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            Information

                                                                  COASTAL ZONE
                 COASTAL ENERGY                               I.NFORMATION CENTER
                IMPACT PROGRAM

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                                 CITY OF CONNEAUT

                                  COASTAL ENERGY

                                  IMPACT PROGRAM

                                             U    DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                             COA111 At SERVICES CENTER
                                             22,i4@ @'(IUTH H060"'ON AVENUE
                                                     ON   SC 29405-2413

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                                            ABSTRACT

                          TITLE:  Coastal Energy Impact Program

                         AUTHOR:  The Department of Housing, Planning,
                                  and Community Development

                        SUBJECT:  Coastal Energy Impact Analysis of the
                                  Coal Expansion Project of the Bessemer
                                  and Lake Erie Railroad at Conneaut.

                           DATE:  December, 1979

             SOURCE OF COPIES:    The Department of Housing, Planning,
                                  and Community Development

               PROJECT NUMBER:    78-41

                       ABSTRACT:  The purpose of this study is to provide a
                                  basis for identifying and analyzing
                                  potential impacts from the recently
                                  completed coal expansion project at
                                  Conneaut. The study attempts to identify
                                  mitigative measures to offset created
                                  impacts and source of funding to provide
                                  the needed financial assistance.

                                    This document was funded in part through the
                                    Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amend-
                                    ed (Coastal Energy Impact Program), provided
                                    by the U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, through
                                    the Ohio Department of Energy.

                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

             Abstract  ................................................. Page     i
             List of Tables  ........................................... Page    ii
             List of Figures  .......................................... Page    iii

             CHAPTER 1.  Introduction

                         Purpose ......................................  Page     1
                         Study Design Summary   ......................... Page    1
                         General Overview   ............................. Page    2
                         Scope of the Expansion Project    ............... Page   5

             CHAPTER 2.  Identification and Analysis of Impacts

                         General Nature of Impacts   .................... Page    7
                         Impact  on Population  ......................... Page    9
                         Impact  on Employment  ......................... Page   11.
                         Impact  on Landuse  ............................ Page   14
                         Impact  on Water Quality  ...................... Page   18
                         Impact  on Air Quality  ........................ Page   21
                         Impact  on Public Facilities  .................. Page   22
                         Impact  on Transportation  ..................... Page   23
                         Impact  on Public Safety  ...................... Page   31

             CHAPTER 3.  Mitigative Measures for Impacts

                         Intent  ....................................... Page    32
                         Population ...................................  Page    32
                         Employment ...................................  Page    32
                         Land Use  ..................................... Page    32
                         Water Quality   ................................ Page   33
                         Air Quality  .................................. Page    35
                         Public Facilities   ............................ Page   36
                         Transportation   ............................... Page   36
                         Public Safety   ................................ Page   39

             CHAPTER 4.  Relationship to Future Development

                         City Development Goals   ....................... Page   40
                         Coastal Zone Management Program    .............. Page  41
                         Relationship of Expansion Project to
                           Development Policies   ....................... Page   43
                         Implementation   ............................... Page   43

                                        LIST OF TABLES

           TABLE                                                              PAGE

           1. Population Growth of Conneaut in Comparison with
                 Ashtabula County   ........................................    10

           2.  Major Areas of Employment, City of Conneaut     ...............  13

           3.  Water Quality in Conneaut Creek at Conneaut, Ohio      ......... 20

           4.  Bessemer and Lake Erie Rail Traffic Through Conneaut
                 in 1977  .................................................     25

           5.  Bessemer and Lake Erie Rail Traffic Through Conneaut
                 in 1990  .................................................     25

           6.  Forecasts of Rail Receiving and Shipments of Coal at
                 Conneaut  ................................................     26

           7.  Annual Port Commodity Traffic    .............................   27

           8.  Detail of Raw Material Receiving and Shipment Forecast      .... 29

                                    LIST OF FIGURES

        FIGURE                                                          PAGE

          1. Coal Handling and Storage System  .......................... 30

          2. Stormwater Collection and Treatment Improvements  .......... 34

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

              Purpose

                   The Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP), for the City of
              Conneaut, was prepared as part of the National Oceanic and
              Atmospheric Administration's CEIP. The CEIP was created by the
              1976 amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 and
              is a federally funded program designed to assist in the
              mitigation of impacts related to coastal energy activity. The
              Ohio Department of Energy (ODOE) has assumed responsibility for
              development, implementation and administration of the CEIP

              within the State of Ohio. On December 27, 1978 the ODOE awarded
              a federal grant to the City of Conneaut to analyze impacts and
              develop mitigative measures to offset impacts caused by the coal
              storage expansion project of the Bessemer and Lake Erie railroad.
              The purpose of the program is to ease the economic, social, and
              environmental impacts caused by the expansion of this energy
              facility.

              Study Design Summary
                   The CEIP Program is presented in four sections. Section I,
              Introduction, presents the purpose of the program and its
              relationship to state and federal programs, including a general
              overview of the development of the port facility at Conneaut.
              Section II, Identification and Analysis of Impacts, identifies
              the scope of the exapnsion project and provides an identification
              and analysis of impacts created by the project. Section 111,

                                          (2)

              Mitigative Measures for Impacts, develops techniques and actions

              available to offset the negative impacts of this project.

              Section IV, Relationship to Overall Growth, examines policies

              for development along the Lake Erie coast and the relationship

              of the project to the City's development policies and plans.

              General Overview

                   The first ore dock at Conneaut was completed in 1892. The

              Pittsburgh and Conneaut Dock Company was incorporated on March

              8, 1893. The early ore dock was served by a branchline of the

              Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie Railroad (later to become the

              Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad). Completion of this southerly

              railroad made it possible for steelmakers to ship iron ore from

              the Mesabi Range in Minnesota directly to the steel mills in the

              Mononaghela River Valley.

                   Today, Conneaut has become one of the leading raw materials

              handling ports in the world. Huge lake freighters making trips

              to Conneaut are now capable of delivering more than 60,000 tons

              of ore in a single load. Iron ore shipments are brought in not

              only from Minnesota and Michigan but also from Labrador and

              Quebec, by way of the St. Lawrence Seaway. The iron ore and

              limestone shipments are transported directly to storage, making

              this operation one of the worlds most modern storage and

              materials handling systems.

                   The other major commodity handled by the Dock Company is

              bituminous coal moving to Conneaut from mines primarily in

              Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The coal arrives in Bessemer and

                                           (3)

                                                                          .. ........

                  These aerial photographs show the overall operations of
                  the Pittsburgh and Conneaut Dock Company and its spatial
                  relationship to Conneaut Creek and Lake Erie.

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              Lake Erie trains to be placed in temporary ground storage with

              the coal ultimately being loaded into lake vessels for shipment

              to Great Lakes ports in the United States and Canada. Coal is

              delivered in bottom dump hopper cars, which are pulled over an

              unloading pit by locomotives remotely controlled from a nearby

              tower. The coal is moved to various storage areas over a

              conveyor belt system, being weighed and sampled enroute to

              storage. The modern coal handling and storage system permits

              coal to be shipped for storage on a year around basis. This

              concept alleviates many problems previously encountered in

              attempting to match vessel availability with coal train arrivals.

              A small percent of the coal is loaded directly from the trains to

              the vessels without going into storage.

                   The Port of Conneaut is located about 120 miles southwest of

              Buffalo, New York, and about 75 miles northeast of Cleveland,

              Ohio. The Welland Canal at Port Colborne, Ontario, is 90 miles

              across Lake Erie in a northeasterly direction from Conneaut. The

              Conneaut Harbor area consists of an outer harbor sheltered by

              breakwaters and an inner harbor formed by two converging

              breakwaters and covers about 185 acres of protected water area.

              The east breakwater is 3,675 feet long with a light at its outer

              end. The west breakwater is angular in shape and has a total

              length of 5,938 feet. The 600 foot wide entrance to the harbor

              is at the northern convergence of the east and west breakwaters.

              Features providing for smooth operation into the port include

              easy entrance to the harbor, deep water, a small tidal range,

              and a climate offering operation for the majority of the year.

                                          (5)

              Scope of the Expansion Project

                   Owned by the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, and operated

              for it under contract by the Pittsburgh and Conneaut Dock

              Company, the coal facility was successful from the outset and

              has since been expanded several times. The most recent

              expansion project was started in the fall of 1975 and was

              completed in the spring of 1979. The project was aided by the
              State of Ohio's Development Financing Commission, which

              authorized the issuance of $23 million in tax-exempt bonds for

              financing. The coal expansion project was undertaken when it

              became apparent that additional capacity would be required at

              Conneaut, based upon traffic projections for lake vessel coal

              movements. The project will,aid in eliminating surges, delays,

              and shut-downs in the coal and railroad industries.

                   No further land was available at dock-level for coal

              storage, thus it was necessary to locate the new storage area
              on a bluff to the east of the original coal facility.' The area
              is served by the railroad's relocated Conneaut Spur, which
              crosses Conneaut Creek by way of a new bridge. Modern facilities
              have been provided for car dumping, including a thaw shed, a
              high-capacity rotary dumper, track scale, extensive railroad
              yards, and a personnel building. A second bridge constructed
              across Conneaut Creek permits the movement of coal handling and
              maintenance equipment, such as bulldozers, cranes and trucks,

              between the dock-level coal storage area and the new bluff

              storage area.

                                         (6)

                 The Dock Company does not buy and sell the coal but acts as

            the agent of the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad. The Dock

            Company supplies the service for the transhipment of these

            materials to occur.

                                          (7)

                       II. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS

              General Nature of_Impacts

                   While a great deal of work has been done to evaluate the

              costs and benefits of environmental and social impacts, the

              problem remains in the difficulty of attaching a price or value

              to certain costs and benefits. Most environmental damage results
              from the use of resources in the production or consumption of
              goods and services. The private market costs do not always
              reflect the indirect and social costs of environmental damage.
              These externalties include pollution that damages health,
              vegetation, and materials; the costs of repairing such damages;
              the destruction of ecosystems; and the loss of aesthetic,

              recreational, and other environmental amenities.

                   The impacts associated with the expansion project were
              identified and evaluated by the impact matrix procedure and more
              specifically by an identification of potentially adverse effects.
              The factors investigated by each method are presented below:

              Matrix Procedure

              ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

                     Aquatic Flora

                     Terrestrial Flora

                     Aquatic Fauna

                     Terrestrial Fauna

              PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY

                     Water Quality

                     Land Quality

                     Air Quality

                                          (8)

              SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

                   * Land Use

                   * Economic Development

                   * Recreation

                   * Transportation

                   * Cultural Features

              AESTHETICS

                   * Physical Factors

                   * Spatial Composition

                   * Man-made Objects

                   * Uniqueness

              Special Adverse Effects Procedure

                   * Archeological Sites

                   * Sensitive Geologic Areas

                   * Recreational Areas

                   * Wooded Areas

                   * Ecological Environment

                   * Groundwater Recharge Areas

                     Wetlands

                     Floodplains

                     Surface Water Resources

                     Prime Agricultural Lands

                   The impact assessment serves as a vehicle for understanding

              why impacts may occur as well as for anticipating what they will

              be. The first problem encountered when approaching an assessment

              of such a project is understanding what impacts might occur, how

                                          (9)

              they might be interrelated, and what their relative importance

              might be.

              Impact on Population

                   Changes in a community's population, historic trends in

              growth, and the predominate characteristics of a community's
              residents play a major role in the planning process. The size

              and the characteristics of the population are important
              determinants in decisions establishing community facility

              requirements, land use allocations, locational considerations

              for transportation, and in establishing other public and private

              facilities.

                   Conneaut's past population growth has been directly related

              to local economic and employment trends. Harbor related

              employment was dominant up to the 1840's, but the railroads
              became the principal employer through the 18701s. During the
              1800's the population of Conneaut showed rapid population growth
              from 1,163 in 1870 to 8,310 in 1910, a 615 percent increase over
              the forty year period, as shown in Table 1. Conneaut also
              contributed heavily to the growth of Ashtabula County in the
              period, growing from 3.36 percent of the total county population

              in 1870 to 13.94 percent in 1910.

                  Since 1960, the population of Conneaut has remained

              virtually unchaged. Modest population growth has occurred since
              1970, with a present 1978 population estimate of 15,230, a 4.66

              percent increase since 1970.

                  Population changes in a community occur as a result of two

                                                          TABLE 1
                                              POPULATION GROWTH OF CONNEAUT
                                           IN COMPARISON WITH ASHTABULA COUNTY
                                   CONNEAUT                                        ASHTABULA COUNTY
                                                                   OF
                                                % OF           ASHTABULA                                % OF
             YEAR          POPULATION           CHANGE           COUNTY           POPULATION            CHANGE
             1860             L952               -                6.15              31,814                -
             1870             1,163             -40.4             3.57              32,517                2.21
             1880             1,256              8.0              3.36              37,139              14.21
             1890             3.1241            158.0             7.43              43.,655             17.54
             1900             71133             120.1            13.85              51,448              17.85
             1910             8,#3119           16.6             13.94              59,547              15.74

                         CoNNEAuT & LAKEVILLE   COMBINED                           ASHTABULA COUNTY
             1920            12,539             12.31            19.12              65j545              10.07
             1930            13,579              8.32            19.82              68,361               4.30
             1940            12,328             -9.25            17.97              68.,674              0.46
             1950            13,662             10.82            17.38              78,695              14.59
             1960            14,738              7.87            15.80              93.,067             18.26
             1970            14,,552            -1.26            14.81              98.,237              5.55
             1978            15,230              4.66            14.05              l08j391              9.37
             SOURCE: U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEj BUREAU OF     CENSUS, CONNEAUT  COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.0
                      AND ASHTABULA COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION

              laclors, natural increase and migration.

                   The impact of the coal storage expansion project on the

              total population of the City is insignificant. Virtually all

              of the new employees have come from Conneaut with only a few

              employees migrating into the City.

              Impact on._Employment

                   The economic sector of a community assist its residents in
              obtaining the standard of living they deem desirable or necessary.

              In addition, the local economy generates the tax base that is

              vital in producing the revenues necessary to provide various

              community services.

                   Conneaut has had a history of sporadic economic growth with
              much of the activity revolving around the transportation

              facilities available in the City. Conneaut's traditional role

              as a key transportation link for east-west rail traffic and the

              importance of Lake Erie shipping provided the principal

              employment opportunities for Conneaut residents. From the time

              Conneaut was founded in 179,6 until 1840, harbor related industry
              dominated the local economy. After 1840, railroad service began

              to compete with Lake Erie shipping, and by 1870 railroads became
              the dominant employer in Conneaut. Railroad activity peaked in
              the 1880's when the old Nickle Plate Railroad employed over
              2,000 in their Conneaut switching yards and repair shops.

              Transportation related activities were in fact to remain the

              principal employer in Conneaut until the middle of this century.

                                             (12)

                    Information concerning the number and type of jobs available

               is a useful indicator in evaluating the economic trends of a

               community. As shown in Table 2, since 1960 the employment base

               of Conneaut has undergone transition with less emphasis on

               transportation related employment. While Conneaut is still a

               key transportation link for both rail and harbor related

               activities, employment in these areas has steadily declined.

               Much of the decline in transportation employment has been to

               technological advances. While the number employed in the

               transportation sector has declined, industrial expansion has

               kept the economy of Conneaut from stagnating.

                    The total number of persons employed at the Dock Company
               prior to the expansion project was 398. Presently 423 persons
               are employed indicating an increase of 25 persons due to the

               expansion project. This small increase in employment will cause

               only a slight impact on the City. The major benefit of the
               project is the creation of higher income levels in the community.
               The income gains for individuals obtaining employment may be
               substantial. These opportunities are very important to low
               income areas with moderate job opportunities. Whenever new jobs
               are created, as due to the expansion project, there is a

               multiplier effect within the community. The additional income

               generated by new jobs may go to local merchants, new employers
               in retail or wholesale trade, or any other groups affected by
               the expansion project. The benefits from the expansion project

               will not be as great as expected on the retail and wholesale

               market since much of the additional income revenues will be

                                                         TABLE 2
                                      MAJOR AREAS OF EMPLOYMENTj CITY OF CONNEAUT

                                                                                                 % OF CHANGE
                                                 1960        1970         1974        1975        1960-1975

                                               -7
                       TOTAL                   ),695       4,710        5,145       5,330           44.2%
           MANUFACTURING                       L255        1,840        2,105       2,315           84.5%
           FABRICATED METALS/MACHINERY           700       1,050        1,155       1,265           80.7%
           CHEMICALs/RUBBER                      350         580           480         490          40.0%

           OTHER MANUFACTURING                   205         210           470         560          173.2%

           NON-MANUFACTURING                   2,440       2,870        3,040       3,015           23.6%
           TRANSPORTATION SERVICES             1,1000        725           600         575          -42.5%
           COMMERCIALl                         lj05O       1,225        L275        1,270           21.0%
           OTHER2                                390         920        1,165       1,170           200.0%

           lCOMMERCIAL INCLUDES WHOLESALE/RETAIL TRADE, F,I.R.E., AND SERVICES,
           20HTER INCLUDES GOVERNMENT, COMMUNICATION, UTILITIES, MEDICAL SERVICES, PRIVATE EDUCATION,
            AGRICULTURE, AND CONSTRUCTION,
           SOURCE:  CENSUS OF POP   A ION, GENERAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, U.S. DEPARTMENT
                    OF COMMERCE    UREAU OF THE CENSUS OHIO DIRECTORY OF INDUSTRIESi RTHUR. D, LITTLE, INC.
                    ESTIMATES, As FOUND IN THE DBAFT @NvigoNmENTAL Imp6cT STATEMENT, ON THE PROPOSED U.S,
                    STEEL CORPORATION LAKEFRONT STEEL MILLj CONNEAUT, OHIO, FREPARFn By U,S, ARMY ENGINEER
                    DISTRICTj BUFFALO, NEW YORK, 1978,

                                          (14)

             spent outside the City of Conneaut, mainly Ashtabula, and Erie,

             Pennsylvania.

             Impact on Landuse

                  The development and use of land is obviously important to
             the residents of the City as well to the indivudual property
             owner. The amount and arrangement of land uses are primarily
             determinants of whether the community is a desirable or

             undesirable place in which to live. Improper land use

             arrangements act against the best interest of the community,
             result in traffic congestion, physical and visual pollution,
             depreciation of property values, and a lack of community

             facilities. The existing arrangement of land uses in Conneaut

             is the result of daily actions taken by countless individuals,
             corporations, institutions, and public agencies.
                  Impacts on the landuse due to the expansion project included
             the construction of two new bridges, a thaw shed, and the
             grubbing of the land. One purpose of the primary bridge is to

             connect the existing Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad line with

             the new storage area. As no further land was available at dock-

             level, it was necessary to locate tile new storage area on a
             bluff to the east of the original coal storage facility. The
             area is served by the railroad's relocated Conneaut Spur, which
             crosses Conneaut Creek by way of the new bridge. The low point

             clearance of the bridge over Conneaut Creek is 11.7 feet while

             the high point clearance is 13.8 feet. The clearance was

             calculated using ordinary high water levels of Conneaut Creek of

                                             (15)

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                                           . . .........

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                         This newly-constructed railroad bridge crossing
                         Conneaut Creek provides access for coal trains
                         to the railroad's expanded coal handling and
                         storage facility.

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                         An additional 12 miles  of railroad  tracks were
                         laid to increase  the capability for  traffic and
                         storage of coal.

                                            (16)

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                          As no further land was available at dock-level,
                          it was necessary to locate the new storage area
                          on a bluff to the east of the original coal
                          facility

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                                                              . . . . .. .....

                         Woodworth Road was one of  two City  roads vacated
                         to limit public access through the   coal storage
                         facility.

                                           (17)

              572.8 feet as found in the inter great lakes datum. The bridge
              connects the coal expansion railroad yard with the main line of
              the Bessemer and Lake Erie railroad. The purpose of the new
              equipment bridge is to permit the movement of coal handling and
              maintenance equipment, such as bulldozers, cranes and trucks
              between the lower coal dock, the coal expansion area and the ore

              storage area. The low point of clearance over Conneaut Creek
              for this equipment bridge is 4 feet while the high point is 10.2
              feet. The purpose of the thaw shed is to heat frozen car loads
              of coal until there is a complete separation of the coal. The
              thaw shed operates at an approximate capacity of 1,268 tons per
              hour. The thawing process is done by infrared radiant heating
              of the car body and the top crust of coal. The infrared radiant
              heating has a capacity of 12,000 kilowatts.
                   Construction activities for the expansion project opened
              and disturbed approximately 275 acres of land. The potential for
              fastlands erosion existed during the construction phase of the
              expansion project. Most of the site is covered by soils derived
              from glacial and lacustrine deposits. The potential for erosion
              during these activities was relatively high since the removal of
              vegetation exposes the land directly to the erosive action of
              rainwater and surface runoff. The relatively flat terrain
              significantly reduced the overall erosion potential on the site.
              The land on the site was grubbed by cutting and burning the
              trees and vegetation and removal and burying of stumps. A
              ditch was constructed to channel surface runoff into an existing
              stormwater open ditch system during grubbing operations. This

                                            (18)

               ditch system aided significantly in reducing erosion and

               sedimentation loss on the construction site.

                   The site is surrounded by adjacent Dock Company land which

               is also being used for raw material storage. Abundant vacant

               land acts as a buffer between this area and other developed

               areas in the City.

               Impact on Water_Quality

                   The thought of water pollution has traditionally deve   loped

               in the public's mind the image of discharges of noxious waste

               effluents from specific industrial or municipal sources into a

               local stream. Although this is a frequent cause of poorer water

               quality, it is not the only way in which a stream can be

               downgraded. Precipitation will wash an area and thereby carry

               into a stream chemicals including pesticides, oils, grease,

               metallic ions, and others.

                   The impact of the coal expansion project on the water of

               Conneaut Creek and Lake Erie is of major concern. The primary

               impact on stream-water quality is due to surface runoff from the

               coal storage piles being directed into Conneaut Creek and

               eventually into Lake Erie. Contact of coal with air and moisture

               results in oxidation of metal sulfides present in coal, to

               sulfuric acid. Surface runoff from the coal piles is charac-

               terized as high in dissolved solids, pH, a high concentration of

               metals, acidity, sulfates and suspended solids. The element in

               coal that has the greatest effect on the quality of leachate or

               runoff is the sulfur content. Runoff and leachate will be

                                           (19)

              produced as a result of natural precipitation and planned
              watering of the coal piles to supress dusts. The suspended
              solids carried in these effluents tend to settle in pools of the

              receiving stream, forming sludge deposits on the bottom. These

              deposits are known as benthol deposits and have at least two

              major detrimental effects. If the benethol deposits remain on

              the bottom, they are subject to decomposition. If this
              decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen, malodorous

              conditions result. Even if suspended solids do not settle to
              the bottom, they represent an undesirable condition by causing
              increased turbidity, which decreases the aesthetic appeal of the
              receiving water. In addition, if pres.ent in large quantities,
              suspended solids have an adverse effect upon aquatic life,
              especially the more desirable fish species such as salmon and

              trout.

                  The State of Ohio considers Conneaut Creek to be a high
              quality stream. Prior to the coal expansion project the Ohio

              Environmental Protection Agency indicated State standards have
              been violated for pH, fecal coliforms, methylene blue active

              substances, phenols, and lead as shown in Table 3.

                  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged with the
              primary responsibility of implementing the Federal Water
              Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-500). The
              primary goal of the Act is "to achieve whenever possible, by
              July 1, 1983, water that is clean enough for swimming and other
              recreational uses, and clean enough for the protection and

                                                                                                                                     (20)

                                                                                                                                        Table 3
                                                                              WaLer QUality in Conneaut Creek at Conneaut, Ohio
                                                                                                      (October 1975 to September                                                       1976)

                                                       P:i1anieter                                      I t                     wu!L)                Lj               wiunwii,                 wauum                uxia"

                                                                                                                                                     6                1,092.0                       14.0               239.0
                                                       1 vatpern t ure                                c                                              9                     17.0                     0.2                     7. 4
                                                                                                    S@ 11 1                   6.0-9.0                a                       9. 1                   7.4                     7.8
                                                                                                    Mg/I                                             9                       0.32                   0.05                    0.18
                                                       1KN-N                                        MK/I                                             6                       1.1                    0.)                     0.4
                                                       Nitrate                                      mg/l                                             9                       0.79                   0.04                    0.
                                                       1,1tal P1h)jph0r0LI9                         mKII                                             9                       0.10                   0.0s                    0.1119,
                                                       HoDs                                         mK/I                                             8                       4.o                    1.0                     1.7
                                                       DO                            It Saturat hill                                                 9                     90.0                     69.1                    80.8
                                                       00                                           Ing/]                            3.0             9                     11.2                     6.7                     9.9
                                                       j)j,,jsolve(I Solids                         InK / 1                   1,500.0                11)              1.340.0                       89.0               262.0
                                                       s.,spended Solids                            Ing/ I                           -               8                     09.0                     1().0                   16.0
                                                       loC                                          mg/l,                                            9                     15.0                     1.      0               5.6
                                                       Oll-Oreariiii                                mg/l                             5.0             3                       5.0                    110                     --
                                                       Vecal.      (.                       0/100 ni)                            a00.0               9                   900.0                      10.0                    75.0
                                                                   ,.I,   for.(4)
                                                       Fecal Strep.0)                        0110o in)                                               9                2,900.0                       9.0                     7010
                                                       HBAS                                         "18/1                            0.5             a                       0.59                   0.50                    0.11
                                                       I           fkIc t i v I t         11 ic runthou                                              8                1.400.0                   100.0                  345.0
                                                       ,::@'b I d I t y                             J. U.                            -               6                     32.00                    2.00                    11.31
                                                       1*,Itdl Ifaidness                            ing/1                            -               6                   27010                      86.0               139.0
                                                       Phal        ... I a                          kjg/ 1                           10.0            7                     17.0                     210
                                                       Cyan ide                                     Ing/1                            0.2             1                       0.03                   0.01
                                                       (A, I or ids                                 mg/1                         250.0               8                     19.0                     1110                    1;.4
                                                       Fhmi Ids                                     mg/I                             1.3             5                       O.J)                   0.00                    0.13
                                                       A I sell    Ic                               uk/)                             $0.0            3                     10.0                     10.0                    --
                                                       lia I I LIM                                  .8/1                         800.0               3                   300.0                  20010
                                                       Cadinium                                     IIK/ 1                           5.0             3                     10.0                     5.0
                                                       1".181 Chromium                              ugh                          300.0               4                     3010                     30.0
                                                                   [let                             UK/l                                             4                     40.0                     30.0                    --
                                                                   Iron                             ug/I                                             3                3,600.0                   81010               2.570.0
                                                       L"I'l                                        uK/1                             40.0            4                 1 100.0                      16.0                    44.0
                                                       M;mganeme                                    ug/ I                            -               4                1,120.0                       40.0               328.0
                                                       Mer , or y                                   ug/I                             0.5             2                       0.5                    O's
                                                       S. tell 1,.m                                 ug/1                             5.0             4                     10.0                     5.0
                                                       S1          IveI                             uK/1                             1.0             2                     30.0                     3010
                                                       7111,                                        uK11                             A               4                   120.0                      30.0
                                                       A [Imilouni                                  ug/I                                             2                1.900.0                   200.0
                                                       ,;,. I I t c                                 mg/)                                             6                   153.0                      32.0                    61.1
                                                       11.!x.      Chromium                         uK/l                             50.0            4                     30.0                     30.0

                                                       (1)         Water Quality Standaids.
                                                       (1) Number of samples taker,
                                                       (0 Number of samples in violation.
                                                       (4) Fe@            41 coliform wid strep are geometric means. All othors 4ra &rtthmetic.

                                                       * V         .riable - trier to Water Quality Standard.

                                                       S.-ji , e ;        Ohio Fmviromneoial Protection Agency.

                                          (21)

              propogation of fish, shellfish and wildlife." The law requires

              industries to use the "best practicable" technology to control

              water pollution by July 1, 1977, and the "best available"

              technology by July 1, 1983. In addition, any industry that

              discharges its wastes into a municipal treatment plant must

              pretreat its effluent so that the industrial pollutants do not

              interfere with the operation of the plant or pass through the

              plant without adequate treatment.

                  The impacts on the water quality due to the expansion project

              are presently being monitored by the Ohio Environmental Protection

              Agency. The Dock Company has given special attention to the

              effects of the expansion project on the water quality in Conneaut

              Creek and Lake Erie and have implemented significant mitigative

              measures.

              Impact on Air Quality

                  The impact on the air quality from the coal expansion project

              is considered to be minimal. During construction and grubbing

              operations considerable dust generating activity occurred.

              Uncommonly high levels of total suspended solids were recorded

              at anair quality monitoring station on Route 20 adjacent to the

              site. The construction phase of the expansion project was a

              temporary source and consequently, particulate levels soon

              decreased. Particulate emissions from the coal handling process

              involve dumping coal from cars to dump hopper, storage, and coal

              conveyance. The emissions will be controlled by dumping into an

              enclosure equipped with a wet spary dust supression system. In

                                          (22)

              freezing temperatures, railroad cars will be held in thaw sheds

              and heated by radiant electric heaters to eliminate ice

              blockage that interfere with rapid dumping of coal from the

              cars. No significant emissions are expected to occur during

              this process. The emissions from the coal stockpiling will be

              controlled by wet spray in conformance with Best Available

              Control Technology (BACT).

                   The coal is recovered from the storage piles by the stacker/

              reclaimer and transferred through a conveyor system. The

              transfer point between the conveyor and the stacker/reclaimer

              is enclosed to reduce particulate emissions.

              Impact on Public Facilities

                   Public facilities are physical elements of governmental

              services provided on behalf of the public. The demand for more

              and varied public facilities increases as the City expands in

              size and population. Some of the more common public facilities

              available in Conneaut include, a City Hall, a library, fire

              station, police station, municipal garage, water lines, sanitary

              and storm sewers. The expansion project will not create a

              demand for additional public facilities with the exception of

              increased capacity for stormwater drainage and treatment

              facilities. Since the need for additional public facilities is

              based on increased population, no major public facility

              requirements are warranted at this point in time. The effective-

              ness of the existing stormwater treatment facilities at the Dock

              Company are being monitored. If improved treatment or increased

                                           (23)

              capacity is needed the Dock Company may treat their effluent

              through the City's facilities or on site.

              Impact on Transportation

                   The coal expansion project will affect three specific

              transporation areas; railroad traffic, lake vessel traffic, and

              street traffic.

                   The Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, a subsidary of United

              States Steel Corporation, transports coal and iron ore between

              Conneaut and the Pittsburgh district. This transportation
              linkage is a major trunk line for the transhipment of coal from
              mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia to Conneaut, and
              eventually to ports all around the Great Lakes. This linkage
              also transports limestone and iron ore pellets from lake vessels

              to the steel mills in the Pittsburgh and Youngstown district.

              Due to the expansion project an additional 12.5 miles of new
              railroad tracks were constructed around the raw materials storage
              area, The Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, is a Class I common
              carrier which operates primarily on a north-south route through
              western Pennsylvania. The railroad extends approximately 140
              miles from the southern terminus at North Bessemer, Pennsylvania,
              to the northern terminus at the Port of Conneaut. The southern

              terminus connects with the Union Railroad, also a common carrier
              and provides access to the Monongahela River Valley. Along its
              line, the B & LE also interchanges with Conrail, the B & 0
              Railroad, Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, and the N & W
              railway. The majority of traffic along these routes consists

                                          (24)

              primarily of transporting bulk commodities such as iron ore,
              coal, and limestone. Of the roughly 205 miles of main line
              right-of-way owned by the B & LE, only a few miles are in
              Ashtabula County. Table 4 indicates the level of B & LE

              railroad activity in Conneaut during 1977. Table 5 indicates
              the projected rail traffic through Conneaut in 1990.

                   The impacts of the increased B & LE railroad has four
              at-grade crossings, located at Dorman Road, Middle Road, Furnace
              Road, and Old Main Road. These railroad grade crossings and
              others in the vicinity are an undesirable feature from the
              viewpoint of highway and pedestrian flow within the City as well
              as from a public safety standpoint when police and other

              emergency vehicles are delayed. Both bridge and tunnel costs
              are very expensive and neither -the B & LE railroad nor the City
              of Conneaut has allocated funds to correct the situation. A
              rail receiving and shipment forecast, as shown in Table 6,
              indicates the degree of increased B & LE rail traffic.
                   Impacts on water transportation will be caused by the
              increased number of lake vessels entering the port. Past and
              projected commodity traffic at the Port of Conneaut is shown in
              Table 7. This showns that 90 percent or more of the shipments
              will be inbound ore and pellets, and outbound coal. Limestone
              is the only other important commodity passing through the port.
              Projections show that iron ore traffic will continue to increase
              but will become a smaller percentage of the total commodity
              traffic, while coal shipments will become a larger percentage of

                                          (25)

                                         TABLE 4

              Bessemer and Lake Erie Rail Traffic Through Conneuat in 1977.

               Trains/Day               Millions of            Average Tonnes
             Both Directions            Tonnes/Year               Per Train

                   10                         15                    4,109

             Source: Ohio Department of Transportation; and Bessemer & Lake
                      Erie Railroad

                                         TABLE 5

              Bessemer and Lake Erie Rail Traffic Through Conneaut in 1990.

               Trains/Day               Millions of            Average Tonnes
             Both Directions            Tonnes/Year               Per Train

                   13                         20                    4,109

             Source: Transportation Projections, 1990, Jack Fawcett, Inc.,
                      1971, for Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad

                                             (26)

                                           TABLE 6

                     Forecasts of Rail Receiving and Shipments of Coal

                                            Metallurgical Coal           Steam Coal

          Shipment Size (Tonnes)(1)             8,000 - 9,000           8,000 - 9,000
          Origin                                Pa. - W. Va.            Pa. - W. Va.

          Annual  Shipments
                1977 - Frequency   (2)               120                     900
                       Quantities                    0.9                     6.9
                1983 - Frequency   (2)               700                   1,400
                       Quantities                    5.7                    11.7

                Lakefront Plant Only
                       Frequency   (2)               550                      90
                       Quantities                    4.8                     0.7

              (1) 1 tonne = 1.1 short tons
             (2)  Quantities in million tonnes

          Source: United States Steel Corporation

                                                          TABLE 7

                                              Annual Port Commodity Traffic

                                           1970                          1977 (2)                198  0(2)
                                        (Actual)(1)                      Million                Million
                Commodities             Million Tonnes        %          Tonnes      %           Tonnes      %

          Iron Ore and Pellets                5.373         40%           6.553    43%             10.23   43%
           (Inbound)
                                                                                                                 ND

          Limestone                           0.876          67c          1.43      9%              1.70    7%
           (Inbound)

          Coal                                7.291         54%           7.356    48%            11.82    5070
           (Outbound)
                                                           100%                   100%                    100%

          Source: (')Pittsburgh & Conneaut Dock Company
                    (2) Pittsburgh & Conneaut Dock Company estimates without proposed U.S. Steel
                       Mill Project

                                          (28)

              the total commodity traffic. Table 8 depicts the raw material

              receiving and shipping forecast of the Pittsburgh and Conneaut
              Dock Company. A substantial increase in the number of outbound

              ships carrying metallurgical and steam coal is due to the coal

              expansion project.

                   The harbor can normally tie up five large vessels at any one
              time. The ore dock can unload two vessels at one time provided,
              a) one is a self-unloader and one is a bulker; b) proper
              combination of commodities are on the two vessels; c) proper
              combination of sizes of the two vessels is available. The coal
              dock can load one vessel at a time. The Port of Conneaut is
              operating below capacity and is not expected to reach capacity
              limit until the end of the 1980 decade. Figure 1 shows the coal
              handling and storage system for the Bessemer and Lake Erie

              railroad.

                   Impacts from the increased vessel traffic could cause
              interference with small pleasure craft in the harbor. if 1,100
              foot vessels are planned, there may be secondary impacts caused
              by dredging and port modifications necessary to accomodate
              increased draft and length unless they are operated at less than
              maximum capacity. The increase in deep water traffic in the
              harbor would also represent an additional threat of oil spill,
              increase in vessel ballast discharge, and washing of excess
              cargo material from the decks of ships. Dredging activities in
              the harbor are routinely carried out to keep channel ways clear

              for shipping activities.

                                                               TABLE 8

                                  Detail of Raw Material Receiving and Shipment Forecast of

                                        Vesse j a)       Vesse (a)                1977   Total       --1980         Total
                                     Deadweight         Cargo DWT          Total          Net          Total         Net
                                       Min./Max.        Min./Max.            No.        Tonnes         No.          Tonnes
          Raw Materials                 Tonnes           Tonnes           Vessels       -(000)       Vessels        (000)

          Inbound Ships
                             (b)
          Iron Ore/Pellets              14,150           13,800              279         7,130            250       7,076
                                        45,900           45,350

          All Other Ores                14,150           13,800               67         1,452            110       2,540
                                        28,500           27,850

          Limestone                     14,150           13,800               52            771            82       1,225
                                        32,850           32,200

          Outbound Ships

          Metallurgical Coal              8,450            8,250              39            785            70       1,420
                                        28,500           27,850

          Steam Coal                      8,450            8,250             338         6,884           532        10..836
                                        28Y500           27,850

          Source: Pittsburgh and Conneaut      Dock Company
            (a)R,evised 4 May 1977
            (b) Maxi= ship size for pellets may increase to 60,000 DWT and 59,250 tonnes cargo capacity by 1980.

                                                                                                                                                                                         0

                   ConRai                                                                                                                                    14
                                                                                                                                                                            21 V

                                                                                                                                                                                    12

                                                                                                                                                 DOCK LEVEL STORAGE
                                                    12                        ROADWAY                                                        @@,,ELEVATION      58

                                                14

                                                6                                                   HILL    TUP                              CONNEAUT CREEK
                                                      12                                               STORAGE                                                                     14
                                                                                                          ELEVATION,,
                                                                                                               35 ft
                                      5      It..             Description                                            '9
                                                1        Track   upper Rail Yard
                                                2  RBa&E oad H idge Over Creek
                                    4                11r      rTo
                                                3  Upper a    iYard                                                                               14
                                                4  Thaw  shed                                                                                                                          Bessen
                                                5  Rotar Y C  ar Dumper                                                                                   15
                                                6  coal Sampl ing System
                                                7  StackerS                                                                               14
                                                a  Stacker Reclai.er                                                           00"@                                           Coal      Hand
                                                9  Reclaimers                                                                                   11
                                             10    Reclaim Pit
                                             11    Purge system                                                                                        12
                                             12    Tra nsfer T wer
                                3            13    Ei@ctricosub-station                                                                           2
                                             14    72 Conv y-r Belt
                                             15    60" conveyor Belt
                                             16    Equipment Bridge Over Creek
                                             17    Shop Buil  di.gs
                                                   S rge
                                             18    Sulra Bin
                                             19     i
                                             20    Shiploaders
                                             21    car unloader Pit                                                                                                                  930C
                                             22    Lower Rail Yard

                                          (31)

                   Due to the expansion project three City roads were affected.

              Woodworth Road was shortened approximately 485 feet. Thompson

              Road was shortened 6,962 feet and separated from Lake Road.

              State Line Road was vacated from a point 10 feet north of the

              Conrail crossing to the intersection of Childs Road, a distance

              of approximately 3,600 feet. No new public roadways were

              created due to the expansion project. The impacts associated

              with the actions on these roadways is prohibiting public access

              north through Dock Company property to the Lake Erie coast.

              City traffic congestion is not a problem due to the closing of
              these roads. The Dock Company allows its employees to use the

              vacated section of Woodworth Road to obtain access to the Dock

              Company premises.

              Impact on Public Safety

                   The impact of the expansion project on public safety is

              considered to be minor. The increased Bessemer and Lake Erie

              railroad traffic will create a more dangerous situation at the
              railroad crossings. This potential danger is expected to be
              minimal due to the care passenger vehicles take when crossing
              the tracks. Eue to the geographic isolation of the expansion
              site public access is limited. Due to this isolation impacts on

              public safety are considered minor.

                                          (32)

                          III. MITIGATIVE MEASURES FOR IMPACTS

              Intent

                   Increased national attention is presently being focused on

              programs that assist in the effective utilization of the nation's

              coastal resources. One of the objectives of this study is to

              investigate measures to alleviate the various impacts that have

              been created due to the coal expansion project. The following
              mitigative measures will attempt to alleviate impacts caused by

              the expansion project.

              Population

                   Population increase due to the coal expansion project has

              been of only minor significance. Virtually no in-migration
              occured into the City as a result of the coal expansion project.
              Mitigative measures to ease the impact of such a small increase

              in population is considered to be impractical.

              Employment

                   Employment has increased by 25 persons as a result of the
              expansion project. This increase in employment can only be
              considered to have positive impacts on the City.

              Land Use

                   The major impact on the landuse is the grubbing of 275

              acres of land on the site. Proposed mitigative measures will

              provide for the buffering of the surrounding area by a green-

              belt to ensure such activity is not developed further to the

                                          (33)

              south, adjacent to a large residential area. The zoning
              ordinance for the City is presently being revised and this
              greenbelt will be zoned as such to ensure proper utilization of

              this protective measure.

              Water Quality

                   The Pittsburgh and Conneaut Dock Company and the Bessemer
              and Lake Erie railroad have realized the potential danger of
              polluted waters entering Conneaut Creek and Lake Erie, and due to
              this fact have instituted an improved stormwater collection and
              treatment system. The size of the expansion project made it
              feasible to incorporate an elaborate stormwater collection and

              treatment system. As shown in Figure 2 stormwater is collected
              from the entire 438 acre Conneaut complex. This system involves
              pumping stations equipped with backup pumping devices in the
              event of primary pump failure. The capacity of the system is
              7,432,000 gallons per hour. The treatment method combines the
              various types of runoff into a 30 million gallon equilization
              basin. All runoff waters will receive primary destilting of
              sediments prior to entering the equalization basin where a

              second period of detention will take place and then the final
              effluent is discharged into Conneaut Creek. This system was
              developed at a cost of $3.2 million. A study will be compiled
              by the Ohio EPA to determine the system efficiency.
                  If this pollution control system is deemed inadequate
              different mitigative techniques will be needed. Physical-
              chemical. treatment methods would provide a more advanced stage

                                                                                                         STORMWATER                                     COLLECTION AND TREATMENT IMPROVEMEN S
                                                    M@

                                              a7z

                                                                                           MEND

                                                                                      BASIN

                                                                                      Pumplois Vanow
                                                                            woo PIPE rww                                                                                                                                                                46 Z@l
                                                                                                                                                                                                  -@N 5

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ....... ... .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4w 4mum

                                                                                                                                                      m Ip

                                                                                                                                                                                               PM EAC.
                                              5
                                                        REM
                                              ,1-;IiRl=@`.%, ,. .
                                                     . . . . ........ .
                                                                     =%
                                                                    . . ... ..... ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BESSEMER Ek LAK
                                                        PITTSBURGH a CONNEAUT DOCK                                            Co.
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Ar"

                                                                                                            mmg

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Fig

                                          (35)

              of' ti:-eatment. Physical-chemical treatment methods include a

              number of techniques that do not rely on biological processes and

              offer flexibility in waste treatment. In a physical-chemieal

              system, these techniques can be used in series to provide any

              desired level of waste treatment. Such combinations of

              biological, physical, and chemical treatment methods offer an

              economic method of adapting to specific changes in water quality

              requirements and qualitative shifts in waste load. The pollutant

              most associated with the coal expansion project is dissolved

              solids. If the retention and disilting basins do not adequately

              remove the solids, the process of neutralization may be used.

              This process removes essentially all suspended solids by using

              neutralizing agents to precipitate solids and control PH. This

              mitigative measure would help to ensure the purity of water

              entering Conneaut Creek and Lake Erie from the Dock Company

              property.

                   Another impact on the water quality of Conneaut Creek is the

              problem of ground seepage from the coal piles. The simplest way

              to mitigate the leachate is to store the coal on impervious clay

              liners.

              Air Quality

                   The major impact on air quality associated with the

              expansion project is deflation, the picking up of small coal

              particles by the wind. Due to the large amount of land owned by

              the Dock Company surrounding the expansion site this impact is

              not considered extreme. However, there is physical evidence of

              coal particulate matter settling on residential units to the

                                           (36)

              south of the site. This light coal dust can be found on the

              window sills and other horizontal areas of homes in areas of the
              City. Mitigative measures for this problem include the wetting
              and spraying of the coal piles and -the shaping of these piles to

              deter deflation.

                   The coal is recovered from the storage piles and transferred

              through a conveyor system. Particulate emissions are controlled
              between the conveyor and the stacker/reclaimer by enclosing the

              transfer point.

              Public Facilities

                   The only impact on public facilities generated by the
              expansion project is the possible need for increased capacity of
              stormwater drainage and treatment facilities. The Dock Company
              has developed their own drainage and treatment system for
              stormwater which is presently being monitored for its effective-
              ness. If the system is not effective in treating the effluent
              it may be processed through the City's facilities. No other
              public facilities will need to be expanded due to the coal

              expansion project.

              Transportation

                   Due to the expansion project the closing of portions of
              Woodworth and Thompson Roads to the public has resulted in the
              impacts of limiting access to the lakefront. There are two

              approaches available to assist in mitigating this impact
              including the improvement of existing access and facilities, and

                                          (37)

              the public acquisition of additional area. The Conneaut Port
              Authority has developed a Master Plan for the improvement and
              full utilization of the facilities and resources of the Conneaut
              Harbor. This Master Plan calls for upgrading the existing boat
              harbor and for providing additional dock space in an enclosed
              marina. Through the development of this marina greater
              accessibility along with needed facilities will be provided to
              the public wishing to enjoy the recreational attributes Lake

              Erie can offer.

                   A second mitigative measure for the reduction of access to
              the coastal area would be acquisition of additional sites for

              public use. There is limited undeveloped land available for
              purchase along the shoreline. The public acquisition of land
              has proven to be the most expensive means of acquiring lands for
              recreation or access to Lake Erie. There are, however, various
              methods that exist for developing additional public access
              facilities including the following:
                   (1) Fee Simple - The acquisition of land in fee simple
                   is the technique most commonly used to preserve open

                   space. By acquiring the title to the land either
                   through purchase of donation a public or private agency
                   is able to preserve the natural environment and make

                   the land available to the public for recreational uses.
                   The major problems with this technique are the very
                   high initial costs of buying land in today's land
                   market and the on-going costs of maintaining the land

                   once it has been acquired.

                                          (38)

                   (2) Lease Back - There are several approaches by which

                   the public can retain firm control over the use of the

                   land without retaining all the responsibilities of full

                   ownership and management. It may acquire land in fee

                   simple, place a restriction on the deed stating what

                   uses would not be permitted, and then sell the land to

                   a user who would keep the land in an open use. A public

                   agency might purchase the land and then lease it with

                   restrictions on the uses which would be allowed.

                   (3) Development Rights - The purchase of development

                   rights is a somewhat less familar concept. It is based

                   on the recognition that ownership of land consists of a

                   number of rights. The acquisition of development rights

                   consists of severing from the fee the right to develop

                   the land, leaving the owner in possession of the

                   remainder of the fee, which would include the right to

                   use the land for other purposes and the right to sell it.

                   Unless a right-of-way easement is purchased in addition

                   to the development rights themselves, the owner retains

                   the right to exclude members of the public from his land.

                   The advantage of the purchase of development rights over

                   buying land in fee simple is that it reduces the initial

                   costs of acquisition while the on-going maintenance costs

                   and responsibilities are borne by the individual land-

                   owners, who also continue to pay property taxes based on

                   the remaining value of the land. The cost of development

                   rights will depend on the number of restrictions placed

                   on the land.

                                          (39)

              Public Safety

                   The major impacts on public safety from the expansion

              project stem from the increased deep draft vessel traffic and

              increased railroad traffic.

                   Mitigating the increased vessel traffic can be done by
              improving the awareness on both pleasure craft and deep draft
              vessels. An improved traffic control system and additional
              navigational aides will aid in mitigating the increased harbor
              traffic. Such systems could be maintained by either the
              Conneaut Port Authority or the U.S. Coast Guard. A separate
              traffic system could also be maintained for deep draft vessel

              traffic.

                   The increased railroad traffic from the Bessemer and Lake
              Erie Railroad will create the impact of greater risk at the
              crossings. The development of bridges and tunnels is not
              considered to be a feasible mitigative measure due to the
              prohibitive costs involved, but -the feasibility of signals and
              gates might be studied as part of the current State of Ohio
              program for grade crossing improvements utilizing available
              federal and state funds.

                                          (40)

                        IV. RELATIONSHIP  TO FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

              City Development Goals

                   In order for the City of Conneaut to plan for a better
              future, all proposed plans and programs must be evaluated by a
              set of ideas which comprise the desired type of community. The
              City has a Comprehensive Plan and an Alternative Futures Plan
              which it is using as tools to properly manage future growth.
              Althought the desired type of community includes all facets of
              development (social, economic, physical), the realization of the
              goals will be expressed in terms of physical development, such
              as -the arrangement of land uses, transportation arteries,
              community appearance, and the enhancement of the local
              environment. The goals themselves are viewed as the cornerstone
              of the planning process, for in theory, they form the framework
              for both public and private decision making.
                   The following goals for industrial land use are used to
              interpert conformity of future industrial development in Conneaut.
              All industrial uses or expanded uses should be encouraged to
              employ modern industrial site planning techniques, especially in
              areas exposed to the public. Such techniques include efficient
              design of property access points, parking and loading facilities,
              and landscaping and fencing of border areas. Goals of the
              following nature aid the City in analyzing potential industrial

              development.

                   (1) To encourage industrial and other economic

                  pursuits which will expand economic opportunities for

                                         (41)

                  the future population at wages sufficient to provide

                  the necessities of life and the enjoyable use of

                  leisure time.

                  (2) To provide industrial growth in planned industrial

                  districts where sufficient land use or buffer zones are

                  available to separate industrial districts from other

                  land uses.

                  (3) To minimize noise, odor, and discharge of

                  industrial wastes on surrounding areas.

             Coastal Zone Management Progra

                  In 1972 the federal government created a Coastal Zone

             Management Program, which provides incentives necessary for the

             proper protection and management of the coastal areas. In light

             of this, a set of program objectives have been formulated which

             reflects positive attitudes concerning the more efficient

             utilization of coastal resources available within the City of

             Conneaut.

                  (1) Hazard Areas - Minimize dangers and impacts of

                  flooding and erosion upon the health, safety, and

                  welfare of the coastal residents.

                  (2) Air and Water Quality - Improve the quality and

                  management of the air and water of the Coastal Zone

                  enhancing their ability to support the numerous uses

                  dependent upon them.

                  (3) Areas of Cultural Significance - Protect for the

                  benefit of coastal area residents and all Ohioans, the

                                           (42)

                    historic, archaeologic, and unique cultural features

                    existing within the Coastal Zone.

                    (4) Economic Development - Stimulate coastal-related

                    development in the Coastal Zone which will enhance the

                    region's economy and will minimize adverse impacts on

                    coastal resources. To further provide for the siting

                    of energy generating facilities and the mitigation of

                    associated environmental impacts.

                    (5) Environmentally Sensitive Areas - Protect and

                    conserve environmental sensitive areas, wildlife

                    habitat, and other significant terrestral and aquatic

                    environments.

                    (7) General Development and Public Investments -

                    Assist in and encourage wise use of coastal resources,

                    requiring that public investments be consistent with

                    coastal policies.

                    (8) Public Involvement - Provide meaningful

                    opportunities for involvement of the public and affected

                    user groups in coastal planning and policy implementation.

                    (9) Governmental Coordination - Facilitate increased

                    cooperation and coordination among federal, state, and

                    local governments and agencies to ensure a consistent

                    and efficient implementation of coastal policies.

                    The aforementioned program objectives were taken from the

              Ohio  Coastal Zone Management Section, Division of Water, Ohio

              Department of Nautral Resources. The City of Conneaut is in

                                          (43)

              support of these objectives for future development within the

              coastal area.

              Relationship of Expansion Project to Development Policies

                   The policies found in the City's planning documents for

              industrial development and the program objectives of the Coastal

              Zone Management Program are in support of this coal expansion

              project. The project conforms to the City policies for

              industrial development in this area. The land is presently

              zoned for industrial use, sufficient land is available to act as

              a buffer from other land uses, and mitigative measures were

              developed to offset potential environmental problems. The

              Coastal Zone Management Program also supports coastal related

              development which provides for the siting of energy facilities.

              The Coastal Energy Impact Program deals wi th the social,

              economic, and environmental conflicts which may have developed
              due to the coal expansion project. This expansion project is
              not in opposition to the general development plan and policies

              adopted by the City.

              Implementation

                   The implementation of any program is essential for the

              success of the program. The Coastal Energy Impact Program has

              attempted to identify potential impacts from the coal expansion

              project as well as developing mitigative measures. The

              mitigative measures identified will be implemented on a priority

              basis through available funding mechanisms. The City of

                                           (44)

              Conneaut is attempting to receive implementation funds from the

              Ohio Department of Energy, Ohio Department of Natural Resources,

              and other sources where matching funds may be available for this

              program.

                                                                                                  DATE DUE

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