    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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                   D

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                                           ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

                                                       OF A

                                        GUAM WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

                                                     ALONG THE
                                           COTAL   WINDWARD HILL SAVANN/

                                                       by

                                         Bruce Best and Dr. Henry Siegrist
                                               c/o Tropical Systems
                                    Post Office Box 5278, Mangilao, Guam 96913

                                                        For

                                              The Guam Energy Office
                                               DR. DOUGLAS R. SMITH

                                      Funded by Grant Number NA-83-AAD-CZ022
                                                  Provided by the
                                            U.S. Department of Commerce
                                                       NOAA

                                                  September, 1984

                      OVERVIEW:

                      This paper describes the present physical, biological and human environ-
                      ment which might be affected by any proposed wind-electric project, and
                      also reviews    current environmental     research concerning Wind Energy
                      Conversion Systems (WECS) applicable to such a project.

                      The area borders the Cotal Conservation Reserve and Ylig Drainage System
                      (Tarzan River area).      No houses exist in the immediate area.            The
                      closest communities are the Windward Hills Golf Course housing area to
                      the east and a few widely scattered road side homes to the south.
                      Results of geological and biological surveys indicate the region con-
                      sists of a clay substrate underlying a savanna ecosystem, No endangered
                      biota were recorded from site surveys.

                      In general, WECS are benign.       There are three main environmental con-
                      siderations, all of which are of concern to nearby residents.            First,
                      some turbines can create television interference.           Cable television
                      eliminates the problem. Second, there is some noise associated with the
                      motion of the blades.      The effect of noise is a function of distance,
                      up-wind or down-wind home composition, etc.           A third environmental
                      consideration is land use and potential visual affects.

                      Current land use by off-road vehicles has affected the area's drainage
                      and erosional patterns. Precautionary measures during construction are
                      needed to control sedimentation in the Ylig River Drainage System and to
                      stabilize the sensitive geomorphological conditions that presently
                      exist.

                                                             2

                     A complete environmental impact assessment would be needed when engi-
                     neering and logistical     parameters are worked out.      All    ecological
                     affects from construction of access roads and fencing, to the impact of
                     building electrical transmission and distribution systems, general
                     on-site utilities, and support structures would need to be addressed.

                                                             3

                                                   TABLE OF CONTENT

                      Overview   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     I

                      List of Figures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     5

                      List of Tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     6

                      List of Plates   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     7

                      Introduction   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     8

                      General Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     o10

                      Geological Environmental Assessment   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13

                      Biological Environmental Assessment   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   17

                      Human Environmental Consideration   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25

                      Relationship of the Proposed Action   to Land Use Plans,

                       Policies and Controls for the Affected Area .     . . . . . . . . . . .  30

                      Proposed Mitigation Measures to Reduce Construction Impact      . . . . . 31

                      Bibliography   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    33

                      Appendices

                              I  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    36

                             II  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    37

                            III  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    44

                             IV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    45

                                                            4

                                                   LIST OF FIGURES

                                                                                        Page

                     1.   Proposed WECS Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      11

                     2.   Cross-sectional View of the N60'E Trail on USGS
                          Quadranage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       14

                     3.   Proposed Wind Site in Relation to the
                          Ylig River Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      20

                     4.   Physical Parameters Responsible for
                          Generation, Propagation, and Perception
                          of WECS Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       28

                                                          5

                                                     LIST OF TABLES

                                                                                            Page

                      1.   Some Physical Parameters of the Ylig Drainage System. . .        21

                      2.   Reported and Observed Aquatic Flora and Fauna from the
                           Tarzan-Ylig River Drainage System   . . . . . . . . . . . .      23

                      3.   Results from the Residential Survey   . . . . . . . . . . .      26

                      4.   Physical Parameters Responsible for Generation,
                           Propagation, and Perception of WECS Noise   . . . . .            29

                                                            6

                                                  LIST OF PLATES

                                                                                       Page

                    1.    Proposed Site, Looking East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    12

                    2.    Proposed Site, Looking Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . .   12

                    3.    Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   18

                    4.    Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   18

                    5.    Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19

                    6.    Ridge Erosional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19

                                                          7

                       INTRODUCTION:

                       Civilization has harnessed the wind for centuries to pump, grind and
                       sail.   In recent years, people have     been using wind to produce electri-
                       city.   Growing energy requirements, increasing fossil fuel costs, and
                       the dependence on foreign sources,       all have directed governments and
                       individuals, especially those of the     emerging island nations of Oceania,
                       toward the utilization of windpower.       The completion of a wind project
                       in Windward Hills would place Guam       at the forefront of island energy
                       technology.   On the local level, a      proposed project would provide job
                       opportunities, displace thousand of barrels of imported oil per year,
                       and increase the energy self-sufficiency of the territory.

                       Among the attractive aspects of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)
                       --- also called WTG (Wind Turbine Generators) or just "Windfarms" ---is
                       that they are considered environmentally benign. They use an inexhaust-
                       ible source, and have relatively little affect on air and water quality,
                       on biota in the area, or on solid waste disposal requirements. Resource
                       commitments include the land and air space occupied by the system, and
                       an economic commitment to dispose of the power generated.

                       The recent explosion of windfan-n activity in California, Hawaii and
                       other areas, has identified several possible environmental issues that
                       could impede the devel.opment of windfarm technology. Unfortunately, few
                       environmental data or discussions relating to a tropical island wind-
                       electric installation have been published.

                       Many environmental parameters would have to be considered when engineer-
                       ing the installation and maintenance of a tropical island windfarm.

                                                               8 -

                      Factors such as corrosion from salt spray, lightning protection,
                      typhoons, high humidity, etc., must be addressed by the design engineer.
                      National  Aeronautics   and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S.
                      Department of Energy (DOE) have identified three environmental consi-
                      derations in the siting of wind turbine generators.       The first is pos-
                      sible television interference.     In areas where wind turbine generators
                      are placed near communities that use antennas for reception, a zone of
                      interference   can be defined.     Cable television reception is not af-
                      fected by WECS.

                      Another important environmental impact is the noise associated with the
                      motion of the blades.    Although modest and of low frequency, the noise
                      can have an adverse effect on the public.       New blade designs and site
                      considerations are possible solutions.

                      The third possible environmental problem is land use and the associated
                      potential visual pollution that may become an issue when large numbers
                      of machines are deployed in an area. As a result, aesthetics, community
                      attitudes, and limited land intrusion are considerations in the Guam
                      WECS design efforts.

                      This paper addresses the above environmental issues and provides, from
                      on-site surveys, baseline biological and geological information for the
                      target area.

                                                            9

                     GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION:

                     One possible site for a WECS project is the Windward Hills - Cotal
                     Reserve area adjacent to Route 17 (see Figure 1).       The target area is
                     part of a high plateau savanna, 400 to 500 ft. above sea level over-
                     looking the Ylig River Drainage System and the Pacific Ocean (Plates 1
                     and 2).    Geographically, the 15* to 20" slope below the area provides
                     conditions for good laminar wind flow for the NE prevailing winds.
                     Geomorphologically, the area has a weathered volcanic substratum similar
                     to the Nimitz Hill area.     Soils consist of semi-permeable clays.      Many
                     badland areas are found in the proposed project area.

                     Current land use by off-road     vehicles has formed much of the present
                     drainage and erosion patterns. A Eucalyptus planting program has helped
                     stabilize the soil along the     popular Tarzan Falls Trail on the Cotal
                     Reserve.   Some meteorlogical   data are available from the Guam Energy
                     Office (rainfall and wind regimes).

                                                          10 -

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                                                                                 a                   DAS,DAII                                                  FIGURE 1.                     Proposed WECS-"                     ..- Site
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                           PLATE 1.  Proposed Site; Looking East

                           PLATE 2.  Proposed Site; Looking Northwest

                                                     12

                     GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT:

                     The area is situated north and east of the Cross Island Road (Route 17),
                     on the east-central half of the U.S.G.S., Talofofo 7k' Quadrangle.         It
                     is entirely underlain by deeply weathered and dissected volcaniclastic
                     and stratified lava flows of the Alutom formation.      Severe gullying and
                     sedimentation are on-going and even minimal construction will exacerbate
                     the situation unless very careful planning is carried out.          A cross
                     sectional view is diagramed in Figure 2.

                     Geologic problems fall generally into the following overlapping cate-
                     gories.

                           1.   Slope Instability:       Gravitational-rotational   slumping    of
                                weathered bedrock blocks is currently a major concern wherever
                                the Alutom fonnation is encountered. The volcanics weather to
                                depths exceeding 50 ft.   and the upper 30 ft. are essentially
                                all  clays   and oxides   (saprolite).   Aligned clay minerals
                                provide excellent slip planes along       which hillside slopes
                                move, especially during  very wet seasons.

                                A second form of slope instability that is currently active in
                                the targeted area are mud slides and flows that are triggered
                                by torrential rains following dry seasons.        Both types of
                                instability are severe because of the combination of steep
                                slopes; highly weathered rock; scant vegetation; and wet-dry
                                season patterns.

                                                              13 -

                  800

                  700      Distance of Red Saprolite-__,.,
                              &Dirt Bike Traits

                  Soo

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                LU
                  300

                  200

                  100
                       CROSS-ISLAND
                           ROAD

                               750        1500       2250      3000        3750      4500
                                                         DISTANCE (ft)

                     FIGURE 2.    Cross-sectional view   of the N 60-E Trail on U.S.G.S. Qua

                            2.    Drainage:   Surface drainage in the targeted area is both
                                  variable and seemingly random. The location and importance of
                                  gullys appear to be determined by off-road vehicle use.
                                  Construction will obviously affect the downslope surface
                                  drainage pattern in unpredictable ways, unless serious plan-
                                  ning is carried out.    Furthermore, renewed downslope gullying
                                  and headwater erosion will undercut the toe of many slopes
                                  helping to trigger gravitational       slumping and mud flows.

                            3.    Sedimentation:    Because of the steep slopes and volcanic
                                  bedrock, off-road vehicles have accelerated soil erosion and
                                  sedimentation.    Unless well-planned, construction will worsen
                                  the situation.    A potential problem will be the relationship
                                  of hillside construction in intensifying Ylig River siltation,
                                  especially in regard to the water supply pumping station 2 - 3
                                  miles downstream.

                            4.    Soil Properties:    Site soil composition, consists of light
                                  colored (sandy) to dark (more limestone) volcanic - saprolitic
                                  clays.   Before any construction is undertaken sampling and
                                  testing of the clay-oxide soil should be run for the following
                                  engineering properties.

                                  (a)  Shrink-swell; or expansion-contraction
                                  W    Cohesion, strength, and Atterberg Limits
                                  (c)  Compactability
                                  M    Permeability
                                  (e)  Liquification

                                                             15 -

                    These tests would be best run as part of a soil survey of the site, that
                    would include soil description, maps showing vertical and horizontal
                    extent of soils, and grain size and moisture contents.

                    In view of the above geological considerations, extreme care in planning
                    the windfarm installation is vital.     Ground cover plantings; defined
                    drainage areas and possible siltation basins; and restrictions on off-
                    road vehicles should be instituted before excavations are initiated.
                    The need for a dry season construction timetable is obvious.

                                                        16 -

                      BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT:

                      The ecosystem in the project area is often disturbed by brush fires,
                      off-road vehicle traffic and general public usage of the Tarzan Falls
                      Trail.    Typical   savanna    flora   covers   the proposed project area.
                      Casuarina littoralis and scattered Pandanus and Cycas seem to survive
                      the savanna fires each year.       The swordgrass, Micanthus floridulus, is
                      common. Other grasses (Dimeria chloridifoymis) and ferns (Dicranopteris
                      linearis)    along   with   Morinda    citrifolin   and   Dianella     ensifolia
                      tenaciously hold on to the clay soil through the rainy season. Existing
                      vegetation consists mostly of introduced species.              Because of the
                      ephemeral nature of the area, the ridge-top stands of Casuarina are
                      rapidly lossing their hold (Plates 3, 4, 5, and 6). No endangered flora
                      was found.

                      Because of heavy foot and off-road vehicle traffic, wildlife is scarce
                      in the area.    No endemic avian fauna (all of which are endangered) were
                      seen.   No mammals were observed, but rats, mice, and occasionally, pigs
                      and deer are expected to be found in the area. Piles of Achatina fulica
                      (snail) shells were observed in the project zone.

                      The well-visited Tarzan Falls area is part of the Ylig River Drainage
                      System.    (Figure 3).    Some physical parameters of the drainage system
                      are compiled in Table 1. On-site surveys of the Tarzan River revealed a
                      rich   fish and shrimp fauna.         Stocks of Macrobrachium lar,         Kuhlia
                      ruRestris, and Tilapia sp. are present.          Table 2 and Appendix I list
                      the observed and reported biota from the Ylig System and some hydro-
                      logical physiochemical characteristics.        Obvious precautions should be
                      observed when excavating the project site as to minimally disturb the
                      Ylig River Drainage System and adjoining marine ecosystem.

                                                             17 -

                            PLATE 3.   Ridge Erosional Patterns

                            PLATE 4.   Ridge Erosional Patterns

                                                     - 18-

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                                     PLATE 5.   Ridge Erosional Patterns

                           PLATE 6.   Ridge Erosional Patterns

                                                       - 19 -

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                            FIGURE 3.   Proposed Project Site in Relation to he Ylig River Drainage Syste

                     TABLE 1. Some Physical Parameter of the Ylig Drainage System.

                     Ylig River, Guam

                           COORDINATES: Lat.          130 23' 33" N
                                           Long.     1440 46' 08" E

                           ELEVATION:     137 m

                           TOTAL RIVER SYSTEM DATA:

                                1)    Length of longest continuous perennial channel: 11,994 m
                                2)    Combined perennial channel lengths:                  16,734 m
                                3)    Approximate drainage area:                            3,007 ha

                           Addiditonal Information:
                                1)    Gaging Station:
                                            Lat.       130 23' 28" N
                                            Long.    1440 45' 06" E
                                            Elev.    6 m
                                            Average (28 yrs.) discharge: 0.81 m3/s
                                      2.    The Ylig has 2 major tributaries:        The Tarzan and
                                            Manengon.
                                      3.    Ylig  system supplies Yona Village with drinking

                                            water.

                                                            21 -

                      TABLE 1. (Cont'd.)

                      Tarzan River, Guam

                            CORDINATES:

                                 Lat.       130 23' 51" N
                                 Long.     1440 43' 54" E

                                 LENGTH OF PERENNIAL TURBUTARIES AND MAIN CHANNEL:            5,182 m
                                 ELEVATION:       119 m

                            Additonal Information:
                            1)   The Tarzan drains into the Ylig.
                            2)   Tarzan Falls:
                                       Lat.       130 23' 39" N
                                        Long.    1440 43' 09" E
                                        Elev.    64 m

                      Manengon River, Guam

                            COORDINATES:    Lat.       130 23' 52" N
                                            Long.     1440 45' 03" E

                            LENGTH OF PERENNIAL TRIBUTARIES AND MAIN CHANNEL: 7.727 m
                            LENGTH OF MAIN CHANNEL: 2,240 m
                            ELEVATION: 61 m

                      Additional Information:

                            1)   The Manengon drains into the Ylig.

                                                             22 -

                     TABLE 2.         Reported and Observed Aquatic Flora and Fauna from the
                                     Tarzan --- Ylig River Drainage System.

                           Animals

                           Invertebrates:

                                Ostracod              Cypretta ef. tenuicauda Varra

                                Sponges               Spongillidae, unidentified spp

                                Shrimps               Atya serrate Bate
                                                      Atya spinipes Newport
                                                      Caridina nilotica (P. Roux)
                                                      Caridina @ypus H. Milne Edwards
                                                      Macrobrachium lar (Fabr.

                                Crabs                 Varuna sp.

                                Snails                Melanid spp.
                                                      Neritina pulligera (Linneaus)
                                                      Neritina sp.
                                                      Thiarid sp.

                           Vertebrates:

                                Fish                  Awaous quamensis (Valenciennes)
                                                      Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede)
                                                      Sicyopterus    macrostetholepis    (Bleeker)
                                                      Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner)
                                                      Tilapia mossambica (Peters)

                                                           23 -

                      TABLE 2. (cont'd.)

                                 Eel                  Anguilla man-norator

                           Plants:

                                Non Vascular
                                  (Algae)             Chara sp
                                                      Cladophora cf. crispata
                                                      Cladophora glomerata L. Kuetz.
                                                      Closterium moniliferum Bory Enrenb.
                                                      Closterium parvurum Nag.
                                                      Cosmarium repandum Nords.
                                                      Mougeotia sp.
                                                      Oedogonium sp.
                                                      Pleurotaenium trabecula var. Vectum
                                                      Roya sp.
                                                      Scenedesmus arcuatus

                                                      Scenedesmus ovalternus Chod.
                                                      Spirogyra sp.
                                                      Thorea gaudichaudii C. Agardh

                                Vascular
                                  (Flowering)         Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle

                                                           24 -

                     HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION:

                     Aside from recreational use, the project site is uninhabited.      A few
                     homes lie along the south side of Route 17 and a deep swordgrass-lined
                     gorge separates the target area from the Windward Hills Country Club
                     Community to the east.    In general , the housing in the area is very
                     good, with families living well within middle to upper income brackets.
                     To provide a forum for public input, households in these areas were
                     given survey foms (sample and replies are in Appendix II).        Of the
                     twenty-five homes in the area, 24% of the households completed and
                     return the questionniare for statistical analysis. Results are compiled
                     in Table 3.   It is interesting to note that none of the households were
                     air conditioned, most had visited or used wind-electric systems and they
                     were split down the middle, and emphatically so, when asked if they
                     would be agreeable to a WECS in their area.

                     As discussed in the introduction and survey cover letter (Appendix II),
                     three environmental   considerations, all of which can affect nearby
                     residents, are of concern to WECS engineers. The first: possible tele-
                     vision interference, is minimized by cable television.       As noted in
                     Table 3, 83.3% of those that replied to the survey are cable connected.

                     The second environmental consideration to nearby humans is system as-
                     sociated noise.   Kelley (1982) reports that an investigation into the
                     extent and causes of acoustic noise associated with the operation of
                     WECS has been undertaken by the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI).
                     Noise problems were not a major concern before 1979.       Earlier sound
                     measurements indicated little chance for community annoyance at dis-
                     tances much beyond 6 or 8 rotor diameters. With the installation of the
                     MOM    (2 million watt) turbine in North Carolina, General Electric

                                                        25 -

                                                         TABLE 3

                                          Results from the Residental Survey

                                                                                      % YES    % NO

                      1.   Do you have Cable TV?                                      83.3     16.0

                      2.   Is your house air conditioned most of the time?                 0     100

                      3.   Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
                           Generator System?                                          66.6     33.3

                      4.   Politics and economics aside, would you be agree-
                           able to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation
                           System in the Tarzan area?                                 50.0     50.0

                      NOTE:   See Appendix II for actual data and residents reasons for or
                             against a WECS.

                                                           26 -

                      Company (builder of the MOD-1) received sporadic noise complaints from a
                      few residents living within 2-5 km. Since then, considerable effort has
                      been expended by NASA, SERI and other organizations to determine the
                      characteristics of the noise, its origin and production mechanisms, its
                      propagation path, and what can be done to eliminate or reduce it (Figure
                      4 and Table 4).

                      The studies conclude the impulsive sounds are a result of the turbine
                      blades passing through intense, viscous wakes downstream of the tower's
                      vertical  support members.     The radiated pressure pulse is in the
                      sub-audible range (below 20 Hz).     The pulse then interacts with struc-
                      tures thereby causing vibrations and vibration-induced audible thumping.
                      Kelley reports SERI has recommended the installation of a specific type
                      or aerodynamic spoiling device on the support tower to break up air flow
                      into chaotic turbulence thereby substantially reducing the acoustical
                      radiation from large (megawatt) turbines.

                      To date, there have been no major complaints or noise associated with
                      turbines under 200 kilowatt capacity.

                      The third possible environmental     problem is land use and associated
                      visual pollution that may become an issue with nearby residents. Future
                      land use would probably have to be restricted to the Cotal Reserve.
                      Aesthetics, community attitudes and limited land intrusion would have to
                      be major considerations in any Guam WECS.

                                                           27 -

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                                FIGURE 4. Physical parameters responsible for generation, propagation,
                                           and perception of WECS noise.   See Table 2,

                      TABLE 4.        Physical Parameters Responsible for Generation, Propaga-
                                      tion, and Perception of WECS Noise.           (Modified from
                                      Kelley 1982) see Figure 4.

                      Source:         Generation Parameters

                                            (a) RPM
                                            (b) Windspeed
                                            (c)  Inflow turbulence
                                            (d)  Wind shear

                      Path:           Propagation of Turbine Noise

                                            (a) Geometric spreading
                                            (b) Atmospheric refraction
                                            (c) Ground reflection

                      Receiver:       Dynamic Coupling to House Structure

                                            (a) Vibration
                                            (b) Vibration - induced noise

                                                            29 -

                     RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES AND

                     CONTROLS FOR THE AFFECTED AREA.

                     Presently, although visitors and hikers unobtrusively visit and leave
                     the area, many off-road vehicles traverse the Cotal Reserve and adjacent
                     private area to the extent of creating or accelerating a semi-badlands
                     condition.

                     Research at the Bureau of Planning revealed that the Cotal Conservation
                     Reserve is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and
                     Recreation.    The adjacent private land is designated as "open space -
                     conservation" by the Bureau in their projected Year 2000 Community
                     Design Plan    (Map 8, see Appendix III). The Territorial Planning
                     Commission could designate the area "A" Rural Zone thereby allowing
                     "Utilities and public facilities" (Appendix IV).

                     No record has been found of any archaeological finds in the area.        The
                     territorial archaeologist suggests a reconnaissance survey be conducted
                     to check the probability of disturbing any historical sites.

                                                          30

                      PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE CONSTRUCTION IMPACT:

                      The following standard measures should be considered and monitored.

                      Erosion:                        Minimize earthwork and disturbing activi-
                                                      ties.

                                                      Employ  helicopters   for tower raising.
                                                      (They are cost-effective and don't need
                                                      roads or cranes.)

                                                -     Follow a prompt re-vegetation program.

                      Siltation:                -     Stabilize excavations

                                                -     Limit  activities   during   rainy    seasons

                                                -     Define and avoid disturbing the existing
                                                      drainage patterns

                      Topographic Alteration: -       Return the environment to its natural
                                                      state where possible.

                                                           31 -

                                                    BIBLIOGRAPHY

                     1.    Best, B.R. 1981.     Bibliography of inland aquatic ecosystems of
                                the Marianas Archipelago.     University of Guam, Marine Lab
                                Tech. Rept. 72. 64 pp.

                     2.    Best, B.R. and C.R. Davidson. 1981.     Inventory and atlas of the
                                inland   aquatic  ecosystems   of   the Marianas     Archipelago.
                                Univeristy of Guam, Marine Lab Tech.       Rept. 75.    255 pp.

                     3.    Best, B.R. and B.D. Smith. 1983.    An experimental wind energy con-
                                version project at Bubulao    Guam, M.I. University of Guam,
                                Marine Lab Tech. Rept. 17 pp.

                     4.    Couret, C.L. 1978.   Description of some freshwater decapods found
                                in the rivers of Guam.    A letter report to Guam Dept. Agric.,
                                Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Division. 3p.

                     5.    Deloreme, L.D. 1973.    Freshwater astracods reported from Guam.     A
                                letter report to D. Belk. 4p.

                                An unpublished report with identification and habitat data.

                     6.    D.O.E./E.R.D. 1978. Environmental Readiness Document:      Large and
                                Small Wind Systems, Commercialization, Phase III Planning,
                                DOE/ERD-0006, U.S. Dept. of Energy. 28pp.

                                                          32 -

                     BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.)

                     7.    D.O.E. 1977.         Public  Reactions   to   Wind   Energy    Devices.
                                NSF/RA-770026, U.S. Dept. of Energy. 215pp.

                     8.    Frost, W., Long, B.H., and R.E. Turner 1978.     Engineering Handbood
                                on the Atmospheric Environmental Guidelines for Use in Wind
                                Turbine Generator Development. NASA TP-1359. 379pp.

                     9.    Hawson, E., Wade. J.E. and R.W. Baker 1977. Vegetation as an Indi-
                                cator of High Wind Velocity Phase I. R.W.:         RLO/2227-77/2,
                                Oregon State Univ. 68pp.

                     10.   Kami, H.T., H.G. Tucker, R.D. Anderson, G.D. Gordon, R.D. Strong,
                           J.M. Jenkins, M.E. Wheeler, R.L. Kock, Jr., M.E. Molina, and C.P.
                           Neubauer. 1978.      Job progress report, federal aid to fish and
                                wildlife restoration.     Guam Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
                                Div., Dept. Agric. 146p.

                                A progress report on many Guam projects:     limnological survey
                                of the major streams and rivers; studies on the deer, bats and
                                other wildlife of Guam.

                     11.   Keast, D.N., and Potter, R.C. 1980. Audible Noise of Constant-
                                Speed, Wind Turbine Generators: A Preliminary Analysis. Bolt
                                Beranek and Neuman Inc. for DOE, Report No. 4281.

                                                          33 -

                       BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.)

                       12.  Kel 1 ey, Ne il . 19 78. Wi nd tu rb i ne noi se research at SERI.     In-Re-
                                  view, May-June. SERI Publ.

                       13.  Linscott, B.S., Shapton, W.R. and D. Brown. 1976. Tower and Rotor
                                  Blade Vibration Test Results for a 100-Kilowatt Wind Turbine.
                                  NASA TM X-3426. 40pp.

                       14. NASA   1975.      Wind Energy Utilization --- A Bibliography.            Tech.
                                  Brief B75-10136.

                       15.  Rogers, S.E. et al. 1976.       Evaluation of the Potential Environment
                                  Effects of Wind Energy Systems Development.           ERDA/NSF/07378-
                                  75/1, Energy Research and Development Admin., 193pp.

                       16.  Rogers, S.E. et al. 1977.         Environmental Studies Related to the
                                  Operation of Wind Energy Conversion Systems.            COO/0092-77/2,
                                  U.S. Dept. of Energy, 158pp.

                       17.  Sengupta, D.L. and Senior, T.B.A. 1978.            Electromagnetic Inter-
                                  ference by Wind Turbine Generators.         TID28828, U.S. Dept. of
                                  Energy, 169pp.

                       18.  Senior, T.B.A., Sengupta, D.L., and J.E. Ferris. 1977.            TV and FM
                                  Interference by Windmills.         COO/2846-76/1, U.S. Dept. of
                                  Energy.    Describes a preliminary but wide-ranging investiga-
                                  tion of the effects of a horizontal-axis wind turbine on the
                                  reception of TV and FM signals in the vicinity.                  169pp.

                                                               34 -

                     BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.)

                     19.  Senior, T.B.A. and D.L. Songupta. 1978.      Wind Turbine Generator
                               Siting and TV Reception Handbook.     COO/2846-1, U.S. Dept. of
                               Energy, 36pp.

                     20.  Smith, D.R. 1976.    A preliminary report on wind velocities at the
                               summit of Mt. Jumullong-manglo, Guam. Rept. submitted to Guam
                               Energy Office. 20p.

                     21.  Ven-neij, G.J. 1969. Observations on the shells of some freshwater
                               neritid gastropods from Hawaii and Guam.      Micronesica 5(1):
                               155-162.

                                                         35 -

                                                         APPENDIX I

                       Physiochemical Characteristics of the Ylig Drainage System.            Analyses
                       conducted in the laboratory of Layne International, Inc., Guam, and is
                       condensed from the report:       Austin, Smith & Associates, Inc. 1968.         A
                       report covering the surface water survey of the Island of Guam.            Prep.
                       for Public Utility Agency of Guam. 78p.

                       pH                                                                      7.7
                       Methol - Alk CaCO  3                                                    156
                       Turbidity                                                               3.6
                       Calcium Hardness                                                       13.0
                       F (ppm)                                                                 0.1
                       Total dissolved solids                                                  240
                       Clorides (ppm)                                                            16
                       Total Hardness                                                         15.3
                       Fe (ppm)                                                              0.072
                       B (ppm)                                                               0.105
                       NO 3 (PPm)                                                              0.1
                       so 4 (PPm)                                                              2.8
                       Dissolved  02 (PPm)                                                     8.0
                       CO 2 (PPm)                                                              3.5
                       Micromhos                                                               330
                       Sio 2 (PPm)                                                               21
                       Mn (ppm)                                                              0.005
                       PO 4 (PPm)                                                            0.051
                       NH 3 (PPm)                                                             0.01
                       CrO 4 (PPm)                                                            0.05
                       Ag (ppm)                                                               0.05
                       CO (ppm)                                                               0.10

                                                              36 -

                                                   APPENDIX    I I
                           8rmce Reit 7roplcoavO *5#,dtemj
                                 P. 0. BOX 5278 UOG STAT. MANGILAO, GUAM USA 96913
                                                PHONE 789-2304

                                                          August 30, 1984

                     Hafa Friends,

                     This is non political.

                     Please take a few moments to answer the enclosed questionnaire.

                     My firm is  active in research and development of alternate energy and
                     biological  systems for tropical islands.- Recently, I was asked to
                     assess the impact of a proposed wind power generation system on the
                     physical and natural environment around the Tarzan-Windward Hills area.
                     This area has been suggested as a possible site for a future windfarm.

                     Environmentally, all politics aside, windfarms are benign. After instal-
                     lation, wind-powered generators do not pollute the air, land or water.
                     There are three environmental considerations, all of which are of con-
                     cern nearby residents.

                     First, some turbines can create television interference.     Cable televi-
                     sion eliminates the problem.     Second, there is some noise associated
                     with the motion of the blades.    The effect of noise is less with dis-
                     tance, up-wind location, insulation, etc.    A third environmental consi-
                     deration is land use and any potential visual affects.          Aesthetics,
                     community impacts and anticipated land use are factors that I will
                     stress in my report.

                     I would like to include as much community input as possible so please
                     take a couple of minutes to complete and mail the following short ques-
                     tionnaire.

                     Thank you very much for your time. An analysis of the results of ques-
                     tionnaires received prior to September 10th will be included in my
                     report.

                     Thank you.

                                                           Sincerely,

                                                          6w4c lxdlr

                                                          BRUCE BEST

                                                        37

                    Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

                    along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

                                     -R E S I D E N T I A L    S U R V E Y-

                                                                               YES       NO
                    1.   Do you have Cable TV?                             LF
                                :E@  <--Av@ -=@-( A-AD

                    2.   Is your house air conditio    most of the time?
                                 NO    MR,     C@o @y
                    3.   Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
                         Generator System?

                    4.   Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
                         to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
                         in the Tarzan area?

                    5.   Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
                         Wind Power Generation System in your area?

                                                                    vqo@@        PO
                                                                      T LL
                                                                  RDL11          77CD
                          CArF- M                                       r'M F

                                                      38 -

                     Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

                     along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

                                       -R E S I D E N T I A L     S U R V E Y-

                                                                                   YES        NO
                     1.    Do you have Cable TV?                                   M?

                     2.    Is your house air conditioned most of the time?                   M

                     3.    Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
                           Generator System?

                     4.    Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
                           to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
                           in the Tarzan area?

                     5.    Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a      proposed
                           Wind Power Generation System in your area?

                                                        39 -

                     Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

                     along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

                                     -R E S I D E N T I A L    S U R V E Y-

                                                                                YES       NO

                     1.   Do you have Cable TV?

                     2.   Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

                     3.   Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
                          Generator System?                                      (V@

                     4.   Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
                          to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
                          in the Tarzan area?

                     5.   Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
                          Wind Power Generation System in your area?

                    Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

                    along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

                                     -R E S I D E N T I A L    S U R V E Y-

                                                                                YES       NO

                    1.   Doyou have CableTV?

                    2.   Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

                    3.   Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
                         Generator System?                                      X

                    4.   Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
                         to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
                         in the Tarzan area?

                    5.   Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a proposed
                         Wind Power Generation System in your area?

                                                      ;:-@'F n
                                                                                          0

                                    12

                                                         5r  a, C-Q,

                                                       41

                     Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

                     along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

                                       -R E S I D E N T I A L    S U R V E Y-

                                                                                   YES        NO

                     1.   Do you have Cable TV?

                     2.   Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

                     3.   Have you ever visited (or used) a Wind Powered
                          Generator System?

                     4.   Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
                          to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
                                                                                             T\A
                          in the Tarzan area?                                                y\j

                     5.   Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a       proposed
                          Wind Power Generation System in your area?

                              t/   0 A/ @-l
                         lec" //I,/ -

                                      A4-,
                                                       7Z:?     0 YdE5,f/?7 -S   U,/A/0, 0     -e
                         V,)OC,14-0                 C@C;),IW49 IAI

                                                          42

                    Environmental consideration of a proposed Wind Power Generation System

                    along the Cotal-Windward Hills area.

                                     -R E S I D E N T I A L    S U R V E Y-

                                                                                YES        NO

                    1.   Do you have Cable TV?

                    2.   Is your house air conditioned most of the time?

                    3.   Have you ever yis-i-ted (or used) a Wind Powered
                         Generator Systle@rO-

                    4.   Politics and economics aside, would you be agreeable
                         to establishment of a Wind Powered Generation System
                         in the Tarzan area?

                    5.   Concerning the environment, what are your feelings on a     proposed
                         Wind Power Generation System in your area?

                                                                         U-."c @j

                                                                              6
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                                                           Vj

                                                        43 -

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                           BUREAU OF PLANNING                                       . ....                                        Community Design Plan

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                             Of
                                                                                                                    0_1
                                                               APPENDIX IV                                          0-
                 w HAMM
             'kn UP
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             coastal anao"eme
             Tot
             ?'Lrogram..                    d'
                ra             nvironmenta'f.'
             LID     fiL   E
             Impact!- SUdeMznt_-,.-.

             U. S. D E P A H TV, 2 IN7 0 E @- C 0 F@.,! M.
             Natonal Oneanle and- Atmospheric Advninistrati
             00 ffirce bf CoaA Zone Management'%,

                                                                                                                1.7

                                           17103. OA" rural zone-.
                                        (a) Use  Permitted
                                             1.  One-family dwellings and duplexes.
                                             2.  Farming and fisheries, including all types of activities and
                                                 pursuits customarily carried on in the field of agriculture
                                                 and fisheries, Including the raising of crops and fruits,
                                                 poultry and livestock, grazing and dairying, tree and other
                                                 vegetative production, whether for commercial or personal uses.
                                             3.  Uses customarily accessory to any of the above uses including
                                                 home occupations, and private automobile parking areas as well
                                                 as accessory buildings and structures such as private garages,
                                                 warehouses, barns, corrals, or other similar structures.
                                        (b) Conditional Use
                                             1.  Parks, playgrounds and community centers.
                                             2.  Biological gardens.
                                             3.  Schools and churches.
                                             4.  Hospitals, sanitariums, and institutional uses.
                                             5.  Cemeteries.
                                             6.  Recreational use including golf courses, cockpits, marinas,
                                                 beaches, swimming pools, and accessory residential. and c9mmer-
                                                 cial use.
                                             T.  Extractive industry.
                                    ==101-   8.  Utilities and public facil4ties.
                                             9.  Wholesale and retail stores, shops and businesses.
                                            10.  Automobile service stations. Including service shops.
                                            ll.,Acces3ory uses and structures for the abo--

                                           17104. 'Rl" one-family dwelling zone.
                                        (a) Use  Permitted:
                                             1.  OAe-famil@'dwellings.
                                             2.  Gardening and the keeping of pets for noncommercial purposes.
                                                 U   6tsto ,
                                             3. se         marily accessory to any of the above uses Including
                                                 home occupations and private parking areas with accessory
                                                 buildings and structures.
                                        (b) Conditional Use
                                             1. Duplexes.
                                             2.  Schools and churches.
                                             3.  Parks, playgrounds and communIty centers.
                                             4.  Health service office, outpatient with laboratory.
                                             5.  Utilities and public facilities.

                                           17105. "R2" multiple dwelling zone.
                                        (a) Use  Permitted
                                             1.  One-family dwellings.
                                             2.  Duplexes.
                                             3.  Multi-family dwellings.
                                             4.  Hotels, private groups and institutions.
                                             5.  Accessory uses-and structures for the above.
                                        (b) Conditional Uses
                                             1. Any conditional use permitted in the "Rl" zone.
                                             2. Health clinics.
                                             3.  Utilities and public facilities.
                                             4.  Air, bus, taxi, auto, rental terminals.
                                             5.  Accessory uses and structures for the above.

                                           17106. "C' commercial zone.
                                        (a) Use  Permitted
                                             1.  One-family dwellings.
                                             2.  Duplexes.
                                             3.  Wholesale and retail stores, shops and businesses.
                                             4.  Amusement enterDrises.
                                             5.  Automobile service station, including minor repairs.
                                            .6.  Bakeries.
                                             7.  Mortuaries.
                                             8.  Offices, business or professional, and banks.
                                             9.  Personal service shops, Including barber shops, beauty parlors,
                                                 laundromats, and the like.
                                            10.  Repair shops and service shops, inc!Lding shoe repair shops,
                                                 plumbing shops, dressmaking shops, and the like, but not in-
                                                 cluding, automobile repair shops for major work..
                                            11.  Restaurants and cafes.
                                            12.  Studios.
                                            13.  Other uses which in the judgment of the Commission, as evi-
                                                 denced by resolution in writing, are similar to those listed
                                                 herein.

                                                                       1-10

                                                                         46

                                                                                               a
                                                                          JIMMININ
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