    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                         ENVIRONMENT/2000   CONNECTICUT'S ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN
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                                             SUBMITTED BY

                         CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

                                 PURSUANT TO PUBLic ACT NUMBER 87-142

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                    194.56
                    C8                     SEPTEMBER 1, 1987
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                                      @TATE OF CONNECTICUT
                                       EXECUTIVE CHAMBERS
                                      HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT

        WILLIAm A. O'NEILL                                                     CLMSIC
                                                                              commEcnaff
          GOVERNOR

                                                September 3, 1987

                Commissioner, Leslie Carothers
                Department of Environmental Protection
                State Office Building
                Hartford, Connecticut 06106

                Dear Leslie:

                     in accordance with Public Act 87-142, 1 have reviewed the
                document entitled Environment/2000: Connecticut's Environmental
                Plan and have determined that it meets the intent of providing
                this state with a statewide environmental plan for themanagement
                and protection of the quality its environment and natural resources
                in furtherance of legislative policy.

                     Environment/2000 provides the citizens of Connecticut a
                means to maintain and enhance the air, land, and water resources
                that form the environment for all who inhabit this densely
                populated and richly endowed state. We have become aware that
                our natural and cultural heritage and our future are all
                interrelated and require the utmost of sensible and balanced
                management. We need to acknowledge that we are only temporary
                residents of this land and need to take responsibility as
                "stewards" of the environment. Each of us must work hard to
                preserve, protect and pass on this heritage to present and
                future generations. Environment/2000 will serve as a guide
                for the people of this state in achieving a "quality of life" as
                set out in this document.

                     In approving this Plan, I call together all branches and
                levels of government, business and industry, conservation
                organizations, educators, and the individual citizen to actively
                participate as trustees of the environment by working towards
                the achievement of Connecticut's en;@ironmental future as
                pictured in Environment/2000: Connecticut's Environmental Plan.

                                                    Sincerely,

                                                    WILLIAM A. O'NEILL
                                                    Governor

                                                 STATE OF CONNECTICUT
                                    DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

                                                                                                    September 1, 1987

                            His Excellency
                            The Governor of Connecticut
                            State Capitol
                            210 Capitol Avenue
                            Hartford, Connecticut 06106

                            Dear Governor ONeill,

                                 I am pleased to submit to you Environment/2000- Connecticut's Environmental Plan for
                           your review and approval. As you are aware, the 1987 Legislative Session enacted into law Public Act
                           87-142 which calls for the submission of a state-wide environmental plan to you by September 1, 1987.
                           This document satisfies the requirements of this law by presenting a long range plan which identifies
                           the State's priority environmental, issues and sets the agenda for Connecticut's environmental programs.

                                 Environment/2000 will provide the Department of Environmental Protection with a clear
                           definition of its mission and goals, will set a unified and comprehensive agency direction, and will guide
                           policy and program development, legislative and regulatory proposals, and budget requests. It is this
                           Departmenfs responsibility to lead both the public and private sector in the implementation of this Plan.
                           The Department must establish priorities within each of the Plan's forty-two issues, provide needed
                           training and education to local government officials and the public, and provide for better account-
                           ability. A key factor in the success of this Plan will be the ability to monitor the implementation and
                           achievements over time. This Department will work closely with and assist the Connecticut Council on
                           Environmental Quality in preparing their annual report which will detaii the progress being made.

                                 The Department began preparing this environmental plan in 1985 and one year later released a
                           draft document for public review and comment. The Department conducted an intensive public par-
                           ticipatory process: a questionnaire was developed and circulated throughout the state asking citizens to
                           evaluate all topics within Environment/2000-, regional workshops were held throughout the state in
                           June 1986; a Governor's Conference on EnvironTnent/2000 was held in October 1986; and a public
                           advisory committee was formed and assisted the Department in the review, amendments and revisions
                           to the Plan. This process has resulted in a document that reflects the aspirations of the citizens of the
                           State.

                                 This Department, other State Agencies, and the public and private sectors have worked diligently
                           in developing a comprehensive and dynamic state-wide environmental plan for the protection of the
                           quality of the State's environment and the management of its natural resources. Although I arrived too
                           late to be a participant in the development of the plan, I endorse it without reservation and look
                           forward to working towards its accomplishment. With your adoption of Environment/2000.' Con-
                           necticut's Environmental Plan, the commitment and guidance will be put in place to accomplish this
                           moist challenging job.

                                                                                    Sincerely yours,

                                                                                    Leslie Carothers
                                                                                    Commissioner

                                                      Phone:
                                                          165 Capitol Avenue     Hartford. Connecticut 06106

                                                                    An Equal Opportunity Employer

                                                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                                   PAGE

                        Acknowledgements                                                                              i

                        Statements of the Environment/2000 Advisory Committee Co-Chairs                               ii

                        Introduction: Ile Need, The Process, and The Issues                                           1

                        Environment/2000- The Issues                                                                  3

                        Continuum of Stewardship                                                                    46

                        Public Act Number 87-142                                                                    48

                        List of Endorsements                                                                        49

                        Environment/2000-. Advisory Committee Members                                               52

                        Glossary                                                                                    54

                        Abbreviated Listing of Environmental Plans and Policies                                     57

                                                               ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                        Dear Reader:

                               It is with great pleasure that we are able to acknowledge the many individuals and organizations
                        who assisted in producing Environment/2000: Connecticut's Environmental Plan. It has been only
                        through their contribution and dedication that it has become a reality and is now adopted as the State's
                        environmental plan.

                               Special thanks are extended to the Environnient/2000 Advisory Committee and the four
                        Chairpersons-James DeWitt, Philip Leavenworth, William Renfro, and Denise Schlener-who worked
                        diligently to revise, debate and Teach consensus. Without their skillful leadership and energy, this Plan
                        would not have been transformed into a public document. Further, the following individuals should be
                        recognized and thanked for their many hours of hard work during many evenings and weekends. It is
                        this type of commitment that has fostered a broad        based ownership essential to the successful im-
                        plementation of this Plan.

                         Diane K. Blackman              Joanne Foster            Nancy Kriz                     Denise Schlener
                         Russell L. Brenneman           Susan Giordano           Philip B. Leavenworth          Gregory A. Sharp
                         Gerry Capriulo                 Jean Good                Chris T. Maier                 Louis Shuman
                         Marshall T. Case               Meg Goodwin              Marion McLaughlin              John Sima, Jr.
                         John W. Connors                Lucas Held               Susan Merrow                   Barbara Surwillo
                         Joey Corcoran                  John Hibbard             Norma OLeary                   Mark R. Sussman
                         Les Corey                      Chris Hofmann            Virginia P 'aige               Shirley Talcott
                         Jean P. Curtis                 Jay Kaplan               John S. Rankin                 Sally L. Taylor
                         James DeWitt                   J. Patrick Kelly         William C. Renfro              William Urban
                         William A. Ellis               Robert J. Klancko        Donna Richardson               Howard Weiss
                         Susan Faulkner                 Robert Kloepfer          John Reiger                    Ronald Whitely
                         Thomas H. Fitzpatrick          Edward Kluck             Faith St. Claire               Suzi Wilkins

                               Recognition should also be extended to the many citizens of the State of Connecticut who gave of
                        their time to review and comment on the Plan, attended public meetings, responded to the questionnaire,
                        and provided much valuable public input.

                               We would also like to extend our appreciation to the Department staff who assisted us in
                        identifying and developing the Plan and who participated in the 1986 Governor's Conference. In
                        addition, our list of acknowledgements; would not be complete without mentioning Robert Paier, the
                        Editor of the Department of Environmental Protection's Publication The Citizens' Bulletin. The draft
                        Environment/2000 was first published in the May 1986 edition under his able editorial skills and he
                        has kept readers up to date through articles in subsequent issues.

                               We look forward to working with these dedicated individuals as the Environnient/2000
                        process continues and invite others to join us in its success.

                        The Environnient/2000 Development Committee, CT Department of Environmental Protection:
                               Robert Moore, Chairman-Assistant Deputy Commissioner
                               Carmine DiBattista, Director-Local Assistance and Program Coordination Unit
                               Hugo T'homas, Director-Natural Resources Center
                               James Murphy, Principal Environmental Analyst-Water -Compliance Unit
                               Glen Gross, Principal Environmental Analyst-Planning and Coordination Unit
                               Tessa Gutowski, Senior Environmental Analyst-Water Compliance Unit

                          STATEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT/2000: ADVISORY COMMITTEE CO-CHAIRS

                             The Environment/2000 Plan represents a vision of Connecticut's future shaped by the people
                      who live in the state. Led by the Department of Environmental Protection, several hundred people
                      representing industry, environmental organizations, academia, and communities throughout the state,
                      have worked over the last year to identify long-term environmental goals and the strategies needed to
                      achieve them. After a state-wide survey and conference were held, a Citizens Advisory Committee
                      convened in October, 1986 to review and finalize the plan presented herein. Working regularly through-
                      out the winter and early spring, the Committee analyzed, debated, and negotiated to revise and sup-
                      plement the goals, objectives, and strategies, developed by the Department in the draft plan. What
                      emerged is a document which is as impressive for its content as the process undertaken to develop it. But
                      as hard as the,advisory committee worked, members know that the real challenge of implementing the
                      Plan lies ahead. This is a job that the Department cannot and should not carry out alone. The key to the
                      Plan's success lies within the process used to develop it - continue to involve all those people who have
                      a stake in a clean and healthy Connecticut environment.
                                                  Denise Schlener, Connecticut River Watershed Association

                             As a Connecticut citizen, each of us has a responsibility for stewardship of our state's beautiful
                      but limited and fragile environment. We recycle materials and conserve energy, but how do we, as
                      individuals and groups, effectively contribute to environmental planning and programming on a regular
                      basis? How do we also come to understand our environmental problems and identify effective co-
                      ordinated interventions and enforcement measures? We have needed a formally recognized, organic
                      mechanism for environmental improvement, not. only to allow comprehensive and integrated sectoral
                      planning and implementation but also to create a process for participation and for understanding of
                      common problems and collective resources; this is our. Environment/2000. Now we have the op-
                      portunity and challenge to pull together to achieve our undisputed common goal - the maintenance and
                      improvement of Connecticut's environment.
                                                  Philip B. Leavenworth, Environmentalist

                             This document, Environment/2000, is a remarkable plan that identifies a panoply of en-
                      vironmental concern. However, we should be reminded that Environment/2000 is a process as much
                      as it is a plan. It is a process that joins potentially incongruous interest (ie. environmentalists and
                      industrialists) together in the spirit of cooperation and mutual concern. From its inception, Envi-
                      ronment/2000 has intended to be a dynamic, continuous process, constantly being reviewed and
                      reshaped always representing the concerns of a cross section of Connecticut citizenry. Connecticut
                      industry pledges to continue its efforts towards a cleaner, safer, and healthier environment as we move
                      towards the year 2000.
                                                  James DeWitt, Connecticut Association of Metal Finishers

                             Environment/2000 is a plan to commit the citizens and the institutions of the State of Con-
                      necticut to the maintenance and enhancement of our air, water, and land resources. It presents goals,
                      objectives, and strategies for preserving natural resources and improving environmental values in 42
                      specific areas. It provides state agencies, industries, municipalities, environmental groups, and individual
                      citizens a framework for cooperating in the task of leaving future generations a better State than the
                      one this generation inherited. I hope we take this timely opportunity to meet this obligation.
                                                  William C. Renfro, Northeast Utilities

                                      INTRODUCTION: THE NEED, THE PROCESS, AND THE ISSUES

                      THE NEED
                             Environment/2000: Connecticut's Environmental Plan establishes the environmental agen-
                      da for State and local governments, business and industry, and the public. This long-range Plan
                      identifies the State's environmental goals necessary for the achievement of a quality environment for
                      the state, defines measurable near-term objectives and implementation management strategies. Con-
                      necticut's citizens have made it clear that pollution is unacceptable, that unique natural resource
                      conditions must be protected, that state-owned lands should be managed for the benefit of the public,
                      and that a quality environment must be passed on to future generations. This commitment has been
                      repeatedly stated as evidenced by legislative mandate, administrative programs, and judicial decisions.
                      Environment/2000 is the State Environmental Plan which provides Connecticut's citizens with a
                      mechanism to rededicate and define this commitment.

                             Environment/2000 presents a clear definition of the Department of Environmental Protection's
                      mission and goals and provides a challenge and a direction to all other organizations that have an impact
                      on Connecticut's environment. It will set a unified and comprehensive direction for the Department and
                      its future managers, will assist in identifying legislative and budgetary priorities, and will serve as an
                      environmental rallying point for Connecticut's citizens.

                      THE. PROCESS
                             In May 1986, the Department of Environmental Protection's publication Citizens' Bulletin
                      served as the vehicle by which the Department presented Environment/2000: Connecticut's En-
                      vironmental Goals and Management Strategies.'This version of Environment/2000, which was
                      sparked by the Commission on Connecticut's Future, was the result of two years of careful study and
                      research from within the Department of Environmental Protection. The document was separated into
                      the four categories of preservation, pollution control, resource management, and services and contained
                      38 goals and objectives and over 200 management strategies.

                             The process of bringing the Plan before the people and encouraging their participation began with
                      copies of the Plan being sent throughout the State, to municipal governments, town boards and com-
                      missions, business leaders, industry, educators, and environmental groups. Regional workshops were held
                      throughout the State in June 1986. At these workshops, Department of Environmental Protection
                      officials outlined the structure of the plan and explained how the public could participate. A ques-
                      tionnaire was circulated throughout the State asking citizens to evaluate all topics within the En-
                      vironment/2000 document in terms of importance and urgency and to make any suggestions, changes,
                      or additions they saw fit.

                             In October 1986, the Governor sponsored a Conference on Environment/2000 where attendees
                      representing a wide range of interests in Connecticut made it very clear that the citizens of the State had
                      indeed picked up the challenge to become involved in charting the State's environmental agenda. A
                      public advisory committee was formed in October 1986 to assist the Department in the review,
                      amendments and revisions to the Plan. Numerous subcommittee meetings were held during the fol-
                      lowing three months chaired by the members of the advisory committee. It was at these meetings that
                      the Environment/2000 document was reconsidered, discussed, analyzed, and held up to most intense
                      scrutiny. The process had initiated the Environment/2000 transformation from a Department doc-
                      ument to a true expression of the wishes and aspirations of the citizens of the State of Connecticut.
                      Finally, in June 1987, the Connecticut General Assembly amended Connecticut General Statute 22a-8
                      through Public Act Number 87-142, enabling a process for formally identifying Environment/2000 as
                      the State's Environmental Plan.

                                                                            1

                    THE ISSUES
                          Environment/2000 contains forty-two issues which were selected through consensus and iden-
                    tified as the most pressing environmental management problems currently being faced by the State. The
                    participatory process, as described above, created a document that truly reflects a broad consensus of
                    government, business and industry, and public interest organizations. Environment/2000 identifies
                    what needs to be done and deals with direct environmental issues. The writers of this Plan made no
                    attempt to bring into discussion the many disciplines that interrelate with the environment, such as
                    energy, health, housing, industrial development, and the many other socio-economic fields. Nor does the
                    Plan address such items as funding, legislation, agency responsibility, or time frames. The writers
                    believed the Plan must be free of these constraints and determined that these critical factors should be
                    addressed in the implementation of the management strategies.

                          Thematic throughout the Plan are the three over-riding issues of land-use, education, and en-
                    forcement. Land-use remains the far-reaching issue confronting all aspects of resource management and
                    is the fulcrum on which the precious beauty and environmental health of the State will balance. Better
                    environmental education and information is needed as environmental protection and natural resource
                    management policies and programs become more complex. Throughout the Environment/2000 public
                    participatory process, stricter enforcement of pollution control and resource management statutes and
                    regulations was demanded.

                                                                        2

                                          ENVIRONMENT/2000: THE ISSUES

                            ISSUE                                                           PAGE

                    ACE) PRECIPITATION                                                        4
                    AGRICULTURE                                                               5
                    AIR QUALITY                                                               6
                    BOATING                                                                   7
                    COASTAL RESOURCES                                                         8
                    COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS                                                  9
                    CULTURAL HERITAGE                                                         10
                    DAM SAFETY                                                                11
                    DRINKING WATER SUPPLY                                                     12
                    ENFORCEMENT                                                               13
                    ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION                                                   14
                    FISHERIES AND FISHERIES HABITATS                                          15
                    FLOOD CONTROL                                                             16
                    FORESTS                                                                   17
                    HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS                                                  is
                    HAZARDOUS WASTE                                                           19
                    HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL                                           20
                    INDOOR AIR POLLUTION                                                      21.
                    INLAND WETLANDS                                                           22
                    LAKES AND PONDS                                                           23
                    LAND USE                                                                  24
                    LONG ISLAND SOUND                                                         25
                    LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL                                            26
                    MINERAL AND SOIL RESOURCES                                                27
                    NATURAL HERITAGE.                                                         28
                    NATURAL RESOURCES DATA BASE                                               29
                    NOISE                                                                     30
                    NON-POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION                                          31
                    OIL, PETROLEUM, AND CHEMICALS                                             32
                    PARKS                                                                     33
                    PESTICIDES                                                                34
                    RECREATION                                                                35
                    RIVERS                                                                    36
                    SHELLFISH                                                                 37
                    SOLID WASTE                                                               38
                    STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT COORDINATION                                   39
                    SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY                                          40
                    THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES                                         41
                    TIDAL WETLANDS                                                            42
                    TOXIC WATER POLLUTANTS                                                    43
                                                                                              44
                    WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
                    WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITATS                                            45

                                                            3

                                                      ACED PRECIPITATION

                      GOAL:           Protect public health and the environment from adverse effects of acid precipitation.

                      OBJECTIVF_- Reduce human-induced acid precipitation.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            Precipitation in Connecticut and the northeast is more acidic than can be
                      attributed to normal rainfall conditions. The primary sources of the acidification appear to be from the
                      south and west. Power plants, industries, and automobiles are emitting sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides,
                      and hydrocarbons in amounts far greater than those permitted in Connecticut. Unless sulfur dioxide
                      reduction strategies are adopted, acid precipitation will continue. Effects of acid precipitation have not
                      been well documented in Connecticut. Effects documented elsewhere, however, have been shown to
                      include the following: increasing acidification of lakes and ponds; increased respiratory health problems;
                      increased deterioration of buildings and metal structures; and the degradation of forests, croplands, and
                      natural habitats. There is currently a lack of detailed studies on the sources, causes, transport, and
                      impacts of acid precipitation, as well as a lack of information on the contribution of sources of acid
                      producing compounds other than sulfur dioxide.

                      STRATEGEES:

                       1)    Continue to advocate national and regional control and enforcement strategies for the in-
                             cremental reduction of sulfur and nitrogen oxide induced acid precipitationi

                       2)    Encourage the development and use of regional transport models and monitoring which have a
                             sufficient accuracy to predict movement of air pollutants so that effects of regulatory changes
                             can be determined.

                       3)    Continue to study and monitor the adverse impacts of acid precipitation on Connecticut lakes
                             and forest growth in selected watersheds; expand present pH monitoring programs to include
                             rivers and streams located in sensitive areas.

                       4)    Conduct epidemiological studies necessary to determine the effects of size and acidity of re-
                             spirable particles.

                       5).   Expand monitoring networks so that a system is in place on the periphery of the state.

                                                                          4

                                                            AGRICULTURE

                      GOAL:            Conserve Connecticut's farmlan(               a viable agriculture.

                      OBJECTIVE:       Develop and maintain increased agricultural production opportunities consistent with
                                       sound environmental management.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            Although Connecticut is a highly industrialized state, its citizens have
                      acknowledged that a viable agriculture is needed in the state not only to ensure a basic level of
                      homegrown food production, but also to provide a significant contribution to the landscape and the total
                      quality of life. However, in recent decades there has been a steady decline in Connecticut agriculture.
                      Prime farmlands have been urbanized, small family farm operations have been lost to changing
                      economic conditions, and the agricultural community has been engulfed in many of the pollution
                      control issues that other Connecticut industries have faced. Modest attempts have been made at ag-
                      ricultural land preservation through development rights purchases and tax incentives, but more im-
                      portant is the recognition that Connecticut agriculture is in transition and in order to survive, a full
                      commitment must be made involving new technologies, markets, incentives, assistance, and public
                      education.

                      STRATEGIES:

                       1)    Provide additional incentives to preserve and conserve farmland.

                       2)    Increase the methods, techniques and incentives to preserve important farmland through such
                             efforts as expanding the Purchase of Development Rights Program and enhancing tax base
                             stability efforts.

                       3)    Coordinate state policies and programs that deal with and have an impact on the agricultural
                             community.

                       4)    Develop and improve currently required Best Management Practices for control of off-site
                             environmental impacts.

                       5)    Encourage new technologies for expanded agricultural products and markets.

                       6)    Provide increased research and improved technical assistance to the agricultural community.

                       7)    Provide assistance to communities in land use planning consistent with agricultural pres-
                             ervation goals.

                       8)    Disseminate information to the public regarding the value of agriculture and its continuation
                             within Connecticut.

                       9)    Discourage through rules and regulations and other disincentives the non-agricultural use of
                             prime agricultural soil.

                                                             -A-I]R- QUAI=

                     GOAL.             Protect public health and the environment from the adverse effects of air pollutants.

                     OBJECTIVE:        Attain and maintain air quality standards.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:             Although many public health standards are being met for air pollutants
                     now under regulation, some pollutants that are generated by other states and transported into Con-
                     necticut are major contributors to the statewide ozone non-attainment problem. Further, a large number
                     of localized areas do not meet public health standards for carbon monoxide. New development which is
                     carried out on a first-come, first-served basis may jeopardize areas where ambient quality standards are
                     being met. In addition, there are areas in the state that do not provide sufficient air quality margins for
                     growth.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)    Develop additional controls and measures that attain and maintain air quality standards and
                             provide for growth.

                       2)    Continue to issue permits which require the best pollution control methods as they become
                             available.

                       3)    Increase the scope and use of the current air quality monitoring network.

                       4)    Develop incentive programs for air pollution sources to reduce emissions.

                       5)    Promote the development and implementation of national, regional and intrastate programs to
                             reduce ozone concentrations.

                       6)    Develop programs to reduce localized carbon monoxide concentrations.

                       7)    Maintain and improve the vehicle inspection/maintenance program.

                       8)    Strengthen and expand the ability to remedy objectionable odors.

                                                                          6

                                                                   BOATING

                        G0A1_             Provide for safe commercial and recreational boating.

                        OBJECTIVE:        Promote knowledgeable and environmentally responsible commercial and recre-
                                          ational boat use.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            There is an insufficient number of boat launches, moorings, and access points
                      to meet increasing public demand. Therefore, boating opportunities will be more restricted because of
                      decreased accessibility and availability of moorings. While harbor uses are increasing, federal subsidies
                      for maintenance of navigational facilities, including -channels, aids to navigation, and search and rescue
                      crews are being severely reduced or eliminated. Navigation aids are inadequate to meet safety re-
                      quirements and the presence of,derelict structures poses a potential danger to boaters. In addition, the
                      control of marine sanitation device discharges is inadequate and there is a general lack of available
                      pump-out facilities for use by boaters.

                      STRATEGEES:

                        1)      Require a program of training, ex         g, and licensing of operators of vessels including basic
                                navigation and boating safety.

                        2)      Tie boater registration fees to boating safety and environmental educational programs and to
                                maintenance of navigational aids.

                        3)      Develop a comprehensive pr    ogram. of regulating motor sizes, numbers and types of vessels,
                                speeds and wastes, no-wake areas, and noise pollution consistent with environmental quality
                                maintenance and with the pursuance of other recreational water-based activities including
                                swimming, fishing, sailing and canoeing.

                        4)      Develop a regulatory program for marine sanitation including construction of pump-out
                                stations.

                        5)      Assess all navigable waters as to environmental impacts of boating activities.

                        6)      Inventory derelict structures and vessels and analyze existing 1 aws for provisions for removal
                                and control, including the imposition of fines for derelict structures.
                        7)      Maintain and improve the. existing programs of dredging and navigational aids, enhancing
                                where necessary.

                        8)      Initiate a program of monitoring marina fueling facilities, with fines to accompany neg-
                                ligence and known spills.

                        9)      Assess the needs for additional    moorings in harbors and examine the possibilities of mu-
                                nicipally-owned and maintained moorings for which the municipality may assess appropriate
                                fees and carefully control marina expansion employing strict environmental standards.

                        10)     Develop' and improve boat launch access to public water bodies.

                                                                            7

                                                      COASTA.L RESOURCES

                       GOAL:              Conserve and enhance sensitive coastal resources.

                       OBJECTIVE:         Protect the marine ecological system, minimize non-water dependent uses,           and
                                          increase public access to the shoreline.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:              Increasing population density and development in the coastal area         have
                     caused the loss of marine ecological systems and have altered coastline landforms. Further, the Long
                     Island Sound, as -well as many estuarine coves and embayments, are degraded as a result of pollution,
                     siltation, eutrophication, and restricted tidal flow. These coastal resource degradation problems, how-
                     ever, are neither addressed on a systematic basis nor Coordinated at various levels of government. Ile
                     waterfront of Connecticut's major urban ports is underutilized and many existing urban waterfront
                     uses are not directly dependent on proximity to coastal waters. Most coastal municipalities have adopted
                     plans for the use of their shoreline and protection of sensitive marine resources, but limited public access
                     and the existence of non-water-dependent land uses continue to create problems.

                     STRATEGIIES:

                       1)    Maintain and enhance existing municipal and state coastal management programs.

                       2)    Complete municipal coastal programs for long-range planning and protection of the coast.

                       3)    Increase assistance- to local planning and zoning commissions.

                       4)    Ensure that suitable opportunities for public access to coastal resources are available to all
                             citizens of the state.

                       5)    Develop additional mechanisms to increase protection of existing water-dependent uses of the
                             coast and discourage non-water dependent uses.

                       6)    Implement and refine a long-term, state-wide program to address degraded estuarine coves and
                             embayments.

                       7)    Provide state assistance to municipalities developing Harbor Management Plans.

                       8)    Expand jurisdiction of the state structures program to include beaches, dunes, and wave impact
                             zones.

                       9)    Develop a program which addresses the imbalance between the existing supply and the public
                             demand for boat launches, moorings, and access.

                                          COMBINM SEVITM OVERFWWS

                       GOAL:           Protect public health and the environment from the impacts of combined sewer
                                       overflows.

                       OBJECTIVE:      Eliminate combined sewer overflows.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:            Periodic raw sewage overflows have occurred during heavy rainfalls in
                     some Connecticut municipalities which have combined sanitary and storm water sewers. This has
                     restricted full recreational uses and has presented a public health hazard. While Connecticut's Clean
                     Water Fund provides a long term financing mechanism to correct combined sewer overflow problems, it
                     will take several more years before projects to eliminate these overflows will be able to receive
                     financing.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)   Complete engineering and environmental assessments for all municipal combined sewer over-
                            flow systems for the purpose of identifying the specific correction strategies, construction
                            priorities, and construction phases.

                       2)   Eliminate minor system overflows within the near future.

                       3)   Continue to finance and implement the state's Clean Water Fund and Grants to allow timely
                            corrections of the state's sewerage infrastructure problems.

                       4)   Develop an interstate compact concerning the correction of combined sewer overflows into
                            waters entering Connecticut.

                                                                       9

                                                     CULTURAL HERITAGE

                     GOAL:               Preserve Connecticut's cultural heritage.

                     OBJECTIVE:          Adopt cultural heritage preservation as an element in state and local planning and
                                         development processes.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:            In the absence of a more comprehensive state cultural heritage preservation
                     program, development pressures will continue to threaten and destroy archaeological and historic
                     evidence of the state's exploration and settlement by both Native Americans and European colonists.
                     Examples of Connecticut's historic farming, commerce, and manufacturing facilities are unique and are
                     disappearing as a result of neglect, vandalism, conversion, and removal.

                     STRATEGIES:

                      1)    Implement the 1982 Governor's Task Force recommendations for the preservation of Con-
                            necticut's heritage, including the enactment of comprehensive cultural heritage protection leg-
                            islation.

                      2)    Develop a historic industrial/manufacturing, archaeological, and architectural history trail sys-
                            tem within the state's park system..

                      3)    Encourage private restoration and program development reflecting the state's cultural heritage.

                      4)    Increase participation of advocational and professional societies in implementation of a cultural
                            heritage management program.

                      5)    Promote and encourage the preservation of Connecticufs agricultural heritage.

                                                                         10

                                                           DAM SAFETY

                       GOAL:             Protect life and property from the hazards of dam failure.

                       OBJECTIVE:        Attain adopted safety standards for all dams.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:           There are over 4,000 public and privately-owned dams which require
                      continued maintenance, and many of them do not meet required safety standards. Many private dam
                      owners are unwilling or financially unable to upgrade and maintain their dams to required standards
                      and are attempting to place them in state ownership. As a result, the potential for dam failure caused by
                      improper maintenance or inadequate spillway capacity will continue.

                      STRATEGIES:

                       1)   Enhance the dam safety inspection and maintenance program.

                       2)   Continue a program for the ongoing maintenance of state-owned dams to assure their safety and
                            long-term performance.

                       3)   Continue state assistance programs for repair of privately-owned dams.

                       4)   Develop criteria for the acquisition of dams in the public interest.

                                               DRRqKING WATER SUPPLY

                     GOAI_              Provide adequate quantities of high quality drinking water.

                     OBJECTIVE:         Conserve and protect existing and potential sources of drinking water supply, and
                                        enhance its proper delivery and use.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:             The natural distribution of potable water supply often does not match
                     demand areas, and the ability to deliver water during drought or other water emergencies is not well
                     established. Development of additional surface supplies for drinking water will increasingly conflict
                     with other competing land uses, while the inability to develop these new surface water reservoirs will
                     require an increased dependence on ground water sources. In some parts of the state, however, con-
                     tamination of ground water supplies exists which can pose health risks, economic hardships, and may
                     force the use of waste-receiving surface waters for drinking water supply. On the state's public water
                     supply systems side, there is an overabundance of small water companies, many of which have
                     inadequate capacities and antiquated water supply treatment, storage, and distribution systems. In
                     addition, some water supply distribution systems are not adequately interconnected or consistently
                     managed from one water company to another. The newly mandated Connecticut water supply planning
                     process, established by state statute, will address many of these issues.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)   Improve the management of potable water supplies through the implementation of the Con-
                            necticut water supply planning process.

                       2)   Provide acquisition and greater protection to identified high yield aquifem

                       3)   Expand the content and utilization of the statewide shared water use data base.

                       4)   Analyze the water diversion registrations and permits to provide a suitable information base for
                            the appropriate -allocation of future water supplies.

                       5)   Establish a statewide water conservation ethic educational process.

                       6)   Amend and enforce state building codes to require water conservation.

                       7)   Examine and develop needed alternatives for future water supply.

                       8)   Conserve and maintain inactive or reserve status reservoirs determined important for future
                            regional use, and the watershed lands which protect them and which are presently owned by
                            water supply utilities.

                                                                        12

                                                           ENFORCEMENT

                      GOAL:             Protect public health and the environment through the enforcement of environ-
                                        mental statutes.

                      OBJECTIVE--       Provide for the strict enforcement of comprehensive pollution control and resource
                                        management statutes and regulations.

                      STATUS AND TRENDS:             Numerous federal, state and local laws have been promulgated over the
                      years pertaining to pollution control and resource management without the resources to fully enforce
                      them and related rules and regulations. Admini trative and legal procedures to carry out enforcement
                      actions are often complex, cumbersome and time consuming. State penalty policies are presently based on
                      achieving compliance rather than taking strong punitive actions. Ile administrative civil penalties
                      program has not been updated to be consistent with new legislative actions.

                      STRATEGIES:

                       1)      Provide adequate levels of state resources for enforcement activities and improve the en-
                               forcement capability.

                       2)      Define the role of federal, state and local enforcement and private citizen suit authority.

                       3)      Review existing environmental rules and regulations for consolidation, modification, deletion
                               and addition as necessary and clarify the state's enforcement policy.

                       4)      Improve coordinated efforts and reporting among the attorney general, state's attorney and
                               enforcement agencies and improve inter/intra-departmental efforts.

                      -5)      Provide continuous and updated law enforcement training.

                       6)      Improve the existing environmental civil penalties system.

                       7)      Dedicate fines to a fund for support of enforcement agencies.

                       8)      Develop significant punitive fines and civil penalties for violations of environmental rules
                               and regulations.

                       9)      Establish a hot-line for the reporting of violations of environmental rules and regulations.

                       10)     Improve awareness and understanding in the regulated community concerning environ-
                               mental rules and regulations.

                                                                         13

                                           ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

                    GOAL:             Promote an environmentally knowledgeable and concerned public.

                    OBJECTIVE:        Expand environmental education and information and encourage active public par-
                                      ticipation.

                    STATUS & TRENDS:           Environmental protection and natural resource management programs and
                    policies are becoming more complex in order to meet the increasingly sophisticated demands for a better
                    quality of life. Municipalities, environmental organizations, business and industry, and the public must
                    be provided information which will give them the ability and knowledge to participate in the en-
                    vironmental decision-making process. In addition, expanded information and education programs are
                    needed to develop a better appreciation and greater enjoyment of natural and cultural surroundings.

                    STRATEGIES:

                      1)   Require the integration of formal environmental education programs into the state's primary
                           and secondary school curricula.

                      2)   Promote adult environmental education programs.

                      3)   Assure the public's involvement in environmental issues early in the decision-making process.

                      4)   Coordinate and expand training for the diverse environmental decision-making and regulated
                           communities.

                      5)   Encourage the support and use of natural history museums and nature centers.

                                                                     14

                                       FISHERIES AND FISHERIES HABITATS

                       GOAL:            Conserve Connecticut's finfish and crustacea. and ensure their diversity.

                       OBJECTIVE:       Foster natural propagation of fisheries and provide for sustained yield management of
                                        selected species and protect, maintain, and restore fisheries habitats.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:            There is an increasing demand for fishery resources. Competing and con-
                       flicting uses of land and water have caused reductions in some fish populations, suitable fish habitat,
                       and adequate access for individuals who fish. Habitat information is absent, outdated, or incomplete on
                       certain streams, rivers, lakes and ponds, and on the Long Island Sound. In certain areas, poor water
                       quality, degraded habitat, low flow conditions, over-fishing, and artificial barriers are causing adverse
                       impacts on fish populations, physiological conditions, harvest, and recreation.

                       STRATEGIES:

                        1)    Conduct statewide stream, lake, and pond fishery surveys in order to identify fish habitat
                              conditions and management needs.

                        2)    Develop and implement a waterfront access program, including more handicapped fishing access
                              points.

                        3)    Procure lands to protect water sources for existing or potential hatcheries.

                        4)    Develop an angler and harvest information program, including a survey of angler preferences,
                              attitudes, species sought, species harvested, and areas fished.

                        5)    Evaluate and improve fish stocking programs, including feasibility, areas stocked, numbers and
                              species stocked, catch rates, and survival.

                        6)    Remove existing impediments to the free movement of fish, or provide fish ladders and require
                              that the construction of new'dams not impede fish mobility.

                        7)    Prepare a fisheries management plan for Long Island Sound in concert with New York and
                              Rhode Island.

                        8)    Create conservation setback or buffer zones for the protection of fisheries and their habitat&

                                                                          15

                                                       FLOOD CONTROL

                    GOAL:             Protect life and property from the hazards of flooding.

                    OBJECTIVE:        Prevent inappropriate development in flood prone areas and reduce existing flood
                                      hazards.

                    STATUS & TRENDS:           Natural storm events can potentially impact the 40,000 to 50,000 structures
                    in Connecticut's flood zones, and coastal processes cause recurring damage to shoreline structures and
                    alter coastal conditions. Although major structural control measures have been taken, should a majDr
                    state-wide storm similar to the 1955 hurricane occur, the state could still suffer significant
                    life-threatening events and economic losses. Less than 50 percent of the flood prone structures have
                    flood insurance and many are underinsured. Reduction of federal expenditures for construction of
                    prevention structures and for 'planning and regulatory programs will require state and local gov-
                    ernments to increase expenditures for adequate flood management efforts.

                    STRATEGIES:

                      1)   Enhance development of inter-municipal cooperative flood mitigation, erosion control, and
                           emergency preparedness plans with emphasis on non-structural methods.

                      2)   Enhance development of drainage basin based flood management programs, standards and prac-
                           tices.

                      3)   Enhance development of increased cooperation, coordination, and funding for technical as-
                           sistance to municipalities.

                      4)   Direct new development, redevelopment and infrastructure away from areas subject to flooding
                           and natural erosion.

                      5)   Enhance development of a predictive model for flood levels under various storm conditions.

                      6)   Enhance development of state-wide priority areas for flood protection activities.

                      7)   Establish an automated coastal flood warning system based on natural drainage basins.

                                                                      16

                                                                    FORESTS

                       GOAL:             Conserve Connecticut's forests for multiple uses.

                       OBJECTIVE:        Foster renewable and diverse natural resource management of public and private-
                                         ly-owned forests.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             Connecticut's predominantly oak- hickory forest type is a much desired
                       resource of the state forest products industry. Failure to practice a multiple use management system
                       however, limits the use of this valuable renewable natural resource. Although Connecticut is presently
                       two-thirds forested, most ownership is in small holdings, making management difficult and lessening
                       potential value. Unless forest land owners identify management goals for their forest acreage or prepare
                       management plans, the greater part of Connecticut's forest land will continue to remain unmanaged. In
                       addition, the demand for wood fuel will continue to contribute to the loss of higher valued forest
                       products.

                       STRATEGIES:

                        1)    Expand state forest ownership based on a plan for multiple uses and the acquisition of private
                              in-holdings in state parks and forests.

                        2)    Prepare comprehensive, long-term management plans for all state-owned forests and parks
                              recognizing the distinct differences in uses between state forests and parks.

                        3)    Develop new incentives for the conservation of forestry lands and expand state resources to
                              meet conservation planting needs.

                        4)    Promote public awareness of opportunities for and benefits of forest multiple usage, including
                              the retention of old forest stands.

                        5)    Expansion of forest education programs for the general public    at state conservation centers and
                              regional facilities.

                        6)    Improve and expand forest management technical assistance programs to private landowners.

                        7)    Develop and require adherence to guidelines for proper management of those forests receiving
                              tax advantages, and reduce the minimum qualifying acreage certification.

                        8)    Encourage new markets for forest products where harvesting is desired by the private owners
                              after being advised of their options for conserving those forests, and require utilization of "Best
                              Management Practices" for forest harvesting.

                        9)    Manage state park woodlands for other than commercial wood harvest

                                                                            17

                                           HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUT ANTS

                    GOAL:            Protect public health and the environment from the adverse effects of hazardous, air
                                     pollutants.

                    OBJECTIVE:       Implement and refine the hazardous air pollution control program.

                    STATUS & TRENDS:            In 1986, the state developed and established its first comprehensive haz-
                    aTdous air pollution control program. This program sets forth provisions for emission and ambient air
                    concentration limitations, monitoring and testing of hazardous air pollutants, defining the effects of
                    hazardous air pollutants and an up--to-date inventory of sources of these pollutants. Without such a
                    program, the risk to public health and the environment may increase. However, as the knowledge of
                    impacts is better understood, the implementation will require refinements and improvements.

                    STRATEGIES:

                      1)   Implement and refine a comprehensive program that regulates hazardous air pollutants through
                           emission and ambient air quality impact limitations.

                      2)   Improve  hazardous air pollutant monitoring capabilities enabling toxicity evaluations in the
                           permit review and issuance process.

                      3)   Develop an inventory of hazardous air pollutant source emissions.

                      4)   Develop ambient air and source sampling procedures for each regulated hazardous air pollutant.

                      5)   Provide incentives to design and install innovative technologies for hazardous air pollution
                           control.

                                                        HAZARDOUS WASTE

                       GOAL:              Protect public health and the environment from the adverse effects of hazardous
                                          waste.

                       OBJECTIVE:         Minimize the generation of hazardous waste, recycle wherever possible, and provide
                                          for proper management.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             Connecticut is a significant generator of hazardous waste produced by
                       industry, business, agriculture, municipalities, institutions and homeowners. Currently, there are
                       in-state commercial treatment facilities for aqueous and other wastes. There is no commercial in-
                       cinerator or hazardous waste landfill. Incentives for recycling are not adequate. Regulatory changes
                       have produced greater oversight of small quantity generators. There exists a large number of historic
                       disposal sites in the state, causing contamination that will require future remedial action. Many of the
                       responsible parties are insolvent, unknown, or unable to provide remedy.

                       STPLATEGIES.

                         1)       Improve capabilities  to administer a.comprehensive program to regulate the treatment,
                                  storage, disposal, and transportation of hazardous waste.

                         2)       Establish a priority list for clean-up of existing hazardous waste disposal sites and identify
                                  funding sources to finance and manage those contaminated sites where no financially
                                 .solvent responsible party can be identified.

                         3)       Provide incentives for recycling and source reduction of hazardous waste.

                         4)       Provide incentives to business and industry to reduce generation of hazardous waste through
                                  use of substitute materials and changed manufacturing processes.

                         5)       Improve the education of the general public, industries and businesses, and institutions
                                  concerning the consfituents of the hazardous wastes they generate, as well as the proper
                                  handling and disposal of these wastes.

                         6)       Provide for the delegation of state authority to local agencies for the inspection of small
                                  quantity hazardous waste generators.

                         7)       Develop adequate safeguards prior to the development of facilities for the proper man-
                                  agement of all unrecyclable hazardous wastes.

                         8)       Continue the development of a household hazardous waste management program; educate
                                  the public as to use reduction and alternatives to household hazardous material products;
                                  educate the public regarding proper handling and disposal of these wastes and encourage the
                                  recycling of these wastes on a regional basis within the state.
                         9)       Update and improve the data base on the types and amounts of hazardous waste generated in
                                  Connecticut and the methods used to manage the wastes generated.

                         10)      Assure the availability of hazardous waste treatment or disposal facilities for Connecticut
                                  generated wastes.

                                                                           19

                                      FHGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE NIATERLA-L

                      GOAL:             Protect public health and the environment from the improper handling and disposal of
                                        high-level radioactive materials.

                      OBJECTIVE:        Establish high-level radioactive material handling procedures and cooperate in a na-
                                        tional disposal program.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:             The United States Congress has determined management activities are the
                      responsibility of the federal government Encapsulation methods, site characterization, site selection, site
                      management, security, and providing for permanent records and markers for future generations are
                      among the management activities. If nothing is done to provide a safe method of disposal, high-level
                      waste material will continue to be stored at commercial and government operating facilities which are
                      located throughout the country and which will eventually reach capacity. Although disposal is the
                      responsibility of the federal government, Connecticut is concerned that high-level radioactive material is
                      transported within and through the state and all high-level radioactive waste in the state is being stored
                      at the industries and nuclear power facilities where it is produced. A further concern is that all existing
                      nuclear power plants will need to be decommissioned when their life spans are completed and the sites
                      will have to be properly safeguarded.

                      STRATEGIES:

                       1)    Initiate development of a state plan  for the eventual decommissioning and use of Connecticut's
                             existing nuclear facility sites.

                       2)    Encourage Congress to create a program which provides greater federal support in research and
                             development of the use, handling, and disposal of high-level radioactive materiaL

                       3)    Encourage research into the productive and peaceful use of high level radioactive wastes.

                       4)    Encourage conservation of energy and the development of alternative energy sources in prep-
                             aration for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities.

                                                                          20

                                                   INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

                        GOAL:             Protect public health from the adverse effects of indoor air Pollution

                        OBJECnVE:         Reduce artificially and naturally induced indoor air pollution.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            There is very limited scientific knowledge, public awareness, and control of
                      the wide range of conditions affecting the quality of the indoor environment. This inefficiency coupled
                      with the need and desire to conserve energy may be creating indoor conditions that place public health
                      at risk. Much attention has been given to the effects of cigarette smoke, paraformaldehyde insulation
                      and asbestos. This narrowly focused attention indicates that present knowledge and control is in-
                      complete given the probable adverse effects on indoor air quality by factors such as building materials,
                      naturally occurring radon, pollen, dust, heating by-products, cleaning agents, and furniture fabrication
                      and preservative materials.

                      STRATEGIES:

                        1)   Identify, study and monitor sources of indoor air pollution and develop criteria and standards
                             that protect public health.

                        2)   Develop, improve and implement a comprehensive program that prevents indoor air pollution
                             and mitigates source effects.

                        3)   Develop and implement a strong public awareness program on the sources and control of indoor
                             air pollution.

                        4)   Develop a radon detection and mitigation program.

                        5)   Expand and improve programs which reduce public exposure to asbestos.

                                                                         21

                                                      INLAND V=, LANDS

                       GOAL:             Conserve and protect Connecticut's inland wetlands.

                       OBJECTIVE:        Protect the natural values and functional roles of inland wetlands.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:            Even though wetlands have been mapped by soil and vegetation type and
                     public awareness of some wetland values has increased, their in situ value and role have not been fully
                     understood nor used in the inland wetland evaluation process. Consistent local wetla'nd management
                     throughout the state is severely hindered by a lack of this knowledge and state intervention may be
                     necessary at times.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)    Facilitate the delegation of inland wetland regulatory authority to those remaining munic-
                             ipalities regulated by the state.

                       2)    Initiate a comprehensive educational program for local inland wetlands commissioners pro-
                             viding training on a regular basis.

                       3)    Increase technical assistance and provide legal consultation to local inland wetlands com-
                             missions.

                       4)    Identify by drainage basins the value and functional role of individual -wetlands and encourage
                             the use of this information in the evaluation process.

                       5)    Identify wetlands of critical statewide significance, require local agencies to consult with the
                             Department of Environmental Protection prior to acting on applications for activities in these
                             areas, and designate significant wetlands as priority candidates for preservation.

                       6)    Initiate a program of monitoring activities in inland wetlands by providing local agencies with
                             standardized mandatory reporting forras, tabulating the information provided, establishing a
                             retrievable data base, and assessing annual wetlands loss.

                       7)    Clarify the relationship of the Commissioner of Environmental Protection's oversight powers to
                             the municipalities' permitting and enforcement authority, and review and refine statutory
                             requirements.

                       8)    Develop policies and standards governing the. use of mitigation measures such as wetlands
                             creation, wetlands restoration, wetlands landbanking, and construction of storm water man-
                             agement structures.

                       9)    Require that state and local highway, road and public works projects consider wetlands issues at
                             the earliest stages of project planning.

                                                                         22

                                                        LAKES AND PONDS

                        GOAL:             Protect the ecological integrity of lakes and. ponds.

                        OBJECTIVE:        Achieve and maintain high water quality and natural habitat conditions in lakes
                                          and ponds.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            Waterfowl and human-induced sources of nutrients cause accelerated eu-
                      trophication and will continue to degrade the ecological, aesthetic, and recreational value of Con-
                      necticut's lakes and ponds. Most municipalities have not implemented Best Management Practices for
                      non-point *sources of pollution, which are the prime causes of lake and pond degradation.

                      STRATEGIES:

                        1)   Develop and implement a statewide multiple use lakes and ponds management program.

                        2)   Prevent excessive nutrient enrichment of Connecticut's lakes and ponds through the prudent
                             management of the lake watershed.

                        3)   Minimize the extent and use of chemicals in Connecticut's lakes and ponds and explore al-
                        -    ternative control methods.

                        4)   Conduct research on the control of septic system effluent and the management of the large
                             waterfowl populations on lakes and ponds.

                        5)   Conduct research on the natural processes   of lake and pond systems for use in management
                             programs.

                        6)   Ensure suitable public access to lakes and ponds, consistent with sound environmental man-
                             agement.

                                                                        23

                                                                LAND USE

                     GOAI_             Conserve natural and land resources and maintain natural diversity.

                     OBJECTIVE:        Develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated program of land use reg-
                                       ulation and land rights acquisition so that land use planning is in concert with the
                                       carrying capacity and uniqueness of the natural landscape.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:             Currently, land use planning and management, which is the key to the
                     maintenance of a healthy environment, is being addressed by state, local, federal, and private entities in
                     an inconsistent and relatively uncoordinated fashion. Often, land use controls which are vested with
                     individual municipalities do not usually address statewide or regional land and water resource needs. If
                     current trends continue, these unique land resources which support reservoirs, aquifers, agriculture,
                     recreation, wetlands, natural landscapes, riverine and coastal shorelines, and special economic devel-
                     opment needs will not be available or will not be protected for future use. In some cases, private land
                     trusts and other conservation groups are providing for the protection of select areas of their choosing.
                     Land use, its' conservation and preservation, remains the far-reaching issue confronting all aspects of
                     resources management and is the fulcrum on which the natural beauty and environmental health of the
                     state will balance.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)       Promote stewardship of the natural land resources by government, corporate, municipal, and
                                private interests and coordinate the land conservation/preservation activities of these en-
                                tities.

                       2)       Provide technical assistance and training to local and other land use decision makers in the
                                use of performance standards which conserve natural values and diversity and, encourage
                                the preservation of natural open space within development.

                       3)       Set aside those unique land resources that are necessary to meet statewide and regional
                                resource needs.

                       4)       Develop a state-wide set of criteria for open space and natural land allocation at the
                                municipal level.

                       5)       Promote development such that an aesthetic and functional harmony with the surrounding
                                natural environment is attained and develop disincentives for inappropriate land use.

                       6)       Promote implementation of the scenic roads, river protection, and other unique natural land
                                resource conservation statutes.

                       7)       Educate and poll the public regarding the value of natural land resources.

                       8)       Develop consistency among state, regional, and local plans of development.

                       9)       Establish a statewide program for monitoring activities in land use.

                       10)      Promote with incentives suburban and urban areas, to develop natural land set-aside and
                                reclamation programs.

                                                                         24

                                                       LONG ISLAND SOUND

                       GOAL:             Conserve and protect the natural resources of Long Island Sound.

                       OBJECTIVE:        Develop and implement an interstate Long Island Sound management plan.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:            Present knowledge is incomplete on Long Island Sound's natural resource
                       system and pollution impacts. Diverse use demands on Long Island Sound and its environs are often in
                       conflict, leading to fish and shellfish being threatened or rendered unusable, water-based recreational
                       opportunities becoming more limited, and major harbors exhibiting poor water quality characteristics. In
                       addition, Long Island Sound and its shoreline will continue to be under stress as a result of pollution,
                       development, dredging, open water disposal of dredged materials, and exploitation of marine resources
                       unless a comprehensive management program is established.

                       STRATEGIES:

                         1)    Establish a comprehensive inventory of Long Island Sound's physical, chemical, and biological
                               characteristics.

                         2)    Implement a comprehensive resource monitoring and water assessment program that Will
                               provide an understanding of Long Island Sound dynamics.

                         3)    Intensify efforts to eliminate pollution sources and minimize land use conflicts in Long Island
                               Sound coastal areas.

                         4)    Continue to support and actively participate in the state/federal Long Island Sound study.

                         5)    Improve coordination among all existing federal, state, local, and interstate Long Island Sound
                               programs.

                         6)    Develop a comprehensive management program for the conservation of marine resources.

                         7)    Implement a long-range interstate dredged material management program for Long Island
                               Sound.

                                                                          25

                                       LOW-IaWEL RADIOAMVE MATERLAL

                      GOAL:             Protect public health and the environment from the improper handling and disposal of
                                        low-level radioactive material.

                      OBJECTIVE:        Establish low-level radioactive material handling procedures and provide for proper
                                        disposal.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:              The use of low-level radioactive material by hospitals, colleges and uni-
                      versities, and industrial facilities is expected to increase. Low-level radioactive waste is being disposed of
                      at three shallow land disposal facilities outside of Connecticut. The three states in which these facilities
                      are situated have indicated that they are no longer willing to accept the low-level nuclear waste of the
                      entire country. Siting a disposal facility is extremely difficult because of natural resource site con-
                      straints and the publies apprehension about disposal facility safety. Without proper handling and
                      disposal, the risk of exposure to low-level radiation will increase. In addition, the United States Congress
                      has mandated that each state provide for it's own disposal or join a regional compact.

                      STRATEGIES:

                       1)    Pursue the interstate compact to manage low-level radioactive material.

                       2)    Encourage the reuse, recycling, and proper handling of low-level radioactive material.

                       3)    Encourage research into substitutions for use of low-level radioactive materials.

                                                                            26

                                             MR4-MAL AND SOILRESOURCES

                       GOAL:              Assure the conservation and wise use of available mineral and soil resources.

                       OBJECTIVE:         Develop and implement a comprehensive management program for Connecticut's
                                          mineral and soil resources.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             There is no statewide mineral and soil resource assessment and management
                       program and these resources are consequently subject to diverse local regulation. Uncontrolled de-
                       velopment of these resources and the absence of land. reclamation in certain areas continue to cause
                       severe environmental damage. The extraction of Connecticut's major non-renewable resources--soil, sand,
                       gravel and traprock-requires appropriate long-term management planning and conservation practices.
                       Erosion and sedimentation continue to be a problem in Connecticut because of human induced and
                       uncontrolled natural processes. Information on Connecticut's mineral resources such as large scale
                       mapping and inventory of bedrock geology, surficial geology and soils is nearly complete. However,
                       some of this information is out of date and little of it has been computerized.

                       .STRATEGIES:

                         1)   Determine the availability and use of non-renewable natural resources in the state.

                         2)   Improve information on mineral and soil resources and facilitate its use.

                         3)   Develop a uniform system of land development and extraction regulations to protect the
                              environment, control erosion and sedimentation, assure proper reclamation of extraction sites,
                              ensure the future availability of these resources and prevent their untimely exploitation.

                         4)   Ensure compliance with land development and extraction regulations at all levels of gov-
                              ernment.

                         5)   Expand soil conservation assistance to the public and private sectors.

                         6)   Acquire or set aside areas found to contain critical mineral or soil conditions needed in the public
                              interest.

                                                                            27

                                                     NATURAL BERITAGE

                     GOAL:              Preserve Connecticut's natural heritage.

                     OBJECTIVE:         Achieve protection of significant natural areas.

                     STATUS & TRENDS.            Development has put severe pressure on certain types of natural areas, such
                     as tidal wetlands, barrier beaches, bogs, sand plains, cedar swamps, and traprock ridges. Further,
                     everyday use of sensitive resources is harming rare species and can also disrupt controlled scientific
                     studies. Without a strong state commitment to set aside and protect from intrusion these special natural
                     areas, there is a serious likelihood that the state will soon lose representative examples of its natural
                     heritage, suffer the loss of natural diversity and species habitats, and miss opportunities for study and
                     scientific research.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)   Establish an acquisition and a management structure to ensure that designated natural areas are
                            protected, and that study and scientific research projects are carefully conducted.

                       2)   Identify and assess the relative value of the state's remaining natural areas and create a formal
                            process to designate, prioritize, and protect significant natural areas.

                       3)   Remove the statutory limitation on the amount of land that can be designated within the
                            Connecticut Natural Area Preserves Program.

                       4)   Promote cornmunication, informational exchange, and cooperative efforts between government
                            and private land acquisition groups such as land trusts.

                       5)   Encourage the development of other land preservation program such as municipal land banks.

                                                                         28

                                          NATURAL RESOURCES DATA BASE

                       GOAL:            Provide natural resources data and support services to all levels of government and the
                                        private sector.

                       OBJECTIVE:       Maintain, expand and distribute uniform statewide natural resources data base through
                                        a geographic information system.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             Sound environmental and land-use decisions require the use of large
                       amounts of credible natural resource information which is not always available nor in a form that is
                       easily utilized. Over the past half century, the state -and federal governments have made substantially
                       large investments in natural resource mapping, monitoring, and research. Much of this existing in-
                       formation, however, is in an incomplete and/or non-standardized format. Fortunately, computer tech-
                       nology can now provide better and more rapid storage, integration, analysis, retrieval, and conversion of
                       basic data into useful information for decision-makers.

                       STRATEGIES:

                        1)    Complete and maintain basic resource and resource-related use inventories in a hard graphic and
                              digital form.

                        2)    Monitor natural resource processes for long term trends and changes.

                        3)    Conduct research on natural resource processes and properties still not understood.

                        4)    Evaluate user needs for natural resource    data bases in order to form an effective linkage
                              between the user community and the capability of the information system.

                        5)    Maintain, expand, and improve a geographic information system and ensure statewide access.

                                                                          29

                                               NOISE

                GOAL:      Protect public health from the adverse effects of noise.

                OBJECTIVE-- Improve and implement the noise control efforts.

                STATUS & TRENDS:  There is an increasing public awareness that noise is detrimental. At certain
                levels, noise creates health, psychological, and sociological problems within the community and work-
                place. The state has adopted comprehensive noise control regulations, but implementation is inadequate
                and local land use planning does not adequately consider noise impacts.

                STRATEGIIES:

                 1) Increase the state's abi lity to provide for more enforcement of state noise regulations and
                    attenuation of motor vehicle induced noise.

                 2) Provide for the delegation of some noise monitoring inspection and enforcement authority to
                    municipalities.

                 3) Encourage the adoption of municipal noise control ordinances and prop er land use planning to
                    prevent noise pollution.

                                                   30

                                     NON-POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION

                       GOAL:            Protect public health and the environment from the impacts of non-point sources of
                                        'pollution.

                       OBJECTIVE:       Adopt controlsthat will reduce non-point sources of pollution.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             Best Management Practices have been developed and are being imple-
                       mented for some non-point pollution sources. Pollutant runoff from urban and rural areas, including oil,
                       gas, and vehicle exhaust deposits, animal wastes, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and soil, continue as
                       localized problems. Further, ground water pollutants related to pesticides, chemical and petroleum
                       storage, leakage, and spills are widespread and not well controlled Or monitored. ANo, soil erosion and
                       stream sedimentation continue to irreparably damage several streams. Unless further non-point source
                       controls are developed, the number of wells contaminated will increase and surface water quality goals
                       will not be attained for several streams.

                       STRATEGIES:

                       1)     Implement and improve Best Management Practices for the control of all non-point source
                              water pollution.

                       2)     Accelerate the drafting, adoption and implementation of the Basin Planning Documents (303e).

                       3)     Involve all levels of government in the implementation of non-point source pollution regulatory
                              programs through delegation of certain state authority.

                       4)     Improve education and increase the incentive to control non-point source pollution at the mu-
                              nicipal level.

                       5)     Develop and implement a stormwater discharge permit program.

                                                                           31

                                         OIL, PETROLEUM, AND CIUMUCALS

                     GOAL:             Protect public health and the environment from improper handling of oil, petroleum
                                       and chemicals.

                     OBJECTIVE:        Develop and implement a comprehensive regulatory program for the handling of oil,
                                       petroleum, and chemicals.

                     S TATUS & TRENDS:            The state is experiencing an increase in the number of leaks, spills, and
                     discharges of oil, petroleum, and chemicals into ground and surface waters. Although some storage and
                     handling are regulated, present mechanisms do not adequately manage above and below ground storage
                     and handling of oil, petroleum, and chemicals. Further, it is difficult to secure disposal facilities for
                     contaminated soils.

                     STRATEGIES:

                       1)   Develop, implement, and improve a program for the construction, design, installation, removal,
                            monitoring, and maintenance of all above ground and underground oil, petroleum, and chemical
                            liquid storage systems.

                       2)   Ensure that all existing underground oil, petroleum, and chemical storage systems including
                            residential systems have corrosion resistant components and/or protection devices.

                       3)   Implement spill containment procedures for all above ground storage systems.

                       4)   Establish a statewide comprehensive waste oil management program which includes non-
                            residential burning to utilize the energy value in waste oils.

                       5)   Develop plans and coordination of responsibility for the accidental release of oil, petroleum, and
                            chemicals.

                                                                          32

                                                                    PARKS

                      GOAL:               Provide a system of parks which are characteristic of Connecticut and address the
                                          leisure and recreational needs of its citizens.

                      OBJECTIVES:         Enhance and expand public access and use of the state's historical, cultural, and
                                          natural resources consistent with the long term integrity of the resource.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            The pressure of land development coupled with a population density of over
                      600 people per square mile is creating a deficiency in the proportion of lands dedicated to the retention
                      of the natural landscape and available for recreational opportunitie@. The land acquisition efforts of
                      both the state and municipalities have not been able to keep pace with private sector residential and
                      commercial development interests. Use levels at the more popular recreational sites have created over-
                      crowded conditions, deterioration of the resource base@ and temporary closures of facilities because of
                      capacity limitations. The deficiency is particularly acute at water-based sites. There are significant
                      undeveloped lands that are representative of the natural character of this state; however, availability
                      and accessibility are restricted to the time frame remaining before private development precludes public
                      acquisition and protection. Historic properties currently in public ownership have traditionally received
                      marginal recognition and protection.

                      STRATEGIES:

                        1)    Establish an expanded state program to acquire and develop areas with recreational potential of
                              statewide and regional -significance.

                        2)    Identify and prioritize areas with significant outdoor recreation potential with particular em-
                              phasis on areas with the capability to support major water-based recreation facilities.

                        3)    Encourage involvement with private sector organizations and interests for access and use of
                              additional property dedicated to 6pen-space/recreation purposes and multiple use concepts.

                        4)    Provide for effective development and use of public lands with particular emphasis on pro-
                              tection of the uniqueness of the resource base..

                        5)    Review, improve, and implement management plans for individual state parks which provide
                              diverse recreational opportunities consistent with maintaining the environmental integrity of
                              the resource.

                        6)    Expand public,relation efforts and citizen involvement in park land use decisions.

                        7)    Encourage through grants-in-aid an expanded municipal program to acquire and develop areas
                              with recreation potential of local significance.

                                                                          33

                                                                PESTICIDES

                      GOAL:              Protect public health and the environment from any adverse effects associated with
                                         the storage, use, and disposal of pesticides.

                      OBJECTIVE.,        Minimize the amount of pesticides used and decrease public and non-target species
                                         exposure to them.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:             Excessive and increasing use of pesticides for dwellings, lawns, ornamental
                      plantings, and farming is creating an unknown potential for human exposure for which uncertain
                      toxicological consequences will occur. Further, there are large quantities of pesticides being improperly
                      stored throughout the state, and some ground water contamination has already resulted from the
                      agricultural use of pesticides. There is an inadequate data base to evaluate the presence and health effects
                      of many pesticides and, in addition, there is a lack of routine monitoring for pesticide contamination in
                      ground or surface water, soil, and ambient air. The state has only a very limited capability in regard to
                      pesticide toxicology and is dependent on the slow registration process of the federal government to
                      provide necessary criteria for action.

                      STRATEGIES:

                        1)   Expand and improve a comprehensive program and provide technical          assistance aimed at com-
                             mercial applicators and homeowners for alternative methods of pest control including in-
                             tegrated pest management, biological controls, and biodegradable pesticides.

                        2)   Provide technical assistance and support to food producers on the proper use of pesticides and
                             alternative methods of pest control.

                        3)   In coordination with the federal government, determine the toxicological properties and long
                             term effects of pesticides, including not only the active ingredients in the formulation, but also
                             the so-called inactive ingredients that are used as carriers or dispersants.

                        4)   Improve the certification process of pesticide applicators.

                        5)   Expand product registration to include the review of old as well as new pesticides and -increase
                             the applicator, dealer, and producer inspection capability of the state.

                        6)   Increase contact with commercial applicators and the agricultural community to ensure the
                             proper disposal of banned and unwanted pesticides.

                        7)   Develop and enforce a regulatory program that strictly controls larger users of pesticides.

                                                                           34

                                                                 RECREATION

                        GOAL:             Provide for environmentally sound recreational opportunities.

                        OBJECTIVE:        Enhance and expand opportunities for recreational use of Connecticut's historical,
                                          cultural, and natural resources consistent with sound environmental management.

                        STATUS & TRENDS:             17here is an increasing strain on the quality of recreation in Connecticut as a
                        result of overcrowding and overuse of existing facilities, with limited resources for the expansion and
                        development of new facilities. For example, in contrast to the huge investments made in the cleanup Of
                        the state's waters, relatively little effort has been made to utilize these resources for new recreational
                        opportunities. In addition, public swimming opportunities on Long Island Sound are still limited. The
                        current land acquisition program is inadequate to address these and other public recreational demands
                        and/or to acquire properties of historic, cultural, or unique natural resource value. This also indicates
                        that the state park system will play a reduced role in tourism with a corresponding decrease in direct
                        and indirect revenues to the state and private sector.

                        STRATEGIES:

                         1)    Assess the carrying capacity of recreational areas in order to determine their proper envi-
                               ronmental management.

                         2)    Improve and develop recreational facilities and programs throughout the state.

                         3)    Assess and acquire additional land and water resources to support existing and anticipated
                               demand for various recreational activities.

                         4)    Expand the recreational use of waterways that have, and are anticipated to have, improved
                               water quality.

                         5)    Increase the availability of areas suitable for swimming and other coastal related recreation in
                               Long Island Sound.

                                                                             35

                                                                 RIVERS

                     GOAI_-            Conserve Connecticut's rivers and streams.

                     OBJECTIVE:        Develop and implement a statewide rivers management program.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:           There are over 2,500 rivers and streams in Connecticut providing some 6,000
                     billion gallons of water a year to Long Island Sound. The current demands on Connecticut's rivers and
                     streams and adjacent lands are increasingly competitive and often conflicting. Although many state and
                     local programs exist that address various aspects of river and stream related land and water use, no
                     single comprehensive statewide policy nor use strategy exists to ensure proper management and con-
                     servation of these valuable resources. Basic inventories needed to assess both the existing hydrologic
                     conditions and water allocations are either incomplete or have not been integrated on a drainage basin
                     basis for each river system. Major differences exist on the definition of river management and beneficial
                     uses ranging from just the aquatic system of the river itself to the land and water uses of the entire
                     drainage basin encompassing the river. There is a need to develop a statewide river management program
                     that minimizes conflicts while providing diverse public opportunities consistent with maintaining the
                     environmental integrity of the resource.

                     STRATEGIES:

                      1)    Undertake an assessment of Connecticut's rivers and streams and their associated values in order
                            to determine beneficial uses and appropriate management.

                      2)    Develop and implement a comprehensive rivers program.

                      3)    Provide technical and financial assistance to municipalities undertaking the development of
                            river corridor management plans, which include local stream preservation and policies and
                            programs.

                      4)    Establish a state rivers clearinghouse to coordinate and share information.

                      5)    Oppose the diversion of interstate watercourses that impact the availability of water in Con-
                            necticut for public and environmental needs.

                                                                        36

                                                                  SHELLMH

                       GOA1_-             Conserve Connecticut's shellfish and enhance the commercial and recreational har-
                                          vest.

                       OBJECTIVE:         Protect, improve and increase habitats for a sustained yield of shellfish.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             Many of the state's once-thriving shellfish beds have been closed because of
                       various sources of pollution along the coastal areas. In addition, shellfish habitat is also being lost as a
                       result of coastal dredging and siltation from activities in upland development areas. As a result of this
                       degradation of shellfish habitat and resources, there is an,increasing risk to human health, a loss of
                       recreational shellfishing, and diminished commercial harvesting. Other problems include the absence of
                       shellfish base and spawning stock for the state's valuable oyster beds, absence of a program to enable
                       closed shellfish areas to be reopened, a lack of uniformity in jurisdiction and regulatory authority by
                       local enforcement, and limited enforcement efforts which allow overharvesting and taking of shellfish
                       from polluted waters.

                       STRATEGIES:

                         1)   Develop and implement a program to reclaim, maintain, and improve shellfish beds and hab-
                              itats.

                         2)   Implement pollution abatement which will allow reopening of those shellfishing areas pres-
                              ently closed.

                         3)   Increase shellfish enforcement capabilities, in part by increasing fines and strengthening related
                              environmental laws.

                         4)   Evaluate and improve the procedure used to open and close shellfish beds.

                         5)   increase state and local revenue derived from shellfish and aquaculture harvesting and allocate
                              such funds for improved management methods.

                         6)   Resolve state and municipal conflicts over management methods.

                         7)   Develop a comprehensive marketing study to analyze the present size of the shellfish and
                              aquaculture industry and its growth potential.

                                                                            37

                                                               SOLID WASTE

                      GOAL:               Protect public health and the environment from the adverse effects of improper solid
                                          waste management.

                      OBJECTIVE:          Provide for the safe and adequate disposal of solid waste by minimizing solid waste
                                          generation and land disposal, and by developing resource recovery and recycling.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:             Since many landfills were sited prior to current ground and surface water
                      quality goals and standards, associated ground and surface water contamination problems significantly
                      limit and/or prevent expansion of active landfills. In addition, there are few, if any, socially, politically,
                      or environmentally suitable areas for solid waste disposal sites. This lack of resource development
                      ability is placed under further stress by the facts that most existing permitted landfills will reach their
                      capacity by the end of the decade, and that long-term economically feasible disposal capacity will be
                      needed to support resource (energy) recovery systems. This situation is further exacerbated since many
                      Connecticut municipalities have not developed long-term management plans for all non-hazardous solid
                      waste. In addition, adequate resource recovery systems, including both recycling and energy reclamation,
                      are not becoming available when needed.

                      STRATEGEES:

                        1)   Adopt and implement a statewide solid waste management plan for municipal mixed waste,
                             bulky wastes and special wastes (non-hazardous industrial wastes and water treatment sludges)
                             including specific actions to meet the immediate and long-term needs of each municipality.

                        2)   Close and secure those landfills which are either filled to capacity or have experienced un-
                             controlled discharges of contaminants to the state's ground and surface waters in violation of
                             water quality standards.

                        3)   Provide incentives for source separation and recycling and require Connecticut municipalities to
                             participate in volume reduction of solid waste by means of resource (energy) recovery and
                             recycling.

                        4)   Develop incentives for strengthening markets for recycling and investigate means and fea-
                             sibility of source reduction, including minimizing packaging.

                        5)   Ensure the proper siting of res  ource recovery, recycling, and land disposal facilities.

                        6)   Develop safe and acceptable sites for the disposal of bulky wastes.

                        7)   Educate the public on the importance of waste reduction and recycling.

                                                                            38

                           STATE AND IDCAL GOVERNAU24T COORDINATION

                      GOAL:            Promote state and local government coordination to achieve statewide environmental
                                       goals.

                      OBJECTIVE:       Develop shared management responsibilities between state and local governments in
                                       implementing environmental protection programs.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            Without a cooperative effort between State and local agencies, environ-
                      mental needs will not be satisfied. Local officials are assuming increased responsibilities for the im-
                      plementation of environmental programs without adequate resource support, and there is an increasing
                      awareness of the need for broad participation in addressing environmental issues. Further, management
                      of natural resource activities at state and local levels is inconsistent and assistance and guidance to local
                      governments and agencies are inadequate.

                      STRATEGIES:

                       1)    Improve, coordinate and expand state support to local governments, including technical as-
                             sistance, financial support, regulatory and educational programs. ,

                       2)    Coordinate federal, state and local environmental protection implementation strategies.

                       3)    Implement the delegation of state authority as provided by the Connecticut state statutes.

                       4)    Ensure non-duplication of environmental responsibility within state government.

                                                                        39

                                SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUAI=

                    GOAL:               Protect public health and the environment from the adverse effects of water pol-
                                        lutants.

                    OBJECTIVES:         Attain and maintain Connecticut's surface and ground water quality standards.

                    STATUS & TRENDS:            Since the enactment of Connecticut's 1967 Clean Water Act, significant
                    improvements have been made in the state's surface water quality, although some surface waters have
                    not yet attained designated goals. In 1980, the program was expanded and Connecticut was the first state
                    to adopt a comprehensive groundwater quality program. In spite of these efforts, existing high quality
                    waters are in jeopardy and may become permanently contaminated and unfit for use. Among the major
                    problems left to be dealt with are inadvertent or accidental discharges and land use development
                    impacts. As more incidents of contamination are identified, there will be increased difficulty in risk
                    assessment, establishment of health effects, and designation of tolerance limits.

                    STRATEGIES:

                      1)   Develop additional controls and measures that maintain water quality standards and provide
                           for growth.

                      2)   Continue to issue permits which require the best pollution control methods as they become
                           available.

                      3)   Require municipalities and utilities to identify and protect water supply sources in their
                           planning, zoning, wetlands, and land acquisition programs.

                      4)   Develop and encourage Best Management Practices for non-point source pollution control.

                      5)   Identify and protect high yield aquifers through a joint state/municipal cooperative program.

                      6)   Provide incentives for municipal wastewater collection and treatment systems.

                      7)   Maintain and improve the Connecticut Water Quality Standards and Classification System and
                           the Basin Planning Strategies.

                      8)   Continue to identify and eliminate untreated sources of pollutants, including spills and failing
                           septic systems.

                                                                       40

                                   THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

                       GOAI_            Preserve threatened and endangered plant and animal species.

                       OBJECTIVE.       Establish a comprehensive threatened and endangered species program.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:            Destruction and degradation of habitats are causing the populations of
                       certain plant and animal species to drop below a number suitable for maintenance. The greatest cause of
                       habitat destruction is rapid land development, which has brought about a continuing decline in many
                       species, including those which are already threatened or endangered. The actual impact on species has
                       been difficult to assess, as existing inventories are not current, and none covers both plant and animal
                       species.

                       STRATEGIES:

                        1)    Develop appropriate legislation to protect threatened and endangered species and to protect
                              declining species before they reach a threatened or endangered level.

                        2)    Expand a multi-level, interdisciplinary threatened and @endangered species program which in-
                              cludes inventory, identification, research, regulations, and education with public and private
                              sector organizations.

                        3)    Protect significant habitats necessary to the continuance of threatened and endangered plant and
                              animal species.

                        4)    Augment the Natural Diversity Data Base inventory with additional programs to identify
                              threatened and endangered species; continue to research and monitor populations, and to main-
                              tain and update the computerized data bank.

                        5)    Create an advisory committee to assist in directing a comprehensive threatened and endangered
                              species program.

                                                                         41

                                                        TEDAL IVETIANDS

                     GOA1_             Preserve Connecticut's tidal -wetlands.

                     OBJECTIVE.        Prevent the loss and degradation of existing tidal wetlands and foster restoration of
                                       previously degraded ones.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:            By 1969, approximately one-half of the state's 30,000 acres of tidal wetlands
                     had been destroyed, causing significant damage to m arine ecological systems. Since that time, with the
                     passing of tidal wetland legislation, loss of tidal wetlands as a result of development has almost ceased.
                     Mapping, however, has not been complete, and many tidal wetlands have been further degraded. It is
                     felt that even with the strict regulation of activities proposed for tidal wetland areas, more degradation
                     of wetlands can be expected as a result of adjacent upland development and existing restriction of tidal
                     flows.

                     STRATEGEES:

                       1)   Identify and map undesignated tidal wetlands and critical supporting upland areas.

                       2)   Assess the impacts of mosquito control activities, tidal restrictions, upland area development,
                            marina operations and expansion, dredging, water diversion, erosion caused by recreational and
                            commercial boating, and discharges from recreational vessels, and develop appropriate land use
                            regulations.

                       3)   Develop a wetland compensation strategy based on wetland restoration for certain permitted
                            activities in tidal wetlands.

                       4)   Develop a strict regulatory strategy and standards and criteria for wetland creation projects.

                                                                          42

                                                TOXIC WATER POLLUTANTS

                      GOAL:               Protect public health and, the environment from the adverse effects of toxic water
                                          pollutants.

                      OBJECTIVES:         Develop and implement a toxic water pollution control program.

                      STATUS & TRENDS:            Currently, waste treatment which can completely remove all traces of toxic
                      substances either does not exist or is not economically feasible. Further, technology-based treatment
                      requirements are not stringent enough to protect against toxic impact. In addition, the means of reducing
                      the loading of household and commercial toxic wastes to municipal wastewater facilities, which are not
                      designed to treat toxic waste, have not been examined. Along with the technological constraints, the
                      long-term public health effects and risks of many toxic substances caused by the consumption of
                      contaminated fish and shellfish are poorly understood and the contribution of non-point sources of toxic
                      substances to Connecticut streams is unknown.

                      STRATEGIES:

                        1)   Implement a comprehensive program that regulates point source discharges of toxic substances
                             through the issuance of discharge permits and enforcement of permit conditions.

                        2)   Establish toxic criteria for surface water and wasteload allocations for specifically-affected
                             stream segments.

                        3)   Improve toxic monitoring capabilities, enabling increased use of toxicity evaluations in the
                             permit review and issuance process.

                        4)   Develop methods to assess combined impacts of toxic discharges to aquatic habitat.

                        5)   Establish a data base of test results on indigenous finfish, shellfish and benthic organisms which
                             will help ascertain the extent of the impact of toxic discharges.

                        6)   Provide incentives to design and install innovative technologies for toxic water pollution
                             control.

                                                                          43

                                        WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

                     GOAI_            Conserve and provide water resources for beneficial uses.

                     OBJECTIVE.       Develop and implement multi-use management for surface and ground water.

                     STATUS & TRENDS:            Surface and ground waters are finite in quantity, unequally distributed
                     throughout the state, and subject to increasing multiple use and jurisdictional demands. The many
                     competing and conflicting demands for the allocation of Connecticut's water resources include water
                     supply, ecological habitat support, waste assimilation, navigation, water-based recreation, flood control,
                     energy production, and natural aesthetics. Water allocation decisions will continue to be hampered
                     without a comprehensive, centralized data base on resource availability and water use needs. In addition,
                     water use rights and statutory controls are often in conflict or confusing, and impede prudent man-
                     agement of the resource.

                     STRATEGIES:

                      1)    Establish natural hydrologic system characteristics, including critical low flow conditions for
                            all drainage basins and develop a data base which includes both abiotic and biotic information to
                            facilitate management decisions related to water quantity issues.

                      2)    Determine the amount of water needed to maintain and enhance ecological water resources
                            systems.

                      3)    Develop a system to assess water usage, evaluate competing and conflicting demands, and
                            establish allocation priorities.

                      4)    Clarify water law and administrative responsibility to resolve competing and conflicting water
                            uses.

                                                                         44

                                         WnLDLI]FE AND W1--LDL11FE HABITATS

                       GOAL:             Conserve Connecticut's wildlife species and ensure their diversity.

                       OBJECTIVE:        Foster natural propagation and provide for sustained yield management of selected
                                         species and protect, maintain, and restore wildlife habitat.

                       STATUS & TRENDS:             Development is causing wildlife displacement and loss of valuable habitat.
                       As a result, public and private lands available for wildlife management will decrease and become
                       overused. The stress on these habitats will cause many species to forage at farms and gardens leading to
                       nuisances and potentially to indiscriminate destruction of various wildlife species. In addition to habitat
                       loss, some wildlife species will dimini h because of the lack of management knowledge of their status,
                       habitat needs, and natural controls. At this time, there is little incentive for landowners to maintain or
                       improve their land to benefit wildlife.

                       STRATEGIES:

                         1)    Conduct research and maintain an inventory on the status of wildlife species.

                         2)    Increase the state acquisition and/or management of areas for wildlife.

                         3)    Provide technical assistance to landowners, municipalities, land trusts, and water utility com-
                               panies for the protection and enhancement of wildlife habitat.

                         4)    Expand wildlife conservation education programs and facilities and increase opportunities for
                               related wildlife recreational activities.

                         5)    Establish a wildlife mitigation and replacement  fee program for activities that destroy wildlife
                               illegally; funds from this program to be used for enforcement, replacement and wildlife
                               education.

                         6)    Implement a state incentive program for wildlife habitat improvement on agricultural lands.

                                                                            45

                                                       CONTINUUM OF STEWARDSE[IP

                            Environment/2000: Connecticut's Environmental Plan presents a great challenge to all the
                      citizens of this State in achieving a quality environment and a unique opportunity in participating in
                      the stewardship of our precious natural resources. Achievement of the Plan's goals and objectives and
                      implementation of the strategies requires the commitment of government, local boards and commissions,
                      business and industry, and ultimately, the commitment of each individual.

                            While the Department of Environmental Protection is required to prepare this state-wide En-
                      vironmental Plan and administer many of the programs necessary to achieve its goals and objectives, it
                      cannot be held responsible for all of its implementation. The Department will, however, be accountable
                      for much of the implementation through annual reporting and required revisions of the Plan.

                      IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
                            Public Act 87-142 establishes the framework for the adoption of Environment/2000 as the
                      State environmental plan and requires annual program progress reports and revisions to be considered
                      for adoption every five years. This Act creates mechanisms to assure implementation of management
                      strategies, that changes are accommodated, that the public is involved and environmental progress is
                      being achieved. Most important, the Act establishes a permanent advisory board to assist in the review of
                      the Department's progress towards meeting the goals and.objectives, the adoption of measurement
                      indicators and the redirection of goals and objectives which are found with time to need change. One of
                      the most important roles of the advisory board will be to bring the citizens' perspective to the
                      establishment of priorities. Priorities for achievement of goals and objectives, use of Department re-
                      sources and the expenditure of funds have not been set. The advisory board and this state's citizens must
                      guide these choices. The advisory board must also consider the balance needed between this Plan and
                      other state plans, such as transportation, energy, housing, and economic development.

                            Accountability will be brought to the Plan through the expanded role of the Council on En-
                      vironmental Quality. The Act requires the Council to report annually to the Governor on the progress
                      towards achieving the goals and objectives. In addition, an annual conference is required to report to the
                      public the status of the achievement of the goals and objectives. This conference will provide the
                      opportunity to introduce changes and discuss emerging issues. Most importantly, the conference assures
                      the public a role in setting and advising on environmental goals and objectives.

                      STATE RESPONSIBILITY
                            Several tools are available within the Department of Environmental Protection and the rest of
                      state government to implement the strategies and accomplish the goals and objectives. However, major
                      efforts must be focused to local government boards and commissions to implement needed strategies.
                      Further, education and outreach are needed to assure implementation at the individual citizen level.

                            At the Department level, the measurement, review, and continued development of the Plan will
                      be a permanent function with assigned staff. The Advisory Board's and ad hoc's committees inputs will
                      be sought and used to address emerging issues and modify existing elements of the Plan. Department
                      program directors will focus their program objectives to be consistent with the Plan and performance
                      evaluation will be weighed accordingly to their success. The annual budgetary and legislative processes
                      will reflect implementation and/or maintenance of the adopted management strategies. Budget requests
                      will be based on the implementation of the environmental goals and objectives being achieved by the
                      request. Department legislative requests will also focus on the need to enhance or protect the natural
                      resources consistent with the adopted Plan and it will review other legislation in the same manner.

                                                                         46

                                The Department, within its authority, will also review. applications for use of the State's
                        resources and rule on them relative to their consistency with this Plan, thus providing a new means of
                        overview. The Department has never before been able to evaluate actions within the total framework of
                        meeting a Plan. Adoption of this Plan makes this possible.

                        LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND CITIZEN RESPONSIBILITY
                                Actions of local government to achieve the goals and objectives of this Plan will be supported by
                        delegation of state authority, increased financial assistance, and technical information and training.
                        Programs like ground water management, inland wetlands and wastewater treatment are examples of
                        where local programs are being enhanced today.

                                The continuing stewardship of Connecticut's natural heritage and resources demands the com-
                        mitment of all our citizens to preserve, protect, and enhance our environment. Each person must
                        participate, if only at the level of recycling their bottles and cans, planting wildlffe buffer bunches, or
                        checking their automobile for acceptable air emissions.

                                Throughout the development of Environment/2000, the need consistently emerged for en-
                        hanced education programs to reach the school children through their basic training, to reach home-
                        owners on proper environmental practices, such as water conservation, the use of pesticides or disposal of
                        wastes, and to reach local decision makers serving on inland wetland and/or conservation commissions
                        or zoning commissions on the effects their actions have on the resources they are managing. A com-
                        mitment to environmental education must be made through, governmental and educational institutions
                        so as to ensure that the people have the tools to make proper decisions in their own life and those they
                        affect.

                                The role as a citizen of this State in continuing Environment/2000 is one of a broad par-
                        ticipatory practice. Each citizen must become a trustee of Connecticut's environment and take re-
                        sponsibility in properly managing our resources. A- commitment in maintaining and achieving our
                        agreed upon quality of life must be made. Opin        *ions as to how we preserve and conserve our resources
                        must be strongly voiced at both the local and state governmental levels. Many citizens need to become
                        involved and must share in the responsibility in seeing to the achievement of our goals and objectives.

                        FINAL WORDS
                                Environmental goals and management strategies do not implement themselves. The goals and
                        strategies outlined in this document include tasks for each segment of society. If we are to be successful
                        in meeting the challenge set before us, it will require new legislation, additional government spending,
                        and perhaps significant changes in the way all of us live today. No one denies that there will be burdens
                        and trade-offs involved in implementing this Plan.

                                Nevertheless, it is axiomatic that the cost of prevention is always cheaper than the cost of repair.
                        In the long run, the expenses assumed, the burdens taken on, the sacrifices that are made, will be far
                        outweighed by the benefits to be derived.

                                Having worked closely with the citizens of Connecticut, the collective writers of these goals and
                        strategies are optimistic about what can be done. The key is that we must make a commitment to do it
                        together. A great challenge is before us. It is hoped we can meet that challenge with unselfishness and
                        responsibility, before any more irreversible harm is done to our environment. We must be willing to
                        accomplish this most pressing and difficult task.

                                                                                47

                                 PUBLIC ACT NO. 87-142: THE STATE-WIDE ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN

                     Be it enacted by the-Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened:

                     Section 1. Section 22a-8 of the general statutes is repealed and following is substituted in lieu
                     thereof:

                            (a) The commissioner shall formulate and from time to time revise a state-wide environmental
                     plan for the management and protection of the quality of the environment and the natural resources of
                     the state in furtherance of [the] legislative policy. The plan shall establish environmental goals and
                     objectives and describe strategies for their achievement. In developing the plan the commissioner shall
                     consider any other state-wide policies and plans he deems appropriate. The first of such plans shall be
                     submitted to the governor for his approval on or before September 1, 1987, and revisions, at intervals of
                     five years thereafter, shall be made thereto. Upon its approval by the governor, such plan shall serve as
                     a guide for the people of the state and for the state and its political subdivisions for the preservation of
                     the environment.

                            (b) The commissioner shall establish an advisory board to assist him in preparing the plan and
                     any revisions thereto. The board shall reflect the state's geographical diversity and include members
                     representing municipalities, environmental groups, business and industries, education and the public and
                     any other persons the commissioner deems appropriate.

                            (c) The commissioner shall annually conduct a conference to report achievement of the goals and
                     objectives established in the plan and to encourage public discussion of environmental concerns.

                     Sec. 2. Section 22a-12 of the general statutes is        repealed and the following is substituted in
                     lieu thereof:

                            (a) The council shall submit annually to the governor an environmental quality report, which
                     shall set forth: (1) The status of the major environmental categories including, but not limited to, the air,
                     the water and the land environment; (2) current and foreseeable trends in the quality management and
                     utilization of the environment and the effect of such trends on the social, economic and health
                     requirements of the state: (3) the adequacy of available natural resources for fulfilling human and
                     economic requirements of the state in the light of projected population pressures; (4) a review of the
                     programs and activities of the state and local governments and private organizations with particular
                     reference to their effect on the environment and on the conservation, development and utilization of
                     natural resources; (5) a program for remedying the deficiencies of existing programs and activities,
                     together with recommendations for legislation, and (6) the progress towards achievement of the goals
                     and objectives established in the state-wide environmental plan.

                            (b) The council shall have the authority to require submission by all state agencies, at all stages of
                     development, of construction plans for review and comment by the council which shall include, but not
                     be limited to, all plans of the department of transportation which anticipate the paving or building upon
                     land not previously paved or built upon, and location or expansion of noise-producing facilities such as
                     airports; and all plans of the department of administrative services which anticipate the paving or
                     building upon land not previously paved or built upon, the construction of structures occupying a
                     substantially greater air space than predecessor structures in the same location, and the location or
                     expansion of noise or pollution-producing facilities such as heating plants; provided the function of the
                     council with respect to such plans shall be advisory and consultative only.

                     Sec. 3. This act shall take effect July 1, 1987.

                                                                         48

                                                        LIST OF ENDORSEMENTS

                           The following organ izations and individuals have endorsed in full or part, Environment/2000:
                      Connecticut's Environmental Plan and/or process.

                       Berlin High School
                              Avi Ornstein, Science Department Head

                       Canton Conservation Commission
                              Roger S. Thrall, Chairman

                       Citizens
                              Katie Fieldelson
                              John S. Rankin, Jr,

                       Citizens Advisory Council to the Division of Conservation and Preservation
                              Edward Kluck, Chairman

                       Connecticut Association of Conservation and Inland Wetlands Commissions
                              Nancy N. Kriz, President

                       Connecticut Association of Directors of Health
                              Hudson H. Birden, Jr, President

                       Connecticut Association of Metal Finishers
                              Jamie Vincent Gregg, Director

                       Connecticut Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts,Inc.
                              Mortimer A. Gelston, President

                       Connecticut Audubon Society
                              John F. Reiger, Executive Director

                       Connecticut Bar Association, Conservation and Environmental Quality Section
                              Mark R. Sussman, Chairman

                       Connecticut Business and Industry Association
                              Kenneth 0. Decko, President

                       Connecticut Conservation Association, Inc.
                              William Urban, Executive Director

                       Connecticut Council on Soil and Water Conservation
                              Peter Faber, Chairman

                       Connecticut Engineers in Private Practice, Inc.
                              Allen V. Herring, President
                              Faith St. Claire, Executive Director

                                                                      49

                    Connecticut Farm Bureau Association, Inc.
                           Norma OLeary, President

                    Connecticut Forest and Park Association, Inc.
                           John E. Hibbard, Executive Director

                    Connecticut Recreation and Park Association
                           Rick Maynard, President

                    Connecticut River Watershed Council, Inc.
                           Hiram P. Maxim, Chairman

                    Connecticut Society of Professional Engineers
                           Kenneth Lipman, President
                           Faith St. Claire, Executive Director

                    Connecticut Water Pollution Abatement Association
                           Michael J. Bisi, President

                    Connecticut Water Well Association
                           John F. Sima Jr, President

                    Connecticut Water Works Association
                           Richard E. DesRoches, President

                    Farmington River Watershed Association
                           Suzanne C. Wilkins, (Former) Executive Director

                    Federated Garden Clubs of Connecticut, Inc.
                           Susan Faulkner, Chairman

                    Guilford Conservation Commission
                           Virginia Paige, Vice Chairman

                    Hartford Audubon Society, Inc.
                           Joyce S. Marshall, President

                    The League of Women Voters of Connecticut
                           Jane S. Garbacz, President
                           Joanne Foster, Natural Resources Chairman

                    Town of Manchester, Recreation Department
                           Donna Richardson, Representative

                    'National Audubon Society
                           Marshall Case, Vice President

                    New London Garden Club
                           Mrs. Russell Brown, President

                    Northeast Utilities Service Co.
                           William B. Ellis, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

                                                                     50

                     Roaring Brook Nature Center
                            Jay Kaplan, Director

                     Sierra Club, Connecticut Chapter
                            Carolyn Richter, Chairperson

                     State of Connecticut, Council on Environmental Quality
                            Karl J. Wagener, Executive Director

                     Thames River Watershed Association
                            Ronald R. Whiteley, President

                     The Nature Conservancy, Connecticut Chapter
                            Les Corey, Executive Director

                     The United Illuminating Co.
                            Marcus R. MacCraven, Vice President

                     Town of Waterford
                            Lawrence J. Bettencourt, First Select

                     U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
                            Philip H. Christensen, State Conservationist

                     Waterford-East Lyme Shellfish Commission
                            J. Patrick Kelly, Chairman

                     Westbrook Conservation Commission
                            Thomas M. ODell, Chair an

                     Woodbridge Inland Wetlands Agency
                            Eric T. Pierson, Vice Chairman

                                      ENVIRONMENT/2000: ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS

                Thomas Archer                                               William A. Ellis
                Formerly of Electric Boat Division                          Citizen

                Hudson H. Birden, Jr.                                       Susan Faulkner
                CT Assoc. of Directors of Health                            The Federated Garden Clubs of CT, Inc.

                Diane K. Blackman                                           Thomas H. Fitzpatrick
                Formerly of Sierra Club                                     CT Petroleum Council
                Raymond Bovich                                              Joanne Foster
                CT Marine Trades Association                                Ixague of Women Voters

                Russell L. Brennemann                                       Susan Giordano
                Attorney                                                    CT Forum of Regulated Environmental Professionals
                Gerry Capriulo                                              Jean Good
                Citizen                                                     The Federated Garden Clubs of CT, Inc.
                Marshall T. Case                                            Meg Goodwin
                National Audubon Society                                    Formerly of the Long Island Sound Task Force
                Roger Christian                                             Michael J. Hanley
                CT Conservation Assoc.                                      CT Bankers Assoc.
                Roland C. Clement                                           Lucas He ld
                CT Audubon Society and CT Ornithological Assoc.             The Middletown Press
                John W. Conners                                             John Hibbard
                C-r Society of Professional Engineers                       Cr Forest and Park Assoc.
                Joey Corcoran                                               Chris Hof
                CT Audubon Society                                          Windham Water Pollution Control Facility
                                                                            Nora Jensen
                Les Corey                                                   Citizen
                The Nature Conservancy, CT Chapter
                                                                            Jay Kaplan
                Marianne Corona                                             Roaring Brook Nature Center
                Middlefield Inland Wetland Commission
                                                                            J. Patrick Kelly
                Jean Cronin                                                 Waterford/East Lyme Shellfish Commission
                National Solid Waste Management Assoc.
                                                                            Robert J. Klancko
                Robert Crook                                                The United Illuminating Co.
                CT Sportsmen Alliance
                                                                            Robert Kloepfer
                Jean P. Curtis                                              The United Illuminating Co.
                Berlin High School
                                                                            Edward A. Kluck
                James DeWitt                                                DEP Citizens Advisory Council/Conservation and
                C-r Assoc. of Metal Finishers                               Preservation

                                                                         52

                 Nancy Kriz                                                   Otto Schaffer
                 CT Assoc. of Conservation and Inland Wetlands                South Central Regional Water Authority
                 Commissions
                                                                              Denise Schlener
                 Philip B. Leavenworth                                        CT River Watershed Council
                 Environmentalist
                                                                              Gregory A. Sharp
                 Chris T. Maier                                               Attorney
                 The CT Entomological Society                                 Louis Shuman
                 Marion McLaughlin                                            CT Construction Industries Association
                 CT Citizens Action Group
                                                                              John F. Sima, Jr.
                 Susan Merrow                                                 Sima Drilling Co.
                 The Sierra Club                                              Faith St Claire
                 Richard Miller                                               CT Society of Professional Engineers
                 CT Business and Industry Assoc.                              Barbara Surwillo
                                                                              CT Fund for the Environment
                 Norma OLeary
                 CT Assoc. of Soil and Water Conservation Districts/          Mark R. Sussman
                 CT Farm Bureau                                               Connecticut Bar Assoc.
                 Virginia Paige                                               Shirley W. Talcott
                 CT Sierra Club                                               New London Garden Club
                 John S. Rankin, Jr.                                          Sally L Taylor
                 University of Connecticut                                    Connecticut College
                 William C. Renfro                                            William Urban
                 Northeast Utilities Service Co.                              Cr Conservation Association

                 Donna Richardson                                             Howard Weiss
                 CT Recreazion and Parks Assoc.                               Project Oceanology

                 John Rieger                                                  Ronald Whiteley
                 CT Audubon Society, Inc.                                     Thames River Watershed Association

                 James B, Rokos                                               Suzi Wilkins
                 Torrington Area Health District                              Formerly of Farmington River Watershed Association

                 Joyce Rowley                                                 Barry L Wulff
                 Ledyard Inland Wetlands Office                               Natural Resources Council of CT, Inc.

                                                                          53

                                                                  GLOSSARY

                     ACIDIFICATION - The process of becoming an acid; the compound which yields hydrogen ions when
                     dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals; or which reacts with
                     bases to form salts and water (neutralization).

                     AMBIENT - The surrounding or normally occurring conditions in the environment.

                     AQUIFER - A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient
                     saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs.

                     ASBESTOS - T'he generic term describing a variety of naturally formed hydrated silicates that, upon
                     mechanical processing, separate into mineral fibem

                     BENTMC - Refers to organisms or material associated with the bottom of watercourses.

                     BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) - Denotes practical and effective measures which, when
                     applied at potential sources of contamination, will prevent or minimize the potential release of pol-
                     lutants.

                     BIODEGRADABLE - Denotes a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by the
                     action of living organisms, especially bacteria and fungi.

                     BUFFER ZONE - Zone surrounding a specific ecological area and having such composition that it
                     protects that ecological area from encroachment and disturbance.

                     CONSERVATION - Denotes the -management of the environment in such a way as to ensure adequate
                     supplies of natural resources for. future generations.

                     DIVERSITY - A term which refers, collectively, to all species, subspecies, distinctive populations, and
                     genetic varients of plants and animals,.within their natural habitats, and to the communities and
                     ecosystems into which they are organized.

                     DRAINAGE BASIN - The part of the surface of earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which
                     consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded surface water together with all tributary surface
                     streams and bodies of impounded water.

                     EMISSION - The total amount of a solid, liquid or gaseous pollutant emitted into the atmosphere from a
                     given source in a given time.

                     ENDANGERED SPECIES - A species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of
                     its range.

                     ENVIRONMENT - The forces and conditions that surround and influence living and non-living things.

                     EUTROPIUCATION - The process occurring in lakes where an increase in available plant nutrients is
                     accompanied by an increase in the growth of aquatic plants.

                     FINFISH - True fish, as opposed to shellfish, member of the Class Pisces which includes true fishes
                     (elasmibranchs excluded) having bony exoskeleton, paired fins and operculum covering the gills.

                                                                        54

                        FLOOD PRONE Those areas of land adjacent to surface watet bodies which are subject to flooding,
                        generally during periods of heavy rains.

                        HABITAT - The physical area where an organism lives.

                        HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL - Denotes the highly radioactive material resulting from
                        the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, including liquid waste produced directly in reprocessing and any
                        solid material derived from such liquid waste that contains fission products in sufficient concentration;
                        and any other highly radioactive material determined by the federal government as requiring per-
                        manent isolation.

                        INDIGENOUS - Native and original to the region.,

                        INFRASTRUCTURE - The,public service system upon which most economic activity depends in a
                        highly industrialized economy.

                        INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT - Denotes the process which involves the utilization of the
                        proper control procedures to fit a particular situation, requiring a knowledge of the biotic and abiotic
                        factors affecting the dynamics of populations and reasonably accurate methods of predicting population
                        trends.

                        LOW FLOW The lower part of the cumulative frequency curves showing the average period of time
                        specific daily flows are equaled or exceeded.

                        LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL - Denotes radioactive waste that is neither high-level
                        waste nor transuranic waste, nor spent nuclear fuel, nor by-product material, as defined by the Atomic
                        Energy Act of 1954 as amended; and is classified by the federal government as luw level waste,
                        consistent with existing law, but does not include waste generated as a result of atomic energy defense
                        activities of the federal government, as defined in Public Uw 96-573, or federal research and de-
                        velopment activities.

                        MULTIPLE USE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - The application of scientific methods and techniques to
                        decision-making concerning the harmoneous use of land for more than one purpose, i.e. grazing of
                        livestock, wildlife protection, recreation, watershed, and timber production, not necessarily the com-
                        bination of uses that will yield the highest economic return or greatest unit output.

                        NON-ATTAINMENT - The failure to reach, achieve, accomplish a specific goal, objective or desired
                        state.

                        NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION - Those sources of pollution that are diffuse in both origin and in
                        time and points of discharge, and depend heavily on weather conditions such as rainstorms Or snowmelt.

                        OLD FOREST STANDS - Denotes a small subset of all timber olde            r than the culmultive of mean
                        annual incremenL

                        OPEN SPACE - Denotes use of land for agriculture, parks, natural'areas, forests, camping, fishing,
                        wetland preservation, wildlife habitat, reservoirs, hunting, golfing, boating, swimming, snowmobiling,
                        sanitary landfill, historic and scenic preservation and other uses.

                                                                            55

                      OZONE - A modification of oxygen gas produced usually by'a silent electric discharge in air or oxygen.

                      POLLUTE - To make make unclean or impure.

                      POTABLE WATER SUPPLY - Water free from impurities in amounts sufficient to cause disease or
                      other harmful physiological effects, with the minimum or maximum bacteriological, physical, and
                      chemical composition as defined by the applicable laws and regulations of the Connecticut Department
                      of Health Services.

                      PRESERVATION - Denotes the protection of nature from commercial exploitation to prolong its use for
                      recreation, watershed protection and scientific study.

                      RECLAMATION - The processes by which seriously disturbed land surfaces are stabilized against the
                      hazards of water and wind erosion.

                      RECYCLING - Denotes the reuse or recovered resources in manufacturing, agriculture, power pro-
                      duction or other processes.

                      RENEWABLE - Denotes resources that involve organic growth and reproduction or because they are
                      relatively quickly recycled in nature, as in the case of water in the hydrologic cycle.

                      RESOURCE RECOVERY - Denotes the processing of solid wastes in such a way as to produce materials
                      or energy which may be used in manufacturing, agriculture, or other processes.

                      RIVERINE - Of, resembling, produced by, or relating to a river-, situated on or near a riverbank.

                      SCENIC ROADS - A highway or portion of ahighway which is free of intensive commercial traffic
                      and meets certain aesthetic criteria as determined by Connecticut State Statutes.

                      SPECIES - A group of similar organisms whose members can breed with one another to produce fertile
                      offspring.

                      STEWARDSI-HP - The administration of the goods or duties entrusted to one's care.

                      SUSTAINED YIELD MANAGEMENT - Denotes the forestry practice where the annual cut volume is
                      close to the annual growth of the forests as a whole.

                      THREATENED SPECIES - Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the
                      foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

                      TOXIC - Of or relating to a poisonous substance which by chemical action and at low dosage can kill or
                      injure living organisms.

                      WASTELOAD ALLOCATION - The water quality analyses performed to establish maximum daily
                      pollutant limits for a wastewater discharge or a group of discharges entering a water quality limited
                      segment.

                      WETLANDS - Denotes land, including submerged land, which consists of any of the soil types
                      designated as poorly drained, very poorly drained, alluvial, and flood plain by the National Cooperative
                      Soils Survey, as may be amended from time to time, of the Conservation Service of the United States
                      Department of Agriculture.

                                                                        56

                                ABBREVIATED LISTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANS AND POLICIES

                      A Marine Resources Management Plan for the State of Connecticut, State of Connecticut, Department
                      of Environmental Protection. 1984.

                      A Policies Plan for the Conservation and Development of Connecticut, Revision of 1987-1992, State of
                      Connecticut, Office of Planning and Management. 1987.

                      Automated Flood Warning in Connecticut: A Master Plan, State of Connecticut, Department of
                      Environmental Protection. 1985.

                      ConnectkW Hazardous Waste Management Plan 1985-2005, Connecticut Hazardous Waste Man-
                      agement Service. 1986.

                      Interim Plan for the Disposal of Dredge Material from Long Island Sound, State of Connecticut,
                      Department of Environmental Protection. 1980.

                      Model Municipal Harbor Management Plan, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental
                      Protection. 1986.

                      Oil Spill Contingency Guide, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection. 1984.

                      Plan for Ma  naging Connecticut's Forest Resources, State of Connecticut, Department of Environ-
                      mental Protection. 1986.

                      Salmon Restoration Plan, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection. 1985.

                      Section 406 Hazard Mitigation Implementation Measures, State of Connecticut, Department of En-
                      vironmental Protection. 1983; updated 1985.

                      Solid Waste Management Plan: Municipal Solid Waste-Volume 1, State of Connecticut, Department of
                      Environmental Protection. 1983; revised 1985.

                      Solid Waste Management Plan: Regional Solid Waste Recycling Plan-Volume II, State of Connecticut,
                      Department of Environmental Protection. 1987.

                      State Impementation Plan: Air Quality, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection.
                      1972; major amendments 1979, 1981 and 1982.

                      State-wide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, State of Connecticut, Department of Environ-
                      mental Protection. 1979; updated 1983 and 1987.

                      State-wide Long Range Plan for the Management of Water Resources of the State, State of Con-
                      necticut, Department of Environmental Protection. Draft 1987.

                      The Connecticut Coastal Management Program, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental
                      Protection. 1980.

                      Water Quality Management Plan, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection. 1986.

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