[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                                             Attachment 95.6.2     pt. #2





                                           Exeter/Squamscott Watershed
                                           Nonpoint Pollution Control Project
                                                                                                 



                                            Office of State Planning
                                         New Hampshire Coastal Program
                        Written in Cooperation with the Rockingham Planning Commission

                                                  December 1995





            












                TD
                224
                N4
                E92
                1995



         The preparation of this report was funded in part by the Coastal Zone Managment Act of 1972,
  
             as arnmended, administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Managment, National
             Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Award No. NA470ZO237.
 










             SUMMARY        .....................................................                ..............  I


             INTRODUCTION          ..............................................................                3
                     What are Nonpoint Sources of Pollution?     ............  ............................      3
                     What is the NH Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program?         ....................     3
                     How does the Exeter/Squamscott Watershed fit into the Coastal NPCP?         .............   3
                     Local Involvement     .......................................................               4


             PROJECT OBJECTIVES            .......................................................               4


             PROJECT ACTIVITIES           ........................................................               4

             LAND USE AND LOCAL LAND USE REGULATIONS                        .............................        6
                     Land Use in the Watershed      .................................................            6
                     Local Land Use Regulations      ...............................................             7
                             Soil Type Lot Size Regulations    .......................................           8
                             Impervious Limits    .........................................             ........ 8
                             Excavation Regulations     .............................................            8
                             Septic Systems    ....................................................              8
                             Subdivision and Site Plan Review Regulations      ...........................       9
                             Critical Water Resource Areas: wetlands, shoreland, floodplains, aquifers,
                             wellhead areas    ...................................................              10
                             Maintenance and Inspection     .........................................           10

             WATER QUALITY INFORMATION                  ............................................            I I
                     Point Sources    ..........................................................                11.
                     RPC     .................................................................                  12
                     Great Bay Watch     ...................................         : ....................     12
                     NHDES      ..............................................................                  12
                     JEL  .................................................
                     Site Specific Sampling    ...................................................              15
                     Sample Collection and Analyses      ...........................................            15
                     Water Quality Parameters Measured and State Standards        ........................      16


             SAMPLING RESULTS           ........................................................                18
                     Reading the Graphs     .....................................................               19
                     Sample Sites   ...........................................................                 19


             DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS                     ........................................        36


             REFERENCES         ...............................................................                 38











                 FIGURES


                 1. Watershed boundaries and sample sites               ......................................................................... 5

                 2. Net change of dwelling units in Rockingham County, 1980-1993                          ................................. 6

                 3. Sites identified by JELwith potential to negatively impact the Squamscott River                          .........  14

                 4. Geometric means for bacterial indicators at sample sites                  .............................................  35




                 APPENDICES


                 A. Checklist for evaluation of municipal ordinances and regulations.

                 B. Septic system maintenance information.

                 C. OSP Technical Bulletin #11.


                 D. Data from Jones and Langan, 1995.

                 E. Exeter/Squamscott Watershed CNPCP sampling results:

                 F. Sampling budget.

                 G. DES Fact sheet-Iron bacteria in surface water.




                 ABBREVIATIONS


                 CNPCP-Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program
                 DES-Department of Environmental Services
                 JEL-Jackson Estuarine Laboratory
                 NHCP-New Hampshire Coastal Program
                 NPDES-National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
                 NPS-Nonpoint Sources
                 OSP-Office of State Planning
                 RCCD-Rockingham County Conservation District
                 RPC-Rockingham Planning Commission
                 WWTP-Waste Water Treatment Plant










            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



            A valuable part of this project was working with a steering committee of representatives from
            watershed towns and local interest groups. The NHCP would like to thank the following for
            their participation and assistance with the project;

            Steven Bird, Rockingham Planning Commission
            Barbara Byrne, Newfields
            Mary Currier, Rockingham County Conservation District
            Peter Dow, Rockingham land Trust
            Richard Flanders, N.H. Department of Environmental Services
            Camilla Lockwood, Sandown
            Cornelius O'Brien, Fremont
            Jody Pellerin, Exeter
            Alan Sherwood, Danville
            Lawrence Smith, East Kingston
            Anthony Whitcomb, Kingston
            Jennifer Fox, Project Coordinator













             SUMMARY

             Nonpoint sources of pollution are a major cause of water quality problems in New Hampshire
             coastal waters. Local land use decisions have an important role in controlling these sources of
             pollution. The objective of this project was to focus on local efforts that address nonpoint
             pollution in the Exeter/Squamscott Watershed.

             Involvement of representatives from communitlies in the watershed was a key component of the
             project. The New Hampshire Coastal Program worked with the Rockingham Planning
             Commission to form a steering committee with members from municipal boards, the county
             conservation district, NHDES, and other interest groups. Project activities included a review of
             local land uses and regulations in the watershed, a summary of existing water quality data
             augmented with additional site specific monitoring, and steering committee meetings to guide
             project development and develop recommendations.

             The following conclusion were made:

                     The watershed is rural in character, but land development activities and land use
                     practices have the potential to impact water quality in the area.
                     Many towns in the watershed have regulations in place that can control potential nonpoint
                     sources of pollution. As well, there are number of regulations that towns may want to
                     adopt or update to strengthen the effort to prevent nonpoint sources of pollution.
                     Maintenance and inspection programs required by land use regulations should be
                     evaluated and strengthened where necessary.
                     Nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern in the watershed but point sources of
                     pollution also contribute to documented problems.
                     Stormwater runoff in the more urbanized part of the watershed is a major concern.
                     Levels of contaminants that exceeded state standards were observed for both dry weather
                     and storm events.
                     Elevated bacteria was the most frequent water quality problem observed.
                     Although generally at lower levels and with less frequency, bacteria levels that exceeded
                     state standards were observed in the upper part of the watershed. Sites were not as
                     pristine as originally thought.
                     Bacteria levels in the lower part of the watershed relate to stormwater runoff, and
                     possibly septic systems and agricultural runoff.

             Water quality data indicated there are nonpoint pollution problems in the watershed. Sources in
             the upper part of the watershed may not be greatly impacting coastal waters at this time, but
             could be a local concern and should be addressed so larger cumulative impacts do not develop in
             the future. In the lower part of the watershed a number of samples exceeded state water quality
             standards and may be contributing to nonpoint concerns in coastal waters.

             A number of local land use regulations are in place to address these potential sources of nonpoint











            pollution. Still, coverage is incomplete in the watershed, required maintenance and inspection
            programs are not carried out on a regular basis, and some pollution sources may not be covered
            by the regulations due to granffathered sites or size limitg.' These gaps need to be addressed in
            order to provide maximum protection from nonpoint pollution in the watershed.

            Results were discussed with the Steering Committee and a number of recommendations were
            suggested for education activities, ways to improve local regulations and implementation, and
            fidure monitoring programs.











                                                                                                            3


             INTRODUCTION


             New Hampshire has solved many water pollution problems in the past twenty years. However,
             pollution sources still threaten the water quality of our lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. This is
             evident in New Hampshire's seacoast region where 66% of the shellfish beds in Great Bay are
             closed due to bacterial pollution (DES, 1994). Previous attempts to control pollution focused on
             point sources and recent water quality studies suggest that nonppint sources (NPS) of pollution
             are the major cause of current water quality problems. In attempt to address nonpoint pollution
             concerns in coastal NH, this project was conducted in the Exeter/Squamscott Watershed.

             What are Nonpoint Sources of Pollution?
             Point sources of pollution are relatively easy to identify because they come from a particular
             point such as a pipe. Industrial discharges and the outfall from a wastewater treatment plant.are
             point sources. Nonpoint pollution, also referred to as polluted runoff, is generated from many
             scattered sources rather than a single point. It develops when water washes over lawns, parking
             lots, city streets, farm fields, construction sites, and picks up pollutants such as bacteria, oil, or
             fertilizers. Polluted runoff may travel to waterways by natural drainage or through a storm
             drain system.

             What is the NH Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program?
             The New Hampshire Coastal Program (NHCP) is developing the state Coastal Nonpoint
             Pollution Control Program (CNPCP). The purpose of the CNPCP is to enhance state and local
             efforts to control nonpoint pollution that may degrade coastal water quality. For complete
             details of the State program see the NH Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (OSP and
             DES, 1995).

             Part of the CNPCP includes watershed projects that focus on local efforts to address NPS. A
             watershed is basically a drainage basin. It is the geographic area in which water, sediments, and
             dissolved materials drain to a common outlet. Sincenionpoint sources of pollution are difficult to
             locate, problems in a drainage basin may go unnoticed until the cumulative impacts are seen at
             the downstream outlet. The whole drainage area affects the water quality of the outlet, therefore
             it is important to evaluate nonpoint pollution on a watershed scale.

             How does.the Exeter/Squamscott Watershedfit into the Coastal NPCP?
             To manage effectively for water quality concerns in the coastal zone, we need to look at the
             tributaries that flow into the zone. In New Hampshire a large portion of the coastal zone is the
             Great Bay Estuary; 18 miles of the coastal zone are along the Atlantic Ocean and 132 miles are
             along the shoreline of the Great Bay Estuary. Great Bay and the Atlantic Ocean are the
             downstream drainage outlets for many tributaries. To control nonpoint pollution, the NHCP
             needs to evaluate how the basins that drain into the zone may affect these outlets.

             The Exeter/Squarnscott River is one of seven major tributaries to Great Bay. Previous studies
             indicate there are water quality concerns in the river that are the result of nonpoint sources of












                                                                                                        4

           pollution (see the Water Quality section for more details). Therefore an evaluation of potential
           pollution sources in the watershed, and current management strategies to control these sources,
           was initiated to aid the CNPCP.


           Local Involvement
           Involvement of representatives from communities in the watershed was a key component of the
           project. To maximize local involvement, the NHCP worked with the Rockingham Planning
           Commission (RPC) to form a steering committee with members from municipal boards, the
           Rockingham County Conservation District, and other interest groups. The Steering Committee
           provided community members an opportunity to learn about the CNPCP, contribute to the
           development of the program, and direct specific project activities such as site selection for water
           quality monitoring. The NHCP benefitted by having a forum to review and refine project
           development and recommendations.



           PROJECT OBJECTIVES
           The following were the overall objectives of the project:

           1.) Help the NHCP define a pro'.. 3s to involve local governments and interest groups in the
           development and implementation of the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Project.

           2.) Demonstrate the water quality impacts of existing nonpoint sources of pollution.

           3.) Work with a local steering committee to evaluate pollution sources, identify sites for water
           quality monitoring, and review ability of local land use controls to address nonpoint pollution.

           4.) Develop recommendations, for local implementation, to manage sources of nonpoint
           pollution.



           PROJECT ACTIVITIES
           Project activities were divided into three major categories:

                  Review of land uses and local land use regulations in the watershed.

                  A review of existing water quality data augmented with additional site specific
                  monitoring.

                  Steering Committee meetings to identify sampling sites, discuss results, and develop
                  recommendations.


           The following summarizes methods and results for each major category.







                                  EXETER AND SQUAMSCOTT RIVER WATERSHEDS





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                           State Pidne oordinales.                                                                                                                                   Ra:ki@qhoP











                                                                                                        6


           LAND USE AND LOCAL LAND USE REGULATIONS


           Land Use in the Watershed
           Most of the Exeter/Squamscott watershed is rural. in nature. Located in southeastern New
           Hampshire, the watershed is approximately 127 square miles in size (1993, RPC). The drainage
           basin covers major portions of 12 towns in the region and minor portions of six additional towns
           (fig. I -map). A major portion of the Exeter River is designated as a rural river for the N.H.
           Rivers Management and Protection Program. Over sixty percent of the watershed is forested and
           the major land uses are forestry, agriculture, and single family residences (OSP 1993). Some
           commercial and industrial uses are located in the upper reaches of the watershed but the main
           urban center is located in the lower part of the watershed in Exeter and Stratham.

           Although it has a rural character, the watershed is located in one of the faster growing areas in
           New Hampshire. Rockingham County experienced a dramatic increase in the number of housing
           units built between 1980 and 1985. Numbers declined after 1985 but remained higher than the
           early 1980's (OSP, 1993, fig. 2).


           Figure 2: Net change of dwelling units in Rockingham County, 1980-1993.




                                                Rockingham County
                                               Net Change of Dwelling Units

                      200




                      1500-



                    ce
                      1000




                       500




                         0
                                  1980      1985     1990     1991      1992      1993
                                                          Year

                    Source: Current Estimates and Trends in NH Housing supply, Update 1993, NHOSP.











                                                                                                                  7

              Land use activities in the watershed are potential sources of nonpoint pollution. Fertilizers and
              pesticides used on agricultural lands and residential areas can wash off into surface waters if
              applied in excessive amounts or close to water bodies. As'the intensity of development in an
              area increases, so does the potential to generate nonpoint pollution. Stormwater runoff from
              urban areas often contains high concentrations of toxic metals, bacteria, and sediments (U.S.
              EPA, 1983). If stormwater is transported directly to surface waters, and bypasses the natural
              filtering capacity of soils and vegetation, it can seriously degrade water quality. Parking lots,
              roads, and other impervious surfaces are normal results of development. Preventing the direct
              transport of runoff from impervious surfaces to waterways is critical to protect water quality.


              Local Land Use Regulations
              In New Hampshire, municipalities have the authority to enact local land use regulations that can
              help reduce NPS. Requiring erosion and sediment controls during construction activities can
              help retain soil particles on site and lessen the chance they wash away in a rain storm and enter a
              local stream. Grass swales, vegetated buffer strips, and detention basins are examples of
              techniques that can be required to slow runoff from impervious areas and allow pollutants to
              filter out before water enters an important water body.

              NHCP staff reviewed a list of local ordinances and regulations for their ability to address sources
              of nonpoint pollution. The list of municipal regulations was based on federal recommendations
              that define several nonpoint management measures that the state CNPCP should address. The
              review included the 12 towns that cover the major part of the watershed. A summary matrix of
              the review is located in appendix A. For categories where state regulations may apply, the
              matrix will be blank unless a town has referenced these state regulations or adopted a local
              regulation. The review was completed from January to April 1995. Additional information was
              added through Steering Committee meetings, review by RPC circuit. riders, along with phone
              conversations and mailings to local planning boards for towns without representatives on the
              Steering Committee.

              This review was an attempt to summarize key nonpoint regulations for towns in the watershed.
              Local regulations are continuously changing and developing and any summary has the potential
              to be quickly outdated. A component of the matrix may have been overlooked for a town
              because it is not located in a conventional section of the regulations. Still, this summary matrix
              provides the towns in the watershed an opportunity to examine what regulations are important for
              reducing nonpoint sources of pollution, how many towns in the watershed incorporate these
              measures in their regulations, and gaps that towns may want to focus on in the future when
              updating regulations.

              The following summary highlights some important regulatory gaps in the watershed that towns
              should focus on in the future.












                                                                                                                8

             Soil Type Lot Size Regulations
             Five towns in the watershed require soil-based lot sizes. In the 1970's the Rockingham County
             Conservation District developed a system for determining'building lot sizes based on the land's
             capacity to handle the effluent from septic systems. This model has been adopted by many
             communities in Rockingham County and throughout the state. In early 1990's, a group called the
             Ad Hoc Committee for Soil-based Lot Size Regulations conducted an extensive review of the
             soil type lot size regulations and made revisions to make the regulations even more scientifically
             defensible. The result was the "Model Subdivision regulations for Soil-Based Lot Size",
             published in June, 1991. All communities with soil type lot size regulations should bring their
             local regulations into conformance with the standards set forth in the model. Adoption of this
             model will reduce the likelihood of nonpoint pollution from septic systems placed on inadequate
             soils types.

             Impervious Limits
             Impervious surfaces are areas that do not allow rainwater to percolate into the ground, such as
             rooftops, driveways, parking lots, and highways. Constructed impervious surfaces can reduce
             the potential for infiltration of precipitation and result in increased runoff, erosion, and greater
             pollutant loads to surface waters. A twenty percent impervious limit generally allows for house
             coverage, necessary walkways and driveways, and maintains the natural capability of a site to
             control NPS (pers. convs. F. Latawiec, OSP). - Some advocate impervious limits of 10- 15 percent
             to maintain the quality of sensitive or unique stream areas such as cold-water trout habitat
             (Schueler, 1991). Vegetated areas control nonpoint pollution by preserving the natural storage
             capacity and filtering ability of soils and vegetation. Nine towns in the watershed have limits on
             the portion of a lot that can be impervious, ranging from ten to sixty-five percent.

             Excavation Regulations
             All towns in the watershed have some form of excavation regulations. RSA 155-E is the state
             law that regulates excavations in New Hampshire. The law covers permitting procedures, buffer
             provisions, limits of excavation, operational standards and reclamation standards. The law
             applies in all communities, regardless of whether they have adopted it's provisions.
             Communities may adopt versions of the law with increased standards due to local situation. s.
             Model excavation regulations are available from the Rockingham Planning Commission and
             other regional planning agencies. Proper operation and reclamation of excavation sites will
             reduce the potential for erosion and other nonpoint pollution sources.

             Septic Systems
             Septic systems are believed to be a major source of bacteria and nutrients in surface waters. Soil-
             based lot size, discussed previously, reduces some NPS concerns related to septic systems.
             NHDES regulates the design and installation of new systems. All towns in the watershed
             reinforce these regulations by inspecting new systems prior to backfilling. Many towns in the
             watershed have stricter requirements than the state's, such as greater setback requirements from
             surface waters.











                                                                                                                 9

              Septic systems require regular inspection and maintenance. No town in the watershed requires
              owners to inspect tanks annually. All septic tanks need periodic inspections to determine if they
              are functioning properly or need to be pumped. If homeowners wait until a 'stem shows
                                                                                            SY
              complete signs of failure, such as surface breakout of wastewater, expensive repairs are required
              and nonpoint sources of pollution may result. Towns should consider establishing a program
              focusing on education for septic system owners and creating a septic tank inspection program.
              Informational brochures about septic system maintenance are available from DES and
              Cooperative Extension Services (see appendix B).

              The Steering Committee debated whether septic system concerns would best be addressed at the
              local or state level. One suggestion was to focus on substandard systems on a watershed basis,
              first targeting areas near critical water resources. Major issues that need to be addressed are
              identifying/locating substandard septic systems and finding ways to help homeowners finance
              replacement of the system. The NH Coastal Program has plans to form a working group to
              develop a strategy to remedy failed septic systems statewide, beginning in the coastal area with
              areas close to surface waters and wellhead -protection areas. This group will also study options
              for financi  the repair and replacement of failed systems.
                        Ing

              Subdivision and Site Plan Review Regulations
              Subdivision regulations apply to the subdivision of land, while site plan review regulations apply
              to nonresidential and multi-family development. Both types of regulations are important in the
              effort to provide for the proper treatment of stormwater ruhoff and the control of nonpoint
              pollution that may result as land is developed. Various versions of model subdivisions and site
              plan review regulations have been prepared by a variety of groups. Locally, the Rockingham
              Planning Commissionhas recently prepared model regulations for subdivision and site plan
              review. These models cover everything from application procedures to surety agreements. The
              provisions that specifically address nonpoint pollution include erosion and sediment control,
              stormwater management, and control of hazardous materials.

              All towns in the watershed have some type of subdivision and site plan review regulations. Nine
              towns under site plan review and seven towns under subdivision regulations reference a
              publication from the Rockingham County Conservation District (RCCD) entitled, "Stormwater
              Management and Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook for Urban and Developing Areas of
              New Hampshire". The handbook is an excellent source of information and contains model
              erosion and sediment control regulations. It is recommended that towns require applicants to
              meet the established standards in this guide. (The handbook is available from RCCD-679-2790.)

              Ideally these requirements should apply to disturbances of 20,000 square feet or more,
              construction of roads, subdivisions of three or more building lots, and disturbance of critical
              areas. Five towns clearly require this under site plan review and subdivision regulations., To
              ensure these standards are met and implemented may require independent review by a qualified
              consultant, on-site inspections, and performance bonding. A number of towns in the watershed
              already carry out some of these activities. Those needing assistance in establishing these












                                                                                                             10

           regulations should consult the regional planning commission.

           Critical Water Resource Areas: wetlands, shoreland, floodplains, aquifers, wellhead areas
           The Office of State Planning supports an integrated approach to planning and zoning for
           management and protection of critical water resources including shorelands, floodplains,
           aquifers, wetlands and wellhead areas. A technical bulletin prepared by OSP (see appendix C)
           lists a number of provisions to prevent nonpoint pollution that could be included in a water
           resources protection district such as a wetlands conservation district. Every town in the
           watershed has either a wetland, shoreland, or aquifer district. Six towns include regulations for
           all three resource areas and come close to addressing all the nonpoint provisions outlined.
           Other towns should consider augmenting their existing regulations in place, or adopting a model
           ordinance to protect critical water resource areas.

           Maintenance and Inspection
           An informal set of questions was discussed with municipal officials, planning commission circuit
           riders, and steering committee members, regarding maintenance and inspection programs. The
           objective was to determine how towns 'ensure standards and maintenance practices required in
           regulations are carried out. Do they have inspections during construction to ensure erosion and
           sediment controls are in place and functioning? Are stormwater structures such as catch basins
           inspected and cleaned on a regular basis? The conclusion was that many towns are limited by a
           lack of people and dollar resources and maintenance and inspection are not happening on a
           regular basis. The town of Raymond promotes cross training of town employees to develop a
           greater pool of people to cover inspections. Towns may also want to review a bonding system to
           assure that maintenance and inpsections are carried out.


           For towns that want to pursue any gaps in their regulations in regard to NPS control, the
           following references are helpful for additional information on NPS and techniques to prevent it:

                   A Guide to Controlling Nonpoint Pollution through Municipal Programs.
                   Technical bulletin #11, N.H. Office of State Planning, 1995.

                   This technical bulletin focuses on nonpoint sources of special concern to coastal waters.
                   It provides guidance on improving the effectiveness of local ordinances and regulations
                   and other municipal programs. This guide is included in appendix C.

                   Best Management Practices to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Guide for
                   Citizens and Town Officials. NHDES-WSPCD-94-2.


                   This guide describes what causes NPS and best management practices (Bws) to prevent
                   it.


                   Local Land Use Management Techniques for Water Resource Protection and











                    Geographic Inventory Procedures. NHOSP, 1992.

                    Explains municipal regulatory and non-regulatory, measures that can be. use to protect
                    water resources.



            CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE LAND USE AND REGULATORY REVIEW
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            WATER QUALITY INFORMATION

            The following sources of water quality data were reviewed to assess existing sources of nonpoint
            pollution in the watershed and aid in developing a site-specific monitoring program,

            Point Sources
            Information available for wastewater treatment plants (WWT?) and other point discharges in
            the watershed were reviewed to assess their impact as possible pollution sources. Most studies
            suggest recent reductions in point sources of pollution in NH leave nonpoint sources as the
            leading cause of water quality problems. Point sources were evaluated to assess whether this
            theory holds in the study area.

            There are five NPDES permit holders in the watershed. The National Pollution and Discharge
            Elimination System (NPDES) is a permit process established to track large-scale discharges to
            surface waters. The system covers discharges from municipal W101TP and industrial operations.
            Dischargers are classified as major or minor. Four of the dischargers are minor and one is major.

            All of the permits were reviewed with the NHDES environmental inspector in charge of the
            records. Two of the minor permits are for non-contact cooling water. These permits require
            testing discharges for temperature, pH , and flow and these sites have not displayed any water
            quality concerns. The other minor permit holders are for wastewater treatment systems for the
            town of Newfields and the County Complex in Brentwood. Newfields WWT? consistently met











                                                                                                               12

            its required bacteria discharge level, but had an infrequent, seasonal, total suspended solids
            violation due to algal blooms in the lagoon system. The County Complex in Brentwood had no
            recent water quality violations.

            The major discharge permit in the watershed is for the WWIT for the town of Exeter. They have
            a permit limit for bacteria of 70 total coliform/ I 00ml . In 1994, ten bacterial violations were
            recorded. Adjustments were made at the plant and bacterial violations ceased. The plant also
            was cited for occasional total suspended solids violations. NHDES feels this is due to a seasonal
            buildup of algae in the lagoon system at the plant.

            Previously Exeter held a permit for the storm water holding pond located near the Exeter Mill
            Apartment Complex. The town completed a storm and sewer separation project in 1992 and
            requested that the State eliminate the requirement for a NPDES permit for the holding pond. The
            Town has not been testing the water quality at the holding pond since that time. The pond
            occasionally receives combined sewer overflow during heavy storm events. In April 1995, the
            town of Exeter researched upgrading a pump station to reduce the chance of sanitary sewer
            overflow into the stormwater holding pond. The town was recently issued a new NPDES permit
            that requires water quality testing at the holding pond again, starting in October 1995. (personal
            communications with Mike Mzi;@,a, Exeter Water and Sewer Superintendent).

            Rockingham Planning Commission
            A pollution source identification report produced by the Rockingham Planning Commission
            (RPC, 1992, 1993), was reviewed. For this project, RPC identified and mapped a number of
            pollution threats in Rockingham County. A variety of threats were identified, but two sources in
            particular were recommended for further review: temporary salt piles and stormwater runoff. A
            list of potential threats in the watershed was consulted when sites for further monitoring were
            selected.


            Great Bay Watch
            Great Bay Watch is a volunteer water quality monitoring group sponsored by Sea Grant
            Extension at the University of New, Hampshire. In 1994, volunteers began sampling the
            Squarnscott River at the Exeter town dock. The site was sampled twice a month from April to
            November at both high and low tide. Fecal coliform bacteria counts were consistently high for
            both high (mean-- 122.4) and low tide (mean-- 184.5).

            NH Department of Environmental Services
            The most recent studies conducted by New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services
            (NHI)ES) indicate there are water quality concerns in the Exeter/Squamscott Watershed:

                            In 1991 a sanitary survey of the Squarnscott River was completed (NHDES-
                           WSPCD-92-1 0). Samples were collected and tested for bacteria at sites between
                           the Franklin Street crossing on the Exeter River and the mouth of the Squamscott
                           River. High bacteria levels were found and evidence indicated they were not due










                                                                                                                13

                             to the wastewater treatment plants on the river but seemed to originate upstream
                             of the tidal dam. The study recommended ftirther investigations be targeted at the
                             Exeter and Little rivers.


                             A 1992 report (NHDES-WSPCD-92-14) listed one mile of the Exeter River as not
                             supporting its designated use due to bacterial violations.

                             According to the 1994 water quality Report to Congress prepared by NHDES, 1.2
                             miles of the Squarnscott River did not meet class B standards due to bacterial
                             violations. (See page 16 for class B definition).

                             DES conducts monthly (as long as surface waters are not frozen), testing for E.
                             coli levels at a number of sites throughout the seacoast area. One sample site is at
                             Great Brook, a tributary to the Exeter River. Results were recently obtained for
                             five samples collected between July, 1994 and May 1995. -Bacteria levels were
                             variable but relatively high and the geometric mean of these sample exceeds the
                             state limits (geomean-- 228, n--5, whereas the state standard is not greater than
                             126 E. coli/100 ml).                                                                  a

             DES also concludes that most point sources are meeting water quality standards and the
             remaining water quality problems are primarily due to nonpoint sources. DES listed the
             Piscataqua, River watershed as top priority for future water quality protection efforts. The
             Exeter/Squamscott watershed is a sub-basin of the Piscataqua, River:


             Jackson Estuarine Laboratory
             Jackson Estuarine Laboratory (JEL) at the University of New Hampshire recently published two
             reports that include water quality data for part of the Exeter/Squamscott watershed. One report is
             the result of a two year coordinated sampling effort in the Great Bay and associated tributaries as
             part of the N.H. Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP). Tbree sample sites are
             located in the Exeter/Squamscott River: 1.) the mouth of the Squamscott River at the railroad
             crossing between Newfields and Stratham; 2.) the Route 108 bridge crossing of the Exeter River
             in downtown Exeter; and 3.) the Pickpocket Dam on the Exeter/Brentwood town line.

             The following conclusions were reached;
                             Bacterial contaminants from terrestrial and freshwater sources appear to be major
                             contributions to tidal water contamination.
                             For the Exeter/Squarnscott tributary, high nutrient levels at the mouth of the
                             Squamscott are due to point and nonpoint sources in the tidal portion of the river
                             and not from sources in the Exeter River. (This conclusion was not known at the
                             time preliminary results were presented to the Steering Committee)
                             For bacterial contaminants, the freshwater sources are a significant contribution.
                             Bacteria levels were significantly higher after rain events. Nutrient levels were












                                                                                 14

                    not significantly higher following rain events. (Higher nitrate levels were
                    observed following rain events but not statistically significant possibly due to the
                    small data base and variability.)
                    Levels at Pickpocket Dam were much lower than downtown Exeter and did not
                    violate state standards for swimming (for State standards see page 16). This
                    suggests stormwater runoff in the more urbanized section of the watershed is a
                    major source of bacterial contamination.

        The second study conducted by JEL (Jones and Langan, 1995) focused on the Squarnscott River
        with the objective of developing strategies for assessing nonpoint pollution impacts. This
        included sampling in the Exeter river and preliminary data was presented to the Steering
        Committee in March to help focus additional monitoring efforts. The final report concluded the
        Exeter River and tributaries near Exeter are a source of bacteria to the tidal river. Loading
        estimates for bacteria and nutrients were calculated for most of the tributaries to the Squamscott
        River. The following sites were listed as having the largest potential to negatively impact river
        water quality:

        Sg25-bacteria & nutrients-Norris Brook, mouth-downtown Exeter
        SR24-bacteria and ammonium-Cobby Brook, Newfields;
        SR22-phosphate-Parting Brook, Rte. 85 crossing, Newfields
        SRI -nitrate and phosphate-(stream in Newfields near Go'If course)
        SRI 9-ammonium-Rocky Hill Brook, Rte 85 crossing, Exeter
        SRI 0 -bacteria- stream crossing, Middle Road, Stratham.

        Figure 3: Sites identified by JEL with potential to negativley impact the Squarnscott River.



                                                    ia @% (ds

                                SRI
                                SR24
                                SR22             "A-4
                                SRIO
                                                  "I   ..Str i thc
                                SR19
                                SR25          I e I e-r
                                              ee






        Bacteria levels at these sites frequently exceeded state standards. (See appendix D for a data
        table of values and page 16 for state standards.)











                                                                                                               15

               WHAT DOES THE BACKGROUND WATER QUALITY INFORMATION TELL US?
                                                                A-
                                     Nource"          U 011=11 W)



                                                                                              OEM--
                                                                               E

                                            3- -
                                                                                                    A,
                                  U=4 !gene        yg
                                            I      V-1fir
                                      jam,
                                        mg  gre,4@g
                                                           0

                                                                                                          ne




             Site Specific Sampling
             Available water quality data for the watershed was summarized and presented to the Steering
             Committee to help focus further monitoring. The Committee discussed what parameters to focus
             on and the number of samples thet could be collected within the budget available. Due to the
             lack of data above Pickpocket Dalrn in Exeter, it was decided sites in the upper watershed would
             be valuable to include for baseline data. The Committee chose fifteen sample sites, five in the
             upper part of the watershed and ten in the more urban part of the lower watershed. Sample sites
             included outlets from storm drains, drainage swales, detention basins, along with stream sites in
             the main branch and tributaries of the Exeter River that flowed through agricultural and
             residential sections of the watershed. Since stormwater runoff was documented to negatively
             impact the water quality in the watershed, sampling focused on storm events. Due to time
             constraints and sampling logistics, a combination of storm events and dry weather samples were
             collected.


             Sample Collection and Analyses
             Samples were grab samples collected in polyethylene bottles that are acid-washed and prepared
             at NHDES and Jackson Lab at UNH. Bottles used for nutrient and metal analyses contained an
             acid preservative. For smaller streams and accessible storm drains, a sample was collected
             directly into the sample bottle. A clean bucket, rinsed twice with local water before collecting a
             sample, was used to collect from sites difficult to access, such as the outlet for the Exeter
             stormwater holding pond.

             All samples were held on ice and transported to the appropriate lab for analysis. Nutrients,
             metals and bacteria tests were conducted at DES, Total suspended solids and percent organic
             matter at JEL. Field instruments were used to measure pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and
             temperature. Results were recorded on field data sheets.












                                                                                                               15

               WHAT DOES THE BACKGROUND WATER QUALITY INFORMATION TELL US?

               Nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern in the watershed but point sources of
		polution also contribute to documented problems.

		Bacteria and nutrients are water quality concerns in the watershed.

		Data above Oickpocket Dam is limited, but historic data indicate wate flowing
		over the dam generally does violate state water quality standards.

		Stormwater runoff in the more urbanized part of the watershed is a major concern.

                                                                                 
                






                                                      


             Site Specific Sampling
             Available water quality data for the watershed was summarized and presented to the Steering
             Committee to help focus further monitoring. The Committee discussed what parameters to focus
             on and the number of samples that could be collected within the budget available. Due to the
             lack of data above Pickpocket Dam in Exeter, it was decided sites in the upper watershed would
             be valuable to include for baseline data. The Committee chose fifteen sample sites, five in the
             upper part of the watershed and ten in the more urban part of the lower watershed. Sample sites
             included outlets from storm drains, drainage swales, detention basins, along with stream sites in
             the main branch and tributaries of the Exeter River that flowed through agricultural and
             residential sections of the watershed. Since stormwater runoff was documented to negatively
             impact the water quality in the watershed, sampling focused on storm events. Due to time
             constraints and sampling logistics, a combination of storm events and dry weather samples were
             collected.


             Sample Collection and Analyses
             Samples were grab samples collected in polyethylene bottles that are acid-washed and prepared
             at NHDES and Jackson Lab at UNH. Bottles used for nutrient and metal analyses contained an
             acid preservative. For smaller streams and accessible storm drains, a sample was collected
             directly into the sample bottle. A clean bucket, rinsed twice with local water before collecting a
             sample, was used to collect from sites difficult to access, such as the outlet for the Exeter
             stormwater holding pond.

             All samples were held on ice and transported to the appropriate lab for analysis. Nutrients,
             metals and bacteria tests were conducted at DES, Total suspended solids and percent organic
             matter at JEL. Field instruments were used to measure pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and
             temperature. Results were recorded on field data sheets.
 










                                                                                                                 17

              note: Technically, E. coli results should be less than fecal coliform since it is a subset of this
              group. DES uses different techniques to analyze for the two indicators (i.e.-incubation times,
              culture media) and at times E. coli counts are higher than,fecal coliform for the same sample.
              DES feels the E. coli technique is more accurate and when this indicates higher numbers than the
              fecal coliform test, the higher number is probably more accurate.

              Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and pH
              These are the parameters that are measured in the field. Extreme values can be quick indicators
              of pollution problems.

              Temperature-Runoff from paved areas can increase stream temperatures. Temperature can affect
              other water quality characteristics such as dissolved oxygen. The state standard is "no increase
              that would appreciably interfere with the designated uses".
              Specific Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electric current and is an
              indicator of the dissolved ionic matter present in water. High conductivity measurements may
              indicate pollution sources such as salt or nutrients from runoff. The unit of measure is
              micromhos ( @Lmhos). There is no state standard for conductivity but most clean surface waters
              of New England have very low conductivity levels (Spang, 1988).
              Dissolved Oxygen-Dissolved oxygen (DO) in water is required to support aquatic life.
              Stormwater runoff with high levels of organic matter can consume oxygen as it decays. The
              state standard is not less than 75% saturation or generally not less than 6.0 mg/L. Low DO is
              stressful to aquatic life.
              pH- This is a measure of the acidity of water. The pH scale ranges from I to 14, seven being
              neutral with values below this indicating increasingly acidic conditions and values above
              indicating more basic conditions. Extreme values or changes may indicate biological activity or
              pollution sources. The state standard for class B waters is 6.5 to 8.0 or as naturally occurs.

              Total Suspended Solids (TSS)- This is a measure of fine materials suspended in the water
              column. High levels of suspended sediments can reduce light penetration and may have attached
              nutrients and other adsorbed pollutants that affect stream life. High levels may. indicate erosion
              or runoff problems. An average value for unpolluted surface waters in the Northeast is 10 mg/L.

              Percent Organic Matter (% Org)-is the percentage of the TSS that is organic matter. In
              general, percent organic matter may be high but the overall amount of TSS is low. High TSS
              levels that are mostly organic matter (therefore the % organic matter is high), may indicate
              excess nutrient sources are stimulating algal growth.

              Nutrients
              Phosphorus and nitrogen are important plant and animal nutrients and generally found at very
              low concentrations in streams. Nutrients may enter streams from leaking septic systems, runoff
              from agricultural areas or fertilized lawns, or via sediments from eroding areas. Increased
              nutrient levels can stimulate algal production and are toxic to aquatic life at.very high levels.












                                                                                                           18

            The state standard for phosphorus is "no phosphorus in such concentrations that would impair
            any usage assigned to the specific class involved, unless naturally occurring". Naturally
            occurring levels of phosphorous in NH rivers are generally less than .03 5mg/L (NHDES, 1993).
            The state standard for nitrate is not to exceed 10 mg/L, based on protection of human health. In
            general unpolluted, well oxygenated surface water concentrations are less than I mg/L (Goldman
            and Home, 1983). USEPA also sets the drinking water standard at l0mg/L.
            The state standard for ammonia in freshwater is 29 mg/L, based on acute toxicity for aquatic
            life. Levels for unpolluted surface waters are generally less than 0.1 mg/L (Goldman and Home,
            1983)


            Metals
            Metals are a concern because they are commonly contained in urban runoff, The Nationwide
            Urban Runoff Program (EPA 1983) found elevated levels of Cu, Pb, Zn in at least 91% of the
            sample collected. Metals may be toxic'to aquatic life and have the potential to bioaccumulate in
            the food chain.
            The state uses the following USEPA acute toxicity sta   ndards designed to protect aquatic
            organisms.  (DES and EPA are reviewing metals standards.)
            Aluminum (Al)         0.75 mg/L
            Copper (Cu)           0.0048 mg/L
            Zinc (Zn)             0.036 mg/L
            Cadmium (Cd)          0.0082 mg/L



            SAWLING RESULTS


            Samples were collected on five separate dates. The first two sample dates were during or shortly
            after a rain storm. On 5/11/95 a rainstorm began in the evening. Three samples were collected
            within the first hour of the storm at sites 2,7, and 9. The remaining samples were collected the
            next day. A total of .44 inches of rain was recorded at the Durham observation station and .93
            inches in Greenland. (This demonstrates the variability in the amount of iainfall in the
            watershed and.observation locations only give a relative indication of rainfall for the sample
            sites.) For the second storm sample (6/7/95),.30 inches of rain were recorded at Durham and .38
            inches in Greenland. Sampling began within the first hour of the beginning of the storm. By the
            time samples were collected in the upper part of the watershed (sites 11- 15), the rain was very
            light or had ended. A dry event was sample on 6/21/95. No rain was recorded for four days
            prior to this date. Another dry event was sampled on 6/27/95. Scattered thunderstorms occurred
            two days before on 6/25/95. A total of .60 inches of rain was recorded in Durham but no
            measurable rainfall was recorded in Greenland. Possible effects of this storm on the sample date
            are discussed with site descriptions that follow. A significant storm event was sampled at 10
            sites on 9/17/95. 1.15 inches of rain were recorded in Durham and Greenland.










                                                                                                              19

             Reading the Graphs
             A few things should be kept in mind when reviewing the following graphs. Results for bacteria,
             nutrients, metals, and total suspended solids were graphed'for each sample site. A complete
             database for all parameters measured is in appendix E. Graph scales were kept consistent to
             allow for relative comparison between sites. Therefore data bars that reached the top of the
             graph may indicates values higher than shown and appendix D should be referenced for exact
             values. Only parameters that were detected were graphed. This accounts for some of the .
             variablity between graph legends. If a parameter is listed in the legend but not visible on the
             graph, it may be due to a low value that is not visible with the scale utilized.



             Sample Sites
             Site 1-Cobby Brook, Route 85, Newfields-sampled downstream side of road.
             This site was selected for concerns about development in the area.
             Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen all follow normal trends at this site. Percent saturation
             levels for dissolved oxygen were low for the 6/27/95 sample date and just under the 6.0 mgAL
             state standard. Many sample sites had a decline in DO levels for this date and may relate to low
             stream flow at this time of the y.@ar and did not seem to be related to storm events. Conductivity
             ranged from 280-365 umhos. Nutrient levels were within the range of clean running waters,
             except total phosphorus for the last storm date (. 102 mgAL).' The only metal detected for four of
             the five sample dates was aluminum. After the one inch rainfall, Al, Cu, and Zn were all
             detected. Al and Cu exceeded state limits for this date. TSS level were normal for most
             samples, but slightly elevated after the heaviest rain event (9/17/95, 24 mgfL). Bacteria levels
             were variable but well over 5 00/1 00ml for E. coli and Fecal coliform for three sample dates. The
             geomean for all five sample dates also exceeds the state limit (E. coli, 255cts/100ml).






             Site 2-Wheelwright Creek, Exeter-access from Jady Hill, sampled south side of road.
             Wheelwright Creek receives stormwater runoff from a number of businesses located on
             Portsmouth Avenue in Exeter. Bacteria levels were consistently over the state standard. Bacteria
             levels were higher on storm dates than dry dates. Total phosphorous levels were elevated on
             storm sample days whereas nitrate levels were elevated for two dry days. This combination of
             high bacteria and nutrients, during both storm and dry events, could be the result of stormwater
             runoff and septic systems influences. One side of the creek is bordered by single family
             residences. This area is within the sewer district but all homes may not be hooked up to the
             system. TSS levels were elevated for storm.sample dates, especially on 5/11/95 and 9/17/95.
             Aluminum, zinc, and copper levels exceeded state limits for storm samples. Conductivity levels
             ranged from 89-700 umhos. All other parameters followed normal trends.






                                                                                                               20


                     1000                                            1
                       800                                           0.8-
                  C@   600                                           0.6-
                  C_R  400                                      E    0.4-
                  i@   200                                           0.2-           A-
                        0
                           5/11 W     6/21 6/27 9/17                 5/11 617  6/21  U27 9117
                                     date                                      date
                     0.75                                            100
                                                                     80-
                     0.5 -                             =A[           060-
                                                       Ma Cu         40-
                  E 0.25 -                             MZn           20-
                                                                     E
                       0                                             0
                          5/11 W    U21 6/27 9/17                     5/11 6/07 U21 W7 9/17
                                     date                                        date
                 Site 1








                                        Raymond                         [=lot
                                                               @twood

                                     Chootor


                                                     DUV     KINIS"I
                                                                     1, Elm
                                           landswo                   'J@ bgswo Koloblin




                                                                                             Site 2

                     1000                                            1
                     800-                                            0.8-
                  E  600-                                FC          0.6-
                                           F/0"
                     400-                              MEC    E 0.4-
                     200-              Fï¿½R                           0.2
                       0                                             0
                         5/11  617   6121  6127 9117                 5/11 W 6t22    6/27 9/17
                                     date                                     date
                     0.75                                            100
                                                                     80-
                  _j 0.5 -                                           60-
                  "6                                                 _j
                  E                                                  '& 40-
                     0.25-                                           E20-  am
                       0                                             0
                          5111- 6/7   6121 6127 9117                  5/11  Sa 6/21   6/27 9/17
                         LtA




























                                                                                                   TX:N
                                                                                                   NH3-N

















                                      date                                       date
                  data bars that reach top of graph indicate values higher than shown-see data table for exact values











                                                                                                           21

             Site 3-Exeter Mill Apartment Complex, Exeter-sampled storm drain that discharges into the
             Squamscott River.
             Samples were collected at the storm drain outlet and therefore only collected on storm dates.
             Bacteria levels exceeded state standards on 6/7 and 9/17. Copper levels were also exceeded on
             three dates. Nutrient levels were generally within acceptable ranges, except Total Phosphorus
             levels on 6/7/95 (.089 mg/L) and 9/17/95 (.241 mg/L) were more indicative of an urban impacted

             area.








             Site 4-Exeter Stormwater Holding Pond, Exeter-sampled at outflow into Squarnscott River.
             This site was sampled due to concerns about combined sewer overflows influencing the holding
             pond discharge. This site was more characteristic of a pond than running water. DO levels were
             some of the lowest sampled, ranging from 4 to 8.6 mg/L. Total phosphorous levels were high
             (.094-.39 mg/L) and probably contribute to the high algal growth in the pond. But the pond
             discharges to tidal waters where phosphorous is not a limiting factor and therefore is not as great
             a concern as in freshwater sites. " :@acteria and other nutrient levels were low for most sample
             dates, perhaps an indicator the wetland/holding pond was removing most of these constituents
             from the water column. Bacteria levels were elevated for the last sample date (rainfall recorded
             at Durham = 1. 15 inches). E. coli levels were below state standards (120 cts/ I 00mls), but for
             fecal coliform, levels exceeded state standards (120 cts/100mis).







                                                                                                                                                                  22



                        1000                                                                 1

                               800-                                                          0.8-
                        E      6W.                                                           0.6-                                         =Tot P
                        8                                                                    -                                 -
                               400-                                                          E0.4                                         = N03-N
                                                                                                                                          =NH-%.N
                               200                                                           0.2-
                               01                                                            0        A                      ft     -
                                 5/11     W     60       6127 9/17                              5t1 1  617    6/21    6127 9/17
                                                 dat                                                           date
                                   -               Le
                        0.75                                                                 100
                        _j 0.5 -                                                             aR So-
                        a)                                                MAI                60-
                        E0.25-                                            ENCU               40-
                                                                          =Zn                E20
                               0                                                             o
                                5/11    W 6M M7 9/17                                            5/11 W7 W1            6/27 9/17
                                               date                                                            date
                                                                                                                          site 3








                                                                                                                      tkm
                                                                                             Brentwood Enter
                                                                                Fromost
                                                    Center          'I


                                                                          Due                K
                                                                                                I [all
                                                                                                            nle@

                                                             endows






                               Site 4

                        1000

                               800-                                                          0.8-
                        E      6DO -                                                         0.6-
                                                                                             E 0.4-
                               4DO -
                               200                                                           0.2-
                                                  L -                                        0
                               0                                                               5111 W 6121           6/27 9/17
                                 5/11 W 6121           6/27 9/17                                              date
                                                date

                        0.12                                                                 100
                        0.1    -                                                             aR so-
                        0.08-                                            nA                  -60-
                    _j                                                          1            0
                        0.06 -                                            ::Z   u            40
                                                                                C
                     E
                        0.04-                                                   n            E20-
                        0.02-
                                                                          MFC
                                                                          MEC

                               0_1                                                           0
                               5/11 6t7      6121      6r27    9/17                            5/11 W 6/21           6/27 9/17
                                               date                                                          date
                        data bars that reach top of graph indicate values higher than shown-see the data table for exact values











                                                                                                            23

             Site 5-Little River, Garrison Lane crossing, Exeter-sampled upstream side of bridge.
             This site was chosen to determine if the watershed above this point was impacted by nonpoint
             sources of pollution. Bacteria levels were variable but exceeded state standards at times. E. coli
             levels exceeded the state limit for a one-time sample on 5/11/95 (770cts/100mls) and were high
             on 6/27/95 (280ets/100m]). The geometric mean for all five sample dates was -within state limits
             (107cts/100m]). Total phosphorous levels ranged from .052-.096; more characteristic of
             agriculturally impacted waters than clean surface waters. All other parameters followed normal
             trends.








             Site 6-Epping Road, Exeter, Trucking station detention pond outflow-access from Allard St.
             This site was selected due to concerns about visible water quality changes in the stream receiving
             the discharge from the trucking station detention pond. The rust color precipitate in the water is
             characteristic of iron bacteria found naturally in many soils and waters. For further explanation
             of iron bacteria in surface waters see the DES Fact Sheet in appendix G. Iron bacteria are not a
             human health threat, but do present aesthetic problems. Other concerns at this site were high
             bacteria levels and TSS. These did not consistently relate to storm events. Bacteria violations
             occurred on two storm dates (6/7/95, E. coli 141 Octs/1 00 ml, 9/17/95 E. coli >2000 cts/1 00mls).
             Levels were also high on 6/27/95 (E. coli 1400 cts/ 100 ml). This date was dry but levels may be
             the result of rain that occurred on 6/25/95 (.6 inches of rain- measured in Durham). The
             detention pond is tied into the channelization of the stream that took place when the site
             upstream was developed. This would explain why flow is observed during dry weather. TSS
             levels were high, ranging from 27-72 mg/L Flow rates at this site are relatively low, so overall
             impacts of the discharge may not be significant.








                                                                                                                                                                       24


                          1000                                                                    1

                          BOO -                                                             0.8-
                          E600.                                              [;;F        _j 0.6 -
                                                                                   C     -a
                          400  -                                                  E]C    E 0.4 -
                          2DO                                                               0.2-

                               0                                                                  0
                                  5/11 W 6/21            6/27 9117                                  '5/11   67 W1 M7 9/17
                                                 Date                                                              Date

                          0.25                                                              100
                          0.2-                                                                    80-
                          0.15                                                                    60-
                                                                                         _j
                          0.1                                                            -a)      40-
                          0.05                                                           E        20
                               0                                                                  0
                                  5111 617 6r2I          6Q7 9/17                                    5/11 69 6/21           6r27 9117
                                                 Date                                                               Date
                               Site 5













                                                                                            Brestwood


                                                        $$or



                                                 ell                                                  Eam


                                                                Und





                                                                                                                               Site 6

                          1000

                          800-                                                             0.8-
                    E     600-                                                             0.6 -
                          400-                                                           E 0.4 -
                          200                                                              0.2-
                               0                                                                  0.
                                 5/11    W       6/21     6/27 9/17                               5/11     6r7 6r2i       6/27    9/17
                                                 Date                                                             Date

                          0.75-                                                            100
                    _j 0.5 -                                                nA              80-
                    'a                                                        :Z         0  60-                                             MTSS
                    E                                                            CU         40-                                             M %org
                          0.25-                                                   n
                                                                                         E  20    L               L
                                                                                                  0
                                 5/11 6(7 6/21           6/27 9/17                                5/11    617     6/21    6/27 9/17
                                                 Date                                                             Date
                          data bars that reach top of graph indicate values higher than shown-see data table for exact values











                                                                                                           25

             Site 7- Storm drain outflow to the Exeter River, Long Block, Exeter.
             This site drains a number of catch basins from a down town section of Exeter. A storm sample
             within the first hour of the beginning of the storm was collected on 5/11/95. This sample had
             elevated levels of sediments, total phosphorous, and metals. A visible plume of sediments was
             evident on this date. Aluminum and zinc were above state standards for acute toxicity. For other
             sample dates, parameters concentrations were variable. Pollutants may be quickly delivered and
             flushed at this site. That would explain elevated levels when this "first flush" was captured on
                       Subsequent samples were collected as at different storm stages. Bacteria levels were
             higher for storm events, especially after the last storm sample on 9/17/95.






             Site 8- Exeter River-sampled at end of Lary Lane, Exeter.
             This site is on the main branch of the Exeter River. Temperature, pH, DO, and conductivity
             followed normal trends at this site. DO levels were at 40 percent saturation for the 6/27/95
             sample date. Again this may be a normal seasonal depression for the river under low flow
             conditions. The river is very slow moving at Lary Lane and water levels were low by the end of
             July. Total phosphorous levels were acceptable but on the high end of the range (.026-.04 mg/L).
             Bacteria levels were elevated on three sample dates but the'geometric mean fell below the limit
             at 114 cts/100mls.







                                                                                                                                                                                    26




                               1000                                                                         1
                               800-                                                                         0.8-
                            E  600-                                                   MFC                   0.6-
                               400-                                                   MM EC         E       0.4-
                               200-                                                                         0.2
                                     OLEM WA                                                                0
                                      5/11 6(7        6/21     6/27    9/17                                   5/11    6(7 6/21         6/Z7 9/17
                                                        Date                                                                    Date

                               0.75                                                                         100
                               0.5 -                                                  =A[                   80-
                                                                                      EEMCU                 60
                                                                                                    0
                            E  0.25-                                                  =Cd                   40.
                                                                                      =Zn           E       20
                                     0                                                                      0
                                      5/11 W          6/21     6/27 9/17                                      5111 6(7        6QI       6127 9/17
                                                       Date                                                                     Date
                                              Site













                                                                                      Fremest
                                                         Chem



                                                                                                             gall
                                                                                                                     Kenallsts








                                                                                                                                Site 8

                               1000                                                                         1
                               800-                                                                  0.8-
                            E  600-                                                                  0.6-
                               400-                                                                E 0.4-                                                 MTOtp
                               200-                                                                                                                       CO N03-N
                                                                                                     0.2                                                     NH3-N
                                     0                                                                      0
                                      5/11     6/7      6121     6/27     9/17                              5/11 W          6/21     6127     9/17
                                                        date                                                                date

                               0.15                                                                  100

                                                                                                            so-

                                                                                                            60-
                                                                                                  0
                            E                                                                               40-
                               0.05-
                                                                                                  E         20-

                                     0                                                                      0
                                       5/11     6/7      6/21     6/27 9/17                                 5/11    6r7     6/21      6/27     9/17
                                                         date                                                                date
                            data bars that reach top of graph indicate values higher than shown-see data table for exact values











                                                                                                             27

             Site 9-Storm drain outflow to the Exeter River from Linden St.-sampled at pipe, north side of
             river, bridge crossing near Sherwood Forest mobile home park.
             This sample was collected at a drain outlet discharging into the Exeter River. The drain collects
             runoff from Linden Street. Temperatures at this -site were lower than most other sites (10- 1 5.7C).
             Discharge was also collected on a dry date. This indicates the drain may be more than just
             stormwater runoff from the street. Nitrate levels were high, especially on 6/27/95 (2.14 mg/L).
             Total phosphorus was higher on the dates with greater rainfall (5/11/95 and 9/17/95). Bacteria
             levels were higher for storm samples.







             Site 10-Exeter River, bridge crossing at Route I I I and Powder Mill Road intersection-sarnpled
             downstream of bridge.
             This site was sampled due to concerns about erosion resulting from DOT road maintenance near
             the Exeter River. Sediment bars are present in the stream due to destabilization of the vegetation
             in the area. Parameters tested did not consistently show elevated levels as a result of the erosion,
             although bacteria levels were high after the larger rainfall event sampled on 9/17/95. Sediment
             bars in the stream degrade the stream habitat, can smother nesting areas for fish and other
             aquatic life, and if not stabilized may generate additional nonpoint sources of pollution. This site
             is clearly marked as a drinking water source. Road maintenance pr@@tices at the local and state
             level need to be improved in order to prevent strearnside erosion problems and subsequent
             introduction of nonpoint pollutants. Bacteria levels exceeded the state standard for a single
             sample after the rain event sampled on 9/17/95 (E. coli, 440 cts/ 100 m1s).







                                                                                                                                                                                  28



                           1000                                                                          1

                           &)o                                                                    0.8-
                        E                                                                                                                                 Tat P
                        0  600                                                                    0.6-                                                    N03-N
                        CD                                                                     tM                                                      =NH3-N
                           4W                                                                  E  0.4-
                           200                                                                    0.2 -
                                 0                                                                       01
                                  5/11     617     6121      6t27      9/17                              5111   6(7      6/21      6/27     9117
                                                    Date                                                                 Date

                        1.2                                                                       100
                           I -                                                                 aR        80-
                        0.8 -                                                                            60-
                        0)0.6-
                        E 0.4 -                                                                          40-
                        0.2-                                                                   E         20
                           0                                                                             0
                                 5111    W        6/21     6/27     9/17                                 5M I    W       6/21      6/27     9117
                                                  Date                                                                    Date
                                                                         Site 9











                                                                                                                  Weir
                                                                                     Fremont      Brentwood
                                                         Chostor I-- -     II-      ---                        i                 I-r@
                                                                                                          Kboalts Ko 011or




                                                                                                                                       Site 10
                           1000                                                                          1
                           800-                                                                   0.8-
                        E
                           600-                                                      FC           0.6-                                                   Tat P
                        8                                                        i    C                                                               ZN03-N
                        zz 400-                                                      E         E  0.4-                                                =NH3-N
                        ft 200-                                                                   0.2-
                                 0 moso norm ML- 00                                                      01     - R - -                     M
                                  5/11    W       6/21      6127      9/17                               5111   W        6al       6/27     9/17
                                                   Date                                                                  Date

                           0.2                                                                    100
                           0.15-                                                                         80-
                                                                                     Al        0         60-
                                                                                   MMCU
                           0. 1                                                 flE                      40-
                           0.05-                                                               M
                                                                                               E         2o-

                                 0                                                                       0
                                  5/11 617         6/21      6127 9117                                    5111     W 6/21           6127 9/17
                                 lot








                                                          fL
                                                   Date                                                                   Date                                                         0
                        data bars that reach top of graph indicate values higher than shown-see the data table for exact values











                                                                                                         29

             Site 11-Great Brook, Kensington-sampled at Route 108 culvert, sampled upstream side of road.
             Bacteria and nutrient levels were elevated at this site. Bacteria levels were the highest of all the
             sites tested and exceeded state limits (E. coli , 400-9800 cW100ml). Total phosphorous and
             ammonia were in the range for urban or agriculturally impacted surface waters. Aluminum and
             copper were detected but at levels below the limit for acute toxicity.







             Site 12- Exeter River Impoundment at Brentwood/Fremont town line, Route 107-sampled
             upstream side of bridge.
             No evidence of NPS impacts were observed at this site. Temperatures were slightly elevated
             compared to other locations, but would be expected due to the impoundment. The impoundment
             may also reduce bacteria levels from upstream sources. Impoundments in other areas have
             reduced bacteria levels by slowing the water and allowing sediments and bacteria to settle out.







                                                                                                                                                                                     30

                               1000                                                                         1

                               800-                                                                         0.8-
                               600-                                                MFC                      0.6-
                               400                                                 MEC                      E 0.4
                               200                                                                          0.2-
                                     Or                                                                                                          J
                                     5111     W       6/21      6127     9/17                                          6(7      6/21    6/27      9/17
                                                      Date                                                                      Date

                               0.75                                                                         100
                               0.5 -                                                                        OR SO-                                           MTSS
                                                                                   MA[                      060-                                                 %org
                          E    0.25-                                               GMCU                     40-
                                                                                                            0
                                                                                                            E20 A Em EN J Offi
                                     5111     W       &21      W7       9/17                                   5/11    W7       6/21     6W 9/17
                                                      Date                                                                      Date
                                                                           Site    11











                                                                                                                                   Manor

                                                                                                                     Enter
                                                                                        Fremont             Brentwood


                                                                                    00V
                                                                                                                Em







                                                                                                Site 12

                               1000                                                                         1
                               800-                                                                         0.8-
                          E    600-                                                               _j        0.6-
                               400-                                                               E         0.4-
                               200   -                                                                      0.21-
                                     01 womm INI&M - __M                                                    0  5M 1     6(7     6/21     6/27
                                          5/11     6f7      6/21      6127                                                  Date
                                                       Date

                               0.75                                                                         100
                                                                                                            80-
                          _j 0.5 -                                                                          60
                          -a)                                                              All              0
                          E                                                           Fm                    --j 40
                               0.25-                                                                        0)
                                                                                                            E20
                                     0-                                     IIIII.__j                       0
                                          5/11     W         6/21      6127                                       5/11       W      6121     6/27
                                                        Date                                                                    Date
                                                                                                                                                          INNITot P
                                                                                                                                                          EM N03-N














                          data bars that reach top of graph indicate values higher than shown-see data table for exact values











                                                                                                           31

             Site 13-Exeter River, junction of Redbrook Road and Route I I I a, Fremont-sampled just
             downstream from Exeter River Campground.
             Parameters at this site were mostly indicative of clean surface waters. Bacteria levels on the first
             storm date were moderately high (E. coli, 180 cts/I 00 ml) but the geomean for both sample dates
             was below state standards (94 cts/100ml). On dry dates bacteria levels were well below state
             limits (E. coli, 30-40 cts/100ml). More storm samples during heavy storms may be required
             before concluding there is no storm related bacteria inputs to the river at this site.




             Site 14-Exeter River, downtown Fremont-sampled where Route 107. meets the river, south of
             downtown Fremont.
             Bacteria levels were somewhat elevated at this site for both storm samples and dry samples. E.
             coli ranged from 130 to 250 cts/100ml, with a geometric mean of 180 cts/100ml. This is slightly
             over the state limit 126 cts/ I 00ml. All other parameters were within acceptable ranges.







                                                                                                                                                              32




                           1000                                                                1
                           800-                                                                0.8-
                        C) 600-                                           =FC                  -j 0.6-
                           400-                                           =EC
                           200-                                                                E0.4-
                                01                                                             0.2--
                                    5/11     61177 6121     6/27                               0
                                               Date                                             5/11       W        6/21        6/27
                                                                                                               Date

                           0.75                                                                100
                                                                                               80-.
                        _j 0.5 -                                              Al               60-                                          miss
                                                                                               0
                        tM                                                                                                                      voorg
                        E  0.25                                            mZn                 J40-
                                                                                               E20-
                                                                                               0-
                                  5/11     6f7       6/21     6/27                              5/11       6/7      6/21        6/27
                                               Date                                            I               Date
                                                                                               Site 13










                                                                                                        Esser

                                                                                    ot
                                                     Meet                      Fro


                                                                                               Kingdom

                                                                                                  Kingdom
                                                                                                           .Ko B $too
                                                              slodows                              .................. ....







                                Site 14
                        1000                                                                   1
                        800-                                                                   0.8-
                        600-                                                  F]C              0.6-
                                                                             EC                M
                        400-                                                                   E0.4-
                        200                                                                    0.2
                           0    L                                                              0
                                5/11    6f7      6/21       6/27                               5/11      6/7   6/21       6/27
                                              Date                                                           Date

                        0.75                                                                   100

                                                                                               80-
                           0.5-                                                                60-                                       =TSS
                                                                                                                                         = %org
                        E                                                                      40-
                        0.25
                                                                                               E20-
                           0                                                                   01
                                    5/11     6f7     6/21     6127                             5/11      6/7      6/21      6/27
                                                  Date
                                                                                                              Date











																	33
                                                                                                                                                         33

                   Site 15-Drainage swale, Raymond/Fremont town line-drainage swale leading from subdivision to
                   Exeter River.
                   There was no flow at this site on dry dates. A sample was taken from the Exeter River on
                   6/27/95 near the drainage swale outlet. Bacteria levels were variable. E. coli levels on 6/7/95
                   were above the state limit (580 cts/100ml])but flow on this day was almost insignificant.
                   Bacteria levels for the river sample collected on 6/27/9 were lower (200 cts/ I 00ml) and below
                   the state standard for a one time sample. Total phosphorus ranged from .032 to . 196 mg/L;
                   slightly elevated compared to other clean water sites. All other parameters were within
                   acceptable ranges.


















                                                                                                                                                             34

                  Elevated bacteria levels were the most common water quality problem observed during the site-
                  specific water quality sampling. Geometric means for E. coli and fecal coliform were calculated
                  and graphed (figure 4). The objective was to see how sample sites compared on a relative scale.
                  It should be noted these geometric means are for samples from dry weather and storm events.
                  Also flow rates were not measured so loading rates could not be calculated. Data for rainfall
                  conditions measured above the dam in downtown Exeter (site Ext9) are from the study conducted
                  by Jackson Estuarine Laboratory (UNH) and included for a downstream value. Under rainfall
                  conditions bacteria levels exceeded state standards at the tidal dam' (E. coli geomean--160 cts./100
                  mls, n=18 fecal coliform geomean--193 cts./100 mls, n--18). A number of sites sample for this
                  study were above the State limit set for E. coli in class B waters. Two sites, ExW2 and ExW I I
                  with very high E. coli levels may also have high loading rates and should be investigated further.

                  As stated before, fecal coliform is not the state standard for freshwater but is the indicator for
                  classifying shellfish waters. Measuring fecal coliform in freshwater identifies potential upstream
                  bacteria sources that influence tidal waters. State bacteria limits are muchlower for shellfish
                  standards (shellfishing is prohibited when fecal coliform. >88 cts./100 mls, mean of 30 samples).,
                  Sites 2. and I I may be significant contributors of fecal coliform to tidal waters. Site 6 greatly
                  exceeded state standards but flow is very low at this site therefore the overall contribution may be
                  insignificant. Site 3 may be a concern for shellfish standards. Fecal -coliform levels were high and
                  this site drains directly into the tidal portion of the Squarnscott River.



                  GENERAL CONCLUSIONS FOR SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY SAMPLING

                                           W



                                                                                                                    ........... ..



                                                                                                                               . . .................

                                                                           ...... ....... ....... . . ... ...
                  ..................... ......
                                                                           .......... .....................

                        ...............



                                    ..........
                                                                                                                   .............. ....
                                    .....                                  ........
                                                                           ..............
                                                                                                               . .. ............ ..........
                                     ... ....... ..... .
                                   A.   W W 6,     , " W."                  ....      ...
                                                   ..... WIVVP                   i::
                                                                                                                                                           ..........
                      . . . . .                                                  ...... ... ...
                                                                                           ..                                                        ............... ..
                                                                         ..........                                                                        .........
                                                                                                                         .... ..........
                                                                                                                         ... ... ..
                                                                                                                         .. .........
                                                       y
                                                                                                                     ... . ... .                     ...................
                                                                                                                                                     ... ................
                                                                                                                                                       . .............
                                                                  ...........
                                                                                                                                                           ............
                                                                                                                                                         ............
                                                                                                                  .. ......                          . ..........
                                                                                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                                                                     . ...........
                                                                                    ..........
                                                                                                                                                          ............
                                                                                                                ..                                         .........
                                                                           ...... ........ .......
                                                                      M i  A .1
                                                                                                                                  ..... .......
                                                                                                                                       .. ........... .....
                                                                                           ... ........ .
                                                                                                                                      .. . .......
                                                          Mod                                                 ....                .....










                                                                                                                                35

                Figure 4: Geometric means for bacterial indicators for each sample site.






                          1400-


                          1200--


                          M 1000
                          E
                          0
                           800--


                           600--
                          0
                          a
                          LJ
                           400--


                           200


                                EAS-wl                   EM4 I       EIM         FVM         UMO         EIM2        ERW14
                                       EW"         BM          EWA         EhW7        EWA         EM11        EWM3
                                                                      I Sample sites



                          State limit for class B waters, 126CW1 00 mls is noted.
                          less than 4 samples were collected
                          site 15 not included due to location changes-see site description





                           1000-




                            800--

                          E


                            600--
                          a
                          E
                          a
                          6 400--



                            200--



                                                          M
                              0
                                Ejd91111t    Bem         ExW4        EWV6        EMS         ExW1O      EWV12        ExW14
                                       E)W1        EWV3        EWV5        EAW         EA"        EWV11       EW13
                                                                       sample sites



                          geomean for bacterial indicators measured during rainfall conditions for 1993-1995 by JEL (Jones and Langan, 1995).












                                                                                                            36


           DISCUSSION AND RECONUVIENDATIONS


           Water quality data, both current and historic, indicate there are nonpoint pollution problems in
           the Exeter/Squamscott watershed. Sources in the -upper part of the watershed may not be greatly
           impacting coastal waters at this time, but could be a local concern and should be addressed so
           larger cumulative impacts do not develop in the fifture. In the lower part of the watershed a
           number of samples exceeded state water quality standards and may be contributing to nonpoint
           concerns in coastal waters.


           Ile major suspected sources of nonpoint pollution for the State are stormwater runoff from
           urban areas and impervious surfaces, septic systems, shoreline development, and agricultural
           runoff (OSP and DES, 1995). The Steering Committee developed a list of concerns that included
           the above categories as well as gravel operations, poor road maintenance practices, landfills and
           land spreading operations. Site specific sampling conducted did not include gravel operations,
           landfills or land spreading operations. Site specific sampling did provide evidence that sources
           of nonpoint pollution in the watershed are the result of stormwater runoff and possibly runoff
           from agricultural areas and septic systems.

           A number of local land use regulations are in place to address these potential sources of nonpoint
           pollution. Still, coverage is incomplete in the watershed, required maintenance and inspection
           programs are not carried out on a regular basis, and some sources may not be covered by the
           regulations due to grandfathered sites or size limits. These gaps need to be addressed in order to
           provide maximum protection from nonpoint pollution in the watershed.

           All of these results were discussed with the Steering Committee and the following
           recommendations were suggested.

           Education
           People may be familiar with nonpoint issues but it is important to make sure they know it is a
           local concern and local actions can be important for its control.

           Activities to consider:
           The NHCP should distribute final reports to towns in the watershed and schedule an
           informatio 'nal session to discuss report findings and recommendations with local land use boards.
           Ideally this should happen during regularly scheduled board meetings.

           The NHCP should work with the NFIDES Nonpoint Program to fin-ther investigate sources and
           provide technical assistance to resolve problems.

           RCCD and RPC should develop a NPS lecture for the ongoing natural resource lecture series
           they sponsor.

           Towns should be made aware of the stormwater demonstration site at the RCCD in Brentwood,











                                                                                                         37

            and attend training workshops for local officials. Contact RCCD for information, 679-2790.

            Develop fact sheets about nonpoint pollution, or use existing materials, for distribution through
            mailings or as part of established newsletters.


            I=rove local regulations and i=lementation.

            Activities to consider:
            Local boards should plan a work session to assess local regulations and review implementation
            practices.

            Towns should budget and plan for regular maintenance activities, for example cleaning catch
            basins, street sweeping, and maintenance of vegetated buffer strips.

            Towns needing assistance with adopting model ordinances or updating regulations should
            contact the Rockingham Planning Commission.

            Future monitoring and manag-emgnt
            NHDES should review sampling results and determine if further sampling should be
            incorporated into state monitoring programs.

            Towns may consider establishing a water quality monitoring program to track water quality.
            NHDES can provide assistance to establish a program. (see appendix F for project budget).

            The final report should be presented to the committee nominated to work on the Exeter River
            Management Plan as part of the State Rivers Management and Protection Program.











                                                                                                      38


           REFERENCES


           Goldman, C. R. and A. J. Home. 1983. Limnology. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.

           Homer, R., J. Skupien, E. Livingston and E. Shaver. 1994. Fundamentals of Urban Runoff
           Management. Terrene Institute, Washington, D. C.

           Jones, S. H. and R. Langan. 1995. Assessment of Nonpoint Source Pollution in Tributaries
           Entering Great Bay. A final report to NH Coastal Program, OSP.

           Jones, S. H. and R. Langan. 1995. Strategies for Assessing Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts
           on Coastal Watersheds. A final report to NH Coastal Program, OSP.

           Lind, 0. T. 1985. Handbook of Common Methods in Limnology. Kendall/Hunt Publishing
           Company. Dubuque, Iowa.

           NHDES, Water Supply and Pollution Control Division. 1994. 1993 Ambient Water Quality
           Monitoring Report. NHDES-WSPCD-94-5.

           NHDES. 1994. Best Management Practices to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution. NHDES-
           WSPCD-94-2.

           NHDES. 1994. State of New Hampshire 1994 Section 305(b) Water Quality Report. NHDES-
           WSPCD-94-7.


           NHDES. 1992. Squarnscott River Sanitary Survey. NHDES-WSPCD-92-1 0.

           NHDES. 1994. Lamprey River Nonpoint Source Assessment. NHDES-WSPCD-94-8.

           NHDES. 1992. Clean Water Strategy for Rivers and Streams. NHDES-WSPCD-92-14.

           OSP- 1 993-Land use/Land cover Maps.

           OSP. 1992.. Local Land Use Management Techniques for Water Resource Protection and
           Geographic Inventory Procedures.

           OSP-N.H. Coastal Program and N.H. Department of Environmental Services. 1995. New
           Hampshire Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program, Volumes I and 2.

           Rockingham Planning Commission. 1993. Pollution Source Identification, RPC Region, Phase


           Rockingham Planning Commission. 1992. Pollution Source Identification, RPC Region, Phase 1.











                                                                                                   39

            Rockingham Planning Commission. 1993. Regional Master Plan.

            Rockingham Planning Commission. 1991. Regional Facts.

            Rockingham County Conservation District. 1991. Model Subdivision Regulations for Soil-
            Based Lot Size, Ad Hoc Committee for Soil-based Lot Size Regulations.

            Schueler, T. R. 1991. Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Urbanization on Streams: A
            Comprehensive Strategy for Local Government. Metropolitan Washington Council for
            Governments.


            Short, F.T. 1992. (ed.) The Ecology of the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire and Maine: An
            Estuarine Profile and Bibliography. NOAA-Coastal Ocean Program Publication.

            Spang, J. (editor). 1988. River Watch, A Handbook for Monitoring Water Quality. Lamprey
            River Watershed Association.


            U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Results of the Nationwide Urb an Runoff
            Program. NTIS PB84-18552. Washington, D.C.







                                                                                                                        Appendix A

           Exeter-Squamscott Watershed Project, Checklist for evaluation of municipal ordinances & regulations, as of 4195

           Please note: A "Y" indicates a town has some type of regulation for the listed category. For categories where state regulations may apply, the summary matrix will be blank unless a town has referenced
           these state regulations or adopted a local regulation.

           Abbreviations used:
                       Aq.PD-aquifer protection district                                                                                  SDR-subdivision regulations
                       BMP-best managment practices                                                                                       SPA-shoreland protection act
                       ESC- erosion and sediment control                                                                                  SPD-shoreland protection district
                       HO-health officer                                                                                                  SPR-slte plan review
                       RCCD-Rockingham County Conservation District                                                                       TSS4otal suspended solids




              Zoning

                                                       Exeter           Brentw.        Kingston       E.King.      Fremont        Newfields        Kensingt.       Raymond          Sandow         Stratha         Danville      Chester
                                                                                                                                                                                    n              m

              lot sizes                                5,OWsq. fU-      soil           80,000         2-3ac.       2ac.           2-3ac            I ac. min       20,000-          resident.      SDR             2ac.          .5-2ac.
                                                       2ac.             based-         scift                                      less in          & soil          87,120sq.        .-min          soil            min.
                                                                                       3 ac. in                                   sewer distr.
                                                                        W/             AqPD                                                        based           ft.              40,000         based           or
                                                                        septic                                                                                                      SDR                            soil
                                                                                                                                                                                    soil                           based
                                                                                                                                                                                    based

              impervious limits                        10-75%           20-40%         65%                         30%            25%+             60%             50%                             20-40%          15%
                                                                                       Industria                                                   Commerc         open                                            Commer
                                                                                       I                                                                           in
                                                                                       zone                                                        industrial      PRCD                                            industria
                                                                                                                                                   zones                                                           I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   zones

              building setbacks                        Y-SDR                                                       50'+           50775'                                                           wetlands        75'           50'from
              surface water, wetlands                  50'                                                                        type A/B                                                         SPA             wetlands      water,
                                                       wetlands                                                                   hydric soil                                                      Floodpl.                      very&
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Poorly
                                                       SPD                                                                        150,                                                                                           drained
                                                       1001-150,                                                                  conserv.                                                                                       Solis
                                                                                                                                  district

              agriculture regulated                                                    Y-SPA          Y_                          Y                                                                general
              erosion4seftoil consv., run-off                                          cite           wetian                                                                                       requir.
              contrWhigint, nutrients,                                                 RCCD           d
              pesticides, grazing, State BMP Manual
               ta      d?                                                                             district
















                           Gravel Excavation

                           erosion and sediment controls                  Y                                                      Y               Y                Y                  Y                  Y                   Y                                 cfte155E          aquifer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                restric.

                           exposure limit/phasing                         excav.              Y(4)             Y                 Y               Y                                   Y(7)               Y                   Y                limit in         excav.-
                           requirements                                   by                                                                                                                                                                 aquif.           spec.
                                                                          special                                                                                                                                                            zone             except.
                                                                          exception                                                                                                                                                       I                   (lets155-12)
                           reclamation requirements                       Y                   Y(5)             Y                 Y               Y                Y                  Y                  Y                   Y                Y                Y                 Chet. 55-E

                           equipm. maintenance restricted                                                                                                         Y                                     Y

                           permit time limit                                                                      r.                             Y

                           Septic Systems - Zoning and Health Ordinance/Regulation

                                                                          Exeter              Bren-tw.         VJngston          E.I(Ing.        Fremont          Newfields          Kensingt.          Raymond             Sandown          Stratham         Danville          Chester
                           setbacks > 75 ft.                                                                                                                                                            cite state                                            2W public
                                                                                                                                                                                                        stds.                                                 water
                             from wetlands(l 2)                           757                 76/              100,              76              1 W              757                75'                                                     Y(10)            76                @S
                                                                          59                  51Y                                                                 W

                             from surface water                           15a/                75'              1 W               I W                                                                                                         I W              75!               75-100'
                                                                          I W

                           distance above seasonal high water             Z
                           table                                                                                                                                                                                                               DR             SDR
                                                                                                               7                 Z               Z In Aq.         Z                  W                                      cite             Z                Z                 Z
                                                                                                                                                 protec.                                                                    state std. I     S

                           review of Design & co   nstruction             con.corn.           Y                Y                                                                                        HO                                   Y                HO                Y-build.
                           applications                                   plan.board                                                                                                                    reviews                                               reviews           insp.
                           inspection of new systems                      Y                   Y                Y                 Y               Y                Y                  Y                  Y-HO                Y                Y                Y-HO              Y

                           annual inspection

                           operating guidelines                                                                                                                                                         Y
                           inspection, upgrade required for               Y-for               Y-for            Y                 Y               Y                upgrade            Y                  Y                                    Y                Y                 Y
                           expansion, conversion                          expansion           condo                                                               for
                                                                                              convers                                                             exspans.
                           Slope restrictions                                                 >/=                                25%             20%                                                                                                          SDR               >20%
                                                                                              15% limit                                                                                                                                      15%              15%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             limit            limit

                           sent Isludoe reauaft'ons
                                                                                                                                 Y

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            @, -Yr-














                       Site Plan Review Regulations

                                                                         Exeter              Brentw.            lQngst.           E.I<jn           Fremont           Newfields           Kensing.             Raymond- Sandown                      Stratharn          Danville          Chester
                       minimize disturbance                              Y                   Y                  Y                 Y                Y                 Y                   Y                    Y                   Y                 Y                  Y                 Y
                       avoid development of sensitive areas
                       preserve riparian areas
                       site roads etc. to preserve natural
                       drainage features
                       limitI,m
                       limit IaTdi Mrsli rnc@, cut& fi/I

                       erosion/sedeiment oontrol(ESC)
                       I.ESC plans required pre-
                        construction?                                    1.Y                                                                       Y                 Y                   Y                    Y                   Y                                    Y
                       2 what size areas?(13)
                       ioulside review agency?                           2.OK                OK                 @2unft                                               OK                                       all                                   OK
                       4.performance sid. (8VI. TSS)                     3.                  Y                  Y                 Y                                  Y                                                                                                 Y
                       5.design sids                                     4.Y(I)                                                   Y(I)                               Y(I)                Y(1)                 Y(I)                                                     Y(I)
                       6.guidance manual(I 4)                            5.                                                                                          Y                                                            Y
                                                                         6.RCCD              RCCD                                 RCCD I                             RCCD                RCCD                 RCCD                RCCD              RCCd               RCCD

                       permanent stormwater treatment                                                                                                                cite                                                         cite                                                   shall
                       1 -performance stds (8001. TSS, pre-dev?          I.Y(1)                                 Y-no              Y(I)                               RCCD                                     Y(I)                RCCD              Y4ist              Y(I)              meet
                       runoff rates)
                       2.design sids                                     2.Y                                    specific                                                                                                                            stds.&                               requir.
                       3.guidance manual                                 3.Y(2)                                 WS                                 Y(2)                                                       cite DOT                              meet                                 in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SDR                                  SDR

                       additional studlesmay be requir.                  Y                   Y                                                     Y                                                          Y                   Y                 Y                                    Y

                       chemical control                                                      Y

                       Subdivision Regulations

                       minimize disturbance                              Y                   y-for              Y                 y4n              Ii                Y                   rev.                 Y                   Y                 Y                  Y                 Y
                       avoid devielopment of sensitive areas                                 road                                 wetland                                                by
                       preserve riparian areas
                       site roads etc. to preserve natural                                   desg.                                district                                               consery.
                       drainage features                                                                                                                                                 comm.
                       limit impervious area,
                       limit land disturbance@ cut & fill

                       erosion & sediment control                                                                                 may              requir.           cite                                                                                                                gen
                       I ESC plans required pre-                         1.Y                 Y                                    require          if                SPIR                Y                    Y                   Y                 Y                  Y-2 or            ref
                        consbruction?                                    2.OK                OK                                   review           Plan.                                                                          discr.            OK                 more lots
                       2-what size areas?(13)
                       Ioulside review agency?                           3.                  Y                  2+lots            by               board                                 all                  all                 of PB             Y(priv.
                       4-performance sid. (800A TSS)                     4.                                     Plan. board       RCCD             determ.                                                                                          eng.)
                                                                                                                Conser.
                       5.design sids,                                    5.Y                                    comm.                              necs.                                                                          Y                                    Y
                       flauidance manual                                 6.RCCD           I  RCCD            I  inosect                                                               I  RCCD             I   DOT              I  RCCD           I  RCCD            I  RCCD
                                                                                                                                  @En
                                                                                                                                  Y












                   Subdivison regulations(cont.)                  Exeter          Brentw.          Kingston        E. KJng.       Fremont          Newfields         Kensing.          Raymond           Sandown         Stratham         Danville        Chester

                   permanent stormwater treatment                                                                                                                                                                                                         road
                   perfbrmance s1ds (801. TSS, pre-dev?           Y(1)                             cite            YM                                                                  Y(I)             Y(1)                              Y(1)            req.
                   runoff rates)
                   design sids                                                    Y                street          no
                   guidance manual                                Y                                requir.         guid.                                             Y(8)              DOT                               Y
                   rnaW -runs with deed_                          Y               Y                                manual                                                                                                                 Y

                   additional studies                             Y                                                                                                                                     Y                Y                Y               Y
                   performance bonds                              Y               Y                Y                                                                                                                     Y                Y
                                                                                                                I  Y           1-Y              I Y                  Y                 Y

                   Riparian/Shoreland Areas

                   shorelands protected:                          3007            3007             3007                           15U/             159/                                75/50*                            1W/
                       depth of shoreland                         1 W             150'             159                            100,             100*                                                                  100
                   (depends on body of water-
                   maior tribs. vs perennial stream)

                   salt storage, junk yards, solid                Y               Y                Y                              Y                                                    y                                 Y
                   waste prohibited

                   land alteration requires Erosion               y                                Y
                   Uediment control s

                   septic setbacks > 76                           15U                              159                                                                                 76/5(Y
                                                                  100,                             100,

                   setback for primary structures                 15(r            ISO,             150'                                            no                                                                                     FEMA
                                                                  I W             1 W              1 W                                             primary                                                                                requir.
                                                                                                                                                   building
                                                                                                                                                   allowed



                   vegetated buffer- depth                        75!             76               76                                              76                                                                    76
                                                                                                                                                   59                                                                    5(y

                   50% tree cutting limit                         30%             30%              50%                                             50%                                                                   60%
                                                                  I /I OYM        1 /1 Oyrs        20yrs                                           1/20yrs                                                               1/20yrs
                                                                                                   25%
                                                                                                   an slope
                                                                                                   >15%

                   impervious limits                              20%             20%              20%

                   non-sewered lot size                                                                                           2acres                                                                                 $oil -
                                                                                                v                              I                 .                                                                       based

                   agriculture exemption requires                 Y               Y                Y                                                                                                                     Y
                   BMP's                                                                           RCCD                                                                                                                                T
















                    Wetland Protection

                                                                Exeter            Brentw.          Kingston        E.KJng.        Fremont         Newfields         Kensing.          Raymond           Sandown         Stratharn       Danville         Chester

                    septic setbacks(I 2)                        75'               75'              109             plan.          I W             76                75'                                76               76              76               75!
                                                                                  W.               discr.          board                          517               (9)                                                 W                                poorty
                                                                                                   Hoff.           may                                                                                                                                   or very
                                                                                                                   requir.                                                                                                                               poorly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         drained
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         soils
                    buffer protection/building                                    I W              I W             plan.                          76                                  5V                                SDR-            76
                    setback(I 2)                                                  50'              discrect.       board                          517                                                                   may
                                                                                                   of Plan.        May                                                                                                  reqW
                                                                                                   board           requ.

                    Roads, Parking                                                                                                                      it
                    deicing chemicals                                                                                                             Aquifer
                    maint. of stamwater structures                                                                                                zone
                                         Lots                                                                                                     lim




                    Aquifer/Groundwater Protection

                        rlay district                           Y                 Y                Y                              Y               Y                                   Y                                 Y

                    impervious limits                           10%               20%R             20%                            10%             25%                                 50%                               20%
                                                                                  35%1             35%                                                                                                                  0 1))

                    land use restrictions                       Y                 Y                Y                              Y               Y                                   Y                                 Y



                    larger lots                                 Y                 Y                Y               Y              Y(3)            Y                                                                     may
                                                                3ac                                3ac             3ac            3ac             3ac                                                                   require
                                                                                                                                                  2if                                                                   soil-
                                                                                                                                                  sewer disbict                                                         based lot

                    Hazardous Materials                                                                                           Y               restricted                                                            prohib.
                                                                                                                                  in              Aquifer                             in aquifer                        Aquifer
                    storage regulated                           Y                 Y                Y                              general         zone                                Y                                 zone
                    US'rs regulated                                               Y                Y
                    household hazmat                                              Y                Y

                    Miscellaneous

                    pooper scooper law                          Y
                    turf management -
                    cluster development                         Y                 Y                Y               Y(6)                                                               Y                                                 Y                Y




















                 Marinas

                                                      Exeter          Brentw.       Kingst.       E.Kjn-q.    Fremont       Newfields      Kensingt.       Raymond        Sandown       Stratharn    Danville      Chester

                 siting restricted                    Y                                                                     requires
                                                                                                                            special
                                                                                                                            except.
                                                                                                                            permit-
                                                                                                                            conserv.
                                                                                                                            distr.


                 design review
                 authority broad or limited

                 sewage pumpouts or sanitary          Y
                 facilities req'd
                 hazardous material iegulated
               [-waste disposal


               (l)-pre-post development requirement does not include 80% TSS reduction-require measures to control sediments
               (2)-quidance manual for stormwater-USDA-SCS Guide for calculating drainage
               (3)-larger lots may be required, decided on a case by case basis
               (4)-in phased manner to minimize erosion-no specifies listed
               (5)-meet minimum requirements of 155-E
               (6)-requirements for setbacks from poorly drained and v. poorly drained soils of W/I W
               (7)4imits slope,debris removal required
               (8)-design standards- NH Dept. of Public Works
               (9)-buffer from soils type 5 or 6 (ID by HI map)
               (10)-2 sets of setbacks- SDRAW/59 type A/B hydric soils, Welland Conservation District 76/50'
               (I I)-exception if submit stormwater plan
               (1 2)-if two setbacks listed-relates to type A/B hydric soils
               (I 3)-OK for "what size area7' means they regulate for disturbances of >20,000 sq. ft.
               (I 4)-RCCD Indicates they reference the Stormwater Management and Erosion and Sediment Control handbook for Urban and Developing Areas in NH











                                                                                                                  6






                      UNIVERSITYOF
                      NEW HAMPSHIRE
                                COOPE      RATIV E //EXTENSION                                         Septic                    Systems

                                                                                                        How They Work
                                                                                                              &
                                                                                         How          To Keep Them Working
                         Lake Sunapee Protective Association                                                      SECOND EDITION














                                                                                                                  Distributed by:

                                                                                                   University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension
                                     THE NORTH COUNTRY                                                    Granite State Designers & Installers
                                                                                                          Lake Sunapee Protective Association
                                     Resource Conservation and                                               New Hampshire Lakes Lay Monitoring Program
                                       Development Area                                  The North Country Resource Conservation and Development Area


                                      Printed on Recycled Paper			8/91/1M                              
 






                                                                                                                        T  0 GET YOUR TANK PUMPED
                                      contents                                                              See the Yellow Pages under: Septic Tank and Ststems - Cleaning
										Page

        Introduction							1
 							                                        				INSPECTION
        Household Sewage 						2
                                                                                               PUMPING SCHEDULE                                                         3
        The Septic System  						3                                       AND RECORD
		
	The Septic Tank							4	

        The Leaching System						5

        Finding Your Septic System					6                     Date Installed                    Installer

        Septic Tank Mapping                                 7

        Septic System Maintenance                           8
                                                                                   Dates of lnspection/cleanout        By Whom:
        Septic Tank Pumping                                10

        Preventing System Failure                          10                       
        Septic System Failure						13

                                                     

        If Repairs Are Needed                               15

        Glossary                                            16
  Who to CAll                                               16


   Inspection, Pumping Schedule & Record                    17


             A special thanks to Nancy Browne and Russ Lanoie for their expertise
                                   and help with this brochure.                                                  This booklet  is a joint effort of UNH Cooperative Extension,
                                                                                                                    "Helping You Put Knowledge and Research To Work,"
     UNH Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity educator and employer							Pettee Hall Durham, N.H., 03824, and
       University of New Hampshire U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and             							Granite State Designers and Installers, Box 1567. Concord, NJ 03301                                                                                                                  17
 		New Hampshire counties cooperating.



                                       Gioss'ary                                                                                19troduction

                                                                                                                 A new residential septic system can cost anywhere from $3,000 to more than
           Effluent: Liquid which flows out of the septic tank and into the leaching system.                $20,000* to install. If it is not taken care of itwill become clogged and will
           High Groundwater Table: A condition in which the natural soil water is at or                     overflow on the ground or cause wastewater to backup into the house. Rebuilding
           near the surface of the ground due to wet weather or the natural lay of the land.                the systein to put it back into operation may cost several thousand dollars and
                                                                                                            create a tremendous nuisance.

           Percolate: To seep through the soil and disperse into the ground.
                                                                                                                 System failure is cheaper and easier to prevent than it is to correct. By keMm@
           Sewage: The liquid wastewater discharged through the soil pipe      of a household               harmful. materials out. of the system. and L)y having the set@tic tank pumMd out
           which contains "black watee, from the toilet and "grey watee, from sinks, showers,               regglarl (at leasi every three years), homeowners can help protect their system
                                                                                                            against premature failure. The $75-4150* cost of having thelank pumped is wise
           baths, and washing machines.                                                                     insurance to protect a substantial investment.
           Sludge: Solids that accumulate after bacterial action.has ceased. Accumulation is                     This booklet outlines the principles of septi c system operation and explains the
           normal and must be removed periodically                                                          maintenance procedures necessary to lengthen the life of a system. If properly
                                                                                                            operated and maintained, the septic system can provide many years of trouble-ftee
           Scumt Floating material that also accumulates normally, requiring periodic                       service. If neglected, however, the septic system is likely to fail, leaving the home-
           removal for proper maintenance of the system.
                                                                                                            owner with unsanitary back-ups, over-flows and expensive repairs.

                                                                                                                 Many homeowners have been under the misconception that once a septic
                                                                                                            system is installed it will work forever without maintenance. This is not so.
                            WHO TO CALL
                                                                                                            *1989 costs

           LOCAL: Your health officer, building inspector or selectman.

           COUNTY: UNH Cooperative Extension or USDA Soil Conservation Service

           STATE: Department of Environmental Services, Water Supply and Pollution
           Control Division, 6 Hazen Drive, Box 95, Concord, N.H. 03301
           Phone: 271-3503


               For the name of a septic system designer or installer who may be able to help
           you with a specific problem or question contact: GRANITE STATE DESIGNERS
           &INSTALLERS, Box 1567, Concord, N.H. 03301
           Pho.ne:224-9929
                                                                                                               Thispublication is based upon work supported by U.SD.A. Extension
               A 'complete copy of the rules governing septic systems in New Hampshire is                      Service under project #90-EWQI-1-9257.
           available for $5 from the Department of Environmental Services, Box 95, Concord,
           N.A. 03301. Ask for the "Blue Book".


                                                         16





                    Household Sewage                                                                                                             ROOTS
                                                                                                               The roots of trees and bushes, as shown below
             Household sewage is a combination of wastewater from several sources,                        or near tanks can sometimes enter and block pipes.
        including sinks, toilets, showers, washing machines, and dishwashers. As shown
        below, the largest source of household sewage is the toilet. The actual quantity and
        composition of household sewage may vary depending upon the number of
        residents and water-using appliances within the home. Organic matter comes
        mostly from toilets, while sinks, showers and washing machines contribute large
        amounts of wastewater containing only small amounts of soap and dirt (including
        grease, detergents, lint and vegetable matter).









                                                        
                                  							                                                      If Reparis are Needed
                                                
                                                			                                                     If, through neglect, overuse or misuse, or simply old age, the leaching area
                                            					                                               becomes clogged to the point a new leaching area must be installed:
                                  
                                             						                              1. Don't automatically dig up the existing leaching system unless there's no room
                                         
                                           
                       							                                               to install a new system or expand the present one. A clogged leaching system will
                                                                                                          often recover, given sufficient time.
                                       
                                  							                                    2. Check with the town health officer, building inspector or selectmen to deter-
                                                             								mine if local codes are more strict than the state's. New Hampshire allows failed
                              						                                          systems for private residences to be repaired "in kind" without submision to the
                                                                                                          Water Supply and Pollution Control Division in certain instances. Since replace-
                                                                       
                                                                                                          ment requires destroying part of a system that may be able to recover, it may be
                                                                                                          wise to submit a plan to the state for the addition of new leaching area. This may
                                                                                                          be made by the homeowner, but with the complex nature of today's regulations it
                                                                                                          might be best to seek the help of a licensed designer familiar with the process.
                                 						                                            3. If there's enough room and regulations permit, install a new leaching system
                                                                                                          with an alternating valve which allows you to switch back and forth between
                                                                                                          leaching areas. Let the old system. dry out at least a year, then alternate between
                                                                                                          systems yearly and have the septic tank cleaned regularly.

                                                                                                          4. All work must be done either by the homeowner of by a state licensed
                                                                                                          installer.
                                                         2                                                                                            15
 



                                       HIGH WATER TABLE                                                               The Septic System
                During wet seasons, the ground water table rises. If the water table rises into
            the leaching system, sewage may be forced up toward the ground surface as shown
            by vertical arrows in the illustration below. This problem is the result of improper
            leaching system siting.
                                                                                                                                                   -a U
                 Although it may be possible to install drains to lower the ground water level,                                         VeInt     0  ct>
                                                                                                                                                   % J,,@
            generally this problem can only be corrected by relocating the leaching system to a
                                                                                                                                                IV,         W.
                                                                                                                                                as,      "Pu
            site where at least four feet of soil exist between the bottom of the trench and the
            maximum high water table as is required by N.H. regulations.

                                                                                                                                       IMP

                                                                                                                                  me

                                                                                                                                               INN
                                                                Wastr, water   RckAte
                   High Water Table'
                                                                                                                               .,I   Aop
                                                                                                                                                            cleertoul:C@ve@
                         7@.                                                                                                                                                       Le
                                                                                                                                                                                     ach  Fie)d
                                                                     5cl[

                                            5torI12
                                                                                                                                                          Septic Ta!.@

                                                                                                                                                         waier       Ta I:Ti i?,

                       Norrne       a'
                                i W L e Ta I e             e


                                         SOIL CLOGGING                                                            The septic system is a two-part sewage treatment and disposal system buried
                                                                                                             in the ground, composed of a septic tank and a leaching system. The sewage
                 If sludge or scum from the septic tank overflows into the leachingcarea, the soil           generally flows by gravity; first into the septic tank where the larger particles are
                                                                                                             removed and some decomposition takes place and, then, into the leaching system
            will, quickly become clogged with organic matter. This situation can often be                    where it soaks into the ground.
            corrected by allowing the system to rest for 6-12 months. This may mean a new
            leaching system must be installed. The chance of this problem occurring can be                   NOTE: Older homes and seasonal dwellings often had only a single stone, block,
            significantly reduced by inspecting the septic tank at least every three years and
            pumping out its contents ifneeded.                                                               or wood lined pit similar to the dry well shown on the bottom of page 5. AJU wastes
                                                                                                             entered this pit and untreated wastewater was absorbed into the soil through the
                 If the soil in the leaching area is continuously flooded or wet, due either to a            waUs and bottom of the pit. These early systems were called CESSPOOLS, and,
                                                                                                             although they are no longer installed, many remain in use today.
            high water table or excessive sewage flows, mineral deposits, which clog the soil,
            tend to form. Such soid clogging can often be corrected by allowing the leaching
            area to dry out and rest 6-12 months. Reducing the volume of sewage flowing from
            the home can help prevent this type of failure. Water use in the home can be
            greatly reduced by using the methods mentioned on page 12.
                                                         14                                                                                                 3




                     The Septic Tank                                                                               PROTECTING LEACHING SYSTEM
           Untreated household sewage will quickly clog all but the most porous gravel                The leaching system is a delicate structure.
      if applied directly to the soil. The function of the septic tank is to condition the
      sewage so that it can percolate into the ground without clogging the soil. Within               DO                                              DON'T
      the tank, illustrated below, three important processes take place:

      1. The heavier, solid particles in the sewage settle to the bottom of the tank                   DO insist on proper location and                DON'T install a poorly thought out
      forming a layer of sludge. Lighter materials, including fat and grease, float to the             construction of a new leaching                  system (see "Who To Call").
      surface forming a scum layer.                                                                    system.

                                                                                                       DO keep deep rooted trees and                  DON'T allow vehicles to travel over
                                                                                                       bushes away from the leaching                  system.
                                                                                                       syst em.

                                                                                                      -Vehicles can compact the soil, crush pipes and break the septic tank and, thus,
                                                                                                      result in costly repairs.


                                                     ly
        nlet                                                                                              Septic System Failure
                                     ean-out     Manholes
                                                                          A,  Out let


                                            c, U M
       from                                                                                                         SYMPTOMS OF SYSTEM FAILURE
                                                                              to
       halAse
                                                                               leach
                                                                                                          Septic systems generally give little warning that they are about to fail. How-
                            *-Baf f I e                                                               ever, the following symptoms often indicate that the leaching system is becoming
               .w.
                                                                                                      clogged:
                                  Wa3te watcr
                                                                                                      1. Sewage odor near the septic tank or leaching area.
                                                                                                      2. Slowly running drains and toilets.
                                                                                                      3. Sewage on the ground over the leaching area.
               . . . . . . . . . .
                                         S I U68e
                                                                               C).
                                                                                                      If any of these symptoms develop, inspect the tank to see if it needs pumping.

                                                                                                          If for some reason the effluent from the leaching system cannot soak into the
                                                0
                                                                                                      soil, sewage may back up in the system and overflow onto the surface of the
                                                                                                   )I ground. There are three major causes of this problem.
      2. Bacteria living in the septic tank break down some of the organic solids into
      liquid components, helping to reduce the build-up of sludge in the tank.

      3. Sludge and scum are stored within the septic tank rather than being allowed to
      flow out into the leaching system where they would quickly clog the soil.

                                                  4                                                                                              13






                                      REDUCING WATER USE
                                                                                                                               Leaching System

             Be conservative with your use of water.
                                                                                                                         After being conditioned in the septic tank, the effluent flows into the leaching
                                                                                                                    system where it runs out through perforations into * graded or crushed stone and
             DO                                                  DON'T                                              into the surrounding soil. The leaching system usually consists of either a network
                                                                                                                    of perforated pipes laid in graded, stone-filled trenches or leach beds, as in the first
             DO use water reducing fixtures on                   DON'T flush the toilet unnecessar-
             sinks, toilets, showers.                            ily.
                                                                                                                             Perforated Pipe
             DO dump cleaning water outside                      DON'T overfill your bathtub.
             instead of in the toilet.
                                                                 DON'T empty roof drains, basement
             DO load your washing machine                        sumps or foundation curtain drains
                                                                 into the septic system.
             completely before use.

             DO fix leaky faucets and toilets
             promptly.                                                                                                                  soil                                                         I

             DO place plastic baffles in your
             toilet tank.                                                                                                                                               St

             DO limit shower time.


             DO take larger, back-to-school or
             after-vacation laundry loads to the                                                                   illustration, or of a loosely stacked concrete block, stone, brick, precastconcrete or
             laundromat.                                                                                           even a wooden dry well often surrounded with crushed stone similar to that shown
                                                                                                                   below, or a configuration of chambers, either plastic or concrete. Their function
                                                                                                                   remains to discharge wastewater back into the. soil.
                                                                                                                                                                     -VA               M
             KEEPING THE SYSTEM'S BACTERIA WORKING


                 ,Remember your septic tank and leaching system are full of living organisms
             that make the system work.
             DO use, caution in what goes dow     n drain.                                                                 ::,5ol

             DON'T put pesticides, disinfectants, acids, medicines, paint,
             paint thinner, or other materials which cantill bacteria in the septic system.


                                                                                                                                                               Starle,



                                                            12                                                                                                     5
                                                                                                          0




               Finding Your Septic                                                                                                      REDUCING SLUDGE
                                      System                                                                                                       BUILD-UP
           In order to take proper care of a septic system, the homeowner must know                        I       Keep all solid materials possible out of your sewage.
      where it is located If the access holes are at ground level, there is no problem. Un-
      fortunately, they am often buried somewhere under the lawn. To locate the tank,                         DO                                                   DON'T
      go into the basement and find where, and in what direction, the sewer pipe goes out
      through the basement wall.
           Check the lawn in that area for places where the grass looks different or for                      DO have your tank inspected every                    DON'T wait for signs of failure.
                                                                                                              three years.
      areas that are slightly depressed or mounded. In the winter, look for an area in the
      lawn where the snow melts or where there is a depression in the snow. In the                            DO keep a schedule and record of                     DON'T use a garbage grinder.
      spring, the snow may meh first over the septic tank and leaching system. Any                            past and future inspections and
      likely spot can be probed with a thin metal rod.                                                        pumping (see Inspection and
                                                                                                              Pumping Schedule and Record).                        DON'T put automotive oil, cooking
           If this doesn't work, ask someone who may have seen the tank installed or                          DO have your tank pumped as                          oil, or grease in the septic system.
      pumped - a neighbor, the builder, or the previous owner. When purchasing a home,                        needed.
      a sketch showing tank and leaching system location should be requested from the
      realtor or previous owner.                                                                              DO compost garbage or put it in the                  DON'T empty large quantities of
                                                                                                              trash.                                               water from items such as hot tubs or
           For recently installed or repaired systems (if your town has adopted local                                                                              whirlpools, particulary if they are
      health regulations covering septic tank leaching system installation), the town                         DO keep a can for grease near the                    chlorinated.
      clerk, selectmen, or health officer should have a plan that shows the location of the                   stove.
      system and access holes.

           If you have purchased property with a septic system built after Aug. 30, 1977,
      the seller must transfer a copy of approved plans and specifications to the buyer.
      The buyer must transfer this at next sale.
                                                                                                                 Waste from garbage grinders will not only fill your septic tank rapidly and
           If all else fails, turn the problem over to your local septic tank pumper. Once                    require more hequent pumping, but will also float and increase the scum blanket
      you find your septic system, be sure to make a map. You may also want to have the                       thickness. This can eventually spill into the effluent pipe and clog the leaching
      hole extended up to just below ground level, and marked permanently with a stake                        system. It is now recommended that the septic tank be 50 percent larger if a
      or other object.                                                                                        garbage disposal is used.
           Electronic devices are also available to help you find a lost system.





                   0                                  6




                             Septic Tank                                                                 Septic Ta.nk Mapping
                                  Pumping
                                                                                                                                        SAMPLE
             Do not wait until your system shows signs of failure to have your septic tank
         pumped out. Waiting can mean complete clogging and an expensive repair bill.               1. Below, make a rough sketch of your house, the septic tank cover, leaching
         Call a pumper to inspect the system AT LEAST ONCE EVERY THREE YEARS                        system and other permanent reference points like trees or rocks.
         and pump if needed. For a fist of operators in your community, consult the yellow
         pages under "Septic Tanks and Systems - Cleaning". If the access holes are at ,            2. Measure and record distances to the cover of your septic tank and to the comer
         ground level or are clearly marked or mapped, the job should be quick and simple.          of your leaching system. As long as the distances are correct, do not be concerned
                                                                                                    about whether or not your drawing is to scale.
             While your tank is being pumped, ask the operator to exatnine the inlet and                          MAP YOUR OWN SEPTIC TANK ON TIUS PAGE.
         outlet baffles or tees. If either is broken, have repairs done immediately. The inlet
         should also be checked to see if wastewater is continuously flowing into the tank-
         from previously undetected plumbing leaks.

             It is not necessary to leave any of the sludge in the tank as "seed." Incoming
         sewage contains all the bacteria needed for -proper operation. Acids or bleaches
         should not be used to clean the tank.


             The use of enzymes or other "miracle" septic system additives has not been
         shown to be of anyvalue. While their use may not harm your system, they do not
         take the place of regular pumping.
                 -Preventing System
                                       Failure

             To help protect a septic system against premature failure, the homeowner can
         follow a few simple procedures for (1) reducing sludge build-up, (2) reducing
         water usage, (3) keeping the system's bacteria working, and (4) protecting the
         leaching system.




                    0                              10                                        0                                                  7                       0




                           Septic System
                            Maintenance                                                                                                PERIODIC INSPECTION
             Most septic systems are poorly maintained as they are out of sight and,                   f            Periodic inspection and cleaning of a septic tank will prevent unnecessary
        therefore, out of mind Solids separated from liquids in septic tanks, are reduced in                   expense and inconvenience. A septic tank should be inspected every 2 to 4 years
        volume approximately 50 percent. Remaining solids must periodically be removed,
        The need for cleaning varies according to use. Garbage disposals, as an example,                       (more often if there is a garbage grinder) but the frequency of cleaning depends
        increase accumulation of solids significantly. Failure of systems isdue to poor                        primarily on the size of the tank and the use it is given. Some tanks require
        design, installation and maintenance or combination of these.                                          cleaning every 3 or 4 years; others will operate satisfactorily for a much longer
                                                                                                               period.
                             SEPTIC SYSTEM TROUBLES
                                                                                                                    . Clogging of the absorption field is the most common trouble with septic tank
             Neglecting to inspect and clean the septic tank is a frequent cause of failure of                 systems. This may be due to improper use or neglect of necessary servicing. A tank
        a disposal system.                                                                                     that is too small, overloaded or improperly proportioned, or that agitates or short-
                                                                                                               circuits the sewage flow is likely to allow excessive amounts of small sewage
             When the tank is not cleaned at appropriate intervals, solids will build up to                    particles to carry over to the absorption area where they clog the pores of the soil.
        such a high level that they will be carried from the tank to the leaching system.                      Neglect of cleaning produces the same effect. If the absorption area is in an
                                                                                                               unsuitable soil or is too small, overloaded, or poorly constructed, the small amount
             Eventually, the sewage solids will clog the soil openings or pores thus                           of sewage particles normally in the effluent may lead to early clogging of the soil
        blocking the flow of liquid into the soil. When this happens, the leaching system                      pores.
        will be ineffective and may have to be rebuilt.                                                             A septic tank has three distinct layers of material: a top layer of scum, a liquid
                                                                                                               layer in the middle and a bottom layer of sludge.
               A septic tank is supposed to be full of water, but not Full of scum and
        solids.                                                                                                     A septic tank cleaning schedule is based on the thickness of these 3 layers. A
                                                                                                               tank should be cleaned when the bottom of.the scum is within 3 to 4 inches of the
                                                                                                               lower end of the inlet baffle or the outlet device or when the depth of the sludge is
                                                                                                               equal to or more than one-thiid of the existing liquid depth. Another way to
                                                                                                               determine when a tank needs to be cleaned is when the total depth of the scum and
                                                                                                               the sludge reaches one-third of the liquid depth of the tank. Either method may be
                                                                                                               used. The first is probably better in that the layers are treated individually.

                                                                                                                    Septic tanks are ordinarily pumped out by contractors who are approved by a
                                                                                                       :1      health department for cleaning tanks and disposing of the contents. The material
                                                                                                               removed from the tank must be disposed of by a method approved by, local and
                                                                                                               state government








                                                      8                                                                                                    9





                                                                         U1                                 11

                                                             1995




                                  A GUIDE TO CONTROLLING NONPOINT POLLUTION
                                           THROUGH MUNICIPAL PROGRAMS


               INTRODUCTION                                                increase following storm events - especially nutri-
                         onpoint source pollution is water pollu-          ents and suspended solids. Ammonia increased dra-
                                                                           matically during storms (as compared to dry
                         tion that comes from diffuse sources and          weather) sampled by the Department of Environ-
                  Nis carried to surface water by rainfall,                mental Services and the Coastal Program in 1994.
               snowmelt, or groundwater movement. The New                  Bacterial contamination, the chief cause of shellfish
               Hampshire Coastal Program is developing a Coastal           bed closures, also dramatically increases following
               Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP) to               precipitation events. Nonpoint sources are believed
               enhance state and local efforts to manage land use          to be the principal origin of thos@ypollutants.
               activities that may contribute to nonpoint source             In New Hampshire, municipalities have
               pollution. As part of the program, this technical           the authority to enact local land use con-
               bulletin was developed for municipal officials and          trols and therefore play a key role In pre-
               other citizens interested in preventing nonpoint            venting nonpoint pollution. State and federal
               source pollution.                                           agencies have a number of programs in place to
                  This is a companion guide to a booklet published         address various aspects of nonpoint pollution. How-
               by the N.H. Department of Environmental Services,           ever, potential nonpoint sources are too numerous
               Best Management Practices to Control Nonpoint               for these agencies to monitor statewide.
               Source Pollution: A Guide for Citizens and Town
               Officials (1994). While the DES Guide describes the           Comprehensive planning Is the first step.
               causes of nonpoint pollution and what can be done           An up-to-date Master Plan, including a Local Water
               to prevent it, this Technical Bulletin focuses on non-      Resources Management and Protection Plan, should
               point sources of special concern to coastal waters.         provide the basis for land use ordinances and regu-
               It further provides guidance on improving the effec-        lations. If a review of ordinances and regulations
               tiveness of local ordinances and regulations and            indicates the need for an update, the proposed
               other municipal programs.                                   amendments should be supported by scientific and
                                                                           technical documentation clearly articulated in the
                  Use of the information in this Technical Bulletin        municipal Master Plan.
               need not be limited to coastal communities. Many
               of the recommendations apply equally to inland                This Technical Bulletin covers five categories of
               freshwater lakes and streams.                               nonpoint pollution: stormwater runoff, subsurface
                  Water quality monitoring studies show                    wastewater disposal systems, road maintenance
               that nonpoint sources are a significant                     and construction, agricultural activities, and mari-
               problem in N.H. coastal waters and tribu-                   n.as and boatyards. This Technical Bulletin is de-
               taries. Indicators of pollution in surface waters           signed for use as a checklist to identify where gaps
                                                                           in local regulatory efforts can be improved. Prior to


               NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING            (603) 271-2155          2-112 BEACON STREET, CONCORD NH 6301








             2


             local adoption of amendments to address nonpoint                e Establishment of an overlay district which in-
             pollution, consult with your town planner, regional               cludes lands within 250 feet of public waters
             planning commission, or the N.H. Office of State                  (be sure to clearly define where the high water
             Planning, and refer to the DES Guide for more                     line is to be drawn).
             information. Always have any proposal for local                 * Prohibition of certain uses, and restrictions on
             land use controls reviewed by Town Counsel prior                  other uses, in the protected shoreland (see
             to adoption.                                                      RSA 483-B or OSP's model ordinance).
                                                                             * Minimum standards for new septic systems:
             STORMWATER RUNOFF FROM DEVELOPED                                  DES approval of new lots, lot size determined
                                                                               by soil type (see Model Subdivision Regula-
             AND DISTURBED AREAS                                               tions), and increased setbacks for septic sys-
                T
                       his is a major category of nonpoint pollu-              tems in sensitive shoreland areas.
                       tion in N.H. coastal waters. Storm runoff               Temporary and permanent stormwater man-
                       from disturbed areas carries sediment and               agement controls for all development activi-
             associated nutrients. Runoff from paved areas often               ties in the protected shoreland (refer to the
             carries bacteria, sediment, heavy metals, and other               Stormwater Handbook cited in the next sec-
             pollutants. The Department of Environmental Serv-                 tion).
             ices' Alteration of Terrain (Site Specific) program               Protection of a natural vegetated buffer within
             regulates site development where at least 100,000                 150 feet of the high water line.
             square feet (50,000 square feet in the protected                  Minimum shoreland frontage of 150 feet for
             shoreland area) of land is disturbed. However,                    lots with on-site water and septic systems.
             many smaller sites can contribute to nonpoint pol-                Building setbacks from surface waters of 50
             lution as well. DES also regulates activities in the              feet or more for primary structures.
             protected shoreland adjacent to public waters                     Limit of 20 percent impervious area for each
             (where municipalities have not adopted ordinances                 lot.
             that have been certified by OSP as being at least as              Performance or design standards for water-de-
             stringent as the Comprehensive Shoreland Protec-                  pendent uses such as marinas.
             tion Act). However, only streams of the fourth order              Performance or design standards for cluster
             or higher are covered by the program (See the DES                 developments in the protected shoreland.
             Fact Sheet on this program for more information).                 Performance or design standards for water-
             In both cases, cities and towns can help fill in the,.            front parcels used for shared access to the
             gaps. Model ordinances and regulations are avail-                 water.
             able from the Office of State Planning and your                   Limits on impervious area, particularly over
             regional planning commission. If your municipality                aquifer recharge areas and near surface wa-
             already has some controls in place, check to see if               ters.
             they achieve the following:
               Water Resources Protection Zoning                             Subdivision Regulations and Site Plan
                                                                             Review Regulations
                The Office of State Planning supports an integrated          Subdivision regulations apply to the subdivision of
             approach to planning and zoning for management              land, while site plan review regulations apply to non-
             and protection of critical water resources, including       residential and multi-family development. Both types
             shorelandsfloodplains, aquifers, wetlands, and well-        of regulations should providefor proper treatment of
             head areas. The following provisions could be part of       stormwater runoff.
             a water resources protection district, or they could be
             implemented as general provisions in a zoning ordi-             * Require temporary and permanent erosion
             nance. Some of these provisions are included in the               and sedimentation control (stormwater man-
             Comprehensive Shoreland Protection Act (RSA 483-                  agement) plans and ongoing maintenance
             B); others are additional water resource protection               schedules to be included in the final plan.
             measures recommended by OSP.                                    * Specify performance standards and/or a refer
                                                                               ence manual for stormwater management



             NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING             (603) 271-2155          2-1/2 BEACON STREET, CONCORD NH 03301







                                                                                                                                      3


                      measures. See the Stormwater Management                 SUBSURFACE WASTEWATER
                      handbook.                                               DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
                      Apply stormwater management requirements
                      to disturbances of 20,000 square feet or more,                    hese are believed to be a major source of
                      construction of roads, subdivisions of three or                   bacteria and nutrients in coastal waters,
                      more building lots, and disturbance of critical             Tparticularly of concern near shellfish-
                      areas.                                                  growing areas. The N.H. DES regulates the design
                      Utilize the Planning Board's statutory author-          and installation of septic systems. Municipalities
                      ity (under RSA 676:4 L(g)) to require that the          can adopt a local health ordinance to reinforce
                      applicant provide special investigative studies.        those rules by doing the following:
                      Require bonding of stormwater management                    9 Have the local Health Officer review and ap-
                      measures, as well as inspection and mainte-                   prove plans for new and replacement systems
                      nance.                                                        prior to construction, and inspect systems
                      Require inspection and maintenance (with                      prior to backfilling.
                      documentation) of stormwater structures.                    e Provide educational materials to homeowners
                      Encourage retaining natural vegetation, mini-                 and renters regarding proper use and mainte-
                      mizing disturbed area, and retaining sediment                 nance of septic systems, emphasizing the
                      within the project area.                                      avoidance of repair or replacement costs.
                                                                                    Sources of educational materials include DES
                   ï¿½  Minimize cutting and filling, development of                  and Granite State Designers and Installers.
                      sensitive areas such as riparian areas, and                 o Require owners to inspect septic tanks annu-
                      impacts to natural drainage features.                         ally. (This is already required by state rules
                   ï¿½  Require proper storage and handling of haz-                   Env-Ws 1023.01 (a).)
                      ardous materials.                                           * Require owners to have tanks pumped out
                   Local Excavation Regulations under RSA 155-E                     every few years or as needed according to state
                                                                                    rules (Env-Ws 1023.01(b) - when sludge plus
                   ï¿½  Condition final approval on compliance with                   scum equals one-third of tank depth) to pre-
                      state Alteration of Terrain rules (RSA 485-                   vent clogging of the leach field by sludge or
                      A: 17 and Ws-Env 415).                                        SCUM.
                   ï¿½  Requi re stormwater management plans - in-                  * Conduct periodic inspections in areas of con-
                      cluding maintenance and revegetation plans.                   cern.
                   ï¿½  Before ground is broken, require bonds for                  9 Prohibit disposal of greasy or bulky wastes,
                      erosion and sedimentation control measures,                   excessive amounts of solids, and toxic or haz-
                      implementation of reclamation plans, and in-                  ardous materials.
                      spection.                                                   9 Prohibit paving over or placing heavy objects
                   ï¿½  Include reclamation standards consistent with                 on leach fields to avoid damage.
                      state statute.                                              9 Require inspection when indicators of failure
                   ï¿½  Include reclamation schedules in all permits.                 are observed, such as ponding, or when expan-
                   ï¿½  Require vegetated buffer strips between dis-                  sion or conversion of a building is proposed
                      turbed areas and surface water courses.                     e Make it clear that the Health Officer is empow-
                   ï¿½  Require equipment maintenance to be done                      ered by statute to require repairs.
                      off site.                                                   e Establish a clear procedure for notifying own-
                   ï¿½  Require methods to prevent tracking mud onto                  ers of violations and requiring repair or re-
                      roadways.                                                     placement.
                   ï¿½  Periodic review and inspection of the opera-                o Establish programs to help owners finance
                      tion by the planning board or its consultant.                 repairs and replacements.
                   ï¿½  Periodic renewal of the permit.





                NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING               (603) 271-2155           2-1/2 BEACON STREET, CONCORD NH 03301








            4


                  Using the Health Officer's statutory authority                  management plans and become active coop-
                  to remove nuisances, perform repairs and re-                    erators who utilize best management prac-
                  cover costs from septic system owners.                          tices.
               Contact OSP for a copy of Model Ordinance to                     9 Distribute information about proper grazing
            Regulate Subsutface Disposal Systems and Establish                    and manure management. Information is
            Local Enforcement Procedures (1992).                                  available from OSP, County Conservation Dis-
                                                                                  tricts, and UNH Cooperative Extension.
            ROAD MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION                                   * Conservation Commissions can work with the
                                                                                  County Conservation District to identify farms
            PRACTICES                                                             with highly erodible soils and to develop farm
                       ubdivision and Site Plan Review Regula-                    management plans to prevent nonpoint pollu-
                       tions cover road construction by private                   tion.
               S developers; this section refers to road con-                     Require compliance with requirements of the
            struction and maintenance by municipal highway                        N.H. Department of Agriculture (RSA 431:33-
            departments. These activities can be responsible for                  35, the agricultural BMP manual, and Code of
            significant pollutant loads to surface waters. Sedi-                  Administrative Rules Pes 100-1000).
            ments from road runoff carry with them a wide
            array of pollutants, including nutrients, bacteria,             MARINAS AND BOATYARDS
            oxygen-demanding substances, toxic metals, and                            hese can cause habitat destruction from
            hydrocarbons. Road maintenance and construction                           dredging and water pollution resulting
            practices should consider:                                          Tfrom sewage discharge, hull washing, boat
               ï¿½  Proper design and maintenance of stormwater               maintenance, and leaching of metals from bottom
                  handling structures is important for the con-             paints. Local laws may cover the following:
                  trol of pollutants from paved areas.                          * Site plan review regulations should apply to
               ï¿½  Snow disposal should take place where salt                      marina and boatyard constructioriand expan-
                  runoff will not contaminate drinking water                      sion.
                  supplies and away from surface waters so that                 * Take into account the impact of marina design
                  sand and debris will not enter surface water.                   on shellfish beds and other habitat, tidal flush-
               For recommended management practices, see                          ing, and water quality.
            the DES Guide and A Series of Quick Guidesfor New                   * Require collection and treatment of stormwa-
            Hampshire Towns, available from UNH Cooperative,                      ter runoff in parking lots and areas where boats
            Extension and the Rockingham County Conserva-                         are maintained, especially where hulls are
            tion District.                                                        scraped and painted.
                                                                                * Require sewage pumpouts, dump stations,
            AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES                                               and/or restroom facilities.
                                                                                * Require fueling stations to be designed for
                       gricultural activities can result in the addi-             prevention and ease in cleanup of spills.
                       tion of nutrients, bacteria, sediment and                * Require proper operating practices at marinas
              Asometimes agricultural chemicals to sur-                           and boatyards. The N.H. DES is currently pre-
            face runoff. The Department of Agriculture's Pesti-                   paring a manual of voluntary Best Manage-
            cide program and Manure Management program                            ment Practices (BMP`s) for marinas. Such
            have made many positive efforts to address com-                       BMPs include waste disposal, prevention of
            mercial farms. However, the many small-scale                          fuel spills, and boat cleaning practices. The
            hobby farmers and keepers of livestock, such as a                     DES manual could also serve as guide for local
                                                                                  ordinances and regulations or for local educa-
            horse or two, are believed to represent a significant                 tion efforts. Contact the DES Limnology Bureau
            source of nonpoint pollution. Several approaches                      for a copy. With encouragement from local
            are possible:                                                         officials, marina and boatyard operators may
                  Encourage farmers and owners of horses and                      implement BMP`s voluntarily.
                  other livestock to work with the County Con-
                  servation District to develop approved farm



            NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING                (603) 271-2155           2-112 BEACON STREET, CONCORD NH 03301








                                                                                                                                                     5


                 INFORMATION RESOURCES
                 A Series of Quick Guidesfor New Hampshire                                      Many more resources are listed
                    Towns, N.H. Association of Conservation                                                     in DES's
                    Districts, UNH Technology Transfer Center,
                    U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation                                 Best Management Practices to Control
                    Service, North Country Resource Conservation                                   Nonpoint Source Pollution:
                    and Development Area, and UNH Cooperative                             A Guide for Citizens and Town Officials
                    Extension.
                 Comprehensive Shoreland Protection Act, RSA                                         (NHDES-WSPCD-94-2).
                    483-B, N.H. Department of Environmental
                    Services Technical Bulletin NHDES-CO-1994-2.

                 Formulating a Water Resources Management and
                    Protection Plan, N.H. Office of State Planning
                    Technical Bulletin 9, Winter 1992.

                 Manual of Best Management Practices for
                    Agriculture in New Hampshire, N.H.
                    Department of Agriculture, June 1993.

                 Model Shoreland Protection Ordinance, N.H. Office
                    of State Planning, July 1994.

                 Model Subdivision Regulationsfor Soil-Based Lot
                    Size, Ad Hoc Committee for Soil-Based Lot Size
                    Regulations, June 1991, available from
                    Rockingham County Conservation District,
                    Brentwood.

                 Pollution Controlfor Horse Stables and Backyard
                    Livestock, Fact Sheet, 1994, U.S. EPA Region VI
                    and Terfene Institute.

                 Stormwater Management and Erosion and
                    Sediment Control Handbookfor Urban and
                    Developing Areas in New Hampshire, 1992,
                    available from Rockingham County
                    Conservation District.                                                                        OFFICFOF WEPLMNING
                                                                                                              NHCOASTAi PROGRAM


                                                                                      The preparation of this report was funded In part by the Coastal
                                                                                      Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the
                                                                                      Office of Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
                                                                                      Atmospheric Administration, Grant # NA4702237.

                                                                                      Text by Paul Susca, NH OSP
                                                                                                         riju '@Alml




                 NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING                     (603) 271-2155             2-1/2 BEACON STREET, CONCORD NH 03301










                            Source: Jones, S. H. and R. Langan. 1995. Strategies for assessing nonpoint source pollution
                            impacts on coastal watersheds. A final report to NH Coastal Program, OSP.

                                             Table 6. Concentrations (per 100 ml) of bacterial indicators at sites in tributaries to the Squarnscott River.


                                             Fecal Colirorms
                                                     Site            1   3      4      5      6      9       10    11    14     19    20       21       22    24     25     6B 7
                                                       7/19/94       98  38            114    233    1300          303   93           685               456                   33
                                                         8/2)94      123 18            165    110    7100          110   91           2490              75                    25
                                                       8/16/94       50  0             300    103    400           65    268          1100              18                    16
                                                       9/12/94           0             93     53     2100          65    105          355               9                     38
                                                      10/20/94       34  43            8      74     0             230   124          20                28                    28                       >
                                                      11/15/94       80  61            9      11     545           30    28           15                40                    37
                                                                                                                                                                                                      V
                                                       4/19/95       26  166           31     9      27            72    116          20                56
                                                       4/26)95       8   143           11     12     5             43    68           6                 4                                              CL
                                                       5/25/95       19  1740  140     '69    49                         83     26                      83
                                                         6/1/95      5   1100          18     63     .1150 300     335   110    9     15       50       10    70     600      41
                                                         6n195       165. @40          280    235    6480 2100     220   140    283 1700       900      130 350 6100          9h
                                             Geo. Mean               37  51    140     49     53     265 794       108   98 40        120      212      36    157 1913        35




                                             E. coil
                                                     Site            1   3      4      5      6      9       10    11    14     19    20       21       22    24     25     GB7
                                                       7/19/94       85  27            105    161    4300          247   80           669               416                   30
                                                         8/2/94      120 14            163    95     7100          105   86           2310              75                    25
                                                       8/16/94       50  0             243    88     400           63    223          800               20                    15
                                                       9/12/94           0             23     35     2100          18    53           145               23                    4
                                                      10/20/94       32  43            2      32     0             190   108          20                27                    26
                                                      11/15/94       80  57            8      11     540           28    28           15                40                    37
                                                       4/19/95       16  159           30     6      27            45    75           20
                                                       4/26/95       3   118           10     6      5             40    50           3                 4
                                                       5/25/95       19  1153  28      69     49                         60     25                      65
                                                         6/1/95      0   1100          18     63     1040   250    190   70     6     5        0        10    30     100      15
                                                         6n195       165 540           270    225    6220   1900   220   110    259 1565       610      130 350 5740          84_
                                             Geo. Mean               24  46    28      36     44     294    689    80    75     34    97       16       39 102 759            22








                               Table 6. Concentrations (per 100 ml) of bacterial indicators at sites in tributaries to the Squamscott River.



                               Enteroccocci
                                       Site            1   3       4     5      6      9      10     11    14     19   20        21         22  24    25    GB 7
                                            7/19/94    109 231           148    660    1300                43         510                   294                34
                                            8/2/94     135 248           258    1100   6400          0     is         925                   185                9
                                            8/16/94    288               2015   610    7500                231        7400                  485
                                            9/12/94        0             1100   210    1900          0     0           0                    0                  3
                                          10t2o/94     137 3             0      18     26            33    8           10                   to                 7
                                          11/15/94     19  15            35     34     175           15    5           0                    95                 8
                                            4/19/95    10  4             2      29     11            11                26                   6
                                            4/26/95    2   17            2      4      3             8     5.          3                    10
                                            5/25/95    75  90    288     81     149    408    690          40    88   250        250        54  49   1390
                                            6/1/95     5   430           25     430    740    180    50    15     14   75        50             6    200       13
                                            6n195      265 880           840    2350   3760   2540   88    140 612    1545       220        400  192 2960      59
                                Geo.. Mean             43  35    288     50     150 368 681          9     16 91       54        140        41  38   937       12



                            Table 7. Concentrations of nutrients at sites in tributaries to the Squamscott River.


                            Ammonitim (jim)
                                     Site              1       3         4      5         6        9       10       11      14        19      20      21       22      24       25      GB 7
                                       7/19/94         4.16    68.90            4.99      7.06     5.51           15.33     4.80              4.26             4.43                      9.57
                                        8/2/94         4.36    0.44             7.42      5.73     7.77             0.20    4.86              6.11             4.75                      2.59
                                       8/16/94         12.15   1.21             5.19      5.90     5.49             3.74    4.88              5.01             1.81                      2.08
                                       9/12/94         1.32    -4.89            1.49      1.28     1.60             0.86    0.76              1.51             1.71                      2.72
                                       10/20/94        1.01    29.64            0.19      0.75     0.22           13.87     0.91            19.82              0.06                      6.89
                                       11/15/94        0.80    5.66             0.97      1.97     1.91             5.07   -3.22              1.62             1.55 -                    3.25
                                       4/19/95         9.68    5.08             3.55      2.62     1.39           14.34     1.75              1.48             1.64
                                       4/26/95         1.81    7.57             1.77      2.29     1.98             9.33    3.84              1.58             2.00
                                       5/25/95         2.04    14.38   2.31     1.91      1.53     1.94    3.26            17.20     50.37  30.21       1.19   1.49      2.46     4.60
                                        6/1/95         1.41    7.50             1.69      7.81     4.65    4.23     5.88   14.01     43.68    1.75      1.94   3.64     4.51      5.66   8.47
                                        6fl/95         10.93   25.84            1.60      3.21     13.17   8.42   17.92    130.94    35.35  18.89     50.74    5.86    24.17     28.33
                             Average                   4.52    15.55   2.31     2.80      3.65     4.15    5.30     8.65   17.02     43.13    8.39    17.96    2.63    10.38     12.86   5.08










                                     Table 7. Concentrations of nutrients at sites in tributaries to the Squamscott River.

                         Nitrate (pm)
                                 Site'             1         3        4        5         6           9       10      11        14        19       20        21      22       24        25      GB7
                                     7/19/94    215.93       8.03            50.38     56.05     206.13              4.87      0.28               9.79              4.36                         3.62
                                     8/2/94     235.36       0.30            48.09     61.17         35.98           1.54      0.00             12.77               5.81                         0.40
                                     8/16)94    228.17       2.74            41.24     75.72     220.78              1.35      0.14               9.18              5.91                         1.31
                                     9/12/94    244.21       4.09            48.03     69.61     122.92              1.71      0.51             10.23               4.11                         1.98
                                     10/20/94   231.71     14.40             69.46.    25.78     146.14              22.08     8.91               8.29              6.02                       20.03
                                     11/15/94   259.11     10.74             75.45     35.09     162.34             20.34      4.59               7.23              8.17                         4.76
                                     ',4/19/95  179.01     12.43             37.84     25.72         95.29           7.65      3.66             16.30               5.32
                                     4126195    201.67     14.04             29.95     19.67         90.95           7.62      4.88               9.60              4.80
                                     5/25/95    222.26     19.91      6.38   14.79     10.13         59.89   4.37              5.58      2.50     5.31      1.14    2.48     4.05      14.20
                                     6/1/95     248.48       6.61            27.33     23.20     135.31     13.36    7.96      6.75      3.93   15.16       5.91    4.95     12.55     33.54     6.32
                                     6nlg5l     200.11     10.07             18.23     18.50         59.80  10.27    12.23     5.58      2.70     1.68      6.74    6.42     10.45     27.49
                         Average                224.18       9.40     6.38   41.88     38.15     121.41      9.34    8.73      3.72      3.04     9.59      4.60    5.30     9.02      25.08     5.49



                         Phosphate (pm)'
                                 Site              1         3       4         5         6           9       10      11        14        19       20        21      22       24        25      GB7
                                     7/19/94       0.27      0.35              0.28      0.39        0.45            3.59      0.32               0.63              0.23                         1.19
                                     8/2/94        0.26      0.17              0.18      0.31        0.26            0.03      0.38               0.86              0.28                         0.22
                                     8/16/94       0.15      0.02              0.11      0.17        0.15            2.54      0.10               0.65              0.03                         0.97
                                     9/12/94       0.32      1.22              0.28      0.24        0.28            0.78      0.19               0.84              0.23                         2.26
                                     .10/20/94     0.37      0.72              0.17      0.15        0.14            3.98      0.35               0.48              0.25                         2.61
                                     11/15/94      0.30      1.46              0.17      0.17        0.07            1.63      0.38               0.59              0.39                         1.23
                                     4/19/95       0.16      0.17              0.03      0.07        0.08            0.33      1.16               0.08              0.09                         0.08
                                     4/26)95       0.24      0.48              0.10      0.10        0.38            0.87      0.15               0.19              0.14                         -
                                     5/25/95       0.47      0.73    0.95      0.26      0.22        0.56    0.78              038       0.41     0.50      0.47    0.47     0.24      0.46
                                     6/1/95        0.37      0.71              0.37      0.33        0.70    0.69    1.55      0.50      0.45     0.53      0.64    0.68     0.42      0.60      1.48
                                     6n1951        0.50      0.77              0.38      0.39        0.69    0.71    1.68      0.50      0.38     0.48      0.54    0.49     0.31      0.57
                         Average                   0.31      0.62    0.95      0.21      0.23        0.34    0.72    1.70      0.40      0.41     0.53      0.55    0.30     0.32      0.54      1.26







                           txeter/ï¿½qu4ms'coft' Wab wshed CNPO sampling results
                           blanks and 'ns" indicate! i no sample  Nas collect  J, 'nd" mear s no detection
                           xxx-indicates no results due to !!Ls@ problems
                           pH
                           Date         ExW1         ExVV2        ExW3         ExW4         ExW5         ExW6         ExW7         ExW8         ExW9         EM10         EMI 1.       EM 12        ExW13        ExW14
                                 51195               6.81     6.87       7.03           9.15       6.79           6.75             6       6.76          5.57         5.78         6.79         6.76         6.81         6@98- -6.7
                                 60795               7.05     6.69        6.8           6.76       6.99           6.66,        6.75        6.82          7.18,        7.09         6.73         6.75,        6.82         -70-5 -6.87
                                 62195               6.6      6.88 ns          ns                  6.49           6.2          6.38        6.39 ns                    6.49         6.35 nd                   6.46         6.25 ns;
                                 62795               7.01     7.22 ns                   6.84         6.9          6.37         6.43        6.44          6.82         6.75         6.52         6.54         6.62         iK-62 -6.61
                                 91795               6.61     7.11       7.11           7.03       7.01           6.6          7.06        7.09          6.93         6.92         7.1 ns           ns           ns             s
                           MEDIAN                    6.811    6.88       6.80           6.84       6.90           6.60         6.43        6.76          6.82         6.75         6.73         6.65         6.72         9.6-5 -6.66

                           TSS mg/L
                           Date         ti-wi ExW2                ExW3         ExW4         ExW5         ExW6         ExW7         ExW8         ExW9         fx-W1O       ExW1 I       ExW112       ExW13        ExW14          @15
                                 51195               5.8      75.33       3.6               2        4.2          33           66.5        2.2           12.61            2        8.2          1.61         1.8             2        1.8
                                 60795               13.4     22.4        7.2           2.6          3.8          27.2         3.6         2.4           2.2              2        13.75        1.8          -1.2            2           8
                                 62195               2.9      9.4 ns           ns                    1.7          33           1.88 ns          ns                    0.4          12.6         0.6            0          0.5 ns
                                 62795               2        1.89 ns                   8.29             3        34.33        2.3         3.6               1        3.47         10.17        5.67         0.33         1T-O.9
                                 91795               24       70         30.2           5.75       2.12           72.33        15.2        4.13          25.5         4.5          11.33 ns         ns;          ns          ns;
                           %org                                   I            I                                                                                                                                             I
                           Date         ExW1         ExW2         ExW3         IExW4        ExW5         EMIS         ExW7         ExW8         ExW9         ExW1O        ExWil -ExW12              ExW13        EXW`14      ExW`15
                                 51195        24.14           18.14      22.22          50         42.86          15.15        25.56       36.36         25.4         70           29.27        75.      66.67            70        66.67
                                 60795               20.9     18.75      27.78          53.85      42.11          16.18        50          41.67         27.27        40           20       77.781       66.67            60          57.5
                                 62195        31.03.          19.15 ns         Ps                  64.71          19.19        93.33 ns         ns;                       0        25.4           01           0             0 ns
                                 62795               351      23.53 ns                  94.83        50           20.39        56.52       47.22         60       39.39            29.51    47.06            100          63.gT     77.78
                                 91795        20.831          14.29      27.81          67.39                     5.99         35.53-      33.33         28.76    33.33.           17.65 ns         ns           ns          ns
                           Tot P mg/L                I                                                                             totp
                           Date         ExW1         ExW2         ExW3         E)eW4        EM5          ExW6         ExW7         ExW8         ExW9'        ExW1O        ExW11        ExW12        ExW13        ExW14       E)eW15
                                 51195        0.027           0.206      0.031          0.094      0.052          0.111        0.215       0.026         0.074    0.013            0.044    0.011        0.015            0.019 -0-036
                                 60795        0.036           0.086      0.089          0.146      0.089          0.061        0.045       0.034         0.016    0.022            0.127    0.022            0.02         0.021 -0.196
                                 62195        0.023           0.018 ns         ns                  0.096          0.053        0.049       0.04 ns                0.023            0.183    0.025        0.017            0.022 iis-
                                 62795        0.021     '     0.014 ns                  0.39       0.096          0.03-        0.039       0.037         0.003.   0.031            0.172    0.025        0.016            6-.-017 -0.032
                                 91795        0.102           0.227      0.241      .0.123         0.033          0.12         0.131       0.029         0.1561   0.021--          0.078
                           N03-NO2-N    mg/L"                                                                                      N03-NO2                   I
                           Date         ExW1         ExW2         ExW3         EM4          EM5          EM6          ExW7         ExW8         ExVV9        IExWfO- EiWii             ExW12        ExW13        ExW14       EAN15
                                 51195  nd                    0.35       0.77  nd           nd           nd                    0.2 nd                    0.91 nd                   0.13 nd          nd           nd          nd
                                 60795  nd           nd                  0.25  nd           nd           nd                    0.1 nd                    1.67 nd          nd           nd           nd           nd          nd
                                 62195               0.19     1.69 ns;         ns           nd           nd           nd           nd           ns.          nd           nd           nd           nd                    0.3 ns
                                 62795               0.3      4.05 ns          nd           nd           nd                    0.39        0.11          2.14 nd                                0.15 Ind                  0.23        0.23
                                 91795               0.76     0.33       0.28           0.07       0.06           0.12         0.14        0.08          0.15         0.1          0.32
                           NH3-N        mg/L                                                                                       NH3-N
                           Date         ExVVI        ExW2         ExW3         ExW4         ExW5         ExW6         ExW7         ExW8         ExW9         ExVVIO       ExW11        ExW12        ExW13        ExW14       ExW15
                                 51195 nd                     0.4 nd           nd           nd                    0.2          0.1 nd                    0.2 nd           nd           nd           nd           nd          nd
                                 60795  nd           nd                   0.2  nd           nd                    0.12 nd      - nd             nd                    0.12         0.24 nd          nd           nd                   0.24
                                 62195  nd           nd           ns           ns           nd                    0.8 nd           nd           ns           nd                    0.1 nd           nd           nd          ns
                                 62795               0.16 nd      ns                    0.1 nd                    0.78 Ind         nd           nd           nd                    0.11 Wd- Fd-                  nd          nd
                                 91795               0.14     0.23        0.2           0.12 nd                   0.131        0.17        0.11          0.15         0.1 nd
                           Fecal        cts/100ml                                                                              - FES@
                           Date         ExW1         ExW2         -ExW3        ExW4         ExW5         ExW6         ExW7         ExW8         IExW9        ExW1O        ExW1 i       ExW12        ExW13        ExW14       ExW15
                                 51195               20       940         30   <10                 510            120          120         1601          300          60           310          so           ISO          370         270
                                 60795               840 >2000    >2000                 40         310            1550         170         160           620          80  >2000                 80           80           110         620
                                 62195               20       210 ns           ns                    10           120          60          40 ns                      100          660          -30 -So-                  80 ns
                                 62795               790      680 ns                    30         270            1700         60          130           20           110          620          30           40           90          150
                                 91795 >2000         >2000        >2000                 120          20  >2000        .>2000               40            840          360          730
                           E.Coli       ctsiloomi    ,                                                                I
                           Date         ExW1         ExW2         ExW3         ExW4         ExW5         ExW6         IExWT- ExW8               EX-W9        -ffivvlo     ExW11        ExW12        ExW13        ExW14       ExW15
                                 51195               20 >2000             40   <10          1      770            80           120         230,          250          110          400          110          180          250         100
                                 60795               930      1800       2500           101          40           1410         150         190           620          80,          9800         60           50           150         580
                                 62195               50       360 ns           ns           1        40           130          40          31 ns             1        201          1450         40           30           130 ns
                                 62795               580      650 ns           <10          1      280            1400         60          180           140-1        1801         780          110          40           220         200
                           1     917951>2000                      )DOC                                                xxx                  - xxx                      4401         770                           1







          Cu                                                                                                             Cu
          Date          ExVV1         ExW2         ExW3          ExW4          ExW5          ExW6          ExW7          ExW8          ExW9          ExWlO         ExWl 1        ExW12         ExVV1 3       ExWl4        ExWl 5
                51195   ns                  0.008         0.016            0.015 nd          nd                      0.02 nd           nd                  6.0-3-35 nd           nd            nd            nd           nd
                60795   nd                 0.0068        0.0068  nd                      0.008 nd          nd            nd                 0.0058   nd-           nd            nd            nd            nd-          nd
                62195   nd            nd           ns            ns            nd            nd            nd            nd            ns                 0.0026        0.0044   nd            nd            nd           ns
                62795   nd            nd           ns            nd            nd                 0.0029   nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd           nd
                91795         0.0085       0.0115        0.0105  nd                      0.003    0.0095         0.0175           0.003     0.01251        0.003         0.004                               1
          Cd            mg/L                                                                                             Cd
          Date          ExWl          ExW2         ExW3          ExW4          ExW5          EM6           ExVV7         E)eW8         ExW9          ExWlo         ExWl 1        ExW12         ExW13         ExWl4        ExWl 5
                51195   ns            Ad           nd            nd            nd            nd                  0.0005  nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd           nd
                60795   nd            nd           nd            nd            Ind           nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd           nd
                62195   nd            nd           ns            ns            nd            nd            nd            nd            ns            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd           ns
                62795   nd            nd           Ins           nd            nd            Ind           nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd -         nd
                91795   nd            nd           nd            nd            nd            nd            nd                 0.0005   nd            nd            nd
          Zn            mg/L                                                                                             Zn
          Date          EAN1          ExW2         ExW3          ExW4          ExW5          ExW6          ExW7          ExW8          ExW9          ExWlO         ExWl I        ExW12         ExW13         ExW14        ExWl 5
                51195   ns                  0.105         0.034  nd            nd            nd                      0.099 nd                   0.026 nd           nd            nd            nd            nd           nd
                60795   nd                  0.058         0.037  nd            nd                     0.044 nd           nd                     0.025 nd           nd            nd          --0.025         nd           nd
                62195   nd                  0.036 Ins            ns            nd            Ind           nd            nd.           ns            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd           ns
                62795   nd                  0.033  ns            nd            nd                     0.03 nd            nd            Ad            nd            nd            nd            nd            nd           nd
                91795         0.026         0.094         0.031            0.054 nd                   0.051          0.048 nd          nd            nd            nd
          Al            mg/L                                                                                             Al
          Date          ExWl          -EAW         ExW3          ExW4          ExW5          - ExW6        ExW7          ExW8          ExW9          ExWlO         ExWl 1        ExW12         ExW13         ExW14        ExWl 5
                51195   ns.                    1.73       0.228            0.093         0.212        1.36           1.67         0.128         0.82       0.091         0.334          0.062         0.077        0.078         0.083
                60795               0          1.04       0.376            0.048         0.1871       1.01           0.111        0.134         0.183      0.104         0.043          0.057         0.051        0.063         0.113
                62195         0.146         0.142  ns            ns                      0.088        1.35 nd            nd            ns                  0.058         0.542   nd            nd            nd           ns     -
                62795         0.103         0.135  ns            nd                      0.07         1.51 nd                     0.089         0.076      0.176         0.458          0.055  nd            nd           nd
                91795            1.57          3.29          1.03          0.108         0.113        4.29           0.459        0.137         1.04       0.131         0.759
          temp          T
          Date          ExWl          ExW2         ExW3          EM4           ExW5          ExW6          jExW7         ExW8          ExW9          Exwlo         ExWl 1        ExW12         ExW13         ExW14        ExWl 5
                51195            13.2          10.6          9.4           12.1          10.8         9.5            9.9          12            10            12.5          11.1          12.4          13.1          12.5         12.7
                60795            18.6          19.11         19.1          21.2          20           19.5           21           20.4          15.7          19.7          18.6          20.8          19.9          19.2         17.8
                62195            19.5          15.5 ns           ns                      20.7         18.9           22           22.7 ns                     20.8          19.5          24            22.91         22  ns
                62795            17.6          14.8 ns                     20.2          21.5         20.9           20.6         20.2          15.31         19.6          18.6          21.9          21.8          20.4         19.7
                91795            14.5          18.8          17.8          18            15.6         16.8           17.6         16.9          16.8          14.7          15.8
          cond.         umhos                                                                I
          Date  51195   ExWl     280  ExW2     ISO ExW3      200 ExW4      410 ExW5      110 ExW  .6  160  ExW7      110 ExW8     116  ExW9     30   ExWlO    100  ExWl 1   120  ExW112   90   ExW13    100  ExW14    80  ExW15    320
                60795            290           891           79            700           120          259            130          140           190           125           170           120           120           125          P5
                62195            330           700                                       135          430            150          150                         140           175           130           135           145
                62795            365           700                         1200          130          430            .150         145           220           135           180           130           135           140          140
                91795            300           90            85            5500          150          85             15           110           20            215           185
          DO            mg/L                                                                 I
          Date          EANI          ExW2         ExW3          ExW4          ExW5          ExW6          ExW7          ExW8          ExW9          ExWlO         ExWl I        ExW12         ExW13         ExWl4        E)cWl 5
                51195            8.4           9.8           10            8.6           9.4          10.2           TO--2        8.2           101-          10.2            9           8.1             9           8.8          8.9
          %sat                   80            88            87            80            85           89             90           76            93            93            81            80            85            83           84
                60795            7.21          7.5           7.5             4           6.6          7.1            5.6          5.4           9.4           7.7           5.2              7          6.7           7.1          6.2
          %sat                   771           82            81            45            75           77             63           59            95            85            56            79            74            77           66
                62195            5.9  -        8.6 ns            ns                        6          3.7            6.1          8.6  ns                     7.4           3.8           6.5           5.5           5.9 ns
          %sat                   64            87                                        67           40             70           101                         84            41            77            65            68  ns
                62795            5.9               ns                      4.4           6.3             2           3.8          3.6           9.2           7.4           3.4           6.3           5.2           6.4          4.9
          %sat                   62                ns                      48            72           22             43           40            92            81            37            72            60            71           54
                                                                                                                                                                                               [
                                                                                                                                                                                               ExW:13
                                                                                                                                                                                               nd
                                                                                                                                                                                               nd
                                                                                                                                                                                               nd
                                                                                                                                                                                               nd



























                9i-795           7.7           8.4           8.9           6.9           8.5          8.4            8.8          C2]-9.0 1-7.8 1                           6.71
          %sat.                  75            90            951           73            86           87             93           651           941           771           681


                                                                                                                       0






                                           Appendix F


                   EXETER/SOUAMSCOIT NPS PROJEC
                   WQ MONI-ORING BU )GET (1996)
                   This budget is included forreerence. TSS/%orga ic analyses were completed at UNH.
                   All other ani ses were coml leted at NHDES.


                               UNIT        15 SITES
                   TEST        COST        4STORMS
                   FECAL                 7                420
                   E COLI                7                420
                   COPPER                6                360
                   ZINC                  6                360
                   ALUM.                 6                360
                   CADMIUM               6                360
                   T PHOS.               8                480
                   NH3-N                 9                540
                   N03-NO2-N             7                420
                   TSS/%ORG              10               600


                   TOTAL                                  3900





                                                  Appendix G

                                                                                                                NEW I 1ANIPS1 11RI:
         E N V I R 0 N                            MENTAL                                                        UPPARIN-IFN I OF*
                                                                                                   Environmental
                                                                                                                 Services

                     0
                                                                                           6 Hazen Drive, Concord, NII 03301


           1-11-IDES Technical Bulletin             WSPCD-BB-1993-2



                                             Iron Bacteria In Surface Water



                     What are iron bacteria?'


                            Iron bacteria are bacteria that 'feed' on iron.
                     Unlike most bacteria. which feed on organic matter, iron
                     fullfill their energy requirements by oxidizing ferrous iron
                     into ferric iron. When ferrous iron is,converted to ferric
                     iron, it becomes' insoluble and precipitates out of the
                     water as a rust-colored deposit. This process can occur
                     simply by exposing. 1ron-rich groundwater to the
                     atmosphere. However, if the deposit is sfimey and
                     clumpy, it is probably caused by iron bacteria.

                     Are iron bacteria harmful?


                            Iron bacteria are of no threat to human health. They are found naturally in so  *ils and water.
                     However, the. orange slime in the water or leaching from the shore is often considered to be an
                     aesthetic problem. The oily sheens created by the decomposing bacteria cells are often mistaken
                     for petroleum sheens.

                     What causes iron bacteria?


                           Iron is a common element in New Hampshire soils. Consequently, iron-fixing bacteria
                     have existed in our natural waters for over a million years. Iron-rich fill material or bedrock can
                     create an iron bacteria problem whenever it is located near water. In general, wherever there is
                     oxygen, water and iron there is the potential for an iron bacteria problem.

                     How can we identify iron bacteria?

                           Orange or brown slime (precipitate) and oily sheens are often the first indication that these
                     bacteria are present. Unlike petroleum sheensthe iron bacteria sheens break apart when they are
                     disturbed. The orange or brown slime may be collected in a jar and analyzed microscopically at
                     DES to identify the bacteria type.
                                                                                            OOWIZ@
                                                                                              tE4 n 5vi r@c



                                                                                                 IV @,_7











                                                                  -2-



                  What can we do about iron bacteria?

                         The best treatment for an iron bacteria problem is prevention. To thwart these obnoxious
                  bacteria, have ill fill material analyzed for iron content before using or exposing iL
                  Unfortunately, once established, iron bacteria problems are difficult. if not impossible to correct.
                  Sometimes iron-rich fill can be replaced by fill with a lower iron content. However, this may be
                  extremely costly and have other environmental impacts. Sinceiron bacteria. are not han-riful,
                  sometimes the only feasible thing that people can do is simply to accept it for the natural
                  occurrence that it is.


                  For further information: For more information on iron bacteria, please contact DES' Biology
                  Bureau 603-271-3503.









































































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