lanyard
                                                      cutoff switch shall wear the safety
                                                      switch lanyard at all times when the
                                                      vessel is in operation.
























                                                                 A2.12









| Regulation    | FEDERAL           MM                          JERSEY                                  NW YORK

WATERSKIING    A waterskier while being towed is           All operators of power vessels towing        . Must operate at a maximum of 5 mph 100'
                considered on board the vessel and a       ski or aquaplane riders must:                from shore, dock, pier, raft, float or
                PFD is required for the purposes of                                                    anchored boat except for pick up and drop
                compliance with the PFD carriage           a.  Keep at least 100 feet from shore,      off when they must head directly in or out.
                requirement.                              wharf pier, bridge structure, abutment,
                                                         other vessels or persons in the water.      Shall not operate during the period form
                                                                                                     sunset to one-half hour after sunrise.
                                                         b.  Have a competent observer on board       . Must have an observer at least 10 years
                                                          (wide angle mirror not accepted.)           of age.

                                                         c. Having tow line NOT EXCEEDING 75
                                                          FEET IN LENGTH, nor less than 50 feet.

                                                         d. No tow skiers or aquaplanes after
                                                          sunset and before sunrise.

                                                         e. All skiers SHALL WEAR a United
                                                          States Coast Guard approved type, I, II,
                                                          III, or Type V Hybrid Person Floatation
                                                         device.

                                                          2. The term, water skiing, shall be
                                                         defined as anything with a rider being
                                                          towed behind a powered vessel by means
                                                         of a tow rope or line except another
                                                         vessel.















                                                                     A2.13












Regulation    IFEDERALL                                   NEm JERSEY                                  NEW YORK

#ATZRCRAFT 1.  The following rules shall govern the  The law requires that engines on all boats
NOISE                                                     emission of noise from vessels and          be reasonably muffled while being operated
CONTROL                                                   watercraft operating on waters of New       anywhere in the state.
                                                      Jersey:

                                                      a. No vessel or watercraft capable of
                                                      emitting noise totaling in excess of 86
                                                      DBA measured at a distance of 50 feet
                                                      from the vessel, shall be operated upon
                                                      the waters of this State. For vessels
                                                      manufactured on or after January 1,
                                                      1979, and before January 1, 1982, the
                                                      noise level shall not exceed 84 DBA
                                                      measured at a distance of 50 feet from
                                                      the vessel. For vessels with engines
                                                      manufactured on or after January 1,
                                                      1982, the noise level shall not exceed
                                                      82 DBA measured at a distance of 50 feet
                                                      from the vessel.

                                                      b. Measurements shall be made by a
                                                      sound level meter which satisfies ASI-S
                                                      1.4, type 2 or equivalent, and is
                                                      certified by the Department of
                                                      Environmental Protection, Office of
                                                      Noise Control, with reference, as
                                                      applicable to standards of the New
                                                      Jersey Office of Weights and Measures of
                                                      the National Bureau of Standards, or
                                                      both.

                                                      c. Measurements shall be made with the
                                                      sound level meter at a distance of not
                                                      less than 50 feet from the closest point
                                                      of the boat's hull amidships. Any
                                                      Marine Police Officer or other law
                                                      enforcement officer certified by the
                                                      Office of Noise control, with a reason
                                                      suspect that a boat is exceeding the
                                                      noise limitation, may require the vessel
                                                      operator to tranverse a noise emission

                                                                  A2.14







ItRegulation,    EEA                                      NMW JESEY                                  INMW YORK ______

WATECRAFT                                                of the boat's hull amidships.  Any
NOISE                                                    Marine Police Officer of other law
CONTROL. enforcement officer certified by the
                                                     Office of Noise Control, with a reason
                                                     to suspect that a boat is exceeding the
                                                     noise limitation, may require the vessel
                                                     operator to traverse a noise emission
                                                     test course.
                                                     e. Any person who fails to comply with
                                                     the directive to traverse the test
                                                     course shall be subject to prosecution
                                                     or, at the discretion of the law
                                                     enforcement officer, such vessel or
                                                     engine shall be ordered to immediately
                                                     return to its mooring and cease
                                                     operation.

                                                      f. The noise limitation provisions of
                                                     this section shall not apply to vessels
                                                     registered and actually participating in
                                                     racing events, or tune-up periods for
                                                     such racing events, when authorized by
                                                      the Bureau.

















                                                                 A2.15











ItRegulation        FEDERAL                              INEW JERSEY                                  INEW YORK_______

BOATING         All boating accidents or accidents        Whenever any vessel upon the waters of       A vessel operator involved in an accident
ACCIDENTS/      from the use of related equipment,        the State of New Jersey is involved in    should render all practical and necessary
DUTIES TX       (which meet the criteria below) must      an accident, the operator of said craft    assistance possible to the victims without
CASE OF        be reported by the operator or owner       will render to all persons affected by       seriously endangering his own vessel.
ACCIDENT        of the vessel to the proper marine law  the accident such assistance as may be
                enforcement authority for the state in  necessary to save lives, administer           The operator of each vessel involved in an
                which the accident occurred.              first aid, or minimize any danger caused   accident must submit an accident report if:
                                                         by the accident providing he can do so
                Immediate notification is required for  without serious danger to himself, his         1. A person dies
                fatal accidents or disappearance.         passengers, guests, crew or vessel.         2. A person disappears or is injured

                Accidents involving more than $200        when an accident results in death,      3     .Poetdagexcds$0
                damage or complete loss of vessel must  disappearance or injury of any person,         In the case of personal injury or if the
                be reported within 10 days.               or in property damage in excess of $100,  owner of damaged property is not at the
                                                         the operator or operators shall file        scene, the accident is to be reported in 24
                Rendering Assistance: The master or       with the New Jersey State Police, Marine   hours to the nearest police agency followed
                person in charge of a vessel is           Law Enforcement Bureau, a full               by written report within 7 days.  If the
                obligated by law to provide assistance  description of the accident, including         accident'results in a death or
                that can be safely provided to any        such other information as the Bureau may   disappearance, the authorities must be
                individual at sea in danger of being      require, on report forms provided by the  notified by the quickest means possible,
                lost, and is subject to a fine and/or  Hi State Police, Marine Bureau.                followed by a written report within 48
                imprisonment for failure to do so.                                                    hours. For other accidents, written reports
                                                         All boating accidents occurring an the      must be made within seven days. Report
                                                         water of this State, to include up to 3    forms may be obtained from any marine
                                                         miles off-shore, which result in death      patrol or OPRHP and submitted to: Office of
                                                         or disappearance must be reported           Parks, Recreation and Historic
                                                         without delay to the nearest New Jersey    Preservation.
                                                         State Police, Marine Bureau Station.
                                                         Written reports in such cases, and in
                                                         cases of injury, shall be made within
                                                         forty eight hours on the report form
                                                         provided by the Bureau. All other
                                                         reportable boating accidents that result
                                                         in property damage in excess of $100
                                                         shall be reported within







                                                                     A2.16








 * re'ulat-iI NMM JERSEY                                                      NMW YORK

 ACCIDENT within five days on required forms.
 REPORTING
 CONTINUED                                              The operators report will not be used in
                                                     judicial proceedings. Subject to those
                                                     restrictions they must be made available
                                                     to the United States Coast Guard.
 EDUCATION                                              a. No person 16 years of age or younger   NY State law requires youngsters between
                                                     shall operate a power vessel on the       the ages of 10 and 16 must obtain a safety
                                                     tidal or non tidal waters of this State   certificate before they can operate a
                                                     without having completed a boat safety    mechanically propelled boat alone (8 hours
                                                     course approved by the Superintendent of  classroom instruction)
                                                     State Police in the Department of Law
                                                     and Public Safety.                        Boating safety courses are offered
                                                                                            throughout the state. Safety courses cover
                                                     b. A person 16 years of age or younger,   boat handling rules and regulations,
                                                     when operating a power vessel on tidal    navigation maintenance and other aspects of
                                                     or non-tidal waters of this State, shall  boating. New York State Office of Parks
                                                    have in possession a certificate          Recreation and Historic Preservation
                                                     certifying that person's successful       (NYSOPRHP) boating course designed for home
                                                     completion of a boat safety course        study for adults.  After completing the
                                                     approved by the superintendent and        course the individual may take an open book
                                                     shall, when requested to do so, exhibit   exam which is forwarded to NYSOPRHP for
                                                     the certificate to a law enforcement or   grading.  When passed the boater will get a
                                                    peace officer of this State.              discount on his/her insurance.





1. Elbert S. Maloney, Chapman Pilotinc: Seamanship & Small Boat Handlina, (New York: 1989) pg. 93.
- New Jersey State Police, Boatina Safety (new Jersey : 2/90)
- New York Naviaation Law Section 49
-  NYS Dept. of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation,  The New York State Boaters Guide,  (Albany:1/90).
- Senate, State of New York, Committee on Tourism, Recreation and Sports Development Section 2 of the Navigation Law A
   mended, Subdivision 30 and 31.
- Ibid, Section 1, Section 32-C.



                                                               A2.17










APPENDIX 2.2
THE COMPACT OF 1834







               S  ~ ~ 4Wg o~~~ N~-Yo~~R2. ~FIFTY-SEVENTH SESSION.                                                                       .
                    sing kn: ~f~r he~jase~  ~. ths~c~, hallbe caI~~l od  ..Agrebmeflt made and entered into by and b~etvtl$w    n
                   knowi  by te ~ane~1o  Brad6t~nhikp  thO' ~j~yjamit) F. Butler, Peter Augustus 3ay and Henry Soyuwy
                   of th sai Drbl~evhall.b& Iown  y th famly saineCommissioners duly appointed onl the part and behalf Of the
                   01rnug                                   .         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~state of New-York ,in liursuailce of an net of the legisla-.
                                                                       lure of the said state, entitled, " An aet concerning the
                                          _________                    ~~~~~territorial limits and jurisdiction of the state of New-York
                                                                       and the state of New-Jorsey," passed January I18th, 1833,
                                                                       of the one part, and Theodore Frelinghuysen, James Par-
                                    CHAP.  ~~~~~~~~                    h]er and Lucius Q,. C. EMier, commissioners duly appoint-
  AN  .'Tto oac-a' an act cttitt~ed, Ak~x act to creat e a              ea on the part and behalf of the state of Nfew-Jersey, in
          * fud fr tebee'jl . f te -editors of. Certain manied          pursuance of an act of the legisiature of the said state,
     corporations, 'dwifor G( ter puqwoses" pass-4 s~pil 2d,            entitled, "1An  #ct for (lie settlement of the territorial li-
     1829                                                             - mits and jurisdic-lion beatee  the states of Ncw-Jersey
                                         rassed Fbruary  , 1834.and New-York," passed Fe~bruary 61h, 1833, of the other
                                                                        part.
     Tke People of the Stage of .Nettr York, represenied in -R-            AnRTIcta Fin sT.  rThe boundary line between the two IQPJIIda
        ~zaf an  S~se~~ly doenact asolot                                 states of New-York and NeW-Jesyfomapon i  h
                              shallbe afowedto eah ofthe bnk ~middle of Nudson river opposite the point an thea west""""
                     ~~~ I. There ~~~~~~~~~~~shore thereof, in thle forty-first degree of nortim latitude, as
  misuioners of the state of New-York, the annual salary ofhetor  actaedndardotemansasal
  twohosad. dola . tobeadqatry u  ftebn                                  i the middile of thes said river, of the bay or New-York,
                    fund.  -,  . ..                -               -   ~~~~~~~~~of the watcrt; between staten-Island and Nw-evr_.Tey, and
       2. The txenty~sixcth section of ilia act entitled, "'An           of Raritan bay, to the main sea, except as hereinafter
  act, to create a fund for the benefit of Ilia creditors of cci'-      otherwise particularly mentioned.
  taim inonii  corporations, and for other purposes2" pasSedl.ATCESo~. Tesaeo  e-oksatrti  wI~e~
   April d   8,i  eeyrpae..                                              its present jurisdiction of and over Bedlow's and Ellis'  1"-1't'
                                                                        islands, -and -shall also retain .cxclusive jurisdiction of and
                                                                        over tha othr~r islands lying in the vviters above mention-
                       CHAP.   s*                                        d, and nowiurnder tim jurisdiction'of that state.
                                                                         *AlvTioem Tfn~nr. 'The state of Newr-York sliall ]have.
   AN  ACT to confirm file: agreement entered intod by Ike               Mknd enJOy exclusive Jurisdiction of and over all the waters
     ccmmwissioners, appointed by this stife4, avid comiamsswnxer&       oftebyo   e-orl, and of anti over all the waters
        'apolfledby the state o  Mt-c~y to settle the boaunda-   .-      of Hudson river lying west of Alanhattan island and to the
        line: betUJECn. .New- I ork and Xefl-je-scy.                     souilh of t'he mcludh of S'puytellduyvel careek,, and of and
                                    *  Passed Febrary ~, 18~4.over the lands covered by thle said Waters to the low Wa-
                                                                         ter marl. on thc. westerly rir New-Jersey side thiereof; sub-
     The People of tile State of.Melp- or-Tr, rfpresent-rd i n           ject to tiie following rights 6f property and of jurisdliction
   ,,,fcind Ns&mbldy  d~o ciwtI a,. folkows                               of tile state of Ncw,--crscy, that is to say-
     The agreement entered into between the commissioners1.iesttofe-JreshlhaeheelsveRwJuy
                       :liviled  by th~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~isgtt, n            he omsinr  p o n e   Yt of property ill anti to the land unlder wafer lying west'l"'
                    app~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oine  bytiitt,  nlhioanisoesapor~do   h middle of tile bav of _Xew-~york and wvest of the""s
   by die estate of New-. rsev, to settle the boundary line               mideo  ht ato  h Hudson river which lies between
   1)etween New-Yorli anti New-Jersey, in thle words fol-                 Mnatniln   n   e-esy
   lowing, VIZ:.C)
       Aceemtt)a ~   btCl            oomillissioners on tme       par ""le State Of NeW-JerseV shall have thle eCujor'u;.
A       r   )en..dcbtvver                                ptrt             jurisdiction of and over. tme, whiarves, docks and improve-'Wci"
     - fine state of New-Yor'l, avid th  Olnisier on the                 Illenlts ramle, and to [lie moads, on like shore of the said.
     part. of tile slawe of New-Jersey, relative to thve bounda-         Oat  and of avid over all vessels aground on' said shore,
     ry' line between file, two states.                                  or fastened to any silch %-arfordock; except that'thic said
                                                                         vess Is nhall be ,ueott  hcqtrltmeo  healths laws,
                                                                                            soiottoth  ijratn2o










      10               L~~~~~AW8 OP N*~m-ORK.                                             F'lPTY~SIEVENTH SESSION.1.
           arid lat  in relation to passengers, ol* the statte of, New-       socivil process issued tinder the vAuthlority Or tile plate-of
        Ydrk, vi' NM& now exist or -which wmay hereafter be jassed'           New-Jersey againist any perton dlomiiciled in that s.Wi or.
   NI~.,.    '.Tfi'&e sate'af'New-Jers6 -, shall have the exclur'ive          agaittst prpry  acn Out Of tha  tt    yto &d the 14,3VI
        right of regulating the'flsheries on tile Westerly side of the        taro;may be served upon airy of the said waters with.
        middle of the said -waters, providod that the navigation 6e           in the evclusive jurisdiction of the state of 'New-Yor~k,utn-
        riot -Abstrueted or hindered.                                         less such person or property shall be on board a vessel
       AVMTCM.~Fowsvrii.~ Thle state of New-York shall have                   agroundu~pon, or ratnito tesoeo~h  saeo
Von, mull.  exclusive jurisdiction of and over the. waters of the Kill        'New-York, or fastened to a Wharf adjoiing thereto; Or
        Vali Kull, between Statern-iland avid Vew-Jersey, to the              unless such person shall be undcr arrest, or asuch property
        westernmost enid of Shooter's Islarnd, in respect to such             shall- be tin der seizure, by virtue of process or authority
        quarantine laws and laws relating to passengers as glow               or the state of New-Tork.
        exist,'or mnay hereafter be. passed tinder the authority of             Awng;Lvr Suv Y.'sro. Criminal process i:81ed tinder the x;*-v..t
        that state, and for excuting the same; and the said statc             authority of the" state of 3%.ew-Y&rl, against any person
        shall also have exclusive, jurisdiction, for the like purposes,       accused of an offence crommitted wvithin. that state; or
        of and over the waters of thky Sound, from tile western-  -           committed on board of any vesstl being under the ex-
        inost end of 'Shooter's inland io 'Woodbridge creel, as to            clusive jurisdiction of that state as aforesaid; or corn-
        aork vetlhu     d to any port iii the sitid state of New.-            Initted against the regulations made or to be made b~y
    y~"   Anork.rn             h   tt, fNwJreysalhv                           that state, it, relation, to time fisheries nientioned in the
     Aniimr FiriMTh sate  ofNwJra                            s alhvIiftli article; and also civil process issued under the au-
           ndeploy exclusive jurisdiction  fadoe altewtr                      thority of tile state of Nlew-York, against any person
        of the Sound between 9tateng-island and New-Jersey_, lying            domiciled in that state, or against property takevi out of
        south'of Woodbridge creeli, avid of and over all ilhe %va-            that state to evade tile -laws Ihereof; may be served upon
        ters of 'Raritan bay lyivi~ wertward of a line drau'll from           any of tile said waters within tile exclusive jurisdittion of
        the light-house at -'rince: bay to the mouth of Mattavan              the state of New-Jersey, unless such person or property
        Greek, subject to the folloi-ing right% of property and of            shall bhe on board a vessel aground upon, or fastened to the
        Jurisdiction of tile state of New-York.                               shore of the state of New-Jersey. or fastened to at wharf
          .1. -The stale of New-York vihall have  the exclusive  -adjoining theroto; or unless seah person shall be under ftr-
        right of property in and to the land tinder water, i y ma0 be-  I     rest, or such property shall be under seizure, by, virtue of
        tween the minddle of thle said waters anid Staten-l-lang.             process or authority of the state of New-Jersey..
     Dca. 2. The state of Now-York shall have tile exclusive ju-                 AuRTICEr   EscIGH11.  This agreement shall become'bind- Ap..m.
    bhI-barisdiefion of and over the wharves, dooks and improve.         jog on the two 6ttoswisWean confirmed by thm Legislatures"ILalT
        mento made and to be mnade, on the shore of Staten-Ilalna;            thereof respectively, aildtwhen approved by the Conlgreas
        and of and over ,all vessels agu'ound on said shore, ov, fas-         of the, United States.
        levied to any such wharf or dock, except that thle said vc--            Done in four parts (two of which are retained by the ihpalsor1.
        sel shall be stilijcct. to the quarantine or health laws, and         commnissioncrs of New-York, to be delivered ID the go.
        lacws in relation to passengers of the state of New-Jerscy            vervior. of that state, and the other two of wnhich are re-
        which vo0w exist, or which may hereafter be passel.                   tained by the commissieviers of Niew-Jeruey, to be delive-
Th144      3. 'rho stato of Now-YOEl  Wlaikl halve thet oxciluiv13           roil to the governor, of triat strate,) at tits city of New.
        right of regulating the fisheries bietween ftle shore of SSW-         Yorl., this sixteenth day or September, in the yeaar of our
        ten-Island and thle middle of the said -waters, provided              Lordl one thousand eight hundred amnd thirty-threc, and of
        that the gnavigation of tile said waters'bo not obstructed            the independence of thle United States, the, fifty-eighth.
        or hindered.                                                                 (Signed,)
l,.m-Jefeej   AnnicLr, Suviri. (Criminal process issued unaler the au-           P.,' Bv-rl.PR               TIMo. FtLUIUSH
                    tdpLaI ~thoriy ofthe sate f NewJeasy, aginstnmi  erso  ac-Pr~rnu AeolusTv, JA           Y JAMER PARIFFM,
        cuised of an1 otwnce Committed Within that state; or cogn               D--It l  BcFV MOFRa,         Lucius Q. C. Ewieazi."
        initted onl board of any vessel- 1ieint# under the exclusive          is hereby ratified and confirmed on thle part of the state of
        jurisdiction. of that state as aforesaid;, or coumnitted against      New-YOrk.
        the regulations made or to L,- trade by that state, in s-ala-
        tiol) tothie fi~mvrics ritentican'~4 in thep thirdl article; alid al-








                                               APPENDIX 3.1
                                                MARITIME VESSEL
                                               TYPE AND SIZE























0
                  .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~













 









                             VESSEL SIZES

                       PORT AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES





                 Length       Beam       Draft    Hull        Propulsion        Constraints
                                                  IIDesign

TUGS          50'-200'      25'-40'    6'-20'      Vee Hull   Oil        Need about 1.5 knots to
                                                  or Deep    diesel    maintain steerage,
                                                  Vee        engine    although 3.5 knots is
                                                                        needed if going against
                                                                        current

                                                                        Needs 3.5 - 4 knots if
                                                                        towing barge

                                                                        4.5 - 5 knots is best
                                                                        speed for fuel
                                                                        efficiency

BARGES        100'- 400'   30'-100'    6'-30'      Either      No        Not maneouverable slow
                                                  square     propuls   response and under tow
                                                  bottom or  ion
                                                  "model"
                                                  has Vee

FREIGHT

DRY           450'+         76'+       <30'        Vee         Oil
CARGO                                                          diesel

TANKERS       630'+         90'+       30'         Bow Vee,   Oil
                                                  Hull Flat  diesel

CONTAINER-
SHIPS





                                    A3.1













CONVERSIONS   450'-650'    75'-90'    Up to 30'   Vee or         Steam      4 knots if alone.  Use
                                              Deep Vee   diesel    tugs to slow down and
                                                         or oil    maintain steerage at
                                                         diesel    slow speed.
CELLULAR       860'+         90'+       33'      ,, ,,

PANAMAX       965 +          105' +     38'-41'          , 

POST           900'-1000'   135'+       38'-42'   ,, ,,
PANAMAX




























                                 A3.2






g

                         APPENDIX 5.1
                         TABLE 1:
                         COMMERCIAL CRUISE SHIPS

















i
 












APPENDIX 5.1                 TABLE 1              COMMERCIAL CRUISE SHIPS

NAME        PASSENGER VESSEL NAME(S)  #OF PASSENGERS  SIZE             DESTINATION
            BOARDING
            LOCATIONS

BERMUDA    NY PIERS   BERMUDA STAR                         600 FT.    BERMUDA
STAR        88, 90,    BERMUDA QUEEN                       23,395
LINES       92 HUDSON                                      TONS
            RIVER                                          23,500
            48TH &                                         TONS
            52ND ST.

CHANDRIS       "  "  SS AMERIDANIS                                     BERMUDA,
FANTASY                SS GALILEO                                      CRUISE TO
CRUISES                                                                NOWHERE

CUNARD         "  "  QUEEN                                 887 FT.    TRANSATLANTIC,
LINE                   ELIZABETH II    736                             CARIBBEAN,
                       VISTAFJORD       589                            NEW ENGLAND
                       SAGAFJORD                                       PANAMA, CANADA
                       CUNARD
                       PRINCESS

PRINCESS       "  "  SKY PRINCESS       1,212              789 FT.    CANADA,
CRUISES                                                    46,314      NEW ENGLAND,
                                                          TONS        BERMUDA
ROYAL          "  "  NORDIC PRINCE   1,10                              BERMUDA
CARIBBEAN

ROYAL          "  "  ROYAL VIKING    756                   674 FT.    BERMUDA,
VIKING                 STAR             740                28,000      CANADA,
LINE                   ROYAL VIKING                        TONS        NEW ENGLAND,
                       SUN                                             MEXICO

                                           A5.1









APPENDIX 5.1
TABLE 2:
EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING
AND SIMILAR VESSELS






APPENDIX 5.1      TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

OPERATION NAME  PASSENGER        ACTIVITY   NUMBER OF   NUMBER OF   ROUTE/
                 BOARDING                    VESSELS/     PASSANGERS  DESTINATION
                 LOCATION                    NAMES        C= COAST
                                                         GRUARD
                                                         CERTIFIED

 AMBER JACK      PIER 11, WATER  P/R          1            200          LHR, LER,
 YACHT CHARTERS  CLUB WEST 21ST  D                                      S/E, UB
                                 EN         AMBER JACK
                                 C


 AMERICAN BOAT   LIBERTY HARBOR  P/R          1                         LER, LHR,
 CHARTER &       MARINA, WATER                                          S/E
 BUILDERS INC.   CLUB  & NORTH
                 COVE MARINA     C
                 (BATTERY PK.
                 CITY)

AQUA FUN        PIER 11,         SS          1                         LER, LHR,
                 SKYPORT MARINA  P/R                                   S/E, UB
                                 C

BRING SAILING   SOUTHEAST        E           1                         UB, LB,
BACK, INC.      CORNER BATTERY  P                                      LIS, SR,
                 PARK GANGWAY    ML                                    S/E
                 #1, MANH        SS                                    (DEPENDS ON
                                                                     WIND &
                                 P/C                                  CURRENTS)



ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.2


                                             0_








 APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

 CALIBER YACHTS  NY/PIER 11 &    P            1            149          S/E, HR,
                 84 E, & W 23,   SS                                    LER
                 WORLDS FAIR     ML          CLOUD NINE
                 MARINA:         P

                 NJ/PORT
                 IMPERIAL,       C
                 LINCOLN
                 HARBOR, PORT
                 LIBERTE,
                 NEWPORT

 CIRCLE LINE     BATTERY          SS          4                         UB, S/E
 STATUE OF       PARK/SOUTH       EN          MISS
 LIBERTY ELLIS   FERRY, MANH &   ML           CIRCLE       C-1035
 ISLAND/FERRY    LIBERTY STATE                LINE,        C-827
                 PARK, NEW                   MISS         C-450
                 JERSEY          P           LIBERTY,     C-500
                                             MISS
                                             FREEDOM,
                                             MISS
                                             GATEWAY

 CIRCLE LINE     PIER 83 WEST    SS           8                         AROUND
 SIGHTSEEING     42ND & HUDSON                                          ISLAND OF
 YACHTS          RIVER                        P/C                       MANHATTAN








ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                            A5.3





 APPENDIX 5.1      TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

 CARLETON        EAST 23RD ST.   P/R         2                         S/L, UB,
 CRUISES          (SKYPORT),      SS         ENTREPRENE  C-149         LER, LHR
                 WATER CLUB,     ML          UR           C-49
                 PIER 11,        D           RACONTEUR

                                 C

 ELEGANTE'       PIER 11, WATER  P/R,        ELEGANTE'    60           S/E, UB,
                 CLUB EAST 23                                         LER, LHR
                                 C

 ENTICER CORP.   PIER 62          D           1                        S/E, LHR,
                 12 & 23rd       P/R        ENTICER      C-60         LER
                                 C

 GALA YACHT      PIER 11, WEST   D           1                         UB, LER,
 PARTIES         21, E. 23        EN         JUBILEE      C-149        HR, S/E
                 WATERCLUB,      C
                 84TH

 HARBOR          PIER 11 MANH,   P/R
 COMMUTER        LIBERTY STATE   D
 SERVICE         PARK, NJ,        EN
 INC./DIRECT     CONNER'S         C
 LINE            HOTEL,
                 ATLANTIC
                 HIGHLANDS








ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.4








 APPENDIX 5.1      TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

 KLONDIKE YACHT  WEST 21ST ST.   P/R          2                        LER, LHR,
CHARTERS        PIER 11, EAST   D           KLONDIKE                  UB, LB,
                 34TH ST.        EN          PRINCESS,    C-149       S/E, S/R,
                                 F          KLONDIKE                  LIS
                                             EIGHT
                                 C          (FISHING)

LADY FRANCIS    PIER 11, WATER  D            1            30          LER, LHR,
                 CLUB            P/R         LADY                     UB, S/E
                 EAST 34TH       C           FRANCIS


 LADY WINDRIDGE  PIER 11, WATER  D            1            C-500       LER, LHR,
                 CLUB            EN          LADY                     UB, S/E
                 EAST 34TH       P/R         WINDRIDRID
                                 C          GE

 LEISURE YACHT   PIER 11, WATER  P/R          3                        LHR, LER,
CHARTERS INC.   CLUB WEST 21,   SS          CELEBRITY,   C-149        S/E, UB
                 EAST 23                                  C-200
                                 C          DIPLOMAT,    C-30
                                             EVIVA

MARINER III     PIER 11, WATER  P/R          1                        LER, LHR,
                 CLUB, EAST      SS, D       MARINER      C-100       S/E,
                 34TH            KL, EN      III                      UB

                                 C







ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                            A5.5





 APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

 METROPOLITAN    PIER 11, WATER  PR           1                         HR, LER,
 YACHT            CLUB,           D, EN       MYSTIQUE    C-350         S/E, UB
 CHARTERS/        EAST 34TH,      S, E
 CRUISE LINES    EAST 23RD
                                  C

MOONRAKER FUN   CITY ISLAND,    ML           1                         LIS,  HR,
 LINES LTD.       79TH BOAT,      P/R                                   ER, UB, LB,
                 23RD E.         SS                                    S/E

                                 C

MUSICRUISE       PIER 81 W. 41   EN          1                         LER, LHR,
                 & HUDSON        D                                     UB, S/E
                                 C

NEW YORK         WEST 23RD ST.   EN, D,      1 NEW YORK  C-40          LER, LHR,
HEALTH                           SS,         HEALTH AND                UB, S/E
RACQUET CLUB                     ML,         RAQUET
                                 C

NEW YORK YACHT                               NEW YORK
CHARTERS

 PORT IMPERIAL   PORT IMPERIAL   P/R          4                         S/E, UB,
                 TERMINAL,       D                                     LER, LHR
                 WOHANTON        E
                                  SS
                 PIER 78 & SLIP  ML
                 5 MANH.

                                 C



ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                            A5.6








 APPENDIX 5.1      TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

 PRECIOUS        PIER 11, WATER  P/R         PRECIOUS    40            LER, LHR,
MOMENTS         CLUB             D          MOMENTS                   US, S/E
                 EAST 34TH       EN
                                 C

 RELIABLE        WORLD'S FAIR    F            1                        LIS
                 MARINA PIER #1  S
                 FLUSHING, NY    ML
                                 C

 SALISA          PIER 11, WEST   P/R         1            60           LER, LHR,
M.CHARTER INC.  21, EAST 34TH   SS          SALISA M                  UB, S/E
                                 C

 SEAPORT LINE    PIER 16 SOUTH   D           2                         LER, LHR,
                 STREET SEAPORT  EN                                   S/E, UB
                                 SS
                                 P/C

 SPIRIT OF NEW   PIER 9 SOUTH    D           2                         LER, LHR,
YORK CRUISES &  STREET SEAPORT  E           SPIRIT OF                 S/E, UB
 SPIRIT OF NEW   PIER 11          P/R        NEW YORK,    C-600
JERSEY                           ML          SPIRIT OF
                                 SS         NEW JERSEY  C-350

                                 P\C

THOMAS          PIER 11, EAST   P/R         THOMAS                    LER, LHR,
JEFFERSON       34TH             D, SS,     JEFFERSON   C-149         S/E, UB
 YACHT CHARTERS
                                 C




ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.7





APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 2    EXCURSION, SIGHTSEEING AND SIMILAR VESSELS

VIP YACHT        PIER 11, PIER   P/R         2            C-275        LER, LHR,
                 84 WATERCLUB,   D,          ROMANCE                   UB, S/E
                 SHEEPSHEAD BAY  SS          TAMPA VI    C-149

                                C
WORLD YACHT      PIER 62 W. 23   D, EN,      5            C-UP TO      HR, ER,
CRUISES          & HUDSON RIVER  P/R,SS                   1500         S/E, UB
                                 ML

                                 P/C
YSI - YACHT     CONSOLIDATED                 7                         S/E, UB,
 SVCES           YACHT MARINA    SS                                     LER/LHR
 INTERNATIONAL   CITY ISLAND,    P/R
                 BRONX           ML


                                C
DOVE YACHT      PIER 62, SKY    SS           2                         S/E, LUR,
CHARTERS        PORT WATERCLUB  P/R, ML    JABIRU         C-30         LER
                                D, EN
                                            JACANA       C-119

                                C








ACTIVITY CODES:
E=EXCURSION, EN=ENTERTAINMENT, SS=SIGHTSEEING, P/R=PARTIES & RECEPTIONS
D=DINING, F=FISHING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISES, SD=SCUBA DIVING,
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST RIVER, LER=LOWER EAST R., HR=HUDSON R., LHR=LOWER HUDSON R.,
HAR=HARLEM R., UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.8

             _~~~~









APPENDIX 5.1
TABLE 3:
COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING









APPENDIX 5.1        TABLE 3              COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING

OPERATION NAME      PASSENGER BOARDING    ACTIVITY   NUMBER OF        ROUTE/
                    LOCATION                          VESSELS &       DESTINATION
                                                      NAMES

APACHE FISHING &                           F          1
CHARTER BOAT                               S

ATLANTIC STAR       ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS    F           1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR, NJ  S           ATLANTIC STAR

                                          P

BETTY W. IV         3030 EMMONS AVENUE,               1               LB, S/R, NJC
                    SHEEPSHEAD BAY,        F
                    BKLYN                             BETTY W. IV

                                          P

BIG HOLIDAY         EMMONS AVENUE          F          1               LB, S/R, NJC
                    SHEEPSHEAD BAY,                   BIG HOLIDAY
                    BKLYN

BOB JAC            ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS    F            1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR, NJ              BOB JAC

                                          C

ACTIVITY CODES:
F=FISHING, S=SIGHTSEEING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISE, SD=SCUBA DIVING
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST R. LER=LOWER EAST RIVER, HR=HUDSON R. LHR=LOWER HUDSON R., HAR=HARLEM R.
UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
LIS=LONG ISLAND SOUND S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                            A5.9











APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 3              COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING

CRACK-A-DAWN       LEONARDO - STATE       S           1              S/R, NJC
                    MARINA                F           CRACK-A-DAWN




FISHERMAN          ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS -  F            1              S/R, NJC
                    YACHT HARBOR

                                          P

FLAMINGO III       KNAPP STREET/BELT      F           1              LB, S/R, NJC
WIEGAND MARINE     PARKWAY, BKLYN         ML
CORP.
                                          P/C

FLEET ELISA K      SHEEPSHEAD BAY,        F           1              LB, S/R, NJC
                    BLKYN                 ML
                                          P

FREDDY-C           LEONARDO - STATE       F           1              S/R, NJC
                    MARINA                 S
                                          P/C

FRIENDSHIP III     EMMONS AVENUE,         F           1              L/B, S/R, NJC
                    SHEEPSHEAD BAY,       F
                    BLKYN


ACTIVITY CODES:
F=FISHING, S=SIGHTSEEING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISE, SD=SCUBA DIVING
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST R. LER=LOWER EAST RIVER, HR=HUDSON R. LHR=LOWER HUDSON R., HAR=HARLEM R.
UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
LIS=LONG ISLAND SOUND S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.10








 APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 3              COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING

 HELEN H.           EMMONS AVENUE,         F           1              L/B, S/R, NJC
                    SHEEPSHEAD BAY,       F
                    BKLYN

HI HOOK II         PORT MONMOUTH          F           1              S/R, NJC
                    GATEWAY: MARINA       S
                                          ML
                                          C

JANET-C            HIGHLANDS-HIGHLAND    F            1              S/R, NJC
                    MARINA

                                          C

JON PAUL           JERSEY CITY LIBERTY   F            1              LB, S/R, NJC
                    HARBOR                S
                                          C

KATIE'S MATE       LEONARDO-STATE         F           1              S/R, NJC
                    MARINA                S
                                          C

KELLY-ANN          JERSEY CITY            S           1              S/R, LB, NJC
                    ROOSEVELT MARINA      SD
                                          F
                                          C



ACTIVITY CODES:
F=FISHING, S=SIGHTSEEING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISE, SD=SCUBA DIVING
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST R. LER=LOWER EAST RIVER, HR=HUDSON R. LHR=LOWER HUDSON R., HAR=HARLEM R.
UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
LIS=LONG ISLAND SOUND S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.11











APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 3              COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING

MARGE-E            ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS    F           1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR, NJ  S

                                          C

NORTH STAR         551 CITY ISLAND        F          1               LIS
                    AVENUE CITY ISLAND,   S
                    BRONX                 ML
                                          C/P

NORTH STAR TWO     CITY ISLAND            F          1               LIS
FISHING AND                               ML
CHARTER BOAT                              P/C

OASIS              ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS    F           1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR, NJ  S


                                          P/C

PALACE II          HOBOKEN, NJ PIER 16   F           1               LIS, LB, S/R,
                                                                    NJC

                                          P





ACTIVITY CODES:
F=FISHING, S=SIGHTSEEING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISE, SD=SCUBA DIVING
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST R. LER=LOWER EAST RIVER, HR=HUDSON R. LHR=LOWER HUDSON R., HAR=HARLEM R.
UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
LIS=LONG ISLAND SOUND S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.12








APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 3              COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING

 PHANTOM II         LEONARDO - STATE       F           1               S/R, NJC
                    MARINA                 S
                                          C

 RIPTIDE II         JORGENSEN PIER, CITY  F            1               LIS
                    ISLAND, BRONX         S
                                          ML
                                          P/C

 SEA FOX            ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS    F            1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR, NJ

                                          P

 SEA TIGER          ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS    F            1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR, NJ  S

                                          P/C

 SHARI LYNN         ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS:   F            1               S/R, NJC
                    MUNICIPAL HARBOR       S


                                          C





ACTIVITY CODES:
F=FISHING, S=SIGHTSEEING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISE, SD=SCUBA DIVING
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST R. LER=LOWER EAST RIVER, HR=HUDSON R. LHR=LOWER HUDSON R., HAR=HARLEM R.
UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
LIS=LONG ISLAND SOUND S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.13











APPENDIX 5.1       TABLE 3              COMMERCIAL SPORT FISHING

WHITE CHIN II      EMMONS AVENUE          F          1               LB, NJC, S/R
                    SHEEPSHEAD BAY,
                    BKLYN

WHITE WATER II     EMMONS AVENUE          F          1               LB, NJC, S/R
                    SHEEPSHEAD BAY,
                    BKLYN

 ZEPHYR V           PIER 1 SHEEPSHEAD      F          1               LB, S/R, NJC
                    BAY, BLKYN



















ACTIVITY CODES:
F=FISHING, S=SIGHTSEEING, ML=MOON LIGHT CRUISE, SD=SCUBA DIVING
P=PARTY/OPEN BOAT, C=CHARTER, P/C=PARTY/OPEN BOAT & CHARTER
ROUTE CODES:
ER=EAST R. LER=LOWER EAST RIVER, HR=HUDSON R. LHR=LOWER HUDSON R., HAR=HARLEM R.
UB=UPPER BAY, LB=LOWER BAY, S/E=STATUE OF LIBERTY/ELLIS ISLAND,
LIS=LONG ISLAND SOUND S/R=SANDY HOOK/RARITAN BAY, NJC=NEW JERSEY COAST

                                           A5.14






W

                        APPENDIX 5.2
                        COMMERCIAL VESSEL SIZE

















O
 








 APPENDIX 5.2           BOAT TYPES AND ATTRIBUTES OF COMMERCIAL VESSELS

BOAT TYPE    SIZE   HULL DESIGN  DRAFT  PROPULSION        USE      ATTRIBUTES
                                                                  CONSTRAINTS
OCEAN       600 -    DEEP VEE     DEEP    PROPELLER   OCEAN         CARIES A LARGE NUMBER OF
GOING       887                   DRAFT   DRIVEN       CRUISING    PASSENGERS; PROVIDES
VESSEL      FEET                  UP TO                             SLEEPING, EATING AND
                                  30                              ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES;
                                  FEET                             DIFFICULT TO MANEUVER;
                                                                  MUST BE GUIDED INTO
                                                                  BERTHS BY TUGS
TOUR BOAT  100 -    DI:S-          6 - 13  PROPELLER   EXCURSIONS  PROVIDES LIGHT FOOD AND
            140      PLACEMENT    FEET    DRIVEN       WITHIN      BEVERAGE ON BOARD
           FEET     HULL                              HARBOR

LUXURY      65 FT.   DIS-          5 - 8   PROPELLER   EXCURSION   PROVIDES FOOD AND
YACHT       TO 190   PLACEMENT    FT.      DRIVEN      WITHIN      BEVERAGE ON BOARD, HIGHLY
CHARTER    FT.       HULL                              HARBOR AND  MANEUVERABLE
            49 -                                       LONG
            350                                        ISLAND
           PASSENG                                    SOUND
           ER

FISHING    60 -      VEE/DIS-     6 - 10 PROPELLER   PARTY         PROVIDES FISHING
BOAT        100 FT.  PLACEMENT    FT.      DRIVEN      FISHING IN EQUIPMENT ON BOARD, OFTEN
CRUISER    OPEN      HULL                              LONG        FOOD AND BEVERAGE ON
AND SUPER                                              ISLAND      BOARD, AND EASY TO
CRUISER    25 - 50                                     SOUND/NEW   MANEUVER, CAPABLE OF
           FT.                                        JERSEY      TRAVELING AT HIGH SPEEDS
           CHARTER                                    COAST

SAILING
CHARTER




                                          A5.1 5






0


                         APPENDIX 6.1
                         RECREATIONAL BOATING
                         REGISTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION








0















APPENDIX 6.1
RECREATIONAL BOAT REGISTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS



          New Jersey                New York City
1980      120,287                   18,328
1981      129,886                   12,328
1982      130,922                   12,965
1983      138,367                   18,452
1984      140,884                   18,163
.1985      141,196                   11,958
1986      141,655                   19,161
1987      150,121                   20,538
1988      173,208                   22,652


Information for New Jersey is available only on a
statewide basis and not by county or municipality.
Neither set of registration statistics includes
canoes,  kayaks,  rowing shells or skulls.   Non-
motorized sailboats are not included in the New
York's statistics; New Jersey's include only those
sailboats over 12 feet in length.
Distribution of motorized boats in New York City by
vessel length:1


     Under 16 feet             26%
     16 feet to 25 feet        56%
     26 feet to 39 feet        15%
     40 feet to 65 feet        1.2%
     65'+                      0.2%
     Unknown                   0.4%


                A6.1

















The statewide distribution of boats by size for
1986 in New Jersey 2 is as follows:


Under 16 feet                  41%
16 feet to under 26 feet       51%
26 feet to under 40 feet       7.2%
40 to 65 feet                  0.4%


Statewide, New Jersey has a larger percentage of
smaller boats (under 16 feet), but it is likely
that the size distribution within the study area on
the New Jersey side of the Harbor is similar to the
distribution found in New York City.   The higher
percentage of boats under 16 feet in New Jersey is
probably attributable to boats used on streams and
lakes away from the Harbor, where smaller craft are
found in higher frequency.




1.  Compiled  by  the  Bureau  of  Marine   and
recreational   Vehicles,New   York   State   Parks,
Recreation and Historic Preservation, 1989 Boatina
Accident Statistics, (Albany, NY: 1989), p.5,6.

2.   National   Marine   Manufacturers   "Boating
Statistics" (    1986)










               A6.2






0

                                                                   APPENDIX 6.2
                                                                    HULL AND ENGINE DESIGN








0







                                  0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~













              APPENDIX 6.2 HULL AND ENGINE TYPES


              This section covers pertinent features of different
              types of hulls and engines used in recreational
              boats.  The accompanying chart describes features
              of the different types of boats used in the harbor.


              HULLS
Displacement   These displace water of equal volume to the weight
Hull           of the boat and cause the hull to move through the
              water.   As the propulsion system moves the hull
              forward, the drag of water and wave resistance
              moves against the forward motion.1 A displacement
              hull requires very little power to move through the
              water. They ride smoothly across the water but
              cannot go very fast. 2 Large trawler yachts, fishing0
              and large sailboats usually have them.


Planing Hull   When speed is obtained, this hull is lifted out of
              the water and skims over the top of water
              decreasing the amount of water drag and wave
              resistance.3 They require considerably more power
              than displacement hulls to achieve planing so they
              are usually found in smaller boats.4


Flat Bottom    Flat bottom displacement hulls are usually under 18'
Displacement   and used for fishing or utility purposes. They are
              frequently heavy and slow and used in streams or
              protected waters. If they obtain high speeds to
              achieve planing, they tend to pound on the water
              excessively making an uncomfortable ride.5



                                A6.3










Flat Bottom    These are the same size as above, but due to lighter
Planning       weight,  can move up into planing with adequate
              power allowing them to obtain higher speeds than
              flat bottom displacement.


Round Bottom   These hulls, usually under 18' dinghies, tenders,
              car top boats and sometimes runabouts, often
              maneuver better than flat bottom hulls at slow
              speeds. Usually they are displacement hulls but if
              light enough will plane. They have a tendency to
              roll if they are not stabilized by a keel or other
              type of stabilizer.  They are frequently found in
              sailboats, canoes and trawlers.6


Vee-Bottom     The vee-bottom is frequently seen in runabouts,
              utility boats and cruisers. Speed will increase as
              the vee is deepened and provide a smoother ride
              than the flat bottom boat. Commonly a deep vee is
              seen towards the bow and flattens further aft.
              Flattened longitudinal planking ~assists lift for
              planing  and lateral  stability.    Deep vee will
              provide a smoother ride at high speeds in rough
              water .7


Cathedral      Usually found in motor boats these have two or
              three hull shapes in the same hull which increases
              their lateral stability.


catamnaran/    M~otorboats  or  sailboats  may  use  two  or  three
Trimaran       pontoon hulls  of any of  the above  type hulls
              attached  to  each  other.    These  have  greater
              stability because of their increased width (beam).8




                             A6.4









Hydroplanes    usually f lat, these are divided in two levels at
              mid-hull reducing the amount of hull in the water,
              thereby increasing the speed of the boat generally
              used for racing.


              ENGINE TYPES


              The engine type effects maneuverability and in
              planing hulls, the speed.   There are four basic
              types:


Outboard       An outboard engine is a detachable gasoline engine
Engine         that contains a drive shaft and propeller.  Though
              highly maneuverable, when reversed too quickly, the
              engine of some boats may tilt up if the operator
              has failed to lock it down.   in low water,  the
              engine might not be locked down enabling angling
              for operating.  Frequently, newer engines over 100S
              HP have a 'power-trim' mechanism which lifts the
              engine automatically to a proper angle to operate.
              The fuel tank and operating controls are usually
              separate.  On small boats, the steering mechanism
              is over the transom and steered by hand, whereas on
              larger boats it is often cabled and steered by
              using a directional mechanism such as a steering
              wheel.


inboard        This engine is mounted inside the hull; power is
Engine         transmitted to the propeller via a drive shaf t which
              exits the hull beneath the water line. This design
              allows for the greatest power and reliability, but
              limits maneuverability, unless the vessel is twin
              engine. Although this design was standard through
              the 1950s, it is now reserved for larger and

                             A6.5 










                  heavier  boats.    Inboard  powered  boats  can  be
                  steered the same way an outboard motor boat is,
                  outside the transom.   Alternatively,  a steering
                  mechanism can be under the boat and a directional
                  mechanism be used to steer the boat. They can be
                  either be gasoline or diesel powered.


   Stern-Drive    These engines are often called inboard-outboard, out
   Engines        drives or I-Os.  They can be either gasoline or
                  diesel powered. The engine is mounted inside the
                  hull and bolted to the transom with a drive unit
                  that closely resembles the lower section of an
                  outboard motor.  They generally allow for greater
                  power because they are located inside the hull
                 'allowing for a larger engine. They are almost as
                  maneuverable as outboards. Newer boats over 100 HP
                  usually have a 'power trim', a tilt mechanism to
                  properly angle the engine.


   Jet Drive      The major feature of this type of engine is its
   Drive           instantaneous response to accelerating, stopping and
                  turning, made possible by a pump that draws water
                  into the boat and ejects it out the stern.9  The
                  direction of the jet determines the direction, of
                  the vessel. They are highly maneuverable. Usually
                  boats with this type of engine have a planing hull
                  shaped in a deep vee.




                  1. Elbert S. Maloney, Chanman Pilotincr: Seamanship
                  and Small Boat Handlina, (New York: 1985) pg. 18.

                  2. New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and
                  Historic Preservation, New York Boatina Basics,
is ~~~~~(Albany, NY), pg. 7.

                                 A6.6










3. Maloney, pg. 18.

4. New York Boatina Basics, pg. 7

5. Ibid

6. Ibid

7. New York Basics and Maloney, pg. 18.


8. New York Boatina Basics, pg. 7.

9. Maloney, p.123.






































                A6.7












Appendix 6.2: Recreational Boats1

  BMAT TYPE       SIZE  "         LItL  DESIGI DRAFT                       PROP    I                USE/SURFACE AREA IEEDED| ATTRIBES/UnINSRAINTS


OTORIOT:                                                                                           . Minimum standard surface area of water
                                                                                                  required for power boat activity:
                                                                                                  ï¿½ 6 - 8 acres/vessel can go as high as 20
                                                                                                    acres/ vessel
                                                                                                  ï¿½Fishing from boat: 3 - 10 acres/vessel
                                                                                                  ï¿½ Jet Ski - 2 acres/vessel
                                                                                                  Wï¿½ aterskiing: 20 acres/vessel

Utility Boats    Usually         . Usually flat or      . Shallow          Outboard engine         . Variety of uses including fishing and      . Can be put on Car top
                  under 16'      round bottom hull                                                 transporting to and from other               . Best suited to calm waters close to shore due to
                                                                                                  recreational vessels   .                     limited stability
                                                                                                   Mobtorized dinghies and prams can be
                                                                                                  classified here


 Inflatables      Approx. 8-      . Neoprene coated      . Shallow        M. ay be constructed                                                   . High maneuverability
                  10'            fabric to protect                        with or without                                                       . Very buoyant and quite stable, the hard hull
                                 from heat and salt                       engine                                                                increases stability further.
                                 water. Hulls are                         . Outboard engine                                                     . Travels low and close to the water
                                 rigid and semi                           used if there is an                                                   . Light weight and can be put on top of a car
                                 rigid                                    engine                                                                .With hard hull there is a decrease in pounding and a
                                   Usually flat,                                                                                                smoother ride
                                 some are V-bottomed

Personal         .Generally      . Vee-Bottom           . 6" minimum      . Jet engine:            . Recreation                                   Highly maneuverable
Watercraft        less than                             usually 2'        capable of speeds in   . Water skiing                                 . Stability dependant on size and design of craft
                  13', It is                            standard draft   excess of 20 knots        .Racing                                       . Relatively small with limited cargo area and fuel
                  considered a                                            .Rider sits, kneels    . Standard of spatial needs is a minlmum    carrying capacity and therefore stay close to shore
                  Class A                                                 or stands                of 2 acres/vessel                             . Potential noise impacts on waterfowl and fishery
                  vessel                                                                                                                         resources especially in shallow water areas
                    Usually
                  can carry 1
                  to 3 persons
                  depending on
                  size

Runabouts        . Usually       . Usually vee or                         . Inboard                . Fishing                                    . Inexpensive compared with other types of boats
                  under 26'      deep vee                                 . Outboard              W. aterskling                                  . Can achieve planing usually at or above 11 mph
                                                                            I/O                   . Day Cruises                                 . Popular due to versatility







                                                                                                  A6.8












 BOAT TYPE       SIZE            HIULL  SI( 14          DRAFT            IP LSIC_   UE/SQRFAIE A REA  EFED                                      ATIUEIES/O MNTRAIS


Motor Cruiser    . Usually       . Usually              . Deeper Draft                            . Cruising - Day as well as overnight           Usually hav  a cabin, galley, bunks and a head
(Cabin           range from      displacement hull.
Cruiser)         18' to 50'      capable of planing    . 65' boat can
                 or 60'         at higher speeds       have a draft
                                 but have to go at     of about 5'
                                 top speed to
                                 achieve this (
                                 approximately 20 -
                                 25 mph)

SAILBATS                         . Usually              . Approximate     . Wind over sail and                                                  . Sailboat is stabilized with either a centerboard or
                                 displacement           Drafts are as    water over the hull                                                    keel to prevent it from tipping or being pushed side
                                                        follows:                                                                                ways in the wind
                                                        * Less than                                                                             . Centerboard can be brought up in shallow areas
                                                        16' boat - 2                                                                              Larger boats usually have a fixed keel which
                                                        1/2' draft                                                                              provides counter weight that adds to the stability of
                                                        ï¿½ 16' - 26'                                                                            the boat
                                                       boat - 3 - 4'                                                                           . Considerable knowledge about sailing needed to
                                                       draft                                                                                   operate boat
                                                        * 26' - 40'                                                                             . Some sail boats are fitted with combined
                                                       boat - 4 - 5'                                                                           keel/centerboard. The centerboard is attached to the
                                                       draft                                                                                   keel and can be moved up and down draft still at least
                                                        * 40 - 65'                                                                             4'.
                                                        boat - 5 - 10'
                                                       draft

Day Sailors      Small           . Flat or round                          . sail                  . Day Trips                                   . Designed for day trips
                 usually        bottomed                                 . may or may not                                                      . Can have small cockpit area
                 under 20'      . Planing or                             have auxiliary power                                                   . If wind dies the propulsion goes with it   if
                                 displacement hull                        . outboard engine                                                     engineless.
                                   Catamaran                             used if has engine.

Sail Cruiser      . Usually      Usually                                  Sail and auxiliary      . Day trips                                     Have cabin with bunks, galley, head and can be used
                 over 20'       Displacement Hull                        power                    . Overnight trips                            for overnight or long distance cruises
                                                                                                                                                Auxiliary power allows more flexibility as they are
                                                                                                                                               not dependant solely on the wind








                                                                                                 A6.9

















BOAT TYPE         | SIZE           HUL DESIN              ORrFT       P R   PURILSIW                USESURFE AREA IEEDED                          AT7RlBUESIONSTRhAINIS


 Motor Sailor      . Usually                                               Combination of sail        Day trips                                  . Combination of motor boat and, sail boat. The sail
                   over 20'                                                and motor                . Overnight trips                            is usually smaller than a standard sailboats and the
                                                                                                                                              engine has less power. They are less efficient than
                                                                                                                                               sail or motorboats, however, provide a compromise
                                                                                                                                               between the two types of boats
                                                                                                                                                 have cabin with bunks, galley head and can be used
                                                                                                                                               overnight or for long distance cruises.

 Sailboard         12-14'                                                  Sail and weight          . Windsurfing                                . Can have problem getting back to shore if wind dies
                                                                          shift of operator                                                    or sailor tires due to physical taxation of sport
                                                                          and pivoting mast                                                     . Physically demanding. Requires above average
                                                                                                                                               physical condition. Stomach, leg, and arm muscles can
                                                                                                                                               tire in even the most experienced sailboarder,
                                                                                                                                               especially in high winds.
                                                                                                                                               ï¿½ Falls in water are inevitable, which means exposure
                                                                                                                                               to cold and a strenuous Job of raising mast and sail
                                                                                                                                               ï¿½ Sailor can easily be carried out with offshore wind
                                                                                                                                               in large body of water
                                                                                                                                               ï¿½ Sailboard has low profile when sail is down


 CANOE/KAYAK                                                               Main propulsion
                                                                          paddle; can have
                                                                          sail or small
                                                                          auxiliary engine

 Canoe             . Average      . Round bottom         . 3 - 4"          . Single blade           . Mainly day trips although can be used       . Because the operator sits up the center of gravity
                   15-18' beam                                             paddle used              for camping                                  is higher thus decreasing the stability
                   35 - 37"                                                                           Fishing
                   width                                                                            . Exploring
                    Sits about
                   15" off the
                   water

 Kayak             . 15 - 17'     . Vee hull              . 3 - 4"          . Usually double        . Mainly day trips although can be used      . Kayaker sits on bottom of the boat and thus reduces
                   long                                                    bladed paddle used       for camping                                  the center of gravity so Increases the stability
                    Beam -                                                 . Can be rigged with   . Exploring                                    . The stability is dependant on the type of kayak used
                   24 - 35"                                                sail                                                                  . Some fitted with stabilizing devices that make them
                   ï¿½ sits about                                                                                                                  very difficult to capsize
                   6" off water




                                                                                                  A6.10












 .T  T.YPE      |SIZE             RULL DESII            DRAFT             PRIPOS                   USE/SUVFCE AREA NiDED                        ATmRIWIESIOSFSIWS


High             16 -18' long                           . 3 - 4"          . Usually double         . Exclusively for day trips                  . Mad. of Fiberglass
Performance      Beam: 20 -                                               bladed paddle used                                                    . Require high skill  level  to operate. Highly
(British         22"                                                      . No sail rigging                                                     unstable unless in expert hands.
Kayak)

General           15 - 17'                              . 3 - 4"          . Usually double         . Used for day trips and camping              . Greater stability than British Kayak
Purpose Kayak    long                                                     bladed paddle
(northwest       Beam: 24 -                                               . Can be rigged with
design)           28"                                                     sail

Folding Kayak    15 - 17'                                 3 - 4"          . Usually double         o Can be used for day trips and camping      . Highly stable (of all the paddle craft one of the
                  long                                                    bladed paddle                                                         most stable)
                 Beam: 26 -                                              . Can be rigged with                                                   . Easy storage and carrying
                 35"                                                     sail                                                                   . 15 - 20 minute assembly

Rowing Shell                                            .Need                                                                                   . Lack of stability makes the vulnerable to wave/wake
                                                        approximately                                                                           action
                                                        7 - 10' depth                                                                             Rowers row backwards
                                                        for oars                                                                                . Physically strenuous sport


Single            . 22 - 27'                                              Rower uses two oars                                                   . Shall for one rower
                   Beam about                                            (Sculls)                                                               . Rower rows backward
                 1' to less                                                                                                                     . Newer recreational rowing models are smaller and
                 than 2' at                                                                                                                    wider, not as quick but offering increased stability.
                 widest point                                                                                                                   . In lightest form, made of cedar and can break easily
                   Newer                                                                                                                         . Shells can be made out of fiberglass which increases
                 models 16'                                                                                                                     their durability. Usually recreational shells are made
                  .Beam 24"                                                                                                                     out of fiberglass
                   Sit about
                 3" off the
                 water

                  . 18 - 20'
                 width with
                 oars,
                 allowing 1 -
                 2' of water
                 on either
                 side




                                                                                                 A6.11

















 MAT TTYPE   SIZE                                                                      MULL DSIGH  DRAFT  FRPsIUSI ONE/WSUACI AREA NIED                 ATIuTEIlLOMSUMNrS


Double            18 - 20'                                                    2 rowers each use 2                                                         Second set of oars adds stability over shell
                  width with                                                 oars                                                                        Some have a ooxswain (individual who does not row
                  oars,                                                                                                                                but steers boat) who usually faces forward
                  allowing for
                  1 - 2' of
                  water on
                  either side

Pair              30 - 32'                                                    2 rowers each rower                                                         See above
                  long                                                       uses 1 oar
                  26 - 28'
                  width with
                  oars
                  allowing 1 -
                  2' of water
                  on either
                  side

Fours             40 - 45'                                                    4 rowers one oar                                                         S. ne coxed but most not
                  long                                                       each                                                                        When no cox, control rudder through foot movement
                  26 - 28'
                  width with
                  oars
                  allowing for
                  1 - 2' of
                  water on
                  either side

Quads             40 - 45'                                                    Four rowers each use                                                        See above
                  long                                                       two oars
                  26 - 28'
                  width with
                  oars
                  allowing for
                  1 - 2 feet
                  of water on
                  either side







                                                                                                    A6.12











                 SIZE          HULL DESIGN            DRAFT              PRDPULSIon             USEISAM CE AREA NEEDED                       Al[TRIBUTESICONRAIMTS

Eights             About 58 -                                           8 rowers each use                                                      Coxswain steers boat
                 62  long                                               one oar                                                                Can achieve speeds of over 15 mph
                   26 - 28
                 width with
                 oars
                 allowing for
                 1-2' on
                 either side
                 . Sits about
                 6 -8t off
                 the water
































                                                                                              A6.13






W

                         APPENDIX 6.3
                         RECREATIONAL BOATING
                         FACILITY TYPES









is














O










              APPENDIX 6.3: RECREATIONAL BOATING FACILITIES


              Recreational vessel storage can occur in water or
              on land. in-water storage takes place predominately
              in marinas, yacht clubs, or mooring areas.


Marinas        A marina is an area with wet slips, or dry or wet
              rack storage, and possibly moorings. Marinas are
              for-profit commercial enterprises that usually
              provide a. mix of services, boat storage, and
              repair.


Yacht Clubs    The private boat club, or yacht club, is a not-f or-
              *profit organization that charges a membership fee.
              A yacht club membership usually includes a slip or
              more often, a mooring. Clubs seldom offer marina
              support services but do provide social spaces suchS
              as club houses for their members.


Moorings       Moorings   are   semi-permanent   or   permanent
               installations located offshore, either fixed or
              attached to a mooring buoy, that move with the
              tide. Access from the boat to the dock is either
              via a private dinghy or a yacht club or marina
              service dinghy.


Land Storage   A dry rack is an area where vessels are stored out
              of the water in an upland stack structure; a wet
              rack stores vessels in a stack structure built over
              water. The dry rack storage structure is typically
              made of metal and is best suited for smaller boats
               (less than 35') with low centers of gravity such as
              utility boats and runabouts. Rack systems reduce
              costs to about one half to one third of in-water

                             A6.14










              storage.   They require less water area, are less
              environmentally problematic and have decreased boat
              maintenance costs.


Boat Trailer   Smaller boats can be stored outside of a marina or
Ramps and      yacht club in a variety of locations ranging from
Hand Boat      closets  for  folding  kayaks  to  back  yards  or
Launches       driveways.  These boats are divided into two groups:
              hand boats and trailerable boats.


              Hand boats' such as canoes, windsurfers and kayaks,
              can be transported in or on top of a car and placed
              in the water by hand. New York City has a number
              of designated hand boat launch areas, although
              'these craft can essentially be placed in the water
              at  any  location  where  there  is  access.    The
              preferred site for hand boat launching is a small,
              flat, upland area with access to calm water free
              from obstructions and offering a clean bottom
              surface. 


              A boat trailer ramp is an inclined, paved, surface
              that extends into the water.  Hand boats can use
              these facilities, but they are mainly used to
              launch or retrieve trailerable boats.1 Boats that
              can be launched at ramps are limited to those that
              can fit on trailers hauled by a car, van, or light
              truck.   Generally, power boats 19 to 22 feet in
              length can be accommodated by boat ramps.


              Sailboats greater than 18 feet in length usually
              have fixed keels, which for the most part prevent
              launching at a boat ramp; thus, sailboats less than
              18 feet in length with "dagger board" type keels
              are those generally accommodated by boat ramps.2

                             A6.15










Boat Houses    Rowing shells ideally require boat house facilities
              to protect boats and oars. Boats are launched from
              a platform into the water.


















               1. Neil W. Ross, editor, Marina Dictionary.
               (Wickford, R.I.: 1989) pg. 6.

               2. Geismer & Calamari, P.C., Staten Island Small
              Boat Launchinq Feasibility Study, prepared for the
              New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and
              Historic Preservation, (Albany, NY: 1988) pg. 10.
























                             A6.16









                           APPENDIX 6.4
                           RECREATIONAL BOATING
                           FACILITY LISTING


























0










Appendix 6.4 Recreational Boating Facilities



 Location           Marinas * Yacht  Slips *   * Dry    *         Boat Trailer  Hand Boat   Rowing Boat        Special
                                Clubs            Rack     Moorings     Ramp          Launch        House      Anchorage Area



 LONG ISLAND SOUND                                                                                          2

 Pelham Bay Lagoon                                                                1                         2

 City Island         13             900        550      500

 Eastchester Bay    6               705        1388     180                                                 1

 Westchester Creek  1               50                                                                      1

 Little Neck Bay     1        1     25                  250       1               1                         6

 UPPER EAST RIVER   2         1     50                  100                      1

 Flushing Bay        6              905        100

 HELL GATE                                                                                    1

 HARLEM RIVER                                                                                 4

 HUDSON RIVER        8       2      1436                          3              4 - + 1
                                                                                       canoe
                                                                                       club

 LOWER EAST RIVER   1         1     46

 UPPER BAY                    1                                   1              1

 KILL VAN KULL                1     20

 NEWARK BAY          2        1     330                                                                     1

 HACKENSACK RIVER   6         3     193                           1

 PASSAIC RIVER       2                         18                 1                           1

 ARTHUR KILL         13       1     729                           2               1

 RARITAN RIVER                1                                   2

                                                                           A6.17








 Location           Ma-inas *  Yacht  Slips *   * Dry    *         Boat Trailer  Hand Boat   Rowing Boat         Special
                             Clubs            Rack     Moorings      Ramp          Launch        House      Anchorage Area



 LOWER BAY

 Raritan Bay         7               758       30                  1                                         1
 Middlesex

 Raritan/Sandy       21       4      2069 +    555       350       8
 Hook Bay                            150
 Monmouth                           rental

 Great Kills         5        4      1119                          2                                         1
 Harbor
 Lemon Creek         1        2      15                            1
 Gravesend Bay       3        2      310                                                                     5
 JAMAICA BAY         32       16    3198       25       905        4              2 + 1        1
                                                                                canoe
                                                                                club

TOTAL             || 130    1 41   1 13,008   1 2666    1 2285   1 27            [ 13        17            120 

1.Boatinc Almanac. 1990, Volume 2 and 3, (Maryland: 1990)

Army Corps of Engineers, The Port of NY and NJ on Lona Island. NYC,  (Washington, D.C.: 1988), pg.  29-50.













* THESE NUMBERS ARE ESTIMATES                                           A6.1B









APPENDIX 6.5
FUTURE PROPOSALS FOR
FERRIES, COMMERCIAL AND
RECREATIONAL BOATING FACILITIES









Appendix 6.5: Future Proposals for Ferries, Commercial and Recreational Boating

  Waterbody              Name               Location         Proposed Type    Development   Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                                   Other
                                                                            Type           Mooring       Launch       Excursion                               t
                                                                                            (S/M)                                                             a
                                                                                                                                                           t
                                                                                                                                                           u


  LONG ISLAND SOUND   Orchard Beach         Bronx            Public             Park                                      Excursion                               4

                        Pelham Bay         Bronx            Public             Park                                      Excursion                               4
                        Park West

  City Island            Sailmaker          Bronx            Private            Residential    40 S

                        Sea Breeze         Bronx            Private            Residential    76 S                                                                4

                        Consolidated       Bronx            Private            Marina          43 S                                                               3
                        Yacht                                                                  expansion

                         C.I. Slip         Bronx                                               75 S                                                               3
                                                                                           expansion

                        Kretzers           Bronx            Private            Marina          35 S
                                                                                           expansion

                        East City          Bronx            Public             Park                          Ramp/ Excursion                                      4
                        Island                                                                               Launch
                        Park/Pier

  Eastchester Bay       Locust Point        Bronx            Public             Park                                      Excursion                               4

                        Fort Schuyler      Bronx            Public             Park                                      Excursion                                4

  Little Neck Bay       Alley Park          Queens           Public             Park                          Launch                                              4

                       Cross Island       Queens           Public             Park                                      Excursion                                4
                        Parkway

  UPPER EAST RIVER      Catholic            Queens                                              Yes                                                                4
                       Charities Site

STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                         A6.19






                                           0                                           0                                                                              ~~~~~0





 Waterbody               Name                 Location          Proposed Type       Development    Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                                    Other       S
                                                                                 Type            Mooring        Launch        Excursion                                  t
                                                                                                 (S/M)                                                                 a
                                                                                                                                                                    t
                                                                                                                                                                     u


                         Marina Del                                                                                                                                         4
                         Ray,Shurz and
                         East Treamont
                         Ave

                         Point Little         Queens           Private/                                                                                                    4
                         Bay,(Throgs                            Public
                         Neck)

                         Frances Lewis        Queens            Public             Park                            Launch                                                   4
                         Park

                         East Point          Queens            Private                              28 S                                                                    2
                         Condominiums                                               Residential

                         Herman McNeil        Queens            Public              Park                           Launch        Excursion                                  4
                         Park

                         Schurz Avenue        Bronx             Private            Marina           180 $                                                                   3

                         Ferry Point          Bronx            Public              Park             Yes            Ramp/         Ferry                                      4
                         Park East                                                                                 Launch

                         Ferry Point          Bronx            Public              Park                                          Excursion                                 4
                         Park West

                         Clasons Point        Bronx             Public              Park                           Launch        Excursion                                  4

                         Soundview Park    Bronx                Public              Park                           Launch        Excursion                                  4

  Little Bay              Little Bay           Queens            Public              Park            Yes            Ramp/                                                    4
                         Park                                                                                      Launch
                         Clearview
                         Beach


STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                             A6.20









  Waterbody             Name                Location         Proposed Type    Development   Slip/ Ramp/                   Ferry/           Rowing      Other      S
                                                                         Type           Mooring       Launch       Excursion                               t
                                                                                       (S/M)                                                             a
                                                                                                                                                    t
                                                                                                                                                    u


  Flushing Bay          Flushing Bay        Queens           Public            Park                          Ramp/ Excursion                                      4
                      Promenade                                                                           Launch

                      Worlds Fair        Queens           Public/ Marina                    up to                      Ferry                                   3
                      Marina'                             Private                           800 S

  HELLS GATE            Randalls            Manhattan        Public            Park                          Launch       Excursion                               4
                      Island

                      East 78th          Manhattan                                                                     Ferry                                   4

                      107th Steet        Manhattan                                                                     Ferry                                   4
                      Pier

                      Mill Rock          Manhattan        Public             Park                         Launch                                               4
                      Island

  HARLEM RIVER          Yankee Stadium    Bronx              Public                                                       Excursion       Yes                     4
                      Area                                                                                             /Ferry

                      Washington         Bronx            Public             Park                         Ramp/ 4
                      Bridge/ Launch
                      Highbridge
                      Park

                      Sherman Creek      Manhattan                                          Yes                                         Yes                    4

                      Roberto            Bronx                                                                                          Yes
                      Clemente State
                      Park

                      Inwood Hill        Manhattan                                                                     Excursion                               4
                      Park

 HUDSON RIVER          Dan Ro              Edgewater        Private           Residential    20 S                                                                2


STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                     A6.21'.












  Waterbody             Name                Location         Proposed Type    Development   Slip/            Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                       Other      S
                                                                            Type           Mooring       Launch       Excursion                               t
                                                                                           (S/M)                                                             a
                                                                                                                                                           t
                                                                                                                                                           u


                       Procida            Edgewater        Private            Residential    62 S                                                               4
                       Organization

                       Roc Harbor         North Bergen   Private              Residential    210 S                      Excursion                               4
                       Phase II

                       Shelter            North Bergen   Private              Residential    101 S                                                              4
                        Innovations

                       Hudson Landing    Gutenberg         Private            Residential    250 S                                                              4

                       Taed               West NY          Private            Residential    300 S                                                              4
                       Corporation

                       Port Imperial      West NY          Private            Residential    1315 S                                                             4

                       Waterfront at      Hoboken          Public/ Mixed                      300 S                     Excursion                               2
                       Hoboken                             Private

                       Newport Marina    Jersey City    Private               Mixed           51 S                      Excursion                               3
                                                                                           expansion

                       Harasimus Cove    Jersey City    Private               Residential    150 S                      Excursion                               2

                       Harborside         Jersey City    Private              Mixed           250 S                     Excursion                               2
                       Financial

                       Colgate            Jersey City    Private              Mixed           500 S                     Excursion                               3

                       Liberty Harbor    Jersey City    Private               Residential    350 S                                                              4
                       North

                       Liberty State      Jersey City    Public               Marina         660 S         Ramp                                                 3
                       Park



STATUS CODE:
I = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                         A6.22









  Waterbody               Name                 Location          Proposed Type    Development    Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/                                 Rowing       Other       S
                                                                                 Type            Mooring        Launch        Excursion                                 t
                                                                                                 (S/M)                                                                 a
                                                                                                                                                                     t
                                                                                                                                                                     u
                                                                                                                                                                     s

                         Port Liberte        Jersey City       Private             Residential    740 S                         Existing                                   2
                                                                                                                            Ferry

                         Droyers Point       Jersey City       Private             Residential    190 S                                                                    2

                         North Side,         Manhattan                                              Yes                                                        Sail        4
                         Battery Park                                                                                                                          School
                         City

                         Pier 25/26          Manhattan                                                             Launch                                                  4

                         Pier 34/40          Manhattan                                              Yes                                                        Water       4
                                                                                                                                                         Taxi

                         Pier 45             Manhattan                                                                                                         Water       4
                                                                                                                                                         Taxi

                         Pier 51             Manhattan                                              Yes                                                                    4

                         Pier 62 - 64        Manhattan                                                                          Excursion                                  4

                         Huson River         Manhattan         Public/             Mixed            200 + S                                                                3
                         Center                                Private

                         Pier 79             Manhattan                                              200 S                                                                  4

                         Pier 79             Manhattan                                                                          Ferry/                                     3
                                                                                                                            Excursion

                         42nd St.            Manhattan         Public/                                                           Ferry                                     4
                         Terminal                              Private
                         (piers 81 -83)

                         Pier 97             Manhattan                                                                                                         Water       4
                                                                                                                                                         Taxi


STATUS CODE:
I = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                              A6.23












 Waterbody              Name                Location          Proposed Type    Development   Slip/              Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                        Other      S
                                                                            Type            Mooring       Launch       Excursion                                 t
                                                                                           (S/M)                                                               a
                                                                                                                                                          t
                                                                                                                                                          U


                       79th Street         Manhattan        Public/            Marina           122 S                      Ferry/ 4
                       Boat Basin                           Private                             expansion                  Excursion

                       Harlem On the       Manhattan                                            Yes                        Ferry/ 4
                       Hudson'                                                                                             Excursion

                       Riverbank           Manhattan        Public              Park                                       Excursion                                 2
                       State Park

                       Riverside Park    Manhattan                                              Yes                                                                  4
                       North

                       Dyckman Street    Manhattan          Public/            Marina           127 S                      Ferry/ 100                                3
                       Marina                               Private                             M - Yes                    Excursion                      Dry
                                                                                                                                                Rack

                       Riverdale Park    Bronx                                                                             Excursion                                 4

  LOWER EAST RIVER       30th Street         Manhattan         Public                                                         Ferry/ 4
                       Heliport                                                                                            Excursion

                       East 23rd           Manhattan                                                                       Ferry                                     4
                       Street Park

                       East 63rd           Manhattan                                                                       Ferry                                     4
                       Street

                       East 78th           Manhattan                                                                       Ferry                                     4
                       Street

                       Hunters Point       Queens           Public             Mixed                                       Ferry                                     4
                                                          Private

                       Piers 1 - 5         Brooklyn                                             Yes                        Excursion                                 4



STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                         A6.24









  Waterbody              Name                Location          Proposed Type    Development    Slip/             Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                        Other      S
                                                                            Type            Mooring       Launch       Excursion                                 t
                                                                                           (S/M)                                                               a
                                                                                                                                                          t
                                                                                                                                                          u


                       Pier 9              Manhattan        Public             Dock                                        ExcursionExp                             1
                                                                                                                    ansion

                       Pier 11             Manhattan        Public                                                         Ferry/ 4
                                                                                                                    Excursion
                                                                                                                    Expansion

  UPPER BAY              Pier A              Manhattan                            Dock                                        Ferry/ 4
                                                                                                                    Excursion

                       St. George          Staten           Private                                                        Ferry to New                             4
                       Seaport             Island                                                                          Jersey

                       Fulton Landing    Brooklyn                                                                          Ferry                                    4

                       Red  Hook           Brooklyn         Public             Park            Yes                         Ferry                                    4
                       Recreation
                       Center

                       Brooklyn Army       Brooklyn         Public                                                         Ferry                                    4
                       Terminal

                       Shore Parkway       Brooklyn         Public             Park                                        Ferry                                    4

                       Alice Austen        Staten           Public             Park                                        Excursion                                4
                       Park                Island

                       Wrigley Site        Staten           Private            Residential    Yes                                                                   3
                                          Island

                       Cromwell            Staten           Public             Park             Yes           Launch       Excursion                                4
                       Recreation          Island
                       Center




STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                        A6.25












  Waterbody              Name                Location         Proposed Type    Development   Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/                              Rowing      Other       S
                                                                             Type           Mooring        Launch       Excursion                                t
                                                                                            (S/M)                                                              a
                                                                                                                                                             t
                                                                                                                                                             u
                                                                                                                                                             5

  KILL VAN KULL          Sailor Snug         Staten           Public                                                        Excursion                                4
                        Harbor              Island

  NEWARK BAY

  HACKENSACK RIVER       Sky Harbor          Carlstadt        Private            Marina          45 S                                                                2
                        Marina                                                                  expansion

                        Meadowlands         Lyndhurst        Private            Marina          110 S                                                               4
                        Athletic Club

                        Rivermill          Secaucus         Private            Marina          8 S                                                                  2
                        Crescent

                        Luberto's Boat    Little Ferry   Private                Marina          10 S                                                                3
                        Yard                                                                    expansion

  PASSAIC RIVER


 ARTHUR KILL            City of             Elizabeth        Public             Marina          100 S                      Ferry                         30 dry    4
                        Elizabeth                                                              expansion                                                rack

                        Harbortown          Perth Amboy    Private              Mixed           934 S                      Ferry/                                   4
                                                                                                                      Excursion

                        Rosegarten          Perth Amboy    Private             Marina           250 S                                                               4
                        Property

                        Perth Amboy        Perth Amboy    Public               Marina           300 S                                                              4
                        Municipal                                                               expansion

                        Harborview          Staten           Private            Mixed           250 S                                                   Boatel    3
                                           Island



STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                          A6.26








  Waterbody              Name                Location         Proposed Type    Development   Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/                              Rowing      Other       S
                                                                             Type           Mooring        Launch       Excursion                                t
                                                                                             (S/M)                                                              a
                                                                                                                                                             t
                                                                                                                                                             u
                                                                                                                                                             S

                        Conferance         Staten            Public            Park                          Ramp/        Excursion                                 3
                        House Park          Island                                                           Launch

  RARITAN RIVER          Pelican Watch      Woodbridge        Private           Mixed           96 S                                                                 4

  RARITAN BAY            South Amboy         South Amboy    Private             Mixed           Yes                        Excursion                                 4
                        Redevelopment

                        John Bene          Sayreville        Private           Marina          266 S                                                    266        4
                        Marina                                                                                                                          dry
                                                                                                                                                   rack

                        La Mere            Sayreville        Private           Marina          80 S                                                                4
                        Development

                        Margate Creek      Old Bridge        Private           Residential    142 S                                                                4

                        Browns Point       Keyport          Private            Marina          55 S                                                                4
                        Marina                                                                 expansion



                        Keyport Harbor    Keyport           Private            Marina          yes                        Ferry                                    4

                        Baywatch           Keyport          Private            Marina          1000 S                     Ferry
                        Marina

                        Gateway Marina    Keansburg          Private           Marina          200 S/                                                              4
                                                                                            50 M
                                                                                            Expansion

                        Point Atlantic    Keansburg         Private            Marina          103 S/                     Excursion                                2
                        Marina                                                                 426 M

                        Point Atlantic    Keansburg                                                                       Ferry                                    4


STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                          A6.27












 Waterbody             Name                Location         Proposed Type    Development   Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                                  Other      S
                                                                           Type           Mooring       Launch       Excursion                               t
                                                                                          (S/M)                                                             a
                                                                                                                                                         t
                                                                                                                                                         U


                       Keansburg          Keansburg        Private           Marina          145 S                                                              4
                       Marina

                       Spy House          Belford          Private            Marina          705 S                                                             3
                       Harbor-

                       Atlantic           Atlantic         Private            Marina          300 S                                                             4
                       Highlands          Highlands                                          Expansion
                       Marina

                       Ocean View         Highlands        Private            Club           Yes                                                                4
                       Yacht Club

                       Highlands          Highlands        Private            Residential    20 S                                                               4
                       Development

                       Bayfront           Highlands        Private            Residential    14 S                                                               4
                       Marina

                       Princes Point      Staten                                                                        Ferry                                   4
                                          Island

                       Great Kills        Staten           Public             Park                                      Ferry/ 4
                       Harbor             Island                                                                        Excursion

  Lower Bay             Midland/ Staten                      Public            Park                          Launch       Excursion                               4
                       South Beach        Island

 Gravesend Bay         Toys-R-Us           Brooklyn                                                                      Ferry                                   4

                       Drier Offerman    Brooklyn          Public             Park                                      Ferry                                   4

                       White Sands        Brooklyn         Private            Residential    38 S                                                               3

                       Leon Kaiser        Brooklyn         Public             Park                         Launch                                               4


STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                        A6.28








 Waterbody              Name                 Location         Proposed Type    Development    Slip/             Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                        Other      S
                                                                             Type            Mooring       Launch       Excursion                                 t
                                                                                             (S/M)                                                               a
                                                                                                                                                              t
                                                                                                                                                              u


                        Marine Basin        Brooklyn         Private            Marina           200 S                                                                2
                        Marina                                                                   Expansion

                        Rose Cove           Brooklyn         Private             Residential    87 S                                                                  2

  JAMAICA BAY            Park and Sail       Brooklyn          Public             Dock                                        Ferry/ 3
                                                                                                                       Excursion

                        Sheepshead          Brooklyn         Private            Marina           39 S                                                                 3
                        Landing                                                                  Expansion

                        Breezy Point        Queens           Private                                                        Ferry                                    4

                        116th/Breezy        Queens                                                                          Ferry                                    4
                        Point
                        Brooklyn            Brooklyn         Public             Park                           Launch                                                4
                        Marine Park
                        McGuire Park        Brooklyn         Public              Park                          Launch                                                4

                        McGuire Park -    Brooklyn           Public             Park                           Launch                                                4

                        Paerdeget
                        Basin

                        Canarsie Pier       Brooklyn         Public              Park                          Launch       Ferry                                     4

                        Inwood Ferry        Inwood           Private                                                        Ferry                                    4

                        John Martin         Queens           Private            Marina           50 S                                                                 3
                        Jr.
                        Mill Basin          Brooklyn                                             Yes                        Ferry                                     4



STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                          A6.29







 ï¿½                                                                                    












  Waterbody                Name                  Location           Proposed Type        Development    Slip/ Ramp/ Ferry/ Rowing                                        Other        S
                                                                                Type             Mooring         Launch        Excursion                                    t
                                                                                                (S/M)                                                                     a
                                                                                                                                                                   t
                                                                                                                                                                   u


                         Barren Island         Brooklyn          Public/              Marina            175 S                                                                      3
                         Marina                                  Private                                Expansion

                         Arverne               Queens            Public/              Residential                                     Ferry                                        4
                                                             Private

  TOTAL                                                                                                    13,197 +        7 Ramps/    41 Ferry/           3 +                        4
                                                                                                S              20            43 Excursion
                                                                                                476 + M        Launch


























STATUS CODE:
1 = IN CONSTRUCTION
2 = PERMIT APPROVALS RECEIVED
3 = PREAPPLICATION STAGE
4 = PLANNING RECOMMENDATION
                                                                             A6.30










            New York City Department of City Planning


Richard Schaffer - Director
Con Howe, Executive Director

Waterfront and Open Space
Wilbur Woods - Director
Douglas Wehrle - Deputy Director
Barry Seymour - Former Deputy Director
Neil Baumler - Project Manager
Sheila Metcalf - Project Manager
Cathy Faughnan - Planner
Eva Hanhardt - Planner
Kieran Pape - Planner
Theresa Buckner - Word Processing
Wendy Niles - Word Processing


Planning Management and Support
Barbara Weisberg - Assistant Executive Director
Anne Pizzicara - Director, Policy and Project Management
Project Editor
Bruce Rosen

Reproduction
Antonio Mendez - Deputy Director of Operations
Filiberto Munoz
Steve Roldan

Computer Information Services
Philip Wallick - Assistant Executive Director
Robert Amsterdam - Director, Information Systems Development
Stephany Carollo, Michael Chin
Joseph Salvo - Deputy Director, Population/Census

Housing and Economic Development
Eric Kober -' Director
William Donohue

Borough Offices
Floyd Lapp - Director Bronx Office
Ray Curran
Karen Burkhardt - Director Brooklyn Office
Isabel Hill
Robert Flahive - Director Manhattan Office
Douglas Brooks - Director Queens Office
Michael Apiagyei
Pablo Vengoechea - Director Staten Island Office
Ronald Meyer

Transportation
Lawrence Lennon - Director
Nicolae Stossel











       New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection



Division of Coastal Resources

John Weingart -Director
Steven Whitney -Assistant Director of Planning
Lawrence Baier -Principal Planner











Acknowledgements

This report would not have been possible without the time, patience
and expertise so generously provided by the following people:

Patricia Barrera, Xiomara Chang, Adam Gelfand, Scott Wise, Steven
Hayes, Kirsti Jutila, James McConnell, Karen Votava, Scott Warner,
Danny Coleman, George Cronin, Tom Hess

New York State Department of State
Sally Ball
Steve Ressler

NYC Department of Ports and Trade
Richard Ashton
Norman Berger

NYC Public Development Corporation
Ann Buttenweiser

NYC Department of Transportation
Peter Hallock

NYC Department of Parks and Recreation
Steven Whitehouse
Joseph Chu
Josh Laird
Martin Maher
Christopher Glaisek

U.S. Coast Guard
Lt. Charles Jennings
BMC J.J. Anastasia

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Steven Mars

Port Authority of NY & NJ
Joseph Birgeles
David Berkovitz
Lynn Knudson

New Jersey State Police
Captain James Momm, Marine Law Enforcement Bureau Chief
Sergeant (First Class), Herkloz, Commander, Port Newark Marine
Police

New York City Police Department
Captain Dale Riedel, Commanding Officer Harbor Unit

Tow Boat Harbor Carriers Association of New York/New Jersey
Linda O'Leary











Hughes Brothers
Robert Hughes

Sandy Hook Pilots
Capt. Richard S. Roche

B.O.A.T.S.
John Boldt

Metropolitan Yacht Charters
Paul Mahoney

Yachts for all Seasons
Nancy Meyer

Empire State Rowing Association
Ilene Shore

Metropolitan Canoe and Kayak Association
Ralph Diaz


We would also like to acknowledge the many members of the marine
community who are far too numerous to list but whose time and
effort on this report is deeply appreciated.