Environmental considerations of a Guam wind energy conversion system along the Cotal--Windward Hill Savanna / by Bruce Best and Henry Siegrist for the Guam Energy Office

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

a
D

: 2

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

OF A

GUAM WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

ALONG THE
COTAL WINDWARD HILL SAVANN/

Bruce Best and Dr. Henry Siegrist
c/o Tropical Systems
Post Office Box 5278, Mangilao, Guam 96913

For

The Guam Energy Office
DR. DOUGLAS R. SMITH

Funded by Grant Number NA-83-AAD-CZ022
Provided by the
U.S. Department of Commerce
NOAA

September, 1984

OVERVIEW:

This paper describes the present physical, biological and human environ-
ment which might be affected by any proposed wind-electric project, and
also reviews current environmental research concerning Wind Energy
Conversion Systems (WECS) applicable to such a project.

The area borders the Cotal Conservation Reserve and Ylig Drainage System
(Tarzan River area). No houses exist in the immediate area. The
closest communities are the Windward Hills Golf Course housing area to
the east and a few widely scattered road side homes to the south.
Results of geological and biological surveys indicate the region con-
sists of a clay substrate underlying a savanna ecosystem, No endangered
biota were recorded from site surveys.

In general, WECS are benign. There are three main environmental con-
siderations, all of which are of concern to nearby residents. First,
some turbines can create television interference. Cable television
eliminates the problem. Second, there is some noise associated with the
motion of the blades. The effect of noise is a function of distance,
up-wind or down-wind home composition, etc. A third environmental
consideration is land use and potential visual affects.

Current land use by off-road vehicles has affected the area's drainage
and erosional patterns. Precautionary measures during construction are
needed to control sedimentation in the Ylig River Drainage System and to
stabilize the sensitive geomorphological conditions that presently
exist.

A complete environmental impact assessment would be needed when engi-
neering and logistical parameters are worked out. All ecological
affects from construction of access roads and fencing, to the impact of
building electrical transmission and distribution systems, general
on-site utilities, and support structures would need to be addressed.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

General Site Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o10

Geological Environmental Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Biological Environmental Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Human Environmental Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Relationship of the Proposed Action to Land Use Plans,

Policies and Controls for the Affected Area . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Proposed Mitigation Measures to Reduce Construction Impact . . . . . 31

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Appendices

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. Proposed WECS Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Cross-sectional View of the N60'E Trail on USGS
Quadranage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3. Proposed Wind Site in Relation to the
Ylig River Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4. Physical Parameters Responsible for
Generation, Propagation, and Perception
of WECS Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Some Physical Parameters of the Ylig Drainage System. . . 21

2. Reported and Observed Aquatic Flora and Fauna from the
Tarzan-Ylig River Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3. Results from the Residential Survey . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4. Physical Parameters Responsible for Generation,
Propagation, and Perception of WECS Noise . . . . . 29

LIST OF PLATES

Page

1. Proposed Site, Looking East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2. Proposed Site, Looking Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3. Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4. Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5. Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6. Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

INTRODUCTION:

Civilization has harnessed the wind for centuries to pump, grind and
sail. In recent years, people have been using wind to produce electri-
city. Growing energy requirements, increasing fossil fuel costs, and
the dependence on foreign sources, all have directed governments and
individuals, especially those of the emerging island nations of Oceania,
toward the utilization of windpower. The completion of a wind project
in Windward Hills would place Guam at the forefront of island energy
technology. On the local level, a proposed project would provide job
opportunities, displace thousand of barrels of imported oil per year,
and increase the energy self-sufficiency of the territory.

Among the attractive aspects of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)
--- also called WTG (Wind Turbine Generators) or just "Windfarms" ---is
that they are considered environmentally benign. They use an inexhaust-
ible source, and have relatively little affect on air and water quality,
on biota in the area, or on solid waste disposal requirements. Resource
commitments include the land and air space occupied by the system, and
an economic commitment to dispose of the power generated.

The recent explosion of windfan-n activity in California, Hawaii and
other areas, has identified several possible environmental issues that
could impede the devel.opment of windfarm technology. Unfortunately, few
environmental data or discussions relating to a tropical island wind-
electric installation have been published.

Many environmental parameters would have to be considered when engineer-
ing the installation and maintenance of a tropical island windfarm.

8 -

Factors such as corrosion from salt spray, lightning protection,
typhoons, high humidity, etc., must be addressed by the design engineer.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) have identified three environmental consi-
derations in the siting of wind turbine generators. The first is pos-
sible television interference. In areas where wind turbine generators
are placed near communities that use antennas for reception, a zone of
interference can be defined. Cable television reception is not af-
fected by WECS.

Another important environmental impact is the noise associated with the
motion of the blades. Although modest and of low frequency, the noise
can have an adverse effect on the public. New blade designs and site
considerations are possible solutions.

The third possible environmental problem is land use and the associated
potential visual pollution that may become an issue when large numbers
of machines are deployed in an area. As a result, aesthetics, community
attitudes, and limited land intrusion are considerations in the Guam
WECS design efforts.

This paper addresses the above environmental issues and provides, from
on-site surveys, baseline biological and geological information for the
target area.

GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION:

One possible site for a WECS project is the Windward Hills - Cotal
Reserve area adjacent to Route 17 (see Figure 1). The target area is
part of a high plateau savanna, 400 to 500 ft. above sea level over-
looking the Ylig River Drainage System and the Pacific Ocean (Plates 1
and 2). Geographically, the 15* to 20" slope below the area provides
conditions for good laminar wind flow for the NE prevailing winds.
Geomorphologically, the area has a weathered volcanic substratum similar
to the Nimitz Hill area. Soils consist of semi-permeable clays. Many
badland areas are found in the proposed project area.

Current land use by off-road vehicles has formed much of the present
drainage and erosion patterns. A Eucalyptus planting program has helped
stabilize the soil along the popular Tarzan Falls Trail on the Cotal
Reserve. Some meteorlogical data are available from the Guam Energy
Office (rainfall and wind regimes).

10 -

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PLATE 1. Proposed Site; Looking East

PLATE 2. Proposed Site; Looking Northwest

GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT:

The area is situated north and east of the Cross Island Road (Route 17),
on the east-central half of the U.S.G.S., Talofofo 7k' Quadrangle. It
is entirely underlain by deeply weathered and dissected volcaniclastic
and stratified lava flows of the Alutom formation. Severe gullying and
sedimentation are on-going and even minimal construction will exacerbate
the situation unless very careful planning is carried out. A cross
sectional view is diagramed in Figure 2.

Geologic problems fall generally into the following overlapping cate-
gories.

1. Slope Instability: Gravitational-rotational slumping of
weathered bedrock blocks is currently a major concern wherever
the Alutom fonnation is encountered. The volcanics weather to
depths exceeding 50 ft. and the upper 30 ft. are essentially
all clays and oxides (saprolite). Aligned clay minerals
provide excellent slip planes along which hillside slopes
move, especially during very wet seasons.

A second form of slope instability that is currently active in
the targeted area are mud slides and flows that are triggered
by torrential rains following dry seasons. Both types of
instability are severe because of the combination of steep
slopes; highly weathered rock; scant vegetation; and wet-dry
season patterns.

13 -

800

700 Distance of Red Saprolite-__,.,
&Dirt Bike Traits

Soo

z 500
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200

100
CROSS-ISLAND
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750 1500 2250 3000 3750 4500
DISTANCE (ft)

FIGURE 2. Cross-sectional view of the N 60-E Trail on U.S.G.S. Qua

2. Drainage: Surface drainage in the targeted area is both
variable and seemingly random. The location and importance of
gullys appear to be determined by off-road vehicle use.
Construction will obviously affect the downslope surface
drainage pattern in unpredictable ways, unless serious plan-
ning is carried out. Furthermore, renewed downslope gullying
and headwater erosion will undercut the toe of many slopes
helping to trigger gravitational slumping and mud flows.

3. Sedimentation: Because of the steep slopes and volcanic
bedrock, off-road vehicles have accelerated soil erosion and
sedimentation. Unless well-planned, construction will worsen
the situation. A potential problem will be the relationship
of hillside construction in intensifying Ylig River siltation,
especially in regard to the water supply pumping station 2 - 3
miles downstream.

4. Soil Properties: Site soil composition, consists of light
colored (sandy) to dark (more limestone) volcanic - saprolitic
clays. Before any construction is undertaken sampling and
testing of the clay-oxide soil should be run for the following
engineering properties.

(a) Shrink-swell; or expansion-contraction
W Cohesion, strength, and Atterberg Limits
(c) Compactability
M Permeability
(e) Liquification

15 -

These tests would be best run as part of a soil survey of the site, that
would include soil description, maps showing vertical and horizontal
extent of soils, and grain size and moisture contents.

In view of the above geological considerations, extreme care in planning
the windfarm installation is vital. Ground cover plantings; defined
drainage areas and possible siltation basins; and restrictions on off-
road vehicles should be instituted before excavations are initiated.
The need for a dry season construction timetable is obvious.

16 -

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT:

The ecosystem in the project area is often disturbed by brush fires,
off-road vehicle traffic and general public usage of the Tarzan Falls
Trail. Typical savanna flora covers the proposed project area.
Casuarina littoralis and scattered Pandanus and Cycas seem to survive
the savanna fires each year. The swordgrass, Micanthus floridulus, is
common. Other grasses (Dimeria chloridifoymis) and ferns (Dicranopteris
linearis) along with Morinda citrifolin and Dianella ensifolia
tenaciously hold on to the clay soil through the rainy season. Existing
vegetation consists mostly of introduced species. Because of the
ephemeral nature of the area, the ridge-top stands of Casuarina are
rapidly lossing their hold (Plates 3, 4, 5, and 6). No endangered flora
was found.

Because of heavy foot and off-road vehicle traffic, wildlife is scarce
in the area. No endemic avian fauna (all of which are endangered) were
seen. No mammals were observed, but rats, mice, and occasionally, pigs
and deer are expected to be found in the area. Piles of Achatina fulica
(snail) shells were observed in the project zone.

The well-visited Tarzan Falls area is part of the Ylig River Drainage
System. (Figure 3). Some physical parameters of the drainage system
are compiled in Table 1. On-site surveys of the Tarzan River revealed a
rich fish and shrimp fauna. Stocks of Macrobrachium lar, Kuhlia
ruRestris, and Tilapia sp. are present. Table 2 and Appendix I list
the observed and reported biota from the Ylig System and some hydro-
logical physiochemical characteristics. Obvious precautions should be
observed when excavating the project site as to minimally disturb the
Ylig River Drainage System and adjoining marine ecosystem.

17 -

PLATE 3. Ridge Erosional Patterns

PLATE 4. Ridge Erosional Patterns

- 18-

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PLATE 5. Ridge Erosional Patterns

PLATE 6. Ridge Erosional Patterns

- 19 -

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FIGURE 3. Proposed Project Site in Relation to he Ylig River Drainage Syste

TABLE 1. Some Physical Parameter of the Ylig Drainage System.

Ylig River, Guam

COORDINATES: Lat. 130 23' 33" N
Long. 1440 46' 08" E

ELEVATION: 137 m

TOTAL RIVER SYSTEM DATA:

1) Length of longest continuous perennial channel: 11,994 m
2) Combined perennial channel lengths: 16,734 m
3) Approximate drainage area: 3,007 ha

Addiditonal Information:
1) Gaging Station:
Lat. 130 23' 28" N
Long. 1440 45' 06" E
Elev. 6 m
Average (28 yrs.) discharge: 0.81 m3/s
2. The Ylig has 2 major tributaries: The Tarzan and
Manengon.
3. Ylig system supplies Yona Village with drinking

water.

21 -

TABLE 1. (Cont'd.)

Tarzan River, Guam

CORDINATES:

Lat. 130 23' 51" N
Long. 1440 43' 54" E

LENGTH OF PERENNIAL TURBUTARIES AND MAIN CHANNEL: 5,182 m
ELEVATION: 119 m

Additonal Information:
1) The Tarzan drains into the Ylig.
2) Tarzan Falls:
Lat. 130 23' 39" N
Long. 1440 43' 09" E
Elev. 64 m

Manengon River, Guam

COORDINATES: Lat. 130 23' 52" N
Long. 1440 45' 03" E

LENGTH OF PERENNIAL TRIBUTARIES AND MAIN CHANNEL: 7.727 m
LENGTH OF MAIN CHANNEL: 2,240 m
ELEVATION: 61 m

Additional Information:

1) The Manengon drains into the Ylig.

22 -

TABLE 2. Reported and Observed Aquatic Flora and Fauna from the
Tarzan --- Ylig River Drainage System.

Animals

Invertebrates:

Ostracod Cypretta ef. tenuicauda Varra

Sponges Spongillidae, unidentified spp

Shrimps Atya serrate Bate
Atya spinipes Newport
Caridina nilotica (P. Roux)
Caridina @ypus H. Milne Edwards
Macrobrachium lar (Fabr.

Crabs Varuna sp.

Snails Melanid spp.
Neritina pulligera (Linneaus)
Neritina sp.
Thiarid sp.

Vertebrates:

Fish Awaous quamensis (Valenciennes)
Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede)
Sicyopterus macrostetholepis (Bleeker)
Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner)
Tilapia mossambica (Peters)

23 -

TABLE 2. (cont'd.)

Eel Anguilla man-norator

Plants:

Non Vascular
(Algae) Chara sp
Cladophora cf. crispata
Cladophora glomerata L. Kuetz.
Closterium moniliferum Bory Enrenb.
Closterium parvurum Nag.
Cosmarium repandum Nords.
Mougeotia sp.
Oedogonium sp.
Pleurotaenium trabecula var. Vectum
Roya sp.
Scenedesmus arcuatus

Scenedesmus ovalternus Chod.
Spirogyra sp.
Thorea gaudichaudii C. Agardh

Vascular
(Flowering) Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle

24 -

HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION:

Aside from recreational use, the project site is uninhabited. A few
homes lie along the south side of Route 17 and a deep swordgrass-lined
gorge separates the target area from the Windward Hills Country Club
Community to the east. In general , the housing in the area is very
good, with families living well within middle to upper income brackets.
To provide a forum for public input, households in these areas were
given survey foms (sample and replies are in Appendix II). Of the
twenty-five homes in the area, 24% of the households completed and
return the questionniare for statistical analysis. Results are compiled
in Table 3. It is interesting to note that none of the households were
air conditioned, most had visited or used wind-electric systems and they
were split down the middle, and emphatically so, when asked if they
would be agreeable to a WECS in their area.

As discussed in the introduction and survey cover letter (Appendix II),
three environmental considerations, all of which can affect nearby
residents, are of concern to WECS engineers. The first: possible tele-
vision interference, is minimized by cable television. As noted in
Table 3, 83.3% of those that replied to the survey are cable connected.

The second environmental consideration to nearby humans is system as-
sociated noise. Kelley (1982) reports that an investigation into the
extent and causes of acoustic noise associated with the operation of
WECS has been undertaken by the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI).
Noise problems were not a major concern before 1979. Earlier sound
measurements indicated little chance for community annoyance at dis-
tances much beyond 6 or 8 rotor diameters. With the installation of the
MOM (2 million watt) turbine in North Carolina, General Electric

25 -

TABLE 3

Results from the Residental Survey

% YES % NO

1. Do you have Cable TV? 83.3 16.0

2. Is your house air conditioned most of the time? 0 100

3. Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator System? 66.6 33.3

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agree-
able to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation
System in the Tarzan area? 50.0 50.0

NOTE: See Appendix II for actual data and residents reasons for or
against a WECS.

26 -

Company (builder of the MOD-1) received sporadic noise complaints from a
few residents living within 2-5 km. Since then, considerable effort has
been expended by NASA, SERI and other organizations to determine the
characteristics of the noise, its origin and production mechanisms, its
propagation path, and what can be done to eliminate or reduce it (Figure
4 and Table 4).

The studies conclude the impulsive sounds are a result of the turbine
blades passing through intense, viscous wakes downstream of the tower's
vertical support members. The radiated pressure pulse is in the
sub-audible range (below 20 Hz). The pulse then interacts with struc-
tures thereby causing vibrations and vibration-induced audible thumping.
Kelley reports SERI has recommended the installation of a specific type
or aerodynamic spoiling device on the support tower to break up air flow
into chaotic turbulence thereby substantially reducing the acoustical
radiation from large (megawatt) turbines.

To date, there have been no major complaints or noise associated with
turbines under 200 kilowatt capacity.

The third possible environmental problem is land use and associated
visual pollution that may become an issue with nearby residents. Future
land use would probably have to be restricted to the Cotal Reserve.
Aesthetics, community attitudes and limited land intrusion would have to
be major considerations in any Guam WECS.

27 -

source path re

WIND
00

FIGURE 4. Physical parameters responsible for generation, propagation,
and perception of WECS noise. See Table 2,

TABLE 4. Physical Parameters Responsible for Generation, Propaga-
tion, and Perception of WECS Noise. (Modified from
Kelley 1982) see Figure 4.

Source: Generation Parameters

(a) RPM
(b) Windspeed
(c) Inflow turbulence
(d) Wind shear

Path: Propagation of Turbine Noise

(a) Geometric spreading
(b) Atmospheric refraction
(c) Ground reflection

Receiver: Dynamic Coupling to House Structure

(a) Vibration
(b) Vibration - induced noise

29 -

RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES AND

CONTROLS FOR THE AFFECTED AREA.

Presently, although visitors and hikers unobtrusively visit and leave
the area, many off-road vehicles traverse the Cotal Reserve and adjacent
private area to the extent of creating or accelerating a semi-badlands
condition.

Research at the Bureau of Planning revealed that the Cotal Conservation
Reserve is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and
Recreation. The adjacent private land is designated as "open space -
conservation" by the Bureau in their projected Year 2000 Community
Design Plan (Map 8, see Appendix III). The Territorial Planning
Commission could designate the area "A" Rural Zone thereby allowing
"Utilities and public facilities" (Appendix IV).

No record has been found of any archaeological finds in the area. The
territorial archaeologist suggests a reconnaissance survey be conducted
to check the probability of disturbing any historical sites.

PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE CONSTRUCTION IMPACT:

The following standard measures should be considered and monitored.

Erosion: Minimize earthwork and disturbing activi-
ties.

Employ helicopters for tower raising.
(They are cost-effective and don't need
roads or cranes.)

- Follow a prompt re-vegetation program.

Siltation: - Stabilize excavations

- Limit activities during rainy seasons

- Define and avoid disturbing the existing
drainage patterns

Topographic Alteration: - Return the environment to its natural
state where possible.

31 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Best, B.R. 1981. Bibliography of inland aquatic ecosystems of
the Marianas Archipelago. University of Guam, Marine Lab
Tech. Rept. 72. 64 pp.

2. Best, B.R. and C.R. Davidson. 1981. Inventory and atlas of the
inland aquatic ecosystems of the Marianas Archipelago.
Univeristy of Guam, Marine Lab Tech. Rept. 75. 255 pp.

3. Best, B.R. and B.D. Smith. 1983. An experimental wind energy con-
version project at Bubulao Guam, M.I. University of Guam,
Marine Lab Tech. Rept. 17 pp.

4. Couret, C.L. 1978. Description of some freshwater decapods found
in the rivers of Guam. A letter report to Guam Dept. Agric.,
Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Division. 3p.

5. Deloreme, L.D. 1973. Freshwater astracods reported from Guam. A
letter report to D. Belk. 4p.

An unpublished report with identification and habitat data.

6. D.O.E./E.R.D. 1978. Environmental Readiness Document: Large and
Small Wind Systems, Commercialization, Phase III Planning,
DOE/ERD-0006, U.S. Dept. of Energy. 28pp.

32 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.)

7. D.O.E. 1977. Public Reactions to Wind Energy Devices.
NSF/RA-770026, U.S. Dept. of Energy. 215pp.

8. Frost, W., Long, B.H., and R.E. Turner 1978. Engineering Handbood
on the Atmospheric Environmental Guidelines for Use in Wind
Turbine Generator Development. NASA TP-1359. 379pp.

9. Hawson, E., Wade. J.E. and R.W. Baker 1977. Vegetation as an Indi-
cator of High Wind Velocity Phase I. R.W.: RLO/2227-77/2,
Oregon State Univ. 68pp.

10. Kami, H.T., H.G. Tucker, R.D. Anderson, G.D. Gordon, R.D. Strong,
J.M. Jenkins, M.E. Wheeler, R.L. Kock, Jr., M.E. Molina, and C.P.
Neubauer. 1978. Job progress report, federal aid to fish and
wildlife restoration. Guam Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
Div., Dept. Agric. 146p.

A progress report on many Guam projects: limnological survey
of the major streams and rivers; studies on the deer, bats and
other wildlife of Guam.

11. Keast, D.N., and Potter, R.C. 1980. Audible Noise of Constant-
Speed, Wind Turbine Generators: A Preliminary Analysis. Bolt
Beranek and Neuman Inc. for DOE, Report No. 4281.

33 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.)

12. Kel 1 ey, Ne il . 19 78. Wi nd tu rb i ne noi se research at SERI. In-Re-
view, May-June. SERI Publ.

13. Linscott, B.S., Shapton, W.R. and D. Brown. 1976. Tower and Rotor
Blade Vibration Test Results for a 100-Kilowatt Wind Turbine.
NASA TM X-3426. 40pp.

14. NASA 1975. Wind Energy Utilization --- A Bibliography. Tech.
Brief B75-10136.

15. Rogers, S.E. et al. 1976. Evaluation of the Potential Environment
Effects of Wind Energy Systems Development. ERDA/NSF/07378-
75/1, Energy Research and Development Admin., 193pp.

16. Rogers, S.E. et al. 1977. Environmental Studies Related to the
Operation of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. COO/0092-77/2,
U.S. Dept. of Energy, 158pp.

17. Sengupta, D.L. and Senior, T.B.A. 1978. Electromagnetic Inter-
ference by Wind Turbine Generators. TID28828, U.S. Dept. of
Energy, 169pp.

18. Senior, T.B.A., Sengupta, D.L., and J.E. Ferris. 1977. TV and FM
Interference by Windmills. COO/2846-76/1, U.S. Dept. of
Energy. Describes a preliminary but wide-ranging investiga-
tion of the effects of a horizontal-axis wind turbine on the
reception of TV and FM signals in the vicinity. 169pp.

34 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.)

19. Senior, T.B.A. and D.L. Songupta. 1978. Wind Turbine Generator
Siting and TV Reception Handbook. COO/2846-1, U.S. Dept. of
Energy, 36pp.

20. Smith, D.R. 1976. A preliminary report on wind velocities at the
summit of Mt. Jumullong-manglo, Guam. Rept. submitted to Guam
Energy Office. 20p.

21. Ven-neij, G.J. 1969. Observations on the shells of some freshwater
neritid gastropods from Hawaii and Guam. Micronesica 5(1):
155-162.

35 -

APPENDIX I

Physiochemical Characteristics of the Ylig Drainage System. Analyses
conducted in the laboratory of Layne International, Inc., Guam, and is
condensed from the report: Austin, Smith & Associates, Inc. 1968. A
report covering the surface water survey of the Island of Guam. Prep.
for Public Utility Agency of Guam. 78p.

pH 7.7
Methol - Alk CaCO 3 156
Turbidity 3.6
Calcium Hardness 13.0
F (ppm) 0.1
Total dissolved solids 240
Clorides (ppm) 16
Total Hardness 15.3
Fe (ppm) 0.072
B (ppm) 0.105
NO 3 (PPm) 0.1
so 4 (PPm) 2.8
Dissolved 02 (PPm) 8.0
CO 2 (PPm) 3.5
Micromhos 330
Sio 2 (PPm) 21
Mn (ppm) 0.005
PO 4 (PPm) 0.051
NH 3 (PPm) 0.01
CrO 4 (PPm) 0.05
Ag (ppm) 0.05
CO (ppm) 0.10

36 -

APPENDIX I I
8rmce Reit 7roplcoavO *5#,dtemj
P. 0. BOX 5278 UOG STAT. MANGILAO, GUAM USA 96913
PHONE 789-2304

August 30, 1984

Hafa Friends,

This is non political.

Please take a few moments to answer the enclosed questionnaire.

My firm is active in research and development of alternate energy and
biological systems for tropical islands.- Recently, I was asked to
assess the impact of a proposed wind power generation system on the
physical and natural environment around the Tarzan-Windward Hills area.
This area has been suggested as a possible site for a future windfarm.

Environmentally, all politics aside, windfarms are benign. After instal-
lation, wind-powered generators do not pollute the air, land or water.
There are three environmental considerations, all of which are of con-
cern nearby residents.

First, some turbines can create television interference. Cable televi-
sion eliminates the problem. Second, there is some noise associated
with the motion of the blades. The effect of noise is less with dis-
tance, up-wind location, insulation, etc. A third environmental consi-
deration is land use and any potential visual affects. Aesthetics,
community impacts and anticipated land use are factors that I will
stress in my report.

I would like to include as much community input as possible so please
take a couple of minutes to complete and mail the following short ques-
tionnaire.

Thank you very much for your time. An analysis of the results of ques-
tionnaires received prior to September 10th will be included in my
report.

Thank you.

Sincerely,

6w4c lxdlr

BRUCE BEST

Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

-R E S I D E N T I A L S U R V E Y-

YES NO
1. Do you have Cable TV? LF
:E@ <--Av@ -=@-( A-AD

2. Is your house air conditio most of the time?
NO MR, C@o @y
3. Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator System?

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
in the Tarzan area?

5. Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
Wind Power Generation System in your area?

vqo@@ PO
T LL
RDL11 77CD
CArF- M r'M F

38 -

Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

-R E S I D E N T I A L S U R V E Y-

YES NO
1. Do you have Cable TV? M?

2. Is your house air conditioned most of the time? M

3. Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator System?

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
in the Tarzan area?

5. Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
Wind Power Generation System in your area?

39 -

Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

-R E S I D E N T I A L S U R V E Y-

YES NO

1. Do you have Cable TV?

2. Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

3. Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator System? (V@

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
in the Tarzan area?

5. Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
Wind Power Generation System in your area?

Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

-R E S I D E N T I A L S U R V E Y-

YES NO

1. Doyou have CableTV?

2. Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

3. Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator System? X

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
in the Tarzan area?

5. Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
Wind Power Generation System in your area?

;:-@'F n
0

5r a, C-Q,

Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

-R E S I D E N T I A L S U R V E Y-

YES NO

1. Do you have Cable TV?

2. Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

3. Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator System?

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
T\A
in the Tarzan area? y\j

5. Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
Wind Power Generation System in your area?

t/ 0 A/ @-l
lec" //I,/ -

A4-,
7Z:? 0 YdE5,f/?7 -S U,/A/0, 0 -e
V,)OC,14-0 C@C;),IW49 IAI

Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

-R E S I D E N T I A L S U R V E Y-

YES NO

1. Do you have Cable TV?

2. Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

3. Have you ever yis-i-ted (or used) a Wind Powered
Generator Systle@rO-

4. Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
in the Tarzan area?

5. Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
Wind Power Generation System in your area?

U-."c @j

6
aA f@'4
Vj

43 -

3E 3r 'A .0 4c 10 E

LONFIT
GUACLULUYAO

PUUMTAT

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42
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39 DIR

3D 3E V 'A c 40 4E

BUREAU OF PLANNING . .... Community Design Plan

G10-10. 206 b
S%v Oirao,
Of
0_1
APPENDIX IV 0-
w HAMM
'kn UP
nt.. . 0@/
coastal anao"eme
Tot
?'Lrogram.. d'
ra nvironmenta'f.'
LID fiL E
Impact!- SUdeMznt_-,.-.

U. S. D E P A H TV, 2 IN7 0 E @- C 0 F@.,! M.
Natonal Oneanle and- Atmospheric Advninistrati
00 ffirce bf CoaA Zone Management'%,

1.7

17103. OA" rural zone-.
(a) Use Permitted
1. One-family dwellings and duplexes.
2. Farming and fisheries, including all types of activities and
pursuits customarily carried on in the field of agriculture
and fisheries, Including the raising of crops and fruits,
poultry and livestock, grazing and dairying, tree and other
vegetative production, whether for commercial or personal uses.
3. Uses customarily accessory to any of the above uses including
home occupations, and private automobile parking areas as well
as accessory buildings and structures such as private garages,
warehouses, barns, corrals, or other similar structures.
(b) Conditional Use
1. Parks, playgrounds and community centers.
2. Biological gardens.
3. Schools and churches.
4. Hospitals, sanitariums, and institutional uses.
5. Cemeteries.
6. Recreational use including golf courses, cockpits, marinas,
beaches, swimming pools, and accessory residential. and c9mmer-
cial use.
T. Extractive industry.
==101- 8. Utilities and public facil4ties.
9. Wholesale and retail stores, shops and businesses.
10. Automobile service stations. Including service shops.
ll.,Acces3ory uses and structures for the abo--

17104. 'Rl" one-family dwelling zone.
(a) Use Permitted:
1. OAe-famil@'dwellings.
2. Gardening and the keeping of pets for noncommercial purposes.
U 6tsto ,
3. se marily accessory to any of the above uses Including
home occupations and private parking areas with accessory
buildings and structures.
(b) Conditional Use
1. Duplexes.
2. Schools and churches.
3. Parks, playgrounds and communIty centers.
4. Health service office, outpatient with laboratory.
5. Utilities and public facilities.

17105. "R2" multiple dwelling zone.
(a) Use Permitted
1. One-family dwellings.
2. Duplexes.
3. Multi-family dwellings.
4. Hotels, private groups and institutions.
5. Accessory uses-and structures for the above.
(b) Conditional Uses
1. Any conditional use permitted in the "Rl" zone.
2. Health clinics.
3. Utilities and public facilities.
4. Air, bus, taxi, auto, rental terminals.
5. Accessory uses and structures for the above.

17106. "C' commercial zone.
(a) Use Permitted
1. One-family dwellings.
2. Duplexes.
3. Wholesale and retail stores, shops and businesses.
4. Amusement enterDrises.
5. Automobile service station, including minor repairs.
.6. Bakeries.
7. Mortuaries.
8. Offices, business or professional, and banks.
9. Personal service shops, Including barber shops, beauty parlors,
laundromats, and the like.
10. Repair shops and service shops, inc!Lding shoe repair shops,
plumbing shops, dressmaking shops, and the like, but not in-
cluding, automobile repair shops for major work..
11. Restaurants and cafes.
12. Studios.
13. Other uses which in the judgment of the Commission, as evi-
denced by resolution in writing, are similar to those listed
herein.

1-10

a
JIMMININ
3 6668 14109 4351