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An Evaluation of Potential Effects of Coal Transportation and Storage on the Ecology of Norwalk Harbo @'r/Z Submitted to: City of Norwalk Health Department TD C3 CTM 195 C58 Prepared by: P45 1980 Peter E. Pellegrino, Ph.D. Southern Connecticut State College Foundation, Inc. New Haven, Connecticut November 1980 70 -TD Connecticut Coastal Energy Impact Program Prepared for the City of Norwalk and Connecticut State Office of Policy and Management Financial assistance for this Report has been provided by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. Connecticut Coastal Energy Impact Program An Evaluation of Potential Effects of Coal Transportation and Storage on the Ecology of Norwalk Harbor Summary The purpose of this projectvas to document the existing environmental conditions of Norwalk Harbor and to use-this baseline to ev''aluate what future impacts might occur,from the tran sportatio.n and sbrage of coal associated with the Manresa Island Generating Plant. Basic parameters monitored:were'tracemetals, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, color, acidity,. and others. The concentrations of copper, zinc, nickel, manganese, and barium werp determ*i ned for major components of the Norwalk Harbor Ecosystem sediments,..,)hellfish (oyster5 and hard clams), benthos, and finfish. Coal Transportation ...The increased need for barge sh1pments to the Manresa Island Plant could result in a degradation of water quality over Norwalk's prime shell- fish grounas. The t6cre,ased. barge traffic would increase the possibility of accidental,,discharqes'of oil and diesel fuel, spill'age of coa,l into the harbor an.d,increas"ed sediment resuspension (turbidity) from tugboat opera ions. These effects would be most significant during the summer months when metabolism of organisms is highest and when spawning of commercially valuable shellfish species is taking place. Oyster and clam larvae are highly.susceptible to changes in'water chemistry and to even s,light increases in the levels of tox.i.c substances. A significant increase@in larval mortality could cause an eventual reduction in the size of shell- fish populations in future years. Coal Storage The major impacts to Norwalk Harbor from coal storage piles would result from surface-water runoff. This runoff would contain coal fines and various concentrations of trace, metals. Shellfish Metal levels in oysters and clams were found to be elevated which' therefore resulted in their being desi"onated as Class 11 shellfish. Class I is the best possible designation (lowest metal levels) and Class IV is the worst (highest metal levels). According to this system, only Class IV shellfish would have metal levels in excess of Federal guidelines and would therefore,be the only class to pose a potential health hazard., The chronic input of trace metals into"the harbor ecosystem from coal p fle runoff could only result in in creased levels of these toxic substances i in the tissues of oysters and clams. This could, in future years, cause the shellfish to be elevated to Class III and possibly to Class JV. Elevation of shellfish to Class IV status would cause severe restrictions in coiicieftial and recreational harvesting. It would result in economic losses to the City of Non-ialk and could pose a health problem to individuals that continue to,harvest shellfish in defiance of the ban. Sedi'ments The c@hronic-input of trace metals from coal pile runoff would lead to increased concentrations in harbor sediments. Current metal'levels have been shown to be elevatedi especially in the inner harbor. Through-the processes of bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnificat-ion, these metals will be transferred to the benthos and ul.timately t'u' finfish. Benthos The chroni c input of trace metals from coa '1 pile runoff would lead to increasedlevels in@ the tissues of benthic invertebrates. This will ultimately result in increases in the'tissues of finfish species which prey upon these organisms. De'pbsit feeding invertebrates like Nereis succinea will have the highest levels of trace meta.ls because they are in direct contact with the sediment and actually ingest sediment whilec.,feeding. Finfish Chronic input of trace metals from coal pile runoff would ultimately lead to increased levels in the tissues of finfish. This is especially imp&rtant for resident species s6ch ast'the winter flounder which spend most of their,ti,me with.-in@the harbor ecosystem. Winter flounder were found to have,elevated but sti-11 not high levels of trace metals within their musculature. These levels conform to all current Federal guidelines and therefore pose absolutely no health hazard. Additional input's of trace metals i .nto the'harbor could ultimately raise ,issue concentrations to-unhealthy levels. An Evaluation of Potential Effects of Coal Transportation and Storage on the Ecology of Norwalk Harbor Peter E. Pellegrino, Ph.D. Southern Connecticut State College Foundation, Inc. New Haven, Connecticut 06515 November, 1980 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page I* Introduction II. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Norwalk Harbor: Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 IV. Environmental Effects of Coal on Coastal Ecosystems: Review .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 V. Sampling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 VI. Trace Metals . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A. Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 B. Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C. Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 D. Benthos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 26 VII. Water Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 VIII. Potential Impacts of Coal Transportation 37 and Storage on Norwalk Harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Appendix A 41 X6. Literature Cited 65 I Introduction Norwalk Harbor is a highly productive estuarine ecosystem that supports important sport and commercial fisheries. The harbor is also an important part of the environment of urban residen ts and represents one of the largest remaining areas of open space in urban Norwalk. The harbor is thus the greatest potential source of recreation available to Norwalk citizens. Norwalk Harbor, therefore, has significant economic and social importance, by functioning in recreation, commercial shellfishing, waste assimilation, wildlife habitation and transportation. Urbanization has been the most important determinant of the environ- mental quality of coastal areas, particularly the quality of the urban en- vironment where the vast majority of citizens live. The pollution of Norwalk Harbor has many important ramifications including human health problems, destruction of natural resources, reduction of aesthetics and interference with other uses of'the coastal zone. Apart from the immediate problem of the hazard to human health from the consumption of contaminated fish and shellfish, there is a great need to establish the extent to w hich current levels of pollutants are doing harm to specific natural resources and to the Norwalk Harbor ecosystem in general. The purpose of this project is to document the existing environmental condition of the outer regions of Norwalk Harbor and to use this environ- mental baseline to evaluate what future impacts might occur from the trans- portation and storage of coal associated with.the Manresa Island Power Plant. Basic.parameters to be monitored will be temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, acidity, color and,various heavy metals. Emphasis will be placed on the extensive oyster and ha rd clam beds located off Manreas Island. 2, 11. Objectives A. To establish an environmental baseline in the outer areas of Norwalk Harbor: 1. temperature 2. salinity 3. dissolved oxygen 4. pH 5. turbidity .6. color 7. alkalinity 8. acidity 9. ammonia 10. chlorine 11. nitrates 12. phosphates B. To.establish a baseline of trace metal levels in: .1. sediments 2. benthos 3. shellfish 4. finfish C. To use this baseline to predict what impacts coal conversion would have on environmental conditions within the Harbor. D. To evaluate to what extent heavy metal increases would affect: 1. oyster industry 2. recreational clamming 3. sport fishing E. To evaluate if increases in heavy metal levels would pose any dangers to human health. III. Norwalk Harbor Norwalk Harbor (Figure 1) is located on the north shore of Long Island Sound, 13 miles southwest of Bridgeport Harbor, and 41 miles east of New York City. The harbor is comprised of the Outer Harbor, also knows as the Sheffield Island Harbor, and the tidal portion Qf the Norwalk River. For purposes of this study the harbor has been further divided into three characteristic areas. The Inner Harbor area, with a natural depth not more WICT -7 CORNFIELD ntc % --EAS *Ciinto-n FaWkner Is. Onent Ficint NEw HA/EN Branford 4 10 SENTR41:-,- -10"' J. Br dgepor I Wford *Sotithport Long IsWid Sound Mattituck A *Port Jefterson Stamfor as.s Smithtown LON ki" Figure 1. Geographic Location of Norwalk Harbor. than 2 feet at mean low water extends from the tidal portion of the Norwalk River, southerly to a line between Fitch Pt. and Shorefront'Pa.rk, where it meets the Middle Harbor area. The Middle Harbor maintains an average width of 0.5 miles and a range of depths from 2 to 8 feet at mean low water. The Middle Harbor area is bordered to the south by the Outer Harbor along a line of small islands running from the.southwest (off the point of Manresa Island), to the northeast, off Calf Pasture Beach. The Outer Harbor area run southwesterly to include the area of Sheffield Harbor. The natural depths in this area range from 6 to 30 feet at mean low water. Mean tidal range in the harbor is 7.1 feet, and the spring range is 8.4 feet (Army Corps of Eng. 1979). The current direction in Norwalk Harbor is from the southwest in Long Island Sound into the harbor during a flood tide and opposite in ebb tide. current velocities reach a maximum of 0.7 knots at flood and 0.8 at ebb off Calf Pasture Pt. approximately 3 hours after low and high slack water respectively. The major portion of the Middle and Inner harbor areas experience only weak currents primarily due to the buffer zone created by the Norwalk Islands, situated 1 to 2 miles offshore and extending for ai distance of about 6 miles. Climatic conditions of the area show the mean annual temperature to be 510F (10.50C) with January mean temperatures ranging from 22 to 380F (-5.5 to 3.30C) and July ranges from 62 to 840F (16.6 to 28.80C). The mean annual rainfall is between 44 and 48.inches (111.8 to 121.9 cm) with a snowfall mean of 30 inches (76.2 cm) (SWRPA, 1976). The City of Norwalk covers an area of 30.4 square miles and essentially surrounds the harbor. In addition to the city proper,.harbor lard areas include the communities of East Norwalk, South Norwalk, and the Outlying Norwalk Islands. The majority of these harbor shore areas in Norwalk, except for the commercial center, are residential, with 26% of the shore- line classified as such, The totalresidential acreage on the immediate coastline is 995 of a total 2545 acres on the water. Undeveloped property (518 ac. 8.41 mi.) is the next largest coastal use category as determined by the South West Regional Planning Agency (SWRPA Tech Rep. #21A 1976). In comparison with neighboring towns, Norwalk compares favorable in the category of coastline opened to the public or undeveloped, with some 2.2 miles of coastline so designated. There are two large city parks on the harbor, in addition to the Norwalk Islands for use as recreational areas'. The population of Norwalk has increased from 67,776 in 1960 to 79,113 in 1970 with a projected increase of 11% in the 1970 decade (SWRPA, 1976). The city is an important industrial center as well as the trading center for nearby towns. Principal industries include the manufacture of heating and air conditioning equipment, air compressors, pumps, electrical equip- ment, data processing equipment, machine tools, optical equipment, plastics, and clothing. As a major economic center, Norwalk Harbor has considerable deep draft traffic which is primarily.composed of shipments of petroleum products. During 1975, 2720 (inbound and outbound) trips by vessels with drafts up to 17 feet were recorded. These vessels carried 847,490 short tons of petroleum, sand, and gravel. The latest figures (1977) show a drop in com- mercial Yessel tonnage to 822,908 short tons, partially due to shoaling (Army Corps of Eng. 1979). The harbor accommodates a substantial recreational fleet. More than 2600 pleasure boats with drafts up to 9 feet are based at the harbor's 8 yacht clubs and 14 marinas. During the summer months the local boat launching ramps are utilized by some 500 boats. Additionally, about 500 transient vessels visit Norwalk Harbor annually. Norwalk Harbor currently sustains the largest comnlercial, oyster fishery in Connecticut with over 2,000 acreas of leased oyster grounds occurring in the mouth of the harbor (Figures 3 and 4). Three local oyster companies accounted for 3,500 tons of shellfish cargo into the harbor in 1975. Oysters are an important economic as well as cultural asset to the city. One of Norwalk's earliest and best known industries was shellf.ishing, and a conservative 1971 estimate by the EPA stated that the ,Norwalk es- tuary still produces over one million dollars worth of shellfish annually. Clamming is also an important recreational activity in Norwalk with over 1,000 permits being issued annually. Sportfishing is also a valuable form of recreation as shown by the over 2,500 boats registered in Norwalk. It is evident, therefore, that these marine activities have an important recreational and economic bearing on the City of Norwalk. IV. Environmental Effects of Coal on Coastal Ecosystems: Review This review is taken largely from Dvorak and'Lewis, 1978; Davey, 1976; and United Nations (GESAMP), 1976. Coal is probably the first of the fossil fuels to be used for energy. It was recognized as an energy source by the Chinese around 1100 B.C., while the ancient Greeks were probably the first of the Western cultures to-be aware of coal. The first known coal mines in North America were operated by the Hopi Indians of Arizona some 200 years before Columbus. Coal occurs mainly in the north temperate regions of the earth. Small deposits are located at the poles but.there is almost none in the tropics. The bulk of the deposits are located in North America (50%) while signif- cant amounts are found in the USSR (20%) and Asia (15%). Coal was formed from the debris of giant tree ferns and other vege- tation that was growing in swamps and bogs 300 million years ago. When. the plants died they were covered with sediment that prevented their oxi- dation by atmospheric oxygen. Further build up of sediment and other geologic processes subjected these materials to high pressures that re- sulted in their conversion to coal. Coal iscomposed of a highly complex and heteroge neous group of sub- stances (Table 1) and possesses a wide range of chemicals. The two most environmentally important components of coal are trace metals and radio- nuclides. Trace metals are generally defined as those with a relative abundance in the earth's crust of 0.1% or less. Trace elements are essential to all life systems yet excess amounts are toxic. Estuarine systems are not uniformly mixed and lack of uniform dilution can cause local concen- trations of metals. Some metals discharged even in small quantities can be accumulated to alarming levels by certain marina biota. Sea foods harvested by man can become ey.'.tensiv@!ly impacted when excessive metals I are added to the sea. Coal Transportation Any conversion of the Manresa Island Power Plant from oil to coal may require frequent barge shipments of coal into Norwalk Harbor. A conversion will also necessitate the storage of-large amounts of coal on Manresa.Island. The extensive barge traffic resulting from coa 1 conver- sion could have potentially significant effects on the environment of outer Norwalk Harbor. These environmental impacts could result from chronic spills of coal into Norwalk Harbor, rain water washing off the coal into the harbor and from spills associated with increased t ugboat traffic. These environmental alterations would have greatest impact during the summer spawning season of oysters and hard clams. Shellfish larvae are highly susceptible to even slight cha nges in water chemistry. Coal. Storage Coal storage areas are needed to maintain a continuous supply between shipments. There are two general types of coal storage: live storage and reserve storage. The live storage stockpile serves as the buffer between the furnace's continuous demand and the intermittent arrivals of bulk ship- ments. Reserve s torage is held in reserve in case the periodic shipments are interrupted. Assuming there is a daily arrival of coal shipments, the minimum size of the live storage pile would be the amount of coal consumed per day by the plant. For the Norwalk Generating Station this would be 2,800 tons per day when operating at full load. Usually the live storage pile must be larger because coal shipments do not arrive at precisely the same time each day. The reserve storage usually consists of a 100-day coal supply. For the Norwalk plant the 100 day supply would be-160,000 tons. Coal storage piles on Manresa Island could therefore affect the outer harbor ecosystem from surface water runoff. This runoff would contain con- centrations of toxic materials. The water chemistry over Norwalk's valu- able oyster grounds could be altered by increasing the concentration of toxic heavy metals and by causing changes in pH, turbidity, dissolved solids, acidity and alkalinity. The most serious potential environmental consequence of coal storage is the elevation of trace metals in the sediments, shellfish, finfish and benthos of Norwalk Harbor. In estuarine systems like Norwalk Harbor trace'elements are predominately associated with the sediments which act as both a sink and reservoir with relatively small amounts fould dissolved in the water. Trace elements en- ter aquatic systems either by direct discharge or indirect input (ground- 9. water, terrestrial litter, runoff and atmospheric fallout) Trace elements in aquatic systems undergo differential uptake by the biota. Bioaccumulation (the ability of an organism to concentrate an element above abiotic environmental levels); bioconcentration (the influ- ence of size on the pattern of elemental concentrationwithin an organism); and biomagnification (the tendency for trace elements to be concentrated with trophic level transfer) are three topics of concern in evaluating the environmental effects of coal conversion. Sublethal effects of trace elements on invertebrates, shellfish and finfish are probably more significant to the ecosystem than acute toxic effects. Sublethal concentrations of trace metals can reduce the fitness of an organism by changes in physiology, shell deposition, growth, develop- ment and reproduction. Sublethal concentrations can also effect the pop- ulation of community level by reductions in abundance, diversity and production. The Environmental Contaminants Division of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stated in a recent publication entitled, "Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants on Fish, Wildlife and Their Habitats" that "In assessing trace-element loading to aquatic systems from coal combustion, it is im- portant that the quality of water which may receive particulate emissions be assessed." It is essential that a preconversion baseline of heavy metal levels and environmental parameters be established for Norwalk Harbor so that long-term impacts of conversion from oil to coal can be evaluated. This is extremely important for industrial harbors like Norwalk where additions of heavy metals from coal conversion may result in concentrations exceeding acceptable values. 10. V Sampling Stations King - Station 1 STP - Station 2 Shorefront - Station 3 Park ,Buoy 19 - Station 4 Buoy 17 - Station 5 Buoy 7 - Station 6 Sheffield - Station 7 Harbor The location of the sampling stations can be found in Figure 2. The inner harbor is composed of Stations 1B, I and 2; the middle harbor, Stations 3 and 4; and the outer harbor, Stations 5 and 6. Station #6 is located off Buoy #7 off Manresa Island where the Generating Station is located. VI. Trace Metals Methods Any and all materials, either directly or indirectly connected with the experiment, were washed with 10% nitric acid and rinsed three times with de-ionized water. This includes dissecting instruments, all glass- ware, and electrodes. This procedure removes any endemic trace metals from the material being used and prevents contamination of the sa mples. A small portion (0.5 gm.) of tissue was removed from the organism of interest and washed with de-ionized water. It was then placed in a clean, acid washed, glass tube that was previously weighed to the nearest hundred- thousandth of a gram using a Mettler H51 analytical balance. All tubes were then placed in blocks and heated on a hot plate for 45 to 90 minutes until the tissue was completely dry. After the tubes had cooled., they were again weighed and the dry tissue weight obtained by subtracting the empty tube weights. The dried tissue was prepared for analysis by digesting in 0.5-1.0 Is O-W 4t sout@ norwalk sealvltw park CaSt norWalk If calf, pas fulre OP 5 rn ari Figure 2 Norwalk Harbor Pshef Sampling Stations kar6ar 12. TABLE 1 Trace Element Constituents of Coal (from Dvor-,,@k et al,0977). Element Coal (PPM) Antimony 0008 Arsenic 0-87 Barium 44o - o Beryllium 0.29 Boron 37#7 Cadmium 0.11 Chromium 1.8 Copper Fluorine 78-5 Germanium 0-48 Lead 0,,15 Manganese 26.2 Mercury 0-131 Molybdenum 3.67 Nickel 3.67 Selenium 0 4@08 Vanadium 13-0 Zinc 16.2 13. mls acid mix consisting of ultrapure perchloric, *sulIfuric, and nitric acids in the ratio of 24:24:1.5 hours until the acid was colorless indicating complete digestion. After the acid has cooled, 3.0 nils of de-ionized wnter is added to the tubes and this solution transferred to 50 ml. plastic tubes and brought to volume with de-ionized water. The solutions,are then analyzed for specific trace metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer Model 370). A. Shellfish The following trace metals were examined in oyster and hard clam tissues: Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Manganese and Barium. These elements were chosen because of their high concentrations in coal (Table 1). Only the gill tissue of oysters and clams was examined. Copper Although not abundant, copper is widely distributed in crustal rocks with an overall abundance of 45 ppm. Copper reaches the marine environ- ment from industrial wastes, burning of coal and oil and sewage effluents. The toxicity of copper and copper sulfate to aquatic organisms varies considerably and is dependent on such factors as temperature, turbidity and pH. Larvae are consistently more sensitive to copper than adults. In many molluscs and polyc haetes there appears to be no regulation and con- centration factors of 100-1000s are common. Typical levels of copper in fish appear to be of the order of 20 ppm while shellfish yield higher values.. Nickel Nickel compounds are only moderately toxic.to aquatic or ganisms. The principle industrial use of nickel is an an alloying element both in steels and stainless steel. Nickel is concentrated from sea water by many marine organisms, e.g., oyster s and clams by a factor of about 4000. Ar "Os jols NORWAI.If a WJ-S its me 110 1076 MOA L- 163 if cO#Necrlctjr TABLE 2* Average Trace Element Concentrations. (ppm)@ of Major Age Classes-. of-' Oysters- from Norwalk Harbor* Trace Element: -@opper Manganese Zinc T-Tickel Barium J'Ze Class 2 years 742.L. 161.8 5P469-3 19233.7 (213-9) (100.1) (1,378.8) (631-5) 3 years 1,066.7 121,0 ).,988.9 1',413.7 (546.9) (36A,,) (-1,726.1) (723-3) h. years 1,171.1 159.9 5,922.3 6M.9 (787-4) (50-4) 2,034-8) (350-7) 5 years 70947 ")21 1 6,327.8 856.8 ()[email protected]). (341-8) (3,0146.2) (72.)-L) years 1,35o-3 154.4 8,207.3 1,[email protected] (19,003-1) (61-5) (5,252.2) (637-9) Motaj for all Oysters 1 6,180.1 2,291.6 A9.4 174.9 - 1 43-7 (682-3) (120.2) (3,204.6) (583-9) (707.6) *standard deviation given in parentheses. Zinc Large amounts of zinc are discharged into rivers in industrial wastes and sewage effluents. Concentration factors for zinc in marine organisms range from 2,000-100,000 depending upon the species witil lowest values derived from fish and highest from oysters. Manganese Manganese is used extensively as an alloyiTig.element for steel and' large quant'itie s are used in the production of dry batteries, glazes for pottery, making colored bricks, dyes, pigments, catalysists and inter- mediates. Rivers deposit most of the manganese, which is deposited as manganese dioxide or manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Average con- centrations, of manganese for the Northern Quohaug (Mercenaria mercenaria) are reported as 3-7 mg/kg; for surf clams (Spisula solidissima 0.68-2.79 mg/kg. Manganese occurs at low concentrations in seafoods and does not at the present time present a health hazard. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were collected in leased oyster grounds in the outer region of Norwalk Harbor (Figure 3). Oysters were measured (Length of Shell) and grouped into major age categories based on past growth studies done in Long Island Sound. 6,180.1 ppm) Total mean values for all oysters (Table 2) show zinc and Barium (X 2,291.6 ppm) to be present inhighest concentrations while Manganese (X 174.9 ppm) exhibited the lowest values. Copper (X 1,049.4 ppm) and Nickel (X 1,143.7 ppm) exhibited intermediate levels. Copper levels were highest in > 6 year olds achieving a mean of 1,350.3 ppm and lowest in 5 year olds (X = 709.7 ppm) and 2 year olds CX 742.4 ppm). Three and four year olds achieved intermediate levels of X 1,066.7 ppm and X = 1,171.1 ppm respectively. Manganese was found in highest concentrations in 5 year olds 321.1 ppm 17. and lowest levels in 3 year olds (X 121.0 ppm). Zinc concentrations were highest in 6 year olds (X = 8,207.3 ppm) and lowest in 3 year olds 4,988.9 ppm). Nickel showed an unusual distribution having highest levels J.n .2 (X 1',233.7 ppm), 3 (X - I, Ii I I . 7 ppin) ,ii it 1 0 yeat- o I ds CX- 1,083.2 ppm) and lowest levels in 5 year olds (-X 856.8 ppm). Oysters were also examined from the Saugatuck River, Westport (Figure 3) to obtain comparative trace metal data (Table 3). Zinc showed higher values (X 8,055.1 ppm), Copper (X = 843.9 ppm) and Manganese (X 98.9 ppm) slightly lower values and Nickel (_X = 439.9 ppm) considerably lower readings. A characteristic of filter feeding organisms, especially oysters, is their ability to concentrate a variety of compounds from the surrounding water. Many substances,"though not necessarily harming the organism, con- centrate in the animal's tissues (Huggett, et al.,, 1973). Kopfler and Mayer (1969), have demonstrated that oysters are able to concentrate cadmium, copper, and zinc four to five orders of magnitude above that of the surrounding water. Several investigators (Fitzgerald, et al.., 1963; Kopfler, et al., 1969) have shown that oysters from the same area may vary in their metal concentrations as much as 100%; some as high as 300%. These results have been repeated for oysters all along the Atlantic coast. A recent study (Huggett, et al., 1973) of metal levels in oysters indicate a natural concentration exist which is a function of, or is measured by, ,salinity. Animals living in fresher waters consistently contained more copper and zinc than those from a more saline environment; the chemistry of which has been described elsewhere (Hug.gett, et al., 1975). Hard clams (Mercenaria mercenalra) were collected from outer Norwalk Harbor using a hydraulic clam dredge (Figure 3). All clams were greater than 9.0 cm (Shell length) which places them in the older quahog size TABLE 3* Average Trace Element Concentrations (PPM) of Haxd Clams and Slipper Shells (Norwalk) amd Oysters Saugatuck River, Westport). Trace XIe-.i1en`U-: Copper I!ianmgnes.e Zinc Nickel Barium, Species Mercenaria mercenaxi@- 66-3 3,18.7 410-5 345.2 12-504.9 (Hard Clam) (99-5) (,':-20-5) (610.8) (237-5) (029.6) Crepidul.a. 'Lc--.-icata 32.8 132.7 200-4 (Slipper Shell) Crassostrea,-virp 843-9 98.9 8,055-1 439-9 ,inica (Oyster) (334.2) (8.8L) (1,583-3) (62-7) Saugatuck R-ive--r, Idestport *Standard deviation given in paxentheses. 19. category. Trace metal levels for Mercenaria a .re summarized in Table 3. All metal values except Barium and Manganese exhibited reduced levels when compared with Crassostrea. Barium exhibited the highest levels (X 12,504.9 ppm) while copper the lowest (X = 66.3 ppm). Zinc declined from 6,180.1 ppm in the oyster to 410.5 ppm and Nickel from 1,143.7 ppm to 345.2 ppm. Manganese showed increased levels CX - 318.7 ppm) in the hard clam when compared to the oyster. The.Slipper Shell (Crepidula fornicata) which were attached to the Norwalk oysters were also examined for trace metals (Table 3) (Gill tissue only). Creptdula is a suspension feeder that feeds in a manner comparable to the oyster and clam. Crepidula exhibited lower overall levels of trace metals with Nickel (X = 200.4 ppm) being the highest and Copper (X = 32.8 ppm) the lowest. The trace metal values for Norwalk shellfish are notunusual for urban coastal areas. Feng and Rudy (1973) surveyed the uptake of metals in oysters from various Connecticut areas from Noank to Norwalk. They found that New Haven, New London and Noank generally had the lowest con- centrations while Bridgeport and the Housatonic River had the highest values. Norwalk oysters tended to have concentrations that were intermediate between the two groups but were closer to the Noank, New London, New Haven group. Wong (1975) also evaluated trace metal levels for oysters and clams from several Connecticut areas. He found the Hbusatonic River to have the highest metal values. All metals inventoried during this study showed increases over those of Feng and Wong. I have established the following four general Groups for overall 20. trace metal levels in shellfish: class I - low Levels Class IT - elevated Levels ("I"u9s '111 - 111gh1v clovated Lovoh,@ ("'I:uss 1V - extremely Iligh (toxic) Levels Based on this calssif icat ion Norwalk shellf ish would fall into the Class II category. Shellfish placed in Class I. Class II aaid Class III cateCories would be within all acceptable Federa I toxic substance guidelines and would pose no health hazard to humans. B. Finfish Uptake of trace elements by fish occurs primarily through two routes: (1) active or passive absorption through the gills and (2) ingestion.. The major source of trace elements accumulated by fish is believed to be from ingestion of contaminated food species. Bioconcentration and Biomagnifica- tion of trace metals by commercial and recreational finfish.species pose potential problems to humans. The public health significance of any trace metal in fish depends to a large degree on the chemical form of the metal and its biological utiliza- tion. If an element is present in fish either in a form that is relatively non-toxic and/or has a.low biological utilization potential, the contaminant may be of little consequence from a public health standpoint. Metal concentrations frcm the dorsal musculature of two demersal species were examined: Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus and the 8and dab Scopthalmus aquosus. These species were chosen because they are fairly permanent residents of the Norwalk Harbor ecosystem and therefore would reflect local metal levels and.not those obtained from a distant Estuarine system. These metal values are summarized in Table 4. Winter flounder were collected from both in ner harbor and outer har- bor regions. There was no significant difference in metal values between these two areas. TABLE 4- Average Trace Element Concentrations (ppm) of Finfish Species from Norwalk Harbor, Trace Element: Copper Manganese Zinc ITickel. Bar ium Specieb Winter Flounder 7-9 19.4 43-3 137*9 (Inner Harbor) (2.1) (2.6) (5-75) (21.9) Winter Flounder 8.0 22-3 50.2 160-3 2.345.6 (Outer Harbor) (2.9) (5.2) (9-9) (28.9) Sand Dab 6-7 17-4 40.8 129-3 (Outer Harbor) (0-9) (2.Lt) (5.6) (16.9) *Standard deviation given in parentheses. TABLE 234 Trace Element Concentrations (ppm) in Norwalk Harbor Sediments. Trace Element: Copper Manp-Anese Zinc ITickel Station Number 1 2119.0 291.0 672.0 0 2 30.2 226.0 299-3 0 196.2 309-0 218.o 31-0 2)-tI 1 . 0 85-0 0. 5 59.4 214.0 105,0 0 6 62.11 236.4 93-1 0 7 73-0 290.0 1 0 2.2 23, Barium (X 2,345.6 ppm) exhibited the highest values and copper (X 8.0 ppm) the lowest. The sand dab exhibited slightly lower values than the' winter flounder with Nickel being the highest (_X 129.3 ppm) (Barium was not determined) and copper again the lowest (X 6.7 ppm). The dab and the winter flounder feed almost exclusively on benthic invertebrates such as polychaetes, bivalves and amphipods. As metal levels rise in the tissues of these prey species, it will cause a sub- sequent rise in the tissue of their finfish predators. Lamb (1975) conducted an extensive inventory of trace metal levels in finfish throughout the country and found the majority of species tested to have Copper levels of 0.0-0.6 ppm, Zinc levels of 2.0 to 6.0 ppm; Nickel levels of 0.1 to 0.3 ppm and Manganese levels of 0.1 to 0.2 ppm. C. Sediments Table (23) summarizes the metal concentrations for each element from inner, middle and outer harbor areas. Sediment metal levels showed a general decrease from the inner harbor areas seaward to Long Island Sound. At most stations Manganese occurred in greatest concentrations with Zinc, Copper and Nickel being less important. By periodically analyzing the sediments in the harbor, comparisons can be made against this initial baseline study to monitor fluctuations in the heavy metal load of the system. The higher metal concentrations in the inner harbor coincide with the fine silty/mud found in this area, whereas decreases in concentration towards the outer harbor may relate to the silty/sand deposits in those areas. Cross, et al. (1970), found that the finer sediments of estuaries stay in suspension longer and, therefore, increase the opportunity for particulate.material and water to exchange and redistribute metals.. In Norwalk Harbor, as the mud fraction of the sediment decreased seaward so C\j TABLE 24. Trace Element Concentrations (ppm) in Guilford Harbor Sediments* Trace E-lement: Copper Manganese Zinc Nickel Station Buoy C-3 .129.0 793.2 177.0 L6.5 St, r)f f 70.11 754.0 loL,.o ),7.1 Station 239.0 79.0 21.2 (She!!) 9tation 15.0 166.o 58-1 21 2 F au 1 1,7-, eIsland) P rwalk Harbore TABLB 25. Average Trace Element Concentrations pm) for Nereis succinea from No Trace Element: Copper manganese Zinc Nickel Harbor Region Inner 300-9 2h.6 - 3 )450-8 565.9 Middle 235-9 10 .5 505-h 289.8 outer 253-11 328.9 307.2 423-8 26. did the concentration of metals associated with it. Stoffers, et al. (1977), documented a similar occurrence for New Bedford Harbor. lt*has been shown that wastewater treatment plants contribute sus- sta ntial amounts of copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, iron, and manganese to discharge locations. Further, they have been pinpointed as major contribu- tors of cadmium, chromiu m, and nickel (Cross and Duke, 1974). The in- dustrialized nature of the inner harbor may also be responsible for the additions of iron, copper, and zinc to the system. An analysis of metal levels from Guilford Harbor sediments (Table 24) is included for comparative purposes. D. Benthic Invertebrates Trace metal uptake by invertebrates depends primarily upon metabolism and the feeding behavior of the organism as well as the form of the trace element in the environment. The concentration of trace metals in the tissues of benthic invertebrates is an important step in their transfer to the tissues of finfish and ultimately to man. Many invertebrate species are deposit feeders and obtain their nourish- ment by direct ingestion of sediments. This provides a direct pathway for the transferral of metals from the sediments to animal tissues. Nereis succinea, a deposit feeding polychaete, was chosen as the best trace metal indicator species for the Norwalk Harbor benthos (Table,25). This polychaete is distributed throughout the harbor from King Industries to Sheffield Harbor. It is a sedentary species and is an important food source for bottom feeding finfish such as the winter flounder. This baseline for Nereis can be used to monitor future changes in trace metal levels. 270 VII. Water Chemistry The carrying capacity of coastal systems like Norwalk Harbor is con- trolled by climatic, oceanic and terrestrial factors that influence the condition of its waters. The chemisLry oi- estuaritic waturs Is conlplex I)(-- cause of the number of elements and compounds present and the multitude of ways in which they are involved with the biochemical processes of the diverse biota. The activities of man complicate the water chemistry through the addition of nutrients and other salts, trace metals, organic compounds and others. The chemical and physical characteristics constitute the abiotic com- ponent of estuarine ecosystems. These chemical and physical parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, etc., exert a profound influence on biotic communities. When the range of one of these parame ters is exceeded, the elimination of certain species can result. Pollution is a major cause of the disruption of normal chemical,patterns in estuarine systems. The federal government has established a set of water quality criteria for estuarine systems. These criteria specify concentrations of water con- stituents which, if not exceeded, are expected to support an aquatic eco- system suitable for the higher uses of water. They provide an index to the sucess of local water management programs. It is therefore essential that environment managers be provided with a comprehensive baseline of water chemistry data. Without this baseline, future changes in water chemistry and water quality cannot be detected. Methods Vertical profiles of temperatures, salinity, and turbidity were obtained using Yellow Springs Instruments meters. pH was determined with a digital pH meter. All other chemical parameters were determined with a Hach Chemical Model DR/EL2 Water Engineering Lab according to standard 28. methods. Dissolved oxygen values were obtained using the Winkler Titration method. All water chemistry values are summarized in Tables 5-22. Mean seasonal values for major harbor regions are summarized in Tables 19 and 21. TeRperature Water temperature is one of the most significant factors controlling the health and distribution of marine organisms. Water temperature ranges are also a major force in determining the character of estuarine ecosystems by their influence upon the area of distribution of organisms and their metabolic and behavioral conditions including spawning, feeding, m igration, and growth. Variation in water temperature, whether natural or induced by activi- ties of man, can have significant impacts upon marine organisms. Increased water temperatures accelerate the biodegradation of organic matter found in the water column and bottom sediments which increases demands upon the dissolved oxygen resources of the estuary. Then temperature-induced demands upon 02 resources are further aggravated by the reduced solubility of 0 2 in water with the increase of temperature. This may lead to total 0 2 depletion and obnoxious anaerobic conditions. EPA standards (1973) limit artificially induced increases in tempera- ture to not more than 1.50 F in summer (June-August) or m ore than 4.OOF during the rest of the year. It therefore becomes imperative to be able to differentiate between the naturally occurring fluctuations in water temperature and those caused by ma n's interaction with the natural system. Surface and bottom water temperatures were highest in the inner har- bor and lowest in the outer harbor. Mean surface water temperatures in- creased in the inner harbor from 15.30C in the s pring to 25.1 0C in the 29. TABLE 19 'Seasonn.1 !een Va.lues for ',-.Tater Chemistr:.r !"qrnine-ters C.1orwalk, Harbor), Majnr 'Far"hor Re,-ionr, (Summer 19-30). 11axbor Repi.on: Tnner i,Tiddle Outer Parameter Chlorine 0.04 0,04 0,05 (Me,A) Color 19.9 20,8 16.8 (units) Ammonia 2.1 2.05 2.0. (mg/L) Nitrate 0.55 0-47 0-5 Alkalinity 139.7 138.0 138.9 (Total) P11 8.1 8 "It. 8025 Secchi Disl@ 4.2 5.8 7.3 (feet) Turbidity 11.3 7.7 6.4 Phosphate 1 . 7 o.85 0.82 S al i n j. ty cl/-1) Siirface 25.7 29.7 30.7 Bottnm 28.3 29.8 29-5 Tempera [-.ure C) Surface 25-1 24.5 23.2 Pottom 24.3 23.5 21-7 Oxygen (mg/L) 6.8 7.2 7.1 30- TABLE 21 Geason,-.I 71ean Vqliies fr)-,- ',-!.-.ter Cliemistr- I ,- Parometers (I'orwalk, Ifcnxbor), M,1.,*-I.r Varbor Rc,-Jorin (S)-pring 1980). klarbor T'Iepion: Inner '.1j.d.dle 0,uter Paxamet,e_ Chlorine O.1L 0.11 0.11 (mr/L) Color 30.6 21-7 15-4 (units) Ammonia 2.0 2,1 2.2 (mg/L) Nitrate o.73 0-76 0.6.9 Alkalinity 128.8 115.0 132-5 (Total) PTI 7,9 7.8 810 Secchi Disl,7 1[.2 3-8 .5 6 (f cet) Turbidity 6.9 6.5 3-9 Phosphate 1 PD3 2,02 1.65 Sal in i, tv 15.2 24.5 27.5 Bottom 254 26.5 27.5 TemperaWre (0 C) Fmxface 15-3 14.2 12.5' Pottom 11..2 12.7 9.8 Oxygen 1010 1011 9.7 (mg/L) 31- summer while bottom temperatures went from 14.2 0C-to 24.30C. Surface tem- peratures for the outer harbor during the same period went from 12.5 0C to 23.2 0C while bottom temperatures went from 9.8 0C to 21.7 0C. Monthly mean surface water temperatures (Tables 6 and 7) went from 5 C at Station 5 in April to 26 C in August while bottom values increased. from 40C to 230C. Surface water values declined to 19 0C by the end of October. Salinity The annual cycle of salinity results from the annual cycle of stream flow of the rivers flowing into Long Island Sound and to a lesser extent any "spot conditions" caused by additions of freshwater by man. Salinity levels are found to be at their maximum usually at the end of winter. The large volumes of freshwater runoff which are discharged into the harbor system during the spring reduces salinity to i ts minimum by early summer. The salinity of coastal waters reflects a complex mixture of dissolved salts, the most abundant of which is sodium chloride. Salinity determines or affects some of the most important physical and chemical characteris- tics of sea water. Salinity can undergo marked seasonal and diurnal varia- tions in estuarine systems. It is therefore one of the most important factors limiting the distribution of estuarine organisms. Surface and bottom salinity values increased from inner to outer harbor regions (Tables 19 and 21). Salinities were lowest during the spring and highest in the summer. Mean inner harbor surface salinities increased from 15.2% in.spring to 25.7% in summer while bottom values went from 25.2 to 28.3%. Outer harbor surface values increased from 27.5% in the spring to 30.7% during the summer. Surface values at Station 5 increased from 24.0% in April to 31% in September. 32. Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen historically has been of major interest in water qu ality investigations. It generally has been considered as significant in the pro- tection. of aesthetic qualities as well as for the maintenance of marine life. Insufficient dissolved oxygen in the water column causes the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. This decomposition causes the evolution of noxious gases such as hydrogen sulfide. Reduced levels of dissolved oxy- gen can cause mass die-offs of finfish and invertebrate species. EPA standards suggest that dissolved oxygen levels be maintained at 6.0 ppm or higher. Lower 0 2 levels normally signify adverse effects from unnatural causes. The standard set recognizes, however, that some natural phenomena may cause 0 2 levels to fall below 4.0!ppm. Mean Dissolved Oxygen values were highest in the spring and lowest during the summer. Oxygen values (3 feet depth) were almost constant throughout the harbor during the spritig (Table 21) and most of the summer This in marked contrast to past years when oxygen values were extremely low in the inner harbor. Mean dissolved oxygen values declined from 10.0 mg/L in the inner harbor during the spring to 6.8 mg/L in the summer. This is still above the mininnm, value established by EPA. Out er harbor values declined from 9.7 mg/L during the.spring to 7.1 in the summer. Oxygen values at Station 5 (Table 16) ranged from 10.6 mg/L in April to a low of 6.3 in September. Oxygen values increased sharply during October to 12.2 mg/L. Nutrients (Nitrates and Phosphates) Phosphates are widely used in municipal and private water treatment systems and are commonly grouped into three types: orthophospate, condensed 33. phosphate and organically bound phosphate. Nitrate represents the most. highly oxidized phase in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrates and phosphates enter estuarine systems from agricultural run-off, water treatment and biological wastes and residues. Certain amounts of nitrates and phosphates are essential for phyto- plankton and algal growth but excessive levels can produce eutrophication or over fertilization. No EPA standards are available for indicating maximum acceptable levels for these' nutrients. Phosphate levels (mean) for the inner harbor were slightly higher during the spring (1.83 mg/L) than the summer (1.75 mg/Q. The middle harbor region exhibited high phosphate levels in the spring (2.02 mg/L) and low values in the summer (0.85 mg/Q. This can be attributed to dredging operations in that area during the spring months. Phosphate levels were again elevated in the outer harbor during the spring (1.65 mg/L) but de- clined to 0.82 mg/L in the summer. Nitrate levels were consistently lower than phosphate.and exhibited little seasonal or spatial variations (Tables 19 and 21). Ammonia Ammonia is one of the intermediates in the bacterial decomposition of nitrogen-containing compounds which eventually terminates at nitrate. Ammonia may reach the marine environment in sewage effluents and as a result of its use in industrial processes and in agriculture. Ammonia is therefore not a persistent substance and high concentrations therefore usually indicate domestic pollution. The concentration of ammonia was fairly constant throughout the har- bor (Tables 19 and 21) and exhibited little apparent seasonal variation. 34. Alkalinity and Acidity Alkalinity refers to the capability of water to neutralize acids. The presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides is the most com- niuti cause (.)I.' all(al hilty hi co.,isi-til w;il 4-t-:; 1-:X I Y 11 i@y 11 1 c V e.o kalinity indicate the presence of a strongly alkaline industrial waste. Total alkalinity includes all carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide alkalinity. Acidity is a quantitative expression of a water's capacity to neu- tralize a strong base to a designated pH. Acidity is caused by weak or- ganic acides such as carbonic or tannic and by strong mineral acids. Mean alkalinity values (Tables 19 and 21) were fairly constant through- out the harbor and exhibited little seasonal variation. Chlorine Chlorine has and continues to be the principal'biocide in systems using marine waters for cooling purposes. Chlorine is also added to sewage plant effluents to destroy pathogenic bacteri a. Chlorine has been shown to be highly toxic to phytoplankton and zooplankton species. Chlorine can be present as free available chlorine (Hypochlorous Acid and Hypochlorite ion) and combined available chlorine. FrI-e available chlorine was examined during this study. Mean free chlorine values were significantly higher during the spring than the summer for all harbor regions. Spring values ranged from 0.14 mg/L for the inner harbor to 0.14 mg/L for the middle and outer while mean summer values declined to 0.04 to 0.05 mg/L throughout the system. pH The pH of a water sample expresses its.tendency to accept or donate hydrogen ions on a scale of 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic). Pure water 0 at 25 C is neutral and has a defined pH value of 7. 35. A major deviation from the normal pli indicate.,; the intrusion of strongly acidic or alkaline industrial wastes. Mean pH values (Tables 19 and 21) werellowest throughout the harbor during spring and slightly higher during summer. pH values were virtually constant throughout the harbor during spring ranging between 7.8 and 8.0. The middle harbor exhibited the greatest variation in pH values going from 7.8 in the spring to 8.4 in the summer. Turbidity Turbidity occurs in coastal waters as the result of suspended clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and other micr oorganisms. Since coastal waters have a natural content of inorganic and organic matter, turbidity undergo considerable variation. Turbidity was measured with a true nephelometer or turbidimeter at a depth of 3 feet and was also estimated by taking regular secchi disc Mean turbidity values (NTU) (Tables 19 and 21) were.highest in the inner harbor and lowest in the outer region. Turbidity values were highest during the summer months throughout the system. Mean inner har- bor values were 11.3 NTU in the summer and only 6.9 NTU in the spring while outer harbor values during the same periods were 6.4 NTU and 3.9 NTU. Secchi disc readings were also lowest in the inner harbor and,highest in the outer except for the middle harbor during the spring. This low value (3.8) can'again be attributed to dredging operations in that vicinity. Color Color in water may result from the presence of natural metallic ions (iron and Manganese), humus, plankton and industrial wastes. The color value of water is extremely pH dependent and inva riably increases as the pH of the water is raised. 36. Apparent color includes not only the color due to substances in solu- tion but also that due to suspended matter. Apparent color was measured during this study (1 color unit being equal to 1 mg/L platinum as chloroplatinate ion). Mean color values (Tables 19 and 21) for the inner harbor were highest in the spring (30.6) and lowest in the summer (19.9). Middle harbor values showed little seasonal variation going from 21.7 in the spring to 20.8 in the summer. Outer harbor values were slightly higher in the summer (16.8) when compared to spring (15.4). 0 37 VIII. Potential Effects of Coal Transportation and Storage on the Norwalk Harbor Ecosystem Coal Transportation The increased need for barge shipments to the Manrea Island Plant could result in a degradation of water quality over Norwalk's priro shellfish grounds (Figure 3). The increased barge traffic would increase the possibility of accidental discharges of oil and diesel fuel, spillage of coal into the harbor and increased sediment resuspension (turbidity) from tugboat operations. These effects would be most significant during the summer months when metabolism of organisms is highest and when spawning of commercially valuable shellfish species is taking place Oyster and clam Larvae mortaly susceDtible to changes in water chemistry and to even slight increases in the levels of toxic substances. A significant increae in larval mortality could cause an eventual reduction in the size of shellfish Dopiilations in future years. Coal Storage The major impacts to Norwalk Harbor from coal storage piles would result from surface-water runoff. This runoff would contain coal fines and and various concentrations of trace metals. Shellfish Metal levels in oysters and clams were found to be elevated which therefore resulted in their being desigmated as Class II shellfish. Class T is the best possible designation (lowest metal levels) and Class, III is t0he worst (highest metal levels). According to this system only Class IV shellfish would. have metal levels in excess of Federal guidelines and would therefore be the only class to pose a, potential health hazard. The chronic input of trace metals into the harbor ecosystem form coal pile runoff could only result in increased leels of these toxic substances on the tissues of oysters and clams.This could, be in the future years, cause the shellfish to be elevated to Class II and possibly to Class IV.Elevation of shellfish to Class IV stats would cause severe restrictions in commercial and recreationsl harvisting.It would result in economic losses to the City of Norwalk and could pose a health problem to individuals that continue to harvest shellfish in defiance of the ban. Sediments the chronic input of trace metals from coal pile runoff would lead to increased concentration in harbor sediments.Current metal levels have been shown to be elevated especially in the inner harbor.Through the process of biconcentration, bioaccumilation, and biomagnification, these metals will be transferred to the benthos and ultamately to finfish. Benthos The chronic input of trace metals from coal pile runoff would lead to increased levels in the tissues of benthos invertibrates. This will ultimately result in increases in the tissues of finfish species which prey upon these organisms.Deposit feeding invertigrates like Hereis succinea will have the highest levels of trace metals because they are in direct contact with the sediment and aactually ingest sediment while feeding. Finfish Chronic input of trace metals from coal pile runoff would ultimately lead to increased levels in the tissues of finfish. This ids esoecially important for resident species such as the winter flounder which spends most of ther time within the harbor ecosystem. 0 39. Winter flounder were found to have elevated but still not levels of trace metals within their masculare. These levels confrom to all current Federal puidelines and therefore pose absolutely no healthier, Additional inputs of trace metals into the harbor could ultimately raise tissue concentrations to unhealthy levels. Water Chemistry 1. Chlorine - Nlo anticiprted impact 2, Arnmonia - No inticipated impact 3* Nitrates and Phosphates - anticipated impact 4e Temperature No anticipated impact 5, Salinity anticipated impact ppurbidit Significant potential impact Chronic runoff from coal storage piles would rcsult in increases in both suspended and dissolved solids These increased levels would be most important during, the summer months when surface waters contain large numbers of shellfish and finfish larvae. Increased turbidity in Tiorwalk Harbor would result in 6. reductior in light penetration with a subseuent decrease in photosynthes,so This could result in an overall reduction in the primary productivity of the system. Chronic inputs of suspended solids would also increase the potential for the siltation of oyster "heds in the outer harbor. MacKenzie (1976) found that siltation was the second most important cause of oyster seed mortality in Connecticut. Galtsoff (196L) also reported that many formerly productive oyster bottoms along the Atlantic Coast have been destroyed by a high rate of sedimentation. He also states that a thin deposit of loose sediment only 1mm thick is enough to make the surface of shells Insuitable for the attachment of oyster larvae. 0 40 Increased levels of suspended and dissolved solids ould also increase the mortality of oyster and clan larvae. 7. PH - Significant potential impact Chronic inputs of dissolved solids from coal pile runoff could change the normal harbor pH regieme. Changes in pH levels can, cause severe physiolgical effects in organisms. These effects would again in be most pronounced in the larval stages. pH also affects the form and therefore the uptake of trace metals organisms. pH changes can therefore affect the toxicity of trace metals to coastal species 8. Oxygen - Minor potential impact Chronic imputs of suspended and dissolved solids could lower oxygen 1evels by increasing oxygen demand and through the reduction in photosythesis caused by decreased light penetrations. IX. Appendix A Water Chemistry Values (Maxch, 1980 October, 1980) 42. TABLE 5 Water Cll(@Tnistry Values "or !Ionialk, Fnxbor ('A'I'tion I Parameter: pif Secchi Disk Turbidit- Phosphate '..:alinity Tempera hire C (.feet) (@'Tru) 'P, s P Date 3/27/80 5 6.o, 0198 6.5' 22.0 11.8 0.0 4/1/80 P. ID 6.o 6.2 1.0 2,0 14.0 5.5 2-3 4/8/80 RD 6.o 6.8 10 3 2.1 19-51 6.o 3-8 4/22/80 8.0 3-9 1-3 6-5 281-5 14.0 9.5 5/6/80 8.o I.L. 5 5-@ 1-5 6.0 28.0 16-5 12.0 5/27/30 8.2 4.0 6.2 3.2 20.5 27.0 20.5 18-0 6/4/80 7-3 3-0 6.o 11,2 14.0 [email protected] 21.0 20-5 6/12/80 7-8 3-0 6,4 3-0 18-0 25-0 19-0 15-0 6/2h/@30 7.5 2.0 5-8 h.0 27.5 25.0 21.0 22.0 6/30/nO I\TD 3-0 9.0 2.7 15.0 25.0 24.0 21.0 7-7 4.0 6.1 1.9 13-5 23.0 2LL.. 0 25-0 7/7/,'30 7/11:/80 2..@ 9.0 1.95 24. 0 27X 26,5 25,0 7/23AO MD 1-5 6.8 2.5 18.o 29,0 27.5 25-5 7/30/80 "D 5,P 0 9.3 3. 0 21L...q 28 -5 26.5 25-0 8/6/,",o I'm 3-0 7.2 2,5 20.0 25-0 29.0 29*0 8/13/;',0 2,0 9.3 3-0 26-5 24,5 27.0 25-0 tD 28.0 27.7 25.0 2@@..O 81261")0 N 5-0 3.2 1-7 9/211/00 TJD 410 2 94 109 29.3 28.0 23.0 23-0 110/8/30 7.5 5-5 4.0 0-85 20.0 29.8 18.0 1800. .10/22/80 ):3* -5A ldotc-r Ch einistnjr Values fnr Ilexbor ('[email protected] 1 Parameter: (,'@Ilorhle C, o 1 ar. A I run o 11 iI Hitnitc. Acidity A I kj I i ni I y 03vre,,en (TvItn"'111) (Wlits) (PI-ienol (rl.,otpl) (mg/L Date 3/27/80 0.08 451 1-4 0-75 T,D M IM 4/1/80 0-15 20 0.8 0.8 "ITD 1-7) 11.6 4/8/80 0.25 25 8-5 110 !,,TD I'M I.TD 4/22/90 0.1 25 1-5 1.0 IM I'M 10-5 5/6/80 0-15 25 1.8 0.5 TTI) ITT) 10,9 -5/27/80 0-1 25 1-95 I'm 1,TD 9,2 6A/no 0-15 6o, 2.5 015 T.TD 'TTD 8.o 6/12/80 0-075 35 1,8 0*2 j'.,TD 9,2 .6/24/80 0-15 50 2.0 0-5 0 0 10.2 120 6.6 6/30/80 0-15 25 1 71"' loo 0 7/7/80 0,,15 25 1*7 0-5 0 125. 9.1 7/14/80 0-15 25 1.45 0-5 0 130 1110 7/23/30 0.025 15 2,8 015 300 5-3 7/30/,"0 0.002 25 11-4 0.8 0 120 4*8 0.02 25 1,2 0 -5) 5 0 70 "ID 8/1 3PO 0.001 25 2.6 0-5 0 120 6.o 8/26/80 0-01 10 2*0 0.75 0 150 4-1 9/24/80 0.01 10 .2,0 0-5 0 120 6.4 lo/s/86 010 2.11 1.9 0,025 0 120 8-4 10/22/80 010 15 1,8 0#5 0 150 8.o 44. J'-,o@,tjjjy Tlean Values for `@der Chemistry Wtlue S, Ststion 1 TABLE 6 Month: April I-lay June Jill.:!, A s t 'SeiPtember [email protected] Parnmeter Chlorine o.16 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.011 0101 0.0 Color 23-3 25,0 ILn, ff 22.5 20.0 1010 20.0 (units) Ammon.ia 3.6 1.87 2,01 1.9 1.9 2,0 1 (MPVTO Vitrate 0-93 0-5 o.55 o-57 o.6 0-5 0.26 Alkalinity - - 168.8 113-3 120,0 135-0 (Total) PIT - 8.1 7.5 7.7 - 7.4 Seccid. Disk 5-8 4-3 2,8 3-3 3.3 4-0 5-0 (fe et) Turbidity 5.6 5.9 6.8 7.8 6.5 2.L@ 5.6 Phosphate 1,2 2.1.@ 3.5 2-3 1.9 1,26 Salinity ( 0A 0) 'Su r f a c e 3-5 13-3 18.6 20.0 24-8 @29-3 29,0 1,ottol@l 20-7 27.5 211.8 26.7 25.7 28.0 28.9 Temperature S), irface 8-5 13-5 21,0 26,1 27,0 23-0 16.8 -nottom 5.2 15.0 19.6 25-1 26.0 23.0 17.0 Oxygen 1111 1011 8.5 7.5 6.4 8.2 (M610 45. TABLE 7 lln.tcr Clirwistry Values ca-.1ionvallz (':tatjon 2 Parameter: pH qecchi Disk Tu-rbidj'i,-7 Phosphate '@alinity Temperature I'C (feet) (@@7fU s P, s Date 3/27/80 NM 6.0 5.0 0.92 6.5 24.0 1-5 0.5 IM 4/1/8o 5.5 8.5 2*0 2*0 20,0 3.8 200 j'.\TD 6.0 6.0 o-95 6.5 22.0 5-8 3-.8 4/22/80 8.10 5.5 6.5 1.6 7.5 25.0 13.0 10.0 5A/80 8.1 500 5.0 1.7 6..5 28.0 15.5 12'.0 5/27/80 8. 3 11. 9.2 1.75 18.0 27.0 20*0 l8o5 6/11/8 0 7.5 3.0 21,0 1 -95 11.5 24.0 22.0. 1905 61/12/80 7.9 3 - 5 6011 12.0 25.0 18-0 15.0 8.2 2-5 6.6 1.6 15.0 23.0 24.0 21.5 6130PO ND 2.5 910 2.2 .17.5 27.0 21-5 20.0 7/7PO 8.3 3-0 6.9 1,05 12.0 24,0 25,0 27,0 7/1)i/80 ND 2.5 5.9 3.0 26,5 29,0 21@ .5 23,0 7/23/,90 NJD 2.0 10.5 1.25 20.0 28.0 27.5 27.5 7/30/80 5-0 7.5 1.65 21.L. 5 28-5 27-5 25.0 ND 3-0 2.6 22.5 28.0 28.0 26.0 8/1 3/fc',O 11D 3.0 8.6 1-65 24-0 30.0 27.5 24.5 8/26/'@O ND @S .5 2.8 1.5 21.0 30.0 27.0 2L,,.O 9/211/,90 ND 510 3.8 1,9 25. 0 29.0 24.0 22.5 .1 o/a/t3o 7.6 6.o 8.o 1-15 25.0 30.0 20-0 17,5 10/22/10 7.3 110 7,2 1.68 21.0 27.5 1-7.0 16.0 46. TA'@J,J-: 7A Values fni- !orvialk lj,?.xbor (,;tatiot! 2 Par.-umeter: Color Ammonia Nitrate Acidity Alkali.nil.y Cbryger (lq"l.,/T,) (twits) ('11henol. Date 3/27/80 0.05 40 1.5 '10.0 ND DTD IM 0-3 20 0.7 0-5 1 Y, D 12.7 4/s/80 011 25 1.3 0.05 ND @T @,T' 4/22/-";0 0,12 25 1.3 1.0 T-71 IITD 11-5 5/6/8o 0.1 50 1.6 0075 1, 11, D I'm 11.8 5/27/80 0.1 40 1.85 0.5 IT 10.2 6/4/80 0-15 30' 1-4 110 THD ',D 6-7 6/12/80 0-05 35 2-4 0.2 JIJID ND 9.1 6/24/30 0,20 75 2.8 1.0 0,2 120 12,1 6/30/80 0*15 25 1.8 1.0 45 145 6.1 .7/7/80 1 0.15 25 1.9 .1.0 20 150 9-5 7/14/80 0-15 25 1-35 1.0 15 140 10-5 7/23/30 0.225 25 2.1.[ 0-5 25 210 5.'3 7/30/80 0.004 25 2.8 0-5 0 .130 4.2 8/6/80 0*05 50 1.45 0,05 0 140 3.4 8/13/80 0.005 25 3-0 0.5 0 130 6-5 8/26/80 0101 10 4.2 0.75 0 150 4.8 9/ 24/80 0-01 10 1.9 0,,5 0 135 8.7 10/8/80 0.025 35 1-95 0025 0 140 7.5 10/22/80 0.01 35 1.75 O'l 0 160 7.2 47. TABLE 8 flean Values for i,,@Iter Chemistry Val@ies, Stni;ion 2 Montb: April June July Aiir!lst sentember October Parlamp I;er Chlor . ine 0,17 0.1 0,14 0.08 0,02 0101, 0,02 (mg/L) color 23*3 45.0 41-25 25.0 28-33 1010 35-0 (units) Ammonia 1.43 1.725 2.10 2,11 2.88 1.9 1085 (mg/L) Nitrate 0.52 o.63 1,07 0-75 0.43 0-5 0,06 Alk-alinit-ir 1-0 132.5 157-5 140.0 135-0 150-0 (Tot@sa) P11 800 7.97 7.87 8-3 IM IM 7-45 Seccl)j. Disk 5-6 4.75 2.88 3-13 4@ 17 5-0 3.5 (f eet) Turbidity 700 7-1. 10-75 7.7 4.6 38.0 1.6 W1,U) Phosphate 1.52 1.73 1-79 1.74 1.92 1.90 1-42 (M("/L) Salinity (01,40) Surfi've 5-30 12.25 16.oo 19-50 22-83 25.0 23,0 llottol@? 22-133 2-@-5 2r),O 27-38, 29-33 29.0 28-75 Temperature (11 0 Sijrface 7.53 17-75 21-38 26,13 27.5 24,0 18,5 'Bottom 5.27 15.25 19.0 25.63 24-83 22.5 16-75 Oxygen 12,1 11.0 8-5 7-94 4.9 8.7 7-35 48. TABLE 9 Water.Chonlictry Values 7 rx Uorwall: -.rbor @t'-'tiOyl 3 Paxometer: pH Secchi Disk Turbidi+-@r Phosphate in i ty Temperature r C (feet) 1,1711IJ ) (mjI,/L) P, S Date 3/27/80 ND 5-0 2.8 0*87 21,0 24*0 0,5 :0-0 4/l/80 h7D 4.0 7.5 1 .7 16-5 20.0 4. 0 .2.0 4/8/80 3-0 5.8 0.7 6.0 22,5 5.0 4.0 4/22/80 8,1 5-0 6.2 1.5 25.0 29.0 11-5 10-0 5/6/80 8.1 J!'.0 6.8 1,2 23-5 25-0 15-0 12.0 VW80 8.2 b.0 9.1 l i@ 25-5 26.0 18.0 1,6.0 '6/4/80 -5 18-0 18- 7.5 3-0 7.8 2.2 26.c@ 26 0 6/12/8o 7-8 11 5.3 112 26.5 26.0 17.0 15' .0 6/2),1/,'30 7-7 3-0 2.7 2.4 28.0 28.0 22.0 1900 6/30PO MD 3.5 4.5 1@05 211,5 27-5 26.0 2 0.0 7/7PO 8-3 1.5 12,0 0.9 26.0 26.0 22,0 22,0 NID 3-0 5.1 1-5 31-0 30-0 24.0 22.0 7/1")PO 7/2-3/F)O 3-0 3.5 ill 30.-0 30-5 25.0 .26.0 7/3 .0/80 HD 4.0 6.0* 1.0.1 28.5 30.0 27.0 23.5 T,,rD 4-0 4-3 1-4 30-0 29-5 27.0 25-0 8113/,")0 5,0 7.5 1.0 30.0 29.0 26.0 24-0 8/26/,')'o ND 9.0 2.h ill 30-5 30.0 25-0 24-0 9121.1180 Im 5-0 2.2 1 It 31.0 29-5 21-5 22.0 700 17.S 10/8/80 7-8 1 5.4 0-75 30-9 30-5 1 - 17.0 -10/22/8o 7-7 4-0 6.8 0-87 30-0 30-0 15-0 15-.8 49. n 'I'A'!Ii,l 9A C'ieinistry Values for ic)rw.-.Ilr IT.?-xb6r (""t-tion3 Ps xnmeter: Cliloi-ine color. Annorda Ilitra-to Av id ity AllmlArdly OxYgen 5 Oliomol-) ('votal) (mg/L) Date, 3/27/80 0.08 25 1.0 l'O ND VTD ITD 4/1/80 0,12 15 1.4 0.9 ND 10-7 4/8/80.1 0-15 25 1.75 1.0 NID TID Im 4/22/90 0111 25 0.8 DTD TTD 10.8 5/6/80 0,15 25 1.8 0-5, ND ITT) 11*2 5/27/80 0.1 - 25 1-85 0-75 I'M ND 9.1 Oll 2,1 I'M 6A/80 30, 0-5 11TI) 7,0 6/12/80 0-075 25 2,1 0-5 TD ND 7-7 6/24/30 0,15 25 2,2 1,2 0.2 120 10.8 1 .75 110 6130180 0-15 25 30 130. 7.4 7/7/80 0012 25 2,0 0.75 80 150 8.9 7/111/30 Oll 25 1.25 0-5 15 150 9.7 7/23/80 0.075 .35 .2-5 0-5 18 280, 9.5 1/36/80 0.0014 15 1.85 0-5 0 140 601 8 16180 0,02 25 1.6 0,025 0 130 ND 8/ 13/80 .0,005 15 1-85 0-5 0 140 6,8 8/26/80 0-01 10 3-0 .0-5 0 130 6-3 9/24/nO 0-01 0 2.2 0-5 0 110 6.o .10/s/80 0.0 20 2,0 0.025 0 110. lill 10/22/80 01,01 15 1.8 0-75 0 170 11,6 50. TABLE 10 lo,ithl@, 3 Month: April Nay jime July Aii,7@st Sei,,temher Octobe r Par.-.n P I-, er Chlorine 0.12 01-1@ 0,12 0110 0101 0101 0.01 (m,-/',) Color 21@ 26 25 17 0 18 2.3 (units) Ammonia 1.5 1.3 2,0 .109 2.2 2,2 1.9 Nitrate 0.9 0.6 O.,@) 0.6 0.3 0-5 0.4 Alkalinit-%r YD 121'@,O 130.0 11010 (Total) 133-0 140-0 . Pli 8.1 8,2 7.7 8-3 j -D JT.D 7.8 Sece'd Disk 4.0 4.0 3-0 3-0 6.0 5-0 6.0 (feet) Turbidity 5.6 8.o 5.1 7.9 4.7 22,0 6.1 Phosp'fln,te 1,,2 1.11 1.7 1 .1 1.2 1.4 0.8 Salinity Surface 17-1 2LL.5 26.4 29.0 30.0 31-0 30-5 T)'Ottojj@ 24-0 26.o 27.0 2900 29.5 29.5 30.5 Pemperattire (" C) SlIrface 5-3 17.0 21.0 25-0 26.o 21-5 16.o Pottom 5-3 llt,o 18.0 23-0 2 4 22,0 16.o Oxygren 10.8 1010 8, .2 8.6. 6.5 6.0 11.5 (Mgl L). 51. TABLE 11 Water Chomistry Values Forwall Parbor ('@t,3.tion 4 Parimeter: P11 Secchi Disk Turbidit- Phosphate @,al in ity Temperaf-Aire C (feet) 13 P, S T3 Date 3/27/80 "M 0 .0 2 o.8 16.0 23-0 2.0 0.0 6 21 2.0 4/l/80 TD 4.5 -3 1-7 5 5 -0 4.5 4/8/80 - -- - - - - - -- 4/22/80 811 3.5 6.8 1.6 27.0 28.0 11.5 11-0 5/6/80 8.1 3.5 8.1 2,0 23-5 27.0 M-5 12-5 8.2 30@0 8-5 1-5 27.0 28.0 18.0 16-5 5/27/80 6/4/80 7.5 2 . 5 5.2 1-3 26.0 26.o 18.o 18.o 6/12/80 7-9 TID 4-8 0-75 29.0, 28.5 1700 15-0 6/2h/80 7.6 3.5 3,2 ill 31-0 28-5 22.0 19.0 6/30PIO T-ID 3.5 3.5 11.8 @28.0 28.0 21.0 20.0 7/7PO 8-4 4-0 10.0 0.8, 27.0 27,0 21.0 21 .0 3,0 4-8 1.1 30-5 30,0 24,0 22.0 7/1),/80 & 7/23/PO 2-5 5-8 0.95 29.0 29.0 25.5 27.0 7/30/80 IM 6.o 6.6 0,19 29,5 30,0 25-0 23-5 1-@',D 5.0 8.0 1.5 28.0 29.0 27.0 26.0 5.0 4-5 0.9 30-0 31.0 26.0 24-0 8/13/')0 ""D 8/20/@")o iID 9.0 2-3 o.65 30-0 31.0 25-0. 23-8 9/2)1/80 "D 6-5 2-4 4-2 2 9 30-0 25.0 23-0 /8/80 7-8 8. C) 3-3 0-85 31-0 31-5 17.0 17-0 7-7 5-0 Ut 1198 10/22/90 31.5 30.0 14.0 15.5 52. TA,-JJ,: 11A . (-@@,eioistry V@tlues fnr 'Tonialk If,-,.rbor (Statior, 4 lorine Color Ainmoi-tia Nitrate Acidity i ni ty Oxygen Parameter: C'@ I Alkal' (ullits) (w-,A) (I-a"/f,) (P'@ienol. (Tot;-,A) (Mg/L) Date 3/27/80 0.1 25 1.9 0.75 ZD T TD ND t@/l /so o.o8 '10 1-7 0-5 J\JjD 11.2 4/8/30 - - - - - 4/22/,90 0,1 10 1.9 1.0 IM 10,8 5/6/80 0,12 30 1.95 1-5 HD FID 11.0 5/27/80 0-1 25 1.9 0.75 ND IITD 9.6 -6/4/80 0,12 25 2*0 0-5 ',\T .TD -D 7.9 6/12/80 0-075 15 2-3 0-5 ID IND 8.8 6/24/1010 0-15 25 2.2 1 .0 0.1 110 11-3 6/30/80 0-15 25 1.85 1.0 80 110 7.6 7/7/80 0-1 25 2.0' 1.0 30 140 9.1 7/14130 0,12 25 1-35 0.5 16 150 8.9 7/23/80 0.025 25 3-0 0.5 16 250 8-3 7/30/()0 0.002 15 2-5 019 0 1 ho 4.8 8/6/,90 0.02 25 1-5 0,025 0 130 B-4 8/13/80 0-005 15 2,1 0.5 0 130 6.8 8/26/80 0-05 110 2,,2 0.5 0 1 @.o 6.8 9/24/50 0001 0 lo85 005 0 120 6-5 000 25 1.95 0.025 0 120 10.8 10 10/22/80 0101 25 1.8 0.5 0 16o 10.8 53. TABLE 12 ''o,jtjjl Tlean Values for '.'-der Phemistry Volues, t,3 t, ior, 4 Month: April I-lay June july A1@3mlst Septemher October P aram e e r Chlorine 0.09 01-11 001 0.1 0-03 0.01 0101 color 10 28 21@ 24 17 0 25 (units,) Ammonia 1.8 2.0 2.1 2,2 1.9 1.9 1.9 IT i t ra t. e 0,75 1.1 0.8 0-7 0-3 0-5 0-3 Alkalinity ITD T-7) 110 170 135 120 150 (Total) P11 8.1 8-15 5.67 8-4 7.75 Secciii. Dist-, 4*0 3.25 3-17 3-75 6-33 6-5 6-5 (feet) Turbidity 6-55 3-3 It. 13 6.8 li-93 21@. 0 4-@15 Phosphate 1.65 1.75 1,2 0.9 110 4.2 1.4 (mr7A) Salinity 0/4) Surface 16.25 25.25 28.25 29.0 29-.33 29.5 31.25 TIottow 24-5 27-5 27-75 29.0 29-67 3000 30-75 Temperature (, C) S,)rface 8.0 16.25 19-5 23-88 26.o 25-0 15.5 6-5 14-5 18.0 23-25 24.6 [email protected] 16.25 Oxygen 1110 10-3 8.9 7-7 6.8 6-5 10.8 (mg/L) 54. TABLE 13 Water Chemistry Values for Norwalk Harbor (@@tation 5 Pax.niTieter: pli Secchi Disk 'Pu-rbid.it-,, Phosphate ';,al inity Tempernt,ure 'C (feet) (""'TIJ) (mp/L) S P, S -1 Date 3/27/80 "TD 7.5 3.7 0.52 22.0 20.0 2.5 1-8 4/1/80 !TD 4-0 5-5 0.9 15.0 22.0 3 - F, 1-5 11/8/80 - - - - - - - - 4/22/80 8.6 4-5 3.6 27-5 27-0 12.0 9.0 5/6/90 7-9 2.8 8-3 115 28, . 0 28.0 12-5 12.0 5/27/80 8.2 3.5 7.2 410 26-5 28-5 1.8.0 15-5 6A/80 7-7 3-0 18.0 3.2 26.0 25-5 19.0 19.0 6/12/8o 7-9 ITD 5.6 2.7 26.0 27-0 1q.o 16.0 6/2).i/,,Io 8.0 4-3 3-0 4-0 31.0 30.0 21-5 19-0 6/30/PO Y, D 4.0 5-0 1.7 29.0 29.0 20.0 20.0 7/7PO 8.4 5.0 7-0 0.8 30.5 30.0 22.0 22-5 ITD 4.5 3.5 0.8 31-0 30.5 23.0 20-5 7/1)/80 &1 7/23/RO 2,0 4.2 o.65 30-0 30-5 25.10 25-0 7/30/80 610 9.2 1,2 30-0 30.0 24.0 23.5 0,1611",o 5-0 L . c 1-3 29.0 29-5 26-5 25-0 n.0 8113/,",0 :D 3-7 1-3 30-0 31.0 26.0 24-0 81261@")O I'M 10.0 2-3 0-8 30-0 30.0 24.5 25-0 9/211/50 ""'D 2*0 019 30-0 30-0 22 . 0 22.0 1 /8/'q'o 7-9 9.5 2.3 o.6 31-0 31-0 17-5, 17.0 0 7-8 6.5 6.8 1111 29.5 30-0 16.o 15-5 10/22/80 55. TA,,IX 13A. %,ht-1;(-j- Values for i!orw,.,,I.lr llaxbor 5 Parameter: I o:r.-.i n e Polor himnonia I%fitrate Acidity i,,j.kn.j.j.ijjt,y Oxygen (lulits) (MV0 (111"',A) (r-henol.) (To tal) (mg/L) Date 3/27/80 0-07. 15 2-5 0.8 HD jTD TTD [@/l /80 0,005 15 1 0.8 IITD 10-7 4/8/80 - - - - 4/22/,)0 0.12 25 3-5o 0.8 HD NID 1009 5/6/80 0-15 25 1.95 0. Dr, 11, j D IND 11,6 5/27/80 0-15 35 2.0 0-5 7T NTD 9.8 .,D 6/4/80 0,15 25, 1-5 o.8 11D RM 8.0 6/12/80 0.15 15 1.7 0-5 lJjD B-5 .6/24/eO 0-15 10 2-4 0-5 20 110 9.8 6/30/80 0-15 25 1"9- 0.75, 30 130 7.5 7/7/PO 0.1 25 2-5 0-75 50 150 9.0 7/14/80 0.11 25 1-4 0-5 15 130 10.1 7/23/90 0.025 1 @51 2.8 0-5 18 240 8-5 7/30/"0 0-004 10 2.6 0.5 0 130 4-8 8/6/80 0-01 19 1.75 0.2@) 0 125 8.1 8/13/90 0-005 10 2.0 0,3 0 120 6.6 8/26/80 0,02 10 2.)], 0-5 0 1215 7.4 9/24/80 0-01 0 1-85 0.25 0 115 6.7 10/,0/80 0.0 20 2.0 0.01 0 128 11.9 10/22/80 0.025 20 1-75 0.25 0 165 11.9 56. TABLE 1L.i `o-thl@, Tlean Values for tter Chemistry V..ilizes, st-Ition nth: April s t P y June TIIIY All@ ntember October 110 Parameter Chlorine 0,07 0-15 0-15 0.06 0.01 0.01 0-03 (mi-A) Color 113 30 19 26 15 0 20 (units) Ammonia 2-5 2,0 log 2-3 2.1 1.9 1.9 (mgM Nitrate o.8 0-5 o.6 o.6 O.h 013 0.1 Alkalinity ITD 31, TD 120 '1 3 123 115 14 @7 (Total) 8.6 8.1 7-9 5-4 -,,-TD 7-9 PTT SeccM Disk 5-3 3.2 3.8 4-4 8.0 6.o 8.0 (feet) Turbidity 5.2 7.8 7-9 6.0 3.5 2,0 4-8 Phosphate 1-7 2. R 2.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 Salinity ( 0 A, 0) Surf.-we 22oO 27-0 28oO 30-0 30.0 30-0 30oO 'Rotto;ji 23-0 28.o 28,0 30-0 30-0 30.0 30-0 Pemnerature C) 6.1 15-3 20.0 24-0 26.0 22,0 17-0 S1 irf ace Pottom 4ol 13-8 19.0 23-0 25-0 22.0 16.0 Oxygen 1o.8 10o7 8.5 8.1 7-4 6.7 11.9 57- TABLE 15 Water Chemistry Values :o.r 11 onviall- Pl-rbnr Aation 6 Paraneter: PH Secrhi Disk Turbidi-!:.7r P'llospbate @;alinity Temperature C f eet (111TMT) (TnpA,) 1") P, lil Date 3/27/80 "'D 7-0 4.6 0-39 23.5 24,0 1.8 11.0 4/1/80 510 5.6 1.0 21.0 23-0 3-0 2.0 4/22/80 8.6 6.o 7-0 1.9 27.0 27-0 11-5 8.0 1.9 000 2-5 1.9 2%0 29.0 12.0 10.0 5/6/80 5/27/80 8,1 5-5 3-9 1-5 28 28-5 16.0 14,0 6/4/80 7.6 5-5 5-1 1-5 28.0 2ff-5 17.0 15-5 6/12/Ro 7-9 5.4 1.6 21@%O 29.0 -11 9 1),!.. 0 6/2).t/,'IjO 7-8 7-0 3*2 1,7 30-0 29.0 20.5 17-0 6/30/r')O ll.D 5-5 )-l-.5 1-4 29.0 29.0 20.0 19.0 7/7PO 8-3 7-0 4-0 0.@ 32.< 24-0 23-5 17-0 JTD 5-5 3-9 o.65 30-5 30-0 22.0 21.0 7/1):/80 Z. 7/23/nO YD 4-0 8.8 0.9 31.5 31.0 24-5 20-5 7/30/80 I'M 9.0 7-9 1.0 30-0 30-1 :-_'3.0 22.5 IJD 7.0 4,1 0-7 31-0 30-5 28.0 22.0 8/1 3PIO IFD 7-0 4.2 o.65 30-5 30-5 25.0 23-0 81264'@O 1-TD 10.0 2.0 0.75 2 9. 5 30-0 25-0 23-5 9/2)1/,90 I'D 6.5 18.0 0.9 30-5 30-5 .21-5 22.0 10/8/@qo 7.9 10.0 3*0 o.65 29.0 30.8 21.0 18-5 10/22/90 709 7-0 4-4 Oo78 30.'2 31-0 16.o 17.0 58- IOA31,1` 15A. VLt(@r Che:iiistry Value s for ITOrldalk T12xbor (Station 6 Poxameter: CiJ03-..jrlC? Color Annonia Ilitrate Acidity Ajl@,i I j.lli.-I.y Oxyp,*n (ullits) (mp@-/T,) (M@,/L) (Plienol.) (Total) (mg/L) Date -3/27/80 0-1 15 3-0 0.05 IIID HD 10.6 1@/l /80 00005 15 1.8 o.8 TTD 4/8/80 - - - - 4/22/80 0-15 2 r' 0.9 .2-30 M 1110 5/6/8o 0-15 10 2.25 0.75 J.-M J,*,,'D 9.6 5/27/80 0-15 15 3.5 0-5 ND TM 19.8 q4po 0.15 25, 1.9 0-5 T,'D IT 6.9 6/12/80 0.1 15 1.5 0.75 TD NID 8.0 6/24/(-iO 0-15 lb 1.9 10 10 120 9,8 6/30/80 0.110 25 1.95 0.85 50 150 7.5 7/7/80 0.12 15 2*5 1.0 40 120 7-9 7/1)1/30 Oll 25 1-35 0-5 17 150 819 7/23/30 0.05 25 2.5 0.35 19 260 .6.9. 7/30/,O@O 0,004 15 1.95 0.6 0 120 5.5 8/6/80 0101 25 1.75 0,025 0 150 9,6 8/13/80 0-005 15 1.95 0. 0 120 5.2 8/26/80 0.02 10 1,9 0-5 0 125 7.0 9/24/80 0-0 0 1.9 0.75 0 130 6.3 10/8/80 0.0 25 2,0 0.025 0 115 11.7 10/22/80 0101 15 2,0 0.35 0 165 12.6 59 TABLE 16 ilean Values for --t-ter (liemistry Valizes, @,t, i@jo 6 Month: A-pril I'llay June jilly ")eiAemher, October Parameter Chlorine 0109 0.15 0-13 0.07 0.01 010 0101, Color 18 13 .119 20 17 0 20 (units) Ammonia 2-4 2.9 1.8 2.1 J,Q 1.9 2.0 Ilitrate o.6 o.6 0.8 o.6 0.3 0.8 0,2 (mp:/,,) Alkalinity ND ."TD 135 163 .130 130 140 (Total) p, ITD pli 8.6 7-7 8-3 .D 7-9 Secc'i D i s k 6.o 6.o 6.o 6.o 8.0 6-5 8.o (feet) Turbidity 5-7 3.2 4.6 6.2 3-4 18.0 3.7 Phosphate 1,1 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 Salinity ( 0/4) Surface 24,0 28.0 29.0 31*0 30-0 31-0 30,0 Pottom 25-0 2910 28.0 29.0 30-0 31-0 31-0 Pemperatnre I c) Siirface 510 13-0 18.0 e`3eO 26.o 22.0 19.0 Bottom 4*0 8.0 16,0 20,0 23.oO 22.0 18.0 Oy_,e, 10.6 10.3 8.1 7-3 7.3 6-3 12.2 (Mg/L) 6o, TABLE 17 Water ("hendost-ry Values :'co, 1@onqallz @@r,.rbor @Otion 7 Parameter: pi-I Secchi Disk Turbidit-r- Phosphate ',,ilinitv Temperatijre C (feet) (,17PU) (mf,/L) S -I Date 3/27/80 4/1/80 I'D 5.5 4.2 1.1 22.0 23,5 3-0 1-5 11/8/80 4/22/80 19.0 8.0 2.2 3-8 30-0 28.o .9.0 7,0 5/6/8o 706 6.0 2.0 2.0 28.'-' 29,0 12,0 10*0 5/27/80 11.5 3.3 1.3 28.5 28.0 15.5 13.0 6/11/80 7.6 6.o 4-3 1.1 29.0 26.5 16-5 13.0 6/12/oo 7.2 I'M 4-5 o-95 26.0 27.0 ig.o 16.0 6/2)j/110 7.7 9.0 1,2 1-3 31.0 29.0 20.0 18.0 3.o 1.[.0 1.5 23.1@ 29.0 19.5 18.0 'D 6/30/('@O 17 7/7/9.0 8.2 9.0 3-4 0.5 30-0 2p'-5 19.0 17-0 TT C@, 0 3.6 o.65 30.0 30.5 21.0 21.0 7/1),/90 -D 7/23/P@O I'D 5.0 4. 8 0,75, 30.0 31.0 22-5 20.0 ll@ 12 10 4. 8 0.7 30.8 31.0 23-5 21.5 7/30/80 ND 8/()/,-,)o !,',D 5*0 4.3 0.6 30-0 25-3 25.0 23.0 8/13PIO IM 10.0 4.0 1.0 30.0 30. 10 24.0 22.0 8/P(,/,",O 940 2,0 o.65 30.5 24.0 22.0 9/21-1/,90 1 I'D 7-0 2.8 110 311.0 30-5 -21-5 21-5 lo/n/30 8.o 12,0 3.1 0.65 26.(/) 28.ff 9-,! 9-0.0 10/22/90 3 2A*!,@ul: 17& 'IliemipLry Values fn:r -,@orwallr I]---rbor (s)tni-inii 7 Parameter: C,lori.ne Color Ammonia Nitrate. Acidity All.:@,ili.nif.y Oxygen (Lulits) (M,7/T, (M,7/T.) (PI-ienol.. (q,ot.-.,.l) (Mg/L) Date 3/27/80 - - - 1@/l /80 0-0075 15 1.65 o.8 IJD ',\TD 10.8 4/8/80 - - - - - 4/22[@O 0*12 10 2,0 0-7 @.7 ID VD 11-3 516180 0-13 10 2,1 110 JN D ND 10.0 5/27/80 0-1 10 3,0 0.1 YD NT 9.9 6/4/80 0.12 15, 1-7 0-5 IJD I'm 6-4 6/12/80 0-1 25 1-65 0-5 j,,'D ND 7.2 6/24/80 0-15 10 1-7. 0-75 10 .120 10-3 6/30/80 0-15 25 1-75 0.75 70 140 7.7 7/7/80 0.12 15 2.0 0.75 30 120 7-3 7/14/930 Q-5 25 1-45 0-5 20 140 7.6 7/23/80 0-05 10 2-5 0-5 25 270 7.5 7/30PO 0,004 10 2.4 015 0 110 5.9 8/6/8o 0.01 25 1.6 0,025 0 145 11,2 0-005 10 2.8 0-5 0 110 4.2 8/26/80 0.02 10 2,0 0-5 0 120 7.6 9/24/80 0-01 0 1-75 0-5 0 125 6.4 10/8/80 0-0.5 20 2,0 0,025 0 1.10 13-0 10/22/80 0-01 10 1.9 0.25 0 170 113-1 62. TABLE 18 @.jo@j thly fle,-ui V-Iues for '!.).-terChemistry Values, ',)tq-l.ion 7 Mon@h: April 1, 2 Y June July A,lr-st SeiAllember October Parmef;er Chlori.ne o.o6 0,12 0-13 0.17 0.01 0.01 0-03 Color 13 10 19 15 15 0 15 (units) Ammon-ia 1.8 2.6 1.7 2,1 2 *1 1 .3 210 "itrate 0.8 o.6 o.6 o.6 0-3 0-5 0.1 Alkalinity ND !,',ID 130 160 125 125 140 (Total) PIT 8,0 8.o 7-5 8.2 i1rlr.) IID 8.0 SeccM DiSk 7-0 6.o 8.0 8.o 8.0 7,0 910 (feet) Turbidity 3.2 3-1 3.5 it, 2 3.4 2.8 4-0 Phosphate 2-5 1 0.7 0.8 110 0.9 (mr,10 Salinity Surf o.ce 26.o 2 4,5 29.0 30-0 30-0 31-0 29.0 Bottom 26.o 29.0 28.0 30-0 27.0 30-0 30-0 Temperature 0 S'IrfvIce 6.o 14.0 19.0 21,0 24.0 22,0 1900 Bottom 3-0 12,0 16.o 20,0 22,0 227,0 19.0 Oxygen 1111 10.0 7-9 7.1 7-9 6.4 13-0 (mg/L) 63. TABLE 20 Seasnnal flean V,-Iuec, for '.-!,i-[,er Cbemistnv P-,.rri.reters, 7inxbor (Summer 19,90). Station: 2 3 4 5 6 7 Par,?meter Chlorine 0-03 o.o4 2.04 0-05 0,03 0-04 o.o6 (mg/W Color 17-5 21.-1 21,0 )I,o 20-5 18.5 15-0 (units) Aynmonia 1.9 2-3 2.1 2.0 21.1 2.0 2.0 (MF/L) T'itrate 0-56 ny *56 015 0-5 0-43 0,6 0-4 (mF/L) Alkalinity 134 1 W@ 141 1)!.2 '134 11.@I 1 136-7 (Total) PIT 7-7 8-3 8-3 8-4 3.)!. 8.3 8.2 9.ecchi T)ir,].-, 3.5 IL. 1 510 5-5 6,1 6,8 7-7 (foet) Turbidity 5.6 16.8 11.5 11.9 3-9 9.2 3-5 Phosphate 2,2 1-35 -1 .2 0-7 110 0.8 0-83 (rnf-/L) Salinity Surface 24-7 22.4 30-0 29-3 30-0 31-0 30-3 'Rottom 26.9 29.6 29.5 29.6 30-0 30-0 29.0 Temperature ;Ijrf 9.ce 25-4 25' . 9 24.0 25-0 24. 0 2@,,O 22-3 71o, @torii' 25-7 2L.'@ 23-0 23.6 23-3 22,0 21-3 Oxygen 6-3 7.2 7.0 7.0 7-h 7-0 7.1 (mg/L) 64. TABLE 22 Seasonnl I-eln V;,lues fov '::ater Chemistry liarbor (Spring 1980). Station. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Par,,neter Chlorine 0-14 0.-,14 0-14 0110 0.12 0,12 0.10 Color 30.2 36.5 25 21 22-3 16-7 14 (units) Ammonia 2-5 1.75 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.0 0, '3 0.7 0066 0-74 0.88 0. 0 0.67 (m7,/L) Alkalinity '132.5 125 10 -120 135 130 (Total) PIT 7.8 7-9 8.0 7-3 8.2 8.1 7-8 Secchi Disk 4-3 4 .)-1. 410 3.5 4. 1 6.o 7,0 (feet) 'Purbidit.-,r 6.1 8 - 3 6.2 5.0 7-0 4 .5 3-3 (I NIT) Phosphate 2-4 1.68 1 h 1.53 2.5 1-5 1.8 (Mr/TI) Salinity C'k-) Sitrface 11.8 1-1.2. 22-7 ?3-3 25,,K 27.0 27.8 24-3 25-3 26.0 26.6 26.3 27.3 27.7 Tottom Temperature V el "-Urf, 15.6 14.6 T2. 0 -too 16.o 14-4 1 3-q 13.0 Po ttom 13-3 13.2 16.o 13-0 12 4, 9-3 10-3 Oxygen 9.9 10.5 9.5 10.1 10.0 9.7 9.7 (MCA) X. Literature Cited Bailey, R.A. et al. 1978. Chemistry of the Environment, Academic Press, New York. 565pp. Cross, F.A., L.H. Harely , N.Y. Jones, R.T. barber. 1973. relations Between Total Body Weight and Concentrations of Magnese, Iron, Copper,Zinc,Journal and Mercury in White Muscle of Bluefish and Bathyl-Demersal Fish. Journal of Fish Resources Board Can 30(9): 1278-1291. Davey, Eark W. 1976. Trace Minerals in the Oceans: Problem or No? Environmantal Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-76-079. Wter Quality Criteria Research: 13-22 Dvorak,A.J. 1978. Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants on Fish, Wildlife and their Habitats. Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OS-78/29.261pp. Feng, S.Y. and G.M. Skaven. 1963. Zinc in Oysters in Fishery Island Sound and ts Estauries. In radiocology, Procedures,First National Symposium an radioecology, Reinhold, NY. Huggett, R.J., F.A. Cross, M.E. Bender. 1975. Distrubution of Copper and Zinc in Oysters and Sediments from Three Coastal-Plain Estuaries. In: Procedings Symposium on mineral Cycling in South-eastern Ecosystems. U.S. ERDA. M.S. bender, H.D. Slone. 1973. Utilizing Metal Concentrations relationships in the Eastern Oyster..to detedt Heavy Metal Pollution. Water reasearch 7: 451-460. kopfler, F.C. and J. Mayer. 1969. Studys on trac eMetals in Shellfis.Proceedings.Guf and South Atlantic Shellfish Sanitation reasearch Conf. Gulf Coast Mar. Health Sci. Lab. Lamb, james, 1975. National Microconsistituent program of National marine Fisheries Service's Office of Resources Utilization.In Proceedings of Ninth national Shellfish Sanitation Workshop. U.S. Dept. of Health Education, and Welfare. United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine pollution. 1976. Review of Harmful Substances. report and Studies No.2 Wong, Edward W. 1974. Environmental Protection Agency. Unpublished Report. I r 0, r r r I I I I I I I I I I j I 3 6668 14100 9789 1