Draft report of geographic areas of particular concern in the South Carolina coastal zone

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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Draft Report No. 1
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SU@'H Carolina C03S'al COUnCii
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;73
1977

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COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

Draft Report
on
Geographic Areas
of
Particular Concern
in the
South Carolina Coastal Zone
Property of CSC Library
OFFICE OF COASTAL PLANNING
SOUTH CAROLINA COATAL COUNCIL
November, 1977
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413
TD169.S6 D73 1977
April 09 1997
South Carolina Coastal Council

Prinicple Staff of the South Carolina Coastal Council for this report:
Harriet Knight, Chief Planner
Also:
Stuart Greeter, Planner
Ann T. Adkins, Federal Agency Coordinator
Richard H. Dawson, Staff Biologist
Ann C. Baker, Energy Impact Coordinator

cover design by
James B. Ellis and D. Bryan Stone
The preparation of this report was financed in part through grant #04-6-153
044075, from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceonographic and At
mospheric Administration, Office of Coastal Zone Planning.

'IS
TABLE OF CONTEN

Preface

IN-IrRODUCTION.
Statutory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
State .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Selected Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Policies for Geographic Areas of Particular Concern . . . . . . . . . . 7

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS

I. Areas of Unique Natural Resource Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A. Heritage Trust Program
B. State Wildlife Preserves 15
C. State Parks . . . . . . . is
D. National Wildlife Refuge System
and National Forest Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
E. Scenic Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 26
F. Marine and Estuarine Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
G. Shellfish Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3S
ff. Groundwater Resources . ... . . . . 42
I. Rare and Endangered Specie; ifaLit'at"s" * * * * * *
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

II. Activities or Facilities Dependent on Coastal Location . . . . . . so

A. State Ports . . . . . . . . 52
B. Ntining Operations . . . . . 56
,..*4 111. 'Areas of Special Historic, Archaelo.qical or
MR Cultural Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
111. Hazard Ris', Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

V. Map Appendix
(to be added)

161 END '@h, @ 1@ 11@L IL *11L Af J/

Preface
INMODUCTION
In May, 1977, the South Carolina General Assembly enacted a Coastal
Zone Management Act for the State (Act 123 of 1977, �48-39-10 et seq. of the STATUrORY REQUIRDENTS

Supplement to the 1976 S.C. Code of Laws), finding that the rich variety of natural,
Federal
commercial, recreational and industrial resources of the South Carolina
coastal zone are facing increasing, competing demands. The State's law- Me Federal Coastal Zone lvhnagement Act of 1972 .(16 U.S.C. 91451 e@t seq.)
while recognizing the entire coastal zone of eacli state as an important and vital.,
makers recognized the need to regulate and plan for preservation, protection
resource, also declares that certain areas are of even mo-re, special significance,
and development of these valuable .and fragile resources. Amng the State and warrant particular attention .to tneir preservation and development. The Act
policies expressed in this Act, the basic, overall objectives are as follows:
requires, in Section 305(B) (3), that each state inventory and designate the
Section 2(B) (1) To promote economic and social improvement of the citizens "Areas of Particular Concern" within its coastal zone as part of the state's
of this State and to encourage development of coastal
resources in order to achieve such improvement with due program.
consideration for the environment and within the framework
of a coastal planning program that is designed to protect Section 923.13 of the Rules and Regulations for implementation of the
the sensitive and fragile areas from inappropriate devel-
opment and provide adequate environmental safeguards with Federal program by each state further defines the Federal requirements for
respect to the construction of facilities in the critical
areas of the coastal zone; Geographic Areas of Particular Concern (GAPC's). The subsection reads as

(2) To protect, and, where possible, to restore or enhance the follows:
resources of the State's coastal zone for this and Succeed-
in.g generations.
(a) Requirement. In order to fulfill the requirements contained
in section 305(B) (3), the management program must show evidence th.3t
This draft report has been prepared by staff of the South Carolina the State has made an inventory and designation of areas of particular
concern within the coastal zone. Such designations shall be based
Coastal Council in keeping with these objectives. it is the initial draft of upon a review of natural and ritan-made coastal zone resources and uses
and upon consideration of State-established criteria which include, at
a segment which will later become part of the comprehensive coastal zone man- a minimuta, those factors contained in 15 CFR 920.13, namely:
(1) Areas of unique, scarce, fragile or vulnerable habitat, physi-
agement program for the State. Cal features, historical significance, cultural value and scenic iinpor-
tance;
Geographic Areas of Particular Concern are sites or areas in the (2) Areas of high natural productivity or essential habitat for
living resources, including fish, wildlife and the various trophic
coastal zone which offer such unique or important features that they warrant levels in the food web critical to their well-being;
(3) Areas of substantial recreational value and/or opportunity;
special attention within the context of the management program. These areas (4) Areas where developments and facilities are dependent upon
are identified and described, the existing management mechanisms determined, the utilization of, or access to, coastal waters;
(5) Areas of unique geologic or topographic significance to indus-
trial or commercial development;
and-policies and guidelines developed for their preservat .ion and protection. (6) Areas of urban concentration where shoreline utilization and
water uses are highly competitive;
(7) Areas of significant hazard if developed; due.to storins,
slides, floods, erosion, settlement, etc; and
(8) Areas needed to protect, maintain or replenish coastal I.Mds
or resources including coastal flood plains, aquifer recharge areas,
sand dunes, coral and other reefs, beaches, offshore and ,and deposits
and mangrove stands. (Federal Register, Vol. 40, No.. 6 January, 1975)

The "coilnent" subsection of these regulations expands the discussion In devising the management program the Council shall:
(a) Inventory and designate areas of critical state concern within
of GAPC's to indicate that: the coastal zone, such as port areas, significalit natural and envi-
it should be emphasized that the basic purpose of inventorying and ronmontal, industrial and recreational areas.
designating areas of particular concern within the coastal zone is to These "areas of critical state concern" parallel the geographic area
include them within,the purview of the management program. Therefore,
particular attention in reviewing the management program will be dir- of particular concern requirements mandated by the Federal legislation. The
ected toward development by the State of iffirle nting policies or
rtr
pa cular
actions to manaRe the designated areas of Pa concern designation process and the areas identified as GAPC's can be devised so as to
Te_mp5a-s 1TA d e d) .
@he major emphasis in the GAPC segment of a coastal management program, be consistent with policies for preservation and development of South Carolina's
from the Federal viewpoint, is on the adequacy of the State's authority to man- coastal resources, as stated in the South Carolina Coastal Zone Nbnagement Act.
age those areas or sites which have been identified. To a lesser extent, the
reasons specific areas are significant as coastal resources, and the criteria
which establish this significance are also important for inclusion. The indi-

vidual states may inventory and identify those areas which are significant
given the coastal problem or issues which are characteristic of that particu-

lar state. Guidance for this designation process is provided in the coastal

legislation passed in South Carolina in 1977.

State

The South Carolina Coastal Zone @.Ianagement Act (Act IZ3

of 1977; also called the "Tidelands Act") established an eight
county coastal zone, to con@ist of Beaufort, Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton,

Dorchester, Georgetown, Harry and Jasper Counties.

This legislation created an eighteen member Coastal Council, charged

with two major areas of responsibility: (1) direct permit decisions in cer-

tain critical areas (coastal waters, tidelands, beaches and primary sand

dunes); and (2) development of a comprehensive coastal management program

for the full eight county coastal zone.

Section 8 (B) (4) of the Act mandates that this co-prehensive pro-

gram include the identification of special management areas. It reads as

follows:

*Appendix A
3 4

IV Or I IV Jr

"'tool

SELECTM APPROACH
are identified, they will be reviewed to determine the nature of concern, if
In order to meet both the Federal and State requirements, this report they satisfy the appropriate designation criteria, and what type of management
identifies, maps, and describes the Geographic Areas of Particular Concern in needs exist to ensure adequate preservation or control of the areas. These
the eight-county coastal zone. (As a point of clarification, many of these potential sites will be recognized as priorities, and be fully designated once
areas lie beyond the critical area boundaries as defined in the S.C. Act, the required management authority is determined and executed.
since the management program is directed to include all of the eight-county South Carolina has defined Geographic Areas of Particular Concern in
coastal zone.) its coastal zone in terms of four broad categories,:
The areas included in this draft are those which have already been
- Areas of unique natural resource value, including those exhibiting scarce
recognized as being of special importance and concern to the State, by virtue or vulnerable natural habitats and physical features; those offering substan-
of their inclusion under other State legislation or in other State/Federal tial -recreational value; and those of vital importance in protecting and main-
programs. These areas represent those issues and specific sites which the taining coastal resources.
people of South Carolina, through the actions taken by their legislative rep- - Areas where activities, development, or facilities depend on proximity to
resentatives, and authorized commissions and agencies, have distinguished as coastal waters, in terms of use of access.
deserving special management. In response to these expressed concerns, the
Areas of special historical, archeological or cultural significance.
State has established the existing regulatory and/or management controls
Hazard areas, where intenseive or improper development can increase the
over these areas. The authorities which are in place will satisfy the Fed-
risk of damage to life and property, including severe crosion'areas.
cral requirement that GAPC's have adequate management, since memoranda of
a.greement (MOA) will be executed between each of the state commissions with For each of these categories., standards or criteria are defined, and the
established authority and the South Carolina Coastal .Council. These MOAs specific geographic sites or areas within the coastal zone are identified.

will specify the type and level of coordination, and that programs will be

administered consistent with Council policies for the coastal zone of South

Carolina. Their management in the future will be coordinated to ensure

consistency with the policies of the Coastal Council for Geographic Areas of

Particular Concern.

As development and implementation of the coastal zone program continues,

other areas which may deserve particular attention will be further-studied.

Nominations of potential GAPCs can be made by the Council, other State agencies,

local governments, or interested private citizens. hhen these areas of concern

POLICIES FOR GEOGRAPHIC AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN 0 to improve access to and management of recreational areas;

0 increase the usefulness of and access to economically important
The South Carolina Coastal Council has designated the Geographic resources, without undue restrictions on the activities, while minimizin g
Areas of Particular Concern discussed in this document because of their negative environmental impacts;
unique importance as natural, aesthetic, recreational, scientific, or econ-
0 avoid preemption of appropriate commercial growth where it is
omic resources in the coastal zone. The existing State management authority Consistent withthe use of the areas, while seeking to encourage environ-
for each GAPC is identified, and the policies of the authority with juris-
mentally'sound growth patterns and development practices; and
diction shall apply for the appropriate GAPC. In addition, management poli-
0 discourage development in high risk areas, where damage to life,
cies and permitting rules and .regulations of the South Carolina Coastal property, and coastal resources is likely to be severe...
Council for certain specified activities or alterations shall apply to des-

ignated GAPCs, where relevant.

GOALS

The goals of the South Carolina coastal zone management program for

preservation and development of GAPCs are:

o .To give highest priority to the identified primary use or value of

a GAPC when considering the preservation or development of that area.

0 To ensure management of GAPCs consistent with other policies of the

South Carolina coastal zone management program.

POLICY OBJECTIVES

The Management of GAPCs shall be carried out in such a manner as to:

0 minimize the disruption of valuable coastal resources;

0 protect the integrity of natural resource areas and preserve the

rMst unique and fragile areas;

0 protect the habitats of wildlife and marine species, particularly

those with special commercial, recreational or ecological value;

PF Jr r

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS Criteria for Dcsi@gnation
Technically, the criteria for designation of a natural a .Yea as a
I. AREAS OF MIQUE NATURAL RESOURCE VALUE
Unique resource areas include those exhibiting scarce or vulnerable GaAPC is its placement in one of the existing Federal or State programs which
is identified. Ho'@ever, to indicate the resource values which make these
natural habitats, living marine resources, and physical features; those areas particularly si Ignificant, general criteria have been developed, draw-
offering substantial recreational value; and those of vital importance in ing from 'the objectives contained in each of these programs. (Certain of
protectifig and maintaining coastal resources.
0 the individual programs have further, specific criteria which are used to
This category of Geographic Areas of Particular Concern (GAPCs) . is qualify areas for inclusion within that program; and these will be identified
especially significant because South Carolina's natural environmental attri- where such exist.)
butes are a resource of incredible value, for ecological, aesthetic, recre- The South Carolina Coastal Council recognizes the followin criteria
ational and commercial reasons. In the past, development has been relatively
for designation of natural resource areas as Geographic Areas of Particular
slow, so there are still unspoiled natural areas and abundant wildlife in the Concern:
coastal zone to enjoy and protect. For example, over 400,000 acres of tidal 1. The area consists of representatives of one or more coastal
marsh represent a vital link in the life cycle of a majority of commercial ecosystem types or habitats, is intact in the sense that essen-
tially all of the expected species and ecological processes are
present in normal numbers and vigor, and nects one of tile fol-
and sport fish species. The forests, marshes, streams, beaches, and coastal lowing conditions:
waters warrant critical attention in the .State's coastal management Program a. Alteration or destruction of the area would subs tant ill ly
because of both their ecological and economic importance. It has become impair the ability of one or more ecosystem tyl)es to per-
petuate themselves;
increasingly evident that these are finite and often irreplaceable resources b. The area has qualified as critical habitat for an endangered
which will need careful preservation and thoughtful management. or threatened species, under the Endangered Species Act of
1973;
Management Authorities c. The area is unusually large or undisturbed in comparison to
others of a similar kind, thus affording a unique opportunity
Several different programs which have State ownership, regulatory or for recreation or scientific observations.
management authorit .y over natural resource areas currently exist in South 2. The area represents superior habitat for species, which, while
not ondanaered or threatened, are of vital importance as com-
Carolina. The specific authority is described in detail for each individual mercial or sports-oriented coastal resources.
program in the following pages. 3. The area affords maximum recreational 0pJ)O1'tLU1iti0-'1 in the coastal
zone because Of aCCOSS, to beaches. or other waterfront, presence of
unique physical or cultural features or natural habitats (see #1
above), and/or wide range of active and passive recreation oppor-
tunities in a natural setting.

9 10

Inventory
A. The Heritace Twst Program
Staff of the Division of Natural Area Acquisition and Resource Plan-
Nlanagement Authority ning of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, with
The South Carolina Heritage Trust Program was established by pas- support from other experts in the field, have been actively e Ingaged in thor-
sage of State Legislation in April, 1976, (Act 600 of 1976). (An Advisory
ough investigative surveys of the natural areas of the State. The objectives
Board and initial staff efforts had begun subsequent to an Executive Order of this search are identifying "significant elements of the natural envir Ion-
in 1974.) The Heritage Trust Advisory Board and Wildlife and Marine Re- ment such as unique and outstanding features, rare and endangered plant and
sources Commission administer a system which provides for inventory, pre- animal species, and natural areas -representing the range of biological d-,-
servation, use and management of unique and outstanding natural or cultural versity found in the State". This data has been made available to the Office
areas. of Coastal Planning. As the Heritage Trust Program identifies priority areas
The public policy stated within the Act is: for preservation or acquisition efforts, this information will also be re-
to secure for the people, both present viewed by Coastal Council staff and considered for designation as GAPC's,
and future generations, the benefits of
an enduring resource of natural and cul- or as future or potential GAPCs.
tural areas and features by establishing
a system of Heritage Preserves and Sites.
Designated Sites
This program provides for dedication of areas or sites by the o%,ner to the Because of their unique value as wildlife.habitats and natural area,,,
Trust, through transfer of fee simple title, or lesser forms of ownership Heritage Trust lands have been designated as Geographic Areas of Partic .ular
interest, such as open space easements. The advisory Board and Wildlife Concern.
and Marine Resources Commission review the proposed areas-, which are nom- Technically, there are aiyrently no Heritage Trust Preserves in t@he
inated by the staff of the S.C. Wildlife and Karine Resources Department, coastal zone, although several are under consideration or in the process of
other State agencies, and citizens of the State. designation. Several sites in the coastal zone have been cliosen f Ior possible
A major requirement of the program is provision of management inclusion. witUn the 11critage Trust Program, but only Capers Island has ie-
criteria, rules and regulations and "allowable use" guidelines for [leritage ceived approval to date. Official designation is a Heritage Trust Preserve
Preserves.. A management plan must be developed for each property in the. Will occur on completion of legal proceedings and development of a management
HeTitage Trust. These management mechanisms are intended "to preserve plan for the area. This designation is expected to I)L completed in. lato 1977
the primary natural character of such areas or features and to provide the or early 1978.
maximum public usage thereof which is compatible and consi5tent with the

character of the area". (Section 4 -(7))

"%A,

Capers Island The maritime forest swamps, ponds.and vast pristine marshlands; of
Capers Island was purchased by the State of South Carolina in Feb-
Capers Island provide valuable habitat for a great variety of wildlife and
ruary, 1975, as the result of growing public concern for the conservation serve as an invaluable and irreplaceable natural resource for the enjoy-
of natural resource areas. The island, situated between Dewees Island to
ment of present and future generations of South Carolina.
the south and the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge to the north, serves

as a classical example of a coastal barrier island having been built during

the course of thousands of years by the interaction of wind and water. To

the east the island is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the west by the

Atlantic Intra-Coastal Waterway.

Situated approximately three miles from the mainland, Capers is

part of an extensive zone of barrier island, coastal salt marshes and estu-

aries. About 1.4 miles in width and 3.3 miles in length (along the ocean

side), the island contains 850 acres of highland and some 1,090 acres of salt

marchlands interlaced by networks of tidal creeks.

The topography of the island is characterized by a sandy beach zone

and a series of dune ridges dominated by.typical maritime forest vegetation,

such as live oak, water. oak, southern hickory, ash, cabbage palmetto,

American holly, Yaupon and magnolia. Between the dune ridges are found low

areas containing marshlands, ponds and swamps. The remains of ditches, banks,

furrows and roads throughout the island attest to its former cultivation.

The exact history of Capers Island has been lost through the passage

of time, but it is known that the island was contained in one of the grants

given by the King of England to the early colonists. The Capers family, for

whom the island was named, was one of the earliest owners, and members of

this family contributed significantly to the history of South Carolina and

the nation.

13 14

counties was obtained through consultation with WINED and by reference to
B. State Wildlife Preserves S.C. Public Land Ownership Inventory (S.C. I-and Resources Conservation
The extensive system of wildlife preserves and game management areas I. 1,
owned or leased by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Depart- Commission, 1977). These areas have been mapped into the Office . of Coastal
Planning's overlay mapping system, which is being converted to a computer
ment are irreplaceable resources, as both protected wildlife habitats and
mapping format.
-recreational hunting and fishing areas. Because of their value to residents
and visitors of the South Carolina coastal area, they have been identified Designated Sites
as Geographic Areas of Particular Concern. The following areas, because of their significance as natural habii-
tats and their inclusion under ownership and/or management authority of
@Ianagement Authority,
ISUM, are designated as GAPCs. As new acquisitions are made into the State
The South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (MIM) i
system of wildlife preserves and game management areas, these will be des-
is empowered to acquire land areas, and enter into agreements with land-
ignated as GAPCs in the South Carolina coastal zone.
owners and with the Federal government for purposes of managing wildlife

species, and establishing specific sancturaries and game management areas. Ber eley County

(�SO-3-100, 1976 Code of Laws of South Carolina) M e area- owned and a) Moultrie Game IManagement Area
managed by INNIRD are vital resources of the coastal zone, for conservation This area of approximately 9,700 acres, much of it in Lake Ncbult@iell
of the State's wildlife and also for recreational hunting and fishing is leased by the State for deer, small game and waterfowl hunting.
opportunities. As part of this management responsibility, a full manage- b) Francis Marion Game Management Area
ment plan is prepared for each preserve, identifying short and long-term The entire Francis Marion National Forest is designated a's a game
uses and guidelines for protection and use of the area. management area, It consists of almost 250,000 acres, and is divided i
nto
Where critical areas, as defined in the South Carolina Coastal five game management units, with deer and small ame hunting Scheduled for
g
Management Act (Act 123 of 1977), occur within these preserves, additional each. In addition, another 2,900 acres of Santee-Cooper Public Service
control is afforded, since Coastal Council permits would be required for Authority wildlife habitat land is included in the Francis Marion Area.
any alterations within the critical areas of these preserves. c) Hatchery Came Management Area
Inventory This game- management area of approximately 2,450 acres Is Managed
A complete listing of the wildlife and game management areas under for waterfowl.

omiership and/or management authority of the WINED in the eight coastal
Charleston County

a) Santee Coastal Reserve

Over 17,000 acres of the Santee Coas t
tal Reserve a re located on he

Ak &I ik 'd, IV, A4 '41

northern edge-,of Charleston County, adjacent to the Santee River (additional relatively small, it is significant principally for its waterfowl impound-
acreage is in Georgetoim County)., The reserve consists of beaches, mari- ments.
tinr forest, managed waterfowl impoundments, upland forest and cypress swamp. d) Santee Delta Game Management Area
It includes a major wading bird rookery and osprey*nesting area, several Located in marshes between North and South Santee Rivers, this
carolina bays, and extensive salt marsh areas. The Santee Coastal Reserve area of roughly 3,300 acres, is a complex of old ricefields. Mana.ged for
is managed by ITNIRD as a game management area. waterfowl, it is especially significant due to proximity to North Island,
Colleton County South Island Plantation, and the Santee Coastal Reserve. Taken together,
a) Bear Island Game IManagement Area they form a major wildlife refuge area.

There are 7,SOO acres in this game management area. NIanaged for Horry County
waterfowl nesting and feeding by the IVMRD, the predominately marsh area a) Buist Game Nkinagement Area
consists mainly of old ricefields. This game management area contains 15,500 acres, and is considered
to offer the best deer hunting in that area of the State.
Georgetown County
a) Cedar Island Jasner County
Part of the Santee Coastal Reserve, (see Charleston County (a)) a) Turtle Island
b) North Island and South Island Plantation This barrier island has extensive salt marsh areas and almost 100
acres of upland forest. It is virtually undisturbed as a result of its
These two islands at the mouth of Winyah Bay were willed to the remote location and difficulty of access. The 1,700 acres are owned and
State by the former owner. They will be managed by WNIRD primarily for administered by the ITNRD.
research activities. (Final transfer of title is anticipated in the

immediate future.) They form a vast complex of beaches, maritime forest,

waterfowl impoundments and managed woodland. South Island and the adja-

cent area (Santee Coastal,Reserve), extending south to Cape Romain National
Wildlife Refuge, harbor some 80% of the sea turtle nesting activity on the

South Carolina cost.

c) Pee Dee Game Management Area

Owned and managed by MIMI) for waterfowl and upland game species,

this area northeast of Georgetown, contains just tinder 800 acres. Although

13
17,

C. State Parks characteristics, natural resources, and existing recreation facilitie-s.
State.park facilities in the coastal zone are valuable resources for This information has been made available to the Office of Coastal Planning.
Consultation with staff of PRT has identified the existing major parlks in
the recreational, scenic and educational enrichment of residents and visitors
the eight county coastal zone (roadside parks, small neighborhood parks,
alike. Because of this significance, major existing parks have been recog-
nized as Ceographic Areas of Particular Concern. and the like, have been exempted), and these have been mapped on 711"
U.S.G.S. quadran.gle overlays.
@I,IrLagement A@it _t
The South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism (PRT) Designated Sites
is mandated to control and maintain the State parks system, and can accept The following existing State p*arks are designated GAPCs; and are
or purchase lands for this purpose, with approval of the State Budget and shown in the map appendix. As PRT and the Coastal Council identify other
Control Board (351-1-60, 1976 S. C. Code of Laws). PRT m .ust prepare a master recreational resources which warrant particular State concern in the coastal

sites mav
plan for each major park facility, identifying plans for development of program, these will be reviewed for designation. Proposed park
later be included as priority or potential GAPCs. When
facilities, and the preservation and use guidelines for the park. new sites are added
to the State parks system, these will be designated aut
On a more long-range basis, PRT is developing an update to the South omaticallN.
Carolina State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP). The function Beaufort County
of SCORP is to provide a guide for statewide recreation planning and devel- a) Hunting Island State Park
opment, and to maintain elgibility for Land and Water Conservation funds This 5,000 acre State park facility with just over 4 miles of beach
from the Federal Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. and 2GO campsites is the State's second most popular park. Besides 400
Where critical areas form part of all of State park facilities, the
day-use parking spaces, the park includes rental cabins, carpet golf, A li(,ht-
Coastal Council will also have regulatory control. Any alterations within house dating from 1373, comfort stations, a wildlife area with nature trails
critical areas must obtain a Coastal Council .penidt. This atithority will and a boat launching rairip.
aid in assuring that the use and development of these cherished recreational
resources remain consistent with policies and guidelines of the State's Charleston County
coastal zone program. a) Charlestown Landing
The first permanent settlement in South Carolina, this site of,@poroxi-
Inventory mately 500 acres is on the National Register Of Historic PI Iaces. 'fl.ic lark
p
The orgainzation of studies for SCORP centers on six volumes, cov-

ering public and private outdoor and indoor recreation systems. VO1UmC I

of this planning process was a complete inventory of the State's physical

commemorates the landing of three English ships and establishment of a settle- Protected inlets, freshwater ponds and extensive forest area. It offers
me,nt on the Ashley River in 1670. This family park has both Ihistorical and camping, picnicing; and nature observation, with boardwalks, interpretive
nature themes. Features include a replica of a 17th century trading cache, kiosks, and an alligator habitat and feeding station. A deteriorating

0 vis-
replica settlers' village and crop garden, and a pavillion with artifacts structure called Atalaya, built by the Huntington family, is open t
from the first one hundred years of settlement. The park also offers an itors for a waI1k through its rambling rooms and gardens.
animal forest of endogenous South Carolina species, roughly 80 acres of gar- IIlorry County
dens with walking and biking paths, and picnic areas.
a) Myrtle Beach State Park
Colleton County While only 312 acres in size, t his park is the State's most popular
a) Givhan's Ferry State Park facility. It offers 4 main use areas; 1) campground; 2) day-use area
This park facility borders on the Edisto River., and has 32 acres with picnic shelter, restrooms, and changing rooms, and sWinffdng pool along
in Colleton County. It extends across the river into Dorchester County. the oceanfront; 3) interpretive area with visitors' center and historic
and environmental trails;.and 4) recreational facilities, including a
b) Edisto Beach State Park 750 foot fishing pier, rental concessions and minature golf. The park has
Covering 1,225 acres of Edisto Island, the park bas one and one- one mile of sandy swimming beach.

half miles of sandy beachfront; saltwater marshes; environmental obser-

vation stations; hiking trails; and swimming, picnic and playground facil-

ities.

Dorchester County

a) GivIian's Ferry State Park

With just over 122 acres in Dorchester County, this park is on the

Edisto River.

Georgetown County

a) Huntington Beach State Park
Located along US 17, three miles south of Murrell's Inlot, this
2,500 acre tract is ouned by the Trustees of Brookgreen Gardens and leased
to the State for park development. It has 3 miles of sandy beach, and is
chacterized by scenic and wildlife features, including sand dunes, marshes,

20 21

direct and significant impact on coastal resources. One application of this
D. Na-tional Wildlife Pefuqe System and National Forest Service
I process will be regarding the management of National Wildlife Refuges, par-
1. National Wildlife Refuges
ticularly where all or portions of a refuge are located in a critical area
The National Wildlife Refuge System grew out of an increasing concern
for the welfare of our Natioh's wildlife. The lands within the System serve where the Council would normally have direct permit authority for any activ-
as a protected area for fish and wildlife and their breeding grounds. The ities or alterations.
refuces are recognized for their aesthetic, geological, archeological, histor- Criteria for Designation
ical, and scientific value, as well. Because of the varied and unique signif- The following are the broad objectives of the.Refuge System as found
icance, the lands and waters in the Refuge System are designated by the Coastal in the Environmental Impact Statement of the NWRS:
1. To preserve, restore and enhance in their natural ecosystems all
Council as Geographic Areas of Particular Concern. Any new refuges designated species of animals and plants that are endangered or threatened
in the future will be considered by the Council as CINPC's. with becoming endangered on lands of the MYTRS.
2. To perpetuate the migratory bird resource for the benefit of
Management Authority people.
The first unit of the present National Wildlife Refuge System (,\I%'RS)
3. To preserve the natural diversity and abundance of mamm@ls and
was established by an Executive Order in 1903 by President I'hoodore Roosevelt nonmigratory birds on refuge lands.
as the Pelican Isla .nd Refuge in Florida. In 1918 the Migratory IBird Treaty 4. To provide understanding and appreciation of fish and wildlife
ecology and man's role in his environment, and to provide visit-
Act (16 U.S.C. 3703-711) was passed, laying the legislative foundation for ors at Service installations with high quality, safe, wholesome
and enjoyable recreational experiences oriented toward wildlife.
later actions establishing most of the jtdgrato, ry @ird refuges. Designated Sites
The evolution of NWRS has been sporadic and shaped by many pieces of Cape'Romain Migratory Bird Refuge
legislation and executive orders. Many of today's refuges were established by Cape Romain Migratory Bird Refuge was established in 1932 b-y a Pres-
Executive Orders from 1930 to 1940. During the 1960's and 1970's the programs idential proclamation. Lying east of U.S. Highway 17 and south of the Santee
of N1%RS have expanded extensively to now include 400 refuges. The Department River alon g the S.C. coast is this 55,066 acre refuge. The 1S mile segment
of Interior manages the MIRS which is presently operating with the guidance of of Atlantic coastline embraces salt water bays and marshes; intricate coast-
a Final Environmental Impact Statement which outlines their operation through al waterways; long sandy beaches; and sea island suc@ as Bulls, Raccoon, and
1985. Cape Islands. The refuge is open to the public for fishinj; limited hunting;
The coastal zone managerent program being developed by the South Caro- and watching, photographing, and studying wildlife, plantlife, and sceniery.
lina Coastal Council is mandated to include a process for Pedcral consistency,, Savannah National Wildlife Refuge
this is, the coordination and review of proposed Federal projects, issue of Savannah National Wildlife Refuge lies along the S.C. and G@ortia
licenses, or funding support to insure-consistency with.the State's coastal border near the Atlantic coast and 'covers 13,136 acres. Waterfowl hunting
zone policies. Each Federal agency must certify that its activities are

not inconsistent with the State efforts to control those actions that have

k MW Mr N

is available on the Georgia side, and fishing impoundments are provided in Where all or portions of a National Forest occur in the critical
the 5,071 acres in S.C. Nature drives and walks are also available in the areas of the coastal zone, the South Carolina Coastal Council will also.
S.C. portion of the refuge. have a measure of management authority subject to Federal override in the

event of questions of national interest or security, or navigational servi-
Pinckney Island
tude. The provisions of the Federal consistency procedures developed in the
Pinckney Island has recently been willed to the government to be used
management program will also be applicable to national forests.
as a wildlife refuge but has not been officially named or opened as yet. I
The 4,052 acre island in Beaufort County will not be open until approximately Designated Sites
1980 or 1981 when the Federal government is expected to appropriate the Francis @Iarion National Forest
funds for maintenance of the refuge. This forest, which is located north of the City of Charleston between
U.S. Highways 17 and 52 was established on July 10, 1936, by a Presidential

2. National Forests Proclamation. The forest is rich in historical landmarks, plantations, and
The Forest Service within the U.S. Department of Agriculture is ded- early churches which date back as early as a time when American Ind Iians
icated to the principle of multiple use and management of the Nation's forest traveled the area. It is also rich in natural amenities. The forest is on
resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recrea- a major flyway for migratory birds and has numerous natural creeks and rivers.
tion. In recognitio In of the valuable resource of our National Forests, any The proposed management program as outlined in the Environmental Impact
forest so designated in S.C. is identLfied as a GA11C, '111d Mly fUtL11'C MltiOllal Stoteiiient dated August 23, 1977, provides for a sustained yield of timber
forests will be considered for designation by the Coastal Couricil as GAPC's. and other products under the even-agod management system.

Managemcrit Authority

Ilie Creative Act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat.1103; 16 U.S.C. 9471)

gave to the President of the United States the authority to establish national

forests by proclamation. Ilie Department of Agriculture has always been

responsible for the management of national forests. The National Forest

Managoment Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-588) is the legislation under which each

forest is presently operating. Every ten yoars there is an Environmental

Impact Statement developed for each forest to assure operation which is con-

sistent with the objectives of the Forest Service.

2+ - 25

E. Scenic Rivers
The Water Resources Commission is mandated to develop a comrehen'siv@e
South Carolina is fortunate to have many river segments that still water and related use plan for designated rivers, with emphasis on protectin.0
remain in a natural or near natural state. As such, these areas represent the significant resources of these scenic rivers. The Wildlife and Marine
an important historical, cultural, and recreational resource. Rivers were Resources Department assists the Commission in formulating and onforcin" the�'10
the primary transportation system for early America, both for Indians and plans and regulations.
the later explorers and settlers. Consequently, archeological sites are The management plans for each river segment must address the followin.a:
found at-watorfront locations. Class I -- @bintenance of the wilderness character, with camping
Bounded by large expanses of swamp, several Lowcountry river seg- and river access allowed only at designated public access areas. Prohibitinc,
ments have witnessed little development pressure and remain in primarily newroads or buildings, mining and commercial timber harvestins,
wilderness conditions. Other segments are good representatives of natural Class H -- Preservation of the scenic values, with riparian land -
areas with wide species diversity. owners allowed customary agricultural activities, silviculture, and construc-
As recreational resources, the rivers serve as a "one-way water tion of compatible farm-use buildings. Mining and construction of roads par-
trail", offering boaters a unique sense of adventure. Me silent movement alleling the river are prohibited.
of a canoe affords the opportunity to observe numerous wildlife species Class III -- Preservation of the scenic values,' i@:ith landowners
which it would not be possible to approach in other modes of transportation. allowed agricultural, residential, recreation,, commerical, and light indus-
The recreational potential of South Carolina's coastal rivers is both inpres- trial activities. Mining and construction of new roads paralleling the
sive and unique. river are prohibited.
In recognition of this tremendous resource, the Coastal Council Where all or portions of a designated scenic river is located in
recognizes river segments which have been designated as Scenic Rivers as the critical areas of the coastal zone, the South Carolina Coastal Council
Geographis Areas of Particular Concern. will also have management authority. A permit would be -required for any
Management Authority activities or alterations in such a river segment,
In an effort to
preserve and protect South Carolina's rivers,
The Federal Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (P. L. 90-S42) was onacted in
the 1974 F3outh Carolina General Assembly nas5ed the Scenic Riv,@rs
1968. The three basic river classifications in that Act arc: 1) wild;
Act eq czoo. nf the 1()76 S. C. Code of Laws), which autho-
scenic; and 3) recreational. These classifications konerally parallel
rized the Water Resources Commission to designate scenic rivers.

mana ge -
the three categories in the South Carolina Act, hoivever, rules for
Proposals for designation may be made by Statt agencies, local governments, or
ment in the Federal law are more rigorous.
citizens groups. To qualify, a river must possess unique and outstandinc,
There are presently no national wild and scenic rivers in the coastal
scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic or cultural
zone of South Carolina. However, the Federal Bureau of Outdoor Recroatio.11
values, in addition to relatively unpolluted waters.
has inventoried numerous rivers in the coastal zone Of South Carolina,

26 27

Criter.ia for Desiggtion
The following criteria are those established for a river se .gment to NOTE: The Ashley River, in Dorchester and Charleston Counties, has been
named as eligible for designation. It appears to meet the Class II qual-
qualify under the South Carolina Scenic Rivers program:
ifications, but various segments may be given different classifications.
.Class I -- Natural river
If and when donations are made, individualmanagement plans will be formu-
i) it must be free-flowing (no impoundments or diversions)
ii) the shorelines and scenic vistas must be essentially unchanged lated for each donation. Since this river segment is particulary rich in
by man
iii) there must be no extensive paralleling roads closer than one historical resources, the South Carolina Department of Archives and History
. mile
iv) in river gorges, there must be no extensive paralleling roads is assisting the Commission in assessing the intentions of adjacent land-
within one-quarter of the rim
v) there must be only a limited number road crossings and spur owners regarding donation.
roads

Class II -- Pastoral river

May be partially or predominatly used for agriculture, silviculture
and other dispersed IiLmian activities which do not substantially
interfere with public use and enjoyment of rivers and the shores.

Class III -- Partially developed

The adjacent areas may be affected by works of man, but still pos-
sess actual or potential scenic, recreational or historic values.

Inventory

The Water Resources Commission has inventories several rivers in

@the eight coastal counties. They are: the Little Pee Dee, Black, Edisto,

CoM)ahce, Salkehatchie, and Ashley Rivers. These same rivers have been

inventories by the Federal Burciu of Outdoor Recreation and are being con-

sidercd as potential designations under the Federal program. Information

collected by the Commission includes flow characteristics, water quality,

vegetation and wildlife data, and recreational amenities.

Designated Sites

To date, there are no S,cenic River segments in the coastal zone.

I%lion designations are made mid casements or titles donated, these rivers

autom.itically will be considered to 'qualify as GAPCs.

28 29

F. Marine-and Estuarine Sanctuaries
unacceptable to his/her state. In this case the designated sanctuary will
The coastal waters and wetlands of the State are valuable natural
not include the certified unacceptable areas or become final until such
resources which have yet to be spoiled by development or real estate spec- time as the governor withdraws his certification unacceptability.
ulation. The preservation and protection of these resources is paramount On @brch 13, 1974, the Secretary of Commerce authorized the Admin-
in determining the growth of the seafood, as well as the tourist industries. istrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to exercise
There are many citizen groups active in pursuing these goals; and State the authority granted under Title III. With this authority, NOAA has to
governmental agencies, in particular, the South Carolina Wildlife & Marine develop proposed objectives, guidelines, criteria and procedures for des-
Resources Department, have instituted research programs to document and ignation of marine sanctuaries.
inventory the marine environment. On this basis, the Coastal Council feels
Potential marine sanctuary sites are screened by the Federal Office
that any area designated by the State of South Carolina, in conjunction of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM) and the National Marine Fisheries Service,
with the U.S. Department of Commerce, as a marine or estuarine sanctuary where development seems imminent. Development includes potential offshore
should be a Geographic Area of Particular Concern (GAPC). as well as onshore sites, and is considered "imminent" if it is likely to
1. Tvhrine Sanctuaries occur within 18 months, or if actions taken within 18 months will establish
the likelihood of development. OCZM offers the opportunity for state coastal
Management Authority zone manaaement offices, commercial fishing organizations, d .evelo
pment inter-
Title III of the Marine Protection Research, and Sanctuaries Act
ests, environmental groups and the public-at-large to submit recommondation@
of 1972 (P.L. 92-532,86 Stat. 1061), provides the Secretary of Commerce, for marine sanctuary sites.
with approval from the President, the power to designate those areas of
If any marine sanctuary areas are designated by the Secretary of
ocean waters as far seaward as the outer edge of the Continental sl lelf, Commerce., the S.C. Coastal Council is mandated under the State coastal 7 . one
and all other coastal waters where the tide ebbs and flows, as marine
management law (section 5(j) of Act #123 of 1977) "to manage estuarine and
sanctuaries. These sanctuaries are intended to preserve or restore such marine sanctuaries and regulate all activities therein, inclu ;ding
the regu-
areas for their conservation, recreational, ecological or aesthetic values. lation of the use of coastal waters located with .in the boun ,@ar@y of sI6ch
The Secretary of Comterce, prior to designating a marine sanctuary, must Sanctuary". 'flic primary management authority. would rest with the S.C. Coast-
consult with the Secretaries of State, Defense, Interior, and Transporta-
al Council. Its regulatory authority would also apply since any marine sanc-
tion and give due consideration to the views.of the responsible officials
tuary would belocated within the State's critical areas.
of the affected state.' The designation becomes effective sixty d ays after

it is published, unless the governor of the state involved certifies to

the Secretary of Commerce the designation, or specified portion, which is

1 130 JF Jr

Ilia

To date, the pneral management principles for marine sanctuaries 2. Estuarine Sanctuaries
mainly address regulation of development to be hanDonious with the over- Management Authority
lying principles of .preservation.and protection of the sanctuary. The Section HS of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C.
classification of these areas will not affect multiple use which may be per- �1451 et seq.) addresses the subject of estuarine sanctuaries and states that the
.mitted to the extent the uses are compatible with the primary purpose(s) for Secretary may "make grants to any coastal state for the purposes of acquiring,
which each sanctuary is esta Iblished. The establishment of marine sanctuaries developing, or operating estuarine sanctuaries ... ". Thus, the initiative
may be to complement public or private, local, State or Federal government for participating in' the estuarine sanctuary program lies with the state,*
lands, which have been set aside for similar purposes. The overall mana.ae- whereas nominations for marine sanctuaries can come from l6cal,'State or
ment of the sanctuary must include an initial and comprehensive environmental federal agencies or any interested persons.
assessment (this should complement the original EIS which must be submitted The tom "estuarine sanctuary", as defined in the Act, means "a
upon nomination). A continued monitoring program and guidelines to enforce research area which may include any part or all of an estuary and island,
the policies also mist Ibe formulated. transitional area, and upland in, adjoining, or adjacent to such estuary,
Criteria for Designation and which constitutes to the extent feasible a natural unit ... The
purpose of establishing an estuarine sanctuary is to set aside a In area
The program objectives for marine sanctuaries emphasize the idea of

s
preserving, restoring or enhancing these areas for their conservational, Whi&11 Would serve as a natural field laboratory where studie, of atural
recreational, ecological, research o .r aesthetic values. Examples of coastal and human processes occurring within the estuarie's of the coastal zone"
can be made by scientists and students. (Federal Register, Vol. 39, INO.
waters which might meet designation status include:
(a) Areas necessary to protect valueable, unique or endangered 108, Part IV, June 4, 1974)
marine life, geological features, and oceanographic features; These Sanctuaries would be areas which are relatively undisturbed
by man at the time of acquisition and, therefore, could be used to make
(b) Areas to complement and enhance public areas such as parks,
baseline ecological measurements. The designation of these areas would
national or state monuments and other preserved areas;
(c) Areas important to the survival and preservation of the provide them wi.th long term protection, and multiple use of the sanctu-
nation's fisheries and other ocean resources.; aries would.be allowed to the extent th .at such use or uses are compatible
with the primary uses of research and education.
(d) Areas to advance and promote research which will lead to a
The estuarine sanctuary program is intended to provide research
more thorough understanding of the marine ecosystem and the
impact of man's activities. data which would assist in coastal zone management Idecision -making. The
State's coastal zone management prog Iram-must be designed to protect the

32 33

estuarine sanctuary, and land and water use regulations and planning consid- Inventor.y (1 and 2)
erations must be applied to adjacent lands. Management of estuarine sanc- Inventories and studies have been accomplished, or Are in the process
tuary, and land and water use regulations and planning considerations must of being completed, for most of the natural resources present in the coastal
be applied to adjacent lands. Management of estuarine sanctuaries is the zone. Presently, "An Environmental Base Line Study of South Carolina Est@_-
responsibility of the applicant state, and the sanctuaries are intended to aries" is underway. Begun in February, 1973 by the S.C. Wildlife 4 mar-Me
be incorporated into the state coastal zone management program. However, Resources Department 001RD) , this research is to determine basic biological,
designation does not have to await the development and approval of a state's chemical; and physical characteristics, and their interactions over a sev-
management program where operation of the sanctuary would aid in proorLql eral year period. This stud is funded by the Coastal Plains Recional Cori-
y

development. mission and w,%IRD, funded, -in pait, by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. An
In.South Carolina, the Coastal Council and the management program inventory of S.C. coastal marshes has recently been completed by I%MM person-
which is its responsibility, would have authority for estuarine sanctuary nol, and research to determine major wctland plant species productivity is
planning and implementation of the necessary management policies and techni- nearing completion. Both of these studies were funded, in part, by the S.C.
ques. At this time, there are no designated estuarine sanctuaries in the Coastal Council, Office of Coastal Planning.
S.C. coastal zone. Additionally, *M) is funding studies dealing with recreatioilal f _' s 11 -

ing, over-wLitering shrimp management, shellfish resources and anadronious
Criteria for Designation
and ground fish stock assessments. The College of Charlestonj under a
State applications for grants to establish estuarine sanctuaries
grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is beginning a study
are carefully reviewed and judged on the following criteria:
to document food webs, populations and productivity in a southeast coastal
1. Benefit to the coastal zone management progrim;
marsh. The University of South Carolina has recently finished and pub-
2. The ecological characteristics of the ecosystem, including
its biological productivity, diversity and representativeness; lished a report throught the Environmental Protection Agency entitled
3. Size and choice of boundaries (should approximate a natural "The Dynamics of an Estuary as a Natural Ecosystem". The National Marine
ecological unit);
Fisheries Service has published a recent investigation by staff from 1V,%KD
4. Cost (Federal share of the cost for each sanctuary is limited
to $2,000,000.); and the College of Charleston entitled: "'Ilie Macrofauna of the Surf Zone
S. Enhancement of non-competitive uses; off Folly Beach, South Carolina." The S.C. Water Resources Commission has
6. Proximity and access to existing research facilities; funded many past studies dealing with environmental assessments a f the Po rt
7. Availability of suitable alternative sites already protected Royal Sound, Wando River, Santee-Coopor Navigation Project and j%shepoo -
which might be capable of providing the same use of benefit;
Combahee and Edisto Rivers drainages. Finally, the U.S. Fish 'Nildlife
8. Conflict with existing or potential competing uses;
Service is funding a 21 month study to characterize the sea islands *of the
9. Compatibility with existing or proposed land and.water use in
contiguous areas. S.C.. and Georgia coasts through IMNIRD.

34 35
I JF PF

'ALI

Each leasee is required to plant 65 bushels of.shell or seed oysters
G. Shellfish Areas
for each acre, in an effort to prevent over-harvesting and depletion of
1. Commercial Leases
this valuable resource. "Each lease or portion of a lease from which
Commercial harvesting of oysters and clams produced approximately
one million dollars of direct revenue for South Carolina in 1976. The oysters are.harvested must be replanted during the following planting
annual catch of oysters was over 1,800,000 pounds of meat, and the clam season." (Section 50-17-790, 1976 S. C. Code of Laws).
harvest for the year totalled 172,000 p Iounds of clam meat. These constitute State permits for activities affecting State-owned bottoms are
extremel)@ important economic resources of the coastal zone, and as such, issued b@ the S.C. Budget and Control Board. Within 1,000 feet of produc-
the areas suitable for shellfish production in the coastal waters of the tive'shelifish lease areas, leasees are given an opportunity to comment
State are very significant. The Coastal Council recognizes those bottom on permit applications. And through memoranda of agreement between the
areas leased for commercial shellfishing as Geographic Areas of Particular Budget and Control Board and the Department of Health and Environmental
Concern. Control (DITEC) , all activities such as discharges or dredging and fill
within 1,000 feet of lease areas are carefully controlled. (DIIE-C determines
Management Authority water quality criteria and health standards for shellfishing, and the 1,000
Sections 50-17-716 through 820 of the 1976 S. C. Code of Laws, covering feet criteria is a generally accepted standard).
the Coastal Fisheries Laws for the State, authorizes the Wildlife and II-la-rine
The South Carolina Coastal Council has authority over coastal
Resources Department to lease portions of the water bottoms owned or con-
waters and tidelands to mean high water, and above mean high water where
trolled by the State, for the purposes of comnercial shelifishing. Any r
wetlands are contiguous to coastal waters md intLgrally a part of ostu-
State resident licensed to do business and who makes his/her livelihood
arine systems. A Council permit is required for all activities or alter-
.primarily or largely through the commercial shell-fishing industry, may ations in these "critical areas", as d.efined in Section 3 of Act 123 of .
lease sholl-fish bottoms, in areas totalling not more than 1,000-acres to
1977. In assessing permit applications, the Council must consider "The
any one individual. (Leases for other than commercial uses may be nude to ext.ent to which the applicant's completed project would affect the produc-
State residents for areas totalling as many as two acres. The adjacent tion of fish, shrimp, oysters, crabs or clams or any marine life or wild'-
upland landowner has preference for a two acre lease in adjoining tide- life, or other natural resourcesin a particular area." (Section 15 (3))
waters, if this application is made before other leases are aranted.).
The Interim Rules and Regulations for the Permit Process (Chapter 28,
These lease agreements are valid for a five year period. Once an applica- r. 32-1 throu
gh 32-11, State Register), stato specifically that consider-
tion has been made, and the Division of Marine Resources has determincd the ation will be given to the rights of the leasee whe .n permits are being
area capable of producing shellfish, the boundaries are surveyed and evaluated for construction of docks or piers over sholifish lease areas.
established within the terms of the lease. No other leases for getboring

shellfish can be granted within the perimeter boundaries.

36 37

2. Recreational Shellfish Grounds The same management authorities of the Budget and Contol Board,
Recreational shellfishing is a popular outdoor activity along tile Department of Health and Environmental Control, and the South Carolina
coast of South Carolina. Gathering oysters and clams is not only a unique Coastal Council, a apply to public and State shellfish grounds as are
form of recreation, but a source of fresh seafood for families of the area. applicable in commercial lease areas. A detailed discussion is offered
As a valuable coastal resource and habitat of a significant living marine in Part 1 of G. Shellfish Areas.

resource, recreational shellfish grounds are recognized as Geographic
Inventory
Areas of Particular Concern. Shellfish areas have been included on the Office of Coastal Plan-
Public oyster grounds are areas along the South Carolina coast ning's 71/2" U.S.G.S. quadrangle overlay map system, and the information can
where State residents may gather shellfish for their personal use, and be computerized readily. This data was made available partly through
these areas must be designated with metal signposts. State shellfish
cooperation with the Division of Marine Resources. In addition, commercial
grounds, also marked with signs, are open to all recreational shellfish- leases must be recorded with the Clerk of the Court in the county of juris-
ermen, and by permit to commercial shellfishermen (who may obtain their
diction, and this was another source of detailed inventory information.
shells or seed oysters from these State-owned beds).
As now areas are leased or assigned for public use, or as shellfish grounds
Management Authority are removed from production or closed to shellfishing, these changes can
The Division of Marine Resources is mandated to keep open shell- be made in the mapped data.
fishing areas for the personal use of S.C. residents, with approval by Designated Sites
the County legislative delegations. These public shellfish beds are not
There are 64 commercial shellfish leases, totalling approximately
to exceed 50 acres in any one county, and their maintenance and adequate 5,500 acres in the S.C. coastal zone. There are seven State shellfish
marking is the. responsibility of tile Division. (Section 50-17-1260, 1976
grounds and another fifteen public grounds along the coast. The map
S. C. Code of Laws).
appendix depicts these shellfish areas, and the commercial leases are
The regulations for shellfishing, Sections 50-17-10 through 130 of 1976 listed by county in Table I.as follows.
S. C. Code of Laws, apply to recreational shellfishing, and empowers the WMRD to

establish the season and the limits for gathering. The Marine Resources Division

Office of Conservation & Management of the S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Dept.
(WARD) has jurisdiction over these areas, and conducts numerous manage-

ment activities, including maintenance of markers; planting of shell and

seed oysters, and thinning of over-crowded beds; and periodic surveying

of additional productive areas.

39
-38-

LO A I A I A I A A I Ad I @m"

Table I
Commercial Shellfish Leases
Beaufort County

Lease Leasee Acreage
I T. M. Bailey, Jr. 316
7 Hudson Seafood 63.4
13 Hilton.Head Co. 2 Horry Cottnty
17 Ocean, Lakc @LJRAver Fisli Co. 884
18 Toomer. Jr. 459 Lease Leasee AcreaF,,e
23 Bluffton Ovster Corp. 364 2 C. Morse 62
47 Skull Crk Os ter Corp 12 5 Pora H. Nance 3-84
31 J. S. Clark 2 6 R. Bellamy, 72
52 R. Nutt 2 36 P. Nance 32
113 D. 11. Pinckney 46.9 39 R. Eason 15.50
132 F. G. Toomer 93.8 96 A. W. Short I
205 Mrs. O.T. McIntosh 1.3 97 B. L , Marlow 1
207 F. G. Toomer 55.5- 98 C. R. Atteberry 1
41 Gault Fish Co. 5.4- 147 J. L. Tapp 0.4
46 Coastal Sfd. Co. 98 174 J. Johnson -0.60
42 Gault Fish Co. 124 178 It. H. Rucks 1.23
12 Broad Crk. Sfd, Inc. 127 22 S. C. Crab Co. 12.8
145 1.5-
Charleston County

Lease V Leasee Acreage
4 R. E. Ashely, Sr. & Jr. 108
8 Yon es Isld Canniq,,-@ Co. 380
9 H. 11LItChil S011---- 22
Yonges Isld C. Co. 335
1.1 S. Rhodes 1.8
14-A A. M. LoEton 30
14-B W. W. Dausey 10
15 C. A. Magwood, Jr. 31
26 A. Solomon 20
20 Carolina Std. Co. 146
21 R. E. Ashely 114
26 T. Duke, 111 17.8
28 S. C. Crab Co. 8
30 B. Wilson 11
31 Sullivan E. Merina 285
34 T. P. Duke, Jr. 253
35 Flowers Oyster Co. 740
37 Bulls Bay Std. Co.
43 Flowers Oyster Co. 155
44 J. P. Jackson 7
45 BUIls Bay Seafood- 297
55 Caper-Dewees Trust 4
61 14. B. Liles 0.6
62 S. Rhodes 41.62
204 Backman Std. Co. 10.33
25 Carolina Std. Co. 174
25-A Carolina Std. Co. 20
57 It. Dion 2
58 N. A. Terr 2
Y.-E' r-n s 2
--]-,.9 W. P. bald,.-vin T-TI-
27 @h_@@p@jrd

40 41

thc@ findings and recommendations to the Commission. Recommendations will
H. Groundwater Resources
Groundwater 4. is an abundant resource in the coastal zone of South include identification of area groundwater problems,appropriate conserva-
tion measures, and boundaries of a CUA.
Carolina, however, there are potential problems of quality and quantity.
Based on the report, the Commission may adopt an order declaring
Proper management can ensure the continuing productivity of groundwater
resources, but data collection and extensive study is necessary, because a CUA, give public notice of the declaration, and hold at least one pub-
lic meeting. After the public hearing, the Commission will take final
this is a complex resource. Groundwater can flow vertically, as well as
horizontally, and vertical wells can pass through several Iaquifers. The action on' the CUA designation and publish that action as part of its
water in each aquifer is likely to vary in quantity and quality. In such officialregulations.
Once a CLJA has been designated, the Commission instructs the
a case, it is difficult to determine which aquifer(s) might be responsible
executive director to prepare proposed regulations commensurate with the
for the poor water quality or if the capacity of one of the aquifers might
degree of control which is needed. The Commission must hold at least one
be exceeded, at the expected pumpage, to the detriment of other wells in
the area. public hearing on the proposed regulations and publish the final action
Because groundwater serves as the vital water supply source for'many as part of the official r .ules. These regulations may be modMed or
revoked, subject to a public hearing.
coastal communities, and the resource may suffer from over-use or waste
disposal problems (ie, septic tanks, and seepage from landfills), it is an These regulations may include the following provisions:
1) provisions requiring water users to submit -reports concerning
extremely significant resource of the coastal zone. Those regions which
quantity and source of waters withdrawn and nature of use;
have been identified as potential problem areas, requiring special regula-
tion and coordination of groundwater use, are recognized as Geographic 2). provisions concerning timing of withdrawals, to abate unrea-
Areas of Particular Concern. 1. sonable adverse effects and salt water encroachment; and
3) provisions concerning well depth, spacing controls, prescribed
N1anagement Authority pumping levels, and maximum pumping rates,
The Groundwater Use Act of 1969 (Section 70-31, 49-5-10 et @jea. iv76 S.C.
When adopting or modifying the regulations and when reviewing
Code of Laws authorizes the Water Resources Commission to designate "capacity
permit applications, the Commission will consider the following:
use areas" (CUA). The designation process is as follows: A county, mun- 1) number of persons using an aquifer and their respective with-
icipality or sub-division of State government may request a review by the
drawals;
Commission if it is believed that a situationexists, or is emerging, where 2) nIature and size of the aquifer;
the use of groundwater may require coordination or regulation to protect 3) physical and chemical nature of any impairment o Ifthe aquifer;
the interests and rights of residents, property owners or the general pub-

lic. The executive director will then conduct an investigation and submit

42 43

4) pro@able severity and duration of such an impairment; CUA Investigation Counties
.5) injury to public health, safety or welfare which may result Lowcountry Area Colleton, Hampton, Jasper, Beaufort,
Trident Area Charleston, Berkeley, Dorchester,
if such impairment were not prevented or abated; Grand Strand Area Horry, Georgetown
6) kinds of businesses or activities related to groundwater uses;
The CUA studies are funded jointly by the Water Resources Commission, the
7) the importance and necessity of the uses claimed by permit
U.S. Geological Survey, and the Coastal Plains Regional Commission.
applicants and the extent of any injury or detriment expected to be
Reports for the Lowcountry and Grand Strand areas should be submitted to
caused to other water users; and
the Water Resources Commission by February, 1978. The Commission will
8) diversion or reduction in flows in other water courses or then designate CUA's, if deemed necessary. Progress reports indicate
aquifers. groundwater problems do exist in these areas, thus CUA designation seems
The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control likely. The major problem in the Lowcountry area seems to be salt water
(DHEC) also has legal authority to protect groundivater resources, with re- intrusion; in the Grand Strand area, the main problem seems to be a high
gard to surface pollution. This is accomplished through a statewide per- flouride content, stemming from a mineral which occurs in phosphate rock.
mitting system for septic tanks and waste disposal by earth burial. (Sections The study of the Trident area may not be completed until 1980.
Drinking water is not as serious a concern here because the majority of
44-1-140 (11), 44-55-20, 44-SS-820, 1976 S. C. Code of Laws, regulations
PC-SIV-1 and 2; SCOCA-S%'G-1, 2 and 3). the population is served by a large surface water.source; however, shallow
wells in rural areas are still a concern. Also, subsidence and landsur-
criteria for Designation
face collapse has occurred in areas underlain at shallow depths by the
The decision to designate a capacity use area is based on the re-
Santee Limestone aquifer. This area is a potential CUA.
port of the executive director of the Water Resources Commission, which
describes the groundwater si Ituation and trends. If the situation is poor Designated Sites:
or deteriorating such .that the public interest is in jeopardy, a CUA is Currently, there are no CUAs in the Coastal zone. Studies being
likely to declared. Once this happens, no person shall withdraw, obtain conducted by the Water Resources Commission may result in CUA designation
or utilize groundwater in excess of 100,000 gallons per day (gpd) without in the near future. At such time as areas in the coastal zone become
first obtaining a permit from the Water Resources Commission. All permits CUAs, they will be designated as GAPCs.
will be subject to,the CUA regulations adopted by the,Commission.

Inventory
Presently, the Water Resources'Commission is undertaking three

capacity use area investigations in the coastal zone.

44 45

.... ... .......

I. Rare or Endancered @2ecies Habitats The regulations may establish proposed limitations relating to taking, pos-
session, traTisportation, exportation, processing, sale, offering for sale,
As our population grows and mankind changes his environment, the
continued existence of many plant and animal species becomes doubtful. or shipment of particular wildlife species.
Plant and animal life play many roles in mankind's existence. First, the The Commission is charged with the responsibility to establish
diversity of natural species is an indicator of quality of life. The programs necessary for the management of non-game and endangered wildlife.
gratification my come from Simply knowing an endangered species still The programs nay include research, census taking, law enforcement, educ,a-
exists. *As the species' numbers diminish, man generally attaches a higher tion, and acquisition of land or aquatic habitats. The Endangered Species
value to the remaining individuals, and many consider that it is the ethical Program is coordinated.closely with the Heritage Trust Program which al lows
-responsibility of man to preserve other species on earth. donations of land or easements.
In a scientific sense, endangered species serve as an indicator of The Commission must issue a list of State endangered species, includ-
changes in the environment. This is important because ultimately man is ing the United States List of Endangered Native Fish and Wildlife and the
dependent on the smallest organisms in the food chain. Radical changes in United States List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife. The list will
the viability of certain species may serve as an early warning.of severe be reviewed and updated at least every two years. It is unlawful to take,
problems in'the environment which threaten nun. possess,tranSPOTt, export, process, sell, offer for sale, ship, or receive
Another reason for concern about endangered species is their poten- any of the identified species. The South Carolina Wildlife and Marine
tial direct benefits to man. For example, it is almost impossible to pre- Resources Department OVINM) is directed to enforce the Act and may issue
dict which plants or animals might become valuable for enhancement of human Special permits for scientific, educational, or other purposes.
health care in the future. The State lists current endangered species and, where appropriate,
Management AuthoritX may designate critical habitat areas. Critical habitat areas are specific
In view of the National and State concern for endangered species, land tracts that are necessary for the suTvival of an endangered species,
the South Carolina legislature passed the Non-game and Endangered Species according to the Federal Endangered Species Act. The State.11critage Trust
50-15-90, 1976 S. C. Code of Program and Endangered Species Program work in close coordi
Act in 1974 (Section 50-15-10 through nation in asses-
Laws). The Act instructs the Wildlife and Marine Resources Commis- sing, acquiring and managing sites that:constitute endangered species habi-
Sion to conduct investigations on non-game wildlife to determine population tat. If a cTitical area is formally designated, the effects of any Feder-
distribution, habitat needs, limiting factors, and management mcisures nec- ally funded program in that area must be I .wro carefully COnSi(LICT-Od. T11iS
essary.for their continued existence. Based on such investigations, the review by the State clearinghouse is an indirect extension of State manage-
Commission must issue appropriate regulations and develop management programs. ment authority effectuated under the Federal Endingered.Species Act of 1973.
The Secretary of Interior makes the final conflict resolution in such a sit-

uation.

46 47

IdR

Criteria for Designation
The Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (PL 92-205, December,
South Carolina Endangered Species are any species of wildlife whose
1973, amended by PL 94-32, June, 1976, .and PL 94-359, July, 1976) was passed pro-spect for survival or recruitment within the State are in jeopardy or
with the purpose of providing likely to become so in the foreseeable future. The causes may be; 1) des-
a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and
threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program truction or modification of habitat; 2) species over-utilization for
for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened
species (Sec. 2, (b)). scientific, comiierical, or sporting purposes; and 3) other natural or
nlLn-mado'factors. Species on the Federal endangered species lists for
The national policy is stated as follows:
native or foreign fish and wildlife are included.,
all Federal departments and agencies shall seek to conserve en-
dangered species and threatened species and shall utilize their
authorities in furtherance of the purposes of this Act. Inventory
The Secretary of Interior is authorized to publish a listing of An initial Endangered Species Symposium was held in Charleston in
endangered and threatened species. based on the best available scientific November, 1976, at which time Committees of knowledgeable experts and
data, and, thereafter, to establish rules and regulations -regarding the concerned individuals were established. A list of endangered species and
control of taking, sale, import, export, or other disruption o If each f1species of special concern" was developed with .the aid of these commitees.
These committees and the ongoing endangered species programs constitute
species. Endangered species are those in danger of extinction throughout
the inventory required for periodic update of the State listing. The
all or a significant portion of their range. Threatened species are de-
South Carolina Endangered Species list is attached as an appendix.
fined as those likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.

The bases of the South Carolina and national programs are parallel, Designated Sites

and the protective mechanisms similar in that impact on endangered species Certain critical habitats areas have been identified but no formal
is considered. In addition, as previously mentioned, the species identi- designations have been made to date since most of these areas have already
fied on the Federal list are included on the S.C. Endangered Species list.. been a part of Federal or State preserves or refuges on the coast. At
The South Carolina Coastal Council is mandated to consider impacts .such time as specific habitat areas are designated and management guide-
on wildlife species in granting of permits or activities in critical areas lines or rules and regulations are promulgated, these will be adopted as

of the coastal zone. The Council will also review and comment on other GAPCs.

permits, applications, environmental, impact statements and Federally- funded

projects (A-95 process). throughout the coastal zone. The Council comments

will include an evaluation of the potential impacts on any designated cri-

tical habitats for rare or endangered species.

49
48

II.. ACTIVITIES OR FACILITIES DEPENTENT ON COASTAL LOCATION Criteria for Dcsimation
This category includes those activities which are dependent on To qualify as a GAPC under this category, an area or, facility 'm --b t
their proximity to coastal waters, in terms of use or access; or on prox- meet one or more of the following criteria:
imity to specific coastal resources, such as minerals or other raw mater- 1) Significant quantities of water, such that it can only be ob-
ials. (For initial purposes, port facilities and actively operating min- tained in a coastal location, are an absolutely necessary component of the
ing sites have been identified.) process for a particular industrial or commercial activity;
Industrial and commercial uses are crucial to the economy of the 2) Access to coastal waters, primarily for transportation purposes,
South Carolina coastal zone. In addition to preservation and protection of not only enhances, but is fundamental to the given activity; or
natural areas, the State's coastal zone management program must address 3) Minerals, energy-related resources, or other coastal resources
the development of coastal resources. It must provide the citizens of the occuring in the coastal zone are the primary purpose of an activity, which
State with guidance on the best manner in which to capitalize on development is the major source of income for a given individual or conTany, and prox-
opportunities while minimizing negative environmental effects, disruption imity to that resource is vital to success of the operation.

of other coastal resources, or infringement on the rights of other coastal

property owners.

In subsequent portions of the coastal zone management program,

industrial activities and energy production facilities which may have
direct and significant impact on coastal waters must be identified, and

the Council must develop policies and guidelines for these activities in

the coastal zone. As part of its Coastal Energy Impact Program, South

Carolina my include an inventory and identification of potential and most

suitable sites for location of energy-related facilities.

Uses and facilities dependent on coastal location, for water access

or proximity to other coastal re,sources, are recognized as Geographic

Areas of Particular Concern, due to their unique dependence on coastal

location, and-because of the economic importance and possible environu.Lon-
tal impacts-of these activities.

so 51

PF PF OF I OF I

A. State Ports Section II of the South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act
Economists at the University of South Carolina estimate that the (Act 123 of the 1977 South Carolina General Assembly) has mandated another

State Ports have an impact throughout the State of almost $600 million requirement for the SPA. It reads as follows:

per year, representing direct and indirect employment of about 35,000 jobs. The South Carolina State Ports Authority shall prepare and submit
to the Council a management plan for port and harbor facilities
State Ports facilities are a major attraction of industrial investments, and navigation channels. Upon approval by the Council of such Man-
ageme-nt plan it shall become part of the comprehensive coastal
and also play an important role for South Carolina agriculture, which ex- management program developed by the Council. The South Carolina
State Ports Authority shall include in the management plan a desig-
ports 29'percent of its total production value. nation of the geographical area appropriate for use by public and
These valuable economic assets are, by definition, dependent on private port and harbor facilities and military and naval facili-
ties and submit this to the Council for approval.

their coastal location for access to the transportation corridor provided
by coastal waters. While their maintainance.and further development are Joint development of this required port and harbor management plan,
coupled with the Coastal Council's permit authority in the critical areas,
vital to the South Carolina economy, these activities can have significant
including coastal waters and wetlands that might be part of a harbor area,
environmental impacts, and also secondary development effects, particularly
will result in coordinated efforts between the SPA and the Coastal Council.
on other industrial and commercial uses and on public services, such as
And it will ensure that port modifications or expansion activities, and
transportation.
management of the ports system remain consistent with the goals of coastal
Because of their importance as an economic resource and their de-
zone planning.
pendence on a coastal location, the port facilities in South Carolina have

been recognized as Geographic Areas of Particular Concern. Inventory

Information on existing SPA properties and facilities was obatined
Management Authority
through consultation with SPA staff and the publications which were made
The South Carolina State Ports Authority (SPA) was created by Act
1535 of the 1942 South Carolina General Assembly (Sec Ition 54-3-10 et seq. available. When submitted, the required ports plan Iwill provide extensive
data on existing port facilities and on likely, potential sites for future
1976 S. C. Code of Laws). Under direction of a seven member board
appointed by the governor, the SPA has the responsibility for development, ports development, which will be considered in identifying and designating
additional port-related GAPCs.
construction, operation, and promotion of the State's ports. The SPA has certain
jurisdiction over waters, shores, and tidal tributaries of the harbor at Designat Sites
Charleston, Georgetown and Port Royal. It has the power to sue and be The South Carolina Ports Authority owns and manages the following
sued; the power of eminent domain; the power to acquire and dispose of, facilities, which are designated as, WCs:
property, and to take State property not otherwise in use; and the author-

ity to issue revenue bonds.

52 53

1-,,!@od to the D_,orgetown Steel Corporation and is a steel-handling facil-
Beaufort Coimty
ity wr.ith a 75-foot gantry crane. Together these two berths handled approx-
Port Royal State Pier 21
This 500 foot pier facility is leased to the Port Royal Clay Company. imately 550,000 tons of cargo, in 1973 (the most recent figures available
It has one berth, used for bulk and break-bulk cargo, and also 60,000 square from the SPA).

feet of covered warehouse and storage shed area. In 1973, this facility

handled approximately 175,000 tons of cargo (most recent SPA figures).

Charleston County

Port of Charleston

In 1976, the Port of Charleston became the 11th-ranked port in the

United States, in terms of dollar value of general cargo. It is the leading

port in the South Atlantic area and his grown five fold in only 7 years.

The thirteen SPA berths located in Charleston handle almost 3 million tons

of cargo per year. There are 7 berths for conventional cargo; 3 are con-

tainership berths; one is a combination break - bulk/container berth; one is

a grain berth and one is a specialized banana berth. The 400-ton shear lea

crane at the Port of Charleston is the most powerful of its type in the

Western hemisphere; the Port also offers a modern freezer facility of 600,000
cubic feet, for meets and dairy products, and a 1.5 million bushel capacity

grain elevator.

Over half of the general cargo now moves in containers, with about

100,000 containers handled per year. About 1,200 ships per year call at

the Port of Charleston; and this figure does not include tankers and dry

bulk carriers handled by private terminals. Charleston is served by 98

different steamship services.

Georgetown County

State Piers 31 and 32

State Pier 31 is a public general cargo facility approximately

500 feet long, handling broak-bulk and petroleum products. Pier 32 is

S5
54

B. Mining 22erations provisions for protection of the surrounding environment and for reclamation
There are over 344 active mines in South Carolina, which in 1974 or the area of land affected by mining.

had an estimated mineral commodity value of $120,000,000. Extr3ction of The Act states that after January 1, 197S, mine operators must obtain

minerals by mining is a basic and essential activity, making an important an operating permit from the Land Resources Conservation Commission (LRCC).

contribution to the economic welfare of thi s State and the Nation.* The permit application must be accompanied by a reclamation plan which must
10ii1e it is not practical to extract minerals required by society be approved by the LRCC,and tlx, permit applicant must file a performance bond
without disturbing the earth's surface and producing waste materials, it to ensure compliance with this reclamation plan.
is possible to conduct mining in such a way as to minimize its effects on As an advisory body to the IRCC, the South Carolina Mining Council
the surrounding environment. Proper reclamation of mined land is necessary serves to promulgate rules and regulations necessary to implement the S.C.
to prevent undesirable land and water conditions that would be detrimental Mining Act, and also serves as an appeal body for any LRCC decisions. Also
to the environment, and to the general health, safety, and welfare, and serving in an advisory capacity are:
property rights of the citizens of the State. a) the State Technical Advisory Committee which is composed of

As such, areas of ongoing mining operations qualify as Geographic State and Federal agencies, universities, and mining industry representa-

Areas of Particular Concern (GAPCs), due to their geologic, economic, and tives; and
environmental significance, and their dependence on a coastal location for b) the County Technical Advisory Committee, which is composed of
access to particular mineral resources. local members of the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, Soil.Conserva-

tion Service, Clemson University, the S.C. Forestry Commission, and local
Management Authority
government officials.
The provisions of the S.C. Mining Act, jr48-19-10 et Seq. of the 1976 S. C.
Code of Laws are intended to allow the mining of valuable minerals and Drovide for Assistance from these committees helps insure that the administration of
the protection of the State's environment with the subsequent beneficial use of the the Mining Act is effective, reasonable, and technically sound.
mined and reclaimed land. The expressed purposes of the South Carolina @-Iining The required reclamation plans must include:

Act are as follows:
1. practices to protect adjacent surface resources;
a) That the usefulness, productivity, and scenic values of all
2. specifications for surface gradient restoration;
lands and waters involved in mining within the State will receive the
3. manner and type of re-vegetation.
greatest practical degree of protection and restoration.
4. method to prevent conditions hazardous to fish or animal life;
b) That from the effective date of the Act, no mining shall be
5. method of compliance with State air and,iwater pollution laws;
carried on in the State unless plans for such mining include reasonable

S6 57

6. method of rehabilitating settling ponds; The basic idea,of the reclamation plan is to develop a strategy
7. method of control of contaminants and mining refuse; foi mining a resource and returning the land to an economically useful,
S. method of restoring stream channels and banks to minimize environmentally sound, and aesthetically pleasing form. In the coastal
erosion, siltation and pollution;
zone, ponds or lakes are the main reclamation practice. This is because
9. maps as required; and
of availability of water from stream or a high water table. These water
10. time schedule to be followed.
bodies must have certain shoreline construction for long-term safety and
The LRCC'shall deny a permit application if: stability, a certain percent shallow area for spawning, and certain mini-
1. the operator violates the Act or regulation; mum depths to control vegetation. The potential exists for a mining com-

2. the operation has unduly adverse effects on wildlife or fresh- pany to turn this reclamation process into a profitable real estate enter-
water, estuarine, or marine fisheries;
prise.
3. the operation violates air quality, surface water quality, or
ground water quality standards;
Inventory
4. the operation constitutes a substantial physical hazard;
5. the operation has a significant adverse effect on a public Presently all mining operation in the c Ioastal zone of South Caro
owned park, forest, or recreation area; or lina are required to have mining permit and a reclamation plan filed with
6. the operator has violated commitments under the permit. the Land Resources Conservation Commission. These mining operations have
been located on aerial photos by the Coastal Council staff with assistance
The LRCC my approve a permit application only when it meets the following
fron LRCC personnel and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The mine locations have
minimum standards:
been plotted on U.S.G.S. Tj minute quadrangle map overlays. The data tan
1. the final slopes have been minimized; i
readily be entered into computer mapping system. A, new mining operations
2. safety provisions to adjoining property are provided;
are proposed or discovered, the inventory file can be updated.
3. placement of soil complies with accepted conservation practices;

4. no noxious, odious, or foul pools of water remain; Specific Sites

S. methods of re-vegetation and reforestation conform to practices Currently there are five miner, ils that are mined in significant
established by the Agricultural Rq)eriment Station of Clemson
University and the South Carolina Forestry of Coiniiission. amounts in the South Carolina coastal zone. They are sand, gravel , lime-

The operator shall file an annual report with the IRCC that describes the stono, peat, and clay.

reclamation carried out and estimates the acreage to be actively mined in A listing of mining opcrations presently permitted in coastal

the next twelve months. counties is as follows shox m in Table'B.

S8 S9

Table B
Active Mining Sites

Company Name Commodity Georgetown County:

Beaufort County:
Martin-Marietta Aggregates limestone
Malphrus Construction Co. sand and clay McDaniels Sand and Gravel Co.,Inc sand and clay
Berkeley County: Asphalt Products Corp. sand and gravel

Dorchester Brick clay Horry County:
Martin-Marietta Aggregates limestone G and C, Inc. coquina stone
Consolidated Enterprises sand and clay Waccamaw Clay Products Co. clay
Ware Brothers Investment Co. limestone, sand, and clay Asphalt Products Corp. sand and clay
BASS. Ltd. limestone Godwin Construction Co. sand and gravel
Blythe Development Co. sand
Charleston County: Horry Limestone Products limestone
Banks - Construction CO. sand and gravel C. L. Benton and Sons sand and gravel
Truluck Construction Co. sand and gravel Cedar Creek Village coquina stone
Brinson Excavating Co. sand and clay William Bird Sales Corp. coquina stone
Ware Brothers Investment Co. sand and clay Coast Limestone coquina stone
Land Associates sand and clay Locher Silica sand
Edmondson Hauling Co. sand and clay J. 0. Cannon & Sons sand
Iland Construction Co. sand and clay Jasper County:
Addeo Mining Co. sand and clay
C. F. Rhodes Construction Co. sand and clay Deerfield Sand & Mining Company sand and gravel
C. D. Walters Construction Co. sand and clay J. F. Cleckley & Co. sand and gravel
Chaplin Landing Co. sand and clay Eastern Contractors, Inc. sand and clay
A & A Contractors sand and clay
0. L. Thompson Construction Co. sand and clay
H & M Mining Co. sand and clay

Colleton County:
Becker Sand and Gravel sand and gravel
Nettles Sand sand and gravel
U. S. Peat Corp. peat
J. F. Cleckley and Co. sand and gravel
Sanders Bros. Const. Co. sand and gravel
Walker Trucking Co. sand and gravel
Banks Construction Co. sand and gravel
Seigles Sand Co. sand and gravel

Dorchester County:
Becker Sand and Gravel sand and gravel
Dorchester Brick Works, Ltd. clay
Giant Portland Cement Corp. limestone and clay
Murray Sand Co. sand and gravel
Salisbury Brick Corp. clay
Gifford-Hill and Co. limestone
Santee Sand Co. sand and gravel
Muckenfuss Landscaping Co. sand and clay
Addeo Mining Co. sand and gravel
-60- 61

The National Register Program is implemented and administered by
III. AREAS OF SPECIAL HISTORIC, AROMOLOGICAL OR CULTLJP,,XL SIG@IFIC2M-,
The coastal* zone of South Carolina is rich in historic, archeolo- State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs), who are -responsible for tlie
gical, and cultural features. The coastal area was the location of early survey and nomination process, in conjunction with a review board of pro-
colonial settlements and, prior to this, the territory of various Indian fessionals in the field. Also, the SHPO and the State review board are
tribes. Both residents and visitors, alike, perceive these resources as responsible for preparation and review of the State's historic preserva-
valuable assets and their preservation and protection as an important tion plan, which includes background information on the State (Volume III).
Historic societ- ational Register receive fu@
issue in the growth and development of the Lowcountry. Properties and sites listed on the N, 11
ies are very active throughout the area, and the value placed on the South consideration of their historic or archeological values through the DIB
Carolina herita.ge by its citizens cannot be over-emphasized. On this basis, Circular A-95 review process, whereby Federal, State, and local agencies
areas of specific historic, archeological and cultural significance are comment on proposed Federal activities or funding. Section 106 of the
felt,to be important as Geographic Areas of Particular Concern (CkPCs) in National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 provides that: .
the coastal zone. The head of any Federal agency having direct or indirect jurisdic-
tion over a proposed Federal or federally-assisted undertaking -
in any State and the head of any Federal department or independent
Management Authority agency having authority to license any undertaking shall, prior to
the approval of the expenditure of any Federal funds on the under-
To date, there is no specific legislation for historic preservation taking on any district, site, building, structure, or object that
is included in the National Register. The head of any such Federal
in South Carolina. However, since 1960, the State, through its Historic agency shall afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation..,.
a reasonable opportunity to comment with regard to such undertaking.
Preservation Officer, has developed "a program recognized nationally as an
innovative and exemplary type of state-federal partnership in preservation In South Carolina, both the Department of Archives and 11istoryi
mid implementation." (South Carolina Historic Preservation Plan, Vol. III, Historic Preservation Division; and the Institute for Archeology and
1977). 11irough 197S, this State led all others in annual amount of federal Anthropology, as well as the South Carolina Coastal Council, are involved
funds received for preservation programs. in. the State Clearinghouse process for project proposals subject to A-95
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (PL 89-665), st atcs that, review and also review Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), pursuint t0
"llie Secretary of the Interior is authorized to expend the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The Historic Preservation
and Taintain a national register of districts, sites,
buildings, structures and objects significan .t in Division estimated that they annually review over SOO A-95 project c lear-
American history, architecture, aTChO0109Y w-id culture,
hereinafter referred to as the National Register...." ances, project notifications, and environmental impac t statements for
Executive Order 11S93, of May 13, 1971, further emphasized the leadership possible impact on the historic environment. Miile the review and corrent
of the Federal government in historic preservation efforts. process for Federal, federally-assisted, or federally-licensed projects
affecting a National Register property does not provide a veto power,-it

does ensure that historic values are thorolighly considered. Experience

62 63

mom,=

with the progess has shown arple regard is given to relevant connents or
The Lhiversity of South Carolina Institute of Archeology and
objections by State agencies. Anthropology has an on-going statewide survey and mapping program for
The S.C. Coastal Council is.mandated to consider histor Iic and arche o- identification of both archeological and historic sites. (The Institute
logical resources in implementation of its permitting authority in critical
operates under contract to the Interagency Archeological Program, as
areas of the coastal zone. In evaluating applications for alterations in the
mandated by the Federal Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of
critical areas, the Council must consider, among other factors, "the extent 1960, amended in 1974. This program under responsibility of the Depart-
to which*the development could affect .... irreplaceable historic and arch-
ment of Interior contracts with qualified state and private educational and
eologic;al sites of South Carolina's coastal zone" (�15 (6), Act 123 of 1977).
scientific institutions to perform necessary research and surveys to meet
Because of the scope of jurisdiction and the requirement for manage- program needs Iidentified by work with other federal agencies).
ment authority for GAPCs, only those historic and archeological sites which All of this data for the eight coastal counties has been made
have been named to the National Historic Register can be designated as GVCs. available to the Office of Coastal Planning, and the historic and archeo-
The Coastal Council's inventory will provide staff at the Office of Coastal logical sites have been added to the coastal map overlay system on U.S.G.S..
Planning with complete information on all known historic and archeological
7@11 quadrangle maps. For reasons of confidentiality, to protect unmanaged
sites for permit assessments and project evaluations. As those sites listed sites from looting or destruction, the majority of this information will
achieve National-Register status, they will automatically be designated as be limited to in-house use, for review and evaluation of permits and pro-
GAPCs.
ject proposals. From this thorough inventory, sites which have been nawd

Inventory to the Historic Register will be designated as GAPCs.
The State of South Carolina has had an active Statewide Historic Criteria for Designation
Preservation Program since 1969, based on the National Historic Preservation
The following criteria are those adopted by the Secretary of the
Act. of 1966 (PL 89-665). One of the major functions of the Historic Preservation Div@' Int.eri.or and are.used in nominating sites to the National Register. These
sion of the Department of Archives and History has been an inventory iden-
evaluation criteria are recognized by the Coastal Council for designating
tifying more than 6,000 sites in the State, reflecting 300 years of State
GAPCs under this category.
history and over a thousand years of prehistory. LJhder contract with the
The quality of significance in American history, architecture,
Department of Archives and History, as well as the Coastal CoLMcil, the
archeology, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, struc-
regional Councils of Government also have been contributing to this inven-
tures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting,
tory and research effort.
materials, workmanship, fecling,'and association,_,-and.
A. That are associated with events that have made a significant

contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or

64 65

B. that are associated with the lives of persons significant in E. a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a stiitable
our past; or environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration
C. that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same associa-
or method of construction, or that represent the work of, a master, or that tion has survived; or
possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distin- F. a property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age,
quishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own historical sig-
D. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information im- nificance'; or
portant in prehistory or history. G. a property achieving significance within the past 50 years if
Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical fi.- it is of exceptional importance.
ures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious Designated Sites
purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, The following historic and archeological sites are on the National
re-constructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in
Register of Historic Places in the South Carolina.coastal zone. They are
nature, and properties that have achieve significance within the past SO designated as Geographic Areas of Particular Concern:
years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However,
such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that Beaufort County
do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories: 1). Hilton Head Shell Ring (or Ford's Skull Creek Ring) prehistoric.
A. a religious property deriving primary significance from archi- lhis Indian shell ring on the north end of Hilton Head Island is the
tectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or oldest discovered along the Georgia-Carolina coastline, dating from 1500-
B. a building or structure removed from its original location but 2000 B.C. Artifacts indicate family groups may have lived most of the year
which is significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the around the shell Ting, which is thought to have been a place of worshiD.
surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person 2) Sea Pines Shell Ring; prehistoric.
or event, or Also on Hilton Head Island, this small shell ring contained ceramic
C. a birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding artifacts from about 1500 B.C. It is located on Seabrook Plantation, which
importance if there is no other appropriate site or building directly shelters ruins of a plantation used by Federal troops as a supply and coal
associated with his productive life; or base during the Civil War.
D. a cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves 3) Hassell Point Shell Ring; prehistoric.
or persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive desivn 'This site on the Colleton River near Port Royil. contains two
features, or from association with historic events; or Wilmington Indian burial mounds.

66 67

4) Little Barnwell Island Shell Ring; prehistoric. 12) Tombee Plantation; c. 1790
Two sand and oyster Indian shell mounds are found on this site on This two-story clapboard house was built about 1790 by Thomas
the Broad River. Chaplin on St. Helena Island. The house is constructed so that rooms
5) Chester Field Shell Ring; prehistoric. have window exposure on three sides. Cliaplin's grandson kept a 780
This Indian shell ring site, on Stallings Island, is located west page journal from 184S to 1857, which is now part of the S.C. Historical
of Hudson's Landing Road. Society Collection.
13) Coffin Point Plantation; c. 1801
6) The Anchorage; pre-Revolutionary; (1103 Bay Street).
On the waterfront in downtown Beaufort, this home was built before On St. Helena Island, this two-story clapboard is believed to
the American Revolution, and was used as a Federal hospital during the have been constructed around 1801. A &@ mile a Ivenue of live oaks leads
Civil War. Its builder and owner was William Elliott, noted statewide the entrance to the plantation, which was the location of prosperous
as a politician, agriculturalist, author and poet. cotton production. It was a center of activity during the Port Royal
7) William and Elizabeth Barnwell House; c.1818 (800 Prince Street). experiment in the early years of the Ci vil War.
Built in about 1818, this house in the City of Beaufort has a 14) Auldbrass Plantation; c. 1940
double stairway and fine interior woodwork. This home was designed and built by Frank Lloyd Wright, between
8) John A. Cuthbert House; c. 1810 (1203 Bay Street) 1940-1951. It offers a unique combination of traditional plantation archi-
Built about 1810, this historic house, oil Bay Street in tile City tecture with innovative structure and details that reflect the Lo%@Mbitry
of Beaufort, features excellent interior and exterior woodwork natural envirorunent, specifically the characteristic cypress trees and live
9) Sheldon Church oaks draped with Spanish moss.

The ruins of this historic church tire located just cast of Poco-

talligo on US Highway 21.

10) Tabby Manse (Thomas Fuller House) c. 1788 (1211 Bay Street)
IS) Barnwell-Cough. flouse; (70S Washington Street)
One of the finest early Colonial homes in Beaufort, this private
16) The Marshlands;
residence on Bay Street was built about 1788. The house was used as a
17) Robert Smalls House;
hospital in the Civil.War.
18) Charles Forte;
11) John Mark Verdier House (Lafayette I-louse); c. 1790 (801 Bay Street)_
19) Hunting Island State Park Lighthouse;
Built about 1790 by a wealthy Beaufort Planter and shipowner,
20) Fort Frederick;
Lafayette visited this home on his American Tour in the 1820's, in@ spoke

to the people from its steps. The home is built on a high tabby foundation

and features exemplary interior wood and plaster work.
70
68

Berkeley County outside of Charleston. It escaped destruction during the Revolution
bec:tuse there were British Royal Arms above the altar. It is located abou It
1) Moduray Plantation; c. 1712
This private residence, near Mount Holly off US 52, was built by a half mile east of U.S. Highway 52 in Goose Creek. (This structure is a
National Historic Landmark)
Landgrave Thomas Smith, a noted Colonial politician, in 1712. It serves
8). Thomas Broughton Plantation, Mulberry, c. 1714
as a fine example of baroque, early 18th century architecture.
2) St. Thomas. Episcopal Church (The U`hite Church) ; 1812 Near lvbncks Corner on the West Branch of the Cooper River, thi .s'
on the Wando River near Cainhoy on County Highway 98, this small house re@resents the transition from the ethnic colonial Iarchitectural
brick church was built in 1819. Behind the church there is a rare vestry style to the formal eighteenth century Georgian style. It was used as a
building. fort during the Yemassee Indian War of 171S and as a. British outpost in
3) Middleburg Plantation (The Pine Lands); 1699 1781. (This structure is a National Historic Landmark)
Located off S.C. Highway 98 on the East Branch of the Cooper River, 9) @t. Stephen's Episcopal Church; c. 1767
this is the oldest known wooden house still standing in South Carolina. . In St. Stephen, near the junction of U.S. Highway 52 and S.C.
Highway 45, this church is a beautiful example of religious architecture of
It was built by Benjamin Simons in 1699. (This structure is a National
the period. The building was also used as an administrative center of
Historic Landmark)
colonial government. (This structure is a National Historic Landmark)
4) Pompion Hill Chapel; 1769
Built in about 1767, this chapel near Huger off S.C. Highway 41 10,) Lach Ehu Plantation; 118 16 (Berkeley County)
iias intended as a chapel of case to the main parish church. This two story wood house on a low brick foundation was built by
S) Strawberry 21@@; 1725 Robert J. Kirk, a cotton planter. The house is one of the few remaining
plantation houses of the upper half of Berkeley County.
Built in about 1725, this chapel is the only surviving building
from the planned colonial town of Childsbury. It is located at the south
end' of S.C. Highway 402, and represents a rare architectural example of

the Episcopal Chapel of Ease of this period.

6) Lowisficld Plantation; 1774
Standing high off the ground and oriented to catch sLmmier breezes,
this home was built about 1774. Its high ceilings and porch shading the
principal. rooms is characteristic of Lowcountry plantation houses.

7) St. James Goose Creek Church; c. 1719
Architecturally one of the finest churches in the South Carolina
Lowcountry, it is the oldest Anglican Church building still standing
71 72

'M M I=

brickwork, and has noteworthy wrought iron porch railings and interior
Charleston County woodwork.
--I) Willtown Bluff/Willtown Town Site, (also called New London).; c. 1697
(Adams Run Vicinity) 7) Branford-Horry House; (59 Meeting Street, Charleston), c. 1751
The town site i's located about 5 miles west of the community of This fine "double" house was built around 1751 by William Branford.
Adams Run. Willtoun was one of the earliest and most important towns in Its portico which extends over the public way was built in the 1830's by
South Carolina, but it began to decline during the mid-1700's and died Elias Horry, great-grandson of William Branford. The house contains a
out after the revolution. wealth of fine Georgian woodwork.
2) Sewee Shell Ring; (or Mackintosh Abund; (Awendaw Vicinity) 8) Miles Brewton House; (27 King Street, Charleston), 1765-69
Near the interesection of U.S. 17 and Awendaw School Road, this This fine old house is considered to be one of .America'sI outstand-
prehistoric Indian Shell midden measures about 149 feet in diameter. ing Georgian mansions. Built by the prominent and .wealthy @iiles Brewton
3) William Aiken [louse and Associated Railroad Structures; (456 King and inherited by his .sister, Mrs. Rebecca Brewton Nbtte, Rev . war heroine.
Str6o`t, Ch`arles-t-onY--c-.--19l-l - The house was commandeered as headquarters for General Sir Henry Clinton
This great Regency house with its arched piazzas and intricately during part of the American Revolution and again in 1865 for Federal
carved entrance door was converted to business in 1863 when the S.C. Rail- officers. (This str Iucture is a National Historic Landmark)
road Company began using it for offices. It now houses the district office 9) Robert Brewton House; (71 Church Street, Charleston), c. 1730
of the Southern Railway. The building is a National Historic Landmark
This house is one of the earliest remaining examples of the Char-
because of its importance in the history of,railroading.
leston "single" house; a long, narrow building one room wide and two rooms
4) Bethel Methodist Church; (S7 Pitt Street, Charleston), 1853
deep with the narrow end facing the street. (This structure is a National
In 1795 the propertywas acquired for a Methodist burial ground. Historic Landmark)
A 'Methodist meeting house was built there in 1798 and the present building 10) Charleston Historic District;
was begun in 1852.
The total area of this district corresponds to the Old and Historic
5) William Blacklock House; (18 Bull Street, Charleston), 1800
District delineated in the zoning ordinance of the City of Charleston, rat-
This house, made of Carolina grey brick is an outstanding example
ified on August 16, 1966. Charleston's first settlement was in 1670 on
of a Charleston "double" house. An exquisite fanlight over the front door,
the west bank of the Ashley River. The town was moved in 1680 to its pro-
marble keystones and a double set of steps are some of its outstanding sent location on the poni .nsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers.
features. (This structure is a National Historic Landmar .k)
Charleston's early economy was based on the planting of rice and indigo,
6) Daniel Blake Tenement; (2-4 Courthouse Square, Charleston), 1764-72
and the town became the largest and wealthiest metropolis.south of Phil-
This double house dates from 1764-1772. Located at Court House adelphia.
Square in the City of Charleston, it is a fine examl)le of English bond

73 74

11) Charlestonis French Quarter District (Lodge Alley); 15) 'The Exchange and Provost; (East Bay and Broad Streets, Charlestcn)
1769-72
This area today is located at the edge of "Old and Historic
Built between 1769-72 the Exchange and Provost is one of the most
Charleston" and is the section where the Huguenots once had warehouses
and dwellings. Lodge Alley is one of the oldest streets in Charleston historic buildings in America. "In January, 1775, the Provincial Congress
and is a visual example of the city's Old World ties. The ten foot assembled here to set up the first independent government established in
America and to elect delegates to the General Congress which met later in
wide passage paved in "Belgian Blocks" served as.a thru-way for merchants,
Philadelphia." (Historic Charleston Guidebook, complied and originally pur-
allowing them access from their homes on State Street ships on East Bay
lished as Across the Cobblestones by the The Junior League of Charleston,
Street.
Inc.) The building is perhaps best known as the place where President George
12) Citizens and Southern National Bank of S.C. Building; (50 Broad
Street, Charleston), c. 1797 Washington was officially received during his visit to Charleston in May,
This building was used by the Bank of South Carolina from 1793 1791. The cellars beneath the building served as a British dungeon, 'The
until 1835 at which time it was bought by the Charleston Library Society. Provost", during the Revolution. The building is a National Historic Land-
In 1916 the Library Society sold the building to the Charleston Chamber mark.
of Commerce which, in turn, sold it in 1966 to the Citizens and Southern 1.6) Farmers' and Exchange Bank; (141 East Bay Street, Charleston),
c. A53-5
National Bank of South Carolina. The building is thought to be the oldest
This old building is a fascinating example of Moorish gothic arch-
bank building in the United States still in use as a banking office.
itecture. It is used today by a law firm and is a National Historic Land-
13) College of Charleston.; (Marleston), 1785 mark.
Chartered in 1785 and officially opened in 1790 the College of
17) Fireproof Building;.(100 I\Lccting Street, Charleston), 1822-26
Charleston is noted as being the first municipal college in America. The
Originally. intended to safeguard public records, this was the first
old "main building" built in 1828 is handsome Greek Revival structure. The
completely fire-resistant building in this country. It was erected between
College of Charleston is a National Historic Landmark.
1822 and 1826, and has been described as "sternly beautiful". 7he building
14) Dock Street Theatre (Planters' Hotel) ; (135 Church Street, Charleston)
is now owned by the County of Charleston.
This building is located on or near the site of the first theatre
18) Fort Sumter; (Charleston Harbor), Begun 1829
of Charleston, the Dock Street Ilicatre. The present Dock Street Theatre
11iis 19th century fortification was the scene of a South Carolina
is a creation of an 18th century continental theatre within the old shell
artillery attack on Federal troops, on April 12, 1861, marking the begin-
of the 1803 Planters' Hotel. The only original parts of the hotel interior
ning of the Civil War. Located in Charleston Harbor, the fort was later
which remain are the lobby, staircase, and the two -rooms above the lobb%.
the scene of a 20 month seige, with th@, Confederate garrison withstinding
The woodwork and carving in the lobby and upstairs rooms is from the Judge
overwhelming Federal attacks.
King House, since demolished.

75 76

19) William Gibbes House; (64 South Battery Charleston), 1772
The height of Charleston's Georgian period can be seen in this 24) McCr@ Tavern and Long Room;' (153 East Bay Street, Charleston),
1786
beautiful mansion. The upstairs ballroom is considered to be one of the This rectangular brick building was acquired by Edward McCrady,
most beautiful rooms in America. The house is a National Historic LandT a Charleston barber, and was operated as a tavern. The Long Room was
mark. constructed in 1788 as an adjunct to the tavern. It is a one-room, multi-
20) DuBose Heyward House; post-Revolutionary (76 Church Street, Charleston. purpose building which was used for balls, music festivals, etc. In 1791
Number 76 Church Street, Charleston, is noted as being the place President' George Washington was entertained there.
where DuBose Heyward wrote his famous story of Porgy. The house is a National 25) McLeod Plantation; (32S Country Club Drive, Charleston).c. 1858
Historic Landmark. The country house built by William McLeod around 18S 8 was altered
21) Heyward-Washington House; (87 Church Street, Charleston), 1770 in the early 1900's to become a good example of Greek Revival architecture.
'Ihis fine Georgian town house was built in 1770 by Daniel Heyward, The grounds contain an avenue of well preserved wooden slave cabins.
the founder of a great rice-planting dynas@ty. Daniel's son, Thomas Heyi@ard, 26) Joseph Manigault House; (350 Meeting Street, Charleston) c. 1802
a signer of the Declaration of Independence, leased the house to the City Constructed of Carolina grey brick and laid in Flemish bond, the
of Charleston as a residence for President George Washington during his house fornis a geometric figure and is an outstanding example of Adam style
visi t to Charleston in 1791, thus the. name Heyward-Washington House. Ille architecture. It was designed by Gabriel Manigault for his brother Joseph.
house is a National Historic Landmark. The house is a National Historic Landmark.
22) Hibernian Hall; (105 Meeting Street, Charleston) , 1840 27) Market Hall and Sheds; (188 Meeting Street, Charleston)
This Greek Rivival structure was built by the Hibernian Societyl Erected between 1788 and 1804 the City Market sheds stretched for
an Irish fraternal order, which still owns and uses the building today., six blocks from Meeting Street to the Cooper River. Market Hall was
Each year this hall is the scene of the St. Cecilia Ball, the most famous
erected at the head of these buildings in 1841. It is a fine example of
social event in the South. The building is a National Historic Lanchnark. Roman Doric. The hall presently houses the Confederate Museum and is
23) Huguenot Church; (136 Church Street, Charleston), 1844-45 operated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Built in the Gothic style this church building is the fourth to 28) Clark @@ Studio; (51 Broad Street, Charleston), Early 19th Century
stand on this site. Many Huguenots, fleeing persecution in France, estab- An equestrian statue of General Andrew Jackson placed in Lafayette
lished themselves in and around Charleston. 1hey began worshipping at this
Park in Washington established the reputation of Clark INtills who pioneered
site about 1687. The Huguenot Church is a National Historic Landmark. in the casting of bronze statues in America. In his Charleston studio on
Broad Street lie carved a marble bust of John C. Calhoun for which -the City

@of Charleston awarded him a gold medal.

77
78

Constructed for storing powder its 2'8" thick walls and heavy groined
29) James Nichol-6on House (Ashley Hall School); (172 Rutledge Avenue,
vaulting are made of brick and oyster shell mortar.
ChariestTn), c. 1816
A classic vill.1 oil i very grand scale, this 11OUSC Was bUilt in the 34) Robert Barnwell Rhett I-louse; (6 Thomas Street, Charleston), c. IS32
This dwelling was the home of Robert Barnwell Rhett from 1856-6@).
fashionable suburb called Cannonsboro which today is well.within the city
limits. One of its past owners was George A. Trenholme, Secretary of the Known as the "Father of Secession", this U.S. Senator composed the "Address
Treasury of the Confederacy. Today it serves as a nationally known school to the Slaveholding States". His son was the editor of the Charleston
Nbrcury.-
for girls.
30) Site of Old Charles Towne, Albemarle Point; 1670 35) Robert William Roper House; (9 East Battery, Charleston), c. 1838
In April 1670, three English ships landed on the west bank of the I It is probable that the architect Edward Brickell White d Iesigned
Ashley River at a place known as Albermarle Point and founded Charles this mansion. The beautiful Greek Revival portico, dramatically high
Towne, the first permanent settlement in Carolina. Ten years later the ceilings and tall windows and doors make this house truly grand.
town was moved to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. 36) Thomas Rose House; (57-59 Church Street, Charleston)., c. 1735
The historic area of Albermarle Point is today a state park called Built around 1735 this house is a fine example of the early
Charles Towne Landing. Georgian period. The exterior lines are simple and solid; the house has
31) Old Marine Hospital; (20 Franklin Street, Charleston), 1834 two floors instead of the three so typical in Charleston.
Designed by the well known Charleston architect, Robert Mills, 37) Nathaniel Russell [louse; (51 Meeting Street, Charleston) , 1809
This house, completed in 1809, is the finest example of Charles-
this building exemplifies the Gothic revival style of architecture.
ton's Adam architecture. It was built by Nathaniel Russell, a native of
It is presently used as Housing Authority Headquarters for the City
Phode Island, who moved to Charleston and became one of her most prosper-
of Charleston.
ous merchants. The house is now owned by and serves as headquarters for the
32) The Circular Congregational Church; (150 Meeting Street, ChaTleston),
1890 Historic Charleston Foundation.- The house is a National Historic Landr@arl,-.
The first church on this site was a small wooden structure built
38) Edward Rutledge (117 Broad Street, Charleston) post-Revolu-
in 1681 which housed a congregation of Hu .guenots, Presbyterians and Con- tionary
gregationalists. It was replaced in 1804 by a Pantheon-liko church which Built for James Laurens, this house later was owned by Edward
burned in 1361. The present structure was built by using the bricks from Rutledge, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 'rhe house is a
National Historic Landmark.
the burned building. This church building is a National Iii-stoTic Land:maTk.
33) Powder Wv@azine; (21 Cumberland Street, Charleston), c. 1713
This building, built around 1713, is one of the few buildings in

Charleston which has survived from the days of the Lords Proprietors.

79 80
MW

30) Governor Jghn Rutledge House.; (116 Broad Street, Charleston) 1760 44) South Carolina State Arsenal (Old Citadel); 2 Tobacco Street,
This house was owned by John Rutledge who served as President of Chari@`s_ton) , c. -1-82-6-
the Independent Republic of South Carolina during the Revolutionary War The Denmark Vesey slave uprising of 1822 resulted in the construc-
and later as governor of the state. . He later served as the second chief tion of this arsenal which was converted to the .Gothic style in 1849.
justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The house is a National The building housed the S.C. Military Academy from 18 43-1922, and, today
Hist oric Landmark. it serves as a Charleston County Office '3uilding.
40) St. Michael's Church; (80 Meeting Street, Charleston), 1751-61 45) Stiles-Hinson-Thompson House;-.(940 Paul Revere Drive, James
1slanaT,-c-.174T-_l7J1--
St. Michael's is the oldest church edifice in Charleston, and Actually two houses in one, the original one-and-one-half story
except for the addition of the sacristy, the building remains unchanged. colonial farmhouse was built around 1742. Around 1891 a two-and-one-
Its bells, imported from En.gland in 1765, are beloved for their connection half story Victorian house was built on to it. Each house maintains its
with Charleston's history. The building is a National Historic Landmark.
architectural integrity.
41) St. Philip's Church; (146 Church Street, Charleston), 1835-38 46) Col. John Stuart House; (104-106 Tradd Street, Charleston), c. 1772
St. Philip's congregation is the oldest in the state. The original This house was built around 1772 by Col John Stuart, Indian Com-
building was located at the present site of St. Michael's. Church. 11@hen missioner for the Southern Colonies. The carving of the overmantels is
the growing congregation needed more room, a now church.building was some of the finest in the City of Charleston. The house is a National
built on the Church Street site; this building burned in 1835. The third Historic Landmark.
and present building was built between 1835-38. The building is a National 47) Swo-rd Gates House; (32 Legare Street, 111 Tradd Street, Charleston)
Historic Landmark.
The premises at 32 Legare Street are valuable because of the famous
42) Simmons-Edwards [louse; (12-14 Legare Street, Cliarlesto.n), c. 1800 Sword Gates as well as the fine wooden house with its masonry additon.
Built by a Johns Island planter, Francis Simmons, this single house The gates, with their design of Roman swords and spears, were forged
was later owned by George Edwards. Edwards added a garden and formal about 1838 by Christopher Werner, a famous Ch arleston ironsmith. The
entrance. The house is a National Historic Landmark.
house (now 111 Tradd Street), which served as a seminary for YoLuig ladies
43) South Carolina National Bank of Charleston-, (16 Broad Street, Char- from 1819-1849, contains a beautiful Adam ballroom.
leston), 1817
This building was erected for the Charleston branch of the Second 48) Unitarian Church; (6 Archdale Street, Charleston) 1772-76
Bank of the United States ind was acquired by the Bank of Charleston in 1835. This building was remodeled in 18S2 to resemble the chapel of
The name was changed to tho South Carolina National Bank i n 1926. Henry VII in Westminster Abbey, The congregation was an. off,;hoot of the
Congregational Church, and was rechaitored as the Unitari= Church in
1839. It is the oldest Unitarian Church in the South. The building is a

andmark.
Naltonal 111-storic L,
81 82

and a mo
in 1812, two barracks and a martello tower some years latar , . rtar
49) U.S. Customhouse; (200 East Bay Street, Charleston) battery in 1861 for the purpose of firing on Fort Sumter. The powder
Begun by 1853 and finished after the Civil War this beautiful neo- magazine (1814). appears to be the only intact remnant of all the fortifi-
classic building uses an elaborate grillage to support its weight. It is
cations.
interesting from both an engineering as well as an architectural standpoint.
55) NTagnolia Gardens; (10 miles northwest of Charleston) 1671
50) U.S. Post Office and Courthouse; (83 Broad Street, Charleston) 1 1896 This estate was named N@lagnolia-on-the-Ashley and has been in the
This beautiful Renaissance Revival structure was built of Winns- Drayton family since 1671. One of its owners, John Grimke-Drayton,
boro, S.C. granite. It is an appropriate expression of the late 19th cen- developed the famous gardens, importing the Camellia Japonica and the Azalea
tury. Indica for which the gardens are so well known.
51) Castle Pinckney; (Charleston Harbor on Shute's Folly Island) 1812
56) -St. A_ndrews -Parish Church; (5 miles northwest of Charleston)
Named in honor of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, U.S. Commissioner
St. Andrews Parish was one of ten parishes established in the Col-
to France (1797), this fortification was constructed just before the War
ony's political divisions under the Church Act of 1706. A small church
of 1312. It was used to house prisoners during the War Between the State s. building was begun on this site in 1706, 1and its walls, Iu.sodIin the navIe
S2) John Drayton House (Drayton Hall); (12 miles west of Charleston) 1738
This magnificent structure is probably the finest example of Geor- of the present structure, represent the oldest example of church arch-
tecture in the state.
gian architecture in America. It was built by John Drayton whose son,
57) Arnoldus Vander Horst House; (Kiawah Island) c. 1770
William Henry Drayton, was a Revolutionary patriot. Drayton Hall was
Built around 1770 this structure is a rare example of alate eight-
saved fromburning and pillage in 1865 because of its use as a hospital eenth century wooden plantation house. It passed from its builder, Jam Ies
for smallpox victim. The house is a National Historic Landmark.
Stanyarne, to Arnoldus Vanderhorst who served as Kayor of Charlc@ston, (1785-
53) Fenwick Hall Plantation; (Johns Island), 1730
1786 and 1790-1792) and as Governor of South Carolina (1794-1796).
Near the intersection of River Road and Maybank Highway on Johns
Island, this two-story brick plantation home was built in 1730. Except 58) Fairfield Plantation; (Five miles east of McClellanville), c. 1735
Originally owned by the Lynch family, the house passed into the
for minor changes, the building retains the appearance of its Georgian
hands of Jacob Nbtte, one of the Colonial treasurers of South Carolina
architectural period.
Nbtte enlarged and altered the house as did members of the Pincknov fxmilv
54. Fort Johnson/Powder @bgazinc; (James Island), 1814
who subsequently became its owners. It is the oldest house in the old
This is an area which contains a number of forts the earliest
parish of St. James Santee,
dating from 1708. The second fort was built in 1759, and a third fort
59) St. James Santee Episcopal 21
was constructed between 1793-1794 using elements of the two earlier forti- @i@@cli; (Georgotoim Vicinity), c. 1716S
fications. other structures on the site included two batteries erected This Church buildi,ng with its brick exterior and cypress interior
is one of the most beautiful of the Low Colultry's parish churches.

8 3 84
'%

M I AL, I IA

Erected wh en the Episcopal faith was the state religion, it was used as ring-shaped shell midden dates from a prehistoric Indian era. It is
a center for colonial governmental administration. The building is a about 178 feet in diameter and stands no more than 3 feet above sea level.
National Historic Landmark. 66) -Christ Church; (Episcopal), (Near Mt. Pleasant)
60) Marshlands Plantation House; (James Island), c. 1810 This building was a parrish church and used as the administrative
with its unusual Adam mantels and well balanced proportions, this center of the colonial goverment. The original walls, erected in 1726,
house is one of the finest examples of Adam architectureAn th e Low Country. were destroyed by British soldiers, but later rebuilt. It is located
It was moved from its original location on the Cooper River to its present six miles north of Mt. Pleasant on U.S. Highway 17.
location in 1961. 67) Paul Pritchard Shipyard; (Near N't. Pleasant), 1706
61) Hampton Plantation; (Seven miles north of McClellanville), c. 173S Located several miles north of Mt. Pleasant this site was being
This beautiful house is located on the western bank of the South used for shipyard in 1706 when it was burned by a French and Spanish
Santee River. Hampton was visited by President George Washington in 1791. invasion fleet. It was rebuilt and used until about 1922. Paul Pritchard
The Hampton Plantation is also a National Historic Landmark. built ships there for S.C.'s Navy during the Revolutionarv War.
62) Mount Pleasant Historic District; (Mt. Pleasant), 1766, 1808, 1847 68) Snee Farm; (Near Mt. Pleasant), c. 1754
Significant buildings in this old section of Mt. Pleasant document Built in approximately 17S4, this plantation was the home of
its history with architecture. Styles range from the Colonial and early Charles Pinckney, a framer of the U.S. Constitution, a Governor of South
Federal period through the Victorian age and many buildings test to the Carolina, and U.S. Minister to Spain. The farm is located on S.C.
town's cultural, religious and political endeavors. Highway 97, near Mt. Pleasant.
63) Old Court House; (311 King Street, Mt. Pleasant), 1884 69) Stono River Slave Rebellion Site; (Rantowles vicinity), 1739
Located on King Street in Mr. Pleasant, this building was erected On this site, slaves under the leadership of an Angolan slave
in 1884 and.used as a court house until 1898, during the period when Jemmy, attacked the Ilutchison warehouse located near the river. After
Mt. Pleasant was the County seat of Berkeley County. It is the only killing two guards and seizing arms.they moved on toward Savannah. This
example of commerical Victorian architecture in Mt. Pleasant. insurrection led to the passage of one of the most comp@ehcnsivc slaxre
64) Auld Mount (or Yough Hall Shell Ring) ; (Near Mr. Pleasant) codes adopted in the English colonies.
Dating from the second millenuim B.C., this Indian shell midden 70) Village of Rockville Historic Districts; (Rockville), c. 1824
stands about 6 feet above the surrounding swdiTq), with the ring itself Rockville was founded by the planters of lVadiiialaw and Edisto
2-3 feet higher that-the central area. It lies about one mile off U.S. Islands, as a sunrwr refuge from malaria. It contains one late eighteenth
Highway 17 near Mt. Pleasant. century building, twelve pre-Civil War-buildings and Fix outstanding struc-
6S) Buzzards Island Shell ELna; (Near 14t. Pleasant) tures dating from the late nineteenth and early twentie@h centuries..

Located near Mt. Pleasant, southeast of U.S. Highway 17, this

85 -86.

71) Fig Island Shell Ring; (Near Rockville)
as well as a Spanish-American War army bunker and a 1962 lighthouse. The
Southeast of Rockville on O.ceola Creek, these Indian shell rinRs buildings are fine examples of East Lake architecture.
are two of the approximately twenty between the central S.C. coast and
78) Harrietta Plantation; (South Santee River), c. 1858
central Georgia coast. All date from prehistoric times and were the site
This wooden two-story dwelling was probably begun in the 1830's.
of significant finds of early North American pottery. Resting on high brick foundations, it is built in the Charleston single
72) Hanckel Mound Shell Ring (or Leadenwah Creek Wund); house style.
A prehistoric Indian shell midden deposited in I a ring shape, 79) Johns Island Presbyterian Church; (Johns Island), c. 1719
this sitIe is believed to date early in the second milleuim B.C. Located 11is original wooden building is framed of handsawed lurber and
near Rockville, at the confluence of Leadenwah Creek and the N. Edisto it's put together with wooden pegs. It is considered to be the oldest
River, it contains some of the earliest pottery known in North America. continuous Presbyterian Church in South Carolina.
73) Horse Island Shell Rin,g; (Near R(;ckville) 80) Ashley Kill Plantation; (Five miles northwest of Charleston),
Just south of Rockville, this prehistoric Indian shell inidden c. 1670
also contains significant early North Ameri can pottery remains. Originally the home of the Bull family who were outstanding in
74) John Seabrook Plantation Bridge (Admiral George Palmer Bridge): South Carolina politics from 1670-1860. The area contains an Indian
(Wadmalaw Island), c. 1-784 mound, the ruins of a 1710 house and the Stephen Bull house of 1670.
Located on the south bank of the Leadenwah Creek, this structure
81) Central Baptist Church; (22 Radcliffe Street, Charleston), c. 1S93
is a unique example of a late eighteenth century brick highway bridge. This clapboard structure was built around 1893 by a black congTega-
7S) Battery Gadsden; (Sullivan Island), 1903-04 tion and has been continuously used since that time. The church is sigT II-
Built to protect Charleston harbor this fortification is one of
ficant in terns of black history and folk art and is one of the first blacr,
a series of batteries stretching from, Fort Nbultrie to the end of Sulli-
churches founded and built solely by blacks in Charleston. It serves as
vans Island. Its four gun emplacement is unique among batteries of
- an example of the Carpenter Gothic vernau dar style of architecture.
this period on the island. Guns and Machincry were removed in 1917.
82) Oakland Plantation; (7 miles north of Charleston @Urbor) , c. 17SO
76 Battery Thomson; (Sullivan's Island)., 1906-09 This clapboard house of hand-hewn Iblack cypress sits an a low
This two, 101 gun, coastal defense battery was established to
foundation of bricks made from oyster-shell lime. Built on land orioinall-,
command the entrance to the Charleston harbor jetties. Machinery and
granted by the Lords Proprietors in 1696, this divolling is probably the
@guns were removed in 1947. oldest house in Christ Church Parish.
77 U.S. Guard Historic District; (Sullivans Island), c. 1891
83) St. 1%hryls Roman Catholic Church; (93 Hasoll Street, Charleston)
This five acre district contains three buildings (rescue station
rhe church was incorporated ip 1791 and a church building w- s Con-
boathouse, administration building, carriage house) dating from about IS91
structed on the site at an unknowm date. This first stract,ure was-replaced'

by a brick building which was destroyed by fire in 1333. The third and Colleton County
present building Wilt in 1839, is a two-story stucco over brick structure 1) Colleton County Courthouse; 1822
with Massive Doric columns. 'nie First Nullification meeting in South Carolina was held in this
84) old Bethel United Methodist Church; (222 Calhoun Street), 1809 brick building in 1828. Constructed in 1822, it is a good example of the
Begun in 1797 and conpleted in 1809, this is the oldest 'Methodist work of Robert Mills, its architect. The walls of the Greek Revival struc-
church building in Charleston. Originally located at the corner of Pitt ture are.29 inches thick (three bricks deep), and its wrought iron stair-
and Calhoun Streets, it served a congregation of blacks and whites until way is a unique rustproof feature.
the 1840's when the blacks seceded. The church was moved to the western 2) Walterboro Jail (Old Colleton County. Jail); 1855
part of the church grounds in 18S2 and was then used by blacks alone. Built in 18S5, this Neo-Gothic building served as the County jail
In 1880, the church building was given to the black congregation and was until 1937. It was designed by noted Charleston architects Jone and Lee.
moved once again to its present site on Calhoun Street. 3) Walterboro Little Library, oValterboro Library Society); 1822
Moved from its original site, where it once served as a focal

point for determining the town's boundaries, this frame house with louver

shutters was built in 1820. It was a favorite stopping place for area

planters when business brought them to the County.Seat. It is currently

used for meetings by the Colleton County Historical Society.

4) Issac Haynes Hall
North of J@cksonboro off Route 64, this was the ancestral home

of the Haynes Family, which came from England. A monument erected in the

gardens marks the burial site of Col. Issac Haynes, "the Martyr" who was

hanged by the British in Charleston in August, 1871.

S) Pon Pon Chapel; 172S

The original St. Bartholomew's Parrish was established in 1706,

but devastated by Yemassee Indians. In 1725, the General Assembly pro-

vided for construct ion o E the clinpel , where JONI WesIcy was to Invach

in 1737. A Charleston newspaper recorded that a fire destroyed the

church in 1801, and it is referred to day as "the Burnt Church".

6) Pres@Xterian 1\1anse; c. 1831 Dorchester County
The oldest clergyman's house on Edisto Island, this simple structure 1) Middleton Place; c. 1738
was the residence for the minister of one of the State's oldest Presbyterian About fourteen miles outside Charleston on S.C. Highway 61, this
congregations. The manse is located just south of U.S. Highway 17 on a pri- plantation has America's first landscaped gardens. The 45 acres wer@e de-
vate road. veloped by Henry Middleton as a setting for a brick Tudor mansion, built
7) William Seabrook House (Dodge Plantation) ; c. 1810 in 1738. A later owner was Arthur Middleton, a signer of the Declaration
This Republican-style two-story house established a distinctive of Independence.
architectural style followed in many subsequent plantation houses on Edisto 2) Indian Fields Methodist Church Campground; 1801
Island. Dating from before the 1801 visit of Rev. Francis Ashbury, the
8) Trinity Episcopal Church; 1876 founder of American Methodism, this religious canping area was moved to
This structure is the only Episcopal church, and only Victorian- its present location in 1848. It contains 99 cabins and an open-air
style church on Edisto Island.
tabernacle, and is located on S.C. Highway 73, northeast of St. George.

3) Old Dorchester; 169S

On the Ashley River near the mouth of Dorchester Creek, this

site contains the ruins of the original trading village and fort of

Dorchester, a settlement of New Englanders from Massachusetts. A fort w Ias

built on nart of the town site in 1775, and the town burned in the Revo-

lutionary War.

4) Carroll Place; c. 1920

Located at the intersection of Quaker and Wire Roads, this two-

story wooden house is said to be one of the oldest in Dorchester County.
It served as a stage coach tavern on the Charleston-to-Orangeburg Road.

5) Summerville Historic District;

Summerville originated as a pinciand suiirier re[une for Loh'COL1fltr%1

planters. The National Register district of Summerville largely conforms

to the boundaries of 1847 when the village was incorporated. Origina Ily
the streets were laid out without a plan,, and winding -roads still @harac-

-ic 0
torize t] ldcr section of town.

91 92

Georgeto-wm County 6) Georgetown Lighthouse; (North Island), 1811
1) Hopsewee Plantation (Thomas Lynch House); c. 1735
Built in 1811 this lighthouse stands on land which was donated to
This historic home on the North Santee River was the plantation the United States by Paul Trapier in 1739. The structure is built of
of Thomas Lynch, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. It was
brick with the stairs and a center supporting post of solid stone.
part of a grant from King George II, and the black cypress building was 7) Prince.Frederick's Chapel; (Plantersville)
constructed between 1735-40. It is open to the public as an historic In 1877 upon completion of Prince Frederick Church, the old
house mu�eum.
chapel building on the site was moved to Plantersville.. This building,
2) Prince George, Winyah, Episcopal Church House; 182S
known as Prince Frederick's Chapel was consecrated on July 23, 1879.
This frame house, buil t in 1825, was used as command headquarters Some of the silver used in this chapel is the original silver given to the
by the U.S. Troops that occupied the City of Georgetown in the Civil War. church by Prince Frederick of Wales.
At the corner of Broad and Highmarket Streets, it is today the offices

and meeting house for the Episcopal congregation of Georgetown.

3) Old Market Building (1he Town Clock); 1835

On Front and Screven Streets, this two-story brick structure

was erected as a town hall and public fresh air market in 183S. It re-

placed an earlier structure destroyed by hurricane in 1822. The lower

floor was enclosed in tile 20th century, and today the building houses

the Rice Museum.

4) Annandale Plantation; (14 miles south of Georgetown)

Annandale was a plantation prior to 1791, and its original name

was Rillbrook. It was here, in 1792, that Jonathan Lucas built the first

rice pounding mill operated by tidal flow. The stately colLuTned planta-

tion house was built in 1833 by the Johnstone family.

5) Chicora Wood Plantation; (Approximately 18 miles north of Georgetown)

This plantation was originally granted to John Allston of Berkeley

in 1732, and remained in the Allston family for generations. One of its

Owners, Robert Francis Withers Allston, a governor of South Carolina, was

one of the best known rice planters in the Lowcountry The plantation house

was built sometime before 1819.

93 94

Horry County Jasper County
1) old Horry County Jail; 1820
1) Gillisonville Baptist Church; 1845
Located on Main Street in Conway, this brick structure was built
in 1820 for the County jail. It was renovated and used as a hotel between This white frame colonial church was built in 1845, when Gilli-
sonville was the seat of government for the Beaufort District. 'flie orig-
19ZO and 1966. Plans are in the making for renovation to a museum by the inal steeple was lost to federal cannon fire .during the Civil War, but.the
City of Conway, the present owner. rest survived Sherman's burning of the town in 1865.

2) Robertson Baptist Church (Black Swamp Baptist Church)

The original church building, established in IM, was destroyed

by Sherman's troops in 1864. The members bought the present building and

roved it from Gillisionville to its present location. This white frame

structure has classic Gothic-style columns.

IV. HAZARD PJSK AREAS
1he shorelines of the coastal zone are part.of a dynamic system, (A) The Council shall develop and institute a comprehensive beach
erosion control policy that identifies critical erosion areas,
evaluates the benefits and costs of erosion control structures fund-
subject to the influences of tides, waves, and wind, and the impacts of ed by the State, considers the dynamic littoral and offshore drift
storm conditions andflooding. The processes of erosion and accretion of systems, sand dunes and like items.

the shorelines are most dramatic along the barrier islands and exposed
The Council's responsibility includes State permitting authority for all
oceanfront shorelines, particularly at the mouths of inlets and bays. construction activities or alterations on the beach and primary sand dune
Ilie beaches, dunes, vegetation, and flood plains of these coastal critical*areas. The Council also has authority to remove erosion control
areas are very important as buffers to possible storm damage in adjacent, structures which are deemed to have an adverse effect on the public inter-
more inland areas. At the same time, their proximity to the water makes est; to receive and expend federal funds for beach or shore erosion control
them, popular locations for residential and recreational/conmercial develop- in areas with full public access; and to declare a beach or shore erosion
mont. Extensive development along the shoreline can place both property emergency and expend any available State funds to alleviate the acute ero-
and lives at stake. In addition, improper development practices can dis- sion situation.
rupt the natural dynamics which maintain these shoreline areas as effective- The erosion control program and its policies will become a part
storm barriers.
of South Carolina's overall coastal zone management program, as it is
Specific parts of the coastline are more susceptible to erosion developed and finalized. An inventory of erosion and accretion trends
forces than others, and these high hazard erosion areas warrant even more and shoreline processes will be conducted as part .of the planning effort.
careful management. Because of the value of South Carolina's coastline, This comprehensive erosion study will provide inforntition on those segments
as an economic and recreational resource, and as a unique physical feature of the State's shoreline which are most severely eroding. While not yet
and natural buffer, those areas which are least stable and have been iden- completed, the study will identify those coastline areas which later will
tified as high erosion areas are recognized as Geographic Areas of Particu- be designated as Geographic Areas of Particular Concern, as well as devel-
lar Concern.
oping the designation criteria for critically-eroding shorefront.

Management Authority and Inventory

The South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act (Act 123 of the 1977

South Carolina Legislature) mandates the South Carolina Coastal Council

to develop a beach erosion control program. Section 12 of the Act read-, as

follows:

REFEREN'CES South Carolina Water Resources Commission. South Carolina Scenic River8
Program. Columbia, S.C. : Water Resources Commission.

South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. The South Caro-
Bayne, James N. and Rodger W. Mudd. South Carolina Public Land a%pershio lina Heritage Trust, 1976 (Brochure).
Inventory State and Federal Owned Lands - 1977 @2dte.___(70_1LW_b!a, S.@.
S.C. Lana Resources Conservation @ommission, (1977) South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. "Francis 1\1arion
Ber'@-eloy-Charleston-Dorchester Regional Planning Council Historic PrLser- Game Management Area", August, 1976 (Brochure).
vation Plan. Charleston, S.C. : Berkeley-Charles ton - Dorches ter Region- U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation and U.S. Depart-
al Planning Council, June 1972. ment of Agriculture, Forest Service. Wild and Scenic Rivers. Wash-
ington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, revised 1975.
CupXa, David, and Margaret Pridgen. Recreational Shellfish Guide. Coltnul-
bia, S.C.: South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. "Endangered and
Marine Resource Division, Office of Conservation and Management, Rec- Threatened Wildlife and Plants." Federal Register Part V (July 14,
reational Fisheries Section, September, 1976. 1977): 36420-36431.
Greeter, Stuart E., Jr. "Groundwater in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina." U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-.rice, Bureau of
Internal Report, S.C. Wildlife Department, 197S Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. "Savannah National Wildlife Refuge.
Government Printing Office: 1969-0-333-353. Refuge Leaflet 33-R.
Hartzog, Lader & Richards. Public Beach Access and Recreation in South (Brochure).
Carolina. Columbiai S.C. : South CaFo-linaDepartment of Parks, Recre-
ation and Tourism, 1976. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Final Envi-
ronmental Statement: Operation of the National Wildlife Refuge SN@-
Low,country Regional Planning Council. Preservation Plan and Survey. Low- tem. Government Printing Office: 1976-07@22-029@.
country Region. Yemassee, S.C.: Lowcountry Regional Planning Council,
June, 1973. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "National
Pender, David and Ronald Wilder. Impact of State Ports Authority Upon the Wildlife Refuge System," Washington, March, 1977 (Brochure).
Economy of South Carolina. U.S. Forest Service. Francis Marion National Forest Land anHe ent Plan:
nt. Columbi -"' -R8_TES Aa\1
Final Environmental Stateme a, S.C., USDA FS
Spigner, B.C. "Ground Water Capacity-Use Area Investigation of Lo,.%@countr@ 77-;0, August, 1977.
Area, South Carolina -- a Mid-Term Progress Report." Submitted to
Coastal Plains Regional Commission by S.C. Water Resources Commission, University of South Carolina, College of Business Administration, Bureau
1975. of Business and Economic Research, Division of Research; Occasional
South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism. Executive Studies Series, No. 6,.October, 1974.
Su,mmry: South Carolina Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1970/1984. Columbia, Waccamaw Regional Planning and Development,Commission. Survey of Historic
S.C.: . South Carolina Department ot Parks, Recreation and Tourism, 1970. Places. Georgetown, S.C.: Waccamaw Regional Planning and Developrent
)n. Mining and Rec II m-a - Commission, September, 1971.
South Carolina Land Resources Conservation Commissic
ticn in South Carolina. Columbia, S.C.: Land Resources Conservation The Junior League of Charleston, Inc. Historic Charleston Guidebook,
Commission, 1977. (Compiled and Originally Published as Across the Cobblestones)$ 196S.
South Carolina Land Resources Conservation Commission. South Carolina Nin- Chamberlain, Samuel and Narcissa Chamberlain. Southern Interiors of Cliar-
ing Act No. 274 (1973). Columbia, S.C.: Land Resources -Conservation leston, South Carolina. Hastings House Publishers, New York, 1956.
Commission, 1977.
"Antiques at Charleston". Reprinted from Antiques Magazine, April, May,
South Carolina State Ports Authority. "State Ports Impact on South Carolina's June, and November, 1970.
Economy", September, 1977.

South Carolina State Ports Authority. Port News: "Port Ranking", October,
1977.

South Carolina Water Resources Commission. "Capacity Use Area Investigition
of Lowcountry Area (Colleton, Hampton, Jasper, and Beaufort Cotaities)
South Carolina -- a Six-Month Progress Report." Gcoloqy-fh.drology Div-
ision, S.C. Water Resources Commi.@sion, August 1977.

99 100

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B
ENDANGERED SPECIES
*NOTE: (Recently proposed, new draft 306 regulations include GAPC'S in
under the subpart entitled "Special Management Areas". The SOUTH CAROLINA
requirement is restated as follows: Birds Mammals (cont.)
(a) Requirement. In order to meet. the requirements of American Peregrine Falcon Indiana Bat
subsections 305 (B) (3) and (S) of the Act, States must: Falco peregrinus anatum Myotis sodalis
(1) designate geographic areas that are of particular Arctic Peregrine Falcon Sei Whale
concern, on a generic or site-specific basis or both; Falcon peregrinus tundrius Balaenoptera borealis
(2) indicate the nature of the concern and the basis on
which designations are made; Bachman's Warbler Sperm Whale
(3) describe how the management program applies enforceable Vermivora.bachmanii Physeter catodon
policies and authorities to the designated areas; and
(4) provide guidelines regarding priorities of uses in Eastern Brown Pelican
these areas, including guidelines on uses of lowest priority. Polecanus occidentalis carolinen

This draft element of South Carolina's coastal program Eskimo Curlew Reptiles
has been organized and written in an effort to comply with Numenius borealis Atlantic Leatherback Turtle
both existing regulations and the proposed regulations, at
such time as they are promulgated in final form.) Ivory-billed Woodpecker Dermochelys c. coriacea
Campephilus principalis Atlantic Ridley Turtle
Lepidechelys kempii

Kirtland's Warbler
Dandroica kirtlandii Gopher Toxtoise
Gopherus polyphemus

Red-cockaded Woodpecker Amphibians
Dendrocopus borealis Pine Barren Tree Frog

Southern Bald Eagle Hyla andersoni
Haliacetus 1. leucocephalus Zig Zag Salamander
Plethodon dorsalis

Fish

Shortnose Sturgeon
Acipenser brevirostrum

Mammals

Atlantic Right Whale
Eubalaena glacialis

Blue Whale
Balaenoptera musculus

Bowhead Whale
Balaena mysticetus

Eastern Cougar
Felis concolor cougar

Finback Whale
Balaenoptera physalus

Florida MAnatoe
Trichachus PAnatus

Humpback Whale
Magaptera noyagannliae
-l01- -102-

1101111 - I
milm I
11 M j