[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



              Oyster River Watershed Studyy
                                                   Final Report


                                        Summary and Recommendations



           to







             C-<









                                                  Elizabeth Hanratty, MS Degree Candidate
                                                           Robert A. Robertson, Ph.D.
                                                               Edmund Jansen, Ph.D.


                                            Resource Administration and Management Program
                                           Department of Resource Economics and Development
                                                          University of New Hampshire
                                                                Durham, NH 03824



                     TD                                               July 1996
                     224
                     N4
                     H36
                     1996
                                                                                                                                      tmfford

                                                                                                                                         egional

                                                                                                                                          lanning
                                                                                                                                            ammisdon
               AW (0051011,10, graill                          23









                                           ACKNOWLEDGMENTS



             This research was made possible because of . the cooperation and support of the --steering
             committee members, who consistently demonstrated their commitment to their community and
             the natural environment. We would like to specifically acknowledge the contributions of. Mary
             Robertson, Strafford Regional Planning Commission; Jennifer Fox, NH Coastal Program; Richard
             Houghton, Madbury Selectman; Arthur Grant, Durham Water Policy Commission; David Funk,
             Durham Conservation Commission; Calvin Hosmer, Durham Planning Board; David Allen, Lee
             Conservation Commission; Bambi Miller, SCCD; Betsey Renshaw, Madbury Conservation
             Commission; Joseph Ford, Lee Selectman; George Rief, Durham ;Marc Jacobs, Barrington
             Conservation Commission; Joan Sundberg, Madbury; Edward McNitt, Durham Planning Board;
             Margaret Watkins,, NHDES; Breck Bowden, UNH-Natural Resources; Jeff Schloss, UNH-
             Cooperative Extensionjillman Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Doug Bencks,
             UNH Planning; Brian Giles, Lamprey River Advisory Committee; Rob Swift, UNH-Mechanical
             Engineering; Lorie Chase, Madbury Planning Board; Marcia Thunberg, OSP,

             We would also like to thank the support of the University of Maine's NH Seagrant for their
             support of the social science research planning process that identified the research needs
             addressed in this report This research was possible because 385 Oyster River Watershed
             residents graciously contributed 30-40 minutes of their time to complete a very detailed
             questionnaire.. We also acknowledge the administrative support of Pam Piller, Tracey Pelillo,
             Laura Pfister and the survey distributors.

             This report also'fulfilled the Directed Research Requirements for a Master's of Science Degree in
             Resource Administration and Management.

             This research was funded in part by grants from the Office of State Planning, N H Coastal
             Program, as authorized by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adn-dnistration(NOAA), Award
             Number NA570ZO320 and from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Hatch
             Grant Number 3 7 1.








                                                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS


                        INTRODUCTION


                        Rationale. for the Study                 .........................................................................        I

                        Objectives of the Study                  .........................................................................        2

                        Description of Study Area                .........................................................................        3

                        Study Methods,                  ..................................................................................        3

                        Profile of Survey Respondents                       .................................................................     5

                        FINDINGS 1: Community Issues within the Oyster River Watershed                                         ...................5

                        FINDINGS 2: Nonpoint Pollution Issues within the Oyster River Watershed                                           .........6

                                  Size of Nonpoint Pollution                ...............................................................       6

                                  Levels of knowledge              .........................................................................      7

                                  Trust of Information Sources              ...............................................................       9


                        FINDINGS 3: Level of Concern with the Negative Impacts of Nonpoint

                        Pollution in the Oyster River Watershed                       ......................................................      10

                        FINDINGS 4: Potential Nonpoint Pollution Sources and Potential

                        Contributors          .........................................................................................           I I


                        FINDINGS 5: Septic Systems                          ..............................................................        13

                                  Septic System Users              .......................................................................        13
                        FINDINGS 6: Impact Behaviors and Conservation Behaviors                                      ............................ 14

                                  Watershed Resident Behaviors                       ............................... .......................      14


                        FINDINGS 7 Environmental Attitudes and Potential Solutions                                     .........................  18


                        SUMMARY               .........................................................................................           19

                        APPENDIX A: Questionnaire and Frequencies                                ..........................................    A-1

                        APPENDIX B: Four page Summary Report                            ...................................................    B-1






                                                        UfMODUCTION

                                                        In the fall of 1995, the University of New Hampshire's Department of
                                                        Resource Economics and Development conducted a study of residents
                                                        of the Oyster River Watershed in Southern New Hampshire. This
                                                        study was made possible through the assistance of the NH Coastal
           #Study was completed by the                  Program, the Strafford Regional Planning Commission, and the
           University of New Hampshire's                concemed citizens and the local officials of the Oyster River
           Department ofResource                        Watershed. Funding for this project was through grants from the Office
           Economics and Development.                   of State Planning, NH Coastal Programs, as authorized by the National
                                                        Oceanic and Atmosphere (NOAA), Award Number NA570ZO320, and
                                                        from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Hatch
                                                        Grant Number 3 7 1.


                                                        This report provides the baseline information necessary to plan and
                                                        develop programs to abate and prevent nonpoint pollution within the
           0 77iis study provides information           Oyster River Watershed. The information contained in this report can
           from and about residents which               be used by local government officials, planners, coastal and water
           will assist in the planning and              resource management not for profit environmental organizations,
           development ofthe non point
           pollution programs in the Oyster             university researchers, educators and others interested in the
           River Watershed                              understanding the "Human Dimensions" of non-point pollution within
                                                        the Oyster River Watershed. The information will also assist in the
                                                        planning implementing and evaluating non-point pollution control,
                                                        rumination, and programs, coastal policies, and education programs
                                                        for various target populations. This study builds on previous human
                                                        dimensions research that focus on non-point pollution control and
                                                        management programs.

                                                        This narrative reports the results from the study and is organized as a
                                                        concise summary of the findings as well as a detailed reference. The
           0 The report includesfindings,               body of the report contains the findings and the associated policy
           management implications,                     implications ( i.e. provides a broad view of the research findings in
           practical applications andfuture             relation to current and future, local, state and federal non-pom*t
           research recommendations.                    pollution policies), practical applications (i.e. reports how and why
                                                        specific findings are relevant to non-point pollution within the
                                                        watershed), and research recommendations (i.e. specifies the findings in
           KEY                                          terms of both the need for additional data collection to complement
           &Miscellaneous Comment.                      future and to validate this reseuch). Miscellaneous comments serve to
           OPolicy Implications.                        highlight important findings and generally interpret the results. The data
           0 Practical Application.                     reported are found in Appendix A and Appendix B includes a copy of
           #Research Recommendation.                    the summary report distributed to the 129 respondents who requested
                                                        the results. This section describes the rationale, objectives, and the
                                                        methods used in conducting the study.

                                                        Rationale for the Study

                                                        The Oyster River and adjacent lands are important resources for New
           0 Yhe most challengesfacing the              Hampshire. Most of the challenges facing the Oyster River Watershed
           Oyster River Watershed originate             originate directly or indirectly from human activity. Some of these
           from human activity.                         activities adversely affect water quality (i.e., residential and commercial
                                                        development, road maintenance, lawn care), while other activities (i.e.,
                                                        recreation, tourism, fishing) are adversely affected by water quality.

                                                                         1






                                                        Technical solutions to many land use and water quality problems
                                                        affecting New Hampshire coastal waters are available, but obstacles
                                                        exist to -their implementation. These obstacles include the public's
                                                        lack of understanding or appreciation of the complexity of water
           *Local, state andfederal officials           quality problems and land use issues, and local governments' lack
           need a better understanding of the           of fiscal and administrative resources necessary to implement
           social and economic obstacles to             corrective or remedial actions. This is particularly true for nonpoint
           implementation of available                  pollution, where numerous unrelated actions and management
           solution to nonpoint pollution.              decisions have significant impacts ory- the- watershed system. In
                                                        New Hampshire, municipalities have the authority to enact local
                                                        land use controls and therefore play a key role in preventing and
                                                        abating nonpoint pollution.          Increased public awareness and
                                                        positive public attitudes will also be necessary to control or
                                                        minimize the impacts of nonpoint pollution on the quality of the
                                                        watershed.


                                                        Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Reauthorization Amendments of
           *Federal law requires States to              1990 (CZRA) requires coastal states with approved coastal zone
           address non point pollution                  management programs to address nonpoint pollution impacting or
           impacting coastal waters.                    threatening coastal waters. The New Hampshire Coastal Program
                                                        is currently developing a Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control
                                                        Program (CNPCP) to enhance state and locaF efforts- to manage
                                                        land use activities that may contribute to nonpoint source pollution.
                                                        As part of this program, the Oyster River Watershed Study
                                                        Steering Committee was created to oversee the Oyster River
                                                        Watershed Study. The Oyster River Watershed Study's Steering
                                                        Committee included representatives from the Strafford Regional
                                                        Planning Commission, local government officials (e.g., selectmen,
                                                        conservation commissioners, planning board members, etc.), UNH
                                                        Administrators and -concerned citizens from watershed communities
                                                        (Durham, Madbury, Lee, Barrington and Dover).


                                                        Objectives of the Study

                                                        The purpose of this research was to collect information on the
                                                        attitudes, behaviors, knowledge and perceptions of Oyster River
                                                        Watershed residents in regard to nonpoint pollution within their
                                                        watershed. More specifically, the data collected from the study:
                                                           ï¿½    identified perceptions ofthe magnitude of nonpoint
           0 This research collects data                        pollution within the Oyster River Watershed;
           which will assist in the
           development of NPP programs                     9    measured awareness, knowledge and perceptions of
           within the Oyster River Watershed                    the various causes and potential consequences of
                                                                nonpoint pollution within the watershed;

                                                           ï¿½    determined current behaviors with relevance to
                                                                nonpoint pollution and the use of coastal resources; and

                                                           ï¿½    determined preferences for various nonpoint
                                                                pollution management practices.





                                                                        2







                                                          Description of Study Area

                                                          The Oyster River Watershed is located in Southeastern New
                                                          Hampshire and encompasses the land surrounding the Oyster River,
            *Parls offive communities are                 an offshoot of the Great Bay. The watershed is approximately
            located within the Oyster River               twenty thousand acres with more than half of that amount in forest
            Watershed are Durham,                         lands. Three thousand acres are attributed to urban land cover and
            Barrington, Lee, Madbury and                  seventeen hundred acres are attributed to agricultural lands. The
            Dover.                                        entire University of New Hampshire campus and -agricultural lands
                                                          are included in the watershed. Approximately seventy-five percent
                                                          of the town of Durham, including the town's water plant (the local
                                                          source of drinking water) is located within the watershed, with
                                                          approximately seventy percent of the town of Lee, including the
              The total acreage of the                    Lee Ttaffic Circle and surrounding businesses. The watershed also
            watershed is approximately 20, 000            extends to Ba mngton, including portions roughly adjacent to Hall
            acres.                                        Road, as well as seventy-five percent of Madbury and a small sliver
                                                          of Dover near Route 108.


                                                          Study Methods

                                                          The first step of this study was to host a meeting with many local
                                                          officials, representative from various federal and state agencies.
                                                          .This meeting provided an opportunity to frame current non-point
            0 Yhe research design and                     pollution issues and to identify information needs. The meetings
            questionnaire was created with                concluded with the formation of a Steering Committee to assist in
            assistance of a steering committee,           all phases of the study process (i.e. research design, data collection,
            representing a wide range of                  analysis      and      the     development         of     implementation           of
            interests.                                    recommendations.

                                                          The Surygy. The research instrument was an eleven page survey
                                                          divided into the following nine sections: community issues (radon,
                                                          safe bike paths, school support); information sources (newspaper,
                                                          television, government agencies); nonpoint pollution sources
                                                          (boating activities, oil spills, acid rain); major concerns
                                                          (contaminated drinking water, loss of wildlife, health threats);
                                                          potential local contributors (UNH campus, gas stations, Lee traffic
                                                          circle) ; environmental attitudes (who is responsible); potential
                                                          solutions (regulatory, monetary, education); recreation and
                                                          household activities (boating, watering lawns, recycling); waste
                                                          water disposal (septic system or municipal); and about your
                                                          household (basic demographics). The questionnaire was developed
                                                          with input and suggestions from members of the Steering
                                                          Committee composed of local officials and concerned citizens.

                                                          The Sample. The goal of this research was to complete a survey of
                                                          a representative sample of the Oyster River Watershed. The survey
            0 The research design utilized a              was distributed to a stratified random sample of households within
            stratified random sample to                   the Oyster River Watershed. A conservative formula was used to
            represent all households in the               establish the number of completed surveys needed to insure
            Oyster River Watershed at the                 representation. It was calculated that three hundred and forty eight
            95% confidence level.                         surveys would need to be collected to achieve a 95% confidence
                                                          level.






                                                                            3








                                                        The project achieved a 95% confidence level with the collection of 385
                                                        completed surveys. The number distributed within each community
                                                        was based upon the total number of households within the watershed
                                                        (3262) and their distribution (Figure 1). For example, since eighteen
           OA total of 600 surveys were                 percent of the households within the watershed are in the town of Lee,
           distributed door to door within the          it would follow that 18% of the completed surveys should be from Lee
           Oyster River Watershed                       in order to be a representative sample. In the communities of Madbury
                                                        and Barrington, additional surveys were- collected to ensure- enough
                                                        data for comparisons. The following chart illustrates the distribution of
                                                        households within the watershed as well as the distribution of
                                                        completed surveys within the watershed.






                                                                   10 prcentage of total 3262 households M percentage of 385 completed sumeys



                                                                 60%-
                                                                          53%
                                                                 50%-
           & The distribution of the                             40%-
           completed surveys paralleled the
           distribution of the households                        30%-
           within the watershed                                  20%-                                18%   18%
                                                                 100/0-                 5%  10%

                                                                  0%
                                                                          Durhm         Ma&wy           Lee          Mver

                                                                               Figure I Survey Distribution




                                                        Each area of the communities within the watershed were divided into
                                                        zones of distribution. Thirty surveys were distributed in each zone,
                                                        reflecting the percentage of total household distribution within the
                                                        watershed. Each zone had a random starting point which is where the
                                                        distribution began. Surveyors approached each home, explained the
                                                        project and the survey and asked if the resident would be willing to
                                                        complete a survey. If the response was yes, the survey was then left
           &Each household had an equal                 with the resident to be collected the next day, in an agreed upon
           opportunity of being included in             location (screen door, mailbox, newspaper box). If the completed
           the sample.                                  survey was not there, the surveyor would ask the resident if it was
                                                        complete and agree to come back at a later time, or would leave a
                                                        postage paid envelope to mail back the survey when completed. Each
                                                        surveyor recorded the total number of houses approached, the total
                                                                         I
                                                                               470/c

































                                                        number of negative, and positive responses, the total number of
                                                        completed surveys collected, and the total number of envelopes left
                                                        with residents.


                                                                         4









                                                                            Profile of Survey Respondents

                                                                            The information in this section provides a profile of the respondents
                                                                            and an approximation of characteristics of the watershed residents.
                                                                            Table 1 presents a profile of those individuals who completed this
                                                                            survey.

              A comparison of the
              demographic characteristics of the                            SUMMARY OF DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
              survey respondents with census                                                                                                              
              data for the five communities                                     Age              48 years (mean) 47 (mode) 46 (median)
              suggests that the study adequately
              represents the population.                                        Gender           56% male                                                                                                   
                                                                                                 44% female                                            
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                Years in residence 15 yrs (mean) 3 yrs (mode) 10 (median)
                                                                                                          
                                                                                Own/rent         80% own their house                          
                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                Run business form home 10%                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                Registered to vote     89%
                                                                                                          
                                                                                Employment             70% employed                                                                       
                                                                                                        
                                                                                Education               1% Grammar School
                                                                                                       23% High School                                           
                                                                                                       38% College
                                                                                                       21% Masters
               Policy Implications: Over 80%                                                           18% Ph D/Professional
              of the respondents own their own                                                                                                                                                                                    
              home.  Home owners have made a                                    Table 1:  Demographic Information.                                                                                                                   
              substantial investment in the                                                              
              watershed and should be more                                      (1) FINDINGS:  COMMUNITY ISSUES WITHIN THE                        
              willing to take the necessary                                      OYSTER RIVER WATERSHED                        
              actions to protect this investment.                                                                                      
                                                                                 Community residents were presented with a list of twenty-three                                                      
                                                                                 potential community problems, and were then asked to indicate the                                                      
              Policy Implications: 76% of the                                    severity of the problem in their own community (not, small, medium, or
              sample have a college degree or                                    serious).  The listed potential problems covered a range of issues which
              above.  Suggesting that the                                        communities face in their planning and development (e.g. school
              residents of the watershed are a                                   support, air pollution, community planning, radon).
              very educated group, open to
              learning and understanding.                                        Table 2 displays an interpretation of responses through an examination
                                                                                 of the community issues which received the greatest proportion of
                                                                                 responses within each of the categories.
              This section identifies the
              relative importance of a range of
              community issues.                                                                            5



                                               COMMUNITY ISSUES
 
  Practical Applications:  Quality             Top three issues identified as a SERIOUS problem...         Percent
  if drinking water is considered one                      Safe paths for bike riders                         28%
  of the top three community issues:                       Lack of support for schools                        14%
  an excellent indication a NPP                            Quality of drinking water                          11%
  program is warranted.

                                               Top three issues identified as a MEDIUM-SIZED problem...

  Policy Implications:  Lack of                            Lack of citizen participation in community
  community participation in                               decison making                                     35%      
  decision making was identified as                        Safe paths for bike riders                         34%
  a medium size problem.  This study                       Lack of long range community planning              28%
  is an attempt to improve quanity
  and quality of input into the
  decision making process.
                                               Top three issues identified as NOT a problem...
  Unsightly/smelly garbage and                             Unsightly/smelly garbage dumps                     68%
  winter snow removal were listed as                       Winter snow removal                                59%
  "not" a problem, a good relfection                       Lack of parks and green space
  on a municipal services.
                                                Table 2:  Challengers Facing Oyster River Watershed Communities.

  Policy Implications:  Policy                  The need for safe bike paths was identified as the most serious issue
  makers and planners need to make              facing the resident of Oyster River Watershed.  The development of
  explicit the link between                     bike paths would allow residents to commute to work and minimize the
  alternative transportation systems            impact of single passenger vehicles of water and other resources.  The
  and the protection of water quailty.          lack of support for schools was also identified as a serious concern.
  For example, a "bike path for                 This concern is not unique to the watershed.  It is a common concern
  clean water coalition" could be               across the state and nation (and is identified as such is most community
  created in the watershed linking              needs assessments.  Alternatively, residents seem to feel the
  conservation commissions with                 communities do a good job with snow removal and garbage collection,
  biking and other recreation                   both being listed as "not a problem".
  interests.
                                                (2) FINDINGS:  NONPOINT POLLUTION ISSUES WITHIN
                                                 THE OYSTER RIVER WATERSHED
  This section will allow for an
  understanding of residents                    Size of nonpoint pollution problem.  Figure 2 indicates the
  perceptions of the nonpoint                   percentage of respondents who feel there is a nonpoint pollution
  pollution from a national to a loca           problem in the country, state, and town, along with their own drinking
  perspective.                                  water.  Residents' perceptions of the size of the nonpoint pollution
                                                problem varied based on proximity to their homes (i.e., the clsoer the
                                                issue was to their own drinking water, the less serious they perceived
                                                the problem).  When asked in another question 47 percent of the
                                                respondents indicated that they thought their drinking water was
                                                threatened by nonpoint pollution (32% were unsure).
                                                             6












                                                                          M Not     M Somewhat    0 Serious    0 Dont know


                                                               60%-


                                                               50%-      V

                                                               40%-

                                                                                                                 C,
             Policy Implications:                                                                                CM
                                                               30%-
           Perceptions of the size of non-
           pointpollution problems varied                      20%-
           based on the proximity of the
                                                               10%
           problem to the respondents home.
                                                                0%
                                                                         USA            NH          TOWN        DRJNKING
                                                                                                                  WATER


                                                                      Figure 2 Perceptions of Non Point Pollution

                                                        In a related question, 50% of total respondents disagreed with the
           *Sfightly over hatf of the                   statement that "the severity of the nonpoint pollution problem in the
           residents consider there to be a             New Hampshire coastal is exaggerated" and 37% were unsure. This
           nonpointpollution problem in the             suggests that many residents consider there to be a problem in the
           coastal zone and 4091ofelt their             region and many residents remain unsure about nonpoint pollution
           drinking water was threaten by               issues in the region.
           nonpoint pollution..
                                                        Levels of knowledize.         When asked how knowledgeable they are
                                                        about nonpoint pollution, the majority responded that they are
                                                        "somewhat knowledgeable" about nonpoint pollution. However, 33%
                                                        considered themselves not knowledgeable, suggesting a need for
           @Policy Implications: A majority             increased education programming. This 33% corresponds quite closely
           of residentsfeel "somewhat"                  with the 37% who indicated that they were unsure if a nonpoint
           knowledgeable about NPP. . But               pollution problem exists in the coastal zone. Only 15% of the sample
           only a small minority (15%) felt             consider themselves to be knowledgeable about nonpoint pollution.
           they were knowledgeable or very              This is somewhat surprising given the high level of education. of the
           knowledgeable. Thisfinding                   sample. Of the 4% who feel they are "very knowledgeable" about
           provides a strong rationalefor               nonpoint pollution, the ni@jority have gained that knowledge from
           policies directed towards public             some sort of work experience. Figure 3 illustrates the breakdown of
           education initiatives.
                                                        responses in regard to residents' level of knowledge.



                                                                                              MY
                                                                             KNOWLEDGK431Z
           0 Practical Applications:
                                                                                                             NOT
           There is a need to develop and
                                                                                                             33%
           distribute education materials to
           the residents of the watershed to
           increase the number ofpeople in
                                                                         SONWHAT
           the knowledgeable and very
           knowledgeable.categories.




                                                                  Figure 3 Level of Knowledge ofNon-Point Pollution

                                                                         7





                                                                           A related finding in another section of the questionnaire suggests that
                                                                           82% of the respondents support the development of education
                                                                           programs on nonpoint pollution. Thus, there is a substantial support
                                                                           base for the development of a comprehensive nonpoint pollution
                                                                           education program.

                                                                           Sources of knowledge. Table 3 presents the results from a a series of
                                                                           questions that asked respondents how much information on
                                                                           environmental issues (e.g., land use planning, water quality, nonpoint
                                                                           pollution, etc.) they received from a fisting of various information
                                                                           sources. The results suggest that there are several primary sources of
               *Fosters Daily Democrat and the                             knowledge for -environmental information. The data indicates 32.2%
               Boston Globe are important                                  of respondents receive information on nonpoint pollution from
               sources of information on nonpoint                          newspaper articles in Fosters Daily Democrat (has the largest
               pollution in the coastal region.                            circulation in the watershed) and 27% consider the Boston Globe a
                                                                           primary source. Environmental groups are getting their message out
                                                                           with nearly 201/o considering these organizations a primary sources of
                                                                           information.


                                                                           One the other end of this spectrum residents do not consider local
                                                                           officials (5.5%), state officials (5%) or federal officials (4.6%) to be
               0 Policy Implications: Th           Ie Oyster               primary source of information. Likewise, contrary to the common
               River Study Steering Committee                              view only 6% of the sample considered annual town meetings to be a
               should share the resultsfrom this                           primary source of information, On a local level many people depend
               study with local and regional                               on their friends and neighbors for information. Thus even if only a
               media outlets to encourage more                             small number of people attend education initiatives, these results
               environmental articles and                                  suggest that the information will Muse through informal information
               programming.                                                networks.


                                                                           When asked the direct question "What is the primary source of your
                                                                           knowledge of nonpoint pollution?" newspapers were identified as the
               0 Research Recommendation:                                  primary source for 32% of the sample, work was identified by 14%,
               Further analysis of this data base                          9.5% identified television, and 5% identified other people or books as
               should investigate the relationship                         the their primary source. Again, 26% indicated that had limited
               between information sources and                             knowledge on nonpoint pollution.
               actual andperceived knowledge.
                                                                           :'N                                                                                                  . . .....
                                                                                             TIOW         OURCK                    ...
                                                                                                                                ............
                                                                                                                                                                                  M.
                                                                                                                                ....... .. .                             -P .........  U,
                                                                                                                                                    ............
                                                                                               ...........
                                                                                                                            .......... .. ......... ........
                                                                                                                                                                                 . . . ...... .
                                                                               W  .....
                                                                                            ... . . ..
                                                                                                                                        . ........ .
                                                                                           . . ... ..... .                 .. .....
                                                                                               ...........                 ......... .7...
                                                                                                                                                                                 ...........
                                                                           ............
                                                                                                           "j1*60*      . ........... .-
                                                                                                                                                                            2.
                                                                                                                            .... ....
                                                                                                                            loc .. t.                                       ........
                                                                                                                                        . ..............
                                                                                                                          ......... ....
                                                                                                                 ............ ...


                                                                                                                                ..         . . .....
                                                                                                                                          ............
                                                                              ............ ..................
                                                                                                                             .. ....... . ..
               0 Practical Applications.
                                                                                               ..........


                                                                                                                                                    .........                          ..
               Results provide a strong rationale

                                                                                                                                                  ..............
               for the development ofpeer
                                                                                                                            RVPP
                                                                                                           . . .. . . . .. ...........
               education programs. Persons
                                                                                                        ...                        .......... ::%iii*@i::,@:@::@@i:ii:.:@:@@i::::::Iii
                                                                           .......                                                                             ......
                                                                                          ..........
               attending education programs
               should be encouraged to share
                                                                                                                                                             .... . ...... .
                                                                                                                                   ::o
                                                                                                                                        ri onnation;
                                                                                    ...... ...   ... ..
               what they learned and their                                                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                           ............
                                                                                                                                              ...................
                                                                                                                                                .... ..........
                                                                                                                                                         ...... ........
                                                                                                                                   .... . ........
               learning materials withfamily and                                                                                        .. ...... ..
                                                                           .......... ..........  .............
                                                                                                                 .....................
                                                                                                                                                                  ........ . .
                                                                           .............
                                                                                    ..... ....... ......... .
                                                                                                                                   . . ..........
                                                                                                                                           ......                       ....
               friends.
                                                                                            ---         ........  .............
                                                                            ..........
                                                                                                  - T.
                                                                                                                                                      ... .... .............
                                                                                       ... .... . .                                     ....... .. .....        ... .....   . .. ...-
                                                                                                      .............
                                                                                   . ...... . ..                                           ....... .. ...........
                                                                                                                                                                 .... . .... .....  ......
                                                                                                                                . . .................. ....... ...... .......................
                                                                           Table 3. SourcesforInformation.

                                                                                                 8





                                                                              Trust of Information Sources


                                                                              Table 4 presents the results from the question set that asked
                                                                              respondents to rate their level of trust that they place in various source
              0 "ile newspapers and television                                of environmental information. The results suggests that sample place
              are listed as top sources of                                    the most trust in the environmental information presented by National
              information, the majority of                                    Public Radio, UNH Cooperative Extension, environmental groups and
              residents onlyfeel they in "some                                books. It is important to note that books was the only source that
              trust.                                                          ranked in the top five for both sources of information and levels of
                                                                              trust. State and federal government officials prompted the lowest level
                                                                              of trust from respondents.




                                                                                                                                              .................
                                                                                   P Z
                                                                                                                                                                                    t...
                                                                                                                                                                              rM       ....
                                                                                    ..........                                                                              e - n@     ....
                                                                                      .................  ...........                     ......
                                                                                                                                                                      ...........
                                                                                                                                                                        ... ... .........
                                                                                   Uim,        -T@:TRUMTXED:@@so              s@ 0@
                                                                              TO
                                                                              .. .... . ........
                                                                              .. ... . ....... .. .. .
                                                                                        ............
                                                                                                                                                                      .. .......................
                                                                                                                                                  . .. . ... .... .. ..... ..     ..........
              0 UNH Cooperative Extension is
                                                                                                                                                                      .... ..............
              considered by the sample to be a                                                     4b essjd&1:::J
                                                                                                                    dd m-a     . .... .
                                                                                                                                                .......................
                                                                                                           Itaffib:
              trusted source of information.                                                           b
                                                                                                          . . .... . .....     .. ....
                                                                                                                   . . . ........... . .....
                                                                                                                                                       . ... . . . ......
                                                                                         ......                               00
                                                                              ...........................
                                                                                                                                      ............
                                                                                                                                                                              ................
                                                                                                                                                                         ...... .........
                                                                                                                                                                         . .....................


                                                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                              a
              0 Practical Applications.                                                            @ï¿½60=1 or                  ".4                 ...................
                                                                                                                                      ........ . .. .
                                                                                        .........................
              Consider the development of a
                                                                                                                                            .... .. ............
                                                                                         .... .   . ...                       ..
                                                                                      . .....                                                                                 gn  . ..... .
                                                                                                                                                                      . ..... ......
              certification programfor residents
                                                                                                                              . . . . ..... ..... ............ . ....
                                                                                                                                                                          .... ..........
                                                                                                                                ............................
                                                                                                                              ............. ........... ..........
              who participate in nonpoint
                                                                                                                                                  ... ........                    ..........
                                                                                                               ............
                                                                                                             a
                                                                                                  0'ft    M
              pollution education programs so                                                       ........ -i -1
                                                                                                                                                             ..........
                                                                              ...... ... .......... ..                        'M                                      . ...
                                                                                   ....... ......
                                                                                   .....................
              they can improve their credibility
                                                                                                                              ............................ .... .
                                                                                                                                                         .. ....... .           ...............
                                                                                                                              ..........................
                                                                              ............
                                                                              U6
                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                 UIPM
              with theirfriends and neighbors.                                                                         5: OV     orm
                                                                                                                                  . . ..... ...


                                                                                                                   ............
                                                                                                                                                   ..................  ............
                                                                                   .... ........
                                                                              ......... ..
                                                                                                                                                                .............     ........
                                                                                                                                                             ..............       ......
                                                                                                                                                             .........................  ........
                                                                                   .............          ........                            ........
                                                                              .......        .....                                        ..........


                                                                                   . .......         ....
                                                                              .............
                                                                                   ........... ...                                                                    ...................
                                                                                                                                               .......... .
                                                                                                                 ... ..........
                                                                              ....................                                                                                .......
                                                                                    --da       J
                                                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                                                                              ....... ......
                                               Nonpoint
                                                                                                                       . .............................. . . ..
                 Policy Implications.
                                                                                           .....                       . .....        ........
                                                                                           ......................
                                                                                       .........................
              pollution education and
                                                                                                                                                                              ..............
                                                                                                 U;
              information programs and
                                                                              ..........
                                                                                                                                                           ....                   .. ........
              materials should be presented and                                                                        ........
                                                                                                                                                                      . . ........

                                                                                                                       . ...... .      ..
                                                                              .. ....... ... .
                                                                                                         . .. .......                                            ..........
                                                                                                           05MCM.-
                                                                                                                                                             . ......... ................. .......
              prepared at the local level since
                                                                              .... . . . .. ........... .                                                                    ..... .
              many residents of the watershed
                                                                                                                              . . . ..........
                                                                                                                                                .. ....... .....  ..............- ......
              question the credibility of state                               Table 4 Levels of Tnist ofInformalion Sources.
              andjederal officials as information
              sources.
                                                                              The survey itself was an important public education tool. For example,
                                                                              the survey required that 385 residents think about the nonpoint
              0 The survey was an important                                   pollution issues in their watershed in answering the questions. In
              education toolfor the sample of                                 addition, twenty five percent of the persons completing the survey,
              Oyster River Watershed residents.                               expressed a need for more information about nonpoint pollution and
                                                                              related topics. This providing a valuable foot in the door for the
                                                                              provision of education materials.
                   Research Recommendation:                                   Residents' perceptions and attitudes are shaped to some extent by these
              There is a need to do further                                   various sources. Town officials need to examine the possible sources
              analysis with this data in order to                             in determining the best avenue for public education. When asked in
              better understand how personal
              and behavioral factors influence                                related attitudinal questions, 93% agreed with the statement "every
              "trust                                                          person is responsible for protecting the qua-litv of the natural
                                                                              environment".


                                                                                                 9





                                                                                                (3) FINDINGS: LEVEL OF CONCERN WrM THE
                                                                                                NEGATIVE EUPACTS OF NONPOINT POLLUTIN IN THE
                                                                                                OYSTER RIVER WATERSHED


                                                                                                This section presents the results from a series of questions intended to
                                                                                                measure         -the Oyster River Watershed (ORWS) residents level of
                   0 This section documents residents                                           concern with the many potential adverse consequences of the nonpoint
                   level of concerns with the many                                              pollution within the watershed'. The sample ofresidents were asked to
                   potential consequences ofnonpoint                                            indicate their level of concern for potential impacts fi7om nonpoint
                   pollution.                                                                   pollution (not, slightly, concerned or very), was measured with a fist of
                                                                                                13 negative impacts of nonpoint pollution.

                                                                                                The results to this question are interpreted through an examination of
                                                                                                the negative impacts which received the greatest proportion of
                                                                                                responses within each categories (Table 6). Concerns voiced by
                   0 Practical Applications:                                                    residents centered primarily on personal health and safiAy. This is
                   The level of residents concern                                               evident by the top three responses in both the "very concerned" and
                   with the potential impacts of                                                of concerned" categories. The residents were not as concerned with loss
                   nonpoint pollution can be used as                                            of tourism revenue, diminished property values, and., closed shellfish
                   a mechanism to mobilize citizen                                              areas.
                   and community actions.
                                                                                                It is important to ascertain the concerns of a community in order to find
                                                                                                the most effective direction for an education program. Based upon
                                                                                                their findings, a public education program within the Oyster River
                                                                                                Watershed should be targeted to the health concerns of residents to be
                                                                                                most effective.
                   @Policy Implications: Education
                   programs need to provide Oyster
                                                                                                                                                                                           . ..........
                                                                                                U.- M.Mve.- ER; N-SX.
                   River Watershed residents with                                               ............                        . . . . . .......................
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ............... ... .....
                                                                                                     IV                                               ON.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ......................
                   accurate information on the impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                   ...........
                   ofnonpointpollution on health
                                                                                                T
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .. ............... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .. .. .. .. ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .......... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ...........
                                                                                                                                          &
                                                                                                   . .. ...........                                                                                                   ................
                   and water quality.
                                                                                                                                         ..................                                                                       ......
                                                                                                                                                                                                   . ....... .............. .........  ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                   ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                               . ... ..... ..
                                                                                                ........... ...............

                                                                                                                             ....................... .........
                                                                                                                             ...........  ...... ........
                                                                                                                                                                                           ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                               ..............
                                                                                                                                                                    .................................
                                                                                                                                              M-": W-21t
                                                                                                                                                                                                         . .................. ........ .
                                                                                                                                                                    W         . .....
                   #Research Recommendation                                                                                                                                                                              . ........
                                                                                                . ..........
                                                                                                                                                                        .................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .........
                   There is a need to examine the
                                                                                                                                                                                                   .............. ......... ...
                                                                                                                                                          .... .. .... .....               .. .... .. ...
                                                                                                                                                                .. ............. .....
                   relationship between property                                                                                                  a
                                                                                                       .. . ... ....... ..............
                   values and nonpoint pollution.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .................
                                                                                                                    . ... ..     bessmu              -c                 k         M- [email protected]
                                                                                                                               ..... ...... "'then @ - j
                                                                                                                                                      ..... . ........                             . ..........
                   Residents are not overly concerned                                                                                                                   .....
                                                                                                   ...... ............. .......
                                                                                                                                          0
                                                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                                                                          . .. .............
                   about the threat that nonpoint                                                                          .0        W
                                                                                                                                  ....    ....
                                                                                                                                                                                  .........................
                                                                                                ...... .....
                   pollution represents to tourism and                                                                                            ... .
                                                                                                                                                     010.
                                                                                                                                    'D                                         tj   ...
                   property values. Research should
                                                                                                                                     ............
                   investigate if nonpoint pollution is
                                                                                                ..........                                                      .......                                 ...
                                                                                                                                                                             do       d
                   a threat to tourism andproperty
                   values
                                                                                                ............                            . ..... .. $'                             ..... . ......... . ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      . . ........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ..........
                                                                                                                .......... ::::::'D-'                                   . .............
                                                                                                                                                                                    .......................................... ....
                                                                                                                                                                                           ....... .... .. ............
                                                                                                                                                                                             ............
                   @Policy Implications: To be most
                                                                                                .. ..........                                                           .... .         ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ..........
                   effective in securing public support                                         ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                            .... .. ........
                                                                                                0W.                       '01ts.) Jer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ..........
                   for nonpoint pollution, control                                                                                                                  .0
                                                                                                                                                  ---,--jb b"

                                                                                                                                                                                           .. ...... ... .... .
                   public information efforts should
                                                                                                                ............. ..
                                                                                                             ... ... .. .. ..
                   focus on health and environmental                                                                               :@o: unsat-wyenues.-
                                                                                                                                                         . ................. .... X.:
                   concerns, as opposed to economic
                                                                                                             ................. . ...
                                                                                                                                                                                           .............

                                                                                                                                                                            .................. ....................
                   or interest group concerns.
                                                                                                                                       ... .............
                                                                                                                                                                                               . .. . .......
                                                                                                                                                              . ... ... ....... ... ......... .....
                                                                                                             .............
                                                                                                Table 5.-Nonpoint Pollution Concerns of Oyster River Residents.

                                                                                                                         10


                


                                         4) FINDINGS:  POTENTIAL NONPOINT POLLUTION
                                         SOURCES AND POTENTIAL LOCAL CONTRIBUTORS.
                                         The potential sources of nonpoint pollution within the Oyster River
                                         Watershed are numerous.  Residents were given a list of 32 possible
                                         sources of nonpoint pollution and asked theri opinion of the extent that
This section document residents          each of the 32 potential sources of nonpoint pollution affect the Oyster
perception of the extent to which        River Watershed.  Residents could choose between "does not affect",
various activities contribute to the     "slightly affects", "moderately affects", "strongly affects", and "most
nonpoint pollution problems.             strongly affects" options.  Respondents where also provided a "don't
                                         know option".  Table 6 reports the results from these questions.

There is a need for additional           SOURCES OF NON POINT POLLUTION
research that investigates the                                                                    Percents
accuracy of residents perceptions        Top three issues identified as MOST STRONGLY affects nonpoint pollution...
of the causes of nonpoint pollution
and the extent that know self-                     Acid Rain                                         21%
reported levels of knowledge effect                Toxic waste                                       20%
perceptions of sources of nonpoint                 Oil spills                                        19%
pollution..

Acid rain was identified as most          Top three issues identified as STRONGLY affecting nonpoint
strongly affecting the Oyster River       pollution...
Watershed.  Each of theses sources
are beyond the control of local                     Runoff from urban areas                          25%                  
residents.  Only 2% of the sample                   Household septic systems                         25%
identified logging as contributing                  Discharges or dumping from boats                 22%
to nonpoint pollution and only 3%
identified house construction as          Top three issues identified as MODERATELY affecting nonpoint
contributing to the problem.              pollution...
                                                   
                                                     Home lawn and garden chemicals                  32%
                                                     Runoff from cropland                            31%
                                                     Runoff from urban areas                         30%

                                          Top three issues identified as SLIGHTY affecting nonpoint
                                          pollution...
Practical Applications:
There is a need for more volunteer                   Wildlife                                        41%        
water quality monitoring so that                     House construction                              41%
the actual contribution of some of                   Logging or timber harvest                       34%
these potential contributors can be
determined.  These monitoring             Top three issues identified as NOT affecting nonpoint
programs will also serve an               pollution...
important education role.           
                                                     Medical waste                                   21%
                                                     Mining                                          16%
                                                     Logging or timber harvest                       15%

                                           Top three issues as DON'T KNOW affecting nonpoint
                                           pollution...
It is important to note that two
of the top three "don't know"                        Fuel storage tanks                               24%    
responses have been identified as                    Medical waste                                    22%
nonpoint pollution contributors                      Boat moors                                       21%
within the watershed.                         
                                           Table 6 Potential Nonpoint Pollution Sources.


                                                       11

 
                                              Based on the list of 32 potential sources of nonpoint pollution,
                                              repondents were asked to identify the top three sources of nonpoint
                                              pollution, 12 percent of the respondents identified acid rain, 11 %
                                              identified household septic systems and 6% identified oil spills.

The Steering Committee wanted                 A number of members of Oyster River Watershed Study Steering
to know who local residents blame             Committee expressed a need for a better understanding of residents
for Oyster River's nonpoint                   perceptions of the extent to which specific locations within the
pollution problems.                           watershed contribute to the area's nonpoint pollution problems.  Table
                                              7 presents the results to this question.  Respondents were provided a
                                              list of ten contributors and were asked if the identified source "very
                                              strongly contributes", "strongly contributes", "slightly contributes", and
The nonpoint pollution impacts                "does not contribue".  The results to this question are interpreted
of the development at the Lee                 through an examination of the potential contributors which received the
Traffic Circle was a concern of               greatest proportion of responses within each of the categories.
some of the members of the
Steering Committee but was not                Residents perceived the UNH campus, home septic systems, and
considered an important                       automobiles as top contributors in the area.  Residents indicated several                      
contributor by respondents.                   that they feel do not contribute to nonpoint pollution within the Oyster  
                                              River Watershed.  The Lee Traffic Circle created the least concern with
                                              14% of respondents feeling it "does not contribute."  Industrial parks
Policy Implications:  All of the
"very strong" potential local                 POTENTIAL LOCAL CONTRIBUTORS
contributors to nonpoint pollution
were all related to single                    Top three identified VERY STRONG contributors...                   Percent
passenger vehicles (i.e., much of 
UNH Campus contributions are                          Automobiles                                                13%
related to parking lots) providing                    Gas stations                                               11%
more support for planning and                         UNH campus                                                 10%
policy initiativges that focus on the
reducing the university                       Top three identified as STRONG contributors...
community's dependence on single             
passenger vehicles.                                   Automoblies                                                48%
                                                      UNH campus                                                 47%
                                                      Gas stations                                               42%
Practical Applications:
Construction activities and UNH                Top three identified as SLIGHT contributors..
Farms and Home Lawns & Gardens
were not perceived by the sample                      Construction activities                                    65%       
as very strongly contributing to                      UNH farms                                                  61%
nonpoint pollution.  Education                        Commercial agriculture                                     56%
initiatives need to address this
perception..                                   Top three identified as NOT contributors...

Policy Implications:  It is
important to note that respondents                    Lee traffic circle                                         14%                            
separate the UNH campus from the                      Industrial park                                            10%
University farming activities.                        UNH farms                                                   8%

                                               Table 7:  Potential Local Contributors

                     
                                                             12       






                                                         (5) FINDWGS: SEPTTC SYSTEMS

           0 Fi percent ofthe survey                     SMfic Ustem users. Fifty -percent of mrvey-respondents have septic
               rAv
           respondents have septic system.               systems. Of the respondents who have septi-c- -systems, 93% know the
           This is a very close approximation            location of the septic system. The average year of installation for septic
           to the proportion of the total non            systems in the Oyster River Watershed was 1980.
           UNH student population.
                                                         The use and maintenance of these systems was identified as a potential
                                                         nonpoint pollution sources by survey respondents, therefore the actual
                                                         maintenance practices of those with systems are of interest. Figure 4
                                                         demonstrates how often residents check the level of sludge and scum in
           @Policy Implications: Residents               their septic system. Septic system owners, for the most part, are
           with septic systems accept                    willing to take responsibility for maintenance. One question asked
           responsibilityfor the maintenance             opinions concerning an acceptable cost sharing scheme between the
           and upgrading of their systems.               homeowner, town, county, state and federal government, to finance the
                                                         upgrade or replacement of the system. On the average, homeowners
                                                         fisted a cost sharing scheme of 63.3% for homeowners, with the
                                                         remaining distributed between various levels of government.                     Of
                                                         particular note seventy seven percent of respondents felt homeowners
                                                         should carry all of the cost associated with upgrading and/or replacing
                                                         septic systems.

                                                                                only when     every 6
                                                                                there is a    months     never
                                                                                 problem       7%         11%
                                                                                  10%


                                                                                        .............
                                                                            every 7
           VA majority of the sample (53%),                                 years
                                          ge
           have never checked their slud                                     1%
           level, only check it when there is a
           problem or only check once every                                    e;Z3
           three years.                                                                                         every year
                                                                                32%                               39%


                                                                     Figure 4: Frequency of Checking Sludge Levels

                                                         Septic system owners would be an excellent target population for
                                                         public education. Many homeowners move onto property with septic
           0 Practical Applications:                     systems without being properly educated about the maintenance of
           Education materials need to be                their systems. According to this research, almost half (441/o) of septic
           developed and distributed to                  system owners are putting products harmful to septic systems, such as
           residents about the care oftheir              bleach and food waste, into their systems. When asked what would
           septic systems.                               motivate them to regularly maintain their septic systern, 51.7% of
                                                         respondents stated they already maintain their systems.
           0 Practical Applications.                     Table 5 fists various motivations for maintaining septic systems with
           Results suggest that local septic             corresponding percentages of residents who feel the method would
           system companies might improve                motivate them to maintain the system. It is interesting to note the top
           business if they offer coupon and             three motivations: to avoid replacing the system (52.8%), a property
           send reminders (i.e., like dentist            tax discount (34.41/6), and more information (31.7%). Regulations
           offices).                                     were thought to be the least effective method of motivation (12.8%),
                                                         as were cash coupons (18.9%).
                                                                         13






                                                                                        already maintain                                                         51.7
               0 Practical Applications.-                                                     systems
               Education materials need to be                                                property tax                                       34.4
               developed and distributed to                                                    discount
               residents that explains that routine                                             personal
               maintenance will extend the life of                                             satisfaction                                29.9
               their septic systems andprotect
               water quality at the same time.                                                 regulations                 12.8

                                                                                          reminders from                                   28.9
                                                                                            companies
               0 Practical Applications:                                                to avoid replaing
               Septic systems owners would be an                                              system .1                                                            52.8
               excellent group to targetfor
               education. Addresses-are                                                     cash coupons                         18.9
               available or in communities with
               no municipal systems - town                                             more information                                      31.7
               mailings, information in                                                                     i         I         I         I
               newsletter, etc.                                                                             0        10       20        30        40         50        60




                   Research Recommendation
               Future research projects might test                                              Figure 5: Motivations to Check Sewer System
               and evaluate the effectiveness of
               different information and                                     Within the Oyster River Watershed, residents tend to know the
               incentives programs (e.g., actually                           importance          of maintaining their systems, and on the whole can afford
               test response to various types of                             to take care of their systems. Looking to the firture, how will the
               offers--could be done in                                      communities deal with the increasingly difficult task of disposing of the
               cooperation with reputable septic
               system service companies).                                    pumped sludge? By targeting system owners, this group can be
                                                                             involved in fiiture community decisions which will definitely impact
                                                                             them, such as when communities switch over to municipal sewer
                                                                             systems-



                                                                             (6)           FINDINGS:                     EMPACT                   BEHAVIORS                          AND
                                                                             CONSERVATION BEHAVIORS


                                                                             Watershed resident behaviors. Many individual behaviors will
                                                                             impact the extent that nonpoint pollution impacts water quality in
                                                                             an area. There are a number of behaviors that need to be monitored
                                                                             or controlled to prevent misuse and subsequent pollution. A vast
               SA vast majority (93%) of the                                 majority (93%) of respondents feel that every person is responsible
               residents believe that we are all                             for protecting the quality of the natural environment.                                              Table
               equally responsiblefor protecting                             presents the results of a question which established residents'
               the natural environment                                       behavior are impacted by nonpoint pollution. The results to this
                                                                             question are interpreted through an examination of the behaviors
                                                                             which received the greatest proportion of responses within each of
                                                                             the categories.

                                                                             Table 8 presents the relative frequency that residents participate in a
                                                                             wide range of outdoor recreation activities. The survey provide the
                                                                             respondents with a list of various outdoor recreation activities and
                                                                             asked them how often they participate in each from never to very
                                                                             often (results were collapsed from 5 response choices to 3).

                                                                                                     14





                                         RECREATION ACTIVITIES                   Often    Some   Not
                                         Sail, canoe, kayaks                       15%     42%   43%
Appreciative recreation activities
(i.e., enjoying scenery, hiking bird     Swim in the Oyster River/Great Bay         6%     53%   41%         
watching) had the highest
participation rates and                  Water ski                                  2%     20%   79%
consumptive activities (hunting,
harvesting shellfish, etc.) had some     Jet ski                                    6%      6%   93%
of the lowest.  
                                         Wind surf                                  2%      9%   90%
Practical Applications:
Understanding how people use the         Enjoy scenery                             87%     12%    6%
watershed allows for a better
understanding of the types things        Bird/nature walk                          55%     42%   13%
that might motivate them to protect
it.                                      Hunt waterfowl                             2%      6%   91%

                                         Fish                                      13%     35%   53%
Research Recommendation
Further analysis of this data set        Harvesting shellfish                       2%     13%   89%   
should investigate the relationship
between participation in various         Snowmobile                                 2%      9%   89%
outdoor recreation activities and
support for various nonpoint             Table 8:  Participation in Recreational Activities.
pollution control initiatives.      
                                         Table 9 presents the relative frequency that residents participate in a
                                         various community activities.  The survey provide the respondents
                                         with a list fo 5 community activities and asked them how often
                                         they participate in each from never to very often (results were
                                         collapsed form 5 response choices to 3).  The results indicate that a
                                         majority of the sample use UNH facilities.  The question was
                                         nebulously worded, so the use could range for recreation facilities,
                                         concerts, or special events (Durham and UNH share library
                                         resources).  Residents of the watershed are also very active in
                                         volunteer activities with only 16 percent of sample indicating that
 Policy Implications:  Over 70           they never volunteer.  Somewhat of surprise was the finding that
percent of watershed households          26% of those completing the survey indicated that they never
never participate in Coast Week          attend annual town meetings/
activities but a majority of the
sample volunteer at least                COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES                      Often      Some     Not
"sometime" suggesting that the           Attend town meetings                       21%        53%     26%
NH Coastal Program may need to
evaluate their programming               Participate in community activities        16%        70%     14%
and/or promotional efforts.
                                         Participate in volunteer activities        22%        62%     16%
Research Recommendation:
Further analysis of this data to         Utilize UNH facilities                     29%        55%     16%               
investigate the relationship
between participation in various         Participate in coastal week activities      2%        27%     70%
volunteer and town function s
knowledge, attitudes and behaviors       Table 9:  Participation in Communities Activities.
towards nonpoint pollution            
                   
                                                       15





                                          Table 10 presents the relative frequency that residents participate in
                                          a various household activities.  The survey provide the respondents
                                          with a list of eight household activities and asked them how often
                                          they participate in each from never to very often (results were 
                                          collapsed from 5 response choices to 3).

                                          HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES                        Often       Some        Not
A majority of the sample use salt         Use salt on your driveway or walks            6%         55%        39%  
on driveways, apply lawn
chemicals and garden pesticides.          Apply lawn chemcials/fertilizer               6%         53%        41%

                                          Apply garden pesticides/chemicals             2%         48%        50%
Approximately half of the
watershed residents periodically          Change the oil of your car at home           13%         10%        70%  
test their water.  This suggests that
they are concerned about water            Apply water to you lawn                      13%         66%        21%
quality.
                                          Wash you car at home                         12%         69%        19%

                                          Test the water quality at home                4%         46%        50%
Policy Implications:  Residents
household activities in that it will      Water your garden                            26%         55%        13%  
allow policy makers and educators
pinpoint the more prevalent               Table 10:  Participation in Various Household Activities.
behaviors and target policy or
education programs based on that          Table 11 presents the relative frequency that residents participate in
information...                            a various household activities.  The survey provide the respondents
                                          with a list of eight household activities and asked them how ofter
                                          they participate in each from never to very often (results were
                                          collapsed from 5 response choices to 3).
Research Recommendation:
Further analysis of this data
should investigate the relationship       CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES                                 Often        Some         Not
between household activities/             Change your car oil at a commercial establishment        66%          23%         11%                 
conservation activities and support
for various nonpoint pollution            Use environmentally friendly household products          54%          44%          2%                        
control programs.
                                          Pump out septic system                                   19%          29%         46%

                                          Reduce water usage                                       37%          59%          4%
                     
                                          Remove trees/shrubs near septic system                   15%          34%         53%
A vast majority of the sample
(88%) recycle and a large                 Compost                                                  31%          30%         38%                      
percentage use environmentally
friendly products at least                Recycle                                                  89%          10%          3%                              
sometimes.                                                                                          
                                          Use low phosphate detergents                             59%          32%          9%

                                          Table 11:  Participation in Various Conservation Activities.


                                                       16                                



                                          Table 12 presents a summary of the characteristics of the
                                          households within the watershed.  Information is presented on
                                          water conserving behavior membership in environmental
                                          organizations, their source of drinking water, methods of waste
Practical Applications:  A                water disposal and the rate of use of common household appliances
running faucet puts 3-5 gallons of        (i.e., dishwashers, washing machines).  The table below lists a
water down the drain every minute it      number of water conservation behaviors and the corresponding
is on.  If you turn off the water you     percentage of Oyster River Residents who participate in these
can save up to 9 gallons each time        behaviors.  When asked about possible conservation solutions, 75%
you brush your teeth and 14 gallons       feel effective long range solutions to environmental problems
each time you shave.                      depend upon changing lifestyles to fit nature.

                                          HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
                                          Behaviors
Practical Applications:  A
faucet aerator is a simple device         Install low flow shower head            12%
which costs less than $4 and can          Install water conservers in toilet      21%
be installed on faucets to save on        Install low flow toilets                23%
water use.  Aerators cut use by as        Recycle gray water on garden             6%
much as 280 gallons a month for a         Turn off water while soaping            16%
typical family of four.  Although         Install low flow taps                   12%
the flow is reduced, it seems             Stop running water while shaving        48%
stronger because air is mixed with        Stop washing car                        21%
the water as it leaves the tap.  Only     Stop watering lawns                     28%
12% of respondents have installed
any type of low-flow taps; if even        Activities
50% of respondents (193                   Membership in environmental groups
households) installed them it would       Nature conservancy                      12%
result in roughly 635,250 gallons         Society for Protection of NH Forests   8.3%
of water saved every year.                NH nonpoint                            5.4%
                                          Sierra Club                            3.1%
                                          Friends of Seacoast Science Center     3.1%
Although the level of                     NH Lake Association                    1.4%
participation in environmental            Strafford Rivers Conservancy           1.1%
groups would initially appear             Great Bay Conservation Trust            .6%
somewhat low according to                 NHDES Volunteer                          3%
American Public Opinion Data the
national average is only about 3%.        Household Characteristics
Therefore most of the listed              Primary source of drinking water
organizations in this survey              well on property                      45.8%
actually have an above average            municipal water                       34.6%
participation level based upon this       bottled water                          9.4%
representative sample of residents.       filtered tap water                     6.7%
                                          do not know                             .3%
Over 9% of the sample drink
bottled water.  This suggest that         Method of waste disposal
many residents have concerns              public sewer system                   40.1%
about their drinking water.               septic system                         51.7%
                                          do not know                            8.2%
8% of this sample do not know             Number of bathrooms in home            2.2(mean)
where their waste water goes.             Number of showers in home              1.7(mean)
                                          Dishwasher in home                    74.8%
                                                average times run per week       3.2(mean)
                                          Washing machine in home               89.7%
                                                average times run per week       4.5(mean)

                                          Table 12:  Summary of Information.


                                                       17




                                         (7) FINDINGS:  ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES AND
                                         POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

                                         Table 13 presents the results from a series of questions that ask
                                         respondents for their opinions of who is or should be responsible
                                         for controlling or abating nonpoint pollution.  Residents were
                                         presented with ten statements which list a wide range of responsible
                                         parties.  Identifying who the public feels is responsible is an
                                         important first step in the prevention and abatement of nonpoint
                                         pollution.

                                         RESPONSIBLE PARTY                                   Disagree         Unsure        Agree
                                         Every person is repsonsible for protecting the     
                                         quality of the natural environment                      3%             4%           93%
Practical Application:
Watershed residents feel that            Citizens are willing to take personal responsibility
everyone is responsible for the          to reduce pollution from nonpoint sosurces             41%            25%           34%     
quality of the environment. But 
they don't believe that citizens will    Responsibility for developing nonpoint pollution
accept responsiblity.  Thus,             prevention programs should lie mainly with the
providing a rational for                 state govenment                                        42%            27%           31%     
government control programs.
                                         If there is continual pollution of our lakes,
                                         streams, and air, nature's process will purify
                                         the systems                                            83%            10%             7%
Policy Implication:  Watershed
residents do not think that              I don't need to be concerned about reducing
voluntary measures will be               nonpoint pollution because other people are
adequate in controlling nonpoint         doing so                                               88%             7%             5%     
pollution.
                                         Waterfront landowners should be more strictly
                                         regulated concerning nonpoint pollution than
                                         inland landowners                                      36%            26%            38%
Research Recommendation:
Further analysis of this data            Voluntary measures are adequate in controlling
should investigate the underlying        nonpoint pollution                                     65%            22%            13%
dimensions of the "responsibility"
construct.                               Responsibility for developing nonpoint pollution
                                         should lie mainly with the local town government       36%            30%            34%

Policy Implication:  Nonpoint            Responsibility for developing nonpoint pollution
pollution programs and policies          should lie mainly with the federal government          52%            31%            17%
should be an cooperative effort
between all levels of government.        Development of nonpoint pollution prevention
                                         programs should be a shared responsibility between
                                         local and federal government                           11%            14%            75%

                                         Table 13 Attitudes towards Responsible Parties

                                         Table 14 presents the results from a series of questions that asks
                                         respondents to evaluate a series of potential solutions which may be
                                         necessary to control or abate nonpoint pollution.  Residents were
                                         presented with ten statements which encompass potential solution
                                         paths for nonpoint pollution abatement and control.  These
                                         solutions addressed such possibilities as regulations, monetary
                                         solutions and voluntary measures.





                                                         POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS                              Disagree      Unsure       Agree
                                                         I am willing to pay higher property taxes to
                                                         protect the quality of my drinking water.           32%           33%         18%
Practical Applications:  A
majority of the watershed residents                      Mandatory requirements and penalties are
recognize that mandatory                                 necessary to ensure control of nonpoint pollution   13%           24%         63%                        
requirements and penalties may be
necessary to control nonpoint                            I would be willing to make a voluntary
pollution.                                               contribution to control nonpoint pollution
                                                         within the Oyster River Watershed                   25%           40%         34%

                                                         Strict government-wide measures will need
                                                         to be imposed since few people will address
                                                         nonpoint pollution themselves                       24%           31%         45%
Policy Implications:  A large
portion of the residents are                             State lottery monies should be used to control
"unsure" what they think about                           nonpoint pollution.                                 27%           34%         39%                  
potential solutions.  This suggest
that a combination of well thought                       When communities contribute to the nonpoint
out policy and public information                        pollution problems, the community should
could produce a viable solution.                         pay for the proper disposal or cleanup               7%           24%         69%

                                                         The benefits of nonpoint pollution controls
                                                         outweigh any fiscal costs                           25%           42%         33%

                                                         My local government is genuinely interested in
                                                         reducing nonpoint pollution in the Oyster
                                                         River Watershed                                      7%           55%         38%
Research Recommendation:
Further analysis of this data                            A local surtax should be passed to control
should investigate behavioral and                        nonpoint pollution                                  42%           45%         13%                
attitudinal influences on support
for the various solutions.                               Any program to reduce nonpoint pollution
                                                         should combine public education and moderate
                                                         government regulations                               5%           13%         82%

                                                         Table 14 Preference for Potential Solutions.

                                                         SUMMARY
									   
									   A number of implicating applications and recommendations have
									   been drawn from the findings and are noted in the text.

									   The specific purpose of this study was to collect the base line
           								   information necessary to prevent nonpoint pollution within the
									   watershed.  The information was collected through a scientific
               							   survey (drop off and pick up questionnaire) of a representative
									   sample of all households within the watershed.  The data presented
 								         represents all watershed households with at a 95% confidence level.
									   We found that the residents of the wateshed are well educated,
         							         fairly affluent, typically own theri own home, and are employed in
								         professional positions.

									   The research estimates the most serious concerns in the watershed
								         relate to availability of safe paths for bike riders, lack of funding for
									   schools and quality of drinking water.  Although lack of citizen
        								   participation in community decision making and lack of cooperation
     									   between watershed communities, are a concern, respondents are


                                                                   19                                                                                                                                   




                                                  generally satisfied with most facets of their community. They were
                                                  very satisfied with the amount of public access to waters and parks
                                                  and open space. Water pollution- was- considered a small or non
                                                  existent problem by over 70% of the sample.

                                                  The results show that over 80% of the watershed residents consider
                                                  themselves "less than knowledgeable" about nonpoint pollution.
                                                  Newspapers are the primary source of knowledge about
                                                  environmental issues, and did not garner a high level of trust.
                                                  "Conversations with other people" and our "worV also represent
                                                  an important source of knowledge. Somewhat surprisingly local,
                                                  state and federal government officials were not listed an important
                                                  source of information or a highly trusted one. Residents have the
                                                  most trust for information provided by UNH Cooperative
                                                  Extension and professional journals.

                                                  Health and environmental impacts were found to be of most
                                                  concern to the watershed residents. Residents are less concerned
                                                  about economic issues associated with special interests. The
                                                  residents identified acid rain as the most important contributors to
                                                  nonpoint pollution in the watershed.           The UNH campus,
                                                  automobiles, and septic systems -were identified as contributing the
                                                  most to nonpoint pollution problems.

                                                  The results show that watershed residents recognize that "new
                                                  technologies won't solve non point pollution problems" and that
                                                  "effective long range solutions require changing lifestyles to fit with
                                                  nature". Ninety -three percent of the sample say they agree or
                                                  strongly agree with the statement that "Every person is responsible
                                                  for protecting the quality of the environment". Most (74%) think
                                                  that nonpoint pollution prevention programs should be a shared
                                                  responsibility between local and federal governments. Thus the
                                                  results from this study suggest that residents are aware that
                                                  nonpoint pollution problem will not go away on its own and that
                                                  some "change in lifestyle" is necessary to improve that situation.

                                                  In examining septic systems issues, more closely, slightly more
                                                  than half (52%) of the residents had a septic systems (8% didn't
                                                  know).      Generally persons with septic systems accepted
                                                  responsibility for their maintenance and upgrade.            Receiving
                                                  information on how to maintain their system and avoiding costly
                                                  repairs provided the strongest incentive for maintaining the system.

                                                  When asked about potential solutions most (72%) agreed that any
                                                  programs to reduce nonpoint pollution programs should combine
                                                  public education and moderate government regulations. A majority
                                                  agreed that mandating penalties are necessary to ensure control of
                                                  nonpoint pollution. However, only 37% were willing to pay higher
                                                  property taxes to protect water quality (31 % opposed and 33%
                                                  were unsure). This same divergence was present when residents
                                                  were asked about the remination of the problem of storm water
                                                  runoff problem. Sixty eight percent considered storm water runoffs
                                                  a serious concern and 87% thought that storm drain systems should
                                                  be upgraded if they contribute problems. However, the median
                                                  amount of respondents said they were willing to pay to correct the
                                                  problem was $50.00 and the mode response was 0.



                                                                20






                                                Only 12% of the residents feel voluntary measures are adequate in
                                                controlling nonpoint pollution. This is reflected in the voluntary
                                                conservation behaviors being utilized in the watershed. Fifty-six
                                                percent are low flow shower heads, 52% stop running water while
                                                shaving, and 47% wash their car less often.

                                                In conclusion, this research provides insights into                the
                                                characteristics, behaviors and knowledge- of watershed- residents:
                                                Oyster - River Watershed- residents- - are, for the most part, highly
                                                educated and are open to gaining more information on what they
                                                can do to contribute to local issues. Any state or local policies
                                                mandating abatement of nonpoint pollution should include
                                                mechanisms to insure compliance and to promote teamwork
                                                between the units of government and the respective communities.
                                                The approach should foster cooperation and cohesion between
                                                communities within the watershed. This project was the first step in
                                                this process. It facilitated cooperation and collaboration between
                                                all levels of government, nonpoint organizations and the research
                                                community.





































                                                             21




 I







                       Appendix A

              Questionnaire and Frequencies







    DysTER RivER WATERsBiED STuDy


    Number of Valid Responses)


    Imik you for agreeing to participate in this study. This survey is one part of a project being conducted by the
    )yster River Watershed Task Force to assess nonpoint pollution in the Oyster River Watershed. Nonpoint
    oRution is pollution that, in general, does not come from the end-of-a-pipe. For-years-, e ff-orts- were-focused on
    educing pollution from specific end-of-pipe sources and these efforts have been largely successful. We now
    mlize pollution also comes in many diffuse forms such as parking lot runoff, poorly maintained septic systems,
    -inoff from timber harvest, agricultural or barnyard runoff, and runoff from streets and stormdrains. This runoff
    an contain high amounts of bacteria, metals, sediment, and nutrients which can pollute. our waters.

    'he results from this study will allow town officials and resource managers to gain unportant insights from their
    ommunity residents, which in turn will help in formulating policies and programs that are more effective for your
    ommunity. Please take the time to complete this questionnaire. You may be assured of confidentiality. We do
    ot ask you to put your name or title anywhere on the questionnaire. The results will be presented in aggregate
    )rm, only; therefore, you will not be personally associated with the answers,you give.

           What is the primary source of your drinking water? (Please check one) N                  (373) M       (1.895)

           45.8 % From a well on my property                9.4%, Purchased bottled water            1. 3 % Unknown

           34.6% Municipal water                            6.79o' Filtered tap water                2. 1 % Other,


           Where does the stormwater runoff from your property go? (Please check all that apply.) N                    (366)

           (.497)50.3% Local creeks and ponds       C 303)30.3 % oyster River        (.139) 13.9% Atlantic Ocean

           C 298)29.8 % Don,t Know                  09o' Connecticut River           COID1.1% CochecoRiver
           C 027)2.7 % Lamprey River                C 052)5.2 % - Gulf of maine      (.15)15.0% GreatBay
           (.046)4.6%. Bellamy River
           In general, do you think nonpoint pollution is a serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem
           in each of the following (please check V): N = (360)

                                                            Not a Problem Somewhat of          Serious Problem Don't Know
                                                                              a Problem



                                                                                     . . .. .........
                                                                     %
                                            .. ... .....
                    @ioyii
                                              ...........             R. .
         New England (2.389)                                      2.5               46.9              34.2              16.4

             . .... ... .
                                          . . . .......
        :::'N ........   . .........
                                    .. ...... ... ...                                . ....... .......
         Your county (2.230)                                       7.3             49 . 7             25.1              17.9

                                                                                                              ....................

                                                                ... . ... qx
             -.4                                                  T.
         0W.       (2-
         . .... AV
                                                                                                   . ..... ... . .. .... ...
                                                                                                             ........... . .....
         Your own drinking water (1.794)                          29.4              34.9              12.4              23.3






                         Please check 0 the choice which best shows how you-f6el about the size of the problem in your-community or
                         neighborhood.

                         NOT means it is not a problem in your community.
                         SMALL means it is a small problem in your community.
                         MEDIUM means it is a medium-sized problem in your community.
                         SERIOUS means it is a serious problem in your community.


                                                                                                      Size of the Problem in Your Community

                                                                                                         NOT            SMALL            MEDIUM SERIOUS


                         .... ......
                         ..............
                         .... ....                                                                                                                         INN
                      ..................... *:-x: ......
                    Lack of citizen participation in community decision                                  20.2             34.7                35.3                 9.8
                    making (346) 1.347

                                                                                                               ...........                                                . ... .
                                                                                                                                                    .............
                                                                                                         -:i x`                                     ...........
                                                                                                                                                    ........ .. . ..... .
                                                                                                               ............        . . . ...
                                                                                                                                                           ....... ...
                                                                                                                                                    ....................... . ..... .... 1. X..:
                                                                                                            .................... .......               .......   .... ..
                                                                                                         . ... ........................... ?9".1           ......
                    Community growing too fast (355) 1.079                                               31.0             39.7                19.7                 9.6



                    Lack of intergovernment coop           eration (323) 1.173                           25.4             40.2                26.0                 8.4



                    Adequate zomng regulations (336).810                                                 40.8             40.8                15.2                 3.3


                    Long range community planning (329) 1-14                                             27.4             38.0                28.0                 6.7


                    Quality of drinking water (351) 1.236                                                25.4             38.2                25.4                 11.1


                                                                                                                                      ... .....            ........ .
                                                                                   ......... .. .. .... ... ....
                                                                                 ............ -- ...................... . . . . ............
                                                                              ................ ................. ....... .. ....... . . ..
                                                                              .................. -- .....................
                                                                                  ............... ....
                    Place where citizens can take complaints (339).909                                   41.0             36.0                15.6                 7.4



                    Traffic congestion (356) 1.11                                                        31.5             36.0                22.8                 9.8

                                                                                                                                                  ".27

                    Air pollution (349).894                                                              37.5             40.7                16.6                 5.2

                                                                         A

                    Water pollution (339).1.103                                                          25.7             44.8                24.5                 5.0

                                          ............
                                                                                         ... ......
                                                                                   . ........ . .. .. ..
                                                                                         ... ..... ............ .... .
                                                                                         ...... .     ....
                                                                                             . ..........
                                                                                             .... .........
                                                                                                ............
                                                                                . . .......
                                                                                         ...... ... ..
                                                          ......                .. ..... .
                                                            ..                   . .... ...  . ... .....
                    Winter snow removal (355).592                                                        58.9             27.6                9.0                  4.5
                                                                                                                                                        MIME




                                                                                                                                                                                                .
      iforntadon Sources                                                                                                                                                                        .
                                                                                                                                                                                                II

                                                                                                                                                                                                i
                                                                                                                                                                                                9
      -iumber of potential sources of information are listed below. Please inditate (GY) how much-information on environmental                                                                  ssi, (e.g. land use plannin& water
      Jity, nonpoint pollution) you have got= from the following and how much trust you place in each of the following information source?


                                                                                                                                                                                                Level of Trust
                                                                                                                                                                                                Quantity of Information

      I Mean Not a                                                                                                                                                                              Somewhat A Primary #N No Some Trust Most Mean
                                                                                                                                                                                                Source of a Source SourceITrust Trust Trust
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                                                                                                                                                                                                What is the prunary source of your knowledge of nonpoint pollution? (Please list)(214).
                                                                                                                                                                                                Top. @: 32.2 % newspapers: 13.6 % work: 8.9 % TV: 5.1 % peovle: and 5. 1 'Y. books (source of knowledge)
                                                                                                                                                                                                .




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       . Nonpoint PoUudon Sources                                                                                                                                                                     ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                      0Below is a list of possible sources of nonpoint pollution.- For each- source, please check (60) the respo.
                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                      I
                                                                                                                                                                                                      category which best describes, in your pRinio , the degree the sources affect the Oyster Rive.r Watershe
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      Does not Slightly Moderately Strongly Most Don
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      bb. Other (please list): (45).2.2 11.1.4.4 11.1 11.1 2.444 60.0
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.From the above list, please lisi the letter of the top t1wee sources of nonpoint pollution.
                                                                                                                                                                                                      .

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                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acid Rain 11.5% - 2. Household Septic Systems 11.0% 3. Oil Spills 6.2%
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                                                                                                                           q,.
                                                                                                                           ajor Concerns
                                                                                                                           Possible negative impacts of nonpoint pollution in the Oyster River Watershed are listed below. For each situation, please check .
                                                                                                                           (9) the- response which best describes- your level of concern with current conditions.
                                                                                                                           ..
                                                                                                                           .
                                                                                                                           Not Slightly Concerned Very
                                                                                                                           IConcerned Concerned Concerned . .
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                                                                                                                           )tenti-n] ContributorsI.
                                                                                                                           Possible contributors to nonpoint pollution within the Oyster River Watershed are listed below. Please
                                                                                                                           che.ck (Or) the response which best describes the degree to which you feel each contributes to nonpoint
                                                                                                                           pollution.
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                                                                                                                           -rom the above list, please list the letter of the top THREE contributors of nonpoint pollution.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      Every person is responsible for protecting the quality of the natural 1.2 2.1 3.8 44.0 49.0
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       .                                                                                                                                                                                              Ci=ens are willing to take personal responsibility to reduce pollution 6.0 35.3 24.6 30.8 3.3
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      If there is continual pollution of our lakes, streams and air, nature's 33.2 49.5 10.0 5.4 1.8
                                                                                                                                                                                                      processes will purify the systems. (331) 1.931
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      I don't need to be concerned about reducing nonpoint pollution 34.5 53.8 7.26 3.9 .6
                                                                                                                                                                                                      because other people are doing so. (333) 1.823
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      Waterfront landowners should be more strictly regulated concerning 5.4 30.1 26.2 29.8 8.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                      nonpoint pollution than inland landowners. (336) 3.063
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      Voluntary measures are adequate: in controlliag nonpoint pollution- 13.9 51.4 22.1 10.3 2.4
                                                                                                                                                                                                      (331)2.360
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                                                                                                                                                                                                      Responsibility for developing nonpoint pollution prevention programs 3-9 30.0-
                                                                                                                                                                                                      should lie mainly with the local town government. (330) 2.994.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -.: :.: -, . . :;::.::.'. .,-, ,..-. ..
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         : %...::%:::::: : :.::...%,,.... ::... ::% ... I..
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ..::.:,::.q::,..::..:.:::::, .:.::.:.%:::::"::%.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,:: -:.%%........%1:. .. .. ....,I
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -.::, ... ":.,........... :, .. ....-;: .:::: :... .::::,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ... .. .::: . ... .:.:.: ..... - ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .:.: .................. :: ::. ., :., .. .,:;:.,:::::.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ., ,*e - .. .. : - .,:. :,. " "' ,..:-::,:@::%:1 _'::::: .... ::
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ':':'R ""''.., - ::i@@i.-,.-,-ii@ ...".*!.'.-'*@!i,[email protected]@ii@i.,...,@..,.!.- - .,@.,,::: " :;:..: i..'@ @..: .: ::::::::: ,..... . ..:: '. `,-.`@_.--.-,@ "
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         :,.. ..,.....'. .... @... .. ..... ... -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .. ..,... , ,::"@:::::::.-:-:. - ,"'ili ...,.;iii@i@i..',,,."... ..... .... .......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         :: : "*"*---i--'.*-.'.`@$-"i , ,,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .... . .......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         _-.."..,. . ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,::@ C .,,.* '.... :........ @.... ::::, .. @31. I I"' -'...... a - - - - - - ..... ......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         . .R@_,:-@-: .,-.... :::. ........ *...... ....................... ....,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ""@W:.1%...: ..:_..........:.:.:.e:. . . .%.::;::@...'.... .... ....... ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ...-0..:::::."..:% .. :::::::::::::::: ....... .. ... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Use low phosphate detergents (340) 2.662 9.4 9.1 22.6 23.5 35.3-



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         I ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         . @





            Potential Solutions


                    Please read each of the following statements. Check the box (62r) that indicates the extent you agree or disagree with each
                    statement.

                                                                                            Strongly         Disagree         Neither           Agree         Strongly
                                                                                            Disagree                          Agree nor                       Agree
                                                                                                                              Disagree

                                                                                                           .....           .. ..


                                                                                                                                                .... .. .
                                                                                                                                              .. . ......

                                                                                                           .....           ....                 . .....       .. ...
                                                                                                                                                . . ..        . ...
                                                                                                          . ...        . . . . . . . . . .....                ......
                                                                                                                                                      . .............
            Mandatory requirements and penalties are necessary to ensure                    3.6              9.2              24.1              49.1          13.4
            control of nonpoint pollution. (336) 3.604

                                                                                                                                9.
                                                                                                                                                29

                                                                                                             X.                                      . ........ ...
                                                                                                        IMP
                                                                                                                                                              ..........
                                                 o .. ......
                                                    :er
                                                                                                                                                              ... ... .
                                               . . .. ...... ...                                                                                              . ..... ...
                                                                                                                                                              ......... .
                                                                                                                                                              ...........
                                                                                                                                                              ...........
                                                                                                                                                              ...........
                                                  ......  ..........
                                                 ... .. ......
                                                .... ...............
                                                                                                                                                   X
            Strict government-wide measures will need to be imposed                         5.4              18.1             31.3              37.7          7.2
            since few people will address nonpoint pollution themselves.                    -
            (332)3.250


                                                                                                                                      . . .... . .
                                                                                                                                    5
                                                                                                                           .... ..... ....
                                                                                                                           .......... ..
                                                                                                                                      .. ....                     XX
                                                                                                                           ....... .... . . ...........
                                                                                                                           ..............

                                                                                                                           .... ............
            When communities contribute to the nonpoint pollution                           1.8              4.8              24.2              57.3          11.6-
            problem, the community should pay for the proper disposal or
            clean up. (335) 3.740




            ............
            ............
            My local government is genuinely interested in reducing                         1.2              5.5              54.9              35.1          3.0
            nonpoint pollution in the Oyster River Watershed. (328) 3.351




            Any program to reduce nonpoint pollution should combine                         1.5              3.0              13.0              60.3          21.8
            public education and moderate government regulations. (330)
            3."1
            Stormwater runoff from paved areas often contain pollutants such as road sand, automobile fluids, bacteria, fertilizers, E
            metal . Many storm drams discharge directly to rivers and streams without going to a waste water treatment facility.
            Property management of stormwater rtmoff can prevent potential adverse impact on water quality. There are many best
            management practice (BM[Ps) that have been development for stormwater management. They are typically applied in ne,,
            developments in order to protect water resources. Applymg BM[Ps to existing, older, stormdrains is another rnana emen
            option, but can be costly. Also, inspecting and maintaining all stormwater structures is important. For example, catch
            basins need to be cleaned periodically to ensure they function properly.

            Based upon the above informatioit, please awwer the following questions:

            ï¿½ Do you fee stDr=vra= nmoff is a serious comern? YES 68.0 NO 31-0 (319) (.7S9)

            ï¿½ If partictilu storm drain systems are idernified as contributing significant pollutants to suztice vraters, do you feel they should be upgraded so nmoff is trt
            before discharged to surface waters?
              YES 87.1     NO 12.6 (317) (.899)

                     If yes, what is the maxinium amount that you would be Willing to pay each year to implement a town-run storrnwater management program?. $ 687.937
                     :50.00 median    0.00 mode



              Do you feel mom maintenance and inspection programs should be funded? YES 73.2 NO 25.8 (295) (.817)
                     If yes, what is the maximum amount that you would be willing to pay each year to implement a town-run storrawater management program? $615-351
                     50.00 MMUN 50.00 MODE



   iaste Water Disposal

          Is your house connected to a public sewer system o   r a septic system? (check one answer) (352)'2.094

                 40.1 Public Sewer System 51.7 Septic-System 8.2 Don't Know

          (If your response is public sewer system or you do not know, please skip to the next page and fill out the
          information about your household.)

          How often do- you check the level of sludge and scum in your septic system? (170) 2.453

          7. 1 - every 6 months
          36.5 every year
          30.6 every 3 years
          4.7 every 7 years
          10.0 only when there is a problem
          10.6 never


          Please indicate what you consider to be an acceptable cost sharing scheme to finance the upgrade or
          replacement of your home septic system. (128)

          Source of Cost Share                  Cost Share Percentage

                                                MEAN           MIEDIAN         MODE
          Homeowner                             63.3 %         70%             100%
          Town                                  12.0  %        0%              0%
          County                                5.0   %        0%              0%
          State                                 9.82  %        0%              0%
          Federal                               8.38  %        0%              0%
                                                100%


          Which of the following products do you put down the drain or Rush down the toilet? (Check all that apply).
          N = 180
          9..4 hair coloring & hair permanent products           1petroleum products         43.9 bleach 35.4 soda
          15.6 septic tank cleaning agents & degreasers        22.3 cooking oil               31.1 vinegar 3.9 plant food
          1.7 diapers and sanitary napkins                     43.6 food waste                3.9 paint     44.8 huit juice
          5.6 bacteria culture


          Do you know the location of your septic tank? (181) Yes 92.8 No

          What year was it installed? 1980 (M]EAN) (152)

          Which of the following would motivate you to regularly maintain your system? Check all that apply.
          N = 180
          31.7   more information                                      28.9 personal satisfaction
          18.9   cash coupons                                          34.4 property tax discount
          52.8   to avoid having to replace septic system              51.7 already maintain system
          28.9   reminders from company who service septic system              1. 1 other
          12.8   regulations

          Have you ever had your water tested for radon? (177)

          36.2 Yes 52.5 No 11.3 Don't Know





       About Your Household


       0        What community do you live in? (352)

                10-2 Barrington                       15.6 Dover
                47.7 Durham                           15.3 Lee
                10. 8 Madbury


       0        Are you a registered voter? .(350)

                Yes 88.9 No 8.6        Don't Know 2.6



                Are you employed? (351)

                Yes 70.7 No 9.1         Retired 20.2

                If yes, Please. describe your present job (i.e., elementary school teacher, mill worker)




                Are you a member of any of the following environmental groups or organizations? Check all that appl,
                (351)

                12    Nature Conservancy                                     3.1   Sierra Club
                3.1   Friends of the Seacoast Science Center                 8.3   Society for Protection of NH Forests
                5.4   New Hampshire Audubon                                  1-1   Strafford Rivers Conservancy
                &-    Great Bay Estuarine System Conservation Trust          1.4   NH Lakes Association
                0     River Watch Network                                    .3   NHDES Volunteer River Assessment
       Program


                Which of the following have you done at your home to conserve water? (351)

                56.4  install low-flow shower heads           12.3 install low-flow taps
                51.0  water lawn less                         43.9 wash car less
                28.2  stop watering lawn                      21.4 stop washing car
                21.4  install water conservers in toilets     47 9 stop runnmg water while shaving
                15.7  turn off shower while soaping           23.4 install low-flow toilets
                6.3   recycle grey water on garden
                3.4   other@__

                How many bathrooms are in your home? 2.2              N) (number of bathrooms)(351)

                How many showers are in your home? 1.7              N) (number of showers) (350)

                Do you have a dishwasher in your home? YES 74.1 NO_ (349)
                       If yes, on average how many times a week do you run it? 3.2 (MEAN)            (232)

                Do you  have a washing machine in your home? YO 89.7 NQ-- (350)
                       If yes, on average how many times a week do you run it? 4.5 (MEAN)            (289)




        Starting with yourself as person No. 1, please list all people who live in your home by writing their
        relationship to you in the space provided (e.g. wife, daughter, friend, tenant, etc.), along with their age
        and gender.


                       Relationship to You       MEAN         Male/female
                                                  Age

        n#l                Yourself(316)         47.9       M(56.3)/F(43.7)
    Irso

    m,on #2         (288)                        44.7       M(42.7)/F(57.3)

    ,rson #3        (162)                        15         M(48.8)/F(51.2)

    ,rson #4        (108)                        11.3         M(50)[F(50)

    1!rson #5       (43)                         11.6       M(53.5)/F(46.5)

                                                 10.8         M(60)/F(4
    ,rson #6        (10)                                                 0)



        What is the highest grade of school you have completed? Please circle your response. (344) 3.314

        Grammar School High School . College Masters Ph.D. /Professional degree
           .9                 23.0           37.8       20.6         17.7
        How many years have you lived in this community? 14.6 (MEAN)             years (346) 1.766

        What type of home do you live in? Please circle your response. (346) 1.766

        Single Family Home Condominium Trailer/Mobide Home Apartment Duplex/Townhouse
                67.1                 10.1                   8.1               8.7                   6.1
        Do you own or rent your residence? OWN RENT (338) 1.202
                                                 79.6     20.4
        Do you run a business out of your home? YES 9.8 NO 90.2 (337)

    you have any additional comments, please write them on the back of this page. If you
    )uld like some additional information, please complete and detach the form below. Thank
    a for participating in this study.



                                        I would like more information on the following:.

                                        How to maintain your home septic system YES                35    NO
                                                                         yES 60 NO
                                        General nonpoint pollution
                                                                         yES 82 No
                                        The results of this survey             -

                                        NAME
                                        ADDRESS











                       Appendix B

                 Four page Summary Report




       Oyster River Watershed Study: A Summary Report

       By- Elizabeth Hanratty, Robert A. Robertson, and Edmund Jansen*
       INTRODUCTION                                                                    SURVEY METHODS

       The Oyster River and adjacent lands are important resources                     The survey questionnaire was           distributed to a stratified
       for New Hampshire. Most of the challenges facing the Oyster                     random sample of households within the Oyster River
       River Watershed originate directly or indirectly from human                     Watershed. The sample was stratified in order to adequately
       activity.   Some of these activities adversely affect water                     represent the residents of the Watershed.               The number
       quality (i.e., residential and commercial development@ road                     distributed, to each- community was based upon the total
       maintenance, lawn care), while other activities (i.e.,                          number of households within the watershed (3262) and their
       recreation, tourism, sport fishing) are adversely affected by                   distribution. For example, eighteen percent of the households
       water quality. Technical solutions to many land use and                         within the watershed are in the town of Lee so 18% of the
       water quality problems affecting the NH coastal waters are                      completed surveys should be from Lee in order to be
       available, but obstacles exist to their implementation. These                   representative. The survey was developed with input and
       obstacles include the public's lack of understanding or                         suggestions from members of a steering cominittee composed
       appreciation of the complexity of water quality problems/land                   of local officials and concerned citizens.             Surveys were
       use issues, and local governments lack the fiscal and                           distributed and collected door to door within the watershed.
       administrative resources to implement corrective or remedial                    A total of 385 completed surveys were collected for a
       actions. This is particularly true for nonpoint pollution,                      response rate of 63%.
       where numerous unrelated actions and management decisions
       have significant impacts on the watershed system. Increased                     PROFIELE OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS
       awareness and positive public attitudes will be necessary to
       control or minimize the impacts of nonpoint pollution.                          Table I represents a demographic profile of those individuals
                                                                                       who completed the survey.              This inforniation provides
                                                                                       important estimates of the watershed community makeup.
       In response to this need, a preliminary assessment             of the           Citizens of the Oyster River Watershed are well educated,
       "human dimensions" of the Oyster River Watershed was                            informed individuals, who have lived in the community for a
       completed by the University of New Hampshire's Department                       relatively long time, with      a predominance of single family
       of Resource Economics and Development. This assessment                          homes.
       was completed in cooperation with Strafford Regional
       Planning Commission, local government officials and
       concemed citizens from watershed communities (Durhan-4                                                .................
       Madbury, Lee, Barrington and Dover). The assessment was
                                                                                                               m              h          di@ii
       completed with support from the LTNH College Of Life
       Sciences and Agriculture and the NH Coastal Program.
                                                                                                                            .. ... . ... ..


       STUDY OBJECTIVES
                                                                                                                          ... . . ........
                                                                                               .............                  :17: :M:X-:;@-
       The objectives of this research were to collect information on
                                                                                                                  .. ... . . . ........  .......
       the attitudes, behaviors, knowledge and perceptions of Oyster
                                                                                                                                 &i`ar'             ...................
       River Watershed residents in regard to nonpoint polluti
                                                                         on.
       More specifically, the data collected from the project (1)
                                                                                             ,Type@
       identified perceptions of the magnitude of nonpoint pollution                                                             I-Ki.
                                                                                                                                               .. .... ...............
       in the watershed; (2) measured awareness and knowledge of                                                                   ........
                                                                                                                                   .......... ... ...
                                                                                                                                   ..........
       the various causes and potential consequences of nonpoint
                                                                                                                             "15
       pollution; (3) determined current behaviors with relevance to

                                                                                                                                           ... ........
                                                                                                                                                     .. ... .....
       nonpoint pollution and the use of coastal resources; and (4)
       determined preferences for various nonpoint pollution                                                              .. .....
                                                                                                                                         lhdir-
                                                                                                                                                6
       managem                                                                                              ..... ......
                 ent practices.

                                                                                                in: 1=11M:
       DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA                                                         :::::.R' ib
                                                                                                                                  ..................
                                                                                            .............   .....................
                                                                                                    A   "to'' ft- ...     ......
                                                                                         .......... V.......              ...... ..........
       The Oyster River Watershed is located in Southeastern New
       Hampshire and encompasses the land surrounding the Oyster
                                                                                                                              .21
                                                                                                                ................... ..................
       River, an offshoot of the Great Bay. The entire University of
                                                                                                           ... ........                  e:d   .......
       New Hampshire campus and agricultural lands are inclu
                                                                         ded
                                                                                                         ......... .....
                                                                                                    ......  .........              ........ ......... .........
                                                                                                ....................... .    .....................
       in the watershed. Approximately seventy-five percent of the                                  ................... .
                                                                                                                                             F
                                                                                                             ............... ......
                                                                                                                  ........... ......
       town of Durham is located within the watershed, including                           ..................
                                                                                                                                            .......... .........
                                                                                                    .............      ......    . . ..... .. .......
                                                                                                                  ...................................... . .......... .............
       the town's water plant which provides its primary source of
                                                                                              ..........
                                                                                                          ... ........                            ......... 11  .......
                                                                                                                                                   ...........
       drinking water. Approximately seventy percent. of Lee is
                                                                                                                                   fi D
                                                                                             ................               ......                       .......
                                                                                                                                             ... ........
       within the watershed, including the Lee Traffic Circle and
                                                                                                    .......... ....... ........................ ............... .................
       surrounding businesses. The watershed extends to Barrington,
       including those portions roughly adjacent to Hall Road.                         Table 1: Summary of demographic information of
       Seventy-five percent of Nbdbury and a small sliver of Dover                                  respondents.
       near Route 108 are also included in the watershed.




     Table 2 provides summary information on residents                           Challenges Facing Oyster River Watershed Communities
     behaviors, activities, and household characteristics.  The
     average respondent recycles, uses low phosphate detergents                  "Serious" problem
     and composts.  The primarty source of drinking water is from                        Safe paths for bike riders              27.7%
     a well on their property with a septic system as the method of                      Lack of support for schools             14.3%
     waste water disposal.  The average respondent has 2.2                               Quality of drinking water               11.1%
     bathrooms, 1.7 showers, a dishwasher and a washing
     machine in their home.  Overall membership in specific                      "Medium-sized" problem
     organizations was only moderate but the majority of                                 Lack of citizen participation in community
     respondents participate in both community and volunteer                                  decision making                    35.3%
     activities.                                                                         Safe paths for bike riders              34.0%
                       											     Lake of long range community planning   28.0%
              SUMMARY INFORMATION
                											   "Small-sized" problem											
     Behaviors                                                                           Litter in streets and parks             58.0%        
       Participate in volunteer activities        84.3%                                  Repair of local roads                   47.9%
       Participate in community activities        86.0%                                  Radon                                   44.8%
       Recycle                                    99.7%
       Compost                                    62.1%                          "Not" a problem
       Use low phosphate detergents               90.6%                                  Unsightly/smelly garbage dumps          67.8%
       Test home water quality                    49.6%                                  Winter snow removal                     58.9%
     Household Characteristics                                                           Lack of parks and green space           58.5%        
       Primary source of drinking water                                          Table 3:  Community issues ranked by size of problem.
           45.8% well on property
           34.6% municipal water                                                 (2) FINDINGS:  Nonpoint Pollution Issues
            9.4% bottled water                     				                within the Oyster River Watershed
            6.7% filtered tap water                                               (This section addresses the perceptions of residents and what
            1.3% do not know                                                       sources of information are utilized.)
       Method of water disposal
           40.1% public sewer system                                              Size of nonpoint pollution problem.  Figure 1 indicates the
           51.7% septic system                 						    percentage of respondents who feel there is a nonpoint
            8.2% do not know                                                      pollution problem in the country, state, and town, along with
       Number of bathrooms in home    2.2(mean)                                   their own drinking water.  Residents' perceptions of the size
       Number of showers in home      1.7(mean)                                   of the nonpoint pollution problem varied based on proximity
       Dishwasher in home             74.8%                                       to their homes (i.e., the closer the issue was to their own
       Average times run per week     3.2(mean)                                   drinking water, the less serious they perceived the problem).
       Washing machine in home        89.7%                                          NOT     SOMEWHAT   SERIOUS     DON'T KNOW
       Average times run per week     4.5(mean)
     Activities                                                                    60%
       Membership in environmental groups                                          50%
           12.0% Nature Conservacy                                                 40%
            8.3% Society for Protection of NH Forests                              30%
            5.4% NH Audubon                                                        20%
            3.1% Sierra Club                                                       10%
            3.1% Friends of Seacoast Science Center                                 0%
            1.4% NH Lakes Association                                                      USA           NH        TOWN        DRINKING
            1.1% Strafford Rivers Conservancy                                                                                    WATER
             .6% Great Bay Conservation Trust                                      Figure 1:  Residents' perception of nonpoint pollution
             .3% NHDES Volunteer River Program                                             problems.
     (1) FINDINGS: Community Issues Within the
              Oyster River Watershed                                               In a related question, 50% of respondents disagreed with the
     (This section addresses the communities' general concerns                     statement "the severity of the nonpoint pollution problem in
     with local issues.)                                                           the New Hampshire coastal zone is exaggerated."  This
                                                                                   suggests that many residents consider there to be a problem in
     Table 3 presents the results from a question that asked                       the region.
     respondents to indicate the severity of potential community
     problems (not, small, medium, or serious).  Residents were                    Levels of knowledge.  Figure 2 illustrates the breakdown of
     provided a list of 23 community issues.  The results to this                  responses in regard to their levels of knowledge.  When asked
     question are interpreted through an examination of the                        how knowledgeable they are about nonpoint pollution, the
     community issues which received the greatest proportion of                    majority responded that they were "somewhat knowledgeable"
     responses within each of the categories.         	                       about nonpoint pollution.






                                                                                                                                  ..............  .............. ......... ',  .........:..........
                                                                                                               -P            Imi  ....               ........  --t.R.1w . .........
                                                                                                           :Q
                                           KNOWLEDGEABLE
                                                                                                               H:                                    PPOAW@Kq           loll:            I
                                                                                                               ................  .......
                                                                                                                                                                        P9459;l7i .... e
                                                                                                           C                        ....
                                                                                                                           X4 I i.
                                                                  VERY
                                                                                                                        . ..........
                                                                    4%                                                                             .....
              SOMEWHAT                                                                                         . .......
                   62%                                                                                     .. .. . . ... .............                               ...........
                                                                                                                                  . ........ ...........

                                                                                                                                                                           . .............
                                                                                                                                                                                       -3

                                                                                                               ............. ..
                                                                                                                        ...............


                                                                                                           Ic  ..................
                                                                                                               7oneem                   ...........
                                                                        NOT                                                                               ..... .
                                                                        33%                                                                        ges
                                                                                                                                            i-S@Amfnm@w rnm


                                                                                                           .. ..... ... ........ ............
                                                                                                                           5
                                                                                                           ..................
                                                                                                           ...... ......  Mims                     :af
                                                                                                                                   ..........
                                                                                                                      D.
                                                                                                                           ... ........        ..
         Figure 2. Residents level ofknowledge about nonpoint                                              ..........
                                                                                                                                                         ft@i
                                                                                                                                                                     ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                                                                                           ............ .
                                                                                                           ......... ..........               ........
                        Ilution.
                    PO                                                                                            ..... ..

                                                                                                                                                  ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                       0
         Sources of knowledge. The results show that there are several                                                                       4-e
                                                                                                                                  ... ....................                 ...........
                                                                                                                                      Mr
         primary sources of nonpoint pollution information. The data                                                    J
         indicates 32.2%          of respondents receive                information on
                                                                                                                                         s
                                                                                                                                                            .....                   .....
         nonpoint pollution from newspaper articles, 13.6% have                                                                ...
                                                                                                                                  . ........
                                                                                                                              . . ................. ......... ... . .
                                                                                                                                        ................
                                                                                                                               ...      ......................
                                                                                    essional                                          .........................
         gained their knowledge from work or other prof
         experience, and 8.9% gather information from television.
         Conversations with other individuals and books are also
         important sources of information for Oyster River Watershed                                       Table 4: Perceived impacts ofnonpoint pollution and
         residents. Professional journals and Public Radio are ranked                                      residents'level of concern.
         le highest in level of trust of information sources. State and
         federal government officials prompted the lowest level of trust                                   (4) FINDINGS: Potential Nonpoint Pollution
         from the respondents.                                                                                        Sources and Potential Local Contributors.
         The survey itself was an important public education tool. For                                     rAis section addresses residents'perceptions of local
         ixample, the survey required that 385 residents think about                                       nonpoint pollution contributors and potential sources.)
         the nonpoint pollution issues in their watershed in answering
         le questions. In addition, of the persons completing the                                          The potential local contributors of nonpoint pollution the
         imey, twenty five percent expressed a need for more                                               Oyster River Watershed are numerous. Residents perceived
         .nformation about the nonpoint pollution and related topics.                                      the UNH campus, home septic systems, and automobiles as
                                                                                                           top contributors in the area. Residents indicated several
         Residents' perceptions and attitudes are shaped to some extent                                    which they feel do not contribute to nonpoint pollution within
         .)y these various sources. Town officials need to examine the                                     the Oyster River Watershed. The Lee Traffic Circle created
         -)ossible sources for the best avenue for public education.                                       the least concern with 14% of respondents feeling it "does not
         When asked in related attitudinal questions, 59% of                                               contribute". Industrial parks and commercial agriculture
         respondents feel if there is continual pollution of our lakes,                                    were not considered serious contributors to                             nonpoint
         suvams and air, nature's processes will purify the system and                                     pollution within the Oyster River Watershed.
         82.3% feel they do not need to be concerned about reducing
         nonpoint pollution because other people are doing so.                                             In a related question, residents were given a list of 32 possible
                                                                                                           sources of nonpoint pollution and asked to rank the level they
         (3) FINDINGS: Nonpoint Pollution Impacts in                                                       think each affects the Oyster River Watershed. Acid min, oil
                                                                                                           spills and home septic systems were identified as contributing
                    the Oyster River Watershed.                                                            to nonpoint pollution within the Oyster River Watershed.
         (This section presents the perceived negative impacts                                             Logging and timber harvesting, medical waste and mining
         -ronpoint pollution can have on a watershed.)                                                     were not considered contributors by residents of the Oyster
                                                                                                           River Watershed. Medical waste and mining also had the
         I*he sample of residents' were asked to indicate their level of                                   highest percentage of individuals who responded that they do
         :;oncem for potential impacts from nonpoint pollution (not,                                       not know the degree to which the Oyster River Watershed is
         ilightly, concerned, or very). 'Me sample of residents were                                       affected by these potential sources.
         )rovided a list of 13 negative impacts of nonpoint pollution.
         I'he results to this question are interpreted through an                                          (5) FENDINGS: Septic Systems.
         -xamination of the negative impacts which received the                                            (Fhis section addresses the issue of septic system
         greatest proportion of responses within each of the categories
         Jable 4). Concerns voiced by residents centered on personal                                       maintenance and responsibility.)
         4ealth and safety. This is evident by the top du= responses in                                    Septic system users. Fifty percent of survey respondents have
         .)oth the "very concerned" and "concerned" categories. The
         ,-esidents were not as concerned with loss of tourism revenue,                                    septic systems. Of the respondents who have septic systems,
         Jiminishcd property valum and closed shellfish areas.                                             93.1% know the location of the septic system. The average
                                                                                                           year of installation for the septic systems in the Oyster River
                                                                                                           Watershed was 1990.







             The use and maintenance of these systems was identified as a                                          CONCLUSIONS
             potential nonpoint source by survey respondents, therefore the
             actual maintenance practices of those with systems are of                                              The research provides insights into the characteristics,
             interest. Septic system owners, for the most part, are willing                                         behaviors and knowledge of watershed residents. Oyster
             to take responsibility for maintenance. When asked for an                                              River Watershed residents are, for the most part, highly
             acceptable cost sharing scheme between homeowner, town,                                                educated and are open to gaining more information on what
             county, state and federal, to finance the upgrade or                                                   they can do to contribute to local issues. Any state or local
             replacement of the system, on the average homeowners felt a                                            policies mandating abatement of nonpoint pollution should
             cost sharing scheme of 63.3% for homeowners, with the                                                  include mechanisms to insure compliance and to promote
             remaining distributed between various levels of government.                                            teamwork between the units of government and the respective
             Seventy-seven percent of respondents felt homeowners should                                            communities. The approach should foster cooperation and
             carry all of the cost associated with upgrading and/or                                                 cohesion between communities within the watershed. More
             replacing septic systems.                                                                              specifically this research suggests:
                               EVERY 3 YRS                  EVERY 7 YRS
                                   31%                           4%                                                    Eighty percent of residents feel tack of participation in community decision
                                                                    NEVER 10%                                          making is a problem. It is important to involve the residents of the Oyster
                                                                                                                       River Watershed in the process of creating and enforcing a nonpoint
                                                                       ONLY WHEN A                                     pollution program. Residents realize that some changes in lifestyle are
                                                                       PROBLEM 10%
                             EVERY YEAR                                                                                necessary.    Therefore, the solution to protecting the Oyster River
                                  38%                                 EVERY 6
                                                                     MONTHS 7%                                         Watershed rests on the responsible and active participation of the people
                                                                                                                       living within the watershed.
             Figure   3: How often residents check the sludge and scum                                                 A faucet aerator is a simple device which costs less than $4 and can be
                                                                                                                       installed on faucets to save on water use. Aerators cut use by as much as
                        in their septic systems                                                                        280 gallons a month for a typical family of 4. Although the flow is
                                                                                                                       reduced, it seems stronger because air is mixed with the water as it leaves
             When asked what would motivate them to regularly maintain                                                 the tap. Only 12% of responding households have installed any type of low
             their septic system, 51.7% of respondents stated they already                                             flow taps; if 50% of respondents, 193 households, installed them it would
             maintain their system. Figure 3 demonstrates how often                                                    result in roughly 635,250 gallons of water saved every year.
             residents check the level of sludge and scum in their septic                                              Homeowners use up to ten times more chemicals per acre than farmers.
             system. Other motivations favored by respondents include:                                                 Sixty percent of responding households have used lawn chemicals at least
             to avoid having to replace the system (52%), a property tax
             discount (35%), and more information (31%). Regulations                                                   one time. If 10% of lawnowners used organic pesticides, it would remove
             were thought to be the least effective method of motivation                                               2.5 to 5 millions pounds of chemicals from the environment every year.
             (13%), as were cash coupons (20%).                                                                        Each time a toilet flushes it uses 5-7 gallons of water. This amount can be
                                                                                                                       reduced by 15%/40% by installing a plastic bottle, displacement bag or
             (6) FINDINGS: Impact Behaviors and                                                                        toilet dam in the toilet tank.       In the Oyster River Watershed 23% of
                         Conservation Behaviors.                                                                       respondents have installed some type of low flow toilets. If the average
                                                                                                                       toilet is flushed about 8 times a day, that means a saving of 8-16 gallons
             (This section addresses resident behaviors which lead to                                                  every day .... 2,900-5,800 gallons a year per household, for 50% of
             potential nonpoint pollution, as well as conservation                                                     respondents, 193 households, that means a savings of 559,700-1,119,400
             behaviors.)                                                                                               gallons a year.
             Watershed resident behaviors. Many individual behaviors                                                   Septic System are perceived as a primary contributor to nonpoint
             will impact the extent that nonpoint pollution impacts water                                              pollution. Based on this researh, 87% of system owners feel more
             quality in an area. There are a number of behaviors that need                                             regulations would not motivate them to maintain their system while
             to be monitored or controlled to prevent misuse and                                                       avoiding replacing the system (53%) and more information (32%) would
             subsequent pollution. For example, twenty-seven percent of                                                provide motivation.
             respondents use salt on their driveways "sometimes",                                                   This research was made possible because of the cooperation and support of the steering
             or "very often". When it comes to outdoor maintenance, 35%                                             committee members, who consistently demonstrated their commitment to their community
             apply lawn chemicals or fertilizer, 22% apply garden                                                   and the natural environment. We would like to specifically acknowledge the
             pesticides or chemicals, 50% water their lawn and 61%                                                  contributions of: Mary Robertson, Strafford Regional Planning commission; Jennifer
             water their gardens.  A vast majority (93%) of the                                                     Fox NH Coastal Program; Richard Houghton Madbury, Arthur Grant, Durham; David
                                                                                                                    Funk, Durham; Calvin Hosmer, Durham, David Allen  Lee; Bambi Miller, Dover; Betsey
             respondents felt that every person is responsible for protecting                                       Renshaw, Madbury, Joseph Ford, Lee. George Rief Durham; Marc Jacobs, Barrington
             the quality of the natural environment.                                                                Conservation commission; Joan Sundberg, Madbury, Edward McNitt, Durham;
                                                                                                                    Margaret Watkins, NHDES: Breck Bowden, UNH-Natural Resources; Jeff Schloos,
             Conservation behaviors. Only 12% of residents feel voluntary                                           UNH-Cooperative Extension; Tillman  Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation
             measures are adequate in controlling nonpoint pollution. This                                          Commission; Doug Bencks, UNH Planning; Brian Giles, Lee; Rob Swift, UNH-
                                                                                                                    Mechanical Engineering; Lorie Chase, Madbury; Marcia Thunberg, OSP>  This research
             is reflected in the voluntary conservation behaviors of                                                was possible because 385 Oyster River Watershed residents graciously contributed 30-40
             residents. The conservation measures currently being utilized                                          minutes of their time to complete a very detailed questionnaire. We also acknowledge
             in the Oyster River Watershed include the installation of low                                          the administrative support of Pam Piller, Tracey Pelillo and the survey distributors. This
             flow       showerheads (55.6%), watering lawns less often                                              research was funded in part by a grant from the Office of State Planning, N H Coastal
             (51.8%), stopping running water while shaving (48.2%), and                                             Program, as authorized by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
             washing cars less often (44.2%). The conservation measures                                             Administation (NOAA), Award Number NA 570Z0320.
             least practiced in the Oyster River Watershed include                                                  Elizabeth Hanratty is an MS degree candidate at UNH in the Resource
             recycling grey water onto gardens (6.4%), installing low flow                                        Administration and Management Program Dr. Robert A. Robertson and Dr. Edmund
             taps (12.3%), and turning off the shower while soaping                                               Jansen are faculty members at the University of New Hampshire with the Department
             (16.1%). When asked about possible conservation solutions,                                            of Resource Economics and Development, 310 James Hall, Durham, NH 03824, (603)-
             75% feel effective long range solutions to environmental                                               862-1700; FAX(603) 862-0208.                                             May 1996
             problems depend upon changing lifestyles to fit nature.
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