[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]








                                                                 FINAL REPORT



                                                                  Environmental Study of
                                                 the Barrier and Bay Island Communities

                                                             Town of Babylon, New York




                                                                              Submi      tted to:
                                                                       Town of Babyfon
                                                          Lindenhurst,, New 'rork .11757






                                                                                  June 1994




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                                                              Route 22, Brewster, New York 10509 - (914) 278 - 2500
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                                         .FINAL REPORT





                                     Environmental Study of
                             the Barrier and Bay Island Communities

                                   Town of Babylon, New York










                                         Submitted To:

                                        Town of Babylon
                                  Lindenhurst, New York 11757








                                          Prepared By:

                                    Cashin Associates, P.C.
                                 1200 Veterans Memorial Highway
                                  Hauppauge, New York    11788
                                         (516) 348-7600








                                              Department of commerce
                                       NO    Coastal Sez-vices Ce'Alter UbrarY
                                            2234 South Zobson Avenue
                                             Charleston2 Sc 294105-2413



                                            June 1994









                                TABLE OF CONTENTS


                          LISTING OF PRIMARY SECTIONS



             SECTION 1     INTRODUCTION



             SECTION 2     STUDY ELEMENT 1A - SURFACE WATERS



             SECTION 3     STUDY ELEMENT 1B - GROUNDWATER



             SECTION 4     STUDY ELEMENT 2 - EROSION CONTROL AND
                              FLOODING



             SECTION 5     STUDY ELEMENT 3 - INTERACTION WITH NATURAL
                              SYSTEMS



             SECTION 6     STUDY ELEMENT 4 - DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL



             SECTION 7     STUDY ELEMENT 5 - COMMUNITY COSTS AND BENEFITS



             SECTION 8     STUDY ELEMENT 6 - HOMEOWNER EQUITY



             SECTION 9     STUDY ELEMENT 7 - PUBLIC ACCESS AND
                              RECREATIONAL USAGE



             SECTION 10    CONCLUSION

                                           
                                             
                                             
             TECHNICAL APPENDICES            


             NOTE: A detailed Table of Contents has been included at the beginning of each
                   respective section of this report.
 









                                          LIST OF PLATES



        Plate Series Title
          1 A-G         Flooding and Erosion Control
          2 A-G         Wetlands, Urban Vegetation, and Disturbed Areas
          3 A-G         Land Use


        The 'letter designations of the Plates indicate the community of coverage, as
        follows:
          A             West Gilgo Beach
          B             Gilgo Beach
          C             Oak Island
          D             Captree Island
          E             Oak Beach West

          F             Oak Beach East

          G             Oak Beach Association



























        NOTE: Plates are bound in a separate volume










                                                   LIST OF TABLES


                Table No.      Title
                  4- 1          Erosion Protection Structures in the Study Area
                  5-  1         Plants Occupying the Tidal Marshes
                  5-  2         Plants Occupying   the Freshwater Wetlands and Upland Vicinity
                  5-  3         Plants Occupying   the Oak Island Woodlands
                  5-  4         Plants Occupying   the Dune Areas
                  5-  5         Landscape Plants   within the Barrier and Bay Island Communities
                  5-  6         Plants Occupying   Filled Groin Areas and Disturbed Meadows
                  5-  7         Avian Species which Reportedly Utilize the Study Area
                  5-  8         Finfish Occurrences in Great South Bay
                  5-  9         Shellfish and Crustacean Occurrences in the Study Waters of Great
                                South Bay
                  5-10          Mammals Occupying the Study Area
                  6- 1          Study Area Acreage
                  6-  2         Identification of Properties within the Study Area
                  6-  3         B-Residence Zoning District Requirements
                  6-  4         Average Size of Existing Lots in the Study Area Communities
                  7-  1         Property Taxes Generated by the Study Area Communities
                  7-  2         Cost-Benefit Analysis of Services Rendered to the        Outer Beach
                                Communities

                  8-  1         Estimates of Land Use and Relocation Costs
                  8-  2         Total Tax Assessment for Residential Properties
                  9-  1         Annual Attendance Statistics for the State Parks














               NOTE: TaNes are inc7uded at the end of each respective section of the report










                                             LIST OF FIGURES


          Figure No.     Title
            I- I           Location Map
            1- 2           Study Area
            3- 1           Hydrogeologic Cross-Section of the South Shore Beaches of Western
                         @Suffolk
            3- 2           Locations of Public Supply, USGS, and EEA, Inc. Sample Wells
            4- 1           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in West Gilgo Beach
                           Community (V6 Zone, BFE = 9 Feet)
            4- 2           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in West Gilgo Beach
                           Community (V11 Zone, BFE = 12 Feet)
            4- 3           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in Gilgo Beach West
                           Community (V11 Zone, BFE = 12 Feet)
            4- 4           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in Gilgo Beach East
                           Community (V6 Zone, BFE = 9 Feet)
            4- 5           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in Oak Island Community
                           (A6 Zone, BFE = 8 Feet)
            4- 6           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in Oak Island Community
                           (V6 Zone, BFE = 9 Feet)
10          4- 7           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in Captree Island
                           Community (A6 Zone, BFE - 8 Feet)
            4- 8           Distribution    of   First    Floor    Elevations    in   Oak     Beach
                           (Unassociated)  Community (V8 Zone,    BFE = 9 Feet)
            4- 9           Distribution    of   First    Floor    Elevations    in   Oak     Beach
                           (Unassociated)  Community (V9 Zone,    BFE = 10 Feet)
            4-10           Distribution of First Floor Elevations in Oak Beach        Association
                           (V8 Zone, BFE = 9 Feet)
            5__ 1          Shellfish Harvesting Areas
            6- 1           Land Use Patterns

            9- 1           Public Access and Recreation








         NOTE: Figures are included at the end of each respective section of the report










                                                   APPENDICES



               Appendix A         Homeowner's   Survey   -  Discussion,   Summary   of Results,
                                  Questionnaires

               Appendix B         Surface Water Quality Data - Suffolk County Department of
                                  Health Services, New York State Department of Environmental
                                  Conservation

               Appendix C         Environmental   Assessment    of  the   Babylon   Outer    Beach
                                  Communities, by EEA, Inc., Garden City, New York.        January
                                  1991.

                                  Spartina afte@nif7ora Biomass Study of the Baby7on Outer Beach
                                  Communities, by EEA, Inc., Garden City, New York.       November
                                  1992.

               Appendix D         Biological Resources Materials

               Appendix E         Materials Used In Development Potential Analysis - Rent Riders
                                  for Outer Beach Communities, Suffolk County Tax Maps of Study
                                  Area, Index of Lot Designations













      I
















                                                SUMMARY









                                        EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



        S.1   SCOPE AND PURPOSE

              This report presents the findings of a detailed environmental study of the
              residential communities on the barrier and bay islands (i.e., the "Outer
              Beach") within the Town of Babylon, Suffolk County, New York.    The study
              area comprises six separate communities (West Gilgo Beach, Gilgo Beach,
              Captree Island, Oak Island, Oak Beach, and the Oak Beach Association), as
              well as the immediately adjacent areas. All six of the subject communities
              are situated on lands that are owned by the Town of Babylon, and which are
              leased by the Town for the express purpose of allowing residential
              occupancy.

              This study was commissioned as part of the settlement of litigation
              initiated by the State of New York in response to the Town's extension of
              the residential leases on the barrier and bay islands.         An Advisory
              Committee, consisting of representatives from the State, the beach
              communities, and Suffolk County Planning Departmentwas created to
              oversee this project. The scope of work for this study was established by
              the Advisory Committee.

              The study elements included in the final scope of work for this
              investigation are as follows:

                 1) surface water and groundwater quality
                 2) erosion control and flooding
                 3) interaction with natural systems
                 4) development potential
                 5) community costs and benefits
                 6) homeowner equity
                 7) public access and recreational usage


        S.2   METHODS

              The subject investigation entailed a combination of the collection and
              analysis of new data, analysis of existing data, telephone interviews and
              meetings with individuals having pertinent knowledge, and review of
              applicable scientific reports and similar documents. New information was
              generated through numerous field surveys, which included identification and
              measurement of the following:

                 *  grade and first floor elevations of houses in the subject communities
                 e  location, type, and condition of shore protection structures in and
                    adjacent to the communities
                 9  heights and the condition of the oceanfront dunes along Ocean Parkway
                    in the Town of Babylon
                 *  location and spatial extent of dunes that have been disturbed by
                    pedestrian traffic in the vicinity of the communities


                                               S-1








                        #  spatial extent of vegetation disturbed by development in the study
                           area
                        9  spatial extent of disturbed tidal wetland areas in the study area
                        9  tidal wetland zones, based on information contained in the official
                           tidal wetland maps
                        o  spatial extent of escaped ornamental plant species in the study area
                        0  development constraints (e.g., wetlands, coastal erosion hazard
                           areas) pertaining to presently vacant lots within the communities
                        *  location and condition of points of public access to the waterfront
                           in the study area

                    A questionnaire was formulated to obtain information directly from the
                    residents of the Outer Beach communities concerning a variety of pertinent
                    topics.    A total of 331 completed questionnaires were received from
                    residents  in the study area, out of a total 415 houses (an 80 percent rate
                    of response). Data analysis was performed on microcomputer (see Appendix
                    A).



               S.3  FINDINGS

                    Overall, the six subject communities have not had large scale adverse
                    impacts on the barrier and bay island environment. Although, clearly there
                    have been some negative effects of the development of the Outer Beach, the
                    existence of this development has also generated some benefits.            The
                    following is a synopsis of the primary findings of this investigation, with
                    respect to each of the study elements.

                        1) surface water and groundwater guality - There is no evidence that the
                           Outer Beach communities have caused significant deterioration of the
                           quality of surface waters in the surrounding area.

                           Septic effluent released from the subject residences via subsurface
                           sewage disposal systems has adversely affected groundwater quality in
                           the upper portion of the aquifer.      However, contaminants do not
                           penetrate to the drinking water resources of the deep aquifer, due to
                           the presence of a salty groundwater layer that separates the
                           shallower and deeper layers of freshwater.          The presence of
                           residential development on the Outer Beach has likely caused some
                           penetration of saltwater into the deep aquifer due to infiltration of
                           salty groundwater through the deteriorating casings of abandoned
                           wells.

                        2) erosion control and flooding - The potential for damage caused by a
                           severe coastal storm is the most serious threat that faces the
                           residents and property of the Outer Beach.       The six residential
                           communities lie entirely within the designated boundary of the 100-
                           year flood plain, and fully 81 percent of the individual houses are
                           situated within the V zone, which is susceptible to significant wave
                           action during the 100-year storm. However, only 42 percent of the
                           houses in the study area conform with the minimal flood prevention
                           standard for first floor elevation, and it is estimated that fewer

                                                      S-2








                     than 5 percent of the houses in the V zone comply with strict
                     structural requirements for resistance against wind and storm waves.

                     At the present time, the communities at West Gilgo and Gilgo Beaches
                     are especially vulnerable due to the substantial loss of beach and
                     dune material caused by recent storms.       The Oak Beach communities
                     are, similarly, more susceptible to storm damage than ever before due
                     to the recent deterioration of the Sore Thumb. However, whereas it
                     is likely that all feasible action will be implemented to restore the
                     West Gilgo and Gilgo shorelines due to the overriding urgency of
                     protecting Ocean Parkway and preventing the formation of a new inlet,
                     no such priority has been applied to the restoration of the Sore
                     Thumb. As a result, it is possible that necessary maintenance of the
                     Sore Thumb will never be undertaken. With the diminishing ability of
                     the Sore Thumb to deflect tidal currents away from Oak Beach, the
                     communities at that location will likely experience accelerated
                     shoreline erosion and increasing susceptibility to storm-induced
                     damage.

                     Despite   the  potential   for the     subject communities     to   incur
                     significant damage due to severe coastal storms, very little damage
                     has actually been sustained in recent memory.             In fact, the
                     residences in the study area have escaped virtually unscathed from
                     recent storms which have wreaked extensive destruction in other areas
                     of Long Island.     This may give some residents a false sense of
                     security regarding their susceptibility to coastal storms, which
                     increases the likelihood that some residents will not react
                     appropriately to official directives during a storm emergency. The
                     possible consequences of such a situation would be increased property
                     damage, and unnecessary injuries and even deaths.

                 3)  interaction    with   natural   systems -   The    subject    residential
                     communities are not causing any major impacts to the natural systems
                     of the Outer Beach. Several minor impacts have occurred, including:
                     the removal of native plants and replacement with buildings,
                     pavement, and landscaping vegetation (including Japanese black pine)
                     within the residential communities; the loss of native habitat within
                     the developed areas of the communities due to the removal of
                     indigenous vegetation; the localized spread of typically ornamental
                     species from the communities to the adjacent dune and beach areas;
                     the destruction of dune plant species due to concentrated foot
                     traffic along paths that traverse the dunes; increased outdoor
                     populations of cats and dogs, which can disturb shore bird nesting
                     areas; and the mowing of wetland vegetation in some communities.
                     However, these impacts are balanced by certain ecological benefits
                     that are derived from the presence of. humans on the Outer Beach
                     (which are summarized in Section S.4) and, consequently, the overall
                     effect does not appear to be either strongly detrimental                or
                     beneficial.





                                                  S-3









                       4) development potential - The study area and vicinity contains large
                          tracts of vacant land, including approximately 82 building lots
                          within the subject communities that are designated for residential
                          use and which are potentially developable.        The construction of
                          houses on these properties would result in a significant increase in
                          the number of residents in the study,area and a concomitant increase
                          in the level of impact caused by the subject communities.
                          Alternatively, the total lot count on the Outer Beach can be
                          maintained at a maximum of 415, and the vacant lots can be held in
                          reserve for the relocation of existing homes from sites that are more
                          susceptible to storm damage.

                       5) community costs and benefits - The cost-benefit analysis performed as
                          part of this study indicates that the Town of Babylon presently
                          receives a significant net monetary benefit from the subject
                          communities.   This benefit will increase as the annual rental fee
                          escalates during the term of the current leases.       The Town would
                          likely incur substantial direct and indirect relief costs in the
                          event of a coastal storm that causes substantial damage to the
                          subject communities.    Thus, the assessment of positive financial
                          impacts would have to be re-evaluated if large-scale, storm-induced
                          structural damage were to occur.

                       6) homeowner eguity - The  current leases have a term that extends to the
                          year 2050.    The Town has the authority to terminate the leases
                          prematurely, but only  if the tenants are provided just compensation
                          in accordance with the  terms of the leases. This compensation, which
                          would include house-moving expenses and remuneration for the loss of
                          the use of the property, could be prohibitive, especially if action
                          is undertaken early in the lease term. The Town's costs would become
                          lower as termination is effected nearer to the lease expiration date;
                          however, the potential benefits of lease termination would also
                          diminish. Thus, it appears that the potential benefits that would be
                          derived from premature lease termination would not justify the costs
                          that would be applied to the Town, even without considering the
                          possible legal costs in the likely event of a breach of contract suit
                          by the residents.

                       7) public access and recreational usage - There currently is no
                          demonstrated need for the creation of additional           recreational
                          facilities in the vicinity of the subject communities, nor is it
                          apparent that this need will arise in the foreseeable future. Even
                          if it was determined that additional land was needed for park land
                          expansion, none of the lands within the subject communities would
                          provide an ocean beach, which is the type of facility that is in
                          greatest demand.    Despite the fact that the subject communities
                          occupy public land, the existence of these communities does not
                          appear to be limiting opportunities for public recreation and the
                          enjoyment of open space.




                                                      S-4









        S.4   BENEFICIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE SUBJECT COMMUNITIES

              The presence of the subject communities appears to be providing indirect
              environmental benefits to the barrier and bay islands.             In general ,
              residents of the study area have a high level of appreciation for     the Outer
              Beach environment.      The resident survey conducted as part of this
              investigation revealed that fully 60 percent of the residents         engage in
              conservation activities, which include: debris cleanups; annual       roping of
              habitat areas for protected shorebirds; sand fence placement; beach grass
              planting; tree planting; installation of osprey nesting platforms; field
              education programs; placement of Christmas trees along the dunes at Gilgo
              Beach; financial support and coordination with the Town for a storm drain
              stencilling program; voluntary collection of mosquito larvae samples from
              local marshes; and various other activities.       In addition, 60 percent of
              the respondents to the homeowner survey indicated that they provide food to
              local wildlife, including birdhouses, plantings that provide food (such as
              berry bushes and corn/grain plants), feed for mammals (such as corn grain,
              nuts and hay), and bread placed out for waterfowl.


        S.5   MITIGATION MEASURES

              The following is a listing of the primary measures that have been
              formulated to mitigate the environmental impacts of the subject
              communities.

                 *  The number of residences in the study area     ' should be frozen at no
                    more than its current level of 415.       The Town Board.should explore
                    legal mechanisms to ensure that this policy is retained.

                 *  No construction activity should be permitted in the study area which
                    involves the direct discharge of stormwater to surface waters or
                    tidal wetlands. Leaching pools should be required whenever an action
                    will result in a potential increase in the long-term discharge of
                    stormwater to surface waters or tidal wetlands.

                 *  All activities within the subject communities should be undertaken so
                    as to maintain or enhance the existing vegetative buffer areas.

                 *  Permeable surfaces should be required for all new paved areas within
                    the subject communities that are 300 feet or less from a surface
                    water body or tidal wetland.

                 9  Appropriate    sediment   and   erosion   control  measures    should    be
                    implemented for all activities within the subject communities that
                    will result in exposed soils that can potentially be carried to
                    nearby surface waters or wetlands.

                 *  Boaters in the subject communities (as well as transient boaters who
                    visit the area) should be made aware of the locations of wastewater
                    pumpout stations in the vicinity of the study area.


                                                  S-5








                        *  Where possible, private homeowner wells used for potable water supply
                           should be replaced with year-round community supply systems that
                           service more than 5 residences. -

                        6  Private wells in the study area, which presently are not subject to
                           any monitoring requirements subsequent to the mandatory pre-
                           installation testing, should be monitored on a routine basis to
                           ensure acceptable water quality.

                        0  There should be increased governmental monitor  ing of the closure of
                           private wells in the study area, which would prevent these wells from
                           becoming a conduit for the downward migration of saltwater and other
                           contaminants. Enhanced oversight of the installation of new private
                           wells would ensure that these wells meet minimum standards of
                           construction, which would prolong their life and decrease the rate at
                           which wells are abandoned in the future.

                        9  Appropriate measures should be implemented to eliminate the use of
                           shallow wells for drinking water supply in the study area.         This
                           problem pertains to a small percentage of homes in Gilgo Beach and
                           the Oak Beach Association, as revealed by the responses to the
                           homeowner survey.     Mitigation might include a suitable public
                           education program regarding the possible health consequences of
                           drinking water from the shallow aquifer and the need to use bottled
                           water for human consumption, and possibly connection to existing deep
                           wells or the installation of new deep wells.        Shallow wells can
                           continue to be used for non-potable water.

                        *  Hurricane preparedness education should be stepped up and provided on
                           an annual basis to residents of the subject communities.         It is
                           recommended that a pamphlet be designed to serve the multiple
                           purposes of increasing public cognizance of the study area's
                           susceptibility to severe coastal storms (particularly hurricanes) and
                           instructing residents on steps to take in the event of an impending
                           storm.

                        0  In an effort to increase the level of flood insurance coverage, the
                           Town should distribute pertinent educational materials to the
                           affected residents to explain the objectives of the National Flood
                           Insurance Program, and should highlight the advantages of having
                           flood insurance versus other possible means of disaster relief.
                           Although the homeowner survey indicated that flood insurance policies
                           are in effect for approximately 61 percent of the houses on the Outer
                           Beach, which, is much higher than was expected from earlier
                           discussions with agency officials, there is still a substantial
                           number of properties that do not have such coverage.*

                        9  The Town should maintain its commitment to participating in the
                           Community Rating System of the National Flood Insurance Program, and
                           should investigate options for expanding its level of participation.
                           For example, the availability of sources of revenue to fund the


                                                       S-6








                    conversion of existing houses to meet FEMA requirements should be
                    pursued.

                    Beach nourishment and dune restoration activities along West Gilgo
                    and Gilgo Beaches should be continued into the indefinite future.
                    The State's mechanism for obtaining the funding to support their
                    share of the costs of the Fire Island Inlet dredging/beach
                    nourishment project should be reviewed and strengthened, if possible,
                    through legislation that reguires dredge spoil from the inlet to be
                    used for beach nourishment purposes.

                 *  Mechanisms for funding the restoration of the Sore Thumb should be
                    investigated.

                 #  The Town's Coastal Erosion Hazard Area (CEHA) legislation should be
                    strengthened   to  specifically   prohibit   the  reconstruction    of
                    substantially damaged houses located in the CEHA.

                 *  The environmental review process for the replacement of existing
                    houses on the Outer Beach with new construction should be streamlined
                    to the maximum extent possible without sacrificing the "hard look"
                    required under the State Environmental Quality Review Act.

                 *  A more vigorous dune management plan should be implemented, which
                    includes: increased signage and fencing to direct traffic away from
                    unprotected dunes, construction of walkways at strategic locations
                    over the dunes, intensified enforcement of the existing ban on foot
                    traffic across the dunes, and a redoubled public education effort.

                 *  Water craft speed limits through the State Boat Channel in the
                    vicinity of the Captree Island community should be vigorously
                    enforced to minimize wake-induced shoreline erosion.

                 *  The Town should investigate and implement means of shifting the
                    beach-going population from the heavily utilized facility at Gilgo
                    Beach to the two currently underutilized facilities at Overlook and
                    Cedar Beaches.

                 *  The Town of Babylon should further investigate the need for
                    additional public dock space. If a real need exists, the Town should
                    explore alternatives for increasing the number of public boat slips
                    through the expansion of existing public facilities, the re-
                    establishment of presently abandoned facilities that had been
                    utilized in the past, and the conversion to public use of private
                    yacht clubs that currently occupy land leased from the Town.








                                               S-7










               S.6 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

                     The following is a summary of the primary management recommendations of
                     this study.

                        1) Community   Associations -   Homeowners'    associations ' should    be
                           established in the three communities (i.e., Gilgo Beach, Captree
                           Island, and Oak Beach) which are presently unassociated.            The
                           existence of a community association appears to afford a greater
                           degree environmental protection than exists in the absence of such an
                           organization.

                        2) Development Intensity - The estimated 82 vacant lots that are
                           considered to be developable should be reserved for the relocation of
                           existing houses from areas which are most susceptible to coastal
                           storm damage or which sit in or adjacent to important habitat areas.
                           This policy should be implemented without increasing the total number
                           of houses in the subject communities above a maximum of 415.

                        3) Public Environmental Awareness Education - Enhanced public education
                           should be an important component of any management plan to minimize
                           the overall impact of the subject communities.

                        4) Management of the Gilgo/West Gilgo Oceanfront - The storm protection
                           afforded the Gilgo and West Gilgo Beach communities is dependent upon
                           the continuation of beach nourishment and dune restoration activities
                           along the adjacent oceanfront beaches.         In the event of the
                           discontinuation of these projects (or the failure of these projects
                           to achieve their objectives), resulting in the loss of Ocean Parkway
                           to storm damage, amended management strategies for this portion of
                           the barrier island should be formulated.

                        5) Management of the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area (CEHA) - It is expected
                           that the CEHA regulations promulgated by the Town of Babylon will be
                           applied to prohibit the restoration of houses that are substantially
                           damaged during a coastal storm. This management strategy appears to
                           be sound. The destruction of houses within the CEHA by storms would
                           confirm that this area is prone to such damage, and the in-place
                           restoration of such houses would not be consistent with prudent
                           environmental planning.    However, the removal of CEHA houses for
                           reasons other than storm-induced damage (e.g., fire damage) would not
                           be tied directly to an established relationship between the
                           structure's presence in the CEHA and its susceptibility to storm
                           damage and, therefore, would not be supported by the findings and
                           conclusions of this study.








                                                       S-8












                               -.SECTION 1









                                                      SECTION I
                                                     INTRODUCTION



                      SECTION                                                                     Page

                1.1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA                                                     1-1

                1.2   STUDY BACKGROUND                                                            1-1

                1.3   SCOPE OF STUDY AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES                                       1-2

                      1.3.1 STUDY ELEMENT 1 - SURFACE WATER    AND GROUND WATER QUALITY           1-3

                      1.3.2 STUDY ELEMENT 2 - EROSION CONTROL AND FLOODING                        1-3

                      1.3.3 STUDY ELEMENT 3 - INTERACTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS                    1-4

                      1.3.4 STUDY ELEMENT 4: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL                                1-4

                      1.3.5 STUDY ELEMENT 5 - COMMUNITY COSTS AND BENEFITS                        1-5

                      1.3.6 STUDY ELEMENT 6 - HOMEOWNER EQUITY                                    1-5

                      1.3.7 STUDY ELEMENT 7 - PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATIONAL USAGE                1-5

                1.4   STUDY METHODOLOGY                                                           1-6


                      1.4.1 FIELD INSPECTIONS                                                     1-6

                      1.4.2 PROGRESS MEETINGS                                                     1-7

                      1.4.3 RESIDENT SURVEY                                                       1-7

                      1.4.4 USE OF EXISTING DATABASES                                             1-8

                      1.4.5 PERSONNEL COMMUNICATIONS                                              1-9










                                            SECTION I

                                           INTRODUCTION



        1.1   DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

              This report presents the findings of a detailed environmental study of the
              barrier and bay island communities within the Town of Babylon, Suffolk
              County, New York. In accordance with the project's required scope of work,
              this study focuses on the residential communities that are present on the
              barrier and bay islands within the Town of Babylon (Figure 1-1).        The
              adjacent area, which consists mostly of recreational facilities, vacant
              land, and surface waters, is also examined in this report, but only to the
              extent that is warranted by the objectives of the study (see Section 1.3).
              The relatively small number of commercial uses    on the Town of Babyl on
              barrier and bay islands (e.g., the Oak Beach Inn, the Gilgo Inn, and Frank
              and Dick's fueling dock) were not included in the scope of the study.

              The Town of Babylon's barrier and bay islands are collectively called the
              "Outer Beach".   Residential development in this  area is confined to six
              distinct communities, which are shown in Figure 1-2 and are listed below:

                    West Gilgo Beach                Captree Island
                    Gilgo Beach                    Oak Beach (unassociated)
                    Oak Island                     Oak Beach Association

              All six of the subject communities are situated on lands that are owned by
              the Town of Babylon, and which are leased by the Town for the express
              purpose of allowing residential occupancy. In Gilgo Beach, Captree Island,
              and the unassociated portion of Oak Beach, the leases have been drawn up
              directly between the Town and the homeowners.     Each of the other three
              communities (i.e., West Gilgo Beach, Oak Island, and the Oak Beach
              Association) is represented by a homeowners' association, to which the Town
              leases the entire community's land, and subleases transfer the usage rights
              for individual lots to the residents.


        1.2   STUDY BACKGROUND

              Background information is presented below to summarize the primary events
              which directly led to the initiation of this study. This discussion is a
              synopsis of pertinent aspects of the complex history of issues and
              conflicts that have arisen with respect to the presence of residential
              development on the Town of Babylon's barrier and bay islands.

              In 1990, the Babylon Town Board granted an extension of the leases for the
              residential use of Town-owned land 'on the Outer Beach. These leases, which
              were scheduled to expire in various years around the turn of the century,
              were collectively extended to the year 2050. The State of New York, which
              had previously expressed objections to the long-term renewal of these
              leases, commenced a legal action in the Supreme Court of the State of New
              York to have the lease extensions invalidated.    The State's lawsuit was

                                               1-1









                    based primarily on the contention that the Town of Babylon did not comply
                    with the requirements of the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA)
                    when the leases were extended.    The Town of Babylon, the Town Board, the
                    Town Supervisor, and the three homeowners' associations in the subject
                    communities were all named as respondents in this action.

                    In-an effort to avoid the commitment of manpower and money that would have
                    been required by a protracted legal battle, a settlement was reached which
                    terminated the lawsuit. As part of this settlement, the parties agreed to
                    undertake an environmental study of the six outer beach communities and the
                    surrounding area. The Outer Beach residents were responsible for providing
                    50 percent of the cost of the study, while the remaining 50 percent was to
                    be provided by the State.

                    An Advisory Committee was established to implement the scope of analysis
                    for the environmental study, to evaluate qualifications and proposals
                    submitted in response to the Town of Babylon's Request for Qualifications
                    (RFQ) and Request for Proposals (RFP), to select a consultant to undertake
                    the study, to oversee the preparation of a scientific report of the
                    findings of the study, and to evaluate the contents of the report.        The
                    Advisory Committee is chaired by the Babylon Town Supervisor and consists
                    of representatives of the New York State Department of State, New York
                    State Department of Environmental Conservation, the Suffolk County Planning
                    Department, and residents of the communities that are the subject of the
                    investigation. On the basis of a review of proposals that were submitted
                    to the Town, in conjunction with follow-up interviews, Cashin Associates,
                    P.C. (CA) of Hauppauge, New York was selected as the consultant for this
                    project.   Work on the study was initiated at a meeting that was held
                    between the Advisory Committee and Cashin Associates, on August 20, 1992.
                    The scope of work for the study is based on the Town's RFP and CA's
                    proposal, dated July 10, 1992, prepared in response to the RFP.


               1.3  SCOPE OF STUDY AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES

                    The scope of the environmental study was specified in a Request for
                    Proposals (RFP) that was formulated by the Advisory Committee and was
                    issued by the Town of Babylon through the Department of General Services.
                    Seven individual study elements were identified in the RFP as being of
                    primary concern to members of the Advisory Committee. Other issues that
                    were discussed during the scoping meetings of the Advisory Committee were
                    deleted from the final scope so that the study could concentrate on the key
                    issues facing the study area, as identified and agreed to by the Advisory
                    Committee.

                    The study elements included in the final scope of work for this
                    investigation are as follows:

                       1) surface water and groundwater quality
                       2) erosion control and flooding
                       3) interaction with natural systems
                       4) development potential

                                                      1-2









                 5) community costs and benefits
                 6) homeowner equity
                 7) public access and recreational usage

              The objectives of this investigation with respect to each of the seven
              study elements are discussed in Sections,1.3.1 through 1.3.7 below.

              Several other issues initially identified by the Advisory Committee but not
              included in the final scope were incorporated into the study because of
              their association with the primary study elements. For example, the Fire
              Island Inl.et navigation project and the effect of sea level rise on
              flooding and erosion were two of the topics that were considered for
              inclusion in the investigation, but were not incorporated into the
              Committee's final scope of seven study elements. However, since the inlet.
              dredging project is intimately tied to storm erosion mitigation activities
              in the study area, this subject was investigated in-depth and is discussed
              at length in this report (see Section 4.1.5).         Additionally, it was
              determined that the purposes of this study would not be fully served by
              ignoring the issue of sea level rise and, consequently, a discussion is
              presented to address this issue within the context of the Barrier and Bay
              Island Study (see Section 4.7).


              1.3.1 STUDY ELEMENT 1 - SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY

                    The primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                    study  element were:

                       0   to compile information and data concerning surface and
                           groundwater quality in the study area, which will serve as a
                           baseline for future evaluation of these parameters;

                       0   to determine if the subject barrier and bay island communities
                           have had a significant effect on the quality of surface water
                           and groundwater in the area; and

                       0   to identify feasible measures available to the Town, other
                           government agencies, and the homeowners to mitigate the impacts
                           of long-term surface and groundwater degradation.

              1.3.2 STUDY  ELEMENT 2 - EROSION CONTROL AND FLOODING

                    The  primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                    study  element were:

                       0   to compile information concerning coastal erosion and storm
                           flooding that has occurred in the study area;

                       9   to compile information regarding measures that have been used
                           to mitigate coastal erosion and storm flooding in the study
                           area;



                                                1-3









                              0  to assess the vulnerability of the land and structures in the
                                 study area to storm-induced erosion and flooding;

                              0  to determine if the development of the subject barrier and bay
                                 island communities has had a significant effect on the extent
                                 of coastal erosion and flooding that has occurred in the local
                                 area; and

                              0  to identify feasible measures available to government agencies
                                 and the homeowners to mitigate the impacts of long-term erosion
                                 and flooding.


                    1.3.3 STUDY ELEMENT 3 - INTERACTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS

                          The primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                          study  element were:

                              o  to compile baseline information on wildlife populations and
                                 vegetative communities within and adjacent to the study area;

                              o  to identify the negative and positive impacts that residential
                                 development in the study area has had on the ecology of the
                                 barrier and bay islands; and

                              o  to describe options for the management and preservation of
                                 important vegetative and wildlife communities within and
                                 adjacent to the study area.


                    1.3.4 STUDY ELEMENT 4: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL

                          The primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                          study  element were:

                              0  to compile information on the present pattern of land use
                                 within the barrier and bay island communities in the study
                                 area;

                              0  to assess the potential for further development within the
                                 study area;

                              o  to evaluate the effectiveness of present land use regulations
                                 in controlling development and curbing potential impacts;

                              0  to assess the potential impacts of additional development/
                                 redevelopment, including the conversion of existing seasonal
                                 units to year-round occupancy;

                              o  to identify measures to ameliorate existing problems and to
                                 prevent potential impacts in the future.


                                                      1-4










              1.3.5 STUDY ELEMENT 5 - COMMUNITY COSTS AND BENEFITS

                    The primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                    study element were:

                       0  to compile an account of the expenditure of public funds and
                          the generation of revenues associated with the barrier and bay
                          island communities in the study area;

                       0  to perform a cost-benefit analysis which provides a measure of
                          current and future economic impact (positive or negative)
                          resulting from the development of the barrier and bay islands;
                          and

                       #  to assess the historical economic impacts of storms on the
                          subject communities, and to determine the cost effectiveness of
                          mitigative@measures that have been used.


              1.3.6 STUDY ELEMENT 6 - HOMEOWNER EQUITY

                    The primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                    study element were:

                       9  to evaluate mechanisms for providing equitable reimbursement to
                          homeowners on the barrier and bay islands in the event that
                          their lease agreements are prematurely terminated;

                       0  to assess appropriate means of compensating homeowners if their
                          lease agreements are not renewed upon expiration; and

                       0  to evaluate means of generating the funds necessary to provide
                          for homeowner reimbursement, as well as probable disbursement
                          of costs.



             1.3.7 STUDY  ELEMENT 7 - PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATIONAL USAGE

                    The primary objectives of the investigation performed under this
                    study element were:

                       0  to compile an inventory of public access points (including
                          established public recreational facilities and less formal
                          points of access) within and in the vicinity of the study area;

                       0  to determine the extent to which the existence of the subject
                          residential communities may have reduced opportunities for
                          public access to the waterfront;

                       0  to project future demand for public recreation and access in
                          the vicinity of the study area; and


                                               1-5










                              e to assess the extent to which the overall use of the coastal
                                 zone in the vicinity of the study area conforms with State
                                 policies concerning recreation and public access.


               1.4  STUDY METHODOLOGY

                    The subject investigation entailed a combination of the collection and
                    analysis of new data, analysis of existing data, telephone    interviews and
                    meetings with individuals having pertinent knowledge, and research of
                    applicable scientific reports and similar documents.            The primary
                    methodologies that were used in this study are discussed below.


                    1.4.1 FIELD INSPECTIONS

                           Numerous site visits were conducted during the course of this study
                           to collect field data and to make miscellaneous observations
                           (including the assessment of post-storm conditions). The dates of
                           field work are listed as follows:

                              June 19, and September 8, 1992 - preliminary land-side surveys of
                              the entire study area and vicinity

                              September 11, 1992 - water-side survey of the entire study area
                              and vicinity

                              October 8, 9, 19, 22, 23, and 30, and November 17 and 19, 1992 -
                              data collection surveys

                              September 25, and December 12 and 15, 1992 - survey of post-storm
                              conditions related to Tropical Storm Danielle and the 10-12
                              December northeaster

                           Field research was conducted primarily by CA's staff ecologist,
                           marine environmental scientist, and environmental planner, with the
                           assistance of the Town of Babylon Department of Environmental
                           Control.   During the data collection surveys, information was
                           gathered with respect a variety of parameters, including the
                           following:

                              9  measurement of the grade and first floor elevations of ï¿½391 of
                                 the 415 houses within the study area;
                              0  determination of the location, type, and condition of shore
                                 protection structures (i.e., bulkheads, revetments, groins,
                                 etc.) within the Outer Beach communities;
                              9  assessment of the heights and the condition of the dunes along
                                 Ocean Parkway;
                              0  determination of the location of areas of dunes that have been
                                 disturbed by pedestrian traffic;
                              0  delineation of the boundary of the area of vegetation disturbed
                                 by development within the subject communities;

                                                      1-6









                        0  determination of the location of disturbed tidal wetland areas;
                        6  field verification of the boundaries of tidal wetland zones in
                           the vicinity of the subject communities (based on information
                           contained in the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
                           tidal wetland maps);
                        0  delineation of the boundary of the area in which escaped
                           ornamental plant species were found;
                        0  preliminary assessment of the development potential of vacant
                           lots within the subject communities, based on the presence of
                           wetland vegetative species and other factors; and
                        0  assessment of the location and condition of points of public
                           access to the waterfront.

                     Methodologies that were used during the field work are discussed in
                     the respective portions of the main text of the report, particularly
                     in the sections on -erosion control and flooding (Section 4) and
                     ecology (Section 5).


              1.4.2  PROGRESS MEETINGS

                     Progress meetings were held on a monthly basis during the course of
                     the subject investigation.     Progress reports were distributed to
                     members of the Advisory Committee in advance of each meeting. These
                     reports contained a summary of the work that was completed during the
                     preceding month, the tasks that were scheduled for the upcoming
                     month, and the problems and issues that surfaced since the previous
                     meeting. The progress reports formed the basis of discussion at the
                     meetings, and were helpful in generating comments from committee
                     members.



              1.4.3  RESIDENT SURVEY

                     A questionnaire was formulated to obtain information directly from
                     the residents of the Outer Beach communities concerning a variety of
                     pertinent topics.    The contents of several draft versions of this
                     document were reviewed by the Advisory Committee and discussed during
                     the October 27 and November 24 progress meetings.        The finalized
                     survey questionnaire is included in Appendix A.

                     The survey questionnaires were delivered to the Outer Beach
                     Residents' Ad Hoc Committee on November 10, 1992 and were
                     subsequently mailed to residents by a designated individual within
                     each community.    The survey packet consisted of: a cover letter
                     composed by the Ad Hoc Committee, which described the purpose of the
                     survey and the importance of the survey information to the
                     environmental study; and a copy of the two-page questionnaire (see
                     Appendix A).




                                                 1-7









                           A total of 331 completed questionnaires were received from residents
                           in the study area, with the breakdown of response by community as
                           f ol I ows:

                                                          Number of       Number of      Percent
                           Community                      Residences       Responses      Response


                           West Gilgo Beach                   80              53             66
                           Gilgo Beach                        57              51             89
                           ,Oak Island                        54              46             85
                           Captree Island                     32              23             72
                           Oak Beach (unassociated)           120             86             72
                           Oak Beach Association              72              72            100


                           TOTAL (ALL 6 COMMUNITIES)          415            331             80

                           The data that were collected during the resident survey were
                           transferred to a microcomputer spreadsheet program for analysis. The
                           spreadsheet's sort command was used repetitively to determine the
                           number of each given response for each question. Appendix A contains
                           a discussion of the results.



                     1.4.4 USE OF EXISTING DATABASES

                           Whenever   possible,    existing  databases   were   used   to   define
                           environmental conditions in the study area and vicinity.            For
                           example, the surface water discussion (Section 2) relied heavily upon
                           water quality data obtained from the NYS Department of Environmental
                           Conservation and Suffolk County Department of Health Services; no new
                           field data were generated under this study element. The groundwater
                           discussion (Section 3) was based largely on data provided by the
                           County Health Department and the U.S. Geological Survey and,
                           likewise, no new field data were generated under this study element.
                           The examination of flooding and erosion control issues (Section 4)
                           was based on a combination of existing data (e.g., flood maps, flood
                           insurance policy data, etc.) and field collection of new information.
                           The analysis of ecological conditions (Section 5) was also drawn
                           largely from existing data sources, although new data were collected
                           as part of this study element as well.       Refer to the respective
                           sections of the text for a more detailed discussion of the extent to
                           which existing data were used for each of the seven study elements.









                                                        1-8










               1.4.5 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

                     Due to the restricted time in which this study had to be completed,
                     and because of the continually changing nature of the information
                     related to some of the study elements (especially with respect to
                     erosion control and flooding), written documents were not always
                     available to provide necessary information for important aspects of
                     the study. Consequently, a large amount of information presented in
                     this report was obtained during informal meetings or telephone
                     conversations with knowledgeable individuals. In order to facilitate
                     follow-up inquiries, a diligent effort was made to properly document
                     each such communication in the appropriate section of the text.







































                                                 1-9
















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                                                                   FIGURE 1-1 : LOCATION MAP
                                     TOWN OF BABYLON                                           Cashi       .n Associates, P.C.
                                 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
                     BARRIER & BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES1








                                                         LINDENHURST

                   AWTYVILLE      COPIACASE






                                                                                      GREAT SOUTH BAY

                                                                                                                       GRASS
                                                                                                                       ISLAND

                                                                                                      EAST
                                                                                         OXISLAND     WAZARAS
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                                                                                                      ISLAND

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                                            FISLAND                           A

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                                                                                                              POWT           FIRE


                               2

                                                                                                       ATLANTIC OCEAN







                                                                                              OUTER BEACH COLURNITIES


                                                                                              IWEST GLOO BEACH
                                                                                              2GILGO BEACH WEST (UNASSOCIATED)
                                                                                              3GILGO BEACH EAST IWASSOCIATED)
                                                                                              4OAK ISLAND
                                                                                              5CAPTREE ISLAND JUNASSOCIATED)
                                                                                              6OAK BEACH WEST JUNASSOCIATED)
                                                                                              7OAK BEACH EAST JUNASSOCIATED)
                                                                                              6 OAK BEACH ASSOCIATI10%










                                                  SECTION 2
                                               SURFACE WATERS



                 SECTION                                                                    Paqe

             2.0  INTRODUCTION                                                               2-1

             2.1  GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT SOUTH BAY                        2-1

             2.2  POTENTIAL WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM THE OUTER BEACH COMMUNITIES           2-3

                  2.2.1 STORMWATER RUNOFF IMPACTS                                            2-4

                  2.2.2 SEPTIC EFFLUENT IMPACTS                                              2-5

                  2.2.3 BOATING IMPACTS                                                      2-6

             2.3  APPLICABLE STANDARDS,   GUIDELINES, AND REGULATIONS                        2-7

                  2.3.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS                                              2-7

                  2.3.2 PERTINENT REGULATIONS                                                2-8

                     A. Tidal Wetlands Land Use Regulations                                  2-8
                     B. Standards for Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems                     2-8
                     C. Town of Babylon Ordinances                                           2-9

             2.4  AVAILABLE WATER QUALITY DATA                                               2-9

                  2.4.1 NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION DATA         2-9

                  2.4.2 SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES     DATA               2-10

                  2.4.3 ANTICIPATED FUTURE SURFACE WATER QUALITY TRENDS                     2-12

             2.5  ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS                       2-12

             2.6  RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES                                           2-13

             2.7  REFERENCES                                                                2-15










                                                  SECTION 2

                                               SURFACE WATERS



             2.0   INTRODUCTION

                   The study area is bordered immediately to the north by Great South Bay and
                   its coves, leads, and other tributary water bodies. To the immediate south
                   lie the Atlantic Ocean and Fire* Island Inlet.      Due to the proximity of
                   these water bodies to the subject communities, the potential impact that
                   these residential areas have on essential surface water resources is an
                   important issue addressed in this study.

                   Water quality characteristics are the primary parameter of concern with
                   respect to the analysis of surface water resources for this investigation.
                   However, the three water bodies that border on the study area do not have
                   an equal potential for being adversely impacted by the activities of
                   residents in the subject communities. Fire Island Inlet and the Atlantic
                   Ocean are well-flushed due to the energetic action of tidal currents and
                   because of the virtual lack,of areas (e.g  ', as coves, leads ' basins, etc.)
                   that are protected from physical forces such as waves and currents. In
                   contrast,   Great South Bay contains numerous sheltered areas, in which
                   contaminants tend to concentrate due to diminished flushing. Furthermore,
                   human activities are typically most intense in the sheltered area behind
                   the barrier island, which is true for the study area; four of the six
                   communities (comprising 223 of the 415 houses) are located on the bay side
                   of Ocean Parkway, while the remaining 192 houses in two communities are
                   located on the Fire Island Inlet side of Ocean Parkway. None of the houses
                   in the study area front directly on the Atlantic Ocean.

                   Because of the geographic distribution of the residences in the study area
                   and the general hydrodynamics of the adjacent water bodies, as discussed
                   above, the potential for surface water impacts caused by these homes and
                   ancillary uses is greatest in the nearby reaches of the bay. Consequently,
                   the discussion under this study element focuses on Great South Bay.

                   The following discussion opens with a review of the general physical
                   characteristics of Great South Bay (Section 2.1). An examination of the
                   impacts to surface water quality that typically result from residential
                   communities (Section 2.2) is followed by a description of applicable
                   standards, guidelines, and legislation (Section 2.3). Section 2.4 analyzes
                   available water quality data for the portion of Great South Bay in the
                   vicinity of the study area, while Section 2.5 contains a discussion of the
                   impacts that have been identified through that analysis.              Finally,
                   mitigation alternatives are evaluated in Section 2.6.


             2.1   GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT SOUTH BAY

                   Great South Bay is approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) in total.length
                   between South Oyster Bay to the west and Narrow Bay to the east.         Width

                                                     2-1








                varies greatly: from about 0.2 mile (0.3 kilometers) at Smith Point at the
                bay's eastern end; to 7 miles (11 kilometers) south of Bayshore, just east
                of Fire Island Inlet.    To the north of Jones Island, Great South Bay is
                approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers) in length and is generally I to 2
                miles (2 to 3 kilometers) in width.

                Great South Bay is a geologically young feature, formed within the past few
                thousand years by rising sea level. Further, the bay will not be a long-
                lived geologic feature. With its future controlled by sediment deposition
                and the evolution of the barrier islands, it is believed that only a few
                thousand years remain before Great South Bay ceases to be an open body of
                water (Schubel, et.al., 1991).

                Depth within the entire Great South Bay averages only about 7 -feet (2
                meters) at mean low water. The reach of the bay north of Jones Island is
                generally only 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 meters) in depth. However, depths
                within the State Boat Channel along the northern side of the barrier
                increase dramatically, to more than 20 feet (6 meters) in some spots, due
                to tidal currents and dredging. The flood tidal delta of Fire Island Inlet
                (i.e., the shoal of sand deposited from the flood tide at the inner reach
                of the inlet) is the most prominent bathymetric feature on the bay bottom.

                Great South Bay is an estuarine body of water, characterized by the mixing
                of saline ocean water and freshwater input from the Long Island mainland
                via runoff and groundwater flow. Salinity within the bay is controlled by
                the dynamic balance between two primary factors: the rate of freshwater
                flow from the mainland, and the rate of tidal flow through its inlets.
                Fire Island Inlet serves as the main connection between Great South Bay and
                the ocean. Indirect connections exist to Moriches Inlet through Narrow Bay
                and Moriches Bay to the east, and to Jones Inlet through South Oyster Bay
                to the west. Mean salinity within the bay generally decreases outward from
                Fire Island Inlet, and increases again toward the indirect connections to
               'Moriches and Jones Inlets at the eastern and western margins of the bay.

                The astronomical tide (i.e., the daily tides caused primarily by the
                rotation of the earth on its axis and the revolution of the moon around the
                earth) is the agent that is most responsible for producing circulation
                within Great South Bay.    Due to the bay's small volume to surface area
                ratio, local wind forcing and large-scale weather systems are also
                important, and sometimes dominant, in controlling the exchange of water
                between the ocean and the bay (Schubel, et.al., 1991).

                The astronomical tide causes a high water level every 12.42 hours (called
                the semi-diurnal high tide).    The tidal range (i.e., the difference in
                elevation between mean high water and mean low water) is approximately 4
                feet (1.2 meters) at the westernmost tip of Democrat Point, and decreases
                into Great South Bay as a result of the damping effect of the constricted
                inlet. At Oak Beach, the tidal range is approximately 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to
                0.9 meter). Within Great South Bay, the tidal range is less than one foot
                (0.3 meter). Since the passage of the tidal wave is delayed by frictional
                resistance against the narrow inlet opening and the shallow bottom of the
                bay, the time of high tide is progressively later with increasing distance

                                                  2-2








                  from the inlet. Because of this factor, high tide occurs at the western
                  end of the study area approximately three hours later than the time of high
                  tide at Fire Island Inlet (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 1951).

                  The maximum current velocity caused by the flow of the mean tide through
                  Fire Island Inlet is approximately 2.6 mph (4.3 km/hr). Tidal flow through
                  Great South Bay tends to favor the State Boat Channel, where maximum
                  velocities are 0.9 mph (1.1 km/hr). Tidal current velocities are generally
                  less than 0.7 mph (1.1 km/hr) within the central portion of the bay (Marine
                  Sciences Research Center, 1973).

                  The flushing time of a water body is defined as the average time required
                  for water molecule introduced into the bay via rainfall, runoff or seepage
                  to pass out of the water body through its boundaries (which, in the case of
                  Great South Bay, are Fire Island Inlet and the connections to South Oyster
                  Bay and Moriches Bay).       An analysis performed by the Woods Hole
                  Oceanographic Institute (1951), which was based strictly on a consideration
                  of the advective movement of water through Fire Island Inlet (i.e., the
                  volume of water introduced into the bay through the above sources must
                  equal the volume exiting through the boundaries),       indicated that the
                  flushing time for Great South Bay is approximately 96   tidal cycles (about
                  48 days). However, it is important to note that, based on data in the same
                  report, it can be seen that approximately one-eighth of the volume of water
                  in Great South Bay passes out through Fire Island Inlet during any given
                  ebb tide. Although an approximately equal volume of water enters the bay
                  during the following flood tide, this water has been mixed to a large
                  degree with cleaner ocean water.     If tidal mixing of the ebb flow is
                  considered in addition to advection, the flushing time of Great South Bay
                  would be somewhat less than 48 days. Additionally, flushing time is lower
                  for locations within the bay than nearer to the inlet.


             2.2  POTENTIAL WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM THE OUTER BEACH COMMUNITIES

                  The range of activities for which a given body of surface water can be used
                  is highly dependent on the level of contamination that exists within the
                  water column and the bottom sediments.     In particular, the presence of
                  certain contaminants above specified levels will preclude the utilization
                  of a water body for some of the more sensitive uses (e.g., shellfish
                  harvesting and swimming).

                  Surface water quality can be degraded by a variety of sources related to
                  residential development.  These sources can be classified into two general
                  categories: point sources and non-point sources.     A point source is any
                  input that emanates from a discrete, easily identifiable location, such as
                  a pipe outfall. A non-point source is a diffuse input over a large area,
                  such as precipitation. The distinction between these two categories is not
                  always obvious. Stormwater runoff, for example, may start as a non-point
                  source derived from a large area.     However, if runoff is collected and
                  discharged to receiving waters via an outfall pipe, this can be considered
                  a point source.


                                                   2-3









                The principal sources of contaminants from coastal residential communities
                include stormwater runoff, groundwater flow (which contains septic effluent
                from subsurface sewage disposal systems), and waste discharges from boats.
                The non-point sources are the most significant causes of surface water
                contamination. Of these, stormwater flow is the more important source of
                bacterial pollution (LIRPB, 1978) due to the rapid movement of runoff to
                receiving waters and the relatively minor degree of filtering that this
                water receives prior to discharge. Groundwater flow moves much more slowly
                than runoff, allowing time for purification processes to operate, and is
                subjected to natural filtering as the water seeps through the soil.

                Surface water quality can be measured in terms of a large number of
                parameters, including micro-organisms (e.g., coliform and fecal coliform
                bacteria), nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.), organic compounds
                (e.g., polychlorinated biphenals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides,
                herbicides, etc.), and inorganic constituents (e.g., metals). The level of
                bacterial contamination is generally the most important water quality
                factor in estuarine waters. Fecal coliforms originate in the intestinal
                tracts of warm-blooded animals, which also serve as a primary source of
                certain pathogenic bacteria and viruses (e.g., hepatitis virus). Although
                it is these pathogens that are of concern with regard to potential human
                health consequences, the current methods for the detection of these
                microbes are often time consuming and tedious.             In contrast, the
                measurement    of   coliform    levels   is    relatively    straightforward.
                Consequently, presence of fecal coliforms and total coliforms in surface
                waters is a widely used indicator-of the possible presence of pathogenic
                micro-organisms.


                2.2.1 STORMWATER RUNOFF IMPACTS

                      Since rainwater is relatively free of contaminants, the deleterious
                      substances that characterize stormwater runoff are accumulated from
                      the land surface.      As noted above, fecal coliform bacteria and
                      associated microorganisms are the primary constituents of concern
                      with respect to surface water pollution. These contaminants can be
                      found in stormwater runoff derived from undeveloped land (due to the
                      presence of native birds and wildlife) as well as from developed
                      areas (due to the presence of domestic animals and native species).
                      Thus, nearshore and wetland     areas with high wildlife and avian
                      concentrations would serve as significant source of fecal coliform
                      contamination to     adjacent   surface waters.       Likewise,    large
                      populations of domestic animals which are allowed to roam out-of-
                      doors (e.g., the duck farms that were once common on eastern Long
                      Island) would also contribute to the fecal coliform loading of nearby
                      water bodies.

                      A number of parameters affect the portion of precipitation that
                      reaches receiving waters as stormwater runoff. The main factors that
                      determine runoff rate are topography, soil properties, vegetative
                      cover, and extent of impermeable surfaces. In the study area, the
                      topography is relatively level, which tends to produce a lower rate

                                                  2-4









                        of runoff than in areas that are more steeply sloped.      Furthermore
                        the soils in the study area are typically very sandy, having high
                        permeability, which results in rainwater seeping quickly into the
                        ground. The presence'of a vegetative cover also decreases the amount
                        of runoff, due to uptake of soil water by the plants and the
                        subsequent loss of water to the atmosphere through the process of
                        transpiration. In areas of pavement, buildings, and other impervious
                        surfaces, the infiltration rate is zero and there is no vegetation to
                        absorb water. However, in the study area, areas of impermeable cover
                        generally drain to adjacent vegetated areas with highly permeable
                        soils, which limits the amount of runoff reaching surface waters.

                        The direct pipiAg of stormwater drainage from roadways in the subject
                        communities to adjacent surface waters was only observed to occur at
                        the western end of the Gilgo Beach community, where there are two
                        closely-spaced catch basins that are connected to a pipeline which
                        discharges through the bulkhead. In addition, some of the stormwater
                        drainage from the Oak Beach Association is discharged through a pipe
                        that outlets into Fire Island Inlet at a location approximately 800
                        feet east of the West Gate groin.    The drainage that flows through
                        this pipe passes through a network of wetlands that are interspersed
                        among the developed lots, which during typical rainfall provide
                        pretreatment prior to discharge. However, the extent of contaminant
                        removal is reduced during extreme rainfall events, since the
                        increased rate of flow through the wetland diminishes the rate at
                        which solids settle from the stormwater.



                  2.2.2 SEPTIC EFFLUENT IMPACTS

                        As with 80 percent of Suffolk County residents, sanitary waste
                        disposal within the study area is achieved by means of individual
                        subsurface sewage disposal     systems (SSDSs).     Treatment occurs
                        primarily through the settling of solid materials in a septic tank,
                        and the passage of the effluent from the septic     tank through the
                        underlying substrate. The most efficient filtration is provided by
                        a sandy substrate, such as exists throughout the study area. When
                        operating properly, these systems can provide adequate treatment to
                        reduce the concentration of deleterious substances to acceptable
                        levels.

                        Although groundwater resources are generally most vulnerable to
                        impact from SSDS effluent (see Section 3), surface waters can also be
                        adversely affected by malfunctioning systems.      The potential for
                        surface water impacts is greatest in areas of shallow groundwater
                        that lie directly on the shoreline (i.e., all of the subject
                        communities except West Gilgo Beach), especially in cases of older
                        septic systems which commonly malfunction due to substandard
                        maintenance. Under these conditions, poorly treated septic effluent
                        can be quickly transferred to adjacent surface waters by means of
                        groundwater flow or overland flow.


                                                   2-5









                       In cases where development has been sited immediately adjoining
                       wetlands, which applies particularly to the low-lying areas of Gilgo
                       Beach East and eastern and western Oak Island, the problem of failed
                       septic systems is compounded. The average grade elevation in these
                       two areas lies only a few feet above the water table. This condition
                       allows wastewater to pass directly into the adjoining wetlands
                       without any significant degree of treatment.         Although sewage
                       elements such as bacteria, nitrates and phosphates would tend to be
                       removed as the effluent passes through a wetland during normal
                       weather conditions, extremely high tides and storms can transport the
                       untreated wastewater directly to adjacent portions of the bay.


                2.2.3  BOATING IMPACTS

                       Sanitary waste discharges from boats can be a significant seasonal
                       contributor to'coliform levels in restricted waterways, such as the
                       West Gilgo and Gilgo boat basins. As a precautionary measure, NYSDEC
                       closes these areas (as well as all of the embayments along the north
                       shore of the barrier island, including Hemlock Cove) to shellfish
                       harvesting during the period of greatest boating activity, between
                       May 14 and September 30 each year (deQuillfeldt, 1992). During the
                       remaining 7-k months of the year, when boating activity is minimal,
                       as is the potential for significant coliform loadings from this
                       source, shellfish harvesting is allowed in areas of bay bottom
                       governed by seasonal closures.

                       The boats associated with the Outer Beach communities probably have
                       a minimal impact on coliform levels in study area waterways, since
                       these vessels are docked in close proximity to the sanitary
                       facilities in the residences. In addition, the terms of the leases
                       prohibit living aboard vessels. The primary concern with respect to
                       potential sewage discharges from boats in the study area involves
                       transient vessels, which can be occupied for extended periods of time
                       but have limited (or no) access to shore-based sanitary facilities.

                       Boating activity can also result in the introduction of a number of
                       other contaminants directly into surface waters.      Oils, gasoline,
                       detergents, and litter are examples of the types of wastes that are
                       derived from water craft, in addition to sanitary discharges.

                       Propeller wash in shallow areas can result in the resuspension of bay
                       bottom sediments, which adversely affects water quality.       However,
                       the magnitude of resuspension caused by this agent is minuscule
                       compared to the continuous natural process of tidal flow and the
                       episodic processes of wind mixing and storm wave action.

                       Dredging, which is performed to facilitate the passage of boats
                       through shoaling sections of the near-shore zone, can also cause
                       locally significant sediment resuspension.     However the impact of
                       dredging is temporary and, like propeller wash, the amount of
                       sediment resuspended by dredging is not important on an overall scale

                                                   2-6









                           compared to the powerful effect of natural forces on the shallow bay
                           bottom.




              2.3 APPLICABLE STANDARDS, GUIDELINES, AND REGULATIONS

                    2.3.1  WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

                           Standards for surface water quality have been promulgated primarily
                           for two purposes: to ensure that        shellfish harvested for human
                           consumption are not contaminated to a degree that creates a health
                           hazard, and to ensure that the waters of bathing beaches are safe for
                           primary contact recreation.       The  New York State Department of
                           Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) regulates the use of surface
                           waters for shellfish harvesting, while the Suffolk County Department
                           of Health Services (SCDHS) is responsible for monitoring water
                           quality at bathing beaches in Suffolk County.

                           New York State (2 NYCRR Part 701.20) has established a classification
                           system which defines the best intended use of all surface waters
                           under its jurisdiction. A classification of "SA" indicates that the
                           best intended use is for shellfish harvesting for the purpose of
                           human consumption, which requires the highest level of water quality.
                           The regulations promulgat   'ed by NYSDEC for SA waters establishes
                           criteria   for   the   maximum   median   value   for   total    coliform
                           concentration of a series of representative samples, the minimum
                           dissolved oxygen concentration, and a general requirement that the
                           water be free of deleterious substances in concentrations that would
                           cause adverse impacts.      Importantly, an SA classification is not
                           necessarily indicative of existing water quality conditions in all
                           cases. Certain water bodies which have been classified SA by NYSDEC
                           consistently fail to meet the standards.        In these cases, the SA
                           designation is used by the State to set discharge guidelines and land
                           use standards  which are aimed at improving water quality, with the
                           ultimate goal being that conformance with the SA criteria will
                           eventually be  attained and the area of certified shellfish beds will
                           be expanded.   The entire area of Great South Bay in the vicinity of
                           Jones Island, including tributary channels and basins, has been
                           designated SA  by NYSDEC.

                           In order for   an area of bay bottom to be officially certified as
                           being suitable for shellfish harvesting, the overlying waters must
                           meet the following coliform criteria (dequillfeldt, 1992);

                              @  the median total coliform level for any series of water samples
                                 must be 70 MPN/100 ml or less (where MPN/100 ml is the most
                                 probable number of organisms per 100 milliliters of sample);
                                 and
                              0  no more than 10 percent of the samples collected can exceed a
                                 total coliform level of 330 MPN/100 ml; and


                                                        2-7









                          0 the median fecal coliform level for any series of water samples
                             must be 14 MPN/100 ml or less; and
                          0 no more than 10 percent of the samples collected can exceed a
                             fecal coliform level of 49 MPN/100 ml.


                2.3.2  PERTINENT REGULATIONS

                    A. Tidal Wetlands Land Use Regulations

                       The Office of Tidal Wetlands in the NYSDEC Bureau of Marine Ha    bitat
                       Protection enforces the New York State Tidal Wetlands regulations.
                       Part 661.6(2) of these regulations specifies a minimum setback of 100
                       feet between the landward edge of any tidal wetland and any septic
                       tank or septic leaching pool. This restriction is intended to ensure
                       that adequate filtration is provided to septic effluent before it
                       reaches tidal wetlands.

                       Most of the houses in the study area were constructed prior to the
                       original adoption of the Part 661 regulations. Therefore, the SSDSs
                       connected to these house were not necessarily installed in accordance
                       with present setback requirements.     Although the location of SSDS
                       components in the subject communities is not generally known except
                       for recently constructed houses, it is likely that SSDSs in some
                       portions of the study area are nearer than 100 feet to tidal
                       wetlands. Substandard setbacks are most evident in Gilgo Beach East
                       and eastern Oak Island, where significant portions of the leased lots
                       extend beyond the tidal wetland boundary.

                       Part 661.6(3) of the New York State Tidal Wetlands regulations
                       specifies that a minimum of two feet of soil shall be provided
                       between the bottom of SSDS components and seasonal high groundwater.
                       As with the setback requirement, this standard has been formulated in
                       consideration of the filtration of septic effluent.       Some of the
                       existing SSDSs in certain portions of the study area, particularly in
                       those areas which are identified above as failing to meet setback
                       requirements, are also in apparent contravention of the depth to
                       groundwater standard.

                   B.  Standards for Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems

                       The SCDHS has developed standards that regulate the construction of
                       SSDSs in Suffolk County.     These regulations are enforced by the
                       Office of Wastewater Management in the SCDHS Division of
                       Environmental Quality. Section 5-107 of the standards specifies a
                       setback from surface waters of 75 feet for septic tanks and 100 feet
                       for septic leaching pools. As with the NYSDEC standard for setbacks
                       to tidal wetlands, this SCDHS surface water setback is intended to
                       create an adequate zone of filtration between an SSDS and adjacent
                       sensitive areas; and as with the wetland setback, it is apparent that
                       the surface water setback has been contravened by existing SSDSs in
                       a number of areas on the Outer Beach. In particular, the northerly

                                                   2-8









                          row of houses at Gilgo Beach West are situated on lots that are only
                          about 80 feet in depth from the bulkhead line to the internal
                          roadway. Additionally, the houses on Captree and Oak Islands (except
                          for houses in the wooded central portion of Oak Island) are situated
                          on lots that are,generally less than 200 feet in depth between the
                          shoreline and the marsh.  Consequently, the SSDSs at these locations
                          are either in contravention of the tidal wetland setback or the
                          surface water setback (each of which is 100 feet for leaching pools),
                          and most likely are not in compliance with both standards in some
                          cases.

                      C.  Town of Babylon Ordinances

                          Chapter 86 of the Town Code regulates boating activity within Town
                          waters. Sections 86-17 and 86-18 have applicability to the issue of
                          surface water quality. Section 86-17 prohibits the dumping of oil,
                          chemicals, cesspool waste, garbage and rubbish in Great South Bay and
                          its tributary channels.    Section 86-18 prohibits the discharge of
                          marine toilets in basins, marinas, docks, and bathing areas. These
                          regulations are enforced by the bay constables who work out of the
                          Department of Enforcement and Security.

                          Section 106-10.1 of the Town Code prohibits dog owners (or
                          attendants) from allowing their dogs to defecate on any public
                          property, or on any private property without the permission of the
                          owner. The road area between the curb lines can be used to curb a
                          dog, provided that the person who curbs the dog collects, removes,
                          and properly disposes of the wastes produced. Disposal of dog feces
                          in street stormwater collection systems is prohibited.      A primary
                          intent of this legislation is to minimize the amount of fecal
                          coliform material introduced into surface waters. These regulations
                          are enforced by the Division of Animal Control in the Department of
                          Environmental Control.

                          Stiff monetary penalties and prison terms have been set for
                          violations of any of the Town-enforced laws discussed above.



              2.4 AVAILABLE WATER QUALITY DATA

                   2.4.1  NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION DATA

                          NYSDEC has compiled a report (deQuillfeldt, 1992) which summarizes
                          coliform data collected between September 1988 and May 1992 (see
                          Appendix B). A total of nine stations (6, 6.1, 7, 7.1, 13, 14, 15,
                          16, and 17) are in close proximity to the residential communities in
                          the study area, while ten stations (8, 8.1, 9, 9.1, 10, 10.1, 11,
                          11.1, 12, and 12.1) are located along the intercoastal waterway or in
                          tributary coves that are not adjacent to the subject communities.
                          Sampling was conducted during adverse pollution conditions (APC,
                          which is defined as an outgoing tide within 96 hours of a

                                                     2-9









                       precipitation event of  0.25 to 2.99 inches) and during extraordinary
                       conditions (XS, which  is defined as being within 96 hours of a 3.00-
                       inch or greater rainfall or following extreme high tides associated
                       with storm events). The APC data indicates the following:

                          9  the median total coliform standard of 70 MPN/100 ml was not
                             exceeded at any of the 19 stations;
                          9  only one station (#10, located at the Cedar Beach marina, in an
                             area not proximate to the subject communities) had more than 10
                             percent of its samples exceed a concentration of 330 MPN/100 ml
                             for total coliforms;
                          *  the median fecal coliform standard of 14 MPN/100 ml was
                             exceeded at only one station (#10); and
                          #  no station had more than 10 percent of its samples exceed a 49
                             MPN/100 ml concentration for fecal coliforms.

                       All  stations sampled during XS conditions contravened NYSDEC
                       requirements. Analysis of these data reveals the following:

                          0  the seven stations that were sampled in the vicini     ty of the
                             subject communities exceeded the 70 MPN/100 ml median total
                             coliform standard by an average of 167 MPN/100 ml, compared to
                             an average of 325 MPN/100 ml for the six stations not adjacent
                             to these communities;
                          0  an average of 28 percent of the samples from each station in
                             the vicinity of the subject communities exceeded a fecal
                             coliform concentration of 330 MPN/100 ml, compared to 33
                             percent for the samples collected at the stations not adjacent
                             to these communities;
                          0  the stations in the vicinity of the subject communities
                             exceeded the 14 MPN/100 ml median fecal coliform standard by an
                             average of 48 MPN/100 ml, compared to an average of 255 MPN/100
                             ml for the stations not adjacent to these communities; and
                          9  an average of 47 percent of the samples from each station in
                             the vicinity of the subject communities exceeded a fecal
                             col iform concentration of 49 MPN/100 ml , compared to 62 percent
                             for the samples collected at the stations not adjacent to these
                             communities.

                       Even when the anomalous station (#10.1) at the mouth of Cedar Beach
                       Marina is omitted from the analysis, the median concentration of both
                       total and fecal coliforms was lower (on average) at the stations in
                       the vicinity of the subject communities than at the stations not
                       adjacent to these communities. See Section 2.5 for a discussion of
                       CA's conclusions with respect to these data.


                2.4.2  SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES DATA

                       The SCDHS has routinely collected and analyzed water samples for the
                       presence of coliform bacteria.    Prior to 1987, SCDHS water quality
                       investigations included stations in the vicinity of the study area,

                                                  2-10









                          as well as stations in the central and northern portions of western
                          Great South Bay. Subsequently, SCDHS sampling in western Great South
                          Bay has been limited to only two stations off the mainland, which is
                          in keeping with their objective to monitor the water quality of the
                          bathing beaches located on the Long Island mainland (there are no
                          bathing beaches on the north side of the barrier island).

                          As part of this study, chronological data provided by SCDHS were
                          summarized by station location (see Appendix B).        Three of the
                          stations (230, 260, and 290) are located near the subject
                          communities, either on the State Boat Channel or Fire Island Inlet.
                          Two stations (250 and 280, located in the central portion of the bay,
                          north of the study area), and one station (210, located to the
                          northeast of Grass Island) were used as control sites.

                          The primary analysis that was performed on the SCDHS data, which has
                          been summarized in Table B-1 in Appendix B, is similar to the NYSDEC
                          analysis discussed above. Note that all six SCDHS stations conform
                          with NYSDEC requirements for shellfish harvesting with respect both
                          to total coliform and fecal coliform levels.

                          The SCDHS data were subjected to further analysis in order           to
                          determine the frequency with which samples from the three stations
                          nearest the study area exceeded NYSDEC requirements, compared to
                          samples collected at the three stations in the main portion of the
                          bay. The findings of this analysis, which were derived from the data
                          summary contained in Table B-2 in Appendix B, are discussed below.

                             0  12 percent of the samples from the three stations nearest the
                                subject communities exceeded the 70 MPN/100 ml median total
                                coliform standard, compared to 17 percent of the samples from
                                the three stations not adjacent to these communities
                             0  4 percent of the samples from the three stations nearest the
                                subject communities exceeded a total coliform level of 330
                                MPN/100 ml , compared to 6 percent of the samples from the three
                                stations not adjacent to these communities
                             e  10 percent of the samples from the three stations nearest the
                                subject communities exceeded the 14 MPN/100 ml median fecal
                                coliform standard, compared to 18 percent of the samples from
                                the three stations not adjacent to these communities
                             9  3 percent of the samples from the three stations nearest the
                                subject communities exceeded a fecal coliform level of 49
                                MPN/100 ml, compared to 6 percent of the samples from the three
                                stations not adjacent to these communities

                          See Section 2.5 for a discussion of CA's conclusions with respect to
                          these data.







                                                     2-11









                2.4.3 ANTICIPATED FUTURE SURFACE WATER QUALITY TRENDS

                      The SCDHS data do not show any obvious trend in coliform levels
                      during the 1977 to 1987 period of analysis; values that exceed NYSDEC
                      standards for certified waters were no more common in the 1980s than
                      in the 1970s.   Further, NYSDEC's analysis, which covers a sampling
                      period of September 1988 to May 1992, does not identify any adverse
                      water quality trends in the vicinity of the study area.

                      The findings of the analyses discussed above indicate that overall
                      water quality in the southern portion of western Great South Bay (and
                      tributary embayments) has not undergone significant recent change.
                      Since it is not anticipated that activities within the study area and
                      vicinity will vary substantially from present conditions during the
                      course of the current lease term (i.e., the subject communities will
                      not exceed their present level of development, and the surrounding
                      area will continue to be utilized for a mix of public recreation and
                      natural open space), no significant deterioration in the water
                      quality of southerly portion of western Great South Bay in the
                      vicinity of the study area is expected during the foreseeable future.



          2.5   ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS

                The data compiled by both NYSDEC and the SCDHS (see Section 2.4) indicate
                that the waters of Great South Bay in the vicinity of the study area do not
                contain levels of coliform bacteria that are elevated compared to other
                locations in the bay.      In fact, analysis of these data reveals that
                coliform contamination of surface waters near the subject residential
                communities appears to have been slightly lower than in the main portion of
                the bay. This finding is supportive of the conclusion that the Outer Beach
                communities do not appear to have had an significant overall impact on
                local surface water quality, at least with respect to the important
                criterion of bacterial concentrations.     Thus, the surface water quality
                control measures that are already in place in the study area have been
                generally adequate.

                One of the main reasons for the apparent absence of a significant surface
                water impact from the subject communities is that only a small portion of
                the stormwater runoff generated in these communities is discharged directly
                to the bay., Most of the residential portion of the study area is comprised
                of vegetated land, which efficiently absorbs rainwater before it collects
                as overland runoff. Runoff that is generated within the developed portions
                of the study area generally flows to adjacent areas of native vegetation,
                which allows for additional infiltration into the ground and serves to
                filter overland runoff prior to ultimate discharge to surrounding surface
                waters. The abundant wetlands in the vicinity of the subject communities
                also serve an important role in preserving water quality, since suspended
                impurities are filtered from the water that passes through tidal marshes.



                                                 2-12









                    Notwithstanding    the  positive   composite assessment     of   the    subject
                    communities given above, certain specific problems have been identified
                    which have had (or are believed to have had) an adverse impact on surface
                    water quality. The primary concern centers on the state of sewage disposal
                    devices in the study area.       The ability of SSDSs to provide adequate
                    wastewater treatment is generally acknowledged to diminish with increasing
                    age, especially if maintenance requirements are     'neglected.   As noted in
                    Section 2.2.2, this problem is particularly acute in areas of high water
                    table and low elevation, such as Gilgo Beach East and the eastern shore of
                    Oak Island. Existing regulations do not contain any provisions that work
                    to mitigate the condition of existing SSDSs.         However, the impact of
                    deteriorating septic systems has been at least partially offset by the
                    construction of new homes and substantial improvement to existing homes,
                    which are required to be equipped with new SSDSs that conform with strict
                    standards established by the SCDHS.

                    Improper sewage disposal from watercraft can have a significant impact on
                    coliform levels in marina and boat mooring areas.      The most concentrated
                    boating activity by the residents of the Outer Beach communities is
                    centered at West Gilgo and Gilgo boat basins, where there is also a
                    substantial population of boats in private marina facilities in addition to
                    significant use by transient vessels.      However, it does not   appear that
                    coliform contamination is any more severe in these two basins     than in the
                    other embayments along the north shore of the Babylon barrier     island. In
                    fact, based on data collected during NYSDEC's September 1988      through May
                    1992 period of analysis, only Cedar Beach Marina, which is not    adjacent to
                    any of the subject communities, failed to meet NYSDEC standards during
                    rainfall events of 0.25 to 2.99 inches. Coliform levels in West Gilgo and
                    Gilgo boat basins conformed with NYSDEC shellfish harvesting standards
                    except during extraordinary weather conditions (i.e., 3.00 inches or more
                    of rain or extremely high storm tides).           These data indicate that
                    stormwater runoff, rather than vessel discharges, is the most significant
                    controlling factor in the water quality of West Gilgo and Gilgo boat
                    basins. It is more likely that vessel discharges is a significant factor
                    in the water quality problems at Cedar Beach Marina, since this area
                    suffers from high coliform levels even during less intense weather
                    conditions.

                    As was noted in Section 2.2.3, the potential for water quality problems
                    caused by boat sewage discharges is mostly associated with transient
                    vessels, which may be occupied during extended periods of time but have
                    limited  (or no) access to shore-based sanitary facilities.        Boats that
                    owned by Outer Beach residents are not occupied at dockage for long time
                    periods  (in fact, the leases prohibit such activity) and accessible
                    sanitary facilities are nearby at the residents' homes.


              2.6 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES

                    As discussed above, it does not appear that the barrier and bay island
                    communities have had a significant impact on local water quality.         This
                    result has been achieved primarily through a community design that has

                                                      2-13








               minimized the amount of stormwater runoff that is discharged directly into
               the bay.   The residential portion of study area is comprised mainly of
               vegetated land, which efficiently absorbs rainfall. Runoff from the small
               areas of impervious surfaces in the subject residential communities
               generally flows to adjacent vegetated land, where this water percolates
               into the ground and is filtered through the substrate prior to eventual
               discharge to adjacent surface waters. In contrast, a large portion of the
               stormwater runoff generated on the south shore of mainland Long Island is
               discharged to surface waters with little or no treatment, and this
               situation is largely responsible for the deteriorated water quality that
               exists in northern Great South Bay (LIRPB, 1978).

               Implementation of the following general recommendations will help to ensure
               that the study area continues to be a relatively minor contributor to the
               coliform loadings of local water bodies.

                  *  All activities within the subject communities should be undertaken so
                     as to maintain the existing vegetative buffers, including both upland
                     vegetation and tidal wetlands.

                  9  No construction activity should be permitted which involves the
                     direct discharge of stormwater to surface waters or tidal wetlands.

                  0  All new paved areas within the subject communities that are 300 feet
                     or less from a surface water body or tidal wetland should consist of
                     permeable surfaces (e.g., gravel for vehicles and wooden boardwalks
                     or gravel for pedestri,ans).

                  0  Where permeable surfaces are constructed in the subject communities,
                     these surfaces should be designed to ensure that runoff will not
                     reach adjacent surface waters or tidal wetlands. If the area between
                     a proposed paved surface and a water body or wetland will not provide
                     an adequate buffer, leaching pools should be required.

                  0  Appropriate sediment and erosion control measures (e.g., hay bales,
                     silt fencing, temporary seeding, etc.) should be implemented for all
                     activities within the subject communities that will result exposed
                     soils that can potentially be carried to nearby surface waters or
                     wetlands.

                  9  Boaters in the subject communities should be made aware of the
                     locations of wastewater pumpout stations in the vicinity of the study
                     area, including dockside signs, as appropriate.

                  9  Signs should be installed at suitable locations to direct transient
                     boaters to the nearest pumpout stations.







                                                2-14











               2.7 REFERENCES

               DeQuillfeldt, Charles. June 1992. "Review of Coliform Data Shellfish Land #3:
               Great South Bay, Suffolk/Nassau Line to Robert Moses Causeway".      State of New
               York Department of Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, New York.

               Long Island Regional Planning Board. July 1978. The Long Island Comprehensive
               Waste Treatment Management Plan.

               Marine Sciences Research Center. 1973. Final Report of the Oceanographic and
               Biological Study for the Southwest Sewer District No.3, Suffolk County, New York.
               State University of New York at Stony Brook.

               Schubel, J.R., T.M. Bell, and H.H. Carter, editors. 1991. The Great South Bay.
               Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York Press.

               Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. January 1951. "Report on a Survey of the
               Hydrography of Great South Bay made during the summer of 1950 for the Town of
               Islip, N.Y. Reference No. 50-48.





































                                                      2-15



           - I I L  .I   I I 1 0 @ = M M M M =
























                                SECTION 3










                                                     SECTION 3
                                                    GROUNDWATER



                    SECTION                                                                    Page

               3.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                 3-1

               3.1   GENERAL HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA                                     3-1

                     3.1.1 AQUIFER SYSTEM                                                       3-1

                     3.1.2 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT                                                 3-2

               3.2   WATER SUPPLY                                                               3-2

                     3.2.1 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES                                                3-3

                     3.2.2 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS                                         3-3

               3.3   SANITARY DISPOSAL                                                          3-4

               3.4   EXISTING GROUNDWATER DATA                                                  3-5

                     3.4.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS                                              3-5

                     3.4.2 AVAILABLE WATER QUALITY   DATA                                       3-5

               3.5   GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT                                             3-6

                     3.5.1 GROUNDWATER QUALITY                                                  3-6

                     3.5.2 IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTION SOURCES                                  3-8

                     3.5.3 FUTURE GROUNDWATER QUALITY TRENDS                                   3-10

               3.6   GROUNDWATER QUALITY PROTECTION MEASURES                                   3-10

                     3.6.1 EXISTING PROTECTION MEASURES                                        3-10

                     3.6.2 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES                                     3-11

                           A. gater Supply Recommendations                                     3-11
                           B. Groundwater Contamination Protection Measures                    3-12

               3.7 REFERENCES                                                                  3-13










                                               SECTION 3

                                              GROUNDWATER


         3.0    INTRODUCTION

                CA has compiled information and data concerning groundwater hydrology,
                quality and usage in the study area. This has served as a baseline for
                evaluation of the effects of the subject barrier and bay island
                communities on the groundwater system. Based on these findings, CA has
                identified feasible measures available to the Town, other governmental
                agencies, and the homeowners to mitigate the impacts of long-term
                groundwater degradation.

                This section of the report is divided into six subsections. Section 3.1
                provides a description of the hydrogeology of the barrier and bay island
                communities. Sections 3.2 and 3.3 describe the water supply and sanitary
                disposal systems in the communities. In Section 3.4, a description of the
                water quality data compiled and evaluated for this study is provided. An
                assessment of the quality of the groundwater in the study area is provided
                in Section 3.5 and proposed   mitigation measures are provided in 3.6.


         3.1    GENERAL HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE   STUDY AREA

                3.1.1   AQUIFER SYSTEM

                        The study area is      located in an area underlain by several
                        hydrogeologic units known, from top to bottom, as the Glacial
                        formation, the Gardiners Clay, the Magothy aquifer, the Rarita       'n
                        clay and the Lloyd aquifer. These units rest on a bedrock surface
                        that lies about 1,700 to 1,900 feet below sea level at the site
                        (Perlmutter and Crandell, 1959, and U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper,
                        1964).   A cross-sectional view of the hydrogeology of the study
                        area and surrounding vicinity is provided in Figure 3-1.

                        The Lloyd and Magothy aquifers contain fresh water. In the study
                        area, public drinking water supply wells generally pump from the
                        Magothy aquifer at a depth of 250 to 350 below sea level.          The
                        Glacial formation, consisting chiefly of beds of coarse sand and
                        gravel, has a total thickness of about 100 feet.         Salt water,
                        having a chloride content of approximately 17,000 ppm (the
                        chlorinity of seawater) is present in much of the Glacial
                        formation beneath the study area. Lenses of fresh water as much
                        as 40 feet thick, however, are present in the Glacial formation
                        where the water table rises two to three feet above sea level near
                        the center of the barrier island (Perlmutter and Crandell, 1959).
                        This shallow fresh water lens, which is a result of direct
                        precipitation, is being pumped for water supply by some homeowners
                        in Gilgo Beach, Oak Beach and Captree (See Section 3.2).          This


                                                 3-1









                               water is generally used for non-potable uses such as lawn
                               irrigation, toilets and showers.

                               Suffolk County is delineated by eight Hydrogeologic Zones, as
                               defined in the Long Island Regional Planning Board's 1978 Areawide
                               Waste Treatment Management Study, and amended by the NYSDEC's 1.984
                               Long Island Groundwater Management Plan. The boundaries of these
                               zones is based on the regional flow of groundwater and the
                               relationship between land use and water quality. The study area
                               is located in Hydrogeologic Zone VII, a zone of primarily
                               horizontal flow, with upward flow and discharge at the shoreline.


                      3.1.2    GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT

                               Groundwater beneath the barrier beach occurs under both unconfined
                               or water table conditions, and confined or artesian conditions.
                               Unconfined water (water table) occurs in the Glacial formation.
                               The water table is relatively flat, the maximum altitude being
                               about 2 to 3 feet above sea level near the center of the barrier
                               beach.    The shallow fresh water lens in the Upper Glacial
                               Formation moves in both directions from the "water-table divide"
                               near the center of the barrier island-to the north toward the bay,
                               and to the south toward the ocean (Perlmutter and Crandel 1 , 1959) .

                               Artesian water occurs in the Magothy and Lloyd aquifers (Artesian
                               water is defined as an aquifer bounded above and below by
                               confining formations or of formations of lower permeability, and
                               under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure). The artesian
                               water is derived generally by underflow from the artesian units
                               inland, which are recharged by downward percolation of water from
                               the Glacial formation near the middle of Long Island. Extensive
                               clay layers, such as the Gardiners Clay, and Raritan Clay,
                               undoubtedly cause some refraction of the flow lines, but do not
                               significantly affect the overall pattern of movement (Perlmutter
                               and Crandell, 1959).


               3.2    WATER SUPPLY

                      In the study area there are both public and private water supply systems.
                      Public supply systems are regulated by Part 5 of the New York State
                      Sanitary Code, and are defined as community or noncommunity systems that
                      have at least five service connections or serve at least 25 individuals at
                      least 60 days out of the year. (A community system is a system that is
                      used year round, a non-community system is used seasonally).            Private
                      water systems are regulated by Article 4 of the Suffolk County Sanitary
                      Code, and are defined as systems that serve less than five units or serve
                      less than 25 individuals daily. Private and public water supply systems
                      servicing the study area are described in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.



                                                        3-2









                Both private and public well systems must be tested; private wells upon
                installation and public wells on a routine basis. Both well systems must
                be tested for the State's list of organic, inorganic and microbiological
                water quality parameters.


                3.2.1   PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

                        The community of West Gilgo Beach is         serviced by a single
                        community public water supply system known   as the West Gilgo Beach
                        Association system. This system consists of two Magothy wells,
                        set at depths of 304 feet and 313 feet.      These wells service 80
                        residential units, and provide an average daily yield of 14,000
                        gpd.

                        In Oak Beach, there are three non-community public water supply
                        systems, as well as a number of private water supply wells. The
                        three public supply systems are referred to as the McCrodden,
                        McCarren and Dougherty systems (Paul Ponturo, SCDHS, December 9,
                        1992). The McCrodden system consists of one 310-foot Magothy well
                        which services 18 residential units. The McCarren system services
                        15 residential units via a 305-foot Magothy well, and the
                        Dougherty consists of a 300-foot Magothy well that services 14
                        residential units. These systems are at least 40 years old, and
                        are reportedly used by seasonal residents (Paul Pontaro, SCDHS,
                        December 9, 1992).

                        In addition to the Oak Beach systems, there are four other non-
                        community public water supply systems located in the study area.
                        These include the Town water supply wells at Gilgo Beach, Cedar
                        Beach and Overlook Beach. At Cedar Beach, there are two separate
                        water supply systems.      One is a 327 foot well at the marina
                        facility, and the second is a well of undocumented depth which
                        services the maintenance building.     All four of these wells tap
                        into the Magothy Aquifer and are in operation only during the
                        summer months.

                        The remaining portions of the study area are serviced by private
                        water supply systems.     These systems are discussed in Section
                        3.2.2.



                3.2.2   PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

                        In the communities of Gilgo Beach, Captree Island, and Oak Beach
                        Association, water supply is provided by private wells; there are
                        no public supply systems.      In the unassociated portion of Oak
                        Beach, as discussed in Section 3.2.1, there are a number of
                        private wells, in addition to the public supply systems described
                        above.  In all four of these communities, the private wells range
                        in depth from shallow Upper Glacial wells to Magothy wells set at
                        a depth of 250+ feet.     The shallow wells are generally set at

                                                 3-3









                               less than 40 feet, to draw from the fresh water lens near the
                               water tabl e surf ace. Most of the shal I ow wel 1 s are not used as a
                               source of drinking water, but rather for other water uses such as
                               showers and toilets.        Refer to Appendix A for information
                               concerning the use of private wells in the study area, as obtained
                               through the homeowner's survey that was conducted as part of this
                               investigation.

                               The community of Oak Island has neither public nor private water
                               wells.    Water is provided by both bottled water and rainwater
                               cisterns.

                               Of the 415 homes in the study area, approximately 361 draw from
                               underlying aquiferS for water supply (as discussed, the 54 homes
                               in Oak Island use bottled water and rainwater cisterns). Of these
                               361 homes, 168 are seasonal residences and the remaining 193 are
                               year-round residences. Based on published unit pumpage rates of
                               105 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) for year-round residences
                               and   12.5   gpcd    for   seasonal   residences    (Suffolk     County
                               Comprehensive Water Resource Management Plan, January 1987) and a
                               residential occupancy rate of 2.4 persons per home (R. Fedelem,
                               Demographer, Long Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, NY,
                               December 17, 1992), the total estimated volume of water pumped for
                               residential use in the study area is 53,700 gallons per day.


                3.3   SANITARY DISPOSAL

                      In the study area, sewage is disposed of in individual residential
                      subsurface septic systems. These systems are regulated by standards set
                      forth in Article 5, Section 502 and Article 7, Section 710 of the Suffolk
                      County Sanitary Code. The purposle of these standards is to assure a safe,
                      sanitary means of disposing of household wastewater, and to minimize the
                      potential for contamination of groundwater and surface waters.

                      The above-noted standards set minimum setback distances which shall be
                      maintained between subsurface sewage disposal systems and other items. In
                      summary, septic tanks must be set 5 feet from a house (without a cellar),
                      5 feet from property lines, 10 feet from public wells, 75 feet from
                      private wells, and 75 feet from surface waters.        Leaching pools must be
                      set 10 feet from a house (without a cellar), 200 feet from a public well,
                      100 feet from a private well, and 100 feet from surface waters.               In
                      addition, distance between leaching pools and wetlands are regulated by
                      NYSDEC and are subject to State approval prior to issuance of Suffolk
                      County approval .     The NYSDEC separation distance requirement between
                      leaching pools and wetlands is 100 feet.

                      Many of the septic systems in the study area do not conform to County
                      code. Most were constructed prior to enactment of these regulations, and
                      do not meet the separation distance requirements summarized above. For
                      example, a number of septic systems on Oak Island, are located less than
                      75 feet from the bay, which does not meet the surface water separation

                                                         3-4








                requirement. Likewise, many septic systems on Oak Island, Captree and the
                east side of Gilgo Beach, are located less than 50 feet from nearby
                wetlands, which does not meet the NYSDEC wetland separation requirement of
                100 feet.



         3.4    EXISTING GROUNDWATER DATA

                3.4.1   WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

                        The New York Public Health Law (Section 225) provides for the
                        regulation of drinking water supplies (10 NYCRR part 5). The New
                        York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) is the lead agency for
                        drinking water regulation.    The NYSDOH has established maximum
                        contaminant levels (MCL's) or standards for approximately 118
                        potential drinking water pollutants.      These include inorganic
                        chemicals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, microbiological
                        and radiological parameters, and physical properties.            The
                        microbiological parameters include total Coliform and E. Coli.
                        The radiological parameters include radium 226, radium 228, gross
                        alpha, gross beta, tritium and strontium. The physical properties
                        are color, odor, corrosivity and turbidity.

                        The MCL standards have been set by NYSDOH to ensure the aesthetic
                        quality and safety (ie., no adverse health effects) of the
                        drinking water supplies.    These MCL's are legally enforceable
                        limits. Public water supplies exceeding these limits are required
                        by the regulatory authorities to take corrective action.       These
                        MCL standards will be referred to in subsequent sections of this
                        document, and provide quality criteria for assessment of
                        groundwater conditions in the study area.


                3.4.2   AVAILABLE WATER QUALITY DATA

                        Groundwater quality data for the study area was available from
                        several sources.    These sources included the U.S. Geological
                        Survey (USGS), SCDHS and a recent study undertaken be EEA, Inc.,
                        for the Babylon Barrier Beach Ad Hoc Committee.

                        The USGS has several observation wells located on the Barrier,
                        Island, including eight wells located in the study area and
                        vicinity.  These consist of a cluster of four wells located at.
                        Cedar Beach, a cluster of two wells in Gilgo Beach, and two
                        separate wells located in the vicinity of Gilgo State Park. The
                        location of these wells are shown on Figure 3-2. These wells have
                        been monitored by the USGS for the presence of chlorides and other
                        related constituents and are utilized by the USGS to study the
                        aquifer system beneath the barrier island. Data from these wells
                        was made available to CA for use in this study.



                                                3-5









                              SCDHS has no observation wells on the Barrier Island.        However,
                              SCDHS did provide CA with groundwater quality data for some
                              private homeowner wells, and public community and non-community
                              wells in the study area.     This included private well data from
                              water quality surveys undertaken by SCDHS in 1981 at Oak Beach,
                              and in 1984, at both Oak Beach and Gilgo Beach. In addition, CA
                              examined data from SCDHS's routine sampling of public water supply
                              systems  at West Gilgo Beach, Cedar Beach, Cedar Beach Marina,
                              Overlook Beach and Gilgo Beach. In most cases, the samples were
                              obtained from the tap, and analyzed for SCDHS's standard list of
                              organic and inorganic chemical parameters.

                              In the fall of 1990, EEA, Inc., an environmental consulting firm,
                              conducted an environmental assessment study of the Babylon Outer
                              Beach communities for the Babylon Barrier Beach Ad Hoc Committee.
                              Part of that study involved the sampling of eighteen shallow wells
                              located in developed and undeveloped areas of the study area and
                              vicinity. The locations of these wells are shown on Figure 3-2.
                              Samples from the developed areas were taken from shallow private
                              homeowner wells.    In the undeveloped areas, shallow wells were
                              installed in the  field, by EEA, Inc., sampled, and then removed.
                              All of the wells  were screened in the Upper Glacial Aquifer, and
                              varied in depth from 3 to 20 feet below grade. Samples collected
                              from the eighteen wells were analyzed for SCDHS's list of
                              inorganic parameters. Results of the analysis were provided in
                              the study report prepared by EEA, Inc. These data were reviewed
                              by CA, and evaluated together with the USGS and SCDH data. These
                              data served as a baseline for assessment of groundwater quality
                              conditions in the study area.


               3.5    GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

                      CA evaluated the groundwater quality data available for the study area.
                      This included data for shallow wells and Magothy wells provided by the
                      USGS, SCDHS and a recent study undertaken by EEA, Inc., as discussed in
                      Section 3.4.2. This analysis provided information on the quality of the
                      'groundwater and on the location of the saltwater-freshwater interface in
                      the study area. These findings are provided below. A copy of the data
                      evaluated in this study is provided in Appendix C.


                      3.5.1   GROUNDWATER QUALITY

                              The data indicate that the overall quality of the groundwater in
                              the study area is good. Only three parameters were found in some
                              wells to exceed the New York State Department of Health Maximum
                              Containment Levels for drinking water. These included iron, total
                              coliform and chlorides.       No volatile organic compounds or
                              pesticides were found above detection limits. Elevated levels of
                              iron were present in both shallow and in deep wells, at
                              concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 130 mg/l. (The State maximum

                                                       3-6








                        containment level for iron is 0.3 mg/1). Coliform bacteria were
                        present in a few shallow homeowner wells and in the wells
                        installed in the undeveloped areas by EEA, Inc. Coliform bacteria
                        were not detected in any of the Magothy wells. The State maximum
                        contaminate level for coliform bacteria is "0", it should be
                        absent.

                        Information on the saltwater-freshwater interface underlying the
                        study area was obtained from published reports, and evaluation of
                        USGS and SCDHS chloride data. The "interface" is usually defined
                        by chloride concentrations greater than 40 or greater than 250 ppm
                        and up to 17,000 ppm (Suffolk County Comprehensive Water Resources
                        Management Plan, January 1987).     The position of the interface
                        fluctuates with changes in water table elevation and tidal
                        oscillations near the shoreline.

                        The USGS has a well cluster located in Cedar Beach. This cluster
                        consists of four wells, screened at depths of 48 feet, 73 feet, 88
                        feet and 117 feet below grade. The 117-foot well is screened in
                        the Magothy aquifer, the others in the Upper Glacial Formation.
                        Chloride concentrations in water samples collected from these
                        wells during 1988-1989 sampling are as follows:


                        WELL DEPTH (FEET BELOW GRADE)       CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION (MG/L)
                                   48                                     17,000
                                   73                                     18,000
                                   88                                     19,000
                                  117                                        260



                        These data indicate that the saltwater-freshwater interface occurs
                        at less than 117 feet below grade beneath the study area. This is
                        further corroborated by data from another USGS well cluster
                        located in Gilgo Beach, which consists of two wells; one screened
                        at 70 feet in the Upper Glacial formation and the other at 184
                        feet in the Magothy formation. The shallow well, when sampled in
                        1989, had a chloride concentration of 17,000 mg/l.       The deeper
                        well, when sampled in 1986, had a chloride concentration of 260
                        mg/l. Again, this suggests that the salt-water interface occurs
                        between 70 and 184 feet below grade.     These data are consistent
                        with chloride data for private and public supply wells in the
                        study area that are screened at depths of 250 to 350 feet below
                        grade.   Water samples collected from these private wells had
                        chloride concentrations in the range of approximately 3 to 20
                        mg/l.

                        The presence of a freshwater lens near the water table interface
                        is confirmed by the SCDHS chloride data for shallow homeowner
                        wells, and the data for the shallow wells installed by EEA, Inc.
                        In Oak Beach, homeowner wells screened at less than 20 feet below
                        grade generally had chloride concentrations less than 100 mg/l.

                                                3-7









                               In   Gilgo    Beach,   shal 1 ow  homeowner   wells    had    chloride
                               concentrations less than 200 mg/l.      Homeowners located    close to
                               the water, however, in both communities had elevated          chloride
                               concentrations in their wells (i.e., approximately 800        to 4,000
                               mg/1).    These data corroborate the findings of the published
                               studies of Perlmutter and Crandell (1959), discussed in Section
                               3.1.1. According to their study, lenses of freshwater, as much as
                               40 feet thick, are present in the Glacial Formation near the
                               center of the Barrier Island.



                      3.5.2    IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTION SOURCES

                               As indicated in Section 3.5.1, elevated levels of iron are present
                               in many of the shallow Upper Glacial homeowner wells and in the
                               deep Magothy public supply      wells, in the study area.          Such
                               elevated iron levels are        not uncommon in Suffolk County
                               groundwaters. Iron generally occurs in high concentrations as a
                               result of the dissolution of native minerals under low oxygen
                               conditions. Low oxygen conditions are generally present in Upper
                               Glacial waters below old bog deposits, which are high in organic
                               content, and below clay lenses, where long residence times result
                               in reduced oxygen levels.        As discussed in Section 3.1, a
                               formation known as the Gardiners clay underlies portions of the
                               Glacial formation in the study area. High iron concentrations are
                               also present in Magothy waters, where long residence times are
                               responsible for low oxygen content.

                               Elevated levels of iron in well water can also be attributed to
                               the corrosive properties of water.       Well pipe, such as unlined
                               cast iron, when corroded, can leach dissolved iron into the
                               groundwater.   Many of the older water supply systems in Suffolk
                               County are comprised of unlined cast iron pipe.

                               The New York State Sanitary Code requires treatment whenever iron
                               is found in well water at concentrations greater than 0.3 ppm, or
                               when iron and manganese are found in a total concentration greater
                               than 0.5 ppm.     Several of the public and private wells in the
                               study area do not meet these standards and, consequently, must
                               undergo iron treatment.       These include the West Gilgo Beach
                               Association wells, and several homeowner wells.        The treatment
                               process commonly used is iron sequestion, which involves chemical
                               complexing through the addition of sodium hexametaphosphate. The
                               newly complexed compounds are stable, and will not deposit on
                               fixtures or laundry.

                               The presence of coliform bacteria in shallow homeowner wells can
                               generally be attributed to sewage from septic systems.               As
                               discussed in Section 3.3, many of the septic systems in the study
                               area do not meet the required water well separation distances
                               delineated in the regulations.      In the EEA, Inc. study, shallow
                               wells were installed in undeveloped areas of the barrier island

                                                         3-8









                          and when sampled, had elevated levels of total coliform.           These
                          elevated coliform levels are not attributable to septic systems,
                          because none are present in these undeveloped areas. Since many
                          of the locations where these wells were installed were likely near
                          bird habitat, the presence of coliform bacteria, as well as
                          elevated levels of ammonia and nitrate-nitrogen, may be a result
                          of native animal wastes.

                          Furthermore,    iron,   coliform    bacteria   and   other    types    of
                          contamination can occur in the groundwater as a result of
                          incorrect well abandonment procedures. Improperly sealing an out-
                          of-service well can result in the introduction of surface
                          contaminants into the underlying aquifer, and cross contamination
                          of aquifers. This problem is of particular concern with respect
                          to the possible transfer of chlorides to the deep drinking water
                          aquifers from the intermediate salty groundwater zone. The SCDHS
                          has indicated that a number of abandoned wells in the study area
                          have created a "pin cushion" that penetrates through to the
                          Magothy Aquifer.     The corrosive properties of the salty water
                          deteriorates abandoned well casings. Since saltwater is heavier
                          than freshwater, chloride-laden water which enters abandoned wells
                          sinks to the Magothy (Ponturo, SCDHS, October 15, 1992). Unsealed
                          abandoned wells can also serve as conduits for the improper
                          disposal of waste oils or other hazardous materials.

                          Importantly, contaminants that are introduced into the Upper
                          Glacial Aquifer ir. the study area are not transferred to the
                          important drinking water resources of the Magothy Aquifer. Unlike
                          on mainland Long Island, where the Upper Glacial and Magothy are
                          hydraulically connected, on the barrier island these two aquifers
                          are separated by an intermediate saltwater zone.           As noted in
                          Section 3.1.2, the upper freshwater lens in the study area is fed
                          directly by precipitation and flows laterally to the bay and
                          ocean. The Magothy Aquifer beneath the study area is derived from
                          southward flowing water that originates as precipitation onto the
                          mainland.

                          As noted above, the EEA, Inc. (1991) study included a comparative
                          assessment of groundwater quality in undeveloped and developed
                          areas of the Outer Beach.      The parameters tested included iron,
                          manganese, ammonia, zinc, nitrate, chloride, hardness, alkalinity,
                          total dissolved solids, copper, sulfate and total coliforms (see
                          Appendix C).    Certain constituents were found to be in higher
                          concentrations in groundwater samples drawn from the developed
                          areas. In particular, nitrate and ammonia levels were higher in
                          the vicinity of the communities, though still well within Suffolk
10                        County drinking water standards, possibly indicating a minor
                          effect   from   subsurface     sewage   disposal.       However,      the
                          concentration of other important water quality criteria (e.g.,
                          zinc, copper, and sulfates) were lower in samples taken from the
                          developed areas, indicating that the subject communities were not


                                                    3-9









                              causing adverse impacts to groundwater quality in terms of these
                              variables.


                      3.5.3   FUTURE GROUNDWATER QUALITY TRENDS

                              Elevated levels of iron in Glacial and Magothy wells, and the
                              occurrence of coliform bacteria in shallow wells, will continue on
                              an upward trend, unless well protection measures are undertaken.
                              As the wells become older, and if corrosion or iron control
                              methods are not employed, elevated iron levels will remain a
                              problem in the water supply, and probably will increase in
                              severity. Well corrosion will also cause other problems such as
                              the loss of the hydraulic efficiency of the well, an increase in
                              the production of aesthetically unpleasant rusty water, and
                              increased chloride concentration.

                              Likewise, col i form- impacted shallow wells, unless treated by
                              chlorination, will likely remain bacteriologically contaminated.
                              In addition, as more seasonal residents become year round
                              residents, as discussed in Section 6.6, the annual septic load in
                              the study area, will increase. This could increase the number of
                              shallow wells impacted by coliform bacteria.

                              The presence of elevated chloride levels in some of the wells in
                              the study area will continue, because these wells are screened in
                              the transition zone between fresh and salty waters.      (On a much
                              smaller scale, the presence of chlorides in the groundwater can be
                              attributed to rainwater due to sea spray, and from road runoff as
                              a  result   of parkway deicing).        Chloride   levels   in   the
                              freshwater/saltwater interface are also affected by saltwater
                              upcoming and intrusion.     Upcoming or upward movement of the
                              interface, will occur below a well, due to pumping.        Saltwater
                              intrusion is a landward movement of the interface in reaction to
                              large net withdrawals.    Both of these can be controlled by the
                              strategic placement of wells, and conformance with County well
                              design guidelines.


               3.6   GROUNDWATER QUALITY PROTECTION MEASURES

                     3.6.1    EXISTING PROTECTION MEASURES

                              Groundwater protection in the study area is governed by a variety
                              of federal, state, county and local regulations.       The Suffolk
                              County Sanitary Code are the main authority with respect to
                              groundwater and water supply protection regulations.      The three
                              most relevant articles of the Code are Article 4, Article 6, and
                              Article 12.   Article 4 covers the protection of water supplies
                              from potential sources of contamination, and sets design
                              requirements for public and private water systems.       Article 6
                              regulates sewage facilities and sets design standards for waste

                                                      3-10








                       dispos al units. Article 12 specifies requirements for the storage
                       and ha,dling of toxic and hazardous materials.

                       Most of the water supply systems (private and public) and septic
                       systems in the study area were installed prior to promulgation or
                       enactment of Article 4, Article 6 or Article 12 regulations.
                       Therefore many of the systems have not been designed to Code and
                       do not fully protect water supply systems from contamination or
                       prevent degradation of the surrounding groundwater.

                       There are no specific Town regulations pertaining to groundwater
                       protection measures, with the exception of Town of Babylon Code,
                       Article I, Chapter 106 (Section 106-10.1).        This regulation
                       prohibits persons from allowing their dogs to defecate on common
                       thoroughfares, sidewalks, play areas, parks or any Town property.
                       The restriction does not apply to that portion of street lying
                       between curblines. In these areas, the person who curbs a dog is
                       required to immediately remove all feces deposited by the dog and
                       dispose of it in a sanitary manner.       As discussed in Section
                       3.5.2, animal wastes are a source of ammonia, coliform and
                       nitrate-nitrogen contamination. Restrictions of dog feces on the
                       ground serves to reduce the ammonia, coliform and nitrate-nitrogen
                       loading to the groundwater.


               3.6.2   RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES

                       This section presents measures that will protect the supply of
                       potable water for all residents in the study area, including
                       homeowners with private wells.        These recommendations were
                       developed based on the groundwater quality problems identified in
                       Section 3.5.

                       A. Water Supp7y Recommendations

                       CA recommends that, where feasible, private homeowner wells used
                       for potable water supply, be replaced with year-round community
                       supply systems that service more than 5 units.       These systems
                       should be installed in the Magothy aquifer at depths sufficiently
                       below the freshwater-saltwater interface to avoid saltwater
                       contamination.    These wells should be required to undergo
                       disinfection,   pH control,    and iron removal     or sequestion
                       treatment, if necessary, and the operation of these systems should
                       be performed by year-round treatment plant operators. At present,
                       more than 84 percent of the Town's water supply is drawn from the
                       Magothy. The remainder comes from the Glacial formation. These
                       statistics are based on, 1980 aquifer pumpage data, and Town
                       pumpage projections (Suffolk County Comprehensive Water Resources
                       Management Plan, Volume I, January 1987). The population of the
                       study area represents approximately 0.2 percent of the total
                       population of the Town of Babylon.    If all the residents in the
                       study area pumped from the Magothy Aquifer, there should not be

                                               3-11









                              any significant impact on this resource, in terms of quantity
                              withdrawn or water quality.

                             .Community supply systems, unlike private systems, are required by
                              Part 5 of the State Sanitary Code to be monitored on a routine
                              basis for water quality.     This required testing prevents poor
                              quality water from being used to serve drinking water needs, and
                              ensures safe, clean water to all residents.     CA recommends that
                              private well systems also be required to be tested on a routine
                              basis. This would provide private well owners with drinking water
                              quality protection similar to that of the public supply systems.

                              B. Groundwater Contamination Protection Measures

                              As discussed in Section 3.5, the improper abandonment of wells can
                              cause contamination of the groundwater system.       Out-of-service
                              wells can serve as conduits for the disposal of hazardous
                              materials   or  can   result  in   the  introduction   of    surface
                              contaminants into the underlying aquifers.

                              To prevent these occurrences, CA recommends that abandoned wells
                              be properly sealed or entirely removed from the ground.        These
                              measures should serve to prevent unnecessary contamination of the
                              underlying aquifers from out-of-service wells.

                              In addition, a study should be undertaken to assess the
                              feasibility and advisability of installing centralized sewage
                              treatment plants to replace the existing individual, on-lot
                              systems. The recommended study should provide a comparison of the
                              potential environmental    benefits of this action versus the
                              anticipated capital costs. The term of the current lease should
                              also be taken into consideration.

                              The EEA, Inc. data indicate that the septic systems in the subject
                              communities are having a measurable effect on the shallow aquifer,
                              in terms of elevated levels of ammonia and nitrates.       Since a
                              disproportionate loading of these groundwater contaminants is
                              released by older septic systems which provide inadequate
                              treatment, homeowners should be encouraged to undertake proper
                              maintenance of their septic systems and to upgrade or replace
                              improperly functioning systems.













                                                      3-12










         3.7   REFERENCES


         Dvirka and Bartilucci, January 1987, Suffolk County Comprehensive Water
               Resources Management Plan, Volume I and II, Hauppauge, NY.

         EEA, Inc., January 1991. Environmental Assessment of the Babylon Outer Beach
               Communities, Garden City, NY.
         Fedelem, R. December 17, 1992. Demographer, Long Island Regional Planning
               Board, Hauppauge, NY.

         N.M. Perlmutter and H.C. Crandell, 1959. Geology and Groundwater Supplies of
               the South Shore Beaches of Long Island, NY., USGS, Mineola, NY.

         Ponturo, Paul. (Oral Communication). October 15, 1992 and December 9, 1992.
               Conversation between Paul Pontaro, Sanitary Engineer, SCDHS and Cashin
               Associates, Hauppauge, NY.

         U.S.G.S., 1964. Hydrology of the Babylon-Islip Area, Suffolk County, Long
               Island, Water Supply Paper 1768, Syosset, NY.

































                                             3-13



















                                     STUDY AREA

                                   61,j        CAPTREE STATE             OCEAN SAY                   BELLPORT COAST                             HAMPTON
                                   U                 PARK                   PARK                      GUARD STATION                              BEACH
                                   :nix
                                     0
                                     U.
                                     ra
                                     E                                                                                                                        F Sea
                               Sea     ........                                                                                         ....... ........           level
                               level                                        Glacial: Formafloh
                                                                                                                     _*41@@Gar_diners clay
                               300,-                                            2Greensand          unit                                                           300'


                               600,-                                                                                                                               600,


                                                                          Magothy Aquifer

                               900'-                                                                                                                            -900'




                               120a-                                                                                                                            - 1200'
                                                      Cloy      member
                                                                              Of    Raritan      formation        E X P L A N A T I O'N                         -1500'
                               1500'-
                               1800         Lloyd     Sand      member        Of     Raritan     formation              SALT WATER
                                                                                                                                                                -1800,
                                                     Bedrock





                                       SOURCE      N. M. PERLMUTTER AND
                                                  H. C. CRANDELL, 1959







                                            FIGURE 3-1 HYDROGEOLOGIC CROSS-SECTION OF THE
                                                 SOUTH-SHORE BEACHES OF WESTERN SUFFOLK
                                            TOVVN OF BABYLON                                                 Cashin Associates, P.C.
                                        ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
                         BARRIER & BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIESi


















                                                 LLWEIMURS-6
               AISTYVLLE    COPIAGUE






                                                                           GREAT SOUTH DAY





       ZI.
       0
       30
                                                                         0 C@



                                                                                                                     7










                                                                                                              FM ISLAM






                                                                                          ATLANTIC OCEAN







                                                                                 OUTER BEACH COMMUNTIES
                                             * PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS
                                             * MLG6& WELLS                       I WEST GILGO BEACH
                                             * EJLA, INC. SANPLE LOCATIONS       2 GILGO BEACH WEST JUNASSOCIATED)
                                                                                 3 GILGO BEACH EAST (UNASSOCIATED)
                                                                                 4 OAK ISLAM
                                                                                   CAPTREE MAW JUNASSOCIATIM)
                                                                                   OAK BEACH WEST (UNASSOCLAM)
                                                                                 7 OAK BEACH EAST JUNASSOCIATIED)
                                                                                 & OAK BEACH ASSOCIATION



           I
                      I I I 1@mm














                  - -ISECTION 4









                                               SECTION 4
                                     EROSION CONTROL AND FLOODING


               SECTION                                                                   Paqe

         4.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                 4-1

         4.1   GENERAL COASTAL GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA                                  4-1

               4.1.1 BEACH ZONE                                                           4-2

               4.1.2  DUNE ZONE                                                           4-4

               4.1.3  BACK BARRIER ZONE                                                   4-6

               4.1.4  BAY ISLANDS                                                         4-7

               4.1.5  FIRE ISLAND INLET                                                   4-8

         4.2   SEVERE COASTAL STORMS                                                     4-10

               4.2.1  THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERE COASTAL STORMS            4-10

                  A. Hurricanes                                                          4-10
                  B. Extratropical Stoms (Northeasters)                                  4-12

               4.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEVERITY OF COASTAL STORMS                    4-13

                  A. Still Water Flooding                                                4-14
                  B. Stom Waves                                                          4-15
                  C. Flood Zone Designations                                             4-16

         4.3 VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA TO COASTAL FLOODING                         4-17

               4.3.1 FLOOD ZONE DESIGNATIONS AND BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS WITHIN
                      THE SUBJECT COMMUNITIES                                            4-17

                  A. Nest Gi7go Beach                                                    4-19
                  B. Gilgo Beach                                                         4-19
                  C. Oak Island                                                          4-20
                  D. Captree Island                                                      4-21
                  E. Oak Beach                                                           4-21
                  F. Oak Beach Association                                               4-21
                  G. Overall Compliance with Base Flood Elevation Requirements           4-22

               4.3.2 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES OF FLOODING IN THE STUDY AREA                4-22

                  A. Overall Stom Frequency and Severity                                 4-22
                  B. 1938 Hurricane                                                      4-22
                  C. Hurricane Gloria (September 27, 1985)                               4-24
                  D. Halloween 1991 Northeaster                                          4-24
                  E. 11-12 December 1992 Northeaster                                     4-24









                      SECTION                                                                    Page


                      4.3.3 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL FLOOD DAMAGE IN THE STUDY AREA               4-26

                         A. Building Construction                                                4-26
                         B. SLOSH Surge Model                                                    4-27
                         C. Public Preparedness for Severe Storms                                4-28
                         D. Evacuation Planning                                                  4-29

                4.4 VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA TO COASTAL EROSION                           4-30

                      4.4.1 VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY     TO SHORELINE
                             RETREAT                                                             4-30

                         A. Ocean Shorefront                                                     4-30
                         B. Oak Beach                                                            4-31

                      4.4.2 VULNERABILITY OF   THE STUDY AREA VICINITY TO BARRIER
                             BREACHING                                                           4-33

                      4.4.3 EFFECT OF THE SUBJECT COMMUNITIES ON EROSION IN THE STUDY
                             AREA                                                                4-34

                4.5 EXISTING EROSION AND FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES                                  4-35

                      4.5.1 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS                              4-35

                         A. The National Flood Insurance Program                                 4-35
                         B. Town of Babylon Flood Damage Control Ordinance                       4-37
                         C. Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas                                         4-39
                         D. Coastal Barrier Resources Act                                        4-41
                         E. Miscellaneous Regulations                                            4-41

                      4.5.2 EROSION AND FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY AREA               4-42

                         A. Bulkheads                                                            4-42
                         B. Revetments and Groins                                                4-43
                         C. Miscellaneous Structures                                             4-43

                      4.5.3 NON-STRUCTURAL EROSION AND FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES USED IN
                             THE STUDY AREA                                                      4-44

                         A. Beach Nourishment                                                    4-44
                         B. Dune Reconstruction                                                  4-45
                         C. Miscellaneous Measures                                               4-47

                4.6 MECHANISMS OF FLOOD DAMAGE RELIEF                                            4-48

                      4.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM                                     4-48

                      4.6.2 SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER RELIEF PROGRAM                4-48

                4.7 SEA LEVEL RISE                                                               4-50








               SECTION                                                                     Paqe

           4.8 FLOOD DAMAGE MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES                                        4-53

                4.8.1 PUBLIC PREPAREDNESS AND EVACUATION PLANNING FOR SEVERE
                        STORMS                                                             4-53

                4.8.2 FLOOD ZONE BUILDING STANDARDS                                        4-54

                4.8.3 PARTICIPATION IN THE NATIONAL    FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM             4-55

                4.8.4 PARTICIPATION IN THE COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM                         4-56

          4.9   EROSION MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES                                            4-57

                4.9.1 BEACH NOURISHMENT                                                    4-58

                4.9.2 DUNE AND EMBANKMENT RECONSTRUCTION                                   4-59

                4.9.3 MAINTENANCE OF THE SORE THUMB                                        4-59

                4.9.4 COASTAL EROSION HAZARD AREA LEGISLATION                              4-60

                4.9.5 DUNE WALK-OVERS                                                      4-61

                4.9.6 LOCALIZED SHORELINE EROSION ON CAPTREE     ISLAND                    4-62

          4.10 LIST OF REFERENCES                                                          4-63











                                                     SECTION 4

                                          EROSION CONTROL AND FLOODING



                4.0  INTRODUCTION

                     As already noted, the study area consists of six separate residential
                     communities, which are located on the south shore barrier and bay island
                     system in the Town of Babylon, Long Island, New York. Two of the subject
                     communities (i.e., Oak Beach and Oak Beach Association) are located on the
                     ocean side of the barrier, to the south of Ocean Parkway - actually, these
                     communities front on Fire Island Inlet, rather than directly on the ocean.
                     Two communities (i.e., West Gilgo Beach and Gilgo Beach) are located on the
                     bay side of the barrier, to the north of Ocean Parkway. The remaining two
                     communities (i.e., Captree Island and Oak Island) are located behind the
                     barrier, on islands in Great South Bay. All six of these communities and
                     the surrounding area are situated in designated flood hazard zones, due to
                     the proximity of the ocean and the consequent vulnerability to coastal
                     storms.   The  entire study area is also located either directly on or
                     adjacent to a section of barrier beach that has experienced shoreline
                     erosion in the recent past.

                     The following discussion opens with an overall examination of the coastal
                     geology of the study area and the general consequences that severe storms
                     can have in this type of geologic zone. The discussion then focuses on the
                     history of coastal erosion and flooding in the study area, and the methods
                     that have been used to control storm damage. The vulnerability of the land
                     and structures in the study area to storm-induced damage is assessed, and
                     a qualitative analysis is undertaken to determine if the development of the
                     subject barrier and bay island communities has had a significant effect on
                     the extent of coastal erosion and flooding that has occurred in the local
                     area. Finally, possible measures to mitigate future damage are discussed.


               4.1   GENERAL COASTAL GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

                     The study area comprises a segment of the chain of barrier islands and
                     spits that stretches almost continuously along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
                     of the U.S., from Maine through Texas. Four distinct geologic/vegetative
                     zones (i.e., beach, dune, back barrier, and bay islands), which are typical
                     of barrier beach systems in general (Leatherman, 1982), are present in the
                     study area.    These zones, which are described individually in Sections
                     4.1.1 through 4.1.4, vary substantially from one another with respect to
                     sediment and biological characteristics due to the differing energy levels
                     of the geologic forces that operate.

                     The Oak Beach communities are located immediately adjacent to Fire Island
                     Inlet, which is geographically the middle of five inlets that cut through
                     the barrier beach on Long Island's south shore.       The geologic processes
                     that characterize this inlet, and the history of man's activities to
                     control these processes, are discussed in Section 4.1.5.

                                                        4-1











              4.1.1 BEACH ZONE

                  The south side of the barrier island in the study area fronts directly
                  on the Atlantic Ocean (or on Fire Island Inlet), and is generally
                  characterized by a gently-sloping, sandy beach that is essentially
                  devoid of vegetation. Both the characteristics of the beach material
                  (i.e., the relative homogeneity of the grain size, the roundness of the
                  individual sand particles, etc.) and the lack of significant flora are
                  due primarily to the frequent shifting of the substrate caused primarily
                  by wave action in the high energy environment of the ocean shorefront.
                  Wind also serves as an important agent of sediment transport on the
                  beach.

                  On average, ocean waves strike the shoreline at an angle rather than
                  head-on. Consequently, the wave energy has a distinct component that is
                  directed parallel to the shore. This net long-shore component of wave
                  energy gradually carries sand along the shoreline in a process that is
                  commonly called littoral (or long-shore) drift. Along the beaches that
                  front directly on the ocean (i.e., at West Gilgo and Gilgo Beaches) the
                  long-term net direction of littoral drift is from east to west, as is
                  true for most of Long Island's south shore. Evidence of the direction
                  of movement of littoral sand along the oceanfront in the vicinity of the
                  study area can be clearly seen on historical aerial photographs, which
                  show that Democrat Point has migrated westward a distance of
                  approximately 1,000 feet since the early 1900s. In the early 1800s, the
                  western end of Fire Island was located in the vicinity of Fire Island
                  Lighthouse, which is almost five miles from the present position of
                  Democrat Point. The generally westward direction of littoral drift is
                  also evident in aerial photographs of Jones Island, which show the
                  accumulation of sand on the eastern (updrift) side of groins and jetties
                  (see Section 4.5.2.B for further discussion). The volume of sand moved
                  by the littoral drift system in the vicinity of    Fire Island Inlet is
                  estimated to be between 450,000 and 600,000 cubic yards per year (Cyril
                  Galvin, 1985).

                  In contrast to Gilgo Beach and po ints to the west on Jones Island, the
                  shoreline at Cedar Beach (situated immediately to the west of Fire
                  Island Inlet and east of Gilgo Beach) has a west-to-east direction of
                  long-shore transport due to the complex pattern of tidal currents in the
                  vicinity of the inlet. (Taney, 1961).    Most of Oak Beach - which is
                  located.behind Fire Island, on Fire Island Inlet - also experiences a
                  net eastward direction of littoral drift. This situation is evidenced
                  by recent aerial photographs, which show that sand has accumulated on
                  the west side of the series of groins that have been installed along
                  this stretch of shoreline. Since sand collects on the up-drift side of
                  these shore-perpendicular structures, the pattern of sand deposition in
                  the Oak Beach groin field indicates that the long-shore movement is from
                  the west. This reversal of the normal long-shore drift direction is due
                  to a combination of the shielding effect of Fire Island (the wind fetch
                  for waves with a westward component is much more restricted than for


                                                4-2









                         northeast-moving waves), the refraction of waves around Democrat Point,
                         and the influence of tidal currents through the inlet.

                         Sediment budget analyses that have been conducted to quantify the volume
                         of sand that is transported in littoral drift along Long Island's
                         barrier indicate that the classic conveyer belt analogy for this process
                         is not entirely accurate; not all of the sediment arriving at a given
                         shorel i ne 1 ocati on can be accounted f or by the materi al carri ed . 1 ong-
                         shore from the updrift beaches.        A number of studies (summarized in
                         Tanski and Bokuniewicz, June 1989) have indicated that sediment is
                         transported on a long-term basis in an on-shore direction from the inner
                         continental shelf.     However, the magnitude of that transport has not
                         been sufficiently quantified.

                         In addition to the continuous action of waves, the beach zone is subject
                         to seasonal and episodic geologic forces. Seasonal variations in wave
                         energy cause an annual cycle of onshore-of f shore movement of beach sand.
                         In the winter months, beach material is typically scoured and moved to
                         offshore bars' by high energy, short period waves generated during
                         energetic storms. During the summer, sand tends to be carried onto the
                         beach from the offshore bars due to the low height, long period waves
                         that are characteristic of that season (Leatherman, 1982).

                         Because of the seasonal variation in the geologic forces operating on
                         the oceanfront beach, the topographic profile of the beach can vary
                         significantly during the course of a year. During the winter, the beach
                         is typically steeper and narrower due to the erosional action of
                         energetic storm waves.         In the summer, the beach is generally
                         characterized by an increased width and a gradual slope to the toe of
                         the dunes, due to the onshore movement of sand.          However, the summer
                         beach profile can deviate significantly from this pattern, especially in
                         response to storms, which may shorten and steepen the profile or even
                         cut a steep scarp into the face of the beach. Similarly, a "typical"
                         winter profile may not be achieved during a mild winter.

                         The beach, being the barrier island zone in closest proximity to the
                         ocean, is most susceptible to the powerful forces that are unleashed
                         during high intensity storms.(i.e., hurricanes and northeasters). The
                         beach zone serves as an important first line of defense for the back
                         portion of the barrier island.        Without a well-developed and stable
                         beach acting as a buffer, the dunes and back-dune area would be more
                         prone to storm-induced erosion, and the entire barrier would be more
                         susceptible to breaching (i.e., a break-through that creates a new
                         inlet).

                         Large segments of the oceanfront beaches within the study area (i.e.,
                         the stretch of the Jones Beach barrier island between its eastern tip
                         and the Nassau County line) have experienced significant erosion during
                         the recent past. In particular, the shoreline has receded steadily at
                         Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches during the time since the stone jetty was
                         installed at Democrat Point in 1941, due primarily to the impact that
                         this structure has had on local geologic processes.        In contrast, Cedar

                                                          4-3








                  Beach has experienced rapid accretion during the same time period, due
                  to the alteration of current patterns caused by the stabilization and
                  dredging of Fire Island Inlet and related projects.      The significant
                  erosion that occurred along the Oak Beach shoreline prior to the 1960s
                  was caused mostly by natural processes in Fire Island Inlet, rather than
                  by activities associated with the navigation project (Cyril Galvin,
                  1985).

                  See Section 4.1.5 for further discussion of the impacts that engineering
                  projects undertaken in Fire Island Inlet have had on adjacent beaches.
                  Section 4.4.1 elaborates more fully on the history of shoreline erosion
                  in the study area.


              4.1.2 DUNE ZONE

                  The central portion of the subject barrier island contains a series of
                  low, sandy dunes that are situated beyond the reach of normal wave
                  activity.   Dunes are shaped by coastal winds, with dune vegetation
                  providing sand trapping capability. This vegetation, particularly dune
                  grasses which are tolerant to salt spray and sand burial, gives dunes a
                  great degree of stability against the effects of coastal erosive forces.
                  The ability of dune grass to trap sand, while growing at a rate that
                  prevents burial, is also essential to the process of dune growth
                  (accretion) and the creation of new dunes. Artificial means (e.g., snow
                  fencing and Christmas trees) are often used on dunes to enhance sand
                  trapping capabilities.           I

                  In the study area, dune height varies, but was generally found to be
                  about 10 feet, measured toe to crest (based on field measurements made
                  by CA in October 1992). Along much of the length of barrier in the Town
                  of Babylon, the width of the base of the dunes is restricted by the
                  presence of Ocean Parkway, which serves as the landward limit of dune
                  growth.   In many locations the back slope of the dunes extends
                  essentially to the edge of the parkway shoulder, especially in the West
                  Gilgo Beach area. In some areas, the natural dune has been completely
                  eroded away, causing serious concern about the future stability of Ocean
                  Parkway and prompting emergency measures that have included the
                  construction of "artificial     dunes"   (which are actually earthen
                  embankments composed of loamy fill rather than typical dune sand) in
                  those areas. Several sections of recently placed artificial dune, which
                  total several thousand feet in length, have been placed along the
                  segment of Ocean Parkway within the Town of Babylon. The segments of
                  man-made dunes are characterized by a relatively consistent height of 12
                  to 14 feet; however, the protective capacity of these features is
                  limited by a narrow base width, sparse vegetative cover, and mixed grain
                  size.

                  The sections of native dune in the Gilgo Beach area have heights that
                  generally vary between 8 and 12 feet.         However, these dunes are
                  characterized by a narrow base width, which has resulted from the
                  erosional loss of beach material on the ocean side and the restriction

                                                4-4









                        of landward migration due to the presence of Ocean Parkway.              The
                        constricted width of the Gilgo Beach dunes and the erosional damage that
                        has already occurred have diminished the ability of these features to
                        withstand damage, including possible breaching, from surge during major
                        storms.

                        Damage to the dunes caused by wave erosion has been widespread
                        throughout the study area. The most severe recent erosion has occurred
                        in the area between the West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach communities, where
                        some sections of dunes have been completely washed away (see Section
                        4.3.2.E for a discussion of the effects of the 11-12 December northeast
                        storm). Vertical scarps have been cut into the ocean face of most of
                        the remaining line of native dunes at Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches.

                        At Cedar and Overlook Beaches, dune height (again., measured toe to
                        crest) is typically only 5 feet.      However the elevation of the dune
                        crest generally exceeds 15 feet above mean sea level (msl), based on the
                        information in the USGS topographic quadrangle map, due to the steady
                        accretion of sand to the beach in this area.         In addition, a well-
                        developed series of secondary dunes has formed behind the wide-based
                        primary dunes. Thus, this stretch of shoreline contains the most stable
                        section of dunes and provides the most effective erosion protection
                        along the entire Town of Babylon barrier beach.

                        The dunes within the Oak Beach communities appear to have been
                        significantly impacted by the construction of houses at that location.
                        Most of the waterfront home sites are located within the primary dune
                        zone.  To a large degree, dune disturbance has extended into the area
                        surrounding the houses. Vestiges of dunes that exist between the houses
                        are generally low in height and poorly developed. To the immediate east
                        of the Oak Beach Association, in contrast, is a fully developed dune
                        system, although portions of this area have been impacted by pedestrian
                        traffic.                                                    I

                        Despite being discussed here as an distinct entities, dunes and beaches
                        are integrally tied to one another. In particular, a significant long-
                        term loss of material from the buffering beach will invariably also lead
                        to significant adverse effects on the adjacent dunes.        This point is
                        clearly illustrated by recent events at Gilgo and West Gilgo Beach. The
                        steady loss of beach material along that stretch of shoreline has
                        exposed the dunes to the full force of storm waves, with the inevitable
                        result being extensive erosion of the dunes and the consequent threat to
                        Ocean Parkway. Additionally, since the beach serves as a primary source
                        of sand that is deposited on the dunes, dune accretion would be stunted
                        (or completely halted) in the absence of a significant width of beach.

                        Dunes are the most important-natural protective feature on the barrier
                        island. However, storms waves, aided by the rise in base water level
                        due to storm surge, do occasionally penetrate the dune line to cause
                        storm wave impacts to reach the back barrier area.        Overwash is the
                        process by which surging storm waves break over the dune crest and
                        penetrate through the dune line. Overwash is the primary mechanism by

                                                       4-5









                  which sand is carried from the shorefront to the back dune area, and is
                  an important factor in the process by which the barrier migrates in a
                  landward direction in response to sea level rise (see Section 4-7). The
                  creation of a new inlet, which is essentially an extreme instance of
                  overwash, involves the breaching of the barrier down to an elevation
                  below mean sea level.

                  Although overwash and inlet creation are processes that occur naturally
                  in even the most unspoiled barrier system, man's impacts can increase
                  the potential for the occurrence of these events. As shown in Figure
                  7.1, numerous paths have been cut through the dunes on the Town of
                  Babylon barrier beach due to pedestrian traffic originating to the
                  north. Although these footpaths are typically only a few feet in width,
                  they represent potential sites for future overwash or blowout (i.e.,
                  wind-induced scouring which ultimately results in a well-defined break
                  in the dune line).      Other activities which cause damage to dune
                  vegetation (such as the clearing of dune grass) or which cause the beach
                  to become narrowed (such as the construction of groins or jetties
                  updrift from a given location) would reduce the stability of the dunes
                  and, as a resul t, woul d i ncrease the 1 i kel i hood that a f uture storm wi 11
                  breach the dune line and adversely affect the back barrier area.


               4.1.3 BACK BARRIER ZONE

                  The portion of the barrier island on the back side of the dunes is
                  generally afforded some degree of protection,from the most severe
                  effects of coastal storms. However, as discussed in Section 4.1.2, the
                  back barrier area can be impacted by overwash events. Further, the back
                  barrier area is not immune from the effects of flooding from the bay
                  side caused by storm surge.

                  Due to the protected environment created behind the dune, the geology
                  and vegetation of the bay shoreline are vastly different from those that
                  characterize the oceanfront.    The low energy area along the bayward
                  shore of the barrier island in the study area is dominated by salt
                  marshes, interspersed with some short segments of sandy beach where
                  nearshore tidal currents and waves are strong. In the days prior to the
                  enactment of the New York State Tidal Wetland regulations, some areas of
                  salt marsh on the back barrier in the study area were filled and
                  bulkheads were installed along the shoreline to retain the fill
                  material. Other human activities, such as dredging and the installation
                  of docks, have also resulted in the loss of some areas of salt marsh.

                  Salt marshes along the bayward shore of a barrier island typically
                  originate on a sandy substrate that is created by overwash or as sand
                  deltas associated with former inlets. Over time, the quiet environment
                  of the back barrier allows fine-grained, organic-rich sediments (silt
                  and clay) to accumulate into a layer of peat.      The growth of marsh
                  grasses provides stability to the marsh and causes the marsh to grow
                  upward and outward into the bay, similar to what has been described


                                                4-6









                       previously with respect to the effect that dune grass has on the process
                       of dune accretion (Leatherman, 1982).

                       Although the prominent zone of the back barrier is generally the salt
                       marsh, a transition zone, called the barrier flats, may also be present.
                       The barrier flats, which occupy the area between the dunes and the salt
                       marsh, are typified by negligible relief (generally less than six feet
                       above msl) and lack of topographic features.       The substrate in the
                       barrier flats is sandy, having been derived primarily from overwash
                       events and wind-blown sand (Leatherman, 1982).            The vegetative
                       assemblage of this zone can vary greatly, depending on the frequency of
                       overwashes.   Within the study area, the barrier flats vary greatly in
                       width and have been modified to a large extent by man-made structures,
                       such as residential development, recreational facilities, and roadways.


                    4.1.4 BAY ISLANDS

                       Two processes have served as the source of the sandy substrate which
                       forms the base of bay islands in the study area. Some bay islands have
                       been formed by means of natural geologic processes, while other islands
                       are entirely or partly artificial, having been created during the
                       disposal of dredge spoil or other fill material.

                       Natural bay islands form on lobes of overwash sand behind the barrier
                       island and on delta sands deposited on the bay side of former inlets
                       (Leatherman, 1982).   Marsh vegetation becomes established in the same
                       manner as has been described previously for the back barrier marshes
                       (see Section 4.1.3), forming a layer of peat atop the sandy base. The
                       surface of natural bay islands is generally at sea level (or slightly
                       above msl), since the sediment that forms this surface is deposited from
                       tidal inundation. However, a low upland area can exist in the central
                       portion of islands which have been derived from washover events.
                       Captree Island, Oak Island, Cedar Island, and Gilgo Island are examples
                       of natural landforms, although some were connected to Jones Island prior
                       to the original dredging of the State Boat Channel.

                       Bay islands that form by natural processes can be modified to a
                       significant degree by human actions. Elevated areas often exist on such
                       islands due to the placement of fill (e.g., the parkway embankment on
                       Captree Island, and the residential areas of both Oak and Captree
                       Islands) or the disposal of dredge spoil (e.g., the northeast corner of
                       Captree Island, along Snakehill Channel).

                       A number of bay islands in the vicinity of the study area have been
                       created entirely by artificial means through the disposal of sandy
                       dredge material removed from nearby navigation channels.              Such
                       artificial islands have typically been formed so that the central
                       portion of the island is well above msl.   For example, Grass Island has
                       a maximum elevation of approximately 16    feet above msl, while the Ox
                       Island and East Nezaras Island both have a  maximum elevation of slightly


                                                      4-7










                  1 ess than 15 f eet above msl . Sal t marshes of ten have f ormed around the
                  intertidal fringes of these man-made bay islands.


               4.1.5 FIRE ISLAND INLET

                  Fire Island Inlet is geographically the middle of five inlets that
                  penetrate the barrier beach on the south shore of Long Island, with
                  Rockaway and Jones Inlets located to the west, and Moriches and
                  Shinnecock Inlets located to the east.         Jones Beach barrier island
                  (Jones Island) lies to the west of Fire Island Inlet, while Fire Island
                  lies to the east.

                  Fire Island Inlet, like Rockaway Inlet to the west, is classified as a
                  complex inlet on the basis of its shape and dynamics.        In contrast to
                  the simple inlets (i.e., Jones, Moriches, and Shinnecock), which cut in
                  a more or less perpendicular line through the barrier, Fire Island Inlet
                  runs in a general east-west direction, parallel to the beach.

                  The distinction in the orientation of simple and complex inlets is       due
                  to a difference in the patterns of sediment deposition and erosion. At
                  simple inlets, the rate of sand deposition into the inlet from           the
                  updrift side is approximately the same as the rate at which              the
                  downdrift side is eroded away. Thus, a simple (unstabilized) inlet       has
                  a tendency to migrate in a downdrift direction while maintaining         its
                  shore-perpendicular orientation. At Fire Island Inlet, in contrast,      the
                  rate of sand deposition on the updrift side has exceeded the rate of
                  erosion of the downdrift side. As a result, Fire Island has grown in a
                  westward direction and has overlapped the eastern end of Jones Island by
                  approximately four miles.

                  Historical information regarding Fire Island Inlet has been summarized
                  in numerous sources (Cyril Galvin, July 1985; Kassner and Black, 1983
                  and 1984; and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 1951), and is briefly
                  discussed here. Fire Island Inlet is reported to have first opened in
                  1690. Shoreline surveys conducted between 1834 and 1939 show that while
                  the western side of the inlet remained essentially stationary over that
                  period of time, the eastern side of the inlet experienced a dramatic
                  change.   During that time period, Democrat Point migrated westward a
                  distance of approximately 3.8 miles, although that rate of accretion was
                  not constant. Fire Island began to overlap Jones Island in about 1873.

                  Bathymetric surveys conducted in the years prior to the construction of
                  the rock jetty at Democrat Point indicated that the position and shape
                  of the natural navigation channel through Fire Island Inlet varied over
                  time.    A 1909 survey indicated that the channel was essentially
                  straight, and was located offshore and parallel to Oak Beach. By 1924,
                  the channel had reverted to an S-shape, which was also observed during
                  a 1834 survey, and had shifted northward.             This latter channel
                  configuration directed tidal currents toward Oak Beach and caused
                  significant erosion of the shoreline at that location (see Section
                  4.4.1.B for a discussion of the Oak Beach erosion problem).

                                                  4-8









                       The Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) conducted the first stabilization
                       feasibility study of Fire Island Inlet in 1906, at which time it was
                       concluded that, although the installation of a jetty would improve
                       navigation, such a project would not fix the position of the channel.
                       However, after further analyses the ACOE issued a report in 1937 which
                       recommended that a 5,000-foot jetty be constructed along Democrat Point,
                       on the east side of the inlet.     It was anticipated that the proposed
                       jetty would accomplish the multiple objectives of stopping the westward
                       growth of Fire Island, stabilizing the position of the inlet channel,
                       and arresting the chronic erosion at Oak Beach.            However, this
                       structure, which was completed in 1941, has failed to achieve any of the
                       desired goals. The jetty's effect on the position of Democrat Point was
                       only temporary; the jetty reached its storage capacity by 1948, at which
                       time littoral sand began to bypass into the channel and Fire Island
                       recommenced its westward growth.    The jetty also has not provided any
                       significant help in maintaining the position or depth of the channel;
                       large shoals typically form within six months of the completion of a
                       maintenance dredging operation, creating a substantial hazard to
                       navigation.   Additionally, Oak Beach continued to experience erosion
                       after the inlet was "stabilized", especially when shoaling around the
                       jetty pushed the channel to the north and shifted high velocity tidal
                       currents in closer proximity to the Oak Beach shoreline. Furthermore,
                       the interruption of the westward long-shore drift caused by the jetty,
                       which was intended to prevent the shoaling of the inlet channel, created
                       an unwanted side effect; the interruption of the flow of littoral sand
                       has caused substantial erosion to beaches located west of the inlet,
                       particularly at Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches, which were not previously
                       subject to unusual erosion (see Section 4.4.1.A).

                       As noted above, shoaling of the navigation channel typically commences
                       shortly after maintenance dredging is completed. These shoals tend to
                       form at both ends of the dredged channel, as ebb and flood tides
                       redistribute sand carried westward from Robert Moses State Park by the
                       action of long-shore drift. As a result of this continuous transport of
                       sand westward across the jetty, regular maintenance dredging is
                       necessary to fix the position of the navigation channel through Fire
                       Island Inlet. This dredging program is overseen by the ACOE.

                       Dredge spoil obtained from Fire Island Inlet has been used to restore
                       the beaches to the west of the inlet since 1959.        The feeder beach
                       (i.e., the location of dredge spoil placement) is selected on the basis
                       of technical analyses so that no more than 10 percent of the fill
                       material is carried back toward the inlet (i.e., 90 percent or  i more is
                       carried westward by long-shore drift).      Generally, the feeder beach
                       stretches along several thousand feet of Gilgo Beach. In 1960, the ACOE
                       recommended that a permanent sand bypassing plant be installed at Fire
                       Island Inlet to convey sand to the erosion-prone beaches to the west of
                       the inlet. This project has never been implemented.

                       The ACOE has used a number of different configurations for the dredged
                       channel through Fire Island Inlet. Channel length, width, and position
                       with respect to Democrat Point have all been varied over the years since

                                                      4-9









                 the initial maintenance dredging operation was completed in 1954.
                 Dredging was undertaken on an almost annual basis between 1954 and 1970.
                 Following an approximately three-year lull in project activities,
                 maintenance dredging was performed three times between 1973 and 1977.
                 After the 1977 contract work was completed, Fire Island Inlet dredging
                 was halted by a legal action brought by residents of Oak Beach (see
                 Section 4.4.3 for additional discussion of this issue). The lawsuit was
                 settled in the ACOE's favor; maintenance dredging was started again in
                 1988, and has been undertaken bi-annually since then.       Historically,
                 dredge spoil from the State Boat Channel has also been used to nourish
                 the Beach on Jones Island, although the last such project occurred in
                 1969.



         4.2 SEVERE COASTAL STORMS

              4.2.1 THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERE COASTAL STORMS

                 Coastal storms that affect Long Island fall into two general categories:
                 hurri canes and extratrop i cal storms (i . e. , mi dl at i tude cycl ones, I ocal I y
                 known as "northeasters"). Although these two types of storms can cause
                 a similar level of devastation to developed coastlines, they are vastly
                 different with respect to origin and progression.

                 A. Hurricanes

                 Hurricanes typically originate as low pressure "waves" in the lower
                 atmosphere over West Africa (Stevens, 1990.). As such waves are carried
                 by prevailing winds over the eastern Atlantic Ocean, they can develop
                 into tropical disturbances, which are weak atmospheric low pressure
                 systems lacking strong winds, with cloudiness and some precipitation.
                 For reasons that are not fully understood, such tropical disturbances
                 occasionally gain strength to eventually become hurricanes as they are
                 moved by the trade winds westward across the Atlantic.     The hurricane
                 designation is applied when the sustained wind speed exceeds 74 miles
                 per hour (120 kilometers per hour).       The term "tropical storm" is
                 applied to a storm which has winds of 37 to 74 mph (60 to 120 km/hr),
                 which either has not developed into a hurricane or has weakened from
                 hurricane strength.

                 Hurricane strength is commonly expressed in terms of the Saffir/Simpson
                 scale, which is listed below (from LIRPB, 1984). This classification is
                 based on sustained wind speed; wind gusts for a given storm can be
                 significantly  stronger.

                    Category 1  -  74 to 95 mph (120 to 153 km/hr)
                    Category 2  -  95 to 110 mph (153 to 177 km/hr)
                    Category 3  - 110 to 130 mph (177 to 209 km/hr)
                    Category 4  - 130 to 155 mph (209 to 250 km/hr)
                    Category 5  - greater than 155 mph (greater than 250 km/hr)



                                               4-10









                       Due to the fact that winds circulate in a counterclockwise pattern
                       around hurricanes, the winds on the eastern side of the storm center
                       would blow onshore (i.e., in a southerly direction) as the storm
                       approaches Long Island from the south. Conversely, the western side of
                       the storm would have offshore winds. In addition, the forward movement
                       of the storm is additive to the wind direction on the eastern side of
                       the storm, but partly offsets the winds on the western side of the
                       storm. As a result of these factors, flood elevations, the magnitude of
                       storm waves, and ground-level wind velocities are generally greater on
                       the eastern (right) side of a northward-moving hurricane than on the
                       western (left) side.

                       The energy that drives the winds of a hurricane is derived from the heat
                       stored in the tropical ocean (Eagleman, 1980).     For this reason, the
                       occurrence of hurricanes is limited to those months of the year during
                       which ocean temperature is highest (i.e., typically in August,
                       September, and October, but also occasionally in June, July, and
                       November, and rarely in May and December).      Energy that a hurricane
                       absorbs from the ocean through the evaporation of tropical surface
                       waters is released via condensation as air rises rapidly through the low
                       pressure vortex at the storm's center.     This cycling of energy, from
                       evaporation to condensation and back again, intensifies and sustains the
                       storm. Once a hurricane moves over land, and becomes removed from its
                       source of energy, the storm rapidly weakens.      The condensation that
                       occurs in the upper levels of hurricanes produces the torrential rains
                       that are typically associated with these phenomena.

                       Although a hurricane will travel in a generally westward direction
                       across the Atlantic Ocean, the exact path followed can vary greatly,
                       especially in the western Atlantic. Hurricanes will be directed by the
                       position of weather systems, and in particular will tend to skirt high
                       pressure centers.    As a result, depending on the specific weather
                       patterns that exist at the time of any given hurricane, the path can
                       lead to Mexico or Central America, the Gulf or Atlantic coasts of the
                       U.S., or even out into the North Atlantic avoiding landfall altogether
                       (Eagleman, 1980).

                       Hurricanes typically move forward in the low-latitude open waters of the
                       Atlantic at a speed in the range of 12 to 19 mph (20 to 30 km/hr).
                       Although this slow rate of movement usually allows the existence of a
                       hurricane to be identified several days to a week or more before the
                       storm reaches land, the uncertainty of predicting the precise path of
                       the storm usually does not allow meteorologists to accurately identify
                       the location of greatest hazard until shortly before actual landfall.

                       Importantly, hurricanes typically gain in forward speed as they move
                       over the colder waters of the higher latitude reaches of the Atlantic.
                       For example, the 1938 hurricane    -that struck Long Island was moving
                       northward at approximately 51 mph at landfall, while Hurricane Gloria
                       (1985) was traveling at a speed of approximately 43 mph at landfall (NYS
                       Emergency Management Office, January 1992). Such fast-tracking storms
                       exacerbate the problems inherent in identifying the expected landfall

                                                     4-11








                  location and undertaking appropriate preparations and evacuation
                  procedures.   Furthermore, rapidly advancing hurricanes have a larger
                  difference in wind velocity between the right and left sides of the
                  storm, which increases the potential for damage on the right side
                  compared to a slower moving storm of the same category.

                  While it is clear that the 1970s and 1980s were a relatively quiet
                  period for hurricane activity along the Eastern and Gulf coasts of the
                  U.S., recent scientific evidence indicates that the next two decades may
                  spawn hurricanes at an increased frequency and strength. According to
                  information presented in a March 25, 1990 article of the New York Times
                  (Stevens, 1990), the historical incidence of strong hurricanes in the
                  western North Atlantic can be linked to long-term weather conditions in
                  West Africa, where hurricanes originate. Recently, the trend has been
                  toward wetter weather in West Africa, which has been correlated with an
                  increased probability of strong hurricanes.    Furthermore, the gradual
                  rise in ocean surface water temperature linked to global warming has
                  increased the amount of heat energy available to sustain hurricanes in
                  the North Atlantic. It is believed that the occurrence of Hugo (which
                  struck St. Croix, Puerto Rico, and South Carolina in 1989), Bob (which
                  glanced off the east end of Long Island and struck Rhode Island and
                  Massachusetts in 1991), and Andrew (which struck south Florida and
                  Louisiana in 1992) in unusually rapid succession was largely the result
                  of the aforementioned climatic conditions.

                  B. Extratropical Storms (Northeasters)

                  "Northeaster" is a local term applied to a mid-latitude (extra-tropical)
                  cyclonic storm, which like a hurricane, is centered at a low pressure
                  cell around which winds blow in a counterclockwise direction.         The
                  factors that contribute to the formation of mid-latitude cyclones are
                  complex and can vary significantly from event to event. However, such
                  storms typically originate in the western U.S. and intensify due to
                 -lower atmospheric interactions with the jet stream (Eagleman, 1980).

                  The prevailing westerly winds across the continental U.S. carry mid-
                  latitude cyclones in a generally eastward direction. However, as with
                  hurricanes, the positions of other weather systems and the jet stream
                  have an important influence on storm track, often causing the storm to
                  veer northward along the Eastern Seaboard. A mid-latitude cyclone that
                  follows the coastal track along the eastern U.S. will often travel from
                  its point of origin to Long Island within several days. Additionally,
                  storm strength is highly sensitive to the vagaries of meteorological
                  conditions.   These factors confound the task of forecasting coastal
                  impacts for this class of storm.

                  The greatest potential for mid-latitude cyclones to cause coastal damage
                  along the Eastern Seaboard generally arises during storms that veer
                  northward or northeastward along the Eastern Seaboard, which is a fairly
                  common track (e.g., the Halloween 1991 and 11-12 December 1992 storms).
                  At the leading edge of a storm of this type, the winds blow from the
                  northeast, thus giving rise to the common name applied to these

                                               4-12









                        phenomena. These storms can occur at any time of year, although storm
                        intensity is typically significantly greater during the late fall and
                        throughout the winter. Mid-latitude cyclones are generally less intense
                        than hurricanes, but usually move more slowly (or can stall altogether)
                        and cover a much larger geographic area. Consequently, in comparison to
                        a hurricane, a severe northeaster is characterized by a longer time
                        period of damaging impacts (often extending a period of over several
                        tidal cycles) and a wider area of destruction. For these reasons, the
                        overall adverse effects of these two types of storms are similar.


                     4.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEVERITY OF COASTAL STORMS

                        The extent of damage caused by any given coastal storm is affected by a
                        number of parameters. To a large extent, the magnitude of destruction
                        is related to the storm's physical characteristics, such as wind
                        velocity, amount of precipitation, and storm duration.          However, as
                        described below, some of the variables having the greatest influence on
                        the degree of storm-related damage occurring in coastal areas are not
                        directly associated with the, physical parameters of the storm itself
                        (LIRPB, 1984).

                        The stage of the astronomical tide at which a storm strikes will have an
                        enormous effect on the storm's overall impact.         Much more extensive
                        flooding and a deeper inshore penetration of damaging storm waves will
                        result from a storm that occurs at astronomical high tide (and
                        especially during spring high tide, at full and new moons) than from an
                        identical storm that strikes at low tide. The occurrence of sustained
                        winds and surge that drive flood waters into a restricted embayment
                        behind a barrier can lead to a phenomenon known as "ebb surge", which
                        involves the sudden rush of floodwaters back into the ocean.          If the
                        volume of water that flooded into the bay was great, theforce of the
                        ebb surge can have     dramatic impacts, including intense erosion and
                        structural damage.      The barrier beach in the study area would be
                        especially prone to   ebb surge impacts due to the relatively expansive
                        width of Great South Bay, which allows this embayment to accommodate a
                        larger volume of water during the flood surge compared to similar bays
                        along the Eastern Seaboard (Coch and Wolff, 1990).          Coch and Wol f f
                        (1991) also noted that bulkheads are particularly prone to failure
                        caused by the force of the ebb surge.

                        The design of shoreline construction will have a significant effect on
                        the degree to which such structures will wi,thstand the energetic forces
                        that are unleashed during a severe storm; structures which have been
                        constructed according to the latest standards of hurricane-resistance
                        will be more likely to survive intact. The intensity of land use in the
                        coastal zone also affects the extent of damage that can occur, in terms
                        of monetary losses; obviously, the potential for disastrous property
                        damage is greater in a densely developed area than on undeveloped lands,
                        although the extent of geologic damage (i.e., erosion,               landform
                        alteration, etc.) may actually be less severe in developed areas where
                        shoreline protection has been constructed.         The state of community

                                                        4-13









                 preparedness at the time of a storm is also an important factor
                 affecting the extent of damage; in general, the prior implementation of
                 appropriate measures will significantly abate storm damage.

                 While it is true that wind and heavy precipitation can cause storm-
                 related damage to both inland and coastal areas, the latter area is
                 uniquely subject to the additional destructive forces of storm waves and
                 coastal flooding. All six residential communities which comprise the
                 study area, as well as the entire surrounding area of the barrier and
                 bay islands, are located within an area that has been identified as
                 being prone to coastal flooding.

                 Coastal flooding (i.e., flooding resulting from the incursion of marine
                 waters onto inland areas, rather than from the accumulation of runoff
                 due to precipitation) is caused by storm surge and storm waves. Storm
                 surge is a mound of water that is created by the physical forces within
                 a storm, particularly the powerful winds associated with the storm. In
                 addition, the low pressure cell at the center of the storm creates a
                 partial vacuum that draws water (and air) inward.     Wind-driven storm
                 waves increase the flood water elevation above the level that would
                 result from the stillwater condition alone.

                 Surge and waves during a strong coastal storm typically have the most
                 destructive impact on individual structures, often resulting in the
                 complete obliteration of entire buildings. However, the force of storm
                 winds, especially during hurricanes, often causes the most widespread
                 damage. The extensive damage on Long Island in 1985 due to Hurricane
                 Gloria was caused mostly by the wind. The devastation caused in 1992 by
                 Hurricane Andrew in southern Florida and Louisiana in 1992 was also due
                 primarily to wind damage (DeHenzel, FEMA, October 6, 1992, telephone
                 communication).

                 A. StM Water F7ooding

                 The portion of the waterfront that can be impacted by still water
                 coastal flooding due to storm surge during the 100-year storm (i.e., the
                 storm event which occurs once per 100 years, on average) has been
                 designated as the "area of special flood hazard". The area of special
                 flood hazard includes both the A and V zones as indicated on the Flood
                 Rate Insurance Maps (FIRMs), which have been created by the Federal
                 Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The A zone comprises that area that
                 would primarily experience still water flooding during the 100-year
                 storm, while the area within the V zone would also be subject to
                 significant storm wave action.

                 The A zone encompasses a much larger area than the lands that are
                 included in the V zone. The greater expanse of the A zone is accounted
                 for by the fact that storm surge causes the water level to rise behind
                 the barrier, as well as on the ocean side.     Thus, areas on the back
                 barrier and bay islands that are protected from direct wave attack, are
                 not similarly protected from damage caused by the flooding that
                 accompanies a severe storm.

                                               4-14









                        Base flood elevation (BFE) is defined as the average estimated water
                        level (above msl) that would exist within a given flood zone during the
                        100-year coastal flood, as determined through scientific analyses that
                        were conducted by FEMA. The BFE of a given location, which is reported
                        on the FIRM, is an important parameter in defining the degree of
                        vulnerability to flood damage.        Besides being a straightforward
                        assessment of the approximate flood height within a given zone during
                        the 100-year event, the BFE also indicates the general susceptibility of
                        a given area to more frequent flooding during less intense storms, with
                        higher values of BFE tending to occur in more flood-prone areas that are
                        in closer proximity to the shoreline. Importantly, however, the degree
                        to which structural flooding tends to occur also depends strongly on
                        grade elevation and building characteristics.     Obviously, a property
                        situated at an elevation that i's only slightly above msl would be
                        subject to more frequent flooding and higher flood levels (relative to
                        grade elevation) than a property located on higher ground within the
                        same flood zone. Similarly, a building that is constructed on pilings
                        would be less susceptible to flooding than another building constructed
                        on a slab at the same grade elevation.

                        Actual patterns of flooding can vary somewhat from the relative values
                        of BFEs that are indicated on the FIRMs.      For example, the mainland
                        coastal area can experience a greater degree of flooding than the
                        barrier, even though the latter area has higher BFE values.           This
                        apparent inconsistency is due mostly to grade elevation considerations;
                        properties along the mainland shoreline tend to be situated on fill that
                        is elevated only a few feet above sea level, while a large portion of
                        the development on the barrier island is located on back dune areas
                        which have substantially higher elevation. Furthermore, whereas surge
                        waters.can bypass the barrier by flowing through inlets, no such bypass
                        route exists as the surge is pushed against the mainland.      Thus, for
                        certain storm events, flood elevations (relative to msl) along the
                        mainland shoreline can actually be slightly higher than water heights on
                        the barrier island.   Regardless of these patterns of potential still
                        water flood damage in the Town of Babylon, however, it is important to
                        note that the barrier island is generally considered to be more
                        susceptible to significant storm damage than the mainland due to the
                        potentially destructive impact of high energy storm waves (see the
                        following discussion).

                        See Section 4.3 for specific discussion of the vulnerability of the
                        study area to coastal flooding during severe storms.     Section 4.4.1.A
                        describes legislation, regulations,    and standards that pertain to
                        construction in the A zone. See Plates IA through 1G for the geographic
                        extent of the A zone in the study area and vicinity.

                        B. Stom Waves

                        Although stillwater flooding caused by coastal storms can impact a large
                        area of land on both sides of the barrier, including wide stretches of
                        the mainland waterfront, the area that is potentially affected by the
                        energetic waves generated by winds during hurricanes and "northeasters"

                                                      4-15









                 is much more restricted in extent. In general, storm wave damage is a
                 significant concern only for land    in the immediate vicinity of the
                 oceanfront.   However, the presence   of an inlet or the absence of an
                 adequate line of protective dunes on the barrier are some of the
                 conditions under which the destructive power of storm waves can
                 penetrate to the bay.

                 The area of the potential influence of storm waves is designated as the
                 "V (i.e., "velocity") zone on the FIRMs and is called the "coastal high
                 hazard area". The extent of the V zone has been delineated on the basis
                 of scientific and engineering studies, and encompasses that area of land
                 within the special flood hazard zone which would be subject to breaking
                 waves of three feet or greater height during the 100-year storm event.
                 FEMA's three-foot wave criteria is based upon U.S. Army Corps of
                 Engineers analyses, which have indicated that the energy of a breaking
                 wave of this height is the minimum capable of causing major damage to
                 conventional wood frame structures (FEMA,, June 1987).

                 It is important to note that the potential for storm wave damage does
                 not abruptly cease at the inland boundary of the V zone. Residual storm
                 waves (of less than three feet in height) can penetrate further inland
                 during the 100-year storm.    Additionally, storm wave penetration and
                 associated impacts would be carried further inland during a storm event
                 with a greater period of recurrence than 100 years (e.g., the 500-year
                 storm).

                 As discussed above, the V zone comprises the region of greatest hazard
                 with respect to severe coastal storms. Consequently, structures that
                 are erected in the V zone should be constructed according to the highest
                 standards of wind and storm wave resistance.     During a severe storm,
                 those houses within the V zone that lack proper construction are much
                 more likely to sustain significant damage or even total destruction due
                 to the combination of elevated water level and the pounding of storm
                 waves (Coch and Wolff, 1990 and 1991). In contrast, structu   'res within
                 the A zone typically sustain only water damage during such events,
                 although a poorly anchored house can be subject to floatation and
                 subsequent destruction due to impact with other structures.

                 See Section 4.3 for further discussion of the vulnerability of the study
                 area to storm waves. Section 4.5.1 describes legislation, regulations,
                 and standards that pertain to construction in the V zone.     See Plates
                 1A through IG for the geographic extent of the V zone in the study area
                 and vicinity.

                 C. Flood Zone Designations

                 As discussed above, FEMA has subdivided the area of special flood hazard
                 into two primary zones: the A zone, which is characterized mostly by
                 still water flooding during the 100-year storm; and the V zone, which is
                 also subject to potential storm wave damage. Subcategories have been
                 created within each of these major designations. As shown on the FIRMs,
                 a one-digit or two-digit number is included with the letter designation

                                               4-16









                        of each flood zone (e.g., VII, V9, V8, V6, A4, and A6).      This number
                        indicates the overall Flood Hazard Factor of a given zone, which is the
                        average weighted difference between the water surface elevations of the
                        10-year and 100-year storm events. Thus, the numeric value for a flood
                        zone designation indicates the intensity of the base flood event (i.e.,
                        the 100-year storm) compared to the degree of flooding that occurs
                        during the 10-year storm.

                        Actuarial insurance rate tables are established on the basis of a number
                        of factors.   Both the letter and numeric values of the flood zone
                        designation are utilized, along with the base flood elevation, to
                        establish the overall degree of hazard within a zone.            Building
                        construction is also an important parameter; houses that comply with
                        FEMA's structural requirements for flood damage mitigation (see Section
                        4.5.1) will be assessed a lower premium than those houses that are in
                        non-conformance, since the former group would be more likely to
                        withstand a major storm.



               4.3 VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA TO COASTAL FLOODING

                    4.3.1 FLOOD ZONE DESIGNATIONS AND BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS WITHIN THE SUBJECT
                          COMMUNITIES

                        The flood zone designations and the base flood elevations (BFEs) for the
                        subject communities are described below, and are shown on the maps in
                        Plates 1A through 1G.   BFE, as reported on the FIRMs and discussed in
                        Section 4.2.2.A, represents the estimated average height to which
                        floodwaters would be elevated above msl during the 100-year storm event.
                        Unless otherwise noted, all elevations are in feet above msl , referenced
                        to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929.

                        Only the FIRMs for Oak Beach and the Oak Beach Association depict the
                        location of houses, which corresponds closely to the aerial photographs.
                        This map information facilitated determining the flood zone designation
                        of individual houses and transferring the flood zone boundaries from the
                        FIRMs to the aerial photographs for these two communities (see Plates IE
                        through 1G). The developed area of Captree Island is contained entirely
                        within a single flood zone and, consequently, the lack of house
                        locations on the FIRM for this community did not hinder the transfer of
                        flood zone information to the aerial photograph (Plate ID).           The
                        developed portion of Oak Island is split between two flood zones;
                        however, the location of the boundary between these two zones was easily
                        transferrable to the aerial photograph on the basis of distinctive
                        shoreline geography (Plate IC). In contrast, the FIRM that depicts both
                        Gilgo Beach and West Gilgo Beach not only lacked house locations, but
                        also did not accurately depict shoreline geography or the location of
                        roadways. Consequently, the positioning of the flood zone boundaries on
                        the Gilgo and West Gilgo aerial photographs (Plates 1A and 1B) was
                        subject to some degree of uncertainty.


                                                      4-17









                  CA measured grade elevations and first floor elevations for 390 of the
                  415 houses in the subject communities during the field investigation of
                  the study area.     Elevation measurements were recorded using a 5X
                  magnification bubble level (readable to a distance ï¿½100 feet) and a
                  standard 15-foot surveying rod.    A more precise instrument (i.e., a
                  transit) was not used due largely to the time constraints of the study.
                  Furthermore, the use of a transit was not warranted by the objective of
                  this investigation, which was to assess overall community conformance
                  with BFE rather than to determine whether individual houses are in
                  conformance.

                  Data that were provided by the Town of Babylon Department of
                  Environmental Control, as compiled from the Town's records of property
                  surveys for building permit applications submitted since 1980, were used
                  as the "benchmark" elevations from which CA's field measurements were
                  made. These data consisted of the tax map location, and first floor and
                  grade elevations for approximately 60 houses.      The use of existing
                  formal benchmarks was not feasible given the methodology of this
                  investigation; these benchmarks have been installed at scattered
                  locations along Ocean Parkway, and are at least several hundred feet
                  from the nearest point of the subject communities.

                  Detailed grade elevation information for the Oak Beach communities was
                  obtained from a series of two-foot interval topographic maps that were
                  compiled by Topo-Metrics, Inc. (1980).   These data were used by CA to
                  determine the grade elevation of individual houses, as supplemented and
                  verified by field measurements using the bubble level and rod.

                  Most of the houses in the study area have enclosed space at-grade, below
                  the BFE.   However, the FEMA regulations allow certain uses (i.e.,
                  parking, storage, and entryways) below the level of the occupied first
                  floor in the flood plain.   Therefore, the presence of enclosed space
                  below BFE does not necessarily mean that a given house is not in
                  compliance with  FEMA's elevation requirements.    To ensure that this
                  factor was taken into consideration, CA conducted an external inspection
                  during the field survey to determine whether the lowest level of each
                  house was being  utilized for an allowable use.     This assessment was
                  based on the general construction and condition of the.enclosed space,
                  the appearance of windows, the type of entryways, and other visual
                  clues. For example, if the enclosed space at-grade did not appear to be
                  weatherproofed, it was deemed to be a compliant use and that house was
                  judged to be elevated above grade. If the space appeared to be suitable
                  for habitation, even on an occasional basis (e.g., including such uses
                  as recreation rooms, workshops, offices, etc.), it was deemed to be a
                  non-compliant use and that house was judged to be situated on-grade. In
                  any case where uncertainty existed as to the use of an enclosed space
                  at-grade, the house was deemed to be at-grade. All first floor heights
                  were measured directly from grade level using the surveying rod.

                  The survey which is described above focused strictly on the assessment
                  first floor elevation within the subject communities. A comprehensive
                  engineering evaluation of the degree of compliance with FEMA's other

                                               4-18









                          structural requirements, particularly with respect to the stringent
                          standards for houses in the V zone, was not included in the scope of
                          this study. However, the elevation data that were provided by the Town
                          of Babylon regarding building permits issued for construction in the
                          study area since 1980 can be used to estimate the maximum degree of         full
                          compliance with FEMA standards. These data indicate that of the ï¿½336
                          houses in the V zone within the subject communities, only 18 units          have
                          been constructed or reconstructed since 1980 and are in compliance          with
                          their respective BFE requirements. If it is assumed that houses erected
                          or reconstructed prior to 1980 do not comply with FEMA's V zone building
                          -standard, it can be concluded that no more than 5 percent (i.e., 18/336)
                          of the houses in the V zone within the study area are in full compliance
                          with the requirements of FEMA. The actual degree of full compliance at
                          the present time is probably less than 5 percent, since it is likely
                          that some of the BFE-corforming houses constructed after 1980 do not
                          meet FEMA's other construction standards.            However, as houses are
                          reconstructed in the future, the degree of full compliance would be
                          expected to gradually increase (approximately three houses which were
                          under construction at the time of the field surveys for this study were
                          being elevated on typical V zone pilings).

                          Below is a description of flood zone designation and BFE within each of
                          the six residential communities in the study area.

                          A. Nest Gilgo Beach

                          The West Gilgo Beach Association is situated entirely within the V zone.
                          Most of the area in this community is located within the VII zone (BFE
                          = 12 feet). The area comprising the northerly leg of the leased land,
                          along Bay Walk, is located mostly within the V6 zone (BFE = 9 feet).
                          Elevations were recorded at 48 of the 64 houses within the V11 zone and
                          at all 16 of the houses within the V6 zone.

                          West Gilgo Beach has been sited upon fill which has raised grade
                          elevation at the house sites to an average of approximately 4.9 feet in
                          the V6 zone and approximately 7.1 feet in the V11 zone.            Most of the
                          houses in this community are slab-on-grade construction.              Only ï¿½29
                          percent of the houses in the VII zone and ï¿½25 percent of the houses in
                          the V6 zone appeared to have unoccupied space on the lowest level and,
                          therefore, conform with FEMA's requirements for first floor elevation.
                          The remaining houses, which appeared to have non-conforming uses on the
                          first floor, lie as much as 4 feet below BFE in the V6 zone and as much
                          as 6 feet below BFE in the V11 zone (see Figures 4-1 and 4-2).

                          B. Gilgo Beach

                          The Gilgo Beach communities are on lands that are also situated entirely
                          within the V zone. The VII zone (BFE = 12 feet) includes essentially
                          all of the area to the south of the interior roadway, as well as most of
                          the Gilgo Beach West leased lots to the north of the roadway. The V6
                          zone (BFE = 9 feet) includes the eastern group of three lots situated to
                          the north of the interior roadway at Gilgo Beach West, as well as the

                                                           4-19









                  entire leased area at Gilgo Beach East (which is also located north of
                  the roadway).  Elevations were recorded at 21 of the 22 houses in Gilgo
                  Beach East and at all 35 homes in  Gilgo Beach West.

                  Grade elevation for the 32 houses in the V11 zone at Gilgo Beach West
                  varies from 3.7 feet to 7.2 feet,  averaging 5.7 feet. Thirty of these
                  houses are situated more or less   at-grade, with only three of the 30
                  appearing to have conforming uses  on the first floor. The first floor
                  elevation of the 27 houses which appeared to have occupied space at
                  grade lies more than 4 feet, and as much as 7 feet, below BFE.         The
                  first floors of only five houses appeared to be elevated above BFE and,
                  therefore, comply with FEMA's elevation standard (see Figure 4-3).

                  The three houses at Gilgo Beach West that lie within  the V6 zone are of
                  slab-on-grade construction, with ground elevation varying between 4 and
                  6 feet. This translates to a first floor elevation that lies between 3
                  and 5 feet below BFE.

                  Ground elevation at the house sites at Gilgo Beach East varies between
                  1.3 and 3.8 feet, with a average of 2.2 feet.       Essentially all the
                  houses have been placed on pilings. Three houses have an occupied first
                  floor elevation of 9 feet or greater, which conforms with FEMA's
                  elevation standard. Figure 4-4 shows that the first floor elevation of
                  the remaining 18 houses lies between 1 and 6 feet below BFE, with a
                  difference in the 3 to 5-foot range being most common.

                  C. Oak Island

                  The entire southern shore of Oak Island is located within the A6 zone
                  (BFE = 8 feet).   The V6 zone (BFE = 9 feet) comprises the residences
                  along the eastern shore of Oak Island, but not including the house at
                  the southeastern point and the two houses on either side of the tidal
                  creek just north of that    location (these three houses are situated
                  within the A6 zone).    All 54 houses on Oak Island were surveyed for
                  elevation.

                  Ground elevation in the A zone portion of the Oak Island community
                  varies from 2 to 15 feet, and averages 4 feet. As shown in Figure 4-5,
                  there is a wide variation in first floor elevations in this area.
                  Approximately 68 percent of these houses comply with the 8-foot FEMA
                  standard for BFE. Most of the non-complying houses are situated at the
                  eastern end of the community.

                  Ground elevation in the V zone portion of the Oak Island community
                  varies within a narrow range of 2 to 4 feet, and averages 3 feet. The
                  first floor elevation of all seven houses is below the 9-foot BFE for
                  this zone, with the difference ranging between I and 5 feet below BFE
                  (see Figure 4-6).






                                                 4-20









                       D. Captree Island

                       The developed area of Captree Island is located entirely within the A6
                       zone (BFE = 8 feet). Elevations were recorded at 27 of the 32 houses in
                       this community.

                       Ground elevation for the Captree Island houses included in the survey
                       varies between 5 and 11 feet, and averages 5.5 feet. As shown in Figure
                       4-7, first floor elevation of these residences exhibits a wide
                       variation.    Approximately 67 percent of the houses comply with the
                       8-foot FEMA standard for BFE.     Most of the non-complying houses are
                       situated at the western end of the community.

                       E. Oak Beach (Unassociated)

                       Most of the developed lots in the unassociated portion of Oak Beach are
                       situated within the V9 zone    (BFE = 10 feet).   The home sites at the
                       western end of Oak Beach and   those in a band on the north side of the
                       community are located in the   V8 zone (BFE = 9 feet).   Elevations were
                       recorded for 118 houses, 80   within the V9 zone and 38 within the V8
                       zone, of the 120 houses in Oak Beach.

                       Grade elevation of the house sites in Oak Beach varies from
                       approximately 3 feet to 12 feet in the V8 zone and from approximately 5
                       feet to 10 feet in the V9 zone, averaging 6.3 feet in the V8 zone and
                       6.5 feet in the V9 zone. Most of the houses in this community contain
                       enclosed space at grade; however, external inspection indicated that the
                       majority of these enclosed areas contain conforming uses (e.g., storage,
                       garages, and entryways).     Thus, a large portion of the houses are
                       considered to be elevated above grade.

                       The first floor elevation of the houses in Oak Beach varies from ï¿½4 feet
                       to ï¿½19 feet in the V8 zone, and from ï¿½5 feet to ï¿½18 feet in the V9 zone
                       (see Figures 4-8 and 4-9).    In the V8 zone, 77 percent of the houses
                       appeared to have a first floor elevation that is greater than the 9-foot
                       BFE, with 72 percent having a first floor elevation of 10 feet or
                       greater.   In the V9 zone, 54 percent of the houses appear to have a
                       first floor elevation that is greater than the 10-foot BFE.

                       F. Oak Beach Association

                       The Oak Beach Association is located almost entirely within the V8 zone
                       (BFE = 9 feet). Although some developed lots located to the north of
                       The Fairway are situated partially within the A6 zone (BFE = 8 feet),
                       all of the existing houses on these lots are in the V8 zone. Elevations
                       were recorded at 69 of the 72 houses in this community.

                       Grade elevation of the house sites in the Oak Beach Association varies
                       from approximately 3 feet to greater than 12 feet, averaging 6.2 feet.
                       Most of the houses in this community contain enclosed space at grade,
                       which appeared from external inspection to consist largely of non-
                       conforming uses (e.g., uses other than storage, garages, or entryways).

                                                     4-21








                 Thus, the first floor of these houses are generally not elevated to a
                 significant degree above grade.

                 The first floor elevation of the houses in the Oak Beach Association
                 varies from ï¿½3 feet to ï¿½18 feet (see Figure 4-10).       Approximately 28
                 percent of the houses appeared to conform with the 9-foot BFE
                 requirement.   The first floor elevation of 55 percent of the houses
                 appeared to be a foot or more below BFE.

                 G. OVERALL COMPLIANCE WITH BASE FLOOD ELEVATION REQUIREMENTS

                 As noted previously, CA field surveyed the first floor elevation    of 390
                 of the 415 houses in the study area. FEMA's requirement for the     BFE of
                 these houses ranged from 8 feet for Captree Island and most        of Oak
                 Island, to 12 feet in most of West Gilgo Beach and Gilgo Beach West.
                 Compliance with the respective BFE standards varied significantly within
                 the study area, from a high of 77 percent of the surveyed houses in Oak
                 Beach's V8 zone, to 68 percent in Oak Island's A6 zone and 67 percent on
                 Captree Island (which have the lowest BFE of all six communities), to
                 total non-compliance in Oak Island's V6 zone.        Overall , of the 390
                 houses that were measured, 42 percent appeared to be in compliance with
                 the applicable BFE standard.


              4.3.2 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES OF FLOODING IN THE STUDY AREA

                 A. Overall Storm Frequency and Severity

                 Historically, severe coastal storms have struck in the vicinity of the
                 study area fairly frequently.    According to an analysis of historical
                 storm data performed in the Hurricane Damage Mitigation Plan for the
                 South Shore of Nassau and auffolk Counties (LIRPB, 1984), the
                 approximately 120-mile stretch of shoreline from Shinnecock Inlet on
                 eastern Long Island to Barnegat Inlet in New Jersey was estimated to
                 have an 85 percent probability of experiencing at least one tropical
                 storm (including hurricanes) over a ten-year period, and a 50 percent
                 probabilcity of experiencing a hurricane over a ten-year period.
                 According to the LIRPB analysis, that same region of the New York Bight
                 has an 81 percent probability of experiencing at least one extra-
                 tropical coastal storm during any given year.

                 The effects that recent hurricanes and northeasters have had on the
                 study area are illustrated below through descriptions of the coastal
                 flooding and storm damage that occurred due to the 1938 hurricane
                 (Subsection B) and the 11-12 December 1992 northeaster (Subsection E).
                 Hurricane Gloria (Subsection C) and the Halloween 1991 northeaster
                 (Subsection D) are also briefly discussed.

                 B. 1938 Hurricane

                 The 1938 hurricane is generally acknowledged as having been the most
                 severe storm to strike the study area (and, actually, all of Long

                                                4-22









                        Island) during the last century. Various sources indicate that the eye
                        of the storm crossed Long Island between Patchogue (NYS Emergency
                        Management Office, January 1992) and Westhampton (Coch and Wolff, 1990;
                        and Pore and Barrientos, 1976).    Sustained winds at landfall on the
                        afternoon of September 21, 1938 were reported to be 96 mph (SEMO,
                        January 1992), which qualified the storm only as a low category 2
                        hurricane. However, the extent of flooding was magnified by a number of
                        factors, including: a track oriented almost due north, resulting in a
                        near-perpendicular landfall;    a forward    speed of 51 mph,       which
                        significantly increased wind speeds and surge heights on the storm's
                        right side; arrival near high astronomical tide during the moon's
                        closest approach to earth, which increased still water flood levels; and
                        high levels of precipitation.   Despite the synergistic effect of this
                        combination of factors, it is important to note that landfall occurred
                        16 to 34 miles to the east of Fire Island Inlet, which resulted in the
                        study area being exposed to the weaker (left) side of the storm. The
                        extent of flood damage inflicted to the subject communities would
                        probably have been substantially greater had landfall occurred to the
                        west, which would have caused the stronger (right) side of the storm to
                        come ashore at Jones Island.

                        According to an account published in The Beacon (Douglas, 1990), the
                        1938 hurricane caused houses at Oak Beach to be lifted from their
                        foundations and carried inland distances of 200 feet or more. In all,
                        it was estimated that about 50 houses were either destroyed in-place,
                        washed away, or moved from their foundations, with most of these houses,
                        however, being repaired before the end of 1938. The boardwalks at Oak
                        Beach were almost completely washed away, and large slabs of concrete
                        were "...undermined and toss[ed] about...".      Due to the tremendous
                        volume of surge water that rushed through the underpass at Gilgo Beach,
                        the Gilgo Inn was washed from its foundation and carried to the eastern
                        end of the boat basin, a distance of about 700 feet. The marginal road
                        at Oak Beach was reported to be under eight feet of water - since the
                        elevation of this roadway generally varies between four and five feet,
                        the surge height at this location is estimated to have been
                        approximately 12 to 13 feet above msl (which is consistent with the 11-
                        foot surge height reported at Fire Island Inlet by Coch and Wolff,
                        1990). Only one fatality resulted at Oak Beach, and few bodily injuries
                        were sustained; however, only about 50 people were present in the
                        community at the time of the storm.

                        It is important to note that the devastation caused by the 1938
                        hurricane was not limited to the study area. Damage was intense on an
                        Island-wide scale.   Forty five lives were lost in Nassau and Suffolk
                        Counties.  Flood waters inundated approximately 35,000 acres between
                        Fire Island Inlet and Montauk Point. On Fire Island alone, 1,000 homes
                        were damaged or destroyed. Structural damage was even more severe along
                        the stretch of barrier in Westhampton Beach (in eastern Long Island);
                        only about 15 percent of the original 179 summer homes remained
                        standing, of which only about 7 percent were deemed to be salvageable
                        (LIRPB, 1984). Long Island's south shore barrier beach was breached by
                        a total of ten new inlets (Coch and Wolff, 1990).

                                                     4-23








                 C. Hurricane Voria (September 27, 1985)

                 While Hurricane Gloria was traveling         up the    Eastern    Seaboard,
                 meteorologists predicted that Long Island would be severely impacted,
                 with coastal erosion and flood damage expected to equal or exceed the
                 devastation caused by the 1938 hurricane. Although the eye of Gloria
                 passed directly over Fire Island Inlet on an almost shore-normal track,
                 the storm had deteriorated to a category 2 hurricane, passed quickly,
                 and reached landfall approximately at low tide. Overall damages caused
                 across Long Island by Hurricane Gloria were relatively extensive, but
                 most of this destruction was wind-induced. Coastal erosion and flood
                 damage was much less severe than anticipated.

                 D. Ha7loween 1991 Northeaster

                 Although the Halloween 1991 northeaster was generally not as severe as
                 the 11-12 December 1992 storm, some areas of Long Island suffered
                 significant erosion during the former event, particularly along the
                 north shore. However, information provided during informal discussions
                 with residents of the study area indicate that the subject communities
                 were not seriously affected by the earlier storm.       Consequently, the
                 discussion of impacts from northeasters focuses on the more destructive
                 1992 storm, as follows.

                 E. 11-12 December 1992 Northeaster

                 Nassau and western Suffolk Counties have not been greatly affected by
                 coastal flooding due to hurricanes since the 1938 storm. However, the
                 same cannot be stated with respect to the impacts of extratropical
                 cyclones. In general, more severe coastal flooding and erosion damage
                 has been caused by northeasters than by hurricanes (e.g., the November
                 1950 and Halloween 1991 storms). Preliminary reports from the Town of
                 Babylon (Hanse, December 14, 1992, telephone communication; and
                 Kluesener, December 14, 1992, telephone communication) on the 11-12
                 December 1992 northeaster, as well as observations made during field
                 reconnaissance by CA on December 12 and 15, 1992, are used here to
                 illustrate the magnitude of storm damage in the study area due to this
                 particularly intense northeaster.

                 The Fire Island Inlet dredging/beach nourishment project was in progress
                 in December 1992, and approximately 0.8 million cubic yards of dredge
                 spoil (out of a total planned volume of 1.2 million cubic yards) had
                 been placed on Gilgo Beach at the time the northeaster struck (Hawkins,
                 ACOE, December 21, 1992, telephone communication). Although the newly
                 widened beach provided an adequate protective buffer and prevented
                 significant erosion of the adjacent dunes, the sand that was pumped onto
                 the beach was almost completely washed away by storm waves.            Dune
                 erosion was severe at the West Gilgo Beach ocean shoreline, which had
                 not been nourished directly during the dredging operation and had not
                 yet begun to receive the benefit of sand moved westward from the spoil
                 disposal area by littoral drift.      Sheer scarps approximately six to
                 eight feet in height were cut into most of the West Gilgo dune line, and

                                                4-24









                        only the back slope of the dune remains. The loss of dune material at
                        this location has resulted entirely from toe erosion, whereby storm
                        waves washed material from the base of the dune, causing the overlying
                        dune sediment to slide down to the beach.

                        More severe storm impacts were sustained by the segment of dunes
                        approximately 1,000 feet in length to the east of the West Gilgo Beach
                        underpass.   Only the flat area of dune vegetation behind the original
                        dune crest remains at this location. Evidence of two minor washovers
                        (i.e., small fans of sand extending behind the original dune line) was
                        observed in the middle portion of this shoreline section.          However,
                        essentially all of the loss of dune material in this area was caused by
                        toe erosion.

                        Complete dune washout occurred along most of the approximately 3,000-
                        foot long segment of shoreline extending westward from the Gilgo Beach
                        community. Scattered segments of artificial dune (consisting of loamy
                        fill material) have been deposited in this area, but substantial gaps
                        remain.    These gaps in the line of man-made embankment consist of
                        portions of the grassy shoulder of the parkway and small remnants of the
                        flat area of dune vegetation behind the original dune crest.         It is
                        apparent that some dune washover occurred. However, as with the less
                        eroded line of dunes to the west, the loss of dune material was caused
                        primarily by toe erosion.

                        Flooding occurred at a number of locations within the residential
                        communities of the Outer Beach, particularly at Gilgo Beach, and Oak and
                        Captree Islands.    Minor flooding occurred to the easternmost row of
                        houses at West Gilgo Beach. The Oak Beach communities did not suffer
                        from coastal flooding; however, severe stormwater flooding blocked the
                        access road to the unassociated portion of Oak Beach.

                        Although the full extent of flood damage is not known at this time, it
                        has been reported that the flood waters penetrated the first floor of a
                        number of houses situated at grade in Gilgo Beach, and Oak and Captree
                        Islands.   One house on the south shore of Oak Island appears to have
                        been shifted from its foundation.      Water marks were observed on the
                        siding of several houses during supplemental field surveys, indicating
                        a flood elevation of approximately 5 to 6 feet above msl at both the
                        ends of the Gilgo Beach community, And a slightly higher flood elevation
                        at Captree Island. Bulkheads in these two communities were more or less
                        intact, although accessory timber structures (e.g., decks and fences)
                        were heavily damaged.

                        Oak Island was not visited during CA's December 1992 field inspections.
                        However, visual.observations made from the north shore of Jones Island
                        revealed that, except for the one house that had been shifted on its
                        foundation, there was no evidence of major structural damage to the
                        residences. The boardwalk that had stretched along the entire length of
                        the island's south shore was severely damaged; large sections of the
                        walkway were obliterated, leaving only the pilings.


                                                       4-25








                 While the 11-12 December 1992 northeaster caused relatively minor flood
                 damage to the Town of Babylon's Outer Beach communities, much of coastal
                 Long Island did not fare as well.      This storm, which was dubbed "the
                 100-year storm" by some meteorologists, caused severe flood damage and
                 erosion at numerous locations, including Bayville and Asharoken on the
                 north shore, and Fire Island and Westhampton Beach on the south shore
                 barrier beach.    Mainland communities along the north shore of Great
                 South Bay and South Oyster Bay were also extensively flooded.

                 The 11-12 December 1992 northeaster demonstrated the uncertainties that
                 are inherent in forecasting the effects of coastal storms.        The full
                 moon occurred on December 9, and tides were still near the lunar high
                 levels on the 10th. Initially, the National Weather Service predicted
                 that the storm would move inland in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay, far
                 to the south of the study area. When it was clear that the storm was
                 tracking on a more northward course, a coastal flood watch w@s issued
                 for the Long Island shoreline.       Even though flooding was expected,
                 however, the speed with which the waters inundated coastal communities
                 was unusually rapid.    Further, the initial storm winds were from the
                 east, which pushed water into the western end of Great South Bay and
                 increased surge levels in that area.         Winds approached hurricane
                 strength during the height of the storm and did not significantly
                 subside until the storm slowly progressed into New England.           These
                 persistent winds prevented floodwaters from draining from the bay into
                 the ocean during the astronomical ebb tide. The duration of the storm,
                 over four full tidal cycles, was a major factor in the extent of flood
                 damage; many areas took a continuous pounding over the course of two
                 full days.


              4.3.3 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL FLOOD DAMAGE IN THE STUDY AREA

                 A. BuOding Construction

                 As discussed in Section 4.3.1, a large number of the houses in the study
                 area do not conform with the minimal requirements of FEMA with respect
                 to first floor elevation.     On the basis of these data, therefore, it
                 appears that there is a high probability for the            occurrence of
                 widespread flooding in the subject communities during       major coastal
                 storms.   Further, since a very low percentage of homes in the V zone
                 portion of the study area conform with FEMA's structural    standards, the
                 potential is great for extensive damage to occur due to storm surge and
                 wave action caused by a severe storm event.

                 Information gathered by CA through informal conversations with residents
                 of the study area indicates that the residential communities on
                 Babylon's barrier and bay islands have experienced relatively minor
                 storm-induced flooding during the period of time that the present
                 homeowners have occupied their houses. This information contrasts with
                 the FIRMs, which show that entire study area is located within the 100-
                 year floodplain (although some scattered lots are situated at an
                 elevation above BFE). Since this study has not revealed any evidence to

                                                4,-26









                         suggest that the FIRMs overestimate the extent of the 100-year
                         floodplain, it is valid to assume that the FIRMs accurately depict the
                         extent of flooding that would occur in the study area during the 100-
                         year storm. Consequently, it is reasonable to conclude that the history
                         of recent storm-induced flooding in some communities in the study area
                         does not accurately reflect the susceptibility of these communities to
                         inundation.

                         B. SLOSH Surge Model

                         The possible height of flood waters that would result from hurricanes
                         striking Long Island has been estimated as part of the State of New York
                         Hurricane Evacuation Study, which utilized the Sea, Lake and Overland
                         Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) computer model. This model was used to
                         simulate the surge level that would be induced by category 1 through 4
                         hurricanes, assuming worst-case combinations of storm direction, forward
                         speed, and landfall point at a series of reference locations scattered
                         throughout the coastal zone. Importantly, because worst case conditions
                         were used in the model at each reference location, the computed surge
                         level represents the estimated maximum possible flood elevation for each
                         hurricane category.

                         Elevations given by the SLOSH model are computed in terms of storm surge
                         height above msl.     Variations in flood water elevation due to the
                         astronomical tide level are not accounted for by the model. Thus, if a
                         storm strikes during astronomical high tide, the expected flood level
                         would be increased over the SLOSH value by approximately four feet at
                         Democrat Point, and by less than a foot at most locations within the
                         interior of Great South Bay.

                         As part of the Hurricane Evacuation Study, two reference locations were
                         modeled on Jones Island in the vicinity of the subject communities: just
                         offshore at the Cedar Beach pavilion, and just offshore at the western
                         end of Tobay Beach.    The maximum surge elevations, in feet above msl,
                         for category 1 through 4 hurricanes at these locations are given below.

                                         Cedar Beach          Tobay Beach


                             Category 1               7.9                  8.2
                             Category 2              13.4                 13.3
                             Category 3              17.0                 18.3
                             Category 4              23.8                 24.1

                         Maximum inundation conditions  were used in the SLOSH surge model because
                         the primary objective of the Evacuation Study was to ensure that
                         evacuation shelters are sited out of the reach of possible storm
                         flooding (McDuffie, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, November 1992). The
                         actual flood elevation that would be experienced during a hurricane of
                         a given category within the study area would most likely be less than
                         the SLOSH value. Because a hurricane of category 4 (or even category 3)
                         is a rare event for Long Island, the chances are remote for any given

                                                        4-27








                  location to experience the exact conditions defined by the scenario of
                  maximum flooding for SLOSH category 4 (or category 3).             The FIRMs
                  indicate that the ocean shore front along Gilgo Beach has a BFE of 15
                  feet.   Thus, the flood levels modeled for the worst case category 2
                  hurricane (13.4 feet at Cedar Beach and 13.3 feet at Tobay Beach) are
                  slightly less than the elevation of the 100-year storm. The category 3
                  maximum flood levels, therefore, are representative of a storm with a
                  recurrence interval of greater than 100 years.
                  The SLOSH model has also been applied to simulations of actual storm
                  conditions.     For example, this model was used to depict the surge
                  patterns caused by Hurricane Hugo, based on data collected on the
                  storm's direction, forward speed and landfall point. According to the
                  investigators in that study, the results of the modeling analysis fairly
                  accurately portrayed actual surge conditions, as represented by field
                  measurements of surge elevation at numerous locations (Coch and Wolff,
                  1991).

                  C. Pub7ic Preparedness for Severe Storms

                  The level of public preparedness is one of the most important factors
                  affecting the extent of damage caused by severe coastal storms. Due to
                  the tremendous energy generated by their winds, hurricanes have the
                  greatest potential for catastrophic coastal destruction from storm
                  surge. Consequently, public preparedness is most crucial with respect
                  to minimizing the impacts of hurricanes. However, extratropical storms
                  can cause also widespread flood damage (e.g., the Halloween 1991 and 11-
                  12 December 1992 storms). Therefore, although the following discussion
                  focuses on public preparedness for hurricanes, this information is also
                  pertinent with respect to northeasters.

                  Public preparedness, as used here, can be defined simply as the
                  likelihood that the residents of the subject communities will respond
                  appropriately in the event of a hurricane. Ultimately, the preparedness
                  of these residents can only be put to a full test in the event of a
                  storm that requires evacuation. However, the groundwork for ensuring a
                  successful public response to a hurricane disaster must be well-
                  established prior to an impending landfall. In geographic areas, such
                  as Long Island, for which severe hurricanes are relatively infrequent,
                  the task of maintaining a suitable level of preparedness can be
                  problematic.

                  The prevailing opinion among scientists and officials of government
                  agencies who specialize in hurricane preparedness, as expressed at a
                  November 1992 conference on this topic held at Hofstra University in
                  Hempstead, New York, is that Long Island residents are decidedly
                  unprepared for the next "big one".         Conversations with some of the
                  residents of the Babylon barrier and bay island communities that were
                  conducted during the course of this study underscored the opinions
                  expressed by the experts at the Hurricane Conference. The residents'
                  perception is partly based on personal experience in which none of the
                  storms that have struck the barrier beach in the recent past have

                                                  4-28









                         inflicted significant destruction to the subject communities.       In fact,
                         several storms which were forecast as having the potential for causing
                         major damage (especially Hurricane Gloria and, most recently, Tropical
                         Storm Danielle in September 1992) turned out to be substantially weaker
                         than anticipated.

                         The lessons of Hurricane Hugo seem to be particularly pertinent to the
                         public perception of potential hurricane hazards, in general. Prior to
                         1989, the residents of coastal South Carolina had become accustomed to
                         re,latively weaker hurricanes.     However, "never again" was the most
                         common response given in post-storm interviews by residents who, on the
                         basis of their prior experience with hurricanes, decided to ride out
                         Hugo at home (Coch and Wolff, 1990).

                         One major factor that contributes to a generally underwhelming public
                         concern with respect to the potential hazards of coastal storms in the
                         study area is the reality of local geography, which places the subject
                         communities on the left side of the eye in almost every possible
                         hurricane scenario. Although, as discussed in Section 4.2.1.A, the left
                         side of a hurricane typically has less severe wind and surge conditions,
                         the left side is by no means immune from devastating impacts.             The
                         observations made by Coch and Wolff (1991) subsequent to Hurricane Hugo
                         are very instructive in this regard. Folly Island, located to the south
                         of Charleston, was struck by the left side of the hurricane; however,
                         storm damage at that location was comparable to areas that were on the
                         right side of the eye. The underlying cause of this unexpectedly high
                         level of storm damage at Folly Island was a high long-term erosion rate
                         due to the updrift interruption of long-shore transport caused by the
                         Charleston Harbor jetties.        This situation is analogous to the
                         conditions that exist along the ocean shoreline in the study area, which
                         has suffered a long-term erosion problem caused by the updrift loss of
                         sand at Fire Island Inlet.

                         D. Evacuation Planning

                         The public's response to a hurricane threat has clearly and conclusively
                         been shown to vary with the specific circumstances of the threat and
                         with the public's perception of the information provided by government
                         officials and the media (NYS Emergency Management Office, August 1991).
                         In order for an evacuation order to be heeded, therefore, the government
                         officials who are responsible for issuing such directives must have
                         previously established a relationship of trust with the public. Since
                         this relationship can be compromised by the occurrence of "false
                         alarms". government officials are generally hesitant to order an
                         evacuation unless there is a clear need for such action.

                         The total time required for full evacuation of some Long Island
                         communities is estimated to be in excess of 20 hours (Lewis, November
                         1992); this maximum evacuation time applies to certain Fire Island
                         communities, which have no land surface transportation link to the
                         mainland. Coch and Wolff (1990) estimated that full-scale evacuation of.
                         Long Island's barrier beach communities would take at least 12 to 18

                                                        4-29










                  hours.   An evacuation of the    Outer Beach communities in the Town of
                  Babylon can be completed in six hours (Hanse, October 1993).

                  Due to the uncertainty in forecasting landfall location and because of
                  the speed at which hurricanes generally travel up the eastern U.S. coast
                  (see Section 4.2.1.A), therefore, evacuations typically have to be
                  commenced before meteorologists can pinpoint an expected Long Island
                  landfall location with reasonable accuracy. Because of these factors,
                  residents of the Outer Beach communities may be asked (or ordered) to
                  evacuate at a time when a storm appears to be relatively unthreatening.
                  This situation may prompt the residents to postpone leaving or to
                  completely ignore the evacuation directive, especially in light of the
                  relatively benign nature of recent coastal storms in the study area.

                  In a conversation that occurred during the field work for this
                  investigation, one resident of the study area described his method for
                  deciding whether to evacuate as involving a walk across Ocean Parkway to
                  directly observe sea conditions.    It is suspected that other members of
                  the subject communities would likewise be inclined to remain at home
                  until local conditions -become more hurricane-like, regardless of the
                  nature of information that is conveyed through official channels.
                  However, one important consideration which is not accounted for in this
                  wait-and-see approach is that evacuation from the Outer Beach is not
                  simply a matter of reaching the mainland; evacuees must travel to a safe
                  inland/upland area.    Residents who postpone their departure from the
                  barrier and bay islands are more likely to encounter flooded or debris-
                  blocked evacuation routes and other conditions that delay or even
                  prevent their arrival at a safe area.      During a worst-case category 4
                  hurricane, for example, surge-induced flooding may extend as far north
                  as Sunrise Highway (according to the SLOSH mapping that was performed in
                  connection with the New York State Hurricane Evacuation Study).



         4.4   VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA TO COASTAL EROSION

               The portion of Jones Island on which the subject communities are situated
               has experienced significant erosion in the recent past, due mostly to the
               effect of severe coastal storms on this sand-starved segment of shoreline.
               Clearly, this portion of the barrier beach is vulnerable to further erosion
               in the future. The overall vulnerability of the study area and vicinity to
               continued erosion is discussed below in terms of the expected continuation
               of shoreline retreat (Section 4.4.1) and the potential for barrier
               breaching (i.e., inlet creation - Section 4.4.2).


               4.4.1 VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY TO SHORELINE RETREAT

                  A. Ocean Shorefront

                  The ongoing erosion problem along the ocean shorefront in the study area
                  vicinity has been discussed in detail in previous sections of this

                                                 4-30









                        report (e.g., Sections 4.1.1, 4.1.2, and 4.1.5).      A summary of that
                        information is presented below.

                        The ocean shorefront in the study area vicin,ity has retreated rapidly
                        since construction of the Fire Island Inlet jetty was completed in 1941.
                        The material that has been lost from this beach has generally been
                        transported either offshore (via the normal process of seasonal
                        shoreline profile adjustment) or to the west (via long-shore drift).
                        Beach nourishment activities associated with the Fire Island Inlet
                        dredging project have been undertaken in an attempt to restore sand that
                        has been lost through erosion. However, in recent years the volume of
                        sand supplied through beach nourishment has not kept pace with the
                        volume of sand that has been eroded from the beaches.       This overall
                        sediment deficit has resulted in a net retreat of the shoreline towards
                        Ocean Parkway.

                        Recent storms (especially the Halloween 1991 and 11-12 December 1992
                        northeasters) have accelerated the loss of sand from Gilgo and West
                        Gilgo Beaches.    Despite the 1989 resumption of beach nourishment
                        activities on approximately a bi-annual basis after more than a decade
                        without action on the Fire Island Inlet dredging project (see Section
                        4.4.3 for a discussion of the circumstances surrounding this hiatus),
                        the barrier is extremely vulnerable at the present time. The beach is
                        very narrow and dunes in many locations have been severely impacted.
                        These conditions have increased the probability of breaching (see
                        Section 4.4.2), have increased the probability that future storms will
                        cause erosion that inflicts serious structural damage to Ocean Parkway,
                        and have diminished the storm surge protection that the beach and dunes
                        afford to the back barrier area.

                        Two primary mechanisms have been established to mitigate and remediate
                        the continuing erosion problem along the ocean beach adjacent to the
                        study area.   The Fire Island Inlet dredging/beach nourishment project
                        provides sand replenishment to the beach on a semi-regular basis (see
                        Section 4.1.5). In addition, an inter-agency plan has been implemented
                        to restore the dunes along Ocean Parkway on an emergency basis; this
                        plan was formulated by the State Emergency Management Agency and the New
                        York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (see
                        Section 4.5.33).    Both of these projects are essential to combating
                        erosion along the affected section of shoreline; however, due to the
                        extent of shoreline retreat that has occurred to date, even the optimal
                        implementation of these projects would not guarantee that the Gilgo and
                        West Gilgo Beach shorelines would be able to withstand future storms.

                        B. Oak Beach

                        The Oak Beach shoreline experienced a significant erosion problem during
                        the years between 1930 and 1960.       As noted in Section 4.1.5 (and
                        discussed in detail in the Report by Cyril Galvin, 1985), the shoreline
                        recession that occurred during this time period has been attributed
                        primarily to tidal current scouring when the natural inlet channel was
                        positioned in close proximity to the beach. Prior to .1935, the Town of

                                                      4-31








                   Babylon installed a series of timber groins along Oak Beach in an effort
                   to trap littoral      sand and retard beach erosion;          however,    these
                   structures did not achieve the intended objectives and were destroyed.
                   The stone groins that are present along much of the Oak Beach shoreline
                   were originally installed by the Long Island State Parks Commission in
                   1959.

                   In May 1946, New York State, the Town of Babylon, and Suffolk County
                   collaborated on a project in which sand was dredged from the inlet and
                   placed on Oak Beach.      The newly nourished shoreline was planted with
                   beach grass.    However, within six months the channel shoaled and the
                   fill   material   was eroded     by strong tidal       currents   and waves.
                   Supplementary beach nourishment was conducted by the Long Island Parks
                   Commission between 1946 and 1955, including the placement of sand
                   fencing and additional beach grass plantings. Although these measures
                   reduced the rate of erosion by half, shoreline recession at Oak Beach
                   continued.

                   In 1959, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) constructed a sand dike
                   extending approximately one-half mile southward from the shoreline at
                   the westernmost end of Oak Beach. This artificial finger of land, which
                   became known as the "Sore Thumb", was reinforced on its western side
                   with concrete rubble in about 1960. After the Sore Thumb was completed,
                   the beach width at Oak Beach was augmented through large volume sand
                   placement operations undertaken separately by the ACOE and the Long
                   Island State Parks Commission.

                   An analysis of field data conducted by Cyril Galvin, Coastal Engineer
                   (1985) indicates that the shoreline at Oak Beach was stable during the
                   period between 1961 and 1980, neither retreating nor accreting to a
                   significant degree.     The shoreline at Oak Beach also appears to have
                   been stable during the last decade, although the extensive field surveys
                   that were undertaken in the past have not been continued in recent years
                   (Hawkins, ACOE, November 12, 1992, telephone communication).

                   The abatement of coastal erosion at Oak Beach since 1960 is clearly
                   related to the role that the Sore Thumb has played in deflecting tidal
                   currents away from the beach.       Although constructed by the ACOE with
                   Federal funds as part of the Fire Island Inlet dredging project, the
                   State of New York is responsible for the maintenance of this feature
                   (Hawkins, ACOE, November 12, 1992, telephone communication).             Recent
                   storms have caused substantial erosion to the tip of the Sore Thumb
                   (Hanse, Town of Babylon, December 21, 1992, telephone communication).

                   The Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) is the NYS entity that
                   would be responsible for overseeing maintenance work that may be
                   performed at the Sore Thumb. However, the LISPC has indicated that they
                   are currently occupied by other, more pressing erosion control problems
                   in the vicinity of the study area (e.g., remediating the loss of
                   significant beach width at Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches, and at the
                   Robert Moses State Park traffic circle).          Given the current fiscal
                   constraints that exist at the State level, it is likely that maintenance

                                                   4-32







                                          ----  ------









                        of the Sore Thumb will be delayed, and it is possible that this work
                        will be neglected altogether (Hyland, LISPC, December 28, 1992,
                        telephone communication).


                     4.4.2 VULNERABILITY OF THE STUDY AREA VICINITY TO BARRIER BREACHING

                        Historical maps and aerial photographs of Jones'Island indicate that a
                        number of additional inlets have existed along the stretch of barrier
                        beach in the vicinity of the   study area (Taney, 1961). Gilgo Inlet was
                        present during the 1800s       and into the early 1900s at a point
                        approximately 400 feet east of the eastern end of the present Gilgo
                        Beach community, including a   period during the 1870s when two closelp-
                        spaced inlets had formed at    that location.   Oak Inlet (also known as
                        Cedar Island Inlet) was present just to the west of the present location
                        of the Sore Thumb on maps drawn in 1927 and 1935.       Zach's Inlet was
                        depicted at the present terminus of Wantagh Parkway on a 1909 map.

                        As discussed in Section 4.1.2, the opening of new inlets is a natural
                        phenomenon that is a relatively common consequence of intense coastal
                        storms. During the 1938 hurricane, ten new inlets were cut through Long
                        Island's barrier beach. Inlet creation can have drastic direct impacts
                        on development on the barrier beach.     For example, a northeast storm
                        that occurred in March 1962 cut a new inlet into Moriches Bay and washed
                        out eight structures (LIRPB, October 1984).

                        Although tidal flow through newly created inlets is usually Ansufficient
                        to prevent the channels from shoaling, which typically results in the
                        gradual closure of these inlets, this is not always the case (e.g.,
                        Moriches Inlet). Furthermore, a number of adverse conditions generally
                        develop during the period of time that a new inlet (whether temporary or
                        permanent) is in existence. One primary impact is the loss of sand from
                        the littoral drift system due to deposition in the tidal deltas of the
                        new inlet. Another important impact is the augmentation of the tidal
                        exchange between the ocean and the bay, which causes an increase in the
                        tidal range and salinity in the bay.       Amplified tidal range causes
                        elevated high water levels, during both typical and storm conditions,
                        which increases the probability of flooding in low-lying coastal areas.
                        Additionally, the tidal exchange through a new inlet tends to diminish
                        the flow through existing inlets, which results in increased shoaling
                        and an escalation in maintenance costs for dredging operations.
                        Increased salinity can have drastic effects on biological communities in
                        the bay, especially valuable shellfish resources.

                        It is expected that a breach through Jones Island would cause a dramatic
                        increase in the tidal range in Great South Bay.       Fire Island Inlet,
                        being a high-friction,     shore-parallel   inlet, greatly dampens the
                        magnitude of the tidal head as it enters the bay. As a result of this
                        factor, the tidal range presently decreases from approximately 4 feet at
                        the westernmost tip of Democrat Point, to less than 1 foot at interior
                        portions of the bay (Section 2.1). A newly created inlet, in contrast,
                        would be cut perpendicularly through the barrier island.               This

                                                       4-33









                  configuration would offer much less resistance to the progression of the
                  tidal head into Great South Bay, which would increase the total volume
                  of water entering the bay during a flood       tidal cycle (Buttner and
                  Sanders, 1992).

                  The potential for an inlet to be created        during a major storm is
                  dependent upon a variety of parameters, many    of which are difficult to
                  accurately assess (e.g., the storm flood and   ebb surge hydrography that
                  would result from any given storm).      Consequently, identifying sites
                  that may be prone to breaching is subject to a high degree of
                  uncertainty. However, according to Coch and Wolff (1991), one factor
                  that appears to have been influential in the occurrence of breaching
                  along the South Carolina coast during Hurricane Hugo was the width of
                  the barrier; breaches were more common along narrow portions of the
                  barrier islands, in both natural and developed areas.          Furthermore,
                  those same investigators found that natural dunes are more resistant to
                  erosion than artificial dunes, primarily due to the greater extent of
                  stabilizing vegetation on natural dunes, but also because the sand
                  grains in natural dunes are typically more tightly packed than the
                  sediment comprising artificial dunes.

                  Based on the information provided by Coch and Wolff (1991), the most
                  likely sites of the formation of a future inlet through the Town of
                  Babylon barrier island are along those sections of Gilgo and West Gilgo
                  Beaches that adjoin southward extensions of Great South Bay, such as the
                  Amityville Cut (West Gilgo boat basin), Gilgo Heading (Gilgo boat
                  basin), and the coves in Gilgo State Park.         These segments of the
                  barrier island are also vulnerable to breaching due to the narrow width
                  of the beach and the deteriorated condition of the dunes that are found
                  there.    The dunes in these areas are particularly vulnerable to
                  breaching due to widespread, moderate to severe erosion (including
                  sections that have been completely obliterated and have been replaced by
                  man-made embankments), as well as numerous pedestrian paths that have
                  been cut over the dune crests (see Sections 5.1.4 and 9.2.4).


              4.4.3 EFFECT OF THE SUBJECT COMMUNITIES ON EROSION IN THE STUDY AREA

                  One aspect of the history of events in the study area concerning the
                  residents of the subject communities has directly impacted the
                  implementation of erosion control measures along Jones Island.          The
                  dredging of Fire Island Inlet was halted in 1977 due to a lawsuit that
                  was brought by residents of Oak Beach, claiming that the removal of
                  sediment shoals from the vicinity of Democrat Point accelerated the rate
                  of erosion at Oak Beach.     Due to the legal procedures and technical
                  studies that were needed to resolve this dispute, the Army Corps of
                  Engineers (ACOE) did not receive authorization to recommence the
                  dredging project until 1988 (actual dredging did not begin until 1989).
                  The scientific basis for dismissing the residents' lawsuit was
                  established through report that was issued in August 1986 by the ACOE
                  (Kraus, et.al.). The ACOE report summarized the findings of a computer
                  modeling analysis of the wave climate in the vicinity of Fire Island

                                                 4-34









                         Inlet, which demonstrated that the water level inside the inlet (i.e.,
                         including the Oak Beach shoreline) would not be significantly altered by
                         variations in bathymetry at the inlet entrance caused by maintenance
                         dredging of the navigation channel. It was further concluded that the
                         wave energy striking Oak Beach does not increase when the navigation
                         channel is maintained.

                         Because of the legal action undertaken by residents of Oak Beach, a
                         period of more than a decade elapsed without beach nourishment
                         activities being undertaken along Gilgo Beach. Although that period was
                         characterized by relatively low severity of coastal storms, except for
                         Hurricane Gloria in 1985, the effect at Gilgo Beach was steady shoreline
                         recession, (OPRHP and SEMO, 1988) due to the loss of westward-fl owing
                         littoral material     into the unmaintained inlet.         Since the ACOE
                         maintenance dredging program at Fire Island Inlet is scheduled to occur
                         at   approximately two-year     intervals,   it   is  clear that      several
                         maintenance dredging/beach nourishment operations would have been
                         undertaken between 1977 and 1989 in the absence of the lawsuit, in which
                         case, present erosion damage at Gilgo Beach may have been less severe.



                4.5 EXISTING EROSION AND FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES

                      4.5.1   LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS

                              Development in erosion-prone and flood-sensitive areas is currently
                              regulated by a variety of local, State, and Federal programs and
                              legislation.   These include the National Flood Insurance Program
                              (NFIP) administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
                              (FEMA) and the local regulations that have been promulgated pursuant
                              to the NFIP, as well as the New York State Coastal Erosion Hazard
                              Areas Act (Article 34 of the New York State Environmental
                              Conservation Law) and Coastal         Barrier Resources Act, and
                              accompanying regulations and area maps.       These local, State and
                              Federal regulations are discussed individually below.

                         A.   The National Flood Insurance Program

                              The Federal Government adopted the National Flood Insurance Act in
                              1968 to provide, for the first time, flood insurance protection to
                              owners of structures in flood-prone areas. The low cost insurance
                              coverage that was established by this legislation was made available
                              on a voluntary basis to individuals in those communities that
                              adopted and enforced certain minimum standards for flood protection.

                              The National Flood Insurance Act was amended in 1973 by the Flood
                              Disaster Protection Act, which required that communities in
                              designated flood prone areas participate in the flood insurance
                              program or face loss of Federal financial assistance.             As a
                              condition of receiving any form of financial assistance directly
                              provided from or indirectly backed by Federal funds, property owners

                                                         4-35









                      in participating communities are required to purchase flood
                      insurance prior to undertaking acquisition or construction on lands
                      within the designated flood zones.       Some lending institutions
                      require that loans for properties in the flood plain be protected by
                      flood insurance policies as a matter of corporate policy,
                      independent of FEMA requirements.

                      One of the first major tasks that was undertaken by FEMA in
                      accordance with their responsibility for administering the NFIP was
                      the development a series of flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs) for
                      all coastal communities.    The FIRMS delineate the boundaries of
                      flood plains on the basis of changes in ground elevation, vegetation
                      and natural features, and identify flood elevations based on
                      scientific analyses of previous storm events. This information   was
                      used to subdivide the flood plain into specific zones which      are
                      characterized by varying degrees of potential flood hazard.      For
                      example, the inland boundary of the A zone represents            the
                      approximate limit of the 100-year coastal flood. The VI through  V30
                      zones have significant potential wave velocity impacts, while the Al
                      through A30 zones have mostly stillwater flooding impacts.       The
                      number following the letter designation is a FEMA code that
                      indicates the level of storm damage vulnerability, which is used by
                      insurance providers to set actuarial rates for flood insurance
                      coverage. The base flood elevation, which is the approximate level
                      of the 100-year flood, is also taken into consideration in the
                      computation of flood insurance rates.     See Sections 4.2.2.A and
                      4.3.1 for further discussion of this topic.

                      In order for residents of a community to be eligible for flood
                      insurance under this program, the local governing body of the
                      community must enact regulations which require that all new or
                      substantially improved structures located in flood hazard areas be
                      built in accordance with minimum Federal floodplain management
                      criteria. The Town of Babylon secured eligibility through the 1988
                      adoption of Chapter 125 of the Town Code, "Flood Damage Control",
                      which is discussed in the following subsection.

                      FEMA has instituted the Community Rating System (CRS), which is an
                      incentive program of flood insurance rate credits given to
                      communities that implement mitigation activities beyond minimal NFIP
                      requirements. The Town of Babylon was accepted into the CRS program
                      by virtue of an application that was submitted in 1992 (Castenada,
                      Town of Babylon, May 24, 1994, telephone communication).         The
                      continuation of flood insurance credits is contingent upon the
                      Town's submission of a renewal application to FEMA on an annual
                      basis. This is discussed more extensively in Section 4.8.4.

                      The CRS awards points for specific mitigation activities that are
                      implemented by the Town, with the point values varying according to
                      FEMA's assessment of the mitigative quality of each activity. The
                      Town has already qualified for a 5 percent reduction (which became
                      effective in October 1993) through the implementation of "outreach"

                                               4-36









                             projects and the enactment of flooding and erosion control
                             ordinances.   The "outreach" projects include the distribution of
                             informational   flyers   to   residents   in   the   floodplain,    the
                             establishment of a flood protection library at the local public
                             library (which must include public notification of the availability
                             of these reference materials), and the institution of a system for
                             providing consultation and information to members of the community
                             who request such services. Additionally, the Town's Coastal Erosion
                             and Flood Damage Control Ordinances (Chapters 99 and 125 of the Town
                             Code - see Section 4.5.1.B) were awarded CRS points because these
                             pieces of legislation regulate special hazard areas.

                             The Town can accumulate additional points in the future by
                             submitting a variety of written programs for FEMA review.           For
                             example, it is anticipated that another 5 percent reduction in flood
                             insurance premiums will be realized through FEMA's acceptance and
                             the Town's implementation of a plan for reducing repetitive flood
                             losses.   This report was submitted to FEMA in October 1993.        The'
                             Town's existing flood and hurricane mitigation plan can also be
                             applied toward flood insurance credits; however, that document would
                             need revision to conform with the specific format required by FEMA.
                             Credit can also be gained by formulating an open space plan which
                             specifies that certain portions of the Town's lands on the barrier
                             and bay islands would be forever protected from development (Zitani,
                             Town of Babylon, December 1, 1992, telephone communication).

                         B.  Town of Babylon Flood Damage Control Ordinance,

                             Chapter 125 of the Babylon Town Code establishes specific
                             regulations which govern construction activities in designated flood
                             zones.   The approval of any building permit application for a
                             structure to be located in an area of special flood hazard is
                             contingent upon compliance with the provisions of this ordinance,
                             which is administered and enforced by the Chief Building Inspector
                             of the Town of Babylon.          Requests for variances from the
                             requirements of Chapter 125 and appeals of decisions rendered by the
                             Town under this program may be presented to the Zoning Board of
                             Appeals (ZBA). The ZBA bases its determination of the disposition
                             of any given appeal or variance request upon the intent and
                             regulatory requirements of Chapter 125, and on an evaluation of
                             twelve specific factors concerning aspects of public safety and
                             health, land use compatibility, potential public expense, feasible
                             alternatives to the proposed action, importance of the proposed
                             facility to the community, the dependency of the proposed facility
                             on a waterfront location, and other parameters. As with all other
                             governmental proceedings, the applicant has recourse to file a court
                             appeal under Article 78 of the Civil Practice of Law and Rules once
                             all administrative avenues of appeal have-been exhausted.

                             Strict   standards   apply  to   new   construction   or    substantial
                             improvements to existing structures in designated flood areas, where
                             "substantial improvement" generally includes any project that

                                                        4-37








                      involves repair, reconstruction, or improvement that either costs 50
                      percent or more of the replacement cost of the structure, or entails
                      an increase of 25 percent or more in the.total square footage of the
                      structure (refer to Chapter 125 of the Babylon Town Code for a
                      precise definition and a discussion of exclusions). The following
                      standards apply to new residential structures and substantial
                      improvements to such construction within the A zone (areas of
                      special flood hazard):

                        #  anchoring shall be used to prevent flotation collapse or
                           lateral movement of the structure
                        *  materials and utility equipment which are resistant to flood
                           damage shall be used
                        0  construction methods and practices that minimize flood damage
                           shall be used
                        e  the lowest floor, including basement or cellar, shall be
                           elevated above the base flood elevation
                        9  fully enclosed areas below the lowest floor shall be designed
                           to automatically equalize hydrostatic flood forces by allowing
                           for the entry and exit of floodwaters

                      The  following standards apply to new residential structures and
                      substantial' improvements to such construction within the V zone
                      (coastal high hazard areas):

                        0  all structures shall be located 200 feet landward of the toe of
                           the dune or, in cases where there are no dunes, landward of the
                           reach of high tide
                        9  structures shall be elevated on pilings so that the lowest
                           horizontal member supporting the lowest floor is elevated to or
                           above the base flood elevation
                        0  the pilings and structure attached thereto shall be adequately
                           anchored to prevent floatation
                        0  piles shall meet minimum standards with regard to dimensions,
                           embedment, spacing, bracing, connections to horizontal
                           structural   members,   method   of  installation,   and    other
                           parameters specified in Chapter 125
                        9  structures shall be designed to resist the water and wind
                           forces which occur during the base flood event
                        0  the space below the lowest floor shall be kept free of any
                           obstructions or shall be constructed with breakaway walls, open
                           wood latticework, or insect screening intended to collapse
                           under wind and water loads without causing -displacement or
                           other structural damage to the elevated portion of the building
                           or supporting foundation system
                        #  breakaway walls shall meet design standards specified in
                           Chapter 125
                        #  all utility equipment servicing the building (including
                           heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment, water
                           heaters, appliances, electrical junction boxes and service
                           panels) shall be elevated to or above the base flood elevation


                                                4-38









                                 all construction shall be certified by a licensed professional
                                 engineer or registered architect, attesting that the design and
                                 methods of construction to be used are in accordance with
                                 accepted standards of practice and all applicable provisions of
                                 Chapter 125

                        C.  Coasta7 Erosion Hazard Areas

                            In 1981, the New York State Legislature passed the Coastal Erosion
                            Hazard Areas Act (ECL Article 34) as the principal law governing
                            erosion and flood control along the New York State coastline. The
                            purpose of Article 34 is to establish standards and administrative/
                            enforcement requirements that serve to minimize or prevent damage to
                            property and natural resources from flooding and erosion caused by
                            inappropriate human activity in the coastal zone. This legislation
                            is implemented through the issuance of permits for development and
                            other land use activities in designated coastal erosion hazard
                            areas.

                            Coastal erosion hazard areas are defined as those land and/or water
                            areas which contain natural protective features    (such as bluffs,
                            dunes, beaches, nearshore areas, or wetlands)      and those areas
                            (designated as structural hazard areas) which are   located landward
                            of natural protective features where the shoreline is receding at a
                            long-term rate of one foot or more per year.        Lands which are
                            regulated by this legislation are delineated on     Coastal Erosion
                            Hazard Area (CEHA) maps which have been prepared by NYSDEC. After
                            these maps were completed, local governments were given the option
                            to adopt a State-approved model coastal erosion ordinance, which
                            incorporates the standards outlined in the State CEHA regulations.
                            For each municipality that chose not to establish such a program on
                            a local level, regulatory authority reverted to the County or State.
                            The Town of Babylon, by means of the adoption of Chapter 99 of the
                            Town Code (Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas), has established local
                            control over the CEHA program. The responsibility and authority for
                            administering and enforcing the requirements of this ordinance has
                            been officially conferred on the Commissioner of the Town of Babylon
                            Department of Environmental Control.

                            A coastal erosion management permit must be obtained from the Town
                            of Babylon for each action that involves redevelopment, new
                            construction, erosion protection structures, public investment, or
                            other land use activities within the CEHA.    Dredging, excavating,
                            and mining are prohibited in the nearshore zone, as well as on
                            beaches and primary dunes located within      the designated area.
                            Traffic control provisions of Chapter 99 include: motor vehicle
                            traffic on vegetation is prohibited; motor vehicles must travel
                            seaward of the debris line, or where no debris line exists, seaward
                            of the seaward toe of the primary dune; motor vehicle traffic on the
                            primary dune is prohibited, except at officially posted access
                            points; and pedestrian access across primary dunes must utilize
                            elevated walkways and stairways, or other specially designed dune

                                                     4-39









                      crossing structures. Activities generally not requiring a coastal
                      erosion management permit include: planting and sand fencing for the
                      purpose of sand entrapment and stabilization of dunes; installation
                      of seasonal floating docks and similar structures; normal beach
                      grooming or cleanup; normal and customary maintenance of existing
                      structures conducted in compliance with an approved maintenance
                      program; and the erection of private elevated stairways by an
                      individual property owner solely for non-commercial, pedestrian
                      access to the beach.

                      The issuance of a coastal erosion management permit for a proposed
                      action is contingent upon compliance with established standards,
                      restrictions, and requirements for the avoidance or minimization of
                      coastal erosion impacts. The determination of compliance is based
                      on a review of the completed permit application, as conducted by the
                      technical staff of the Town of Babylon Department of Environmental
                      Control.    Conditions may be attached to a permit, if deemed
                      necessary for an action to conform with the requirements of Chapter
                      99 and related standards. In general, a permit will be issued only
                      if a proposed regulated action meets the following general standards
                      (Town of Babylon Code ï¿½99-9):

                        0  the   proposed  action must    be reasonable     and necessary,
                           considering alternative sites and the necessity for a shoreline
                           location;
                        0  the proposed action must not cause a measurable increase in
                           erosion at the project site or at other locations; and
                        0  the proposed action must prevent or minimize adverse effects to
                           natural protective features, existing erosion protection
                           structures, and natural resources.

                      In addition to the general standards listed above, any project that
                      involves the construction, modification or restoration of an erosion
                      protection structure must be designed according to generally
                      accepted engineering principles which have demonstrated success or,
                      where sufficient data is not currently available, a likelihood of
                      success in controlling erosion on the immediate site for at least 30
                      years (Town of Babylon Code ï¿½99-13).

                      Requests for variances from the requirements of Chapter 99 and
                      appeals of decisions rendered by the Town under this program must be
                      presented in writing to the Town Board, which has been designated as
                      the Coastal Erosion Hazard Board of Review. The applicant also has
                      recourse to file a court appeal under Article 78 of the Civil
                      Practice Law and Rules, once all administrat'ive avenues of appeal
                      have been exhausted.

                      No prohibition on reconstructing substantially storm-damaged houses
                      has been enforced to date in the Babylon CEHA (or in the CEHAs of
                      neighboring towns, for that matter); no storms that have occurred
                      since the adoption of the State's regulations have caused structural
                      damage sufficient to prompt applications for such reconstruction.

                                                4-40









                            Consequently, the legal foundation of this policy has not been
                            tested. However, CEHA laws in neighboring towns (e.g., Islip and
                            Brookhaven) will likely be put to the test in the near future as a
                            result of the severe damage barrier beach residences that was caused
                            by the 11-12 December 1992 northeaster (as noted in Section 4.3.2.E,
                            no houses in Babylon's CEHA were destroyed).

                            NYSDEC has designated the entire south side of the barrier island in
                            the Town of Babylon as a coastal erosion hazard area.       The CEHA
                            boundary follows the southern edge of the eastbound roadway pavement
                            of Ocean Parkway, from the Babylon-Oyster Bay Town line eastward to
                            the vicinity of the Cedar Beach pavilion. For the remaining length
                            of oceanfront shoreline in Babylon Town, the CEHA boundary lies to
                            the south of the parkway. Between Gilgo and Captree State Parks,
                            the coastal erosion hazard area includes portions of the associated
                            and non-associated communities at Oak Beach; generally, the seaward-
                            most row of houses in these communities are situated within the CEHA
                            (see Plates IE through 1G). The other four communities in the study
                            area (i.e., West Gilgo, Gilgo, and Oak and Captree Islands) lie
                            outside the designated CEHA area, and therefore are not subject to
                            the CEHA regulations.

                        D.  Coasta7 Barrier Resources Act

                            In October 1982, the Congress passed the Coastal Barrier Resources
                            Act (CBRA). The CBRA prohibits the expenditure of Federal funds for
                            the development of those designated areas  within the barrier system
                            that are not presently developed.      The CBRA funding prohibition
                            extends to grants, loans, loan guarantees, and flood insurance. The
                            status of the study area with respect to   regulatory coverage under
                            the CBRA is depicted on the FIRMs, which   indicate that most of the
                            barrier and bay island areas in the Town   of Babylon lie within the
                            regulated zone, but which also clearly show that the developed
                            community areas are not situated within the regulated zone. Further
                            verification of the subject communities' exempt status was obtained
                            during a telephone interview on November 2, 1992 with Mr. Frank
                            McGilvery of the U.S. Department of the Interior.

                        E.  Misce7laneous Regu7ations

                            Other regulations provide indirect protection against flooding and
                            erosion damage.    For example, tidal wetlands, in addition to a
                            number of other important functions, serve to control flooding and
                            buffer the effect of storm waves.     Therefore, regulations (i.e.,
                            6NYCRR Part 661 - New York State Tidal Wetland Land Use Regulations,
                            promulgated in accordance with Article 25 of the NYS Environmental
                            Conservation Law) that have been enacted primarily to protect the
                            ecological resources of wetland areas from human disturbance will
                            also act to preserve the flood control benefits of these features.




                                                      4-41










               4.5.2   EROSION AND FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY AREA

                       CA's field investigations included a survey of shoreline protection
                       devices that have been constructed within the study area. This work
                       revealed that    the   shoreline   in the   subject communities      is
                       characterized by four general categories   'of structural protection:
                       natural shoreline (i.e., no protective structures), bulkheads,
                       revetments, and groins.     Of the approximately 24,000-foot total
                       length of shoreline in the six communities, only about 8,000 feet
                       has not been equipped with some type of protective structure (see
                       Table 4-1; particularly the notes, which define the shoreline length
                       that was measured in each community).

                       Bulkheads are wall-like structures, usually composed of timber, that
                       are built along the shoreline and are intended to retain upland
                       material.   Revetments are also built along the shoreline, but are
                       composed of rock or concrete rubble which is intended to provide
                       flarmoring" for protection against wave attack. Groins, which can be
                       composed of either timber or rock/concrete rubble, are installed
                       perpendicular to the shoreline for the purpose of trapping sediment
                       moving nearshore in the littoral drift.

                  A.   Bulkheads

                       The distribution of protective structures along the shoreline in the
                       subject communities is depicted in Plates 1A through 1G. Bulkheads
                       are the most common form of structural protection in the study area,
                       and are present in all six communities.          Bulkheads have been
                       installed along approximately 52 percent of the total length of
                       shoreline in the subject communities (see Table 4-1). All of this
                       length of bulkheading has been privately built, and is generally
                       maintained by individual homeowners.

                       The bulkheads in the study area generally appear to be well-
                       maintained. Based on a qualitative,visual inspection conducted by
                       CA as part of this study, only about 10 percent of the length of
                       these structures within the subject communities appeared to be in
                       need of near-future maintenance. However, it is important to note
                       that this assessment was based on the condition of the visible
                       portions of the bulkheads (i.e., the facing and top beam), which may
                       not accurately reflect the condition of important internal
                       structural components (e.g., tie rods and anchors). The length of
                       deteriorated bulkhead in the Captree Island community and West Gilgo
                       Beach marina was proportionately higher than in the study area as a
                       whole (Table 4-1).

                       The bulkheading in the subject communities has generally           been
                       adequate in retaining fill material. However, some loss of fill was
                       noted, especially on Oak and Captree Islands and at Oak Beach (Table
                       4-1). In some areas, the loss of fill has occurred as the result of
                       seepage through gaps in the face of deteriorated segments of
                       bulkhead.   Some loss of fill appears to have occurred through the

                                                 4-42









                             gaps between the facing boards along stretches of good condition
                             bulkhead. At other locations, the lack of fill behind the bulkhead
                             may be due more to the original conditions of installation than to
                             the actual loss of material; tidal waters were found to circulate
                             behind relatively new sections of bulkhead at several sites on Oak
                             and Captree Islands.

                             The rate of erosion is often intensified along segments of natural
                             shoreline that are interspersed among shore-parallel protective
                             structures (i.e., bulkheads and revetments). The occurrence of this
                             type of localized erosion, which was observed at scattered locations
                             on Captree Island and in the Oak Beach communities, is caused by the
                             refraction and reflection of wave energy due to the adjacent
                             structures.


                        B.   Revetwents and Groins

                             The longest segments of shoreline protected by revetments and groins
                             in the vicinity of the study area are found along the ï¿½2,500-foot
                             long section of Oak Beach Avenue between the western and eastern
                             portions of the unassociated Oak Beach community.       However, only
                             about 13 percent of the total length of shoreline within the
                             communities contains these structures, which are found only in the
                             Oak Beach Association, Oak Beach, and Captree Island.

                             Most of the groins in the study area are composed of concrete
                             rubble, some of which contains steel reinforcement bars.        Bricks,
                             cinder blocks, piping, and similar materials were also found in
                             these structures. A number of the rubble groins in the study area
                             and vicinity have been topped with dirt fill, which in many cases
                             has been planted or become naturally seeded with a variety of
                             vegetation (see Section 5.1.5).

                             Wooden groins also exist in some portions of the study area,
                             especially beneath the fixed docks that are present at the eastern
                             end of Oak Beach   and at several locations within the Oak Beach
                             Association.    In  general, these groins are in good condition.
                             Examination of the aerial photographs reveals that the wooden groins
                             in the study area have been somewhat successful in trapping sand
                             moving in the long-shore drift (see Plates 1E through 1G).

                             Coch and Wolff (1991) found that the presence of groins caused some
                             houses to be preferentially washed out during the passage of
                             Hurricane Hugo in coastal South Carolina.      This localized damage
                             resulted when water was impounded on the upwind side of the groins,
                             increasing the surge height at those locations.

                        C.   Hiscel7aneous Structures

                             Snow (sand) fencing has been installed at numerous locations within
                             the Oak Beach communities (see Plates 1E through IG) in an effort to
                             augment the amount of sand contained within the dunes. This effort

                                                       4-43









                      has met with varied success.     In some areas, the snow fencing is
                      intact and significant volumes of sand have accumulated. In other
                      areas, the   snow fencing has not been maintained and has been
                      ineffectual in trapping sand. Recent dune grass plantings have also
                      been used    as a means of providing enhanced sand trapping
                      capabilities at scattered locations within the Oak Beach communities
                      (see Section 5.1.4).

                      Plywood sheeting has been installed on the inland side of the
                      boardwalk along certain segments of the southerly shore of Oak
                      Island. The intended purpose of these makeshift walls is apparently
                      to provide some protection against wave erosion to a series of
                      houses that are located at very low elevation and in very close
                      proximity to the water. However, although these devices may provide
                      some degree of abatement against the daily action of the tide and
                      the small waves that are typically found in that area, they are not
                      likely to withstand intense storm conditions.      Furthermore, it is
                      possible that the presence of this plywood sheeting on the boardwalk
                      could increase the chances that the affected section of the
                      boardwalk will fail in a storm, particularly if a strong ebb surge
                      pushes against the boardwalk from the* north.          In fact, this
                      boardwalk was severely damaged during the 11-12 December 1992
                      northeaster (see Section 4.3.2.E).

                      Residents at certain locations in the Oak Beach communities have
                      deposited debris (such as dead trees and shrubs) on the seaward dune
                      face in front of their homes. This measure is intended to provide
                      sand trapping capability, similar to the Town's program for the
                      placement   of   Christmas   trees   along   the   oceanfront    dunes.
                      Unfortunately, in many cases, storm waves attack these debris piles
                      before a sufficient quantity of sand can accumulate, and the trees
                      and shrubs and associated materials are converted to flotsam.
                      Additionally, the efficacy of such measures is questionable because
                      these areas 1 ack an adequate sandy beach to serve as a source of
                      wind-blown sand.



              4.5.3   NON-STRUCTURAL EROSION AND FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES USED IN THE STUDY
                      AREA


                  A.  Beach Nourishment

                      The deposition along Jones Island of spoil material generated by the
                      dredging operation conducted at Fire Island Inlet provides a
                      significant degree of storm protection to the subject residential
                      communities. As discussed in Section 4.4.1, the section of Jones
                      Island in the Town of Babylon has been subject to chronic erosion
                      since shortly after the jetty was installed at Democrat Point in
                      1941. Beach nourishment activities undertaken in conjunction with
                      the dredging project substantially widen the buffer area in front of
                      the dunes (at least on a temporary basis), which absorbs a large
                      portion of the wave energy that impinges upon the shoreline, and

                                                 4-44









                            diminishes the potential for storm waves to erode the dunes and
                            damage public infrastructure located to the north.

                            The dredging of Fire Island Inlet is performed under the supervision
                            of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE), which is governed by
                            policy guidelines which require that dredge spoil be disposed of in
                            a "least cost" manner.    In general, open water disposal is least
                            costly option, which would preclude the ACOE from utilizing dredged
                            material for beach nourishment purposes.         However, i f i t i s
                            determined that beach nourishment is in the public interest, and if
                            state and local governments are willing to expend funds to cover the
                            additional costs that are incurred to dispose the spoil on the
                            beach, the ACOE is amenable to allowing the dredging contract to
                            include beach nourishment activities.

                            In 1973, the ACOE and the State of New York entered into a Local
                            Cooperation Agreement regarding the Federal navigation project at
                            Fire Island Inlet. This agreement specifies that the ACOE will use
                            the sand dredged from the inlet to nourish the shoreline along Jones
                            Island, with 82.6 percent of the total project cost to be drawn from
                            Federal funds and 17.6 percent of these costs coming from State
                            funds. The actual cost of the beach nourishment component of the
                            project exceeds the State funding contribution (Daley, NYSDEC,
                            December 17, 1992, telephone communication), so the terms of the
                            agreement are favorable to New York State.

                            The ongoing dredging operation at Fire Island Inlet represents the
                            final phase of a New York State funding appropriation that lasted
                            through three phases.    Reauthorization is pending before the NYS
                            Legislature for an additional three phases of dredging, which, if
                            approved, would be expected to cover the State's financial
                            obligations to the projectfor five to six more years.

                            New York State has generally not had a problem meeting its financial
                            commitments in this type of cost sharing project. There can be some
                            delay in allocating State funds - due to the nonconcurrent fiscal
                            years and the difference in procurement mechanisms of the State and
                            Federal governments.     However, to date the Fire Island Inlet
                            dredging/beach nourishment project has not been delayed due to
                            fiscal problems.

                        B.  Dune Reconstruction

                            In addition to the erosion mitigation that is provided on a semi-
                            regular basis through the Fire Island Inlet dredging project, an
                            intricate governmental mechanism has been established to address
                            immediate erosion crises along the Jones Island oceanfront. This
                            response mechanism is described in the "Coastal Erosion Response
                            Plan for the Jones Beach Barrier Island", which was prepared by a
                            task force that was headed by the New York State Office of Parks,
                            Recreation and Historic Preservation and the State Emergency
                            Management Office (OPRHP and SEMO, 1988). The key elements of this

                                                      4-45








                      plan, which serves as the site-specific component of the State-wide
                      emergency management plan, are described below.

                      The main objectives of the Jones Beach Coastal Erosion Response Plan
                      are to forestall the formation of new inlets through Jones Island
                      and to take necessary measures to maintain the integrity of the
                      character of Jones Island (including its transportation network, its
                      natural features, and its public      and private facilities).      The
                      construction of several hundred feet of earthen embankment
                      ("artificial dunes") was undertaken   at two locations at Gilgo Beach
                      in the fall of 1987.     This emergency response action, which also
                      entailed the rerouting of all Ocean Parkway traffic onto the
                      westbound lanes, was implemented under an early version of the
                      OPRHP/SEMO plan.

                      In order to achieve the above stated objectives, the following basic
                      elements have been incorporated into the OPRHP/SEMO plan:

                        e  on-going site monitoring;
                        *  review of factors that have contributed to accelerated erosion;
                        9  the development of action plans by the SEMO and the OPRHP for
                           responding to various categories of storm-generated erosion
                           events;
                        9  the   assignment of specific roles        for the     below-listed
                           participating agencies, including a chain of command;
                        #  the development of a computerized data base to facilitate the
                           identification of trends; and
                        0  the stockpiling of materials necessary to respond to an erosion
                           emergency.

                      A wide variety of agencies have jurisdiction or technical interest
                      in the erosion problem on Jones Island.        A full delineation of
                      agency roles is beyond the scope of this study. However, some of
                      the primary players and their main avenue of involvement are as
                      follows:   the   NYS Department    of Transportation      (NYSDOT)    is
                      responsible for maintaining Ocean Parkway; the OPRHP oversees
                      activities in the State's parklands and, along with NYSDOT, acts as
                      the lead agency for most erosion mitigation projects on Jones
                      Island; the ACOE is responsible for performing the dredging of Fire
                      Island Inlet, which provides material for beach nourishment
                      activities, and also has primary responsibility (with NYSDEC,
                      NYSDOT, and OPRHP) for damage assessment following a storm; the SEMO
                      coordinates interaction among the involved agencies and, along with
                      the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration, is responsible
                      for monitoring and reporting significant weather trends; the Town of
                      Babylon is, in part, responsible for public notification and
                      evacuation during an impending storm; the state and county police
                      are responsible for maintaining law and order during a disaster; and
                      NYSDEC provides support for various technical activities. A variety
                      of agencies contribute to the monitoring of site conditions and the
                      processing of data collected during field observations.


                                                 4-46









                            The OPRHP/SEMO plan establishes three levels of coastal erosion
                            emergencies for Jones Island.    The critical threshold for action
                            under all three levels, called the "actionable threshold", occurs
                            when the eroded embankment along the south side of Ocean Parkway has
                            approached to within 20 feet of the edge of the pavement, or when
                            the observed rate of erosion indicates a high probability that this
                            criterion will be met. A "Type A" event is defined as one in which
                            erosion has occurred to or near the actionable threshold, and the
                            tide is falling, and the storm is abating and/or the direction of
                            the wind is changing. A "Type B" event is defined as one in which
                            erosion has occurred to or near the actionable threshold, and the
                            storm intensity is severe, and it is likely that the storm will
                            endure through at least the next tidal cycle, and the winds are
                            steady or increasing in intensity, and the rate and scale of erosion
                            are high. A "Type V event is defined as one in which erosion has
                            occurred to or beyond the actionable threshold, and storm intensity
                            is high, and the rate and scale of erosion are high, and the storm
                            is predicted to endure through several tidal cycles, and the winds
                            are steady or increasing in intensity, and a breach across Jones
                            Island is imminent and is expected to enlarge quickly.         It is
                            estimated that the cost (in 1988 dollars) of required remediation
                            will be approximately $20,000 per Type A event, $40,000 per Type B
                            event, and between $850,000 and $1,200,000 for a Type C event.

                            It is important to note that the protection of the Outer Beach
                            residences is not a primary consideration in the beach nourishment
                            and erosion emergency measures that are described above.          The
                            overriding concerns of the involved agencies are the protection of
                            Ocean Parkway, which is a major east-west transportation route, and
                            the prevention of a breach through the barrier, which could have
                            far-reaching adverse environmental impacts throughout Great South
                            Bay (Cashin Associates, P.C., September 1993).        Thus, erosion
                            response planning would be just as vital for the study area, even if
                            residences were not located on the barrier and bay islands. On the
                            other hand, it is equally important to recognize that the relatively
                            high degree of storm damage protection afforded to the communities
                            on the back barrier (i.e., West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach) is largely
                            dependent on the mitigation benefits derived from the indefinite
                            continuation of the beach nourishment and erosion emergency projects
                            on Jones Island.

                       C.   Miscellaneous Measures

                            CA's field survey revealed that dune grass plantings have been used
                            at scattered waterfront locations throughout the Oak Beach
                            communities in an effort to provide stabilization to the sandy
                            sediments.along the shoreline. However, since this area generally
                            lacks a substantial width of beach (except at Oak Beach West),
                            insufficient sand is available to allow the natural process of dune
                            accretion to operate to any significant degree.



                                                      4-47









                       Residents at the eastern end of the Captree Island community have
                       indicated to CA that boating traffic through the State Boat Channel
                       has caused a significant amount of erosion to the shoreline on both
                       sides of the channel just west of the draw bridge to Robert Moses
                       State Park. Review of historic aerial photographs support the claim
                       of substantial shoreline recession in the area; shallow coves
                       presently exist where the shorel'ine had been relatively straight in
                       the past. Although this portion of the State Boat Channel is posted
                       with a speed limit of 5 mph (in accordance with Section 86-6 of the
                       Town of Babylon Code) to eliminate boat wake, residents claim that
                       these signs are generally not obeyed. Some Captree Island residents
                       have expressed particular concern with the party fishing vessels
                       originating in Captree boat basin, which, according to those
                       residents,   trail   large wakes and tend to pass by in rapid
                       succession.




          4.6 MECHANISMS OF FLOOD DAMAGE RELIEF

               4.6.1   NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM

                       The primary mechanism that has been established to provide monetary
                       assistance to victims of a flood disaster is the National Flood
                       Insurance Program (NFIP). As discussed in Section 4.5.1.A, the NFIP
                       makes flood insurance available to all homeowners in the subject
                       communities, and requires that flood insurance be purchased prior to
                       any real estate purchase or construction on the Outer Beach that is
                       funded by a Federally secured loan.

                       During its initial period of implementation, the NFIP was subsidized
                       by the Federal Government.        However, since 1986 the amount of
                       revenues collected through NFIP premiums have exceeded the amount
                       issued in payments on claims. Evidence of the actuarial soundness
                       of the NFIP is presented in the Report to Stakeholders for fiscal
                       year 1991 prepared by the Federal Insurance Agency, which is the
                       branch of FEMA that manages the NFIP.          The Stakeholders Report
                       states that for the period between October 1, 1990 and September 30,
                       1991, total revenue for the flood fund were $644 million and total
                       expenses were $480 million, while $219 billion of insurance was in
                       force on 2.5 million policies.


               4.6.2   SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER RELIEF PROGRAM

                       The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) oversees a program that
                       provides monetary assistance to flood disaster victims who are not
                       covered by insurance.       This assistance takes the form of low
                       interest loans, which are made available to property owners in
                       communities that are situated within a disaster area declared by the
                       President or the SBA. The SBA bases its disaster declarations on
                       specific criteria with respect to the number of structures damaged

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                             and the extent of damage to each structure; the President,has more
                             discretion in deciding whether a disaster declaration is warranted
                             (Uybarreta, SBA, December 3, 1992, telephone communication).

                             Since December 1981, four costal storms have resulted in residential
                             disaster declarations in Suffolk County: March 28, 1,984; September
                             27, 1985 (Hurricane Gloria); October 30-31, 1991 (the Halloween
                             northeaster); and December 11-12, 1992. Information is currently
                             available only for the 1991 northeaster with regard to the amount of
                             money loaned to residents in the Town of Babylon; data for the
                             earlier events were not categorized by town, and records have not
                             yet been compiled for the 1992 storm. Town of Babylon residents,
                             including those residing on the mainland, received nine SBA loans
                             totaling $149,500 to cover losses sustained during the Halloween
                             1991 storm. It is not known if any of these loans were issued to
                             residents of the Outer Beach (Thom, SBA, December 20, 1992, written
                             communication).

                             Once a disaster has been declared, property owners within the
                             affected communities are notified, through the normal media
                             channels, of the availability of SBA loans.          The SBA usually
                             establishes a temporary office within the disaster area to process
                             loan applications. These loans have two levels of interest rates.
                             The lower rate (fixed at. 4 percent) applies to most residential
                             loans issued by the SBA. The higher rate is a maximum of 8 percent,
                             but can be lower depending on the prevailing trends in market
                             interest rates (presently this rate is 6.5 percent).                The
                             determination as to which rate is applied to each applicant is based
                             upon the financial data provided with the application. Homeowners
                             are  eligible    for  SBA   loans   only   for  primary    residences;
                             summer/vacation homes do not qualify under this program.            The
                             maximum amount available for each homeowner is $100,000 for
                             structural repairs/replacement and $20,000 for personal property.
                             An additional loan of up to $100,000 is available for mortgage
                             refinancing; however, the following restrictions apply: the existing
                             mortgage on the house must have been filed and recorded; the
                             uninsured loss must exceed 40 percent of the pre-disaster market
                             values of the house; the applicant cannot be eligible for credit
                             elsewhere; and the applicant must commit to repairing or replacing
                             the damaged structure (Thom, SBA, December 3, 1992, telephone
                             communication).

                             The SBA loans granted for disaster relief through this program are
                             below-market-rate. Consequently, the Federal Government is required
                             to subsidize the difference between the program rate and the
                             prevailing rate by means of taxpayer dollars.

                             As noted in Section 4.3.3.C, homeowners who have not experienced a
                             major flood disaster for an extended period of time, including
                             residents of the subject communities, are prone to underestimate the
                             risk of severe storms. Under these circumstances, homeowners are
                             often inclined to believe that there is not sufficient incentive for

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                      them to purchase insurance for protection against an eventuality
                      which they perceive as being extremely remote.      Furthermore, the
                      availability of low-interest loans to flood disaster victims through
                      the SBA program can create a sense among homeowners in areas of
                      infrequent storm damage that flood insurance is not really necessary
                      (Davis, SEMO, November 20, 1992, telephone communication). However,
                      as discussed below, there are important shortcomings to foregoing
                      flood insurance under the assumption that comparable financial
                      relief will be made available through the SBA program.

                      The SBA disaster relief program is provided as a safety net to
                      prevent large-scale disruption of the financial well-being of a
                      community caused by a major natural disaster; this program is not
                      intended   to   represent   an  alternative   to   flood    insurance.
                      Consequently, the following important distinctions exist between the
                      protection afforded under the SBA program versus the NFIP:

                        *  SBA loans are made available on7y when a disaster has been
                           declared. As opposed to flood insurance, the SBA program does
                           not provide any assistance for storm damages incurred during
                           events that are not officially declared disasters.

                        e  Applications submitted to the SBA disaster relief program are
                           subjected to a full credit and income analysis.        Loans are
                           provided only to those individuals who have a documented
                           ability to complete repayment.

                        *  The annual premium for a flood insurance policy (based on the
                           total revenue and number of policies in force during fiscal
                           year 1991, from the FIA Report to Stakeholders for Fiscal Year
                           1991) is approximately $300 on a national basis. The average
                           flood insurance premium in the Town of Babylon is $403, based
                           on August 31, 1993 NFIP data.        Payments on loans secured
                           through the SBA would be several thousand dollars per year for
                           the maximum loan amount of $100,000, even at 4 percent annual
                           interest for a term of 30 years.

                        e  As noted above, SBA loans are not available for summer/vacation
                           residences, which excludes essentially all of the 54 houses on
                           Oak Island, as well as approximately 47 percent of the houses
                           in the other five communities within the study area.




         4.7  SEA LEVEL RISE

              Although sea level rise was included in the Advisory Committee's initial
              discussion of issues of concern for the Town of Babylon barrier and bay
              islands, this topic was omitted from the final scope of work for the
              environmental study.    However, given that coastal erosion is one of the
              primary study elements, and in light of the widespread view that sea level
              rise has an important impact on the occurrence of shoreline erosion, it was

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                     determined that the purposes of this study would not be fully served by
                     ignoring this issue.     Thus, the following discussion is presented to
                     address sea level rise in the context of the Barrier and Bay Island Study.

                     There is general agreement among the members of the scientific community
                     that sea level has been rising at a gradual, though unsteady rate over the
                     past 100 years. However, there has been some debate with respect to the
                     average historical rate of sea level rise on the south shore of Long
                     Island, depending on the methodology and the location of. sea level
                     measurements. Long-term tide gauge records in both New York Harbor and New
                     London, Connecticut indicate an average 0.01-foot per year rate of sea
                     level rise over the past century, but this rate may not be directly
                     applicable to Long Island's ocean shorefront (Tanski and Bokuniewicz, June
                     1989). Since Long Island is composed of unconsolidated sediments, it is
                     likely that sea level rise here may be somewhat higher due to compaction
                     and subsidence, compared to measurements taken from tide gauges situated on
                     the bedrock of New York Harbor and New London (LIRPB, 1991). A tide gauge
                     that has been installed at Montauk Point has not accumulated a sufficient
                     continuous record to resolve questions about trends in sea level.

                     If the historical record of sea level rise is inconclusive, there is even
                     more uncertainty concerning the rate at which sea level will rise in the
                     future. Global warming (i.e., the "greenhouse effect") is cited by most
                     theorists as the primary driving force behind rising ocean level. However,
                     since no consensus exists with respect to the rate at which climatic
                     temperature will increase in the future (and, in fact, some scientists
                     believe that the recent rise in global temperature reflects normal short-
                     term variation rather than a long-term trend), it is not possible to state
                     definitively how sea level will respond in the future.

                     Rising sea level has often been cited as an important factor in the
                     widespread erosion that has occurred on Long Island's shoreline.         This
                     conclusion is based on the logical theory that natural shoreline features
                     (i.e., beaches, dunes, bluffs, etc.) will retreat landward in response to
                     a rise in sea level. Certainly over the very long-term past (i.e., in the
                     thousands of years since the end of the last ice age, or even over the
                     course of hundreds of years), sea level rise has been the predominant
                     diving force in the landward migration of the shoreline, a conclusion which
                     has been adequately substantiated by the existing scientific evidence.
                     However, according to research that has been summarized in the Proceedings
                     of a Workshop titled "An Overview and Assessment of the Coastal Processes
                     Data Base for the South Shore of Long Island" (Tanski and Bokuniewicz, June
                     1989), sea level rise has not played a significant role in the short-term
                     recent erosion that has occurred on Long Island's barrier system. Computer
                     modeling of the adjustment in the shoreline profile that would result
                     solely from a 0.01-foot per year sea level rise indicates that the
                     shoreline of Jones Island would retreat approximately 0.1 foot per year
                     over a ten year period. This component of erosion due solely to sea level
                     rise compares to an overall erosion rate that has been estimated to be as
                     high as 20 to 95 feet along some stretches of Gilgo Beach for the period
                     between 1985 and 1987 (OPRHP and SEMO, 1988). Thus, it was concluded from
                     this analysis that sea level rise is of secondary importance in comparison

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               to other factors (e.g., the interruption of the littoral drift system by
               Fire Island Inlet and jetty to the updrift side of Jones Beach, the erosive
               force of major storms, etc.), especially in the context of a planning time
               frame of 50 years.

               The evidence presented above indicates that sea level rise, when considered
               alone, apparently will not be a major factor in the extent of erosion that
               will occur along the ocean shorefront on Jones Island during the current
               term of the residential leases for the subject communities (which have a
               2050 expiration date). However, when considered over the longer term, sea
               level rise, should it occur, would assume a greater degree of importance,
               especially in combination with other factors. Sea level rise would likely
               have significant long-term impacts on back barrier areas, such as Oak and
               Captree Islands, which are relatively secure from the effects of storm
               waves but are susceptible to still water coastal flooding. . Thus, the long-
               term continuation of sea level rise in the vicinity of the mainland and the
               study area should continue to be closely monitored. Scientific conclusions
               should be updated as additional data are collected in the future, and the
               planning implications of this new information should be evaluated during
               the course of the current lease term so that appropriate management
               strategies can be adopted.

               The Long Island Regional Planning Board (1989) cited a National Research
               Council (1987) study of the engineering implications of sea level rise,
               which examined three possible sea level rise scenarios to the year 2100:
               rises of 0.5 m, 1.0 m and 1.5 m.         According to most projections, the
               increase in the rate of sea level rise, if it occurs, will not occur in a
               linear fashion.     Rather, the change will start slowly and increase more
               rapidly in the distant future.       Based on the National Research Council
               projections, accelerated sea level rise could increase present water level
               elevations along the south shore 4 to 5 cm (0.13 to 0.17 feet) by the year
               2000 compared to an increase of 2.5 cm (0.08 feet) if the present rate of
               sea level rise continues. By the year 2025 the increase due to atmospheric
               wa rming could be 13 to 24 cm (0.4 to 0.8 feet), while the expected increase
               if present conditions persist would be about 8 cm (0.25 feet). For 2050, an
               accelerated sea level rise could result in water elevations 41 to 50 cm
               (1.3 to 1.8 feet) higher than present compared to an increase of 26 cm (0.5
               feet) under current conditions.       While the rate of sea level rise may
               increase more rapidly beyond 2050, these projections, already subject to a
               great deal of uncertainty, become less reliable with time.           Because of
               these uncertainties, a rigorous assessment of the management implications
               of future sea level rise is required.

               The gradual rise in sea level may, to varying degrees, result in the
               following (LIRPB, 1984):

                  0    mobilization of new sediment in the littoral system (this additional
                       sediment may be lost to offshore areas.)
                  0    gradual   inundation    of   coastal   structures    (e.g.,    bulkheads,
                       revetments, docks)
                  0    extension of flood zone areas inland - this is especially a problem
                       along much of the mainland and on the bay islands, which are at very

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                             low elevation and gradient; the barrier islands have a steeper
                             gradient and would, therefore, be less susceptible to flood
                             inundation
                         0   displacement of coastal habitats (e.g. wetlands)
                         0   intrusion of salt water into aquifers and increased salinity in
                             tributaries
                         0   interference with gravity flow systems (e.g., storm water drainage)

                     The design specifications of engineered shoreline structures typically do
                     not take into account the implications of sea level rise.


                4.8 FLOOD DAMAGE MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES

                      4.8.1  PUBLIC PREPAREDNESS AND EVACUATION PLANNING FOR SEVERE STORMS

                             On the basis of the findings discussed in Section 4.3, it is
                             apparent that the study area (as well as the coastal zone on the
                             mainland) is susceptible to potentially large-scale storm damage and
                             loss of life.   An enhanced public education program is needed in
                             order to ensure that the residents of the subject communities
                             respond appropriately to hurricane preparation and evacuation
                             directives.    It is essential that this education be given on a
                             continuing basis (e.g., with annual refresher information provided
                             at the commencement of each hurricane season); even a short lapse
                             would diminish the effectiveness of the program. Most importantly,
                             the very real threat that hurricanes pose to the Babylon barrier
                             beach must be properly communicated to all affected residents.

                             In order to dispel potential attitudes based on personal experience
                             that tend to minimize the potential for damage, it is necessary to
                             provide graphic illustration of the level of destruction that is
                             possible. Perhaps the best means of achieving this objective would
                             be through a pamphlet (to be distributed directly to Outer Beach
                             residents and other Town residents in flood-prone areas, including
                             those along the mainland shoreline) that contains data and
                             photographs of the damage that occurred to the Babylon barrier
                             island as a result of the 1938 hurricane. It would also be valuable
                             for the pamphlet to describe the reasons why Hurricane Gloria did
                             not deliver the anticipated blow to Long Island (i.e., landfall
                             occurred at approximately the time of low astronomical tide and the
                             storm unexpectedly lost strength as it approached Long Island). The
                             pamphlet should also describe actions that should be taken in the
                             event of a major storm, similar to the information that is contained
                             in the current Town of Babylon Hurricane Awareness Brochure.

                             The media play an important role in any hurricane preparedness plan.
                             Since most of the information the public receives concerning an
                             approaching storm is transmitted by means of radio and television,
                             it is important that this information be relayed accurately and
                             dispassionately. A group of meteorologists from the local media who
                             engaged in a panel discussion at the Hofstra Hurricane Conference on

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                       November 6, 1992 indicated that the best means of accomplishing this
                       objective is more or less to simply relay information that is issued
                       by the National Hurricane Center, providing explanations necessary
                       to ensure that the public understands the facts. These panelists
                       concurred that any interjection of subjective information would not
                       be appropriate and could lead to adverse consequences. For example,
                       conversations with some residents of the study area revealed that
                       certain media reports issued during the approach of Tropical Storm
                       Danielle in late September 1992 contained exaggerations of the
                       extent of flooding that was occurring and misstated the areas that
                       were being flooded. These individuals indicated that the disparity
                       between the actual conditions, which Outer Beach residents could
                       observe directly, and the media accounts may make them more
                       skeptical of storm warnings in the future.      To help minimize the
                       potential for this type of problem, the Town should ensure that the
                       media are familiar with the reliable sources of information for
                       local coastal conditions.     Further, the Town should maintain an
                       active relationship with the media in order to ensure the accuracy
                       of the information that is being prepared for transmission to the
                       public.


               4.8.2   FLOOD ZONE BUILDING STANDARDS

                       Investigations of the damage that was sustained by coastal
                       communities in South Carolina due to the passage of Hurricane Hugo
                       in September 1989 indicate that houses which were constructed in
                       accordance with FEMA standards had a much lower rate of destruction
                       than slab-on-grade, pre-FEMA houses (Coch and Wolff, 1990 and 1991).
                       In particular, houses on adequate pilings, even those with a
                       waterfront location, were relatively successful in resisting the
                       impact of storm surge.        In light of these findings,       it is
                       recommended that the Town do whatever is possible to encourage
                       homeowners to bring their homes up to FEMA standards, especially
                       during the earlier years of the current lease term (this effort
                       should also be applied to vulnerable homes on the mainland).
                       Possible avenues of providing monetary incentives for homeowners to
                       engage in this type of activity should be investigated (see Section
                       4.8.4 concerning the Town's participation in the Community Rating
                       System).   Additionally, an effort should be made to ensure that
                       there is no undue hindrance to the processing of building permit
                       applications that will result in the construction of FEMA-compliant
                       houses in place of existing sub-standard houses, especially within
                       the V-zone. In this regard, the environmental review process should
                       be streamlined to the maximum extent practicable, so as to avoid
                       unnecessary delays without sacrificing the "hard look" required
                       under the State      Environmental   Quality   Review Act      (SEQRA).
                       Generally, the preparation of an environmental impact statement
                       (EIS) for such a project, which extended over two years from scoping
                       to the acceptance of the final EIS in the case of the application
                       for a building permit at 19 Cottage Walk in Gilgo Beach (Ingham,


                                                 4-54









                             et.al . , October 1989 and August 1990), would not be necessary in the
                             absence of special environmental concerns.

                             Another  finding of the Coch and Wolff (1990 and 1991) post-Hugo
                             studies  of South Carolina was that peripheral structures (e.g.,
                             gazebos, patio decks, and stairways) became floating debris that
                             produced serious damage to other structures. Presently the Town of
                             Babylon  Building Code does specify standards for storm damage
                             resistance of peripheral structures in the coastal high hazard area
                             (V zone). In o 'rder to reduce the potential for impact damage to be
                             caused by waterborne debris, therefore, it is recommended that the
                             Town's Building Code be amended to provide suitable standards for
                             the storm damage resistance of peripheral structures that are
                             installed in the V zone. Additional measures should be implemented,
                             as appropriate, to minimize the amount of debris that becomes
                             waterborne during a major storm.

                             Preliminary reports have indicated that improperly secured propane
                             tanks created a potentially significant problem within the subject
                             communities during the 11-12 December 1992 northeaster.             The
                             possibility for an explosion arising from this situation warrants
                             more stringent implementation of existing fire protection standards
                             (e.g.: Standard 58 of the National Fire Protection Association, and
                             Part 1001 of the New York State Fire Prevention and Building Code),
                             which require propane tanks to be securely fastened to adjacent
                             structures.


                     4.8.3   PARTICIPATION IN THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM

                             Preliminary information indicated that the rate of participation in
                             the NFIP is generally low for most Long Island communities,
                             including the study area.    However, the results of the homeowner
                             survey reveal that flood insurance coverage is actually much higher
                             on the Outer Beach than was expected (see Appendix A).              The
                             participation rate is still much less than 100 percent, which
                             indicates that the occurrence of a major coastal storm could have
                             devastating financial impacts on the subject communities by forcing
                             uninsured residents to seek other available avenues of monetary
                             relief, such as the SBA loan program, which involves several
                             important restrictive conditions (see Section 4.6.2).

                             In order to@ ensure that Outer Beach residents who have opted out of
                             flood insurance coverage under the NFIP have done so on the basis of
                             an informed decision, it is recommended that the Town distribute
                             pertinent educational materials to the affected residents.       These
                             materials should explain the objectives of the NFIP, and should
                             highlight the advantages of having flood insurance versus other
                             possible means of disaster relief. FEMA should be able to provide
                             assistance in creating an effective informational packet for the
                             subject communities.


                                                       4-55










              4.8.4   PARTICIPATION IN THE COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM

                      As discussed in Section 4.5.1.A, the Town of Babylon was accepted on
                      a probationary basis into the Community Rating System (CRS)
                      component of FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).       To
                      date, the Town has implemented programs that have been reflected in
                      a 5 percent reduction in flood insurance policy rates Town-wide.
                      Work in progress is expected to result in another 5 percent flood
                      insurance rate reduction (Castenada, Town of Babylon, May 24, 1994,
                      telephone communication).

                      The Town's CRS probationary status has expired due to a compliance
                      problem resulting from a difference in interpretation of the FEMA
                      regulations.    It is expected that the Town will reapply for
                      acceptance into the CRS program in October of 1994. The Town Board,
                      however, is currently evaluating whether the savings benefits to
                      policyholders derived from this program are worth the costs incurred
                      by the Town (i.e., Town taxpayers) in manpower expended to assemble
                      and submit CRS application materials. Reapplication in October of
                      1994 and future participation in the program will be contingent upon
                      the Town Board's determination.

                      In the event that the Town's participation in the CRS program is
                      renewed, additional mitigative alternatives that are considered to
                      be feasible for Town implementation in the next two to three years
                      could increase the total savings in flood insurance rates to 25
                      percent for Town residents. These measures would.consist mostly of
                      adapting existing Town of Babylon programs to the strict format
                      specified by FEMA.    The accumulation of points above the level
                      needed for a 25 percent credit would generally require the
                      initiation of new programs, including: major capital improvements,
                      such as structural projects, which apply mostly to freshwater
                      drainage; the removal of existing structures from flood-prone areas;
                      the enactment of restrictive new legislation; and the initiation of
                      a financial incentive program for upgrading houses on the Outer
                      Beach (as well as on the mainland) that presently do not conform
                      with FEMA requirements for flood damage resistance (Zitani, Town of
                      Babylon, December 1, 1992, telephone communication).

                      The CRS measures that would be targeted for implementation in the
                      next several years ' could benefit the residents of the subject
                      communities in two ways: through further savings in flood insurance
                      premiums, and through a reduction in the susceptibility of the study
                      area to flood damage.     The benefit derived from the insurance
                      credits is straightforward; as points would be awarded for
                      mitigation activities submitted by the Town for FEMA review, Town
                      residents would automatically receive reduced flood insurance
                      premiums.   It is less readily apparent that these actions will
                      mitigate potential flood damage, since the Town's short-term CRS
                      goals primarily involve amending existing Town programs. However,
                      the Town will ensure optimal effectiveness of these programs by


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                            attaining conformance with the strict standards prescribed by the
                            flood damage control experts at FEMA.

                            The continuation of CRS flood insurance credits requires that the
                            Town submit a renewal application to FEMA on an annual basis.
                            Furthermore, an ongoing, repetitive effort is needed in order for
                            certain of the measures under this program (especially the
                            11outreach" activities) to be effective. Thus, it is essential that
                            the Town maintain a commitment to sustaining its participation in
                            the CRS program. This will ultimately be decided by the Town Board.
                            Additionally, the Town should continue to investigate options for
                            expanding its level of participation. For example, the availability
                            of sources of revenue to fund the conversion of existing houses to
                            meet FEMA requirements should be pursued.


               4.9   EROSION MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES

                     Although discussed as separate topics for the sake of clarity, mitigation
                     measures for flood damage and erosion are closely related to one another.
                     In particular, the primary erosion mitigation measures for the subject
                     communities, which are discussed in Sections 4.9.1 through 4.9.3, also
                     serve as the principle measures by which the study area has been protected
                     from severe storm damage. The cessation of artificial measures to maintain
                     the protective capacity of certain highly dynamic geologic features (i.e.,
                     the beach and dunes at Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches, the Sore Thumb, and
                     the shoal to the west of Democrat Point) would clearly expose the
                     respective barrier island communities to a greater degree of potential
                     storm hazard.

                     It appears unlikely that actions to protect the West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach
                     shorelines would be abandoned in the foreseeable future, due to the
                     overriding concerns with the structural integrity of Ocean Parkway and the
                     undesirable consequences of the formation of a new inlet. However, despite
                     the high priority assigned to shoreline restoration in this area, the
                     implementation of these measures provides no long-term guarantee of their
                     effectiveness. As noted previously, the shoreline at Gilgo and West Gilgo
                     Beaches is highly vulnerable at the present time due to the loss of beach
                     and dune material during the 11-12 December 1992 northeaster. Thus, even
                     though the residences at West Gilgo and Gilgo Beaches will likely enjoy the
                     indefinite continuation of the partial mitigation provided by the on-going
                     beach nourishment and dune reconstruction projects, these communities have
                     become increasingly vulnerable to storm damage. A severe storm occurring
                     during a period of deteriorated beach and dune conditions, as currently
                     exist, would have a higher probability of causing storm wave impacts on the
                     back barrier than at any time in the past.

                     The residences at Oak Beach are probably even more vulnerable to future
                     storm damage than the communities on Jones Island to the west. Although
                     the Sore Thumb has been successful in abating the erosion problem that had
                     occurred along Oak Beach prior to 1959, subsequent storms have gradually
                     removed material from this man-made feature, increasing its vulnerability

                                                     4-57









              to a total breach.      As discussed in Section 4.4.13, the long-term
              maintenance prospects for this structure are at best uncertain.

              The maintenance of navigation depth in the channels of Fire Island Inlet
              and Great South Bay requires periodic dredging. Since Section 404 permits
              (Ocean Disposal of Dredged Material) are increasingly difficult to obtain,
              upland disposal should be the prime alternative. This is consistent with
              the policy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.       The sand dredged from
              adjacent channels should be disposed of on Town-owned lands, which will
              accrue the following benefits:

                 0   Town-owned beachfront will be expanded, increasing the recreational
                     potential of these lands;
                     the additional sand will provide Town-owned lands with protection
                     from severe storms and coastal erosion;
                 0   disposal costs would be lower than for offshore disposal due to
                     decreased transport distances; and
                 0   offshore disposal would be avoided at a time when regulations are
                     increasing directed against this option.


              4.9.1  BEACH NOURISHMENT

                     The erosion problem that exists along the south shore of Jones
                     Island has been caused primarily by the interruption of the incoming
                     supply of littoral sand due to the stabilization of Fire Island
                     Inlet and the construction of the associated jetty, combined with
                     the occurrence of a series of closely spaced major storms. The most
                     preferred approach to mitigating this problem is periodic beach
                     nourishment using sand bypassed from Fire Island Inlet.           This
                     recommendation was advanced as the single most important erosion
                     management strategy for the south shore of Jones Island during a
                     workshop sponsored by the NYS Department of State (Tanski and
                     Bokuniewicz, August 1989), and has been supported by the Long Island
                     Regional Planning Board (December 1991 and December 1989).

                     It is clear that the viability of the barrier beach in the study
                     area requires that the eroding section of Gilgo Beach be renourished
                     on a regular basis. The extent of shoreline recession has reached
                     a critical point, whereby natural geologic processes are not
                     presently adequate to maintain the beach. Sand bypassing is needed
                     to combat the increasingly probable occurrence of a breach.          A
                     recurrence of the extended hiatus in the dredging/beach nourishment
                     project, similar to the lull in activity that was caused by the Oak
                     Beach litigation (see Section 4.4.3), would likely create conditions
                     under which the breaching of the barrier would be all but
                     inevitable.

                     In order to combat the storm-induced creation of a new inlet in the
                     study area, and the attendant adverse impacts that would result to
                     Ocean Parkway and Great South Bay, the agencies that are involved in
                     the dredging beach/nourishment project should take whatever actions

                                               4-58









                            are necessary to ensure that this project continues into the
                            indefinite future.    At the present time, funding for the beach
                            nourishment portion of the project is authorized by the NYS
                            Legislature on a periodic basis. The existing allocation of State
                            funds will expire upon completion of the current project operations.
                            Although the nourishment of the Jones Island shorefront has been
                            informally assigned a high degree of priority, there is no guarantee
                            that approval will be granted for any given request.

                            If funding is not procured to cover the State's portion of project
                            cost, the ACOE may be compelled (under its primary obligation to
                            maintain the navigability of the channel) to proceed with the
                            dredging operation. Under these circumstances, the ACOE would be
                            expected to dispose the spoil in the least costly manner, which
                            usually means open water dumping. Given the scope of the impacts
                            that would result from the formation of a new inlet through the
                            barrier island, it is important that a more reliable mechanism by
                            found for securing the financial resources needed to undertake beach
                            nourishment operations.    The New York State Department of State
                            (January 1992) recommends that special legislation be adopted to
                            require that suitable dredge spoil from ACOE projects is always
                            used, when needed, for beach nourishment.


                     4.9.2  DUNE AND EMBANKMENT RECONSTRUCTION

                            Dune and embankment reconstruction is undertaken under the
                            provisions of an emergency action plan to shore up the protective
                            barrier along the south side of Ocean Parkway. This plan has been
                            implemented by a committee consisting of the various governmental
                            agencies that have jurisdiction in the area of active erosion, with
                            primary objectives of maintaining the existing features on the
                            barrier island and preventing the formation of a new inlet.       This
                            remediation program serves as an essential supplement to the beach
                            nourishment project, and should be continued on an as-needed basis
                            into the indefinite future.



                     4.9.3  MAINTENANCE OF THE SORE THUMB

                            As discussed in Section 4.4.1.B, the recent stability of the
                            shoreline at Oak Beach has resulted primarily from the protection
                            against tidal scouring that has been provided by the Sore Thumb
                            since its construction in 1959. The continued stability of the Oak
                            Beach shoreline is dependent on this structure being maintained, as
                            required, against long-term scouring. Recent storms have caused a
                            significant loss of material from the Sore Thumb, and the need for
                            restoration appears to be imminent.

                            Since the Sore Thumb was constructed to achieve the express
                            objective of mitigating shoreline recession that was being
                            experienced by the residential properties at Oak Beach, the original

                                                      4-59








                      construction costs for that project can be directly attributed to
                      the existence of the Oak Beach communities; no such measures would
                      have been necessary if Oak Beach were not developed. Similarly, any
                      activities which are required to maintain or restore the Sore Thumb
                      would be done so for the principal purpose of protecting the Oak
                      Beach communities from shoreline erosion. Thus, the costs incurred
                      to ensure the continued viability of this mitigation measure would
                      likewise be directly attributable to the existence of the Oak Beach
                      communities.    In contrast, the storm damage protection that is
                      afforded to the West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach communities by means of
                      the beach nourishment and dune restoration projects is more or less
                      incidental to the protection of Ocean Parkway and Great South Bay,
                      which are resources of regional importance.


              4.9.4   COASTAL EROSION HAZARD AREA LEGISLATION

                      Chapter 99 of the Babylon Town Code governs construction activities
                      in the designated coastal erosion hazard area (CEHA), which pertains
                      to the seaward-most row of houses in the Oak Beach communities. As
                      discussed in Section 4.5.1.C, the Town Department of Environmental
                      Control intends to use its permitting powers under this regulation
                      to recommend the denial of a permit to reconstruct any house in the
                      CEHA that has sustained storm damage comprising 50 percent or more
                      of the pre-storm value of the house.       However,  the language of
                      Chapter 99 is not clear with respect to this issue, which would not
                      serve the Town well in the event that a denial       of a post-storm
                      restoration permit is challenged by the applicant.

                      The language of the law should be clarified regarding the use of
                      Chapter 99 to phase out development in the CEHA, which is a goal
                      that has been strongly advocated by NYSDOS (Anders, NYSDOS, December
                      28, 1992, telephone communication).     A clause should be inserted
                      that specifically states the circumstances under which a CEHA permit
                      will be denied and presents the reasons that such action would be of
                      benefit to the Town.     Revising the law in this manner will not
                      affect the applicant's right to seek relief under the existing
                      appeal procedure or under Article 78 of the Civil Practice Law and
                      Rules. However, the Town's case in an Article 78 proceeding would
                      be improved if the ordinance explicitly defines the powers of the
                      CEHA Program Administrator regarding the denial of permits for post-
                      storm reconstruction and gives the environmental justification for
                      such action.

                      As discussed in Section 4.5.1.C, it is likely that the post-storm
                      reconstruction prohibition for CEHAs will soon be challenged for the
                      first time in nearby towns as a result of the destruction caused by
                      the 11-12 December 1992 northeaster.     The Town of Babylon should
                      closely monitor this situation as it develops to determine if the
                      information arising from those proceedings can be applied to the
                      subject Outer Beach communities or the local coastal erosion
                      regulations that pertain thereto.

                                                4-60









                            The NFIP provides a mechanism for the acquisition of storm-damaged
                            strutures, if it is determined that financial compensation should be
                            provided in lieu of allowing such structures to be restored. Part
                            77 of the FEMA regulations (44 CFR, Chapter 1) specify the criteria
                            under which negotiations for acquisition can be commenced by FEMA,
                            as follows:

                              0   the property in question must be located in a flood risk area
                                  (which applies to the entire study area);
                              0   the property must have been covered by a flood insurance policy
                                  under the NFIP at the time of the loss;
                              #   the structure must be substantially storm-damaged; and
                              9   the Town must agree to maintain the property as undeveloped
                                  open space following acquisition of the structure.

                            Since the Town of Babylon owns the land on which the houses in the
                            subject communities are located, FEMA's obligation under these
                            regulations would probably only pertain to the acquisition of the
                            house. Any additional costs that may be incurred, such as payments
                            to cover the resident's loss of the use of the land due to premature
                            lease termination (see Section 8.2), are not discussed in the
                            regulations, and likely would not be covered.


                     4.9.5  DUNE WALK-OVERS

                            Numerous pedestrian paths have been cut across the primary dunes
                            along Ocean Parkway. . Although some of these dune walk-overs are
                            remote from the developed areas and clearly are not associated with
                            the activities of the residents of the subject communities, it is
                            equally evident that the existence of other walk-overs is due more
                            or less entirely to pedestrian traffic from the West Gilgo and Gilgo
                            Beach communities. Besides the ecological impacts that result from
                            the destruction of dune grass (see Section 5.1.4), these paths
                            diminish the protective capabilities of the dunes and render the
                            back dune area more susceptible to storm damage.

                            Formal access to the beach from these two communities, which avoids
                            impacts to the dunes, is provided by means of a single underpass at
                            each location.   The Gilgo underpass is centrally situated in the
                            public parking area, while the West Gilgo underpass is at the
                            extreme eastern end of the community.         Both underpasses are
                            inconveniently located for a large number of the community
                            residents.   Furthermore, the West Gilgo underpass has been almost
                            completely obstructed with concrete debris and fill in an effort to
                            prevent stormwaters from flowing through the underpass to the north
                            side of Ocean Parkway.

                            Initially, it was thought that this problem could be mitigated by
                            means of a program consisting of: the preparation of an
                            informational brochure for distribution to the affected communities
                            (i.e., West Gilgo Beach and Gilgo Beach); a dune management plan

                                                      4-61









                     that includes the siting of dune walkovers and/or erecting
                     pedestrian boardwalks over the dunes; additional signs and fences to
                     discourage people from seeking passage over unprotected dunes; and
                     enhanced enforcement of Section 81-29(3)(a) of the Town of Babylon
                     Code, which prohibits pedestrian traffic on primary dunes and
                     interdune areas except at specially designated dune crossing areas.
                     These measures would also have been applied to those areas away from
                     the subject communities where dune walk-overs exist (i.e., at the
                     coves in Gilgo State Park that are used by summer boaters).

                     Site conditions have been drastically altered by the 11-12 December
                     1992 northeaster.    Presently, very little of the original dunes
                     remains along the ocean shoreline fronting the West Gilgo Beach
                     community, and a six to eight-foot high erosion scarp has been cut
                     into the dune face at this location.       Although the Gilgo Beach
                     shoreline escaped without sustaining a similar level of damage, this
                     outcome was largely the result of the protective buffering provided
                     by sand deposited during the ongoing beach nourishment project.
                     Most of the sand that had been placed on Gilgo Beach was washed away
                     by the storm, leaving the dunes in this area vulnerable to future
                     erosion. Under these circumstances, addressing the dune walk-over
                     problem has become secondary to restoring the storm-damaged sections
                     of dunes. However, once the placement of artificial embankment has
                     been completed, pedestrian traffic across this embankment should be
                     monitored and mitigation measures should be routed over properly
                     sited and constructed dune walkover structures.



              4.9.6  LOCALIZED SHORELINE EROSION ON CAPTREE ISLAND

                     As noted in Section 4.5.3.C, a significant amount of shoreline
                     erosion has occurred at the eastern end of the Captree Island
                     community, as well as on the opposite shore of the State Boat
                     Channel, apparently due to wakes generated by passing boats. This
                     situation exists despite a posted speed limit of 5 mph. In order to
                     curtail future shoreline recession in this area, it is recommended
                     that the Town step up enforcement efforts, enlisting appropriate
                     assistance from other agencies having jurisdiction in such matters
                     (e.g., U.S. Coast Guard).













                                               4-62










               4.10 LIST OF REFERENCES


               Anders, Fred. December 28, 1992. New York State Department of State, Division
               of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization. Telephone communication.

               Buttner, Peter J.R., and John E. Sanders. March 1992. Untitled article. Water
               Ways. Vol. 2, No. 13, p. 17.

               Cashin Associates, P.C. September 1993. "Scientific Literature Review: The
               Environmental Impacts of Barrier Island Breaching with Particular Focus on the
               South Shore of Long Island, New York". Report prepared for the State of New York
               Department of State.

               Castenada, Raoul. May 24, 1994. Town of Babylon Department of Environmental
               Control. Telephone communication.

               Coch, N.K., and M.F. Wolff. 1991. "Effects of Hurricane Hugo Storm Surge in
               Coastal South Carolina". Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 8, 1991,
               pp. 201-226.

               Coch, N.K., and M.F. Wolff. 1990. "Probable Effects of a Storm Like Hurricane
               Hugo Storm Surge on Long Island". Northeastern Environmental Science, Vol. 9.
               No. 1/2, pp. 33-47.

               Cyril Galvin, Coastal Engineer. July 1985 (revision). Final Report: Review of
               General Design Memorandum for Project Works at Fire Island Inlet. Prepared for
               the New York District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

               Daley, William. December 17, 1992. New York State Department of Environmental
               Conservation, Bureau of Flood Protection. Telephone communication.

               Davis, Randall. November 20, 1992. New York State Emergency Management Office.
               Telephone communication.

               DeHenzel, Robert.     October 6, 1992.     Flood Insurance Operations, Federal
               Emergency Management Agency. Telephone communication.

               DeQuillfeldt, Charles. June 1992.    "Review of Coliform Data Shellfish Land #3:
               Great South Bay, Suffolk/Nassau Line to Robert Moses Causeway".     State of New
               York Department of Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, New York.

               Douglas, Roy. September 27, 1990. "The 1938 Hurricane in the Town of Babylon".
               The Beacon. Page 7.

               Douglas, Roy. September 20, 1990. "The 1938 Hurricane in the Town of Babylon".
               The Beacon. Page 5.

               Eagleman, Joe R. 1980. Meteorology: The Atmosphere in Action. D. Van Nostrand
               Company, New York.



                                                      4-63








         Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 4, 1987. Flood Insurance Study for
         the Town of Babylon, Suffolk County, New York (Community Number 360790).

         Federal Emergency Management Agency. September 1982. Flood Insurance Report:
         Wave Height Analysis for the Town of Babylon, Suffolk County, New York (Community
         Number 360790).

         Federal Emergency Management Agency.     Flood Insurance Rate Maps for the Town of
         Babylon, Suffolk County, New York. Revised May 18, 1992.

         Federal Insurance Agency. 1991. Report to Stakeholders for Fiscal Year 1991.

         Hanse, Gilbert W., Jr.     December 14 and December 21, 1992.       Town of Babylon
         Office of Emergency Preparedness. Telephone communications.

         Hanse, Gilbert W., Jr. October 6, 1993. Town of Babylon Office of Emergency
         Preparedness. Anformation provided during meeting.

         Hawkins Hal . December 21 and November 12, 1992. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
         New York District. Telephone communications.

         Hyl and, Frank.    December 28, 1992.       Long Island State Parks Commission.
         Telephone communication.

         Ingham, Michael, and Paul Grosser.      August 1990.    Final Environmental Impact
         Statement for the Replacement of an Existing House at 19 Cottage Walk, Gilgo
         Beach, Town of Babylon, New York.

         Ingham, Michael, and Jack Foehrenbach. October 1989. Draft Environmental Impact
         Statement for the Replacement of an Existing House at 19 Cottage Walk, Gilgo
         -Beach, Town of Babylon, New York.

         Kassner, Jeffrey, and John A. Black. July 1984. "Long Island's Western Beaches
         and Inlets". Shore and Beach.

         Kassner, Jeffrey, and John A. Black.      October 1983.    "Fire Island Inlet, New
         York: Management of a Complex Inlet". Shore and Beach.

         Kluesener, Ron. December 14, 1992. Town of Babylon Department of Environmental
         Control. Telephone,communication.

         -Kraus, Nicholas C., Willie A. Brown, and Steven A. Hughes. August 1986. Ocean
         Beach Wave Climate Study. Prepared for the New York District of the U.S. Army
         Corps of Engineers.

         Leatherman, Stephen P.       1982     Barrier Island Handbook, Second Edition.
         University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

         Lewis, Donald C. November 6, 1992. "Hurricane Evacuation Clearance Times in the
         New York Metropolitan Region". Presentation at "The Next Long Island Hurricane -
         Are We Ready for the Big One", conference held at Hofstra University, Hempstead,
         New York.


                                                 4-64









                Long Island Regional Planning Board.    December 1991.   Design of a Long Island
                South Shore Erosion Monitoring Program.

                Long Island Regional Planning Board. October 1984. Hurricane Damage Mitigation
                Plan for the South Shore of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York.

                Long Island Regional Planning Board. July 1978. The Long Island Comprehensive
                Waste Treatment Management Plan.

                Marine Sciences Research Center. 1973. Final Report of the Oceanographic and
                Biological Study for the Southwest Sewer District No.3. Suffolk County, New York.
                State University of New York at Stony Brook.

                McDuffie, Allan. November 6, 1992. "Hurricane Evacuation Study: Technical Data
                Report for New York City, Westchester and Long Island Region". U.S. Army Corps
                of Engineers, Wilmington District, North Carolina.     Presentation at "The Next
                Long Island Hurricane: Are We Ready for the Big One?", conference at Hofstra
                University, Hempstead, New York.

                Mc Gilvery, Frank.     November 2, 1992.      U.S. Department of the Interior,
                Washington D.C. Telephone communication.

                New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Marine
                Resources.   October 1990.     "Tidal Wetlands Land Use Regulations.      6 NYCRR
                Part 661.

                New York State Emergency Management Office, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
                and U.S. Army Corps 'of Engineers.     January 1992.   New York State Hurricane
                Evacuation Study: Hazards Analysis (Appendix E).

                New York State Emergency Management Office, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
                and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.      August 1991.    New York State Hurricane
                Evacuation Study: Behavioral Analysis (Appendix F).

                New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation; and the
                State Emergency Management Office.    February 1988.   "Coastal Erosion Response
                Plan for the Jones Beach Barrier Island".

                Pore, N.A., and C.S. Barrientos. February 1976. Storm Surge. Marine Ecosystems
                Analysis (MESA), New York Bight Project Atlas Monograph 6. New York Sea Grant
                Insitute, Albany, New York.

                Schubel, J.R.,'T.M. Bell, and H.H. Carter, editors. 1991. The Great South Bay.
                Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York Press.

                Stevens, William K. March 25, 1990. "More Strong Hurricanes Predicted for East
                in Next 2 Decades". New York Times. p. C4.

                Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Division of Environmental Quality.
                August 1986.   "Standards for Approval of Plans and Construction of Subsurface
                Sewage Disposal Systems for Single-Family Residences.


                                                      4-65









          Taney, Norman E.     September 1961.     Geomorphology of the South Shore of Long
          Island.    Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board.
          Technical Memorandum No. 128.

          Tanski, Jay, and Henry Bokuniewicz. August 1989. A Preliminary Assessment of
          Erosion Management Strategies for the South Shore of Long Island: Proceedings of
          a Workshop Held June 22-24, 1989.

          Tanski, Jay, and Henry Bokuniewicz. June 1989. An overview and Assessment of
          the Coastal Processes Data Base for the South Shore of-Long Island: Proceedings
          of a Workshop Held April 20-21, 1989.

          Tanski, Jay, and Henry Bokuniewicz. April 1989.        Identification and Assessment
          of Technical Information Reguirements for Developi@q Coastal Erosion Management
          Ttrategies: Proceedings of a Workshop      Held February 24-25, 1989.

          Thom, Catherine. December      20, 1992.   Small Business Administration - Disaster
          Assistance Office, Niagara     Falls, New  York. Written communication.

          Thom, Catherine.     December  3, 1992.    Small Business Administration - Disaster
          Assistance Office, Niagara     Falls, New  York. Telephone communication.

          Topo-Metrics, Inc.       1980.   "Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection
          Project: Fire Island Inlet     to Montauk Point". Photogrammetric Maps.

          Uybarreta, Bros.    December 1, 1992.      Small Business Administration - Disaster
          Assistance Office, Niagara     Falls, New  York. Telephone communication.

          Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. January 1951. "Report on a Survey of the
          Hydrography of Great South Bay made during the summer of 1950 for the Town of
          Islip, N.Y. Reference No. 50-48.

          Zitani, Brian.     December 1, 1992, and December 17, 1992.           Town of Babylon
          Department of Environmental Control. Telephone communications.




















                                                   4-66,















               60
                                                    16 houses surveyed



               50



      w

      w
      Of       40

      (A

      0
      w
      (A
      D
      0        3o -
      T


      0

      i-
      Z
      w        20
      U
      w
      w



               10 -





                                                                      BFE    9 ft.
                 0           -T-
                    3-3.9 4-4.9 5-5.9          6 - 6.9 7 - 7.9 8 - 8.9 9 - 9.9 10 -10.9   11-11.9    12-

                                        FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet above MSL)
          Figure 4-1:  Distribution of first floor elevations in West Gilgo Beach community (V6 zone, BFE = 9 feet)











               60
                                                     48 houses surveyed



               50






               40
       D
       (n

       Ln
       w
       Ln
       D       30
       0
       T

       LL-
       0

       F--
       Z
               20






               10




                                                                                 FE    12 ft


                     5-5.9    6-6.9    7-7.9    8-8.9    9-9.9 10-10.9 11-11.9 12-12.9 13-13@9         14-

                                         FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet above MSL)
          Figure 4-2:   Distribution of first floor elevations in West Gilgo Beach community (VII zone, BFE 12 feet)














               60
                                                    32 houses surveyed



               50


      Q



               40

      U)

      U)
      w
      V)
      D        30
      0
      1:

      LL
      0


      Z
      w        20
      U

      w



               10


                                                                               BFE    12 ft    Z
                 0

                    5-5.9    6-6.9    7-7.9    8-8.9    9-9.9 10-10.9 11-11.9 12-12.9 13-13.9         14-

                                        FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet above MSQ
          Figure 4-3:  Distribution of first floor elevations in Gilgo Beach West community (VII zone, BFE 12 feet)











               60
                                                     21 houses surveyed



               50




       w
       Ir-     40
       D
       V)

       V)

       V)
       D       30
       0
       T

       LL
       0


       Z
       w       20

       w



               10

                                                                              BFE    9 ft.
                 0                                                              r// A
                     3-3.9     4-4.9     5-5.9     6-6.9     7-7.9     8-8.9     9-9.9    10-10.9     11-
                                        V@//

                                         FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet above MSL)
          Figure 4-4:  Distribution of first floor elevations in Gilgo Beach East comunity (V6 zone, BFE 9 feet)














               60
                                                      47 houses surveyed


               50






      af       40
      D
      V)

      V)

                                                       BFE    8 ft.
      D        30
      T

      LL-
      0


      Z
      LLJ      20

      LLJ
      a-


               10
                                                                           77-717
                    7771
                 0     T        I
                     4-4.9    5-5.9    6-6.9    7-7.9     8-8.9    9-9.9   10-10.9 11-11.9 12-12.9       13-

                                         FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet above MSL)
          Figure 4-5:   Distribution of first floor elevations in Oak Island community (A6 zone, BFE 8 feet)



                                           L 1 11110









               60
                                                     7 houses surveyed



               50


       Q
       w

       w
               40

       V)

       V)
       w
       U)
       D       30
       0
       I

       LL
       0

       Z       20
       w
       0
       ty
       w



               10




                                                                                       BFIE   9 ft.
                 0
                               P/Z




                      3-3.9      4-4.9      5-5.9       6-6.9      7-7.9      8-8.9       9-9.9       10-

                                         FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet obove MSL)
          Figure 4-6:   Distribution of first floor elevations in Oak Island community (V6 zone, BFE 9 feet)














                60
                                                    27 houses surveyed



                50


        Q



        (Y      40
        D
        V)


        V)                                             BFE   8 ft.
        D       30
        0
        T

        LL
        0

        I--
        Z       20-
        Ld
        U





                10






                  0

                      4-4.9    5-5.9    6-6.9    7-7.9    8-8.9    9-9.9 10-10.9 11-11.9 12-12.9       13-

                                          FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet above MSL)

          Figure 4-7:  Distribution of first floor elevations in Captree Island community (A6 zone, BFE 8 feet)











               60
                                                   39 houses surveyed



               50





               40
      D
      (n

      U)
      w
      U)
      D        30
      0
      T


      0


      Z
               20

      (Y
      w



               10
                                                                     BFE    9 ft.
                                                                       M / F771
                 0

                    3-3.9    4-4.9   5-5.9    6-6.9    7-7.9   8-8.9    9-9.9 10-10.9 11 -11.9     12-

                                       FIRST FLOOR  ELEVATION (feet obove MSQ
          Figure 4-8:  Distribution of first floor elevations in Oak Beach (unassociated) community
                        (V8 zone, BFE 9 feet)















               60
                                                     81 houses surveyed



               50



      w

      w

               40

      U)

      Cf)
      w
      U)
      D        30
      0
      1


      0


      Z
      w        20
      0


      CL


               10

                                                              BFE    9 ft.

                 0                                     F771
                    4-4.9    5-5.9    6-6.9     7-7.9   8-8.9     9-9.9 10-10.9 11-11.9    12-12.9    13-

                                        FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION (feet obove MSL)
          Figure 4-9:  Distribution of first floor elevations in Oak Beach (unassociated) comunity
                        (V9 zone, BFE = 10 feet)











                60
                                                      69 houses surveyed



                50






                40
       D
       W

       V)

       D        30
       0
       1

       L.L
       0


       Z
                20


                                                                3FE   10 ft.
       CL


                10






                  0

                     5-5.9    6-6.9     7-7.9    8-8.9    9-9.9   10-10.,9 11-11.9  12-12.9 13-13.9      14-

                                          FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION  (feet ab ove MSL)
          Figure 4-10: Distribution of first floor elevations in Oak Beach Association (V8 zone, BFE  9 feet)










                                                                   Table 4-1

                                              Erosion Protection Structures in the Study Area



                                           Length of                          Length of Shore-       Length of
            Community Name                 Natural            Length of       line with Groins       Other           Total Length
                                           Shoreline          Bulkhead        and Revetments         Shoreline       of Shoreline



            West Gilgo Beach                   600                 640              -----              -----              1,240
                                                               (D= 250)


            Gilgo Beach                     -----               1,910               -----              -----              1,910
                                                               (D= 50)


            Oak Island                      2,210               3,710               -----                  30             5,950
                                            (see               (D= 330)                              (concrete
                                             notes)            (L= 510)                                   wall)


            Captree Island                  1,280               2,590                  630             -----              4,500
                                                               (D= 610)
                                                               (L= 430)


            Oak Beach                       1,830               1,700               1,430                 150             5,110
                                                               (D= 50)                              (stone wall)


            Oak Beach  Assoc.               2,330               2,030               1,030              -----              5,390
                                                               (L= 100)



            TOTALS                          8,250              12,580               3,090                 180             24,100
                                                             (D= 1,290)
                                                             (L= 1,040)






                                                       Table 4-1 (continued)

                                          Erosion Protection Structures in the Study Area



           NOTES:


                 All lengths are in feet

                 L = low bulkhead (less than ï¿½ 2 feet)

                 * = loss of fill material behind bulkhead

                 D = deteriorated bulkhead



           0 West Gilgo Beach includes entire western shoreline of West Gilgo boat basin to northerly end of bulkhead

           0  Gilgo Beach includes entire length of shoreline within residential leased lots

           0  Oak Island includes entire length of shoreline within residential leased lots

           0  Captree Island includes entire length of shoreline within residential leased lots

           0  Oak Beach includes shoreline from westernmost pier at Oak Beach West to L-shaped pier at the Oak Beach Inn,
              excluding the f2500-foot segment of stabilized shoreline along Oak Beach Avenue which does not contain houses

           9  Oak Beach Association includes shoreline from West Gate groin to the easternmost pier


           0  The length of natural shoreline on Oak Island includes a 500-foot segment in which residents have installed
              plywood sheeting on the landward side of the boardwalk as a makeshift erosion protection device.



   I I I I I I I l@@ @Mmm m m m m














                               I
                               I-






                  i-- * SECTION 5









                                                SECTION 5
                                    INTERACTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS



               SECTION                                                                      Paqe

          5.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                   5-1

          5.1 EXISTING COASTAL BOTANY                                                        5-1

               5.1.1     TIDAL WETLANDS                                                      5-1

                   A. State Inventory and Classification                                     5-1
                   B. Apparent Differences with State Mapping                                5-2
                   C. Impacts to Tidal Wetlands                                              5-4
                   D. Marsh Grass Density and Biomass Studies                                5-5

               5.1.2  FRESHWATER WETLANDS                                                    5-6

                   A. State Inventory and   Classification                                   5-6
                   B. Apparent Differences with State Mapping                                5-6
                   C. Impacts to Freshwater Wetlands                                         5-7

               5.1.3  UPLANDS AND WOODLANDS                                                  5-7

               5.1.4  DUNES AND BEACHES                                                      5-8

               5.1.5  URBAN VEGETATION                                                      5-10

          5.2  EXISTING WILDLIFE RESOURCES                                                  5-11

               5.2.1  ENDANGERED, THREATENED AND SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES                    5-11

                   A. General Discussion of Listed Species                                  5-11
                   B. Piping Plover                                                         5-12
                   C. Least Tern                                                            5-12
                   D. Roseate Tern                                                          5-13
                   E. Common Tern                                                           5-13
                   F. Northern Harrier                                                      5-14


               5.2.2  BIRDS                                                                 5-14

                   A. Ducks, Geese and   Swans                                              5-15
                   B. Colonial Waterbirds                                                   5-15
                   C. Raptors and Songbirds                                                 5-17

               5.2.3  FINFISH                                                               5-17

                   A. Species   Occurrences                                                 5-17
                   B. Impacts  to Finfish                                                   5-19
                   C. Regulatory Control                                                    5-19

               5.2.4  SHELLFISH AND CRUSTACEANS                                             5-20

                   A. Species Occurrences, General Biology and Harvest                      5-20
                   B. Shellfish Harvesting Waters                                           5-23









                      SECTION                                                                      Paqe

                       5.2.5 MAMMALS AND FERAL ANIMALS                                             5-24


                          A. Native Mamma7s                                                        5-24
                          B. Feral Mamals                                                          5-25

                 5.3 VARIATIONS TO THE NATIVE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITIES                               5-25

                       5.3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE                                                5-25

                       5.3.2 ENCROACHMENT OF ORNAMENTAL LANDSCAPE PLANTS INTO
                              SURROUNDING VEGETATIVE COMMUNITIES                                   5-27

                       5.3.3 PINE WILT DISEASE                                                     5-28

                       5.3.4 MOSQUITO DITCHES

                       5.3.5 MOWING PRACTICES                                                      5-31

                 5.4   VARIATIONS IN WILDLIFE   POPULATIONS                                        5-32


                       5.4.1 POPULATION SHIFTS IN RESPONSE TO CHANGING VEGETATIVE PATTERNS         5-32


                       5.4.2 YEAR-ROUND VERSUS SEASONAL DISTURBANCES                               5-34

                 5.5   LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS                                      5-34

                       5.5.1 FEDERAL REGULATIONS                                                   5-34

                          A. Section 404 of the Clean Water Act                                    5-34
                          B. The*Endangered Species Act                                            5-35
                          C. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act                                         5-36

                       5.5.2 STATE REGULATIONS                                                     5-36

                          A. ECL Article 24 - Freshwater Wetlands                                  5-36
                          B. ECL Article 25 - Tidal Wetlands                                       5-37

                       5.5.3 TOWN REGULATIONS                                                      5-37

                          A. Town Zoning                                                           5-37
                          B. Other Town Codes                                                      5-37

                 5.6 MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES CONCERNING COASTAL BOTANY                             5-40

                       5.6.1 TIDAL WETLANDS                                                        5-40

                       5.6.2 FRESHWATER WETLANDS                                                   5-41

                       5.6.3 UPLANDS, WOODLANDS AND URBAN VEGETATION,                              5-42

                       5.6.4 DUNES AND BEACHES                                                     5-43









             SECTION                                                               Paqe

         5.7 MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES CONCERNING WILDLIFE RESOURCES                 5-43

              5.7.1 ENDANGERED, THREATENED, SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES AND
                     OTHER BIRDS                                                   5-43

              5.7.2 FINFISH, SHELLFISH AND CRUSTACEANS                             5-45

              5.7.3 MAMMALS AND FERAL ANIMALS                                      5-45

         5.8  REFERENCES                                                           5-47










                                                   SECTION 5

                                       INTERACTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS



               5.0  INTRODUCTION

                    The objective of this Section is to determine if the barrier and bay island
                    communities have created any impacts on the natural systems within the
                    study area. The introduction of residential development into an otherwise
                    pristine area is bound to initially produce significant impacts on the
                    local flora and fauna.     However, some of these communities were first
                    established nearly a century ago, and the primary purpose of this study is
                    to assess the significance of the current impacts.

                    The production of this Section relied heavily upon a review of existing
                    research and literature covering the study area.       Supplementary field
                    investigations were conducted to verify and update documented conditions.
                    Each subsection provides an inventory of the natural amenity found within
                    the study area, followed by a discussion of the community impacts on that
                    amenity.



               5.1  COASTAL BOTANY


                    5.1.1 TIDAL WETLANDS

                       A. State Inventory and Classification

                       Wetlands within the study area have been classified by NYSDEC as either
                       tidal or freshwater, based on the vegetation they support. The type of
                       vegetation is largely determined by the salinity of the surface water
                       and the degree of inundation. The depth of water and the predominance
                       of certain vegetative species serve as indicators to help distinguish
                       between different types of wetlands.

                       Tidal wetlands constitute one of the most biologically productive of the
                       natural systems within the study area. They serve as nurseries for fish
                       and shellfish, they are vital to marine food production and provide
                       valuable wildlife habitat. Tidal wetlands also serve several functions
                       including flood and storm control, ecosystem cleansing and control of
                       sedimentation. There are several regulatory mechanisms in place on the
                       federal, state and local level acting to protect and preserve tidal
                       wetlands. These are described at length in Section 5.5.

                       Tidal wetlands have been inventoried and mapped by NYSDEC on 1974
                       aerial photographs.    These tidal wetland boundaries were officially
                       adopted' in 1977 when the State's Tidal Wetlands Regulations (Article 25
                       of the Environmental Conservation Law of New York State) went into
                       effect. The tidal wetlands found within the study area consist of four
                       major ecological zones:

                                                     5-1








                     0 High marsh or salt meadow: Designated as HM on NYSDEC inventory
                     maps. This is the uppermost tidal wetland zone usually dominated by
                     salt meadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and saltgrass (Distichlis
                     spicata).    This zone is periodically flooded by spring and storm
                     tides, and is often vegetated by low vigor smooth cordgrass (Spartina
                     alterniflora) and seaside lavender (Limonium carolinianum).            The
                     upper limits of this zone often include black grass (Juncus gerardi),
                     marsh   elder   (Iva   frutescens)    and  groundsel    bush    (Baccharis
                     halimifolia).

                     0 Intertidal marsh: Designated as IM on NYSDEC inventory maps. This
                     vegetated zone lies generally between the average high and low tidal
                     elevation, and is usually dominated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina
                     alterniflora).

                     0 Coastal shoals, bars and mudflats:        Designated as SM on NYSDEC
                     inventory maps.    This zone includes areas that are exposed at low
                     tide or covered by water to a maximum depth of one foot, and
                     typically not vegetated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora).
                     This zone may merge with normally flooded shallow waters wiTi7ch
                     support eel grass (Zostera sp.)

                     0 Littoral Zone: Designated as LZ on NYSDEC inventory maps. This is
                     a zone of open water which includes shallow bay bottoms with a
                     maximum depth of six feet measured from mean low water elevation.
                     This is a highly productive zone of great value to waterfowl,
                     fisheries and shellfish.

                  In addition, the 1974 NYSDEC tidal wetland maps included designations
                  for dredge spoil disposal areas (ds). Portions of Gilgo Island, Island
                  (No. 8) north of Gilgo Island, Ox Island, East Nezarus Island, West
                  Nezarus Island, Grass Island and Captree Island have been mapped by
                  NYSDEC as dredge spoil areas. However, no such lands have been mapped
                  by NYSDEC within or immediately adjacent to the coastal communities in
                  the study area.

                  B. Apparent Differences with State Mapping

                  Cashin Associates (CA) reviewed the 1974 NYSDEC Tidal Wetland Maps and
                  compared these with the September 23, 1992 aerial photographs taken as
                  part of this ecological study. Any apparent changes to the upland edge
                  of the .1974 NYSDEC tidal wetland boundary and any gross changes in the
                  type of vegetative cover were noted in the office and then checked in
                  the field.. Table 5-1 lists the plant species identified by CA growing
                  in the tidal wetlands.         Plates 2A through 2G depict a current
                  approximation of the tidal wetland zones which border the coastal
                  communities in the study area.        The boundaries depicted have been
                  determined primarily through photo interpretation and limited ground
                  surveillance.    These boundaries should not be construed as legal or
                  state regulatory boundaries. NYSDEC is currently updating their 1974
                  Tidal Wetlands maps for Suffolk County, and projects that revised maps


                                                  5-2









                        coveri ng the Town of Babyl on coastal areas wi 11 be avai I abl e f or publ i c
                        review in 1996 (Mushacke, November 12, 1992).

                        The major differences between the Figures in this report and the 1974
                        NYSDEC Tidal Wetlands maps are summarized as follows:

                           0 A greater representation of IM in areas formerly mapped as HM by
                           NYSDEC;

                           0 An increase in the extent of IM fringe areas bordering the
                           residential lots on Oak Island;

                           0 A transformation from freshwater marsh to tidal wetlands within the
                           Oak Beach Association area.

                        There are several probable causes for these differences.     The initial
                        mapping conducted by NYSDEC in the early 1970's may not have been as
                        accurate as the methodologies currently used. Therefore distinctions
                        between different vegetative zones are more readily apparent due to
                        improvements in aerial imagery and mapping technology. Another causal
                        factor could be a general increase in the amount of area on the south
                        shore subject to tidal inundation. This may be due to any combination
                        of possible factors affective wetland hydrology (e.g. changes in tidal
                        range due to inlet maintenance, changes in drainage on the bay islands
                        through improved ditching, and sea level rise). As mentioned earlier,
                        NYSDEC is currently in the process of revising the upland/tidal boundary
                        using infrared satellite imagery, low altitude helicopter flights and
                        ground surveillance. Based on their recent work on Shinnecock Inlet and
                        Moriches Bay, NYSDEC has also discovered a general landward movement in
                        the tidal/upland boundary.      Significant areas which were formerly
                        classified as upland have gone through a transition and currently
                        support HM and IM vegetation (Mushacke, November 12, 1992).

                        The transformation of one freshwater marsh to a tidal wetland in the Oak
                        Beach Association was caused directly by man-made changes to the wetland
                        hydrology.   As shown in Plate 2G, the northern side of the Oak Beach
                        Association development borders a large freshwater wetland system. This
                        freshwater wetland drains through a main surface drainage ditch to a
                        pipe culvert "under the road at the western end of the community.
                        According to the Suffolk County Bureau of Vector Control (SCBVC) this
                        freshwater wetland historically drained directly to Fire Island Inlet.
                        However, due to dune development this natural outlet was blocked
                        (Sperry, SCBVC, November 10, 1992).      This large freshwater wetland
                        currently drains into a smaller marsh located to the west of the
                        association entrance, between the double row of homes.      This smaller
                        marsh receives drainage through a series of surface ditches from
                        undeveloped lots to the north and surface runoff from the development
                        roadway. This smaller marsh drains through a pipe on the western end
                        and outlets to a surface ditch further west. This main surface ditch
                        also collects drainage from other ditches, and eventually joins a pipe
                        and outlets to Fire Island Inlet approximately 1500 feet east of the Oak
                        Beach Inn.

                                                       5-3








                  Due to a large number of mosquito complaints from residents in the Oak
                  Beach Association, the surface drainage ditches and pipes were cleaned
                  out by SCBVC approximately three years ago to improve drainage
                  throughout this wetland system.         The final pipe outlet was also
                  replaced. According to SCBVC (Sperry, November 10, 1992), the original
                  outlet contained a flapper valve, which prevented the backflow of
                  saltwater up into the system during abnormal high tides and storm
                  events.   The new pipe outlet has no flapper valve, thereby permitting
                  occasional saltwater inundation.       During field reconnaissance, this
                  westerly located smaller wetland was found to support tidal marsh (HM)
                  vegetation including saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), saltgrass
                  (Distichlis spicata) and low vigor common reed (Phragmites communis).
                  The eastern end of this wetland, which is presumably slightly higher in
                  elevation, supports a taller stand of common reed. It is fairly common
                  to find a fringe of freshwater marsh vegetation bordering the upper edge
                  of a tidal marsh. This is shown in Plate 2G.

                  C. Impacts to Tidal Wetlands

                  Historically, the tidal wetlands within the study area have constituted
                  the main component of the natural ecosystem which experienced the
                  greatest loss and alteration due to past dredging and filling activities
                  related to the construction of Ocean Parkway, the creation of the State
                  Boat Channel, and residential development. A historical perspective of
                  the vegetative changes that resulted from these activities is discussed
                  in detail in Section 5.3.1. However, it must be noted that the majority
                  of the existing homes have been constructed on fill material that was
                  placed on top of tidal wetlands before the state regulations were
                  promulgated in the mid 1970's. In addition, many homes in Gilgo Beach
                  East and Oak Island, and a few on Captree Island occupy lands that are
                  currently classified as tidal wetlands.

                  The impacts of these residential communities on tidal wetland vegetation
                  can be categorized as either direct or indirect. Direct impacts include
                  those activities which residents may undertake which directly alter the
                  tidal botany or productivity of the tidal ecosystem within their
                  community.    Such activities include:      mowing, cutting or otherwise
                  removing tidal wetland plants; exposing tidal wetlands to traffic (i.e.,
                  foot, vehicular, boat, etc.); and disposing of waste materials on or
                  immediately adjacent to tidal wetlands.             Based on CA's field
                  investigations, the majority of the communities currently have had no or
                  limited direct impacts on tidal wetlands.          Mowing activities were
                  generally limited to residences in Gilgo Beach     East and Oak Island, and
                  off-road parking areas on Captree Island. This is discussed further in
                  Section 5.3.5.

                  CA found little to no traffic impacts on tidal wetlands in any of the
                  residential communities.      No pattern of regular vehicle traffic or
                  footpaths were found in the tidal wetland areas adjacent to the
                  communities. Boat access to Oak Island has apparently had no negative
                  impact on tidal vegetation.      IM and HM species have reestablished a
                  tidal   wetland   fringe    along   the   unprotected   shoreline,     behind

                                                   5-4










                        deteriorated structures and even in front of some bulkheads on Oak
                        Island, despite the frequent occurrence of boat wakes.

                        Many of the older homes in the East Gilgo community still have active
                        outhouses to dispose of sanitary wastes.      These privies are located
                        behind the homes, in or adjacent to tidal wetlands. Sanitary disposal
                        systems for homes in other communities typically consist of underground
                        septic tanks and leaching pools, or some modification thereof (Reynolds,
                        SCDHS, October 16, 1992). Although not quantified for the purposes of
                        this study, these systems have the potential to introduce significant
                        loads of ammonia nitrates, coliform bacteria and other pathogens into
                        the tidal wetland system. CA did not identify any dumping or disposal
                        of solid wastes in the community tidal wetland areas.

                        Indirect impacts on tidal wetlands vegetation include activities which
                        residents may undertake in adjacent areas that ultimately impact tidal
                        wetlands.   Such activities include the application of fertilizers and
                        the mosquito control practices (spraying and ditching) of the SCBVC.
                        These practices are described in further detail in Section 5.3.4. SCBVC
                        activities are conducted on an as-need-basis, based upon complaints
                        received from residents and property owners.

                        D. Marsh Grass Density and Biomass Studies

                        In January of 1991, EEA, Inc. completed a study which compared the
                        density of saltmarsh cordgrass growing adjacent to developed community
                        areas with outlying undeveloped areas.    The developed community areas
                        were represented by tidal marshes lying north of the residences on Oak
                        Island and Captree Island.    The undeveloped areas were represented by
                        tidal marshes on the bay islands of Gilgo Island, Cedar Island, Grass
                        Island and East Fire Island.     The EEA study conducted actual shoot
                        counts of s. alterniflora, taken in randomly distributed sample areas of
                        a uniform size (0.25 m        The study reported that no statistically
                        significant difference was found in marsh grass densities in the
                        developed versus undeveloped areas. Furthermore, the differences which
                        were recorded apparently resulted from factors other than the presence
                        of residential structures, such as differences in elevation or substrate
                        composition.

                        In a subsequent study, EEA, Inc. quantified the productivity of IM zones
                        in both developed and undeveloped areas (EEA, Inc., November 1992).
                        Marsh grass clippings were taken from similar random, uniform sample
                        locations during June and July of 1992.         Oven-dried weights were
                        determined and these values were subject to statistical analysis.
                        Findings of the biomass study corroborated the EEA marsh grass density
                        study. No significant differences was found between the developed and
                        undeveloped areas in terms of s. alterniflora biomass. Both EEA, Inc.
                        studies are contained in Appendix C.


                        The EEA data are consistent with the findings of CA's map and field
                        analyses.    Whereas CA's investigation indicates that the subject

                                                       5-5









                  residential communities have not significantly impacted overall wetlands
                  species distribution in the study area, EEA's study indicates that
                  wetland biomass productivity does not vary significantly between
                  developed and undisturbed areas.


              5.1.2 FRESHWATER WETLANDS

                  A. State Inventory and Uassification

                  In contrast to tidal wetlands, freshwater wetlands are not mapped or
                  classified by NYSDEC into different ecological zones.             However,
                  vegetative cover types are used to distinguish between freshwater
                  wetlands and other areas.    The presence of several vegetative species
                  are fairly good indicators of the occurrence of freshwater wetlands,
                  including:   wetl and trees  such as Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Willows
                  (all.iK spp.), Swamp White   Oak (Quercus bicolor), Silver Maple (Acer
                  saccharinnum) and Shadbush (Amelanchier arborea); wetland shrubs
                  including Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris), Sweet
                  Pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Cranberry
                  (Vaccinium macrocarpon), and Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum);
                  wet meadow species such as Rushes (Juncus spp.) and Sedges (Carex spp.);
                  and various emergent and submerged plants including Cattails (Typha
                  spp.), Bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), Loosestrife (Lythru spp.), Pondweeds
                  (Potamogeton sp.) and Water Smartweed (Polygonum amphibium).

                  Pursuant to the passage of the Freshwater Wetlands Act (Article 24 of
                  the Environmental Conservation Laws of New York) in 1975, NYSDEC
                  inventoried the freshwater wetlands in Suffolk County.          The state
                  regulation is discussed in detail in Section 5.5.         The state maps
                  indicate the presence of only one freshwater wetland system within the
                  study area. This system, which is located north of the homes in the Oak
                  Beach Association, consists of a larger wetland to the east and a
                  smaller wetland to the west. The NYSDEC identification number for this
                  wetland system is BW-8 (as depicted on the Bay Shore West Quadrangle
                  map). As discussed in Section 5.1.1, the western portion of this system
                  has since reverted to a salt marsh, due to alterations of drainage and
                  hydrology.   The eastern portion of this wetland system is a boggy
                  shallow marsh, primarily covered with peat moss and cranberries, various
                  rushes and sedges in the middle and the west, and cattails and common
                  reed in the east.

                  B. Apparent Differences with State Mapping

                  CA has identified several other areas of freshwater wetlands within and
                  adjacent to the coastal communities of the study area, which were not
10                originally mapped by NYSDEC.     Two are located within the West Gilgo
                  Beach community, as depicted in Plate 2A,      and another small area is
                  located east of the Oak Beach Association within the backdune area.
                  Although not accessed during the course of this study, it is highly
                  likely that    additional  freshwater wetlands     are   located  at the
                  northeastern end of Oak Island, between the wooded uplands and tidal

                                                 5-6









                         marshes. According to discussions with local residents, this area was
                         disturbed years ago in efforts to install wells and/or piping.

                         Table 5-2 lists the vegetative species found growing in the freshwater
                         wetlands of the study area. The larger wetland identified by CA within
                         the West Gilgo Beach community is dominated by large cranberries,
                         various ferns, highbush blueberry and arrowwood.        It appears that the
                         majority of the residents are generally not aware of the presence of
                         this wetland, due to the fact that it generally occupies undeveloped
                         lands to the north of the community and that approximately one acre of
                         it has been    meticulously kept mown for a ball field.        One resident,
                         however, indicated that Glossy Ibises return to this area every year
                         presumably to forage (Kluesener, October 9, 1992). Although this area
                         is not currently protected by NYSDEC as a freshwater wetland, it
                         supports a vegetative structure that would warrant future regulation.
                         This is discussed in Sections 5.3.5, 5.5.3 and 5.6.2.

                         C. Impacts to Freshwater Wet7ands

                         The freshwater wetland at Oak Beach Association is generally undisturbed
                         by human activities, with the exception of occasional ditching conducted
                         by SCBVC.    Adjacent upland areas were found to be used by Northern
                         Harriers for feeding and roosting during CA's field investigations.
                         According to the President of the Oak Island Beach Association, Inc.,
                         C.D.   Plaissay,    this   freshwater   wetland    offers   unique     passive
                         recreational opportunities to the residents and members of the National
                         Audubon Society and other bird watchers (November 17, 1992).

                         The freshwater wetlands identified by CA at West Gilgo Beach have
                         experienced some degree of disturbance. The smaller wetland located in
                         the backdune area northwest of the community is relatively undisturbed;
                         there were no trails evident to this wetland area and anyone walking to
                         it must blaze through a prickly thicket of raspberries and swamp rose.
                         A portion of the larger freshwater wetland at West Gilgo Beach borders
                         Ocean Road. This southern edge is prone to dumping, which is also
                         evidenced further west in the backdune area. As discussed earlier, the
                         greatest degree of disturbance is experienced at the southwestern end of
                         this wetland, which borders and partially occupies the community ball
                         field. Mitigation alternatives for impacts on freshwater wetlands are
                         discussed in Section 5.6.2.



                      5.1.3 UPLANDS AND WOODLANDS

                         The land areas located up-gr4dient of wetlands are considered
                         collectively as uplands for the purposes of this study. The vegetation
                         of these upland areas consists primarily of thicket- forming shrubs
                         including bayberry, various sumacs, beach plum, pasture rose, groundsel-
                         tree, highbush blueberry and the shrub form of poison ivy. These plans
                         can be found growing within the inhabited community areas as well as the
                         undevel oped areas.    Tree species that are found growing at slightly


                                                          5-7









                 higher elevations include fire cherry, black cherry, American holly,
                 Eastern redcedar, and shadbush.

                 The upland vegetation throughout the study area consists primarily of
                 shrub thickets.   Woodlands are fairly sparse within the study area,
                 presumably due to the lack of elevation above sea level and/or the
                 groundwater table, and the lack of loamy soils to support such growth.
                 Woodlands, therefore, generally appear as distinct patches on the
                 coastal landscape.   Large patches of native woodlands can be found on
                 the central portions of Oak Island.        These woodlands are nearly
                 impenetrable due to the presence of fringing shrub thickets and
                 intertwining bittersweet and greenbrier vines. The plant species which
                 were found in the Oak Island woodlands are listed in Table 5-3.

                 The linear groves of Japanese black pine trees which cover the state
                 right-of-way bordering Ocean Parkway are not considered native
                 woodlands. This ornamental species was widely planted by the state from
                 the 1960's until the 1980's. A disease has attacked this monoculture
                 and is spreading rapidly, as described in detail in Section 5.3.3. The
                 continued presence of these pine groves in the future landscape of the
                 study area is at best questionable. The initial introduction of this
                 plant species as a monoculture took place somewhat independent of the
                 community settlements. However, the wide distribution of this species
                 throughout the community areas indicates that individual residents and
                 community groups also planted Japanese black pines.

                 The introduction of ornamental plant species (including Japanese black
                 pine) has had an impact on the vegetative communities which are native
                 to the study area, as discussed further in Sections 5.1.5, 5.3.1 and
                 5.3.2. Other impacts to the upland vegetation and woodlands within the
                 study area include: the clearing and removal of native vegetation for
                 the siting of homes, roads and pathways; and the dumping of yard wastes
                 and other solid waste materials in undeveloped upland areas. Plates 2A,
                 2B, 2E and 2G indicate the locations of off-road vehicular paths and
                 walkways which have replaced areas of native upland vegetation in the
                 vicinity of the subject communities. The secondary impacts of frequent
                 human disturbance are more significant than the primary impact of loss
                 of vegetation from upland areas and woodlands.


              5.1.4 DUNES AND BEACHES

                 Dunes and beaches represent the harshest environments of the
                 natural coastal ecosystems for plant establishment. Plants growing in
                 these areas must withstand extremes in soil        temperature, direct
                 sunlight, drought, salt spray and the abrasive action of sand grains
                 which are wind borne.   There is typically little vegetative diversity
                 along the beach fronts and foredune areas, where plants experience the
                 most severe conditions. Only beachgrass, seaside goldenrod, sea rocket
                 and occasional patches of saltmeadow cordgrass (at lower elevations
                 subject to salt spray and occasional flooding) were found along the









                        beaches and foredunes within and immediately adjacent to the communities
                        of the study area.

                        Plant diversity increases just behind the dune crest where the wind
                        velocity drops and the temperature and moisture regimes are slightly
                        moderated. Table 5-4 lists many of the plants found growing in the back
                        dune locations within the study area. Beachgrass, little bluestem and
                        beach heather are the dominant dune ground cover species throughout the
                        study area.   Jointweed was also dominant in the dune areas situated
                        further from the shoreline, such as found within the Oak Beach
                        Association and West Gilgo Beach communities.     The locations of dune
                        areas are depicted on Plates 2A, 2B, 2E and 2G. Approximately half of
                        the Oak Beach Association community (Plate 2G) and a minor portion at
                        the western end of the Oak Beach community have been developed on top of
                        dune areas.

                        According to the Nature Conservancy and New York Natural Heritage
                        Program, several rare plant species are typically associated with dune
                        and beach environments.     Two of these species, seabeach amaranth
                        (Amaranthus pumilus) and seabeach knotweed (Polygonum glaucum), have
                        been recorded as occurring within the study area, outside of the
                        residential communities.    The seabeach amaranth is an annual plant,
                        typically found on actively accreting beaches. The seabeach knotweed is
                        also found on beaches, but may tolerate more rocky areas. A rare plant
                        survey has not been conducted within the community areas to verify the
                        presence or absence of these and other species. The Nature Conservancy
                        suggested that the extent of four additional rare and vulnerable plant
                        species should be verified, including:        red pigweed (Chenopodium
                        rubrum); evening primrose (Oenothera oakesiana); golden dock (Rumex
                        maritimus); and roland sea-blite (Suaeda rolandii) (Antenen, The Nature
                        Conservancy, September 18, 1992). The primary impacts to dune and beach
                        plants caused by human habitation in these areas include: the removal
                        and replacement of native species with other adaptable plants within the
                        residential communities; the spread of typically ornamental species to
                        the fringes of these dune and beach areas; and the destruction of dune
                        plant species due to concentrated foot traffic.     The introduction of
                        ornamental and non-native plant species through residential landscaping
                        is discussed in Section 5.1.5. The spread of these species to outlying
                        natural areas is discussed in Section 5.3.2

                        Dune and beach vegetation is particularly vulnerable to foot and
                        vehicular traffic due to the extreme environmental conditions that the
                        plants grow in. Concentrated foot traffic has had a significant impact
                        on the dune vegetation as well as accelerating the potential for dune
                        erosion. As depicted in Plates 2A and 2B, footpaths through the dunes
                        have seriously impacted the vegetation which is essential for
                        maintaining the stability of the dunes. CA inventoried the occurrence
                        of dune walkovers and found the greatest concentration at the central
                        and western portions of the study area. Unpaved footpaths lead from the
                        road ends and originate from directly behind residential homes in the
                        Gilgo Beach East, Gilgo Beach West, and West Gilgo Beach communities.
                        In some cases small ladders have been erected and holes have been cut in

                                                      5-9








                  the fenceline set on the northern boundary of the state right-of-way.
                  Directly opposite these pathways are barren areas on the dunes located
                  across Ocean Parkway.      In several locations, these traverses are
                  directly in line with known occurrences of the rare plant species
                  discussed earlier, seabeach amaranth and seabeach knotweed. Walkovers
                  also occur to the east of these community areas, originating from the
                  shoreline at Hemlock Cove on the bay side of the barrier.


               5.1.5 URBAN VEGETATION

                  During field investigations, CA noted the types of plant materials found
                  growing within the community residential areas.     These are listed in
                  Table 5-5. Several species listed are native to the Long Island area.
                  These may be indicative of the types of vegetative cover which existed
                  prior to development or native species which have recolonized the area
                  after construction took place.     For the purposes of this study, the
                  remaining species in Table 5-5 are collectively referred to as "urban
                  vegetation". These represent non-native or ornamental plant materials
                  which were introduced into the community areas primarily for landscaping
                  purposes.

                  The predominant tree species planted in the community areas (as well as
                  the state roadway right-of-way) is Japanese Black Pine. This one plant
                  accounts for over 80 percent of the mature trees found growing in the
                  residential areas. Monocultures, or plantings of a single species type,
                  are highly discouraged in modern landscape practices to prevent
                  widespread losses in the event of disease or insect infestations. The
                  Japanese black pine has already succumbed to such a scourge.     This is
                  described in detail in Section 5.3.3.     Unfortunately, Japanese black
                  pine plantings have replaced native tree species in the community areas,
                  and their losses will produce a rapid decline in the percentage of tree
                  canopy cover. This will eventually impact the types of wil dlife species
                  using the area.

                  Conversely, shrub plantings in the community areas have been found to be
                  fairly diverse. In the communities of Oak Beach, Oak Island, East Gilgo
                  and West Gilgo Beach, native shrub species such as bayberry, sumac and
                  beach plum account for nearly half of the shrub-type vegetation.        In
                  addition, several non-native but relatively trouble-free naturalizing
                  plants have been introduced including salt spray rose, autumn olive, and
                  Russian olive.   Privet is widely planted in the West Gilgo community.
                  Although this is currently regarded as a maintenance and trouble-free
                  plant, its wide representation could present a problem if hit by
                  disease.

                  Groundcovers in the community areas have also been found to be diverse.
                  In areas receiving little disturbance or maintenance, native grasses
                  such as little bluestem, broomsedge and switchgrass predominate along
                  with patches of beach heather.     Several residents have also planted
                  beachgrass plugs along the shoreline areas in Captree Island, Oak Beach
                  and Oak Beach Association.    5-10









                       Many of the landscape plants introduced into the community areas have
                       the potential to readily propagate and spread into the outlying native
                       areas. CA's findings on this issue are discussed in Section 5.3.2.    For
                       the purposes of this study, CA identified the extent of urban vegetation
                       within and immediately adjacent to the community areas.         This is
                       depicted in Plates 2A through 2G.  Included within the urban vegetation
                       boundary are areas planted to non-native and ornamental species
                       (excluding the Japanese black pine stands bordering the state roadways),
                       areas which have received routine maintenance in terms of mowing,
                       irrigation and/or fertilizer applications, and disturbed areas adjacent
                       to community docks, parking lots, walkways and filled groin areas. The
                       vegetation found growing in these disturbed areas consists of typical
                       meadow-type plants, weeds and beach species. These are listed in Table
                       5-6. All areas lying outside of this urban vegetation consist of native
                       cover types.



              5.2 EXISTING WILDLIFE RESOURCES

                   5.2.1 ENDANGERED, THREATENED AND SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES

                       A. General Discussion of Listed Species

                       The Jones Beach barrier and bay islands within the study area are host
                       to numerous species of wildlife which are currently listed by NYSOEC as
                       Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern. It is interesting to note
                       that all of these are avian species.      There are several layers of
                       regulation at the federal, state and local level which afford protection
                       for these rare birds. Such legislation and regulations are discussed in
                       detail in Section 5.5.

                       NYSDEC defines "Endangered" species as any native species in imminent
                       danger of extirpation or extinction in New York.        The study area
                       contains breeding habitat for three endangered species including Piping
                       Plover, Least Tern, and Roseate Tern.    Two other endangered species,
                       Bald Eagle and Peregrine Falcon, are reportedly infrequent visitors to
                       the Babylon coastal area.

                       Native species which are likely to become endangered within the
                       foreseeable future in New York, are considered "Threatened" species by
                       NYSDEC. Two threatened species, Common Tern and Northern Harrier, are
                       known to breed within the study area.       Osprey, also a threatened
                       species, has successfully bred further east along the south shore of the
                       mainland coastline in Islip and Brookhaven  (Andrle and Carroll, 1988).
                       In anticipation of increased nesting activity by Ospreys along the
                       barrier and bay island areas, man-made timber nesting platforms were
                       erected within the study area at Seganus Thatch, Oak Island and West
                       Gilgo Beach.

                       "Special Concern" species are native species which are not yet
                       recognized as endangered or threatened by NYSDEC, but are documented as

                                                    5-11









                  being of concern with regard to their continued welfare in New York
                  State.   According to NYSDEC, these species could become endangered or
                  threatened in the future and warrant close monitoring. Six species of
                  Special Concern reportedly utilize habitats within the study area for
                  breeding and/or over-wintering; these include Black Rail, Common Loon,
                  Eastern Bluebird, Grasshopper Sparrow, Least Bittern, and Short-eared
                  Owl.

                  Specific information was gathered on these rare species from the New
                  York Natural Heritage Program, NYSDOS, NYSDEC, the National Audubon
                  Society, and the Town. As is customary, the exact nesting locations of
                  these rare species will not be disclosed in this document to protect the
                  viability of these critical habitats. However, general information will
                  be discussed to promote a better understanding of the species biology,
                  habitat needs and management considerations. The following discussion
                  centers on the endangered and threatened species that are known to breed
                  within the adjacent undeveloped areas of the barrier and bay islands in
                  the Town of Babylon.

                  B. Piping P7over

                  As migratory shorebirds, Piping Plovers return to their breeding grounds
                  in the study area between mid-March and mid-April.           Piping Plovers
                  frequently nest within Least Tern colonies but generally at great
                  distances (90 to 210 feet) from other Piping Plovers. Nests are formed
                  within shallow depressions in the sand, typically located between the
                  high tide line and foredune areas; or on unvegetated dredged material if
                  the surface is composed of sand, pebbles and shell fragments (NYSDOS,
                  1991).    Egg laying and brooding may occur anytime between mid-April
                  through July, with juveniles and fledglings present from late May
                  through mid-August.     Piping Plovers leave Long Island by the end of
                  August to early September (Andrle and Carroll, 1988).

                  Piping Plover chicks are precocious, and shortly after birth, will
                  follow their parents down to the intertidal zone to feed on crustaceans,
                  mollusks, worms and insects.      The locally common practices of beach
                  raking and grooming conducted during the juvenile stages of this species
                  pose an extreme threat to young birds, due to the creation of deep tire
                  tracks and the deposition of rubbish piles between the nesting and
                  feeding areas (Antenen, The Nature Conservancy, September 18, 1992).
                  Plover chicks are extremely vulnerable during their first 30 days of
                  life before they learn to fly.      Unfortunately, the majority of young
                  hatch around Memorial Day weekend and are barely ready to fly by the
                  Fourth of July holiday - coincident with the two peak beach use days of
                  the summer. Disturbances by beach-goers, pets and vehicles during this
                  time can destroy birds or cause adults to abandon otherwise suitable
                  nest sites (NYSDOS, April 1991).

                  C. Least Tern

                  Long IsTand is the only breeding area within New York State used by this
                  migratory, colonial-nesting shorebird. Least Terns generally arrive in

                                                  5-12









                        the study area by early May, and tend to return to colony sites which
                        were used the year before.    Least Tern nesting habitat is similar to
                        areas used by the Piping Plover.      Least Terns will generally avoid
                        beaches that have less than 30 feet between high tide mark and vegetated
                        dunes, but it is not uncommon to find colonies in low lying areas
                        subject to flooding. Colonies may contain anywhere from 2 to 600 pairs
                        and may occupy several hundred feet of beach front (NYSDOS, April 1991).

                        Egg laying typically begins by the second week of May and most eggs
                        hatch by late June. Chicks are fed by their parents on the nest for
                        about one month. Least Terns forage for sand lance and other small fish
                        in freshwater and brackish ponds, estuaries, bays and the ocean, often
                        at considerable distances from the colony.      After leaving the nest,
                        young tern chicks move readily around within the colony. Fledged chicks
                        may be found in the study area until late August, congregating on the
                        beaches prior to migration. Least terns generally leave the study area
                        by early September.

                        D. Roseate Tern

                        Similar to Least Terns, the Roseate Terns in New York have been reported
                        as exclusively nesting on Long Island. Roseate Terns generally arrive
                        in the study area by mid-May and establish sub-colonies within Common
                        Tern colonies.   Roseate Terns typically select nest sites located in
                        sandy areas on islands or the barrier beach with about 80 percent
                        vegetative cover consisting of beachgrass and other herbaceous plants.
                        Egg laying begins almost immediately after the nest site is selected.
                        Most chicks hatch by late June, are fed by their parents, and fledge and
                        migrate the same time as Least Terns. Roseate Terns forage for small
                        fish (2 to 4 inches in length) in clear bay waters, inlets, tidal rips
                        and open ocean waters within approximately one and one-quarter miles of
                        shore (NYSDOS, April 1991).

                        E. Conwn Tern

                        In 1985, over one-quarter of New York's breeding population of Common
                        Terns nested within the study area (Andrle and Carroll, 1988). Common
                        Terns select nesting sites similar to Piping Plovers and Least Terns;
                        however, they will also nest in high marsh areas on the bay islands
                        above the rack line. Common Terns return to their breeding grounds in
                        early May.   Egg laying and incubation has been reported as occurring
                        anytime from mid-May through mid-August, and young are present from
                        early June through early September.    Rearing is similar to Least and
                        Roseate Terns. Common Terns forage in areas similar to Roseate Terns,
                        but feed primarily on schools of fish driven to the water surface by
                        feeding bluefish.   The literature suggests that bluefish are better
                        competitors for the same food source, and that the population levels of
                        bluefish may dictate the degree of Common Tern reproductive success in
                        an area within a given breeding season (NYSDOS, April 1991).
                        Apparently, Common Tern populations are in delicate balance with
                        bluefish populations; Common Tern numbers tend to be somewhat controlled
                        by elevated and depressed local bluefish concentrations. Common Terns

                                                      5-13









                  typically leave Long Island by early October, nearly a month later than
                  Roseate and Least Terns.

                  F. Northern Harrier

                  The Northern Harrier, or "marsh-hawk" as it is commonly called, is a
                  raptorial bird which primarily feeds on Voles (Microtus sp.) in the
                  study area.   A five year study was conducted on the Northern Harrier
                  population which occupies the study area in close proximity to the
                  residential developments. This study found that the adult male Harriers
                  overwinter in the study area, along with juveniles born the same year.
                  Adult female Harriers generally migrate. When the females arrive by the
                  third week of February, they find the males already occupying historic
                  breeding territories. New nests are generally built on the ground near
                  the upland fringe of tidal marshes, in dense stands of common reed or
                  thickets of mixed common reed and poison ivy.           Egg laying occurs
                  sometime   between   late   April  to   early May.       Incubation    lasts
                  approximately 35 days.     Young are fed in the nest    for about 40 days,
                  with the greatest occurrence of juveniles fledging from the nest
                  sometime in mid-July.     Adults continue to feed the young for 3 to 4
                  weeks until they leave the nesting territory (England, 1989).

                  The Harrier study found that nesting pairs raised only one brood per
                  season, and that if a nest failed, the Harriers usually left the area
                  within two days, and did not attempt to re-nest. Predation and human
                  disturbance were cited equally as the primary causes for nest failure.
                  An annual mean of 12 nests were identified during the course of this
                  study, with the greatest nesting density occurring at Oak Beach, and
                  secondly at Captree Island.         The study cites that habitat 'loss
                  (particularly in fresh and tidal wetlands) and increasing human
                  population encroachment on Harrier breeding areas as significant factors
                  determining Harrier breeding success. The study found that the Harrier
                  population appeared to be stable within the study area; and "that if the
                  breeding habitat remains intact, no serious change for the worse in
                  breeding numbers is anticipated" (England, 1989).


               5.2.2 BIRDS

                  The Jones Beach barrier and bay islands within the study area are host
                  to over 180 species of birds. Approximately 100 species are believed to
                  breed within the study area and over 90 species will over-winter there
                  or use the area to feed and roost during migration. Table S-7 provides
                  a comprehensive list of avian species which reportedly utilize the study
                  area. This list has been compiled from several technical documents (as
                  referenced in the table) and has been reviewed by NYSDEC (Scheibel,
                  NYSDEC, November 2, 1992).     Also noted in Table 5-7, are 40 species
                  which CA identified while conducting various field investigations for
                  this study.

                  Species which are indicated in Table 5-7 as being present during both
                  the breeding season "B" and winter season "W" are considered residents

                                                 5-14









                         of the study area. Those which are only present during one season or
                         the other, "B" or "W", are considered transients or migratory species.
                         In some cases, species with no particular designation are included in
                         the list. This indicates that the species is either an uncommon visitor
                         to the area, or that available data was lacking on the particular
                         species other than reported historic occurrences.         It is beyond the
                         scope of this study to provide species accounts for all of the birds
                         which are reported to breed within the study area. General information
                         on occurrences of similar groups of birds, however, is presented as
                         follows.

                         A. Ducks, Geese and Swans

                         The Atlantic Flyway is one of the four major north-south avian migration
                         routes within the United States.          The Atlantic coastline and in
                         particular, the Babylon study area, is situated directly within this
                         path.   As part of a federal effort to monitor waterfowl populations
                         within the Atlantic Flyway, NYSDEC conducts an annual midwinter aerial
                         survey of waterfowl occupying the Long Island coastline. Data collected
                         by NYSDEC during the first week of January for the past eleven years
                         (1981 through 1991) indicate the presence of 12 different ducks and
                         geese within the bay waters of Fire Island Inlet and South Oyster Bay,
                         including: American Coot, Mallard, Black Duck, Mute Swan, Merganser,
                         Scaup, Goldeneye, Bufflehead, Oldsquaw, Canada Goose, Brant, and Ruddy
                         Duck. Survey results show that the study area serves as a significant
                         wintering ground for Black Ducks and Brant, which were consistently
                         found each winter. The local population of Brant represents 12 percent
                         of the 10-year, statewide survey average; and local Black Ducks
                         represent 3 percent of the 10-year statewide survey average (Phillips,
                         NYSDEC, October 16, 1992).

                         B. CoWW klaterbirds

                         The Seatuck Research Program of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology,
                         in cooperation with NYSDEC, began monitoring breeding populations of
                         Least Tern and Piping Plover on Long Island in 1983.        Since then, the
                         nesting survey has expanded to include all colonial nesting terns,
                         gulls,   Black Skimmers,     wading   birds,   cormorants,    and American
                         Oystercatchers. Least Terns and Piping Plover colonies      are surveyed at
                         least twice during the breeding season, while all other colonies are
                         surveyed at least once.        Information is recorded for each colony
                         location including the type of species nesting, the number of active
                         nests, the estimated number of breeding pairs, and the stage of nesting
                         and development of the young. Additional information is recorded with
                         respect to the actual or potential degree of colony disturbance by
                         flooding, predation, pets, vandalism, vehicles, recreation, habitation,
                         industry or other sources.

                         Based upon the latest published survey results, there were 14 colony
                         locations on the Jones Beach barrier and bay islands within the study
                         area (Downer, R.H. and C.E. Liebelt, March 1990). These include (listed
                         from west to east): West Gilgo Beach (ocean shorefront), Gilgo Island,

                                                        5-15









                 Gilgo State Park, Elder Island, east of Gilgo Beach, West Fox Creek,
                 west of Cedar Beach, Cedar Beach, island northwest of Nezarus Island,
                 Nezarus Island, Overlook Beach, the Sore Thumb, Grass Island, and
                 Seganus Thatch Island. According to the Town of Babylon Department of
                 Environmental Control JOBDEC), an additional colony was identified on
                 Little Island during 1992 surveys (Zitani, September 17, 1992).

                 During the data collection process for this study, CA plotted the
                 colonial nesting locations on USGS quadrangle maps (to protect the
                 viability of these habitats, these locations are not disclosed as part
                 of this public document); and found that certain patterns of
                 distribution began to emerge.     This information was discussed with
                 NYSDEC, and will be summarized in general terms. Although there were no
                 recorded colonial nesting locations within 500 feet of the subject
                 communities, all of the nesting locations (except for one common tern
                 colony) lie within one-half mile of the residential areas or town park
                 facilities. This is not intended to imply that the developed areas have
                 no impact on these species.    Rather, the nesting locations chosen by
                 colonial waterbirds appear to be somewhat independent of the proximity
                 to residential communities and park facilities. Since these species are
                 waterbirds, it is likely that  their choice of prime breeding locations
                 is linked more closely to their available food supply, and adequate
                 roosting and nesting vegetation or substrate. All of the historic and
                 recently active colony locations occur between 200 to 500 feet from the
                 shoreline, bordering boat channels, tidal creeks or the ocean.

                 Population trends for particular colony locations cannot be deduced at
                 this time because of the lack of historical data (in many cases less
                 than ten years of record has been compiled), and the tendency for some
                 colonial species to shift nesting locations from one year to the next.
                 However, general trends in breeding occurrences across Long Island for
                 a particular species can be extracted. Breeding populations of wading
                 birds have been found to be generally stable, including such species as
                 Green Herons, Snowy Egrets, Great Egrets, and Glossy Ibis. The same is
                 true for Great Black-Backed Gulls, Herring Gulls, Laughing Gulls, Common
                 Terns and Roseate Terns.   There has been a slight increase in nesting
                 Tricolored Herons, Black Skimmers and American Oystercatchers, and there
                 has been a general decline in Yellow-Crowned Night Herons and Cattle
                 Egrets.

                 The primary impacts to colonial waterbirds include: the loss of habitat
                 due to. coastal development; recreational use (both pedestrian and
                 vehicular) in close proximity to breeding and nesting territories;
                 improper timing of dredging activities to avoid critical stages of
                 breeding, nesting and fledging of young or placement of unsuitable
                 dredged substrate material on or near historical nesting sites; and
                 increased predation by domestic or feral animals and other natural
                 predators which are attracted to areas of human activity.






                                               5-16









                        C. Raptors And Songbirds

                        Table 5-7 lists the raptorial birds and songbirds which reportedly breed
                        within the study area.   In addition to the summer breeding populations,
                        significant concentrations of raptors and songbirds travel through the
                        study area during fall migration, which occurs generally between the
                        last week of August through the first week of November (Great South Bay
                        Audubon, November-December 1992). Numerous transient species which do
                        not currently breed or over-winter within the study area pass through at
                        this time, including:      Osprey, Sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper's Hawk,
                        Peregrine Falcon, Bald Eagle, Broad-winged hawk, and various warblers,
                        loons   and thrushes.      CA observed this migration during          field
                        investigations, and also noted the relatively high number of avian
                        mortalities which occurred due to collisions with vehicles on Ocean
                        Parkway, homes, and other coastal structures.

                        As discussed for the Northern Harrier in Section 5.2.1,        the primary
                        impacts on raptorial birds within the study area include       the loss of
                        critical habitat, the increase in human disturbances (which may
                        ultimately result in nest failure) and increased predation     due to pets
                        and wildlife associated with residential developments (ie,     cats, dogs,
                        raccoons, and opossums).       The impacts on songbirds are somewhat
                        different, however. Certain species of songbirds (and some waterbirds)
                        exploit artificial provisions of food supplies at bird feeders, garbage
                        dumpsters, docks, bait shops and boat-side disposal of fish scraps.
                        Songbirds which typically benefit from these developments include: Blue
                        Jay, Wrens, Downy Woodpecker, Song Sparrow, House Sparrow, Purple Finch,
                        Mourning Dove, Cardinal, Mockingbird, Crows, Northern Oriole, Grackles,
                        Pigeons (Rock Dove), Junco, Chickadees, Nuthatch, Tufted Titmouse,
                        Starling and Hummingbirds. Other species of birds suffer from the loss
                        of uninterrupted, undisturbed native vegetative cover, as well as
                        increased human and pet disturbance.     These species include:     Cuckoo,
                        Bobwhite,   Brown   Creeper,   Brown   Thrasher,   Bluebird,   Meadowlark,
                        Grasshopper Sparrow, Owls, Thrushes and various Warblers.


                     5.2.3 FINFISH

                        A. Species Occurrences

                        The bay waters within and adjacent to the study area are important
                        spawning grounds and nursery beds for at least 29 species of finfish,
                        according to a study conducted by the Marine Sciences Research Center
                        (MSRC) in Stony Brook (Monteleone, 1992).        More than 35 additional
                        species of finfish reportedly occupy the Great South Bay sometime during
                        their adult life (R. Schreiber, May 23, 1973 and P. Briggs and J.
                        O'Connor, January 1971).     Table 5-8 provides a species list of the
                        finfish taken from the Great South Bay as eggs, larval fish or adults.

                        Sampling for the MSRC juvenile fish study was conducted from April 1985
                        through December 1986.    Table 5-8 indicates the growth stage of the
                        finfish collected (eggs or larval fish) and the season of occurrence.

                                                       5-17









                  For the purposes of this document, only two seasons are distinguished:
                  "in-season" indicates that juvenile finfish were found in samples taken
                  between late May (Memorial Day) and early September (Labor Day); and
                  H out-of- season" indicates occurrences other than these dates, between
                  early September through late May. The MSRC study found that Bay Anchovy
                  was the most abundant species comprising over 95 percent of the eggs and
                  over 69 percent of the larval fish collected.        Bay Anchovy spawns
                  throughout the bay from late May through August., Other relatively
                  abundant species include Windowpane Flounder, Blackfish, Atlantic
                  Mackerel, Cunner, Winter Flounder, American Sand Lance, Atlantic
                  Silversides and Northern Puffer.

                  Peak periods of juvenile fish abundance were identified by the MSRC
                  (Monteleone, 1992). Peak production of fish eggs occurred during the
                  late spring-early summer.    This strongly correlates to the spawning
                  period of the Bay Anchovy when water temperature exceeds 59 degrees
                  Fahrenheit ff).   In'addition, two major peaks in larval fish densities
                  were found to occur:   during March and April when Winter Flounder and
                  American Sand Lance predominate; and during late spring early summer
                  when Bay Anchovy predominate. The MSRC study also indicates that spring
                  peaks in fish spawning activity tend    to correlate with phytoplankton
                  blooms and peaks in copepod densities (a type of zooplankton that is a
                  primary food source for larval fish). .

                  Accounts of adult finfish abundance in Great South Bay were based on
                  sampling conducted by the MSRC from June through August 1972 (Schreiber,
                  1973) and sampling conducted by NYSDEC from mid-May to mid-October in
                  1967 and May Ist to mid-November in 1968 (P. Briggs and J. O'Connor,
                  January 1971). According to the NYSDEC study, the Atlantic Silversides,
                  Fourspine Stickleback, Striped Killifish and Mummichog were the most
                  numerous species found in catches. The NYSDEC study primarily sampled
                  bay waters in close proximity to the northern side of Cedar Island,
                  Grass Island and Captree Island, in contrast to the MSRC juvenile
                  finfish study which sampled open waters throughout Great South Bay. The
                  purpose of the NYSDEC study was to compare the finfish species which
                  frequented naturally vegetated underwater bay areas as opposed to sand-
                  filled bottom areas created by the deposition of dredge spoil. NYSDEC
                  found that seventeen species of finfish showed a preference for natural
                  bottom sediments consisting of a mixture of sand, clay, mud, and
                  detritus, including:      Fourspine Stickleback, Mummichog, Northern
                  Pipefish, Atlantic'Needlefish, Threespine Stickleback, Winter Flounder,
                  Silver Perch, American Eel, Rainwater Killifish, Blackfish, Cunner,
                  Atlantic Herring, Bay Anchovy, Pollock, Blueback Herring and Atlantic
                  Tomcod.  Six species showed a preference for the sandy, dredge-fill
                  bottom areas, including: Striped Mullet, Striped Killifish, Sheepshead
                  Minnow, Atlantic Silversides, White Mullet and Northern Kingfish. Among
                  the abundant species NYSDEC collected, only four showed no clear
                  preference for any bottom type, including: Northern Puffer, Tidewater
                  Silversides, Bluefish and Atlantic Menhaden.




                                                5-18









                       B. Impacts to Finfish

                       Only general conclusions can be reached about the impacts of the coastal
                       communities on the finfish which occupy the waters of the
                       study area, without an in-depth review of each species' biology. Based
                       upon the location and type of disturbance, and time or season of
                       occurrence, each species will be affected differently. The NYSDEC study
                       found that the least populated waters were generally those composed of
                       pure sand, due to the lack of food and protective cover. Therefore, the
                       indiscriminate deposition of
                       sandy dredge spoil will have a negative impact on the abundance of bait,
                       forage and sport fishes.      The greatest diversity and abundance of
                       finfish were found to occur within the vegetated nearshore areas. Eel
                       grass (Zostera marina) is the dominant underwater plant growing in the
                       nearshore areas or tidal shoals and mudflat zone (SM), as described in
                       Section 5.1.1 (C.   Jones and J. Schubel, September 1980).    In a study
                       conducted on eel    grass . by Adelphi University, it was noted that
                       historic declines in eel grass were paralleled by a depletion or
                       disappearance of a  wide variety of waterfowl, shellfish and finfish (R.
                       Wilson and A.H. Brenowitz, 1966).

                       Disturbances of a seasonal nature, such as increases in boat traffic and
                       human intervention during the summer months, have a greater potential to
                       impact those finfish species which are known to spawn in the study area
                       waters from May through September. Finfish survival and productivity is
                       inextricably linked to water quality.      Any activities undertaken or
                       caused by community residents which either directly or indirectly result
                       in the degradation of surface water quality will produce a negative
                       impact on the finfish resources.

                       C. Regu7atory Contro7s

                       Town of Babylon has enacted some regulations which manage finfish and
                       control catches. Chapter 86 of the Town Codes prohibits trawling and
                       net fishing in Great South Bay and Fire Island Inlet. Sections 17 and
                       18 of this code help to maintain surface water quality by prohibiting
                       the discharge of oil, chemicals, cesspool wastes, garbage, rubbish, and
                       'toilets into surface waters (as discussed in Section 5.5.3).

                       NYSDEC has set an open season for Fluke (May 15th through September
                       30th), and minimum size and possession limits for several species of
                       finfish found in the study waters.     These are summarized as follows
                       (NYSDEC, effective January 1, 1992):











                                                     5-19










                                          MINIMUM      MINIMUM      RECREATIONAL
                                         COMMERCIAL  RECREATIONAL POSSESSION
                  SPECIES                  SIZE         SIZE           LIMITS

                  Fluke                  14  inches   14 inches            6
                  Weakfish               16  inches   16 inches            6
                  Winter Flounder        11  inches   10 inches      any number
                  Blackfish              12  inches   11 inches      Iany number
                  Pollack                19  inches   19 inches      any number
                  Bluefish                9  inches    any size          10
                  Porgy                   7  inches    any size      any number
                  Mackerel                7  inches    any size      any number
                  Black Seabass           8  inches    any size      any number


               5.2.4 SHELLFISH   AND CRUSTACEANS

                  A. Species Occurrences, General Biology and Harvesting

                  The marine waters in the study area support a variety of shellfish and
                  crustaceans.   These are important not only as natural resources, but
                  also for their contribution to the Town's recreational and commercial
                  fishing opportunities. Over 20 species of shellfish and 8 species of
                  crustaceans were reported as occurring within the study waters of the
                  Great South Bay, according to a study conducted under a grant from the
                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Greene, 1978). Samples were taken
                  from 17 locations within the study area in close proximity to the
                  developed areas. Sampling was conducted from June through November in
                  1978 using commercial clamming tongs and a suction dredge.          A map
                  depicting the sampling locations and data collected are included in
                  Appendix D. The species collected are listed in Table 5-9. Review of
                  the EPA data indicates that the Amethyst Gem Clam was the most abundant
                  species (over 2,000 individuals) collected by the dredge followed in
                  much lower quantities by the Thick-Lipped Oyster Drill (197), Northern
                  Dwarf Tellin (120) and Common Awning Clam (112). The Hard-Shelled Clam
                  was the most abundant (over 550) and widely distributed species
                  recovered using clamming tongs, followed by the Thick-Lipped Oyster
                  Drill (126), Common Awning Clam (78), and Atlantic Oyster Drill (48).

                  The edible shellfish and crustaceans found within the waters of the
                  study area include:        hard-shelled clams or quahogs (Mercenaria
                  mercenaria), soft-shelled clams or steamers (Mva arenaria), oysters
                  (Crassostrea virginica), bay scallops (Aequipecto@ @jrradians), blue
                  mussels (Mytilis edulis), conches (Busycon sp.) blue-claw crabs
                  (Callinectes sapidus), and lobsters (Homarus americanus).

                  The Hard-Shelled Clam is the most economically important shellfish
                  harvested from the study waters.     On the average, landings of Hard-
                  Shelled clams in the Town of Babylon gross an estimated 1.5 million
                  dollars annually.    This value is based upon NYSDEC records of total
                  recorded landings for the past 25 years            (which are typically
                  conservative due to unreported catches) and Town estimated dollar

                                                5-20









                        val ues.  The Town has recently (1985, 1991) conducted surveys of the
                        Hard-Shelled Clam resources in the Great South Bay.      This information
                        has been compiled and included in Appendix D.

                        The hard-shelled clam is found generally near the top of sandy or muddy
                        sand substrates in bays and along ocean beaches (Gosner, 1978).        Hard
                        clam spawning on Long Island typically takes place from May through
                        September. It takes approximately three years for a hard clam to reach
                        harvestable size of one inch., Hard clams are marketed in three general
                        size categories based on shell size. Littlenecks are the smallest, and
                        have the highest dockside value because the small clams are the most
                        tender when eaten raw on the half-shell. Cherrystones are intermediate
                        in size, and chowders are the largest. Hard clams eventually reach an
                        old age period during which growth is slow and interrupted. Old age is
                        usually reached in six to ten years depending on environmental
                        conditions (SCDHS, unpublished Draft Brown Tide Study).

                        Chapter 183 of the Town Codes regulates the harvesting of hard-shelled
                        clams and other shellfish from Town waters.     A brief overview of this
                        regulation is contained in Section 5.5.3. According to this ordinance,
                        no more than three percent of each bushel or container of hard-shelled
                        clams taken, sold or possessed within the Town shall contain clams less
                        than one inch in thickness.

                        The TOBDEC has been conducting an aquaculture program within the waters
                        of the study area for the past 15 years.          Hard-shelled clam seed
                        (approximately 3 to 5 millimeters in length) is placed on 44 floating
                        racks in the Cedar Beach Marina. The clams are grown to approximately
                        20 mm (a size which is less susceptible to predation) and then scattered
                        throughout the central portions of Great South Bay from areas north of
                        Cedar Island to north of Grass Island. The Town raises over one million
                        clams per year through this program.         The seed clams, which are
                        purchased out-of-state, are a genetic variant to those found naturally
                        in the study area waters, and can be distinguished by the presence of
                        red streaks in their shells. Recovery of these red variants within the
                        state boat channel indicates that the Cedar Beach Marina has also
                        developed as a spawning bed for clams that have begun to disperse
                        naturally (Litwa and Zitani, TOBDEC, December 9, 1992).

                        In contrast to hard-shelled clams, soft-shelled clams are generally
                        found buried in muddy bottom sediments in bay areas.         Mature soft-
                        shelled. clams reach an average size of 3 to 4 inches, and on rare
                        occasions to 6 inches (Gosner, 1978).     Chapter 183 of the Town Codes
                        prohibits the taking of soft-shelled clams less than        1.5 inches in
                        size.

                        American oysters live in waters with a fairly restricted salinity range
                        (from 5 to 30 parts per thousand) and cannot tolerate prolonged exposure
                        to fresh water or the high salinities typical of marine waters.
                        Therefore, oysters are typically found in bays, estuaries and tidal
                        creeks with the proper salinity characteristics and a hard substrate for
                        attachment (Gosner, 1978).    Chapter 183 of the Town Code permits the

                                                       5-21









                  harvesting of Oysters from certified town waters from September 1
                  through May 14, at a size no smaller than 5 inches (as determined by
                  adding the length to the width).

                  As their name implies, Bay Scallops are typically found on bay bottoms
                  in the nearshore areas to depths of about 50 feet (Gosner, 1978). Bay
                  scallops have a short life span of 18 to 22 months and adults generally
                  spawn only once in their lifetime, from late spring through summer.
                  Long Island bay scallops typically experience a mass mortality during
                  the mid-winter of their second year. Although the adults are mobile,
                  young scallops primarily remain attached to beds of eelgrass or bottom
                  substrates (SCDHS, unpublished Draft Brown Tide Study). Scallops may be
                  harvested from certified Town waters only between October 15th through
                  April Ist. The Town's limit is 10 bushels per day for one person and 20
                  bushels per day per boat, for two or more people occupying the same
                  boat.

                  Blue Mussels are fairly widespread, occupying slightly brackish
                  estuaries to marine waters several hundred feet offshore. Blue mussels
                  attach themselves to intertidal rocks, pilings, scattered shells and
                  other mussels using tenacious byssal threads, often forming large reefs
                  even on muddy tidal flats (Gosner, 1978). The
                  Town's shellfish regulations do not specify any limit on the size,
                  quantity, or season for the taking of Blue Mussels.

                  Conches are commonly found in shallow waters along bay and ocean beaches
                  where the salinity reaches higher than 20 parts per thousand. Conches
                  are carnivorous sea snails which prey upon bivalves, such as oysters and
                  clams (Gosner, 1978). Recognizing that conches can threaten populations
                  of more valuable shellfish resources, the Town requires that all conches
                  caught during shellfish harvests be taken or not returned alive to Town
                  waters. The Town code further stipulates that starfish, oyster drills
                  and periwinkles must also be retained with shellfish catches.

                  Blue-claw Crabs are commonly found in the moderately shallow @ brackish
                  waters of estuaries, tidal creeks and canals, but migrate to        deeper
                  offshore areas in the winter to breed. Males are typically found    in the
                  fresh and brackish portions and females in the saline portions      of the
                  bay system. Lobsters may be found in the bay and ocean waters       of the
                  study area, but they typically congregate in areas with rocky       bottom
                  substrates. Newly hatched lobsters are planktonic, and will not     settle
                  to bottom dwelling until about one inch in length.         Young I obsters
                  (under one foot in length) may dwell within 10 to 15 feet of the shore
                  in winter, but large mature lobsters occupy deeper waters (Gosner,
                  1978). The Town codes do not set any restrictions on the size, number
                  or method of harvesting Blue-claw Crabs or Lobsters. However, NYSDEC
                  does regulate the taking. of these two species,          pursuant to the
                  Environmental Conservation Laws of New York State.       Female Blue-claw
                  crabs may not be taken if laden with eggs, and a state permit is
                  required for landing more than 50 Blue-claw Crabs in     one day.   NYSDEC
                  has set the minimum legal size limit for lobsters at 3.25 inches in


                                                 5-22









                        carapace length (the hard shell on the back of the lobster).            In
                        addition, lobsters with eggs cannot be taken (NYSDEC, January 3, 1993).

                        B. Shellfish Harvesting kfaters

                        NYSDEC has designated the waters of Great South Bay from the
                        Nassau/Suffolk line to Robert Moses Causeway as a shellfish growing
                        area. NYSDEC routinely monitors the water quality in conjunction with
                        TOBDEC, as part of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) National
                        Shellfish Sanitation Program. In addition, NYSDEC collects information
                        on potential pollution sources such as storm drainage outfalls,
                        discharges from sanitary sewers, septic systems or wastewater treatment
                        plants, pollutants associated with adjacent land uses, etc. NYSDEC has
                        collected and analyzed sufficient data within the study area to classify
                        the shellfish harvesting waters into one of three categories as follows:

                           0  Certified - Approved for the taking of shellfish.      Waters open
                              year-round.

                           9  Uncertified - Closed for the taking of shellfish.

                           *  Seasonally certified - This designation covers areas that have
                              seasonal sources of pollution such as marinas and mooring areas.
                              These areas are typically closed during the summer months and
                              reopened during the winter.

                        The water quality data which support the NYSDEC classifications are
                        contained in Appendix B and discussed in Section 2.4.         NYSDEC has
                        classified the northern third of Great South Bay as uncertified, as
                        depicted in Figure 5-1.    Waters within the Cedar Beach Marina, Gilgo
                        Beach Marina, Coast Guard Cove, Hemlock Cove, and marina boat basins at
                        West Gilgo and Seganus  Thatch are classified by NYSDEC as seasonally
                        uncertified, and closed to shellfish harvesting between May 15th through
                        September 30th.    The  remaining waters within the study area are
                        certified and open to   shellfish harvesting year-round, according to
                        NYSDEC classifications.

                        The Town retains the right to impose additional restrictions on
                        shellfish harvesting,   pursuant to Chapter 183 of the Town Codes
                        regulating shellfish.  Section 183-17 of this code stipulates that the
                        Town Board may designate under water town lands as management areas.
                        The Town has designated the West Gilgo Beach Lagoon, the Cedar Beach
                        Marina, and the waters surrounding Oak Island to the north, east and
                        south as management areas. Cedar Beach Marina is closed year-round to
                        both commercial and recreational shell-fishing, due primarily to the
                        fact that this is the growing area for the Town's seed clam program.
                        The West Gilgo Lagoon, and the waters surrounding Oak Island are closed
                        to commercial shell-fishermen, with one exception; the waters south of
                        Oak Island known locally as the "Lead" are opened to commercial
                        shellfishing in January and February. The waters of West Gilgo Lagoon
                        are opened year-round for, recreational shellfishing by Town residents at
                        large who possess personal shellfishing permits.    However, the waters

                                                      5-23









                 surrounding Oak Island to the north and east, eastward to the Robert
                 Moses Causeway, are closed to all except the residents of Oak Island who
                 possess personal shellfishing permits. This exemption to the closure of
                 the Oak Island Management Area is contained in Sections 183-22 and 183-
                 23 of the Town Codes. These sections effectively exclude Town residents
                 at-large and commercial shellfishermen from waters otherwise deemed
                 suitable by the state for shellfish harvesting.


              5.2.5 MAMMALS AND FERAL ANIMALS

                 A. Native Kawals

                 When compared with the diversity and number of bird species occupying
                 the study area, the diversity of mammals is comparatively small. Table
                 5-9 lists the mammals which have been observed during CA's field
                 investigations, or are expected to utilize the area based on the habitat
                 types available.

                 Gray squirrels were observed within the residential areas of Oak Beach
                 and Gilgo West, and are expected to occupy all of the communities within
                 the study area. Based on the number and frequency of tracks found, CA
                 expects that Oak Island supports a relatively large population of
                 Raccoons. Although none were seen during CA's field surveys, Chipmunks,
                 House Mice, Norway Rats and Opossums are expected to occupy the
                 developed areas.   Norway Rats may also be found scavenging among the
                 stone jetties and groins at Oak Beach (Connor, 1971). (Due to the fact
                 that they are typically introduced by and dispersed through developing
                 areas, Norway Rats and House Mice are not generally thought of as native
                 to the study area).

                 Red Fox tracks we're found along the sandy shoreline in the vicinity of
                 the Robert Moses Causeway (east of the Oak Beach Association) and within
                 the backdune areas of Cedar Beach. Tracks of Meadow Jumping Mouse were
                 also found on the sandy patches between clumps of beachgrass in the
                 backdune areas.    White-tail Deer tracks were found throughout the
                 backdune and freshwater wetland areas east of the Oak Beach Association,
                 along with droppings from Eastern Cottontails. Cottontails are expected
                 to occupy the entire barrier beach land mass, since many have been seen
                 along Ocean Parkway in the vicinity of Jones Beach during the summer
                 months.   In addition, Woodchucks are expected to utilize the grassy
                 right-of-ways bordering Ocean Parkway. A Meadow Vole was found within
                 the mixed grassland/shrub upland habitat bordering tidal marshes on the
                 north side of the barrier. As discussed in Section 5.2.1, Meadow Voles
                 (Microtus sp.) are the primary food source for the local population of
                 Northern Harriers.

                 Although none were observed during CA's field investigations, several
                 other mammals are expected to utilize the study area.           Muskrats,
                 Longtail Weasels and Eastern Moles are expected along the freshwater and
                 tidal marsh fringes. Masked Shrews and White-footed Mice are expected
                 within the grassy uplands and backdune areas along with Meadow Voles.

                                               5-24









                        Pine Voles are expected within the upland shrub thickets and linear
                        Japanese Black Pine stands along the Jones Beach barrier.

                        B. Feral Kama7s

                        Readily apparent within the communities and throughout the adjacent
                        natural areas is the presence of domestic cats; many of which are-
                        suspect to have been born and surviving in the wild as feral animals.
                        Although a census was not actually taken, the greatest density appeared
                        to occupy the eastern portion of the study area, including Captree
                        Island, Oak Island, and Oak Beach. Cats were viewed along tidal marsh
                        fringes, and numerous tracks were found along backdune areas bordering
                        Ocean Parkway.   Local residents claim that it is common practice for
                        motorists visiting the neighboring beach areas to dump off cats at the
                        end of the summer.     Feral dogs are also suspected to be present,
                        although none were actually found during field inspections.

                        Feral dogs and cats can have a significant impact on wildlife using the
                        study area.   Feral animals will rely on food scraps tossed out with
                        household garbage causing frequent human confrontations with Raccoons.
                        In addition, feral animals will search for alternate food supplies and
                        eventually compete with other natural predators for the same prey
                        species. Disturbances by feral animals to ground nesting birds can also
                        have serious consequences. As discussed in Sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.2,
                        young Piping Plovers and terns are particularly vulnerable to predators
                        until they are fledged (capable of flying). Frequent attempts to attack
                        birds nesting at the outer edge of colonies place Roseate Terns in the
                        highest risk, and may drive nesting birds out of the area altogether.
                        Some of the species may not attempt to re-nest after being disturbed,
                        while others, even though successful at hatching new young, the young
                        may not reach maturity in time to survive migration.

                        This discussion, while it stresses the     potential impacts of feral
                        animals, is not meant to exclude the       impacts that other natural
                        predators have on endangered, threatened and protected bird species
                        attempting to nest in the study area.       The problem is compounded
                        however, when the numbers of these natural  predators rise due to their
                        ability to adapt or exploit an urbanizing  environment. Town officials
                        have noted an increasing trend in the number of Raccoons, Crows and
                        Black-backed Gulls, in addition to dogs and cats, harassing colonial-
                        nesting shorebirds over the past four years (Hanse, T.O.B., November 4,
                        1992).



               5.3 VARIATIONS TO THE NATIVE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITIES

                    5.3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

                        The Jones Beach barrier and bay islands underwent extensive changes
                        around the turn of the century and up until the 1950's under the
                        direction of Robert Moses and the Long Island State Park Commission

                                                     5-25









                 (LI SPQ    Prior to this, access was limited and these areas were
                 frequented only by Oyster Companies for aquaculture programs and farmers
                 who cut salt hay (Spartina sp. and Distichlis spicata) from the tidal
                 marshes. The Town began leasing lands for residential purposes around
                 the 1870's, as is discussed in further detail in Section 6.1.


                 During the course of this study, CA viewed historical photos in the
                 archives of the LISPC and the Long Island Regional Planning Board
                 (LIRPB). According to the LIRPB photos, dredging was conducted during
                 the 1930's to produce fill material to accommodate the relocation of
                 homes from High Hill to West Gilgo Beach. A 1933 LISPC photo taken from
                 the now defunct Coast Guard Station at Gilgo     Beach showed 21 homes
                 comprising the Gilgo Beach East community.    No homes were present at
                 Gilgo Beach West; rather, this area appeared as  vegetated tidal marsh,
                 with bay waters at a much closer proximity to    Ocean Parkway than it
                 appears today.   Fill material was placed on top of tidal wetlands and
                 adjacent areas during the course of residential development.      At the
                 time, this practice was common not only within the barrier and bay
                 island communities, but also along the entire south shore of the Long
                 Island mainland. The loss of tidal wetlands that was permitted during
                 this period was highly significant, in comparison to the minimal changes
                 that could occur today under current state and town regulations.

                 Other significant historical changes include: the dredging and filling
                 activities associated with the construction of Ocean Parkway and the
                 creation of the State Boat Channel from the 1930's through the 1950's;
                 the associated filling of the entire Cedar Island Inlet (formerly
                 located slightly west of the Sore Thumb); and the fragmentation of
                 several bay islands (including Cedar Island, Seganus Thatch and Captree
                 Island).due to the creation of the State Boat Channel and construction
                 of Robert Moses Causeway.     Mosquito ditches were dug in the tidal
                 wetlands sometime between the 1930's to 1960's.       LISPC photographs
                 indicate that extensive areas both north and south of Ocean Parkway were
                 planted in the 1930's with Beachgrass (Ammophila sp.) plugs.           In
                 addition, Beachgrass plugs were commonly planted to stabilize shorefront
                 properties after the placement of dredge spoil, as viewed in a series of
                 photos taken in 1946 at Oak Beach. It is interesting to note that no
                 Common Reed (Phragmites communis) or Japanese Black Pine (Pinus
                 thunbergii) appear in these earlier photos.     These species begin to
                 appear in the 1960 photos, occupying the roadway right-of-way and other
                 filled areas.

                 In 1980, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted Topo-Metrics, Inc.
                 to conduct a detailed vegetative survey of the Long Island barrier
                 beaches. This survey covered the portion of the study area occurring
                 generally south of Ocean Parkway from Cedar Beach in the west to Robert
                 Moses Causeway in the east. Most of the vegetative coverage shown on
                 these maps has not changed over the past twelve years.      This survey
                 information has been delivered to the TOB Department of Environmental
                 Control for their file records.



                                               5-26









                        Much of the "native" vegetation which occupies the communities and
                        recreational facilities today, were in fact introduced by transplanting
                        efforts of the LISPC and community residents during the 1930's through
                        1960's. Many of these planted species have produced a beneficial impact
                        (such as the Beachgrass plugs, Beach Pea, Virginia Creeper and Bayberry)
                        in terms of stabilizing dunes and shorefront areas; whereas others (such
                        as the Japanese Black Pine) have introduced pests and disease problems.
                        These issues are discussed further in Sections 5.1.4, 5.3.2 and 5.3.3.


                    5.3.2 ENCROACHMENT OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS INTO SURROUNDING VEGETATIVE
                            COMMUNITIES

                        As discussed earlier, the residential communities within the study area
                        have historically been developed on top of filled wetlands, uplands and
                        dune areas. The impacts to each type of native vegetative cover have
                        been discussed separately in Sections 5.1.1 through 5.1.4. The impact
                        of replacing native vegetation with ornamental landscape plants within
                        the community areas takes on a greater significance if these introduced
                        plant materials have the ability to spread to outlying natural areas and
                        successfully outcompete the vegetation in their native habitats.

                        CA compiled a list of the plant materials found growing in the barrier
                        and bay island communities of the study area.    The native species are
                        denoted in Table 5-5, while the remainder are considered ornamentals or
                        introduced plants. The introduced species which have the potential to
                        propagate readily and invade the surrounding habitats have been
                        designated by an asterisk.   These include species that produce seeds
                        which are easily dispersed by wind or birds and typically germinate in
                        sandy soil conditions, or which easily root from pruned pieces of
                        branches or other plant parts.      Although certain landscape plants
                        included on this list propagate naturally by runners or underground
                        stems in loamy garden soils, they do not grow as easily in the native
                        sandy soils exposed to extremes in moisture and temperature conditions.
                        These are not, therefore, expected to disperse as readily.

                        As discussed in Sections 5.3.1 and 6.1, the communities in the study
                        area were first developed in the late 1800's and early 1900's.        The
                        landscaping within these communities is well established and patterns in
                        cover types are not expected to change drastically in the future,
                        barring major storm events. The extent of urban vegetation has remained
                        relatively confined to the developed communities, as depicted in Plates
                        2A through 2G.      Only a few species have apparently dispersed
                        successfully, although their spread is still fairly local to the
                        developed areas. Japanese black pine seedlings have been found within
                        the dunes and upland areas surrounding the communities. Japanese black
                        pines have experienced the greatest extent of dispersal. This may in
                        part be due to the relative abundance of this plant in contrast to other
                        ornamental species. Even though other introduced species may be present
                        in fairly high numbers, the large spacing between individuals of the
                        same species may inhibit seed production. Oriental bittersweet appeared
                        second in abundance in the outlying areas. Although bittersweet vines

                                                     5-27









                 were found within every community, they have taken a stronghold in the
                 communities of Oak Beach Association, Oak Beach and Oak Island.
                 However, bittersweet was found to be confined to the roadsides, uplands
                 and woodland areas.    Bittersweet did not appear to encroach into the
                 dune areas located west of Oak Beach or east of Oak Beach Association.
                 The only other introduced species which CA found to be mildly dispersed
                 is weeping lovegrass. Weeping lovegrass is not native to Long Island,
                 but it is fairly well adapted to dry, sandy S'oils, and is used
                 frequently in highway stabilization plantings.        Sparse patches of
                 weeping lovegrass were found bordering development roadways in Oak Beach
                 and Oak Beach Association.

                 Many of the shrub and groundcover species which are native to the Jones
                 Beach barrier can be readily found in local nurseries. The ecology of
                 the coastal communities would benefit from the replacement of typically
                 ornamental species by native species in residential landscaping. This
                 is discussed further in the mitigation Section 5.6.3.


              5.3.3 PINE WILT DISEASE

                 Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) is an ornamental species
                 introduced from Japan and Korea.      Japanese Black Pines were widely
                 planted along Ocean Parkway and the Robert Moses Causeway by the Long
                 Island State Park Commission and New York State Department of
                 Transportation from the 1960's until fairly recently.     This plant was
                 highly utilized in landscape plantings because of its salt spray
                 tolerance and ability to thrive in very sandy, exposed locations.

                 However, since the late 1970's, the Cornell Cooperative Extension and
                 Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory have been monitoring the
                 decline of the Japanese Black Pines (and other native Pitch Pines)
                 across Long Island due to Pine Wilt Disease.       Pine Wilt Disease is
                 primarily caused by two different insect vector/pathogen life cycles:
                 The Black Turpentine Beetle (Dendroctonus terebrans) in association with
                 a Blue-stain Fungus (Leptograph-ium spp.); and a combined attack from the
                 Pine Sawyer Beetle (Monochamus carolinensis) and the Pinewood Nematode
                 (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus  '). Trees 15-20 years of age growing in the
                 harshest seashore locations are the most susceptible (Daughtrey and
                 Kowalsick, 1988).

                 Black Turpentine Beetles generally bore into the lower 4 to 5 feet of
                 the trunk or below the soil level. Resin produced by the affected tree
                 flows through this hole, drips and hardens producing a characteristic
                 "pitch tube".    The beetle larvae which feed on the inner bark, may
                 completely girdle the tree eventually causing its death.             Black
                 Turpentine beetles often carry a Blue-stain fungus to the inner wood of
                 the tree, where the fungus attacks the cambium layer and accelerates the
                 decline of the tree. Outward symptoms of this attack include the
                 presence of pitch tubes and an overall color change of the needles from
                 a healthy dark green to lighter pale green and eventually to brown
                 (Daughtrey and Kowalsick, 1988).

                                                5-28









                        Pine Sawyer Beetles which feed on the upper succulent growing branch
                        tips of the Japanese Black Pine often introduce the microscopic Pinewood
                        Nematodes. These nematodes multiply and feed within the resin canals of
                        the pine tree. Within three to four weeks of infection, the buildup of
                        this parasitic nematode in the branch causes the needles to pale, then
                        turn yellow.    Within five to six weeks the entire branch dies.         The
                        literature is unclear as to the time of spread        to other unaffected
                        portions of the tree, except that it is believed to be fairly rapid.
                        Needles on the dead tree turn rust colored but do     not fall off.     Pine
                        Sawyer Beetles are attracted to stressed or dying     Japanese Black Pine
                        trees to lay their eggs. The larvae burrow under      the bark and invade
                        the deeper layers of the wood. After two years, adult beetles bore out
                        of the tree, often highly contaminated with the Pinewood Nematodes and
                        fly on to healthy trees, continuing the Pine Wilt disease cycle
                        (Daughtrey and KoWalsick, 1988).

                        Unfortunately, by the time Japanese Black Pines show any symptoms of
                        Pine Wilt, the pest cycle has progressed too far to save individual
                        trees. Control of the vector insects by insecticides is not presently
                        recommended or deemed practical, due to the fact that the flight range
                        of the vector beetles is unknown, but is believed to be considerable.
                        The best current method for controlling the spread of the disease is
                        improved sanitation, including prompt removal and burning of all
                        affected or dead trees. Preventive measures including deep irrigation
                        during periods of prolonged hot, dry weather and routine fertilization,
                        will help maintain Japanese Black Pine trees in good health (Daughtrey
                        and Kowalsick, 1988).

                        Research conducted in Japan by the Forestry and Forest Products Research
                        Institute (1983) and by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service (1982) indicated
                        that several-other pine species are susceptible to Pine Wilt disease,
                        including (but not limited to):

                           Scots Pine                 Pinus sylvestris
                           Mugho Pine                 Pinus muqo
                           Eastern White Pine         Pinus strobus
                           Red Pine                   Pinus resinosa
                           Ponderosa Pine             FT-n-u-s Donderosa
                           Black Pine                 Pinus nigra
                           Slash Pine                 Pinus elliottii
                           Korean Pine                Pinus koraiensis
                           Japanese Red Pine          FT-n-us densiflora
                           Austrian Pine              Pinus nigra var. austriaca

                        Preliminary research   findings also indicate that different species of
                        pines exhibited varying degrees of resistance to Pine Wilt, when
                        subjected to inoculations of the parasitic nematodes at the seedling
                        stage of growth. Pitch Pine (EiM rigida), one of Long Island's native
                        pines, Jeffrey Pine (Pinus Jeffreyi) and Short-leaf Pine (Pinus
                        echinata) are three species adaptable to this region which appear to be
                        resistant. However, further research is needed on mature trees growing
                        under natural conditions to draw any solid conclusions. The literature

                                                        5-29








                  indicates that development of genetic variants to the Pine Wilt
                  resistant species, which are being developed at the present time, may
                  provide the most viable long-term alternative to landscaping with
                  Japanese Black Pine (Dropkin and Linit, 1982; Mamiya, 1983).


              5.3.4 MOSQUITO DITCHES

                  "Mosquito ditches" is the local name for the open surface drainage
                  ditches which currently transect the wetlands of nearly every bay island
                  within the study area. These ditches were excavated sometime between
                  the early 1930's and 1960's, based on historic aerial photographs viewed
                  by CA. Mosquito ditches are generally aligned in parallel rows, spaced
                  approximately 150 to 200 feet apart.      Their primary purpose is to
                  improve the drainage of tidal flats and other wet areas in order to
                  reduce the proliferation of mosquitos.     Originally dug by hand, the
                  mosquito ditches are currently maintained and cleaned out using low
                  ground pressure rotary ditchers which excavate a shallow (approximately
                  18 inch deep) trench and distribute the spoil evenly on either side of
                  the ditch (Venero and Sperry, SCBVC, November 10, 1992).

                  The practice of installing and maintaining mosquito ditches can
                  ultimately alter the type and extent of wetlands within the study area.
                  As discussed in Section 5.1.1, the clean-out of a series of surface
                  ditches and replacement of an outlet pipe altered the hydrology of a
                  freshwater wetland system in Oak Beach Association.     This resulted in
                  the transition of the lower portion of the freshwater wetland system
                  into a tidal, high marsh (HM) type wetland.   In this situation, a solid
                  stand of common reed was gradually replaced at the central lower
10                elevations by saltmeadow cordgrass and saltgrass, with a fringe of
                  common reed remaining along the outer higher edges of the wetland. This
-                 change in hydrology had increased the vegetative diversity of this small
                  wetland system.   Common reed ranks fairly low in providing food and
                  cover for wildlife, especially on such a small scale surrounded by
                  residential development. By improving the drainage and increasing the
                  vegetative diversity, this wetland was upgraded to a potentially more
                  productive marsh.

                  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service currently supports open water marsh
                  management programs (OWMMP's) as an alternative to maintaining mosquito
                  ditches.   An OWMMP typically entails conducting a ground survey to
                  identify the lowest elevations in a marsh, and strategically placing
                  culverts and digging channels to provide a direct connection between
                  these isolated low spots and open tidal waters.     Thus, OWMMP's offer
                  several advantages over conventional mosquito control practices,
                  including:

                  0  increasing local salinity levels by improving tidal flows;
                  #  this induces a shift in vegetative patterns from species typical of
                     upland transitional zones to high marsh, and/or high marsh species to
                     low marsh;
                  0  reduces or eliminates the spread of common reed; and

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                           improves   habitat conditions    for larval    estuarine   fish which
                           ultimately feed upon and help control mosquito populations.

                        When considered on a large scale, the routine maintenance of mosquito
                        ditches or instituting OWMMP's may arrest the process of natural
                        succession (whereby high marsh areas gradually revert to upland or fresh
                        marsh areas, and low marsh areas transform to high marsh areas).
                        Collectively considered, this will perpetuate the current extent of
                        tidal marshes in the study area. Although uncertain as to the cause, it
                        appears that there has been an overall expansion in intertidal marsh
                        (IM) areas adjacent to the community areas which were formerly mapped as
                        high marsh (HM) by NYSDEC in 1974.       As discussed in Section 5.1.1,
                        mosquito ditching and other mosquito control practices are conducted by
                        the SCBVC on an as-need-basis.    Community residents indirectly affect
                        these impacts to the wetlands areas by placing requests. and mosquito
                        complaints with the SCBVC.


                     5.3.5 MOWING PRACTICES

                        Since at least 1974 (the date of the aerial-based NYSDEC tidal wetland
                        maps), residents in West Gilgo Beach, East Gilgo, Oak Island and Captree
                        Island have cleared or mowed common reed and tidal marsh grasses
                        adjacent to homes, roadways and community recreation areas.       Many of
                        these areas lie within or are substantially contiguous to state mapped
                        tidal wetlands.   According to the State's tidal wetlands regulations
                        (Article 25 of the ECL), the mowing of marsh grasses and cutting of
                        tidal wetland vegetation is prohibited under the State's tidal wetland
                        regulation, Article 25. Mowing and/or cutting tidal wetland vegetation
                        is considered a "regulated activity"; and is defined in Section 661.4
                        (ee)(vi) of Article 25 as "any new activity within a tidal wetland or on
                        an adjacent area which directly or indirectly may substantially alter or
                        impair the natural condition or function of any tidal wetland."
                        According to NYSDEC staff, close mowing of tidal marsh areas impairs the
                        growth and vigor of low marsh and high marsh grasses, and provides a
                        competitive advantage to (less desirable) fringes of Common Reed.
                        Further-more, cutting tidal marsh vegetation encourages upland uses
                        which are also otherwise prohibited by state regulations (Dubois,
                        NYSDEC, December 30, 1992).

                        Conflict had recently arisen between residents of East Gilgo Beach and
                        NYSDEC, where NYSDEC claimed residents had been cutting or mowing
                        saltmeadow cordgrass    (Sgartina   patens),   common   reed   (Phragmites
                        communis), groundsel-tree (Baccharis halimifolia) and other wetland
                        shrubs without first obtaining a NYSDEC permit. Residents claimed that
                        they needed to remove this material for fire protection purposes, to
                        reduce mosquito and tick problems and to provide usable backyard areas
                        on their leased lots. In an effort to reach a compromise, the Town of
                        Babylon Department of Environmental Control discussed the situation with
                        NYSDEC (Kluesener, T.O.B., October 9, 1992).     NYSDEC staff produced a
                        preliminary management proposal for protecting tidal wetland species on


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                  the Town's leased lots in East Gilgo. A copy is included in Appendix D
                  of this report.

                  The Town and residents reviewed NYSDEC's proposal and determined that it
                  would still impose a hardship and create a fire hazard.     NYSDEC again
                  met with Town officials and drafted a mutually agreeable policy. This
                  policy is currently under review in the Town Attorney's office.        In
                  summary, the draft policy contains the following provisions:

                     0  The September 23, 1992 aerial photographs taken as part of this
                        study will serve as the baseline for future actions;

                     0  Residents can continue to maintain a cleared area as shown in 1992
                        photographs without obtaining a NYSDEC permit;

                     *  No resident can clear existing undisturbed wetland vegetation as
                        shown in these photographs without first       obtaining a NYSDEC
                        permit;

                     0  Residents cannot clear beyond their lot lines;

                     0  Regardless of the preceding provisions, residents can clear within
                        15 feet of existing structures for fire prevention and control.

                  After the Town.Attorney has given its approval, the Town Department of
                  Environmental Control will submit the finalized policy to the Town Board
                  for review and recommend that it be adopted as a model for all of the
                  Town's coastal. communities (Kluesener, November 25, 1992).


         5.4 VARIATIONS IN WILDLIFE POPULATIONS

              5.4.1 POPULATION SHIFTS IN RESPONSE TO CHANGING VEGETATIVE PATTERNS

                  The species of wildlife that are present on the barrier and bay islands
                  will depend upon the particular mix of vegetation, the percentage of
                  cover and the types of cover which occupy the study area.     Changes in
                  the vegetation will create shifts in both the variety and total number
                  of wildlife species which utilize the area. A reduction in the total
                  acreage of grassland/shrub thicket habitat will effect a decrease in the
                  number of Meadow Voles, Cottontails, Shrews and Mice which occupy these
                  areas. . Thi s i n turn wi 11 af f ect predatory speci es, such as Fox, Weasel ,
                  Northern Harrier and other raptorial birds. A reduction in available
                  prey species would initially cause predatory animals to hunt or forage
                  elsewhere, creating territorial conflicts with neighboring similar
                  species. Ultimately such conflicts may reduce the number of offspring
                  produced, or result in a species leaving the study area altogether.
                  This could have serious consequences for endangered or threatened
                  species which currently breed within the study area.

                  Similar scenarios would occur as a result of significant losses in any
                  of the other cover types described in Section 5.1.       A reduction in

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                        underwater habitats vegetated with eel grass (Zostera marina) due to
                        nearshore dredging operations or concentrated boating activity will
                        potentially impact fisheries and waterfowl.         A study conducted by
                        Adelphi University states that up to one-third of the total species
                        present in eel grass communities may disappear as a result of a
                        deterioration in this ecosystem.      Canada Geese, Brant, Black Ducks,
                        Scaup, Redhead and other waterfowl, Shrimp, Bay Scallops and several
                        finfish species would be directly affected (R. Wilson and A. Brenowitz,
                        July 1966).

                        The replacement of an existing vegetative cover type with another will
                        create a shift in the types of wildlife species utilizing an area. This
                        is particularly the case in residential developments, as described in
                        Sections 5.1.5, 5.2.2, and 5.3.2. The process of community development
                        typically fragments otherwise uninterrupted areas of native vegetation,
                        and thus creates numerous "edge" type habitats. This does not represent
                        a significant impact for the study area, because the majority of the
                        coastal landscape already consists of grassland/shrub thicket habitat or
                        wetland/shrub interfaces. However, the replacement of native vegetation
                        with ornamental species in the residential areas, coupled with the
                        increase in human (and pets/feral animal) interaction creates a moderate
                        impact on wildlife species.

                        The ornamental species which replace native plants in a community are
                        often less valuable in terms of providing food and cover for the
                        resident wildlife species.     Native bayberries and beach plums provide
                        food for over 25 species of resident and migratory songbirds, as well as
                        nesting cover, and also provide browse for deer and fox. Blueberries
                        and the various native sumacs provide food and cover for over 20 species
                        of songbirds, and the foliage and twigs are favored by cottontails,
                        deer, fox, opossum, and mice (Martin, Zim and Nelson, 1961). These are
                        just a few of the native shrub species found growing on the Jones Beach
                        barrier.    In contrast, many ornamental species have been genetically
                        selected against fruit production to minimize the required maintenance.
                        Although ornamental species (particularly evergreens) offer cover for
                        wildlife, they generally provide far less food resources (in terms of
                        quantity, variety and palatability) to local wildlife populations.

                        The provision of artificial food supplies at bird feeders will benefit
                        certain avian species which adapt well to urbanizing environments.
                        However, this may attract Starlings, Blackbirds, Grackles and House
                        Sparrows, which will compete with other more desirable avian species for
                        limited breeding and nesting territories, and will result in an overall
                        decrease in the diversity of the avian fauna.

                        The encroachment of ornamental landscape plants into the surrounding
                        native plant communities has been limited in the study area, as
                        discussed in Section 5.3.2.         Japanese Black Pine and Oriental
                        Bittersweet are the primary species which CA found in the outlying
                        areas.   Oriental Bittersweet (similar to its native relative-American
                        Bittersweet) provides cover for nesting songbirds, berries which are
                        eaten by Cottontail, Squirrel, Bobwhite, Pheasant and various songbirds,

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                   and browse for Deer and Cottontail (Northeastern Forest Experiment
                   Station, 1974).      The spread of Bittersweet, therefore, has had a
                   relatively positive impact on wildlife species.

                   The introduction of Japanese Black Pine has produced mixed results.          It
                   currently represents the dominant plant in the tree canopy, and has
                   provided valuable food and cover for various songbirds and small
                   mammals. However, its recent decline due to the Pine Wilt Disease (as
                   discussed in Section 5.3.3) has placed the Japanese Black Pine
                   population in jeopardy, and serves as a disease bank or host for future
                   outbreaks in yet unaffected areas.      The ultimate loss of these mature
                   trees from the coastal landscape will impact several species which are
                   dependent upon this tree canopy for food reserves or nesting areas, such
                   as Squirrels, Woodpeckers, various Warblers, etc.            These wildlife
                   speci es may 1 eave the study area af ter the decl i ne of the Japanese Bl ack
                   Pines or until other tree species re-colonize the area.


               5.4.2 YEAR ROUND VERSUS SEASONAL DISTURBANCES

                   Disturbances to wildlife populations will have different effects based
                   on their frequency and season of occurrence.         Breeding, spawning and
                   nesting seasons are critical time periods for the survival of various
                   wildlife species. Wherever practicable, these have been summarized in
                   tabular form or in the text which appears in Section 5.2.

                   Disturbances can take on various forms, including direct human
                   interaction, nuisance intervention or predation by pets or feral
                   animals, and impacts due to vehicular or boat traffic. Unfortunately,
                   the most vulnerable time periods for many wildlife species coincides
                   with the peak use periods for bathing beaches and boating. Year-round
                   habitation would generally impose a greater impact on finfish, shellfish
                   and waterfowl populations than would seasonal habitation. This is due
                   to the fact that legal hunting or harvesting seasons for these resources
                   typically fall between the months of November through April.

                   Oak Island is the only residential community in the study area which is
                   seasonally occupied. The remaining communities have a mixture of year-
                   round and seasonal residents. Due to its seasonal nature, and the fact
                   that it is isolated from other land masses, Oak Island holds the least
                   potential for impacting wildlife resources in the study area.


         5.5 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS

               5.5.1 FEDERAL REGULATIONS

               A. Section 404 Of The C7ean klater Act

               The 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act was amended             i n 1977 and
               renamed the Clean Water Act. Section 404 of the Clean Water         Act expanded
               the role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) as the          protector of

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                    federal wetlands, and prohibited the discharge of dredge or fill material
                    into navigable waters without a permit from the ACOE. Section 404 contains
                    the following provisions (Salvesen, 1990):

                       0   Authorizes the ACOE to issue permits for filling navigable waters in
                           accordance with EPA guidelines that..."no discharge of dredged or
                           fill material be permitted if a practicable alternative exits which
                           would have less adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem... and ... no
                           discharge of dredged or fill material shall be permitted which will
                           cause or contribute to significant degradation of U.S. Waters."
                       0   Empowers EPA to veto a decision by the ACOE to issue a permit to fill
                           a wetland.
                       0   Authorizes the ACOE to issue General Permits on a statewide, regional
                           or nationwide basis for certain activities in wetlands that are
                           similar in nature and will cause only minimal adverse effect to the
                           environment.
                       0   Exempts certain activities from the permit requirements, including
                           normal farming, forestry and ranching activities which are part of an
                           established operation.

                    B. The Endangered Species Act

                    The Endangered Species Act was enacted in 1973 and amended in 1988. It is
                    administered primarily by the U.S. Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife
                    Service, which oversees the protection and conservation of all forms of
                    fish, wildlife and plants found to be in jeopardy.        The Secretary of
                    Commerce acting through the National Marine Fisheries Service is given
                    similar authority for most marine organisms.    The Endangered Species Act
                    contains the following provisions which apply to conditions found within
                    the study area:

                       0   Directs the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to classify, list
                           and/or de-list "Endangered" and "Threatened" wildlife and plant
                           species occurring in the U.S.   This may include the designation of
                           "critical habitats" which are essential to the conservation of the
                           listed species.
                       0   Empowers the Secretaries of Interior and Commerce Department to issue
                           regulations necessary for the conservation of listed species.
                       0   Directs the agencies to develop and implement recovery plans for the
                           continued survival of listed species.
                       0   Authorizes the Secretaries of Interior, Commerce and Agriculture
                           Departments to acquire lands or waters, or to provide financial
                           assistance to any state for the conservation of resident endangered
                           or threatened species.
                       0   Prohibits the importing, exporting, taking, sale, transport or
                           delivery of any listed animals and plants.
                       0   Regulates the captivity of listed species.
                       0   Specifies the civil and criminal penalties for violations under this
                           act.
                       0   Empowers all federal Secretaries of Departments with enforcement
                           capabilities.


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              C. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act

              The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which was enacted in 1918, laid the basis
              for other laws such as the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929 and the
              Duck Stamp Act of 1934. All species of migratory birds, including ducks
              and other waterfowl currently hunted in New York State, are protected under
              this federal legislation.    The following provisions apply to conditions
              found  within the study area:

                 0   Prohibits the taking, killing or possession of any migratory bird,
                     nest or eggs of such birds or parts thereof.
                 0   Empowers the Secretary of the Interior Department to determine when
                     and how migratory birds may be taken, killed or possessed.
                 0   Prohibits the transportation of any migratory bird, nest, eggs or
                     parts thereof across state, territory, district or foreign country
                     boundaries.
                 0   Authorizes any designated employee of the Department of Interior to
                     search without warrant and arrest any violators of this Act.
                 0   Exempts the captive breeding and sale of migratory game birds on
                     farms and preserves.
                 0   Mandates the Department of Interior to issues permits for the
                     purposes of import, export, banding, marking, scientific collecting,
                     taxidermy, falconry and other special purposes concerning migratory
                     birds.



              5.5.2 STATE REGULATIONS

              A. ECL Artic7e 24 - Freshwater Wet7ands Regu7ations

                 Article 24 was enacted on September 1, 1975 to preserve, protect and
                 conserve freshwater wetlands and the benefits derived from them. This
                 article includes the following provisions (Rawinski, Malecki and Mudrak,
                 February 1979):

                 0   Empowers NYSDEC to regulate the development and use of wetlands which
                     are 12.4 acres or greater in size, and wetlands smaller than 12.4
                     acres which are deemed by NYSDEC to be of unusual local importance.
                     The regulated area extends to 100 feet beyond the designated wetland
                     boundary.
                 0   Regulated activities include dredging,       draining,   filling and
                     potential polluting activities.
                 0   Directs NYSDEC to inventory freshwater wetlands.
                 0   Mandates NYSDEC to issue permits for any use or alteration of
                     regulated freshwater wetlands.
                 *   Defines those activities which are exempt from permit requirements,
                     such as all agricultural activities which do not involve the filling
                     of wetlands.






                                                5-36









                     B.  ECL Article 25 - Tidal lVet7ands Regulations

                         The Tidal Wetlands regulations went into effect in August of 1977. The
                         intent of this article is to ensure that uses of tidal wetlands and
                         adjacent areas are compatible with the preservation, protection and
                         enhancement of these lands.        Article 25 includes the following
                         provisions:

                         e  Defines a spectrum of land       use activities from compatible to
                            incompatible within the intent   of this article.
                         0  Details the set-back requirements and minimum lot sizes for buildings
                            and appurtenances.
                         0  Mandates NYSDEC to issue permits for any use or alteration of tidal
                            wetlands. The regulated area extends generally 300 feet landward of
                            the designated wetland boundary; or up to the seaward edge of
                            existing (as of August 20, 1977) man-made structures; or to the
                            elevation contour of 10 feet above mean sea level; or the topographic
                            crest of a bluff or cliff.
                         0  Directs NYSDEC to establish a public hearing forum.
                         0  Directs NYSDEC to inventory tidal wetlands.
                         0  Empowers NYSDEC with enforcement capability.


                     5.5.3 TOWN REGULATIONS

                         A. Town Zoning

                         Recognizing that trees, shrubs and associated vegetation are valuable to
                         Town residents (in terms of stabilizing soil, reducing water pollution,
                         abating  noise,   providing   wildlife   habitats,    etc.),    regulations
                         controlling the clearing of land have been integrated into the Town
                         Zoning Codes.    Sections 213-369 through 213-375 stipulate that any
                         person wishing to clear lands within the Town of Babylon, must first
                         obtain a permit from the Building Division of the TOB Department of
                         Planning and Development.     In addition, the applicant must post a
                         performance bond for such work, which remains effective for three years.

                         B. Other Town Codes

                         There are several other town codes in place which contain provisions for
                         protecting the natural resources found within the study area.         These
                         area briefly described as follows:

                         ChaRter 81 - Beaches and Recreational Areas

                         0  The Town maintains a certain degree of control over public access to
                            its beaches through a permit system.        Beach permits are solely
                            dispensed to Town residents, and may be revoked by the Town Board if
                            the permittee violates any of the permit conditions.
                         0  All vehicular traffic is restricted from primary dunes, back dune
                            areas, tidal marshes, and the Cedar Beach Tern Colony, except at
                            designated access points.

                                                       5-37








                   0 Pedestrian traffic is also prohibited from primary dune, back dune
                     areas and all colonial waterbird colonies located on the barrier
                     beach except for posted access points at elevated walkways or
                     specially designed dune crossing structures.
                   0 The removal of vegetation from any dune area is prohibited.
                   0 No pets are allowed on any Town beaches or recreational areas except
                     at animal shelters.

                   Chapter 86 - Boats

                   0 Sections 17 and 18 are aimed at maintaining high surface water
                     quality by prohibiting the discharge of oil, chemicals, cesspool
                     wastes, garbage, rubbish and toilets into open surface waters.

                   0 Trawling and net fishing are prohibited within the Town waters of
                     Great South Bay, its tributaries and the Fire Island Inlet.

                   Chapter 106 - Dogs and Other Animals

                   0 Requires all dogs to be properly licensed, contained on the owner's
                     property or properly restrained on other premises. The Town's Dog
                     Control Officer is authorized to seize all dogs that are unrestrained
                     off the owner's property.
                   0 Requires dog owners to clean-up dog wastes deposited anywhere off the
                     owneris property.
                   0 Limits the number of dogs allowed on residential properties based
                     upon the lot size, unless granted special permission by the Town
                     Board.    Section 22 sets forth the application procedures for
                     obtaining  special permission.
                   0 Requires the owner of a dog or any other animal to tether or leash
                     animals when they are off the owner's premises, except with the
                     consent of property owner for the sole purpose of hunting.


                   0 Limits the number of fowl which can be kept on any property within
                     the Town, and stipulates the type of building or enclosure required.

                   ChaRter 128 - Freshwater Wetlands

                   0 Empowers the Town of Babylon Department of Environmental Control
                     (TOBDEQ to regulate activities within the Town's freshwater wetlands
                     (as identified on NYSDEC maps filed with the Town Clerk's office).
                     The Town's regulated area extends generally 100 feet beyond the
                     mapped boundary.
                   0 Regulates activities include draining, dredging, excavation, dumping,
                     filling, construction, pile driving, and discharging any potential
                     pollutants.
                   0 Mandates TOBDEC to issue permits for any regulated activity in a
                     freshwater wetland or adjacent area.
                   0 Defines the activities which are exempt from permit requirements
                     including: the deposition or removal of natural wetland products by
                     fishing, shellfishing, aquaculture, hunting or trapping, or otherwise

                                                 5-38









                          legally permitted and regulated; normal agricultural practices as
                          defined and scheduled within a Soil and Water Conservation Plan
                          developed by a Soil and Water Conservation District; public health
                          activities; public utility activities; emergency activities; and any
                          activities within a wetland located in more than one town or village.
                        * Establishes a public hearing process for the review of permit
                          applications.
                        9 Authorizes the Town to require the permittee to post a performance
                          bond for all restoration costs, that may result from the failure of
                          work to comply with permit conditions.
                        * Empowers the Town Attorney to prosecute violators.

                        Chapter 183 - Shellfish

                        * Empowers TOBDEC to regulate the taking of shellfish from underwater
                          Town lands.
                        # Directs the Town Clerk to issue either a personal permit or
                          commercial permit to Town residents.
                        o Sets the season, quantity and size restrictions on the types of
                          shellfish taken, and allowable methods of harvesting.
                        9 Establishes underwater management areas which are subject to
                          additional restrictions and regulations (over and above NYSDEC
                          closure limits) per direction from the Commissioner of TOBDEC. The
                          current management areas include the West Gilgo Beach Lagoon, the
                          Cedar Beach Marina, the waters surrounding Oak Island (except to the
                          west), and the Siate Boat Channel and waters south to the Robert
                          Moses Bridge.
                        9 Prohibits commercial shellfish harvesting in the management areas of
                          West Gilgo Beach Lagoon and the waters located north, south, and east
                          of Oak Island. Section 183-22 contains one exception; waters in the
                          Oak Island Lead (southerly waters located between Oak Island and the
                          barrier) are seasonally open to commercial shellfish harvesting in
                          January and February.
                        9 Affords a special exemption to Oak Island residents holding personal
                          permits, their subtenants and guests permitting the taking of
                          shellfish within the management area north, east and south of Oak
                          Island, subject to all other provisions of this code.
                        9 Establishes fines and terms of imprisonment for violators of the
                          chapter provisions, the permit prohibitions, restrictions or
                          regulations. Fines and sentences increase substantially for second
                          or subsequent convictions.

                        Chapter 202 - Trees

                        * Prohibits the cutting, removal or damaging of any tree on public or
                          private property without prior written consent of the owner.
                        # Sets forth a monetary penalty (not to exceed $250) or an imprisonment
                          term (maximum of 15 days) or both for each violation.       Each tree
                          illegally cut, removed or damaged constitutes a separate violation.




                                                     5-39









                 Chapter 209 - Off-road Vehicles

                 0   Prohibits the use of off-road vehicles on any roads, streets, public
                     lands, parks, beaches and private property, without permission from
                     the property owner.
                 0   Sets forth a monetary penalty (not to exceed $250) or an imprisonment
                     term (maximum of 15 days) or both for the violation.     In addition,
                     the violator shall pay all costs and expenses incurred by the Town in
                     determining the violation.



         5.6 MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES CONCERNING COASTAL BOTANY


              5.6.1 TIDAL WETLANDS

                 As discussed in Sections 5.1.1 and 5.3.1, tidal wetlands constitute the
                 major component of the natural ecosystem which has been impacted
                 historically by dredging and filling operations. However, based on CA's
                 field inventory and analysis of NYSDEC wetland maps, the coastal
                 communities have had a relatively minor impact on the tidal wetland
                 system for the past 30 years. The extent of tidal wetlands appears to
                 be increasing and enveloping many of the man-made structures installed
                 years ago, as evident on Oak Island.      The marsh grass density study
                 conducted by EEA, Inc. indicates that there is no statistical difference
                 between densities recorded at undeveloped versus developed areas (EEA,
                 Inc., January 1991).

                 The current impacts on tidal wetlands by the coastal communities are
                 infrequent and limited in extent, and may readily be diminished by
                 instituting minor regulatory changes and increasing enforcement.        As
                 discussed  in Sections 5.1.1 and 5.3.5, residents in Gilgo East, Oak
                 Island and Captree Island have been clearing and/or mowing tidal wetland
                 vegetation adjacent to homes, roadways and community recreation areas.
                 The Town has recently reached a preliminary agreement with NYSDEC
                 regarding the extent of clearing which will be allowed without prior
                 permit approval from NYSDEC (as discussed in Section 5.3.5).          This
                 policy, which has been developed for the Gilgo East community, is
                 expected to be expanded in scope to apply to all of the Town's coastal
                 communities.

                 Enhanced Town regulatory control over activities in tidal wetlands can
                 be derived through the creation and adoption of a Town ordinance,
                 similar to Chapter 128 of the Town Codes which regulates freshwater
                 wetlands.    Subsections  may include:    the provisions of the mowing
                 policy; restrictions on the type, distribution or rate of fertilizer
                 applications; scheduling and reporting dye testing of existing septic
                 systems; provisions for   removing outhouses set in wetland areas and
                 modifications of failing  septic systems. Such a code can offer better
go               Town control over the types of structures and use of structures located
                 within tidal wetlands and the specified adjacent area.


                                               5-40









                       The Town may request NYSDEC to update their inventory and map the
                       transitional wetland identified by CA in the Oak Beach Association in
                       order to provide the proper degree of protection to this system.       In
                       addition, the Nature Conservancy has requested similar treatment for the
                       unmapped wetlands (mudflats or interdunal swales) that exist at Overlook
                       Beach, since they are integral to the recently designated Town refuge
                       area (Antenen, December 18, 1992).


                    5.6.2 FRESHWATER WETLANDS

                       West Gilgo Beach has had a moderate impact on a relatively large
                       freshwater wetland located north of the residential area. As discussed
                       in Section 5.1.2, it is apparent that community residents are generally
                       unaware of the presence of this wetland due to the fact that it
                       primarily occupies undeveloped areas which are difficult to access, and
                       that a portion (approximately one acre) is kept mown for a ballfield.
                       Relocation of this ballfield to an alternate upland site would minimize
                       the impacts to this freshwater wetland.    Based upon preliminary field
                       observations, an alternate location may be available further west,
                       within the undeveloped portion of the West Gilgo community. However,
                       further study will be required to determine the suitability of the soils
                       and the configuration of the ballfield to avoid other sensitive wetland
                       and dune areas. Enhanced enforcement of the Town's freshwater wetlands
                       ordinance would reduce the dumping of yard wastes and other rubbish
                       which is occurring along Ocean Walk.

                       Chapter 128 of the Town Codes regulating freshwater wetlands utilizes
                       the NYSDEC inventory maps to set the Town jurisdictional boundaries. As
                       discussed in Section 5.1.2, the freshwater wetlands identified by CA in
                       West Gilgo Beach are not currently depicted on the NYSDEC maps.       The
                       Town may request NYSDEC to consider these wetlands for inclusion and
                       mapping, and to establish a classification as to their relative
                       importance as wildlife habitats. An educational campaign spearheaded by
                       the Ad-hoc committee or the West Gilgo Beach community association,
                       would bolster public awareness of these systems, their importance,
                       functions, and values. A limited harvest of Large Cranberry, a

                       natural product of the larger freshwater wetland, may boost the local
                       stewardship sentiment.

                       As discussed in Section 5.1.2, the large freshwater wetland system
                       located in the Oak Beach Association is relatively undisturbed and has
                       not been impacted by the community.    However, the westernmost segment
                       has undergone a transition to a tidal wetland system, due to past
                       act i v i t i es of the Suf f ol k County Bureau of Vector Control . I n 1 i ne wi th
                       the mitigation measures stated above, the Town may request NYSDEC to
                       drop the freshwater classification for this segment, and reclassify it
                       as a tidal wetland.     Additional freshwater wetlands occupying the
                       interdunal areas east of Oak Beach Association, north of West Gilgo
                       Beach and potentially north of the Oak Island community should also be


                                                     5-41








                  considered for inclusion on NYSDEC freshwater wetland maps and subject
                  to Town regulatory control.


               5.6.3 UPLANDS, WOODLANDS AND URBAN VEGETATION

                  The monoculture of Japanese Black Pines which currently exists
                  throughout the study area is in serious threat of decline due to Pine
                  Wilt Disease, as discussed in Sections 5.1.3, 5.1.5, and 5.3.3.
                  Although this situation is not directly due to any community activities,
                  these same communities have the opportunity to take immediate action and
                  effect a significantly positive impact on the upland and woodland
                  habitats of the coastal barrier.      Knowledgeable residents or their
                  representatives from the communities might form a local coalition
                  (similar to a citizens advisory committee) to assess the existing
                  condition of the Japanese Black Pine stand (both within the community
                  areas and along the state right-of-way), to determine the "hot-spots" or
                  leading lines of disease transmission and to coordinate monitoring
                  efforts with NYSDEC, NYSDOT and Long Island State Parks.         Upon the
                  development of an overall Landscape Management Plan for the barrier
                  island, NYSDEC staff indicated that the state agencies would be amenable
                  to the removal of diseased trees and replacement with suitable species.
                  However, community volunteer efforts and some matching funds may be
                  necessary (Sinclair, NYSDEC, December 17, 1992).      NYSDEC also stated
                  that the primary goals of such a reforestation effort should include
                  maximizing species diversity, and replacing with native and deciduous
                  plants in the proper locations. Revisions to Chapter 202 of the Town
                  Codes would be necessary to embark on this effort. Code revisions may
                  include the formation of a citizen's tree coalition to develop long term
10                plans and management strategies.       In order to be effective, the
                  coalition should be given some authority to grant approvals.

                  As discussed briefly in Section 5.3.2, the ecology of the coastal
                  communities would greatly benefit by the replacement of typically
                  ornamental plant species within developed areas with more native
                  species.   Many of these native species are readily available at Long
                  Island nurseries. The Nassau and Suffolk County Cooperative Extension
                  offices can assist with locating sources for native plants which are
                  grown in nurseries from wild collected seed or plant parts without
                  damaging or removing stock from the wild.       Some recommended native
                  plants, include the following:

                  0  Trees or large shrubs - shadbush (Amelanchier canadensis), red maple
                     (Acer rubrum), red chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), Atlantic white
                     cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), sassafras (Sassgfras albidum),
                     Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), tupelo or blackgum (Nyssa
                     ,sylvatica), and black willow (Salix nigra);

                  0  Shrubs - groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia), leatherleaf
                     (Chamaedaphne calyculata), sweet pepperbush (Cl        ra alnifolia),
                     black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), sheep laurel (Kalmia
                     Angustifolia), black haw viburnum (Viburnum prunifolium), northern

                                                5-42









                            bayberry (Nyrica pensylvanica), beach plum (Prunus maritima), swamp
                            azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), winged sumac (Rhus cogallina), smooth
                            sumac (Rhus glabra), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), pasture rose
                            (Rosa virginiana), meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia), lowbush blueberry
                            (Vaccinium   angustifolium),    and  highbush   blueberry     (Vaccinium
                            corymbosum); and

                            Groundcovers, perennials, and grasses -         beachgrass (Ammophila
                            breviligulata), big blue stem (Andropogon gerardi), little bluestem
                            (Andropogon   scoRarius),    bearberry    (Arctostaphylos     uva-ursi),
                            butterfly   weed    (Asclepias    tuberosa),    stiff   aster     (Aster
                            linariifolius), New England aster (Aster novae-angliae), sweetfern
                            (Comptonia Peregrina), joe pyeweed (Eupatorium purpureum), salt
                            meadow   cordgrass   (Spartina patens),      sea lavender (Limonium
                            carolinianum), American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), bird's
                            foot violet (Yiah pedata), and sweet goldenrod (Solidago odora).


                     5.6.4 DUNES AND BEACHES

                        Concentrated pedestrian traffic by the residents of the Gilgo East, and
                        West Gilgo Beach communities has had a significant impact on dune
                        vegetation opposite Ocean Parkway to the south, as discussed in Section
                        5.1.4.    Several of these dune walkovers are directly in line with
                        reported occurrences of the rare plant species, such as seabeach
                        amaranth  and seabeach knotweed.     Dune walkovers directly impact dune
                        vegetation and pose a threat to these rare plants. These impacts could
                        be eliminated through stepped up enforcement of Chapter 81 of the Town
                        Codes which prohibit both the removal or destruction of dune vegetation
                        and pedestrian traffic through dune areas, except at designated
                        walkways. The construction of elevated dune crossovers, the posting of
                        restricted use signs, and the installation of additional fencing
                        bordering the south side of Ocean Parkway to channel pedestrian flow to
                        these designed crossovers would provide a passive alternative to active
                        enforcement activities.

                        Also discussed in Section 5.1.4, is the potential presence of additional
                        rare and vulnerable plant species along the community beachfronts and
                        adjacent undeveloped areas.       Although unlikely to occur in highly
                        traversed pathways, these rare plants may be present behind coastal
                        structures. A rare plant survey conducted by a qualified botanist would
                        be necessary to verify such occurrences and to develop a management plan
                        if necessary.



                5.7 MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES CONCERNING WILDLIFE RESOURCES

                     5.7.1 ENDANGERED, THREATENED, SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES AND OTHER BIRDS

                        Largely through the combined efforts of NYSDOS, NYSDEC, the Nature
                        Conservancy and the Audubon Society, a considerable amount of research

                                                       5-43








                   has been conducted on the vulnerable species discussed in Section 5.2.1
                   and the habitats which are critical to supporting these species.
                   Coastal development, recreational uses, predation and environmental
                   degradation are four of the main factors which have historically
                   contributed to population declines of Piping Plovers, Least Terns,
                   Common Terns and Roseate Terns (NYSDOS, April 1991).           Habitat loss
                   (especially      of     wetl and    areas)      and     increased       human
                   interactions/disturbances within breeding ranges were cited as the
                   primary factors controlling Northern Harrier populations on Long Island
                   (England, 1989).    Although they primarily utilize habitats outside of
                   the community areas, all of these vulnerable species nest and/or forage
                   within close proximity (less than one-half mile) to the residential
                   developments and recreational facilities of the study area. Management
                   considerations designed to protect the endangered and threatened
                   species, discussed in Section 5.2.1, will also generally apply to other
                   bird species.

                   The Town has recently designated part of Overlook Beach as a wildlife
                   refuge to protect vital habitat for the Piping Plover.           The Nature
                   Conservancy is currently developing a site management and conservation
                   plan for this refuge (Antenen, December 18, 1992). These efforts could
                   be expanded in scope by designating this and other important wildlife
                   habitats as Critical Environmental Areas (CEA's).          Thereafter, any
                   action that takes place within or substantially contiguous to the CEA's
                   would be treated as a Type I action and be subject to a fully
                   coordinated environmental review process under SEQRA (NYSDEC, March
                   1982).   In lieu of the designation of CEA's, the Town may establish
                   Wildlife Management Areas, similar to those established under Chapter
                   183 of the Town Codes which regulate shellfish harvesting waters.           A
                   Vulnerable Species Coordinating Committee (VSCC) could be created to
                   identify the critical habitats and buffer areas within the Town and
                   develop management strategies for these areas. Members of a VSCC might
                   include representatives from TOBDEC, TOB Parks, TOB Buildings and
                   Grounds, NYSDEC, Audubon Society, Nature Conservancy, Long Island Beach
                   Buggy Association, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps of
                   Engineers, and Save the Beaches Fund.

                   Any measures that would restrict further development within the study
                   area would serve to mitigate impacts of the coastal communities on
                   vulnerable and protected avian species. Regulations which prohibit the
                   reconstruction of residences or shoreline protection structures within
                   Coastal - Erosion Hazard Areas, will further reduce these impacts and
                   potentially create future habitat areas.

                   The TOBDEC, Save the Beaches Fund, Audubon Society and members of the
                   Long Island Beach Buggy Association annually post signs and erect string
                   fences around nesting shorebird colonies to serve as visual barriers
                   protecting these areas. However, based on conversations with TOB staff,
                   the Nature Conservancy and CA's field investigations, human disturbances
                   (including those caused by residents and non-resident visitors) and
                   predation continue to impose moderate adverse impacts on the survival
                   and reproductive success of ground-nesting birds in the study area. As

                                                   5-44









                        discussed in Sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.5, improper disposal of food scraps
                        and residential garbage attracts certain predatory species.       Stri ct
                        adherence to and enforcement of the Town's litter ordinance (Chapter 146
                        of the Town Codes) would minimize this problem. In addition, enhanced
                        enforcement and expansion of Chapter 106 of the Town Codes to'include
                        licensure for cats, improved constraint requirements and control of
                        feral animals would greatly reduce the impacts of predation due to the
                        devel oped areas.

                        The Town and Save the Beaches Fund have already developed a good
                        informational program for Piping Plovers. Further educational efforts
                        are necessary to enhance public awareness of other vulnerable and
                        protected avian species.   A strong public message is needed to convey
                        the negative consequences  of unleashed pets, trespassing on the dunes
                        and disturbing wildlife.


                    5.7.2 FINFISH, SHELLFISH AND  CRUSTACEANS

                        As discussed in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.2.4, the overall health of marine
                        organisms is inextricably linked to the maintenance of good surface
                        water quality. Mitigation alternatives affecting surface water quality
                        are discussed separately in Section 2.6. Limiting dredging activities
                        to bottom areas devoid of aquatic vegetation, and to time periods which
                        do not coincide with peak spawning periods, will greatly reduce the
                        development impacts on fishery resources.

                        The Town and State already have regulations in effect which control the
                        size, number and types of marine organisms that can be harvested from
                        the waters of the study area.    One provision of the Town's shellfish
                        ordinance (Chapter 183 of the Town Codes) provides exclusionary rights
                        to Oak Island residents. Revisions to the code to drop restrictions in
                        this management area, or to seasonally open the waters surrounding Oak
                        Island would afford more equitable treatment to Town residents at large.


                    5.7.3 MAMMALS AND FERAL ANIMALS

                        The direct impact of residential development on native mammalian species
                        is relatively insignificant; when compared with the secondary effect
                        that urbanization has caused to increase populations of certain
                        predatory species, both native and introduced. As discussed in Section
                        5.2.5, certain native mammals, such as Raccoons, Opossums, and Squirrels
                        and other opportunistic species, such as Norway Rats, have benefitted
                        from human habitation in the outer beach areas. These species, along
                        with both domestic and feral cats and dogs, create a potentially
                        significant impact on other wildlife species which utilize the study
                        area, especially ground-nesting birds.

                        The Town of Babylon has adopted a local ordinance (Chapter 106 of the
                        Town Code) to control dogs and other animals, which is described further
                        in Section 5.5.3. However, greater enforcement of this regulation may

                                                     5-45









                  be needed to reduce the harassment to colonial nesting waterbirds along
                  the Town beaches and other wildlife species.     In addition, this code
                  should be expanded to include licensure and constraint requirements for
                  cats, and provisions for the control and/or disposal of feral animals.
                  Further study will be required to determine if wildlife control measures
                  are also needed to reduce predation on endangered, threatened and
                  protected species.
















































                                                5-46










               5.8    REFERENCES

               Andrle, Robert F. and Janet R. Carroll. 1988. The Atlas of Breeding Birds in
                      New York State, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

               Antenen, Susan (Oral Communication) September 18 and December 18, 1992.
                      Telephone conversation between S. Antenen, Nature Conservancy, Cold Spring
                      ,Harbor, NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates,
                      PC, Hauppauge, NY.

               Briggs, Philip T. and Joel S. O'Connor. January 1971. "Comparison of Shore-
                      Zone Fishes Over Naturally Vegetated and Sand-Filled Bottoms in Great
                      South Bay." New York Fish and Game Journal, Vol. 18, No. I., pp. 15-41.

               Buffington, Burrell (Written Communication) September 8, 1992. Letter from
                      B. Buffington, NY Natural Heritage Program, Latham, NY to L. Schwanof,
                      Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.

               Catapano, Leslie N., M.S. and Kathleen Durante, M.S. November 1992. "Spartina
                      alterniflora:   Biomass study of the Babylon Outer Beach Communities."
                      Babylon Barrier Beach Ad Hoc Committee, Oak Beach, NY.

               Connor, Paul F. July 1971. The Mammals of Long Island, New York. Bulletin 416,
                      New York State Museum and Science Service, State University of New York,
                      Albany, NY.

               Daughtrey, Margery and,Thomas Kowalsick. October 1988. "The Japanese Black
                      Pine - What's Happening?" Home Horticulture Facts, Suffolk County Cornell
                      Cooperative Extension, Riverhead, NY.

               Downer, R.H. and C.E. Liebelt. March 1990. 1989 Long Island Colonial Waterbird
                      and Piping Plover Survey. NYSDEC, Stony Brook, NY and the Seatuck Research
                      Foundation, Inc. Seatuck Research Program, Islip, NY.

               Dropkin, V.H. and Marc Linit. January 1982. "Pine Wilt - A Disease You Should
                      Know". Journal of Arboriculture, Vol. 8, No.1, pp.1-6.

               Dubois, Kevin. (Oral Communication) December 30, 1992. Telephone Conversation
                      between K. Dubois, Marine Resources Specialist I, NYSDEC, Stony Brook, NY
                      and  L.  Schwanof,   Environmental   Scientist,  Cashin Associates,      PC,
                      Hauppauge, NY.

               EEA, Inc. January 1991. Environmental Assessment of the Babylon Outer Beach
                      Communities. EEA, Inc., Garden City, NY.

               England, Marilyn. 1989. The Breeding Biology and Status of the Northern Harrier
                      (Circus cyaneus) on Long Island, New York. Master's thesis, Long Island
                      University, C.W. Post Center, NY.

               Gosner, Kenneth L. 1978. A Field Guide to the Atlantic Seashore. Houghton
                      Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.

               Great South Bay Audubon Society. November - December 1992. Sandpiper Newsletter.
                      Vol. 25, No. 6, Copiague, NY.









          Greene, Greg. 1978. Hard Clams, -Competitors, Predators, and Physical Parameters
                in Great South Bay. Wapora, Inc., under USEPA Contract No. 68-01-4616,
                New York, NY.

          Hanse, Gilbert (Oral Communication) November 4, 1992. Telephone Conversation
                between G. Hanse, Director, Town of Babylon Office of Emergency
                Preparedness, N. Babylon, NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist,
                Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.

          Howe, Marshall A., Roger B. Clapp, and John S. Weske. September 1978. Marine
                and Coastal Birds. MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph No. 31. New York
                Sea Grant Institute, Albany, NY.

          Jones, Clifford R. and J.R. Schubel. September 1980. "Distributions of
                Surficial Sediment and Eelgrass in Great South Bay, New York."       Marine
                Sciences Research Center, Special Report 39, Reference 80-6. Stony Brook,
                NY.

          Kluesener, Ron (Oral Communication) October 9, and November 25, 1992.
                Discussions between R. Kluesener, Executive Assistant to TOB Supervisor
                and Resident of West Gilgo Beach, NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental
                Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.

          Litwa, Michael and Brian Zitani (Meeting) October 27, 1992. Meeting between
                M. Litwa, B. Zitani, TOB Department of Environmental Control, N. Babylon,
                NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC,
                Hauppauge, NY.

          Mamiya, Y. 1983. "Pathology of the Pine Wilt Disease Caused by Bursaphelenchus
                xylophilus." Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 21, pp. 201-220.

          Monteleone, Doreen M. June 1992. "Seasonality and Abundance of Icthyoplankton
                in Great South Bay, New York." Estuaries, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 230-238.

          Mushacke, Fred (Oral Communication) November 12, 1992. Telephone conversation
                between F. Mushacke, Marine Resources Specialist II, NYSDEC, Stony Brook,
                NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC,,
                Hauppauge, NY.

          New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. March 1982. The SEOR
                Handbook. NYSDEC, Albany, NY.

          New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. January 1, 1993.
                "Minimum Size Limits for Fish, Shellfish and Crustacea."      Environmental
                Conservation Laws of New York, NYSDEC, Albany, NY.

          New York State Department of State and the Nature Conservancy. April 1991.
                DRAFT REPORT: Long Island's Beach-Nesting Shorebird Habitat: Protection
                and Management of a Vulnerable Resource. NYSDOS, Albany, NY.

          Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1974. Shrubs and Vines for Northeastern
                Wildlife. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, NE-9, USDA, Upper
                Darby, PA.








               Phillips, Frank J. (Written Communication) October 16, 1992. Letter from
                     Frank Phillips, Senior Wildlife Biologist, NYSDEC, Stony Brook, NY to
                     L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge,
                     NY.

               Plaissay, C.D. (Field Meeting) November 17, 1992. Meeting between C.D. Plaissay,
                     President, Oak Island Beach Association, Inc., Oak Beach, NY and L.
                     Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.

               Rawinski, Thomas, Richard Malecki and Louise Mudrak. February 1979. A Guide
                     to Plants Commonly Found in the Freshwater Wetlands of New York State.
                     New York Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit and Cornell Cooperative
                     Extension, Ithaca, NY.

               Reynolds, Roy (Oral Communication) October 16, 1992. Telephone conversation
                     between R. Reynolds, PE, Senior Public Health Engineer, Suffolk County
                     Department   of   Health  Services,   Riverhead,   NY   and   L.   Schwanof,
                     Environmental Scientist, CA, Hauppauge, NY.

               Robbins, Chandler S., Bertel Bruun and Herbert S. Zim. 1966. A Guide to Field
                     Identification: Birds of North America. Golden Press, Western Publishing
                     Co., Inc., New York.

               Root, Terry. 1988. Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: An Analysis of
                     Christmas Bird Count Data.     The University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
                     Illinois.

               Salvesen, David. 1990. Wetlands: Mitigating and Regulating Development Impacts.
                     The Urban  Land Institute, Washington, DC.

               Scheibel, Michael (Written Communication) November 2, 1992. Michael Scheibel,
                     Senior Wildlife Biologist, NYSDEC, Stony Brook, NY, Written comments on
                     avian species list generated by L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist,
                     Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.


               Schreiber, Robert A. May 23, 1973. The Fishes of Great South Bay. Master's
                     Thesis. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at
                     Stony Brook, NY.

               Sinclair, Dave. (Oral Communication) December 17, 1992. Telephone Conversation
                     between D. Sinclair, Associate. Forester, NYSDEC, Stony Brook, NY and L.
                     Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.

               Sperry, Tom (Oral Communication) November 10, 1992. Telephone Conversation
                     between T. Sperry, Biologist, Suffolk County Bureau of Vector Control,
                     Yaphank, NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates,
                     PC, Hauppauge, NY.

               Suffolk County Department of Health Services. Unpublished Draft: Brown Tide
                     Comprehensive Assessment and Management Program, SCDHS, Riverhead, NY.

               Topo-Metrics, Inc. 1980. Vegetation Study of Dominant Plant Life on the South
                     Shore of Long Island, NY. Hauppauge, NY.









         Venero, Frank (Oral Communication) November 10, 1992. Telephone Conversation
              between F. Venero, Acting Supervisor, Suffolk County Bureau of Vector
              Control, Yaphank, NY and L. Schwanof, Environmental Scientist, Cashin
              Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.

        Wilson, Ronald S. and A. Harry Brenowitz. July 1966. A Report on the Ecology
              of Great South Bay and Adjacent Waters. Adelphi University, Institute of
              Marine Science, Oakdale, NY.

        Zitani, Brian. (Meeting) September 17, 1992. Meeting between Brian Zitani, Bay
              Management Specialist I, TOBDEC, N. Babylon, NY and L. Schwanof,
              Environmental Scientist, Cashin Associates, PC, Hauppauge, NY.










                                                    TABLE 5-1

                                      PLANTS OCCUPYING THE TIDAL MARSHES*



                COMMON NAME                      BOTANICAL NAME


                Smooth Cordgrass                 Spartina a7ternif7ora
                Saltgrass                        Distichlis spicata
                Saltmeadow Cordgrass             Spartina patens
                Slender Glasswort                Salicornia europaea
                Sea Lavender                     Limonium nashii

                Perennial Saltmarsh Aster        Aster tenuffolius

                Marsh-Elder                      Iva frutescens

                Groundsel-Tree                   Baccharls halimifolia
                Black-Grass                      Juncus gerardi
                Common Reed                      Phragmites communis
                Seashore-Mallow                  Koste7etzkya virginica
                Dogbane                          Apocynum androsaem1fo7ium



               *NOTE:     Species are listed generally in order'of occurrence from wetter
                          downgradient locations to drier upgradient locations.


               Source:    CA field investigations of the Babylon barrier and bay island
                          study area conducted from September through November 1992.










                                            TABLE 5-2

                 PLANTS OCCUPYING THE FRESHWATER WETLANDS AND UPLAND VICINITY*


         COMMON NAME                  BOTANICAL NAME
         Peat Moss                    Sphagnum sp.
         Large Cranberry              Vaccinium macrocarpon
         Marsh Fern                   Dryopteris thelypteris
         Cinnamon Fern                Osmunda cinnamomea
         Royal Fern                   Osmunda rega7is
         Sensitive Fern               Onoc7ea sensibi7is
         Woolgrass                    Scirpus cyperinus
         Rushes (various)             Juncus sp.
         American Three-square        Scirpus americanus
         Narrow-leaved Cattail        Typha angustifolia
         Hardhack                     Spiraea tomentosa
         Blue-flag                    Iris versicolor
         Crimson-eyed Rose Mallow     Hibiscus pa7ustris
         Poison Ivy                   Rhus radicans
         Swamp Dewberry               Rubus hispidus
         Beach Plum                   Prunus maritima

         Common Greenbrier            Sm!7ax rotundifolia
         Cat-Brier                    Smilax g7auca
         Winged Sumac                 Rhus copa77ina
         Common Reed                  Phragmites communis
         Atlantic White Cedar         Chamaecyparis thyoides
         Red Maple                    Acer rubrum
         Shadbush                     Amelanchier arborea
         Black Cherry                 Prunus serotina
         Black Locust                 Robinia pseudoacacia
         Sassafras                    Sassafras albidum

        *NOTE: Species are listed generally in order of occurrence from wetter
                downgradient locations to drier upgradient locations.

        Source: CA field investigations of the Babylon barrier and bay island study
                 area conducted from September through November 1992.













                                                   TABLE 5-3

                                   PLANTS OCCUPYING THE OAK ISLAND WOODLANDS







                COMMON NAME                 BOTANICAL NAME



                Shadbush                    Amelanchier arborea
                American Holly              Ilex opaca
                Eastern Redcedar            Juniperus virginiana
                Atlantic White Cedar        Chamaecyparis thyoides
                Winged Sumac                Rhus copaMna
                Black Cherry                Prunus serotina
                Fire Cherry                 Prunus pensylvanica
                Greenbrier                  Smilax sp.
                Oriental Bittersweet        Celastrus orbicu7ata
                Groundsel-tree              Baccharis ha7imifo7ia
                High-bush Blueberry         Vaccinium corymbosum
                Beach Plum                  Prunus maritima
                Swamp Rose                  Rosa palustris


               Source:     CA field investigations conducted from September through
                           November 1992.










                                             TABLE 5-4

                                    PLANTS OCCUPYING DUNE AREAS


          COMMON NAME                 BOTANICAL NAME

          Beach Heather               Hudsonla tomentosa
          Little Bluestem             Andropogon scoparius
          Weeping Lovegrass           Eragrostis curvu7a
          Beachgrass                  Ammophi7a breviligu7ata
          Northern Bayberry           Myrica pensy7vanica
          Seaside Goldenrod           So7idago sempervirens
          Japanese Black Pine         Pinus thunbergii
          Common Reed                 Phragmites communis
          Groundsel-tree              Baccharis ha7imifo7ia

          Seaside Gerardia            Gerardia maritima

          Poison Ivy                  Rhus radicans

          Beach Plum                  Prunus maritima
          Winged Sumac                Rhus copa77ina
          Virginia Creeper            Parthenocissus quinquefolia
          Panicgrasses                Panicum sp.
          Atlantic White Cedar        Chamaecyparis thyoides
          Red Maple                   Acer rubrum
          Pokeweed                    Phyto7acca americana
          Sweet Pepperbush            C7ethra a7n1fo7ia
          Brier                       Smi7ax sp.
          Switchgrass                 Panicum virgatum
          Pearly Everlasting          Anaphalis margaritacea
          Black Cherry                Prunus serotina
          False-nettle                Boehmeria cy7indrica
          Jointweed                   Polygonella articulata
          Sweet Cherry                Prunus avium
          Sea Rocket                  Cakile, edentu7a
          Pinweed                     Lechea sp.

        Source:      CA field investigations of the Babylon barrier and bay island study
                     area conducted from September through November 1992.











                                             TABLE 5-5



                       LANDSCAPE PLANTS WITHIN THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES


               (N) Denotes plant species native to the Long Island area
                   Denotes introduced species with high potential for dispersal.


                                                     TREES


                     Japanese Black Pine       Pinus thunbergii
                (N)  Scrub Pine                Pinus virginiana
                     Colorado Blue Spruce      P-#cea pungens
                (N)  Shortleaf Pine            Pinus echinata
                     Eastern White Pine        Pinus strobus
                     White Spruce              Picea g7auca
                (N)  Gray Birch                Betu7a populifolla
                     Douglas Fir               Pseudotsuga menziesii
                     Balsam Fir                Abies balsamea
                (N)  American Holly            Pex opaca
                     Norway Maple              Acer platanoides
                     Scotch Pine               Pinus sy7vestris
                (N)  Black Locust              Robinia pseudoacacia
                (N)  Atlantic White Cedar      Chamaecyparis thyoides
                (N)  Eastern Redcedar          Juniperus virginiana
                (N)  Silver Maple              Acer saccharinum
                (N)  Fire Cherry               Prunus pensy7vanica
                     Crabapple                 Ma7us sp.
                     Weeping Willow            Salix babylonica
                     Mimosa                    A7bizia ju7ibrissin
                (N)  Northern White Cedar      Thuja occidenta7is
                     Eastern Hemlock           Tsuga canadensis
                     Japanese Maple            Acer pa7matum
                (N)  Pitch Pine                Pinus rigida









                                       Table 5-5 (continued)

                                              SHRUBS


          (N)  Northern Arrowwood        Viburnum recognitum
          (N)  Winged Sumac              Rhus copallina
               Scotch Broome             Cytisus scoparius
               Yew (various types)       Taxus sp.
               Japanese Spirea           Spiraea japonica
          (N)  Smooth Sumac              Rhus g7abra
               Common Juniper            Juniperus communis
               Pfitzer Juniper           Juniperus chinensis 'pfitzeranal
               Salt Spray Rose           Rosa rugosa
               Lilac                     Syringa vulgaris
               Autumn Olive              E7aeagnus umbe77ata-
               Russian Olive             Elaeagnus angustifolia
               Privet                    Ligustrum sp.
          (N)  Highbush Blueberry        Vaccinium corymbosum
               Gold-Dust Tree            Aucuba japonica
               Japanese Euonymus         Euonymus japonica
               Rhododendrons (various)   Rhododendron sp.
               Azaleas (various)         Rhododendron sp.
               Basket Willow             Sa7ix purpurea
               Butterfly bush            Budd7eia davidii
               Rose-of-Sharon            Hibiscus syriacus
               Japanese Holly            17ex crenata
               Winged Euonymus           Euonymus atropurpurea
               Evergreen Euonymus        Euonymus japonica
               Mugho Pine                Pinus mugo
               Bigleaf Hydrangea         Hydrangea macrophy77a
          (N)  Sheep Laurel              Ka7mia angustifo7ia
          (N)  Seashore Mallow           Koste7etzkya virginica
               Firethorn                 Pyracantha coccinea
          (N)  Winterberry               17ex verticil7ata
          (N)  Northern Bayberry         Hyrica pensylvanica'









                                         Table 5-5 (continued)
                      Heather                   Ca77una vulgaris
                      Dwarf Alberta Spruce      Picea g7auca var. a7bertiana


                       ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL BEDDING PLANTS AND GROUNDCOVERS


                      Creeping Juniper          Juniperus horizontalis
                      Adam's Needle Yucca       Yucca smalliana
                      Montauk Daisy             Chrysanthemum nipponicum
                      Shore Juniper             Juniperus conferta
                      Bugleweed                 Ajuga reptans
                      Chinese Wisteria          Wisteria sinensis
                      Sedum (various types)     Sedum sp.
                 (N)  Dusty Miller              Artemisia stelleriana
                 (N)  Prickly Pear              Opuntia humifusa
                      African Daisy             Arctotis sp.
                      English Ivy               Hedera he7ix
                      Cotoneaster  (various)    Cotoneaster sp.
                      Tall Fescue               Festuca arundinacea
                      Pampas Grass              Cortaderia se7loana
                      Kentucky Bluegrass        Poa pratensis
                      Blanketflower             Gaillardia grandif7ora
                      Coleus (various)          Coleus sp.
                      Iris (various)            Iris sp.
                      Geranium (various)        Pe7argonium sp.
                      Black-eyed Susan          Rudbeckia hirta
                      Japanese Honeysuckle      Lonicera japonica
                      Lobelia                   Lobe7la erinus
                      Zinnia (various)          Zinnia sp.
                      Cosmos                    Cosmos bipinnatus
                      Thyme                     Thymus serpy77um
                      Purple  Loosestrife       Lythrum sa7icaria
                      Lily-of-the-Valley        Convallaria majalis
                      Plantain Lily (various)   Hosta sp.









                                  Table 5-5 (continued)
               Japanese Spurge            Pachysandra termina7is
               Trumpet-vine               Campsis radicans
               Daylily                    Hemerocal7is sp.
               Salvia                     Salvia sp7endens
               Snapdragons                Antirrhinum sp.
               Sweet Alyssum              A7yssum maritimum
               Petunia                    Petunia hybrida
               Wax Begonia                Begonia semperf7orens
               Marigold                   Tagetes sp.
               Portulaca                  Portu7aca grandif7ora
          (N)  Beachgrass                 Ammophi7a breviligulata
          (N)  Virginia Creeper           Parthenocissus quinquefolia
               Bigleaf Periwinkle         Vinca major 'variegata'
               Oriental Bittersweet       Ce7astrus orbicu7ata



                      WILDFLOWERS, WEEDS   AND VOLUNTEER GRASSES

        NOTE: All of these species listed are common to mainland areas in
                Babylon and have high potential for dispersal.


          Japanese Knotweed               Po7ygonum cuspidatum
          Switchgrass                     Panicum virgatum
          Foxtail                         Setaria sp.
          Hawkweed                        Hieracium aurantiacum
          Pokeweed                        Phytolacca americana
          Common Reed                     Phragmites communis
          Witchgrass                      Panicum capi77are
          Purple Lovegrass                Eragrostis spectabi7is
          Sheep Sorrel                    Rumex acetose77a
          Cranesbill                      Geranium, sp.
          Yarrow                          Achi77ea sp.
          Broomsedge                      Andropogon virginicus
          Weeping Lovegrass               Eragrostis curvu7a
          Ground Ivy                      Glechoma hederacea










                                       Table 5-5 (continued)
               Bitter Nightshade              So7anum dulcamara

              Source:      CA field investigations conducted from September through
                           November 1992.












                                             TABLE 5-6

                    PLANTS OCCUPYING FILLED GROIN AREAS AND DISTURBED MEADOWS




         COMMON NAME                  BOTANICAL NAME



         Wormwood                     Artemisia caudata

         Queen Anne's Lace            Daucus carota
         Seaside Goldenrod            Solidago sempervirens
         Common Mullein               Verbascum thapsus
         Chicory                      Cichorium intybus
         Common Ragweed               Ambrosia artemisiffolia
         Peppergrass                  Lepidium virginicum
         Beach Cocklebur              Xanthium echinatum

         Sweet White Clover           He7i7otus a7ba
         Redroot Pigweed              Amaranthus retrof7exus
         Evening Primrose             Oenothera biennis
         Beach Pea                    Lathyrus japonicus
         Common Reed                  Phragmites communis
         Sheep Sorrel                 Rumex acetose77a
         Dewberry                     Rubus sp.
         Pigweed (Unidentified        Amaranthus sp.
         spp.)


        Source:      CA field   investigations of the Babylon barrier and bay island
                     communities, conducted from September through November 1992.









                                                    TABLE 5-7

                             AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA


                The following list of avian species was compiled from: Andrle and Carroll (1988)
                Atlas of Breeding Birds in New York State; Root (1988) Atlas of Wintering North
                American Birds; Howe, Clapp and Weske (1978) Marine and Coastal Birds; Robbins,
                Bruun, and Zim (1966) A Guide to Field Identification: Birds of North America;
                Information received from N.Y.      Natural Heritage Program (1992); and field
                observations of the study area conducted between 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. from
                September 1992 through November 1992.     This list has been reviewed by NYSDEC
                (November 1992) to delete unlikely species occurrences.

                The three letters preceeding the species name indicate that the bird:
                "0" was OBSERVED within the study area; "W" reportedly occupies the study area
                in the WINTER; and "B" reportedly BREEDS within the study area. The absence of
                11W11 or "B" indicates a lack of available data or that the species is an uncommon
                visitor to the area.

                The letters following the species name indicate the legal status of the
                bird in New York State as defined in New York State Environmental Conservation
                Law, Section 11-0535. "E" indicates that the bird is an ENDANGERED species;
                "T" indicates a THREATENED species; "SC" indicates a SPECIAL CONCERN species;
                "P" indicates that it is a PROTECTED wild species.


                RAPTORS
                   W B  American Kestrel    Falco sparverius
                        Bald Eagle    Haziaeetus ieucocephaius (E)
                        Cooper's Hawk    Accipiter cooperii (SC)
                   W    Eastern Screech-Owl    Otus asio

                   W    Great-horned Owl    Bubo wlinianus
                   W    Long-eared Owl    Asio otus

                 0      Merlin   Falco columbarius

                0  W  B Northern Harrier    Circus cyaneus (T)
                      B Osprey   Pandion haliaetus (T)
                        Peregrine Falcon    Falcoperegrinus (E)
                   W    Red-tailed Hawk    Buteo jamaicensis
                   W    Rough-legged Hawk    Buteo iagopus
                        Saw-whet Owl    Aegolius acadicus
                        Sharp-shinned Hawk    Accipiter sviatus
                   W B  Short-eared Owl    Asio flammeus (SC)
                   W    Snowy Owl    Nyctea scandiaca









                                      TABLE 5-7 (continued)
                     AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA



        PERCHING BIRDS
           W B American Crow    Corvus brachyrhynchos

           W B  American Goldfinch    carduelis tristis

             B  American Redstart   Setophaga ruticilla
             B  American Robin   Turdus migratorius
           W    American Tree Sparrow   Spizella arborea

             B  Barn Swallow   Hirundo rustica

         0 W B  Belted Kingfisher   Megaceryle alcyon
             B  Black-billed Cuckoo   Coccyzus erythropthalmus
         0 W B  Black-capped Chickadee    Parus atficapillus
           W B  Blue Jay   cyanocitta cristata

             B  Brown-headed Cowbird   Molothrus ater

           W    Brown Creeper   Certhia ameticana
           W B  Brown Thrasher   Toxostoma rufum
           W B  Carolina Wren  Thryothorus ludoiddanus
           W    Cedar Waxwing   Bombycilla cedrorum
             B  Chestnut-sided  Warbler   Dendroica pensylvanica
             B  Chimney Swift   Chaetura pelagica
             B  Common Grackle   Quiscalus quiscula
             B  Common Yellowthroat   Geothlypis tdchas
           W B  Downy Woodpecker   Picoides pubescens
           W    Eastern Bluebird   siatia siaus (SC)
           W    Eastern Meadowlark    Slumella magna
             B  Eastern Wood-Pewee    Contopus virens
             B  Eastern Kingbird   Tyrannus tyrannus
         0 W B  European Starling   Stumus vulgaris
           W    Field Sparrow   Spizella pusilla
             B  Fish Crow   corvus ossifragus
           W    Fox Sparrow   Passerella Maw
         0 W    Golden-crowned Kinglet    Regulus satrapa
 








                                            TABLE 5-7 (continued)
                           AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA


               PERCHING BIRDS (continued)
                    B  Grasshopper Sparrow   Ammodramus savannarum (SC)
                  W B  Gray Catbird   Dumatella carolinensis
                  W    Hairy Woodpecker   Picoides villosus
                  W    Hermit Thrush   catharus guitatus
                  W B  Horned Lark   Eremophild alpesuis
                0 W B  House Finch   Carpodacus madcanus
                0 W B  House Sparrow   Passer domesticus
                    B  House Wren   Troglodytes aedon
                    B  Kentucky Warbler   oporomis formosus
                       Sedge Wren    Cutothorus platensis
                0      Magnolia Warbler    Dendroica magnolia
                  W B  Marsh Wren   cistothorus palusis
                0 W B  Mourning Dove   Zenaida macroura
                0      Nashville Warbler   vermivora ruficapilla

                0 W B  Northern Cardinal   cardinalis cardinalis
                0 W B  Northern Mockingbird   mimus poftiouos
                  W B  Northern Oriole   Ictems galbula
                       Northern Parula Warbler   Panda ameficana

                    B  Orchard Oriole   icterus spurius
                       Palm Warbler   Dendroica palmarurn
                    B  Purple Martin   Progne subis
                0 W B  Purple Finch   Caodacus puTureus

                    B  Prairie Warbler   Den&oica discolor

                    B  Red-breasted Nuthatch   Siua canadensis

                    B  Red-eyed Vireo   Vveo ofivaceus
                0   B  Red-winged Blackbird   Ageiaius phoeniceus

                  W B  Rock Dove   Columba lhia

                  W B  Rose-breasted Grosbeak    Pheucdcus ludoWcianus

                  W    Ruby-crowned Kinglet   Regulus calenduld
 







                                     TABLE 5-7 (continued)
                     AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA



        PERCHING BIRDS (continued)
             B  Ruby-throated.Hummingbird   Archilochus colubris
           W B  Rufous-sided Towhee   Pipilo erythrophthalmus
           W B  Savannah (Ipswich) Sparrow   Passerculus sandwichensis
             B  Seaside Sparrow   Ammospiza maridma
           W B  Sharp-tailed Sparrow   Ammospiza caudacutus
         0 W    Slate-colored JUnCO   Junco hyernalis
           W    Snow Bunting   Plectrophenax nivalis
         0 W B  Song Sparrow   Melospiza melodia
           W    Swamp Sparrow   Melospiza geo?giana
             B  Tree Swallow   Ifidoprocne bicolor

           W B  Tufted Titmouse   Parus bicolor

           W    White-breasted Nuthatch   siua carolinensis

             B  White-eyed Vireo   Vireo, g, iseus
         0 W    White-throated Sparrow   Zonotrichia albicollis
             B  Willow Flycatcher   Epidonax trainii
                Wood Thrush   Hylocichla mustelina
             B  Yellow-billed Cuckoo   Cocq3=s americanus
             B  Yellow Warbler   Dendroica petechia
         0 W    Yellow-rumped Warbler    Den&-oica coronata
         0 W B  Yellow-shafted Flicker    Colaptes auratus
         0   B  Yel 1 owthroat  Geothlypis trichas


         UPLAND GROUND BIRDS
             B American Woodcock    Philohela minor

           W B  Bobwhite   Colinus vilinianus
             B  Chuck-wills Widow   Caprimulgus carolinensis
           W    Common Snipe   Capella gallinago
           W B  Ring-necked Pheasant   Phasianus colchicus









                                                           TABLE 5-7 (continued)
                                     AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA



                    WATERFOWL AND SHOREBIRDS
                     0 W B     American Bittern          Botaurus lentiginosus
                     0 W   B   American Black Duck           Anas rubfipes
                        W      American Coot         Fulica ameticana
                           B   American Oystercatcher            Haematopus palliatus
                        W      American Widgeon          Anas ameticana
                        W      Black-bellied Plover           Piuvialis squatarola
                     0 W   B   Black-crowned Night Heron             Nycdcorax nycticorax (P)
                           B   Black Rail       Laterallus jamaicensis (P, SC)
                        W      Black Scoter        Melaniua nigra
                           B   Black Skimmer         Rynchops niger (P)
                           B   Blue-winged Teal          Anas discors
                     0 W   B   Brant      Branta bemida
                     0 W       Bufflehead       Bucephala aibeoia
                     0  W  B   Canada Goose Bianta canadensis
                        W      Canvasback       Aythya vansineiia
                           B   Cattle Egret        Bubuicus ibis
                        W  B   Clapper Rail        Rallus longirosuis
                        W      Common Eider        Somatefia mollissima
                               Common Gallinule          Gallinuld chloropus
                        W      Common Goldeneye          Bucephala clangula
                        W      Common Loon        Gawa immer (SC)
                     0     B   Common Tern        Stema hirundo (T)
                     0 W       Double-crested Cormorant             Phalacwcom auritus
                               Dunlin      Caliis alpina
                               Forster's Tern         Stema forsteii
                        W B    Gadwall      Anas strepera
                     0     B   Glossy This        Piegadis falcinellus (P)
                    0 W B      Great Black-backed Gull            Law marinus
                    0 W        Great Blue Heron          Ardea herodias
 








                                       Table 5-7 (continued)

                                       TABLE 5-7 (continued)
                      AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA


         WATERFOWL AND SHOREBIRDS-(continued)
             W   Great Cormorant    Phalacrocorax carbo
          0    B Great Egret    Egreua albus (P)
             W   Greater Scaup    Aythya marila
             W   Greater YellowlegS    Tringa melanoleucus
               B Green Heron    Butorides striatus
             W   Green-winged Teal    Anas crecca
               B Gull-billed Tern    Gelochelidon nilotica (P)
          0  W B Herring Gull    Laurs argentatus
             W   Hooded Merganser    Lophodytes cucullatus
             W   Horned Grebe    Podiceps auritus
             W B Killdeer    Charadrius vociferus
          0 W  B Laughing Gull    Larus africilla
                 Least Bittern    Lrobrychus exilis (SC)
                 Least Sandpiper    Calidris minutilla
          0    B Least Tern    Sterna albifrons (E)
             W   Lesser Scaup    Aythya affinis
          0      Lesser Yellowlegs    Twnga flawpes
               B Little Blue Heron    Florida caerulea (P)
             W B Mallard   Anas platphynchos
          0 W B  Mute Swan    Cygnus olor
                 Northern Phalarope    Lobipes lobatus
                 Northern Shoveler    Anas clypeata
             W   Oldsquaw    Clangula hyernalis
               B Pied-billed Grebe    Podilymbus podiceps
                 Pintail   Anas acuta
               B Piping Plover    charadrius meiodus (E)
             W   Red-breasted Merganser    Mergus serrator
                 Redhead   Aythya arneticana
 








                                             Table 5-7 (continued)

                                             TABLE 5-7 (continued)
                            AVIAN SPECIES WHICH REPORTEDLY UTILIZE THE STUDY AREA


               WATERFOWL AND SHOREBIRDS (continued)
                  W    Red Knot    Calois canutus
                  W    Red-throated Loon    Gatia stellata
                  W    Ring-billed Gull    Larus delawarensis
                  W    Ring-necked Duck    Aythya collaris
                    B  Roseate Tern    Stema dougaiiii (E)
                  W    Ruddy Duck    Oxyura jamaicensis
                       Ruddy Turnstone    Arenafia interpres
                  W    Sanderling    Calidtis alba
                       Semipalmated  Plover   Charaius semialmatus
                       Semipalmated  Sandpiper   Caliis pusaia
                       Short-billed  Dowitcher   Limnodromus giseus
                       Snow Goose    Chen caerulescens
                   B   Snowy Egret    Egretta thula
                    B  Sora   Porzana carofina
                    B  Spotted Sandpiper    Actifis maculdfia
                    B  Tricolored Heron    Egrem ificolor (P)
                  W B  Virginia Rail    Rallus limicold
                       Western Sandpiper    Calois maufi
                       Whimbrel    Numenius phaeopus
                       White-rumped Sandpiper    Cafidns fusacollis
                    B  Willet    Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
                    B  Wood Duck    Air sponsa
                    B  Yellow-crowned Night Heron     Nyctico= violacea (P)
 









                                                TABLE 5-8

                                FINFISH OCCURRENCES IN GREAT SOUTH BAY


          NOTE: SEASONAL OCCURRENCES OF JUVENILE FINFISH

                  "IN"    Denotes in season, occurring between Memorial Day through Labor
                          Day
                 "OUT"    Denotes out of season, occurring between January through May or
                          September through December
                  E -     Indicates presence of Eggs
                   L -    Indicates presence of Larval fish
                  A -     Indicates presence of Adults



              JUVENILE                 COMMON NAME                SCIENTIFIC NAME
                SEASON


              IN      OUT
                             A   Alewife                   A7osa pseudoharengus
                             A   American Eel              Angui77a rostrata
                         L   A   American  Sand Lance      Ammodytes americanus
                             A   Atlantic  Herring         C7upea harengus
                     E   L   A   Atlantic  Mackerel        Scomber scombrus
                     E   L   A   Atlantic  Menhaden        Brevoortia tyrannus
                L            A   Atlantic  Needlefish      Strongy7ura marina
                L    E       A   Atlantic  Silverside      Menidia menidia
                             A   Atlantic  Tomcod          Microgadus tomcod
                             A   Barrelfish                Hyperoglyphe perciformis
           E    L        L   A   Bay Anchovy               Anchoa mitchi7li
           E    L    E       A   Blackfish                 Tautoga onitis
                             A   Black Sea Bass            Centropristis striata
                             A   Blueback Herring          A7osa aestiva7is
                             A   Bluefish                  Pomatomus sa7tatrix
           E    L                Butterfish                Pepri7us triacanthus
           E    L    E       A   Cunner                    Tautogo7abrus adspersus
                             A   Dusky Shark               Carcharhinus obscurus
                         L   A   4-Spined Stickleback      Ape7tes quadracus
                L                Goby                      Gobiosoma sp.











                    JUVENILE               COMMON NAME               SCIENTIFIC NAME
                     SEASON


                   IN       OUT
                              L       Goosefish               Lophius americanus
                                  A   Gray Snapper            Lutjanus griseus
                              L   A   Grubby                  Myoxocepha7us aenaeus
                 E                A   Hake                    Urophysis sp.
                                  A   Hickory Shad            A7osa mediocris
                 E   L                Hogchoker               Trinectes maculatus
                     L        L       Lined Seahorse          Hippocampus erectus
                 E                A   Mummichog               Fundulus heteroc7itis
                 E                A   Northern Kingfish       Menticirrhus saxati7is
                     L        L   A   Northern Pipefish       Sygnanthus fuscus
                     L            A   Northern Puffer         Sphoeroides maculatus
                                  A   Northern Searobin       Prionotus carolinus
                                  A   Northern Sennet         Sphyraena borea7is
                                  A   Orange Filefish         Alutera schoepfii
                                  A   Oyster Toadfish         Opsanus tau
                                  A   Permit                  Trachinotus falcatus

                                  A   Pollock                 Pollachlus virens
                                  A   Rainwater Killifish     Lucania parva
                                  A   Sand Bar Shark          Carcharhinus mi7berti
                                  A   Sand Shark              Odontaspis taurus
                                  A   Scup                    5tenotomus chrYsops
                 E                A   Searobin                Prionotus sp.
                                  A   Sheepshead Minnow       Cyprinodon variegatus
                                  A   Sheepshead Porgy        Archosargus probatocephalus
                                  A   Silky Shark             Carcharhinus fa7ciformis
                                  A   Silver Perch            Bairdiel7a chrysura
                 E                    Smallmouth Flounder     Etropus microstomus
                                  A   Smooth Dogfish Shark    Muste7us canis
                                  A I Smooth Trunkfish        Lacto@hrys triqueter










               JUVENILE              COMMON NAME               SCIENTIFIC NAME
               SEASON


              IN     OUT
                            A   Spotted Hake            Urophycis reguis
                            A   Sting Ray               Dasyatis centrolura
                     E          Striped Anchovy         Anchoa hepsetus
               L                Striped Burrfish        Chilomycterus schoepfi
           E   L                Striped Cusk Eel        Ophidion marginata
                            A   Striped Killifish       Fundu7us maja7is
                            A   Striped Mullet          Nugi7 cepha7us
                            A   Striped Searobin        Prionotus evo7ans
                            A   Summer Flounder         Paralichthys dentatus
               L            A   3-Spined Stickleback    Gasterosteus aculeatus
                            A   Tidewater Silverside    Menidia bery77ina
               L                Weakfish                Cynoscion rega7is
                            A   White Hake              Urophycis tenuis
                            A   White Mullet            Hugi7 curema
           E   L     E  L   A   Windowpane              Scoptha7mus aquosus
                     E  L   A   Winter Flounder         Neuronectes americanus
               SOURCES:

               D. Monteleone, June 1992. "Seasonality   and Abundance of Icthyoplankton in
                      Great South Bay, New York". Estuaries, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 230-238.


               P. Briggs and J.S. O'Connor, January 1971.        "Comparison of Shore-Zone
                            Fishes Over Naturally Vegetated and Sand-Filled Bottoms in
                            Great South Bay".    New York Fish and Game Journal, Vol. 18,
                            No. 1, pp. 15-41.


               R. Schreiber, May 1973. The Fishes of Great South Bay.
                      Masters Thesis for the Marine Sciences Research Center, State
                      University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.











                                                   TABLE 5-9

                 SHELLFISH AND CRUSTACEAN OCCURRENCES IN THE STUDY WATERS OF GREAT SOUTH BAY



                COMMON NAME                  SCIENTIFIC NAME

                Alternate Bittium            Bittium alternatum
                Amethyst Gem Clam            Gemma gemma
                Atlantic  Chink Shell        Lacuna vincta
                Atlantic  Flat Lepton        Hyse77a p7anulata
                Atlantic  Horseshoe Crab     Limulus polyphemus
                Atlantic  Oyster Drill       Urosa7pinx cinerea
                Atlantic  Surf Clam          Spisu7a solidissima
                Baltic Macoma                Macoma ba7thica
                Bay Scallop                  Aequipecten irradians
                Blue-claw Crab               Ca7inectes sapidus
                Channeled Whelk              Busycon cana7icu7atum
                Common Awning Clam           So7emya ve7um
                Common Razor Clam            Ensis directus
                Convex Slipper Shell         Crepidula convexa
                False Quahog                 Pitar morrhuana
                Flat Slipper Shell           Crepidula plana
                Glassy Lyonsia               Lyonsia hyalina
                Hard-shelled Clam            Mercenaria mercenaria
                Lady Crab                    Ova7ipes ocel7atus
                Little Surf Clam             So7emya ve7um
                Long-clawed Hermit Crab      Pagurus 7ongicarpus
                Minute Hydrobia              Hydrobia totteni
                Mud Crab                     Neopanope texana
                Mud Dog Whelk                Nassarius obsoletus
                Northern Dwarf Tellin        Tel7ina agi7is
                Ostracod                     Subc7ass Ostracoda
                Parchment Worm Crab          Pinnixa chaetopterana
                Rock Crab                    Cancer irroratus
                Salt Marsh Snail             Helampus bidentatus









                                Table 5-9 (continued)


          Spider Crab                 Labinia dubia
         Thick-lipped Oyster Drill Eup7eura caudata



        SOURCE:      Greene, Greg. 1981. Hard Clams, Competitors, Predators, and
                     Physical Parameters in Great South Bay.         Wapora, Inc.     under
                     contract with USEPA No. 68-01-4616, New York, NY.











                                                      TABLE 5-10

                                          MAMMALS OCCUPYING THE STUDY AREA



                       NOTE: 0 = Observed in study area
                               M = Field signs observed, such as tracks, droppings, etc.
                               E = Expected to utilize study area based on habitats available




                           COMMON NAME               SCIENTIFIC NAME


                    M      Eastern Cottontail        Sylvi7agus floridanus
                    0      Eastern Gray Squirrel     Sciurus carolinensis
                    M      Red Fox                   Vu7pes fulva
                    E      Woodchuck                 Harmota monax
                    E      Eastern Chipmunk          Tamlas striatus
                    E      Muskrat                   Ondatra zibethica
                    0      Meadow Vole               Hicrotus pennsylvanicus
                    E      Pine Vole                 Pitymus pinetorum
                    E      Opossum                   Dide7phis marsupia7is
                    E      Masked Shrew              Sorex cinereus
                    E      White-footed  Mouse       Peromyscus leucopus
                    M      Meadow Jumping Mouse      Zapus hudsonias
                    E      Norway Rat                Rattus norvegicus
                    E      House Mouse               Hus muscu7us
                    M      Raccoon                   Procyon 7otor
                    M      Whitetail Deer            Odocol7eus virginianus
                    E      Easte'rn Mole             Sca7opus aquaticus
                    E      Longtail Weasel           Muste7a frenata
                    E      Eastern Pipistrel         PipistreMs subf7avus
                    E      Little Brown Bat          Myotis 7ucifugus


                Source: CA field investigations of the Babylon barrier and bay island study area
                          conducted from September through November 1992.












                                                       LINDENHURST
                AMIFPYVILLE    CONAGUE



                                                                                          SOUTH BAV




























                                                                                                                          FIRE ISLAND
                                        3





                                                                                                   ATLANTIC OCEM






                       LEGEND                                                             OUTER BEACH COMMIJUTIES
                       UNCERTWIED WATERS                                                  I WEST GLGO BEACH
                     aq CERTFIED WATERS                                                   2 GILGO BEACH MST (UBLASSOCIATED)
                                                                                          3 GILGO BEACH E"T (UNASSOCIATED)
                 M
                       SEASONALLY UNMRTIFIED                                              4 OAK ISLAM
                  77

                                                                                          5 CAPTREE ISLAND (UNJUISOCIATED)
                     = CLOSED MANAGEMENT AREA                                             6 -OAK BEACH WEST (UNASSOCIATED)
                     m SEASONALLY OPEN MANAGEMEKT AREA JTHIS AREA IS                      7 OAK BEACH EAST JUNASSOOAFED)
                       CLOSED TO COMMERCIAL HARVEST - SEE SECTION 5.2-4-6)                6 OAK BEACH ASSOCIATION



   - -.I sec,@on (.p















m m m m m m m M, m m m m m mEacilUmmom









                                                 SECTION 6
                                           DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL



                SECTION                                                                      Paqe

           6.1 HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE STUDY AREA                            6-1

           6.2  EXISTING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS                                    6-4

                6.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF LAND USE WITHIN THE STUDY AREA                           6-4

                6.2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF VACANT PROPERTIES IN THE STUDY AREA                   6-6

           6.3  EXISTING LAND USE CONTROLS                                                    6-7

                6.3.1 TOWN OF BABYLON RESTRICTIONS                                            6-7

                    A. Zoning - Chapter 213                                                   6-7
                    B. Building Construction - Chapter 89                                     6-7
                    C. Environmental Quality Review - Chapter 114                             6-8
                    D.-F7ood Damage Control - Chapter 125                                     6-8
                    E. Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas - Chapter 99                              6-9
                    F. Freshwater Wetlands - Chapter 128                                     6-10

                6.3.2  NEW YORK STATE RESTRICTIONS                                           6-10

                    A. Tidal Wetlands Act - ECL Article 25                                   6-10
                    B. Removal of Protected Plants - ECL Article      9_-1,103                 &11
                    C. Endangered and Threatened Species - ECL Article 11
                        0535 and 0536                                                        6-11

                6.3.3  OTHER APPLICABLE GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS                               6-12

                    A. Article 4 - Water Supply                                              6-12
                    B. Article 6 - Realty Subdivision, Developments and Other
                        Construction Projects                                                6-12
                    C. Article 12 - Toxic and Hazardous Materials Storage and
                        Handling Controls                                                    6-13

                6.3.4  LEGAL RESTRICTIONS   CONTAINED IN THE LEASEHOLD AGREEMENTS            6-13

           6.4 NEW YORK STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM                                6-15

                6.4.1 GENERAL PROGRAM DESCRIPTION                                            6-15

                    A. Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs                              6-17
                    B. Consistency                                                           6-17
                    C. Advocacy                                                              6-18

                6.4.2 COASTAL MANAGEMENT CONTROLS IN THE STUDY       AREA                    6-18








                      SECTION                                                                      Page

                 6.5 ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN THE STUDY AREA                            6-18

                       6.5.1 COMPLIANCE OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE STUDY AREA WITH EXISTING
                              REGULATIONS                                                          6-19

                          A. Zoning Restrictions                                                   6-19
                          B. Environmental Quality Review                                          6-19
                          C. Other Environmental Restrictions                                      6-21

                       6.5.2 ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF VACANT LOTS IN THE STUDY       AREA      6-22

                          A. Nethodo7ogy Used for Determination of Development Potential           6-22
                          B. West Gilgo Beach                                                      6-24
                          C. Gilgo Beach West                                                      6-25
                          D. Gilgo Beach East                                                      6-26
                          E. Oak Beach Association                                                 6-26

                 6.6 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE STUDY AREA                       6-28

                       6.6.1 NO-BUILD                                                              6-28

                       6.6.2 LEASE PHASE-OUT                                                       6-28

                          A. Surface Waters                                                        6-28
                          B. Groundwater                                                           6-29
                          C. Erosion Control and Flooding                                          6-30
                          D. Interaction with Natural Systems                                      6-31
                          E. Development Potential                                                 6-32
                          F. Community Costs and Benefits                                          6-32
                          G. Homeowner Equity                                                      6-33
                          H. Public Access and Recreation                                          6-33

                       6.6.3 FULL CONVERSION                                                       6-34

                          A. Surface Waters                                                        6-34
                          B. Groundwater                                                           6-34
                          C. Erosion Control and Flooding                                          6-35
                          D. Interaction with Natural Systems                                      6-35
                          E. Deve7opment Potential                                                 6-35
                          F. Community Costs and Benefits                                          6-36
                          G. Homeowner Equity                                                      6-36
                          H. Public Access and Recreation                                          6-36

                       6.6.4 FULL DEVELOPMENT                                                      6-37

                          A. Surface Waters                                                        6-37
                          B. Groundwater                                                           6-37
                          C. Erosion Control and Flooding                                          6-38
                          D. Interaction with Natural Systems                                      6-38
                          E. Deve7opment Potential                                                 6-39
                          F. Community Costs and Benefits                                          6-39
                          G. Homeowner Equity                                                      6-40
                          H. Public Access and Recreation                                          6-40








                SECTION                                                                    Paqe

                 6.6.5 POST-STORM RECOMSTRUCTION                                           6-40

                   A.  Surface Waters                                                      6-41
                   B.  Groundwater                                                         6-42
                   C.  Erosion Control and Flooding                                        6-42
                   D.  Interaction with Natural Systems                                    6-42
                   E.  Development Potential                                               6-42
                   F.  Community Costs and Benefits                                        6-42
                   G.  Homeowner Equity                                                    6-43
                   H.  Public Access and Recreation                                        6-44

          6.7 REFERENCES                                                                   6-45










                                                     SECTION 6


                                               DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL



                6.1   HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE STUDY AREA

                      Prior to 1872, the south shore barrier and bay island in Babylon Town were
                      owned and regulated by the Town of Huntington.         In 1663, the Town of
                      Huntington Trustees began supervising agricultural activities on the marsh
                      islands in the Great South Bay (Douglas, 1992).      In 1764, the Town began
                      granting leases in this area to Town residents and select non-residents to
                      cut salt hay for livestock feed, graze cattle, plant oysters, and dig clams
                      and fish. Although no private homes were permitted on the islands, a small
                      number of buildings were constructed to house watchmen who protected the
                      oyster beds. Two such outer beach guard houses were built on Oak Island in
                      1845 and 1866.   Whale houses were also known to exist in the area in the
                      1700's.    In addition, in 1855, the Town of Huntington permitted the
                      construction of a U.S. Life Saving Station at the location currently
                      occupied by the ruins of Coast Guard station at Gilgo Beach.     Life savings
                      stations were also constructed in the Jones Beach and Tobay Beach areas
                      around this same time.

                      In 1872, the Town of Babylon formally split from the Town of Huntington.
                      Initially, Babylon Town Trustees held public auctions for the harvesting of
                      salt hay, but no leases were authorized.      In November of 1878, the Town
                      Trustees granted eighteen Town residents twenty-one year leases to
                      construct buildings, docks and walks at Oak Beach (then known as Oak Island
                      Beach, because of a natural inlet that existed near Cedar Beach which
                      bisected the barrier).     According to Douglas (1992), this marked the
                      beginning of the leasing of Town-owned public lands for recreational-
                      residential purposes in the outer beach area. Each of the eighteen tenants
                      agreed to pay the Town five dollars per year in rent. Additional leases
                      were granted on Oak Beach to members of the Oyster Planters Association of
                      Amityville and other oyster planting companies.         All of these leases
                      prohibited subletting and preserved the traditional rights of townsfolk for
                      haying, gunning and ingress and egress. The public was allowed to freely
                      cross the islands throughout the year, with the exception of the months of
                      July and August, when new salt hay sprouts were vulnerable to trampling.

                      In 1886, the first privately-own residence was constructed on Oak Beach
                      Island by Captain Charles B. Arnold, (a prosperous Babylon farmer who
                      supplemented his income by working as a bayman and by serving as the keeper
                      of the Oak Beach Island Life Saving Station). Captain Arnold operated the
                      first ferry service from Babylon Village to Oak Island.        Private summer
                      cottages were also constructed on Oak Island, starting in 1879, by members
                      of the Oyster Planters and Businessmen's Association of Babylon.           This
                      association had established a club house at Oak Beach in 1877 and enjoyed
                      island life so much it inspired them to build homes in the area.            Oak
                      Island was favored for the residences because it was sheltered from storms
                      by Fire Island and Oak Beach.     Although it has not been verified, it is

                                                        6-1








               suspected that the Gilgo Beach area first developed as a summer community
               for residents from the Amityville area in the late 1800's. Residences were
               also established on Captree Island around the turn of the century.

               The Oak Beach Association was formed in 1894 by Reverend John Dietrich
               Long, who secured a 50-year lease from the Town. This lease was for land
               at the eastern end of Oak Beach for the establishment of a religious
               retreat and cultural center (Douglas, 1992). Although the initial venture
               proved a failure, the area developed successfully as a residential colony.
               People eventually built more expensive homes, as compared to other homes on
               the barrier island, and the colony grew rapidly.        Town records indicate
               that the Oak Island Beach Association was granted its original lease by the
               Trustees in March of 1896. This lease was for nine years, at a rent of
               $100 per year plus five dollars per year for each house.         The lease was
               granted with a proviso that required the construction of a minimum of
               twenty houses prior to its expiration.

               Lot maps of the first communities were prepared for the Town at the turn of
               the century, starting with Oak Beach in 1899 and Oak Island in 1910. In
               1902 a lot map for the barrier island, extending from Gilgo Beach East to
               Oak Beach was prepared, showing 109 lots in the Gilgo Beach area, 48 lots
               in an area known as Hemlock Beach (located directly east of Gilgo in the
               vicinity of Hemlock Cove), and 455 lots in the Oak Beach community. At
               that time, the Oak Beach community, as mapped, extended east from Hemlock
               Cove to its present location.       Another map, dated 1927 indicates the
               existence of 25 homes in Gilgo East and 4 homes in the area of Hemlock
               Cove.  Other lot maps exist for the Oak Island and Oak Beach Association
               communities which date from the late 1890's.

               In November of 1926, the Long Island State Park Commission was granted
               title to outer beach lands in the Town of Hempstead for the construction of
               the Meadowbrook Parkway,  Jones Beach State Park, the Wantagh State Parkway,
               and Ocean State Parkway. In its desire to continue public recreational use
               along the full extent of the barrier island, this State Commission sought
               to acquire land from the  Towns of Oyster Bay and Babylon. It succeeded in
               acquiring 500 acres of     Oyster Bay meadowland on the barrier for the
               extension of Ocean State   Parkway and lobbied Babylon Town for a portion of
               its public lands.   In a referendum that passed by seven votes in 1928, the
               Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) was ceded these lands (Caro,
               1974). In all, the LISPC acquired a total of 6,775 acres of land from the
               Towns of Hempstead, Oyster Bay and Babylon.       In 1930, the Town of Islip
               ceded lands on Captree Island to the Commission, clearing the way for the
               future connection of Ocean Parkway to the mainland via the Captree bridge.
               The extension of Ocean State Parkway required the relocation of the High
               Hill community, which was situated on leased land in the Zach's Bay section
               of Jones Beach, in Hempstead Town. High Hill was an organized residential
               community that was founded in the early 1890's. This community, which is
               discussed further in Section 9.1, contained 98 homes.

               The LISPC acquired the land upon which this High Hill community was located
               when its lease expired in 1940. Around that time, arrangements were made

                                                  6-2









                     to relocate many of the 98 residential structures to parts of Oak Beach, to
                     the area at the west end of Gilgo Beach, and to the West Gilgo area.       Boat
                     basins were dredged in both the Gilgo and West Gilgo areas and the spoil
                     was used as fill to accommodate the relocated homes. Approximately twenty
                     homes were moved to Gilgo Beach West and 58 were moved to West Gilgo. An
                     undetermined number were relocated to the Oak Beach area.

                     At the time that the Long Island State Park Commission was developing Ocean
                     Parkway and the Jones Beach recreational facilities, another series of lot
                     maps were prepared for the Gilgo and Oak Beach communities.        These maps
                     were amended to reorganize the lot configu   'ration of the West Gilgo Beach,
                     Gilgo Beach and Oak Beach communities to accommodate the relocation of
                     homes from the High Hill Beach area, and to illustrate the relocation of
                     homes within the Gilgo East area.     Homes in Gilgo East were organized in
                     a row al ong the bay.     They had  previously been spread out across the
                     island. In the 1950's and 1960's    the lot maps were once again amended by
                     the Town Engineering Department. It is believed that these amended maps
                     and possibly some of the 1930's maps were used as the basis for the
                     development of the Suffolk County   tax maps. 'No conclusive records of this
                     exist, as no official real estate maps of the area were ever filed with the
                     Suffolk County Clerk's Office (Gates, Real Property Tax Service, December
                     8, 1992).   The most recent Town lot maps are very similar to the Suffolk
                     County tax maps. They differ only in that the Town maps contain a greater
                     number of lots per community.

                     Up until about 1931, there were no formal Town recreational facilities on
                     the outer beach (Douglas, November 1992).          The communities provided
                     recreational opportunities which    tended to exclusively serve the local
                     residents who utilized them during the summer season. These areas did not
                     offer wide-reaching recreational    benefits to the general public.       When
                     Ocean Parkway was constructed, not all the Town land on the barrier island
                     was given to the Long Island State  Park Commission. Some land was retained
                     for continued residential use as    well as for the establishment of Town
                     parkland. Additionally, Ocean Parkway was constructed to provide a number
                     of underpasses to permit continued public access to the oceanfront. The
                     Town-built pavilions in Cedar Beach and Gilgo Beach. One pavilion, that
                     had been recently constructed, was destroyed in the hurricane of 1938
                     (Douglas, 1990).

                     The September 1938 hurricane also damaged about fifty homes in the Oak
                     Beach area. The Town made no effort to discourage the reconstruction of
                     these homes. By the winter of 1938-39, most of the 50 dislocated cottages
                     were restored (Douglas, September, 1990). The Town also granted some lot
                     changes to residents who wished to relocate to lots deemed safer from
                     future hurricanes, but other requests were denied.

                     Jones Beach was officially opened in August of 1929, followed by Robert
                     Moses State Park in 1939, and Town of Babylon Beach in 1940.          Although
                     public recreation facilities were opening on the barrier island, full
                     utilization did not occur until 1954, when the Captree Bridge (now known as
                     the Robert Moses Causeway) was opened. Prior to this, Town residents could

                                                        6-3








               access Outer Beach parks via the Wantagh Parkway. Captree State Park was
               officially opened in 'June of 1954.       The history of public recreation
               facilities in the study area is discussed in Section 9.1.

               Upon the provision of more open access to the area, residential development
               expanded and public recreational facilities became well utilized. By 1960
               there were 402 homes in the study area. Today there are 415.


         6.2   EXISTING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS

               The Babylon barrier and bay island study area consist predominantly of
               residential, public open space and recreational land uses. There are also
               a small number of commercial uses (Figure 6-1). Much of the land in the
               study area is vacant and undeveloped (Table 6-1). The bay islands alone
               constitute roughly 2,302 acres of land area, of which only a small portion
               (approximately 34 acres or 1.5 percent) is developed (Real Property Tax
               Service, Riverhead, NY 1992). The 8.7 mile stretch of barrier island that
               is located within the study area encompasses approximately 2,234 acres of
               land.    Some 149 acres (or 6.7 percent) of this land area contains
               residential and commercial uses. Another estimated 285 acres is utilized
               as formal public recreation space. Approximately 1618 acres remains vacant
               and undeveloped (including the undeveloped 1,223 acres which constitute
               Gilgo State Park). The remaining 182 acres of land on the barrier island
               is developed as the Ocean State Parkway and its right-of-way. The area of
               the Great South Bay that extends north from the barrier island to the
               Babylon Town mainland contains approximately 9,776 acres of underwater land
               that is under the jurisdiction of the Town of Babylon.


               6.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF LAND USE WITHIN THE STUDY AREA

                  The residential development in the study area is distributed among six
                  separate communities, which contain a total of 415 residential dwelling
                  units.     This number was derived using Suffolk County tax map
                  information, 1992 aerial photographs, Town of Babylon Lot maps for the
                  individual communities, and Town tax assessor's records for the study
                  area. As shown in Figure 6-1, the six residential communities, include
                  (from west to east):      West Gilgo Beach (which contains 80 dwelling
                  units); Gilgo Beach, which is divided into two sections referred to in
                  this report as Gilgo Beach West (containing 35 dwelling units) and Gilgo
                  Beach East (containing 22 dwelling units); Oak Island (which contains 54
                  dwelling units); Oak Beach, which is divided into two sections referred
                  to in this report as Oak Beach West (containing 24 dwelling units) and
                  Oak Beach East (containing 96 dwelling units); Oak Beach Association
                  (which contains 72 dwelling units); and Captree Island (which contains
                  32 dwelling units).

                  As discussed in Section 6.1 the residential communities in the study
                  area have been established on public land. These lands are owned by the
                  Town of Babylon and leased to residential tenants.          The West Gilgo

                                                  6-4








                         Beach, Oak Island and Oak Beach Association communities are managed by
                         community associations. These associations enter into lease agreements
                         with the Town and then sub-lease individual properties to residential
                         tenants. The community-associations oversee land use activities within
                         their respective communities       through the leasehold agreements, and
                         through established by-laws and rules and regulations.            Residential
                         tenants in the unassociated areas enter into lease agreements directly
                         with the Town. In this case the Town oversees community land use and
                         development activities.        The leasehold agreements and the legal
                         restrictions contained     therein are discussed in greater detail in
                         Section 6.3.4.

                         As discussed in Section    6.1, the residential communities in the study
                         area originated as seasonal enclaves of summer homes. Only Oak Island,
                         which has 54 homes,       has remained entirely a permanent seasonal
                         community.    According to the 1990 census, of the 415 dwelling units
                         currently existing in the study area, 222 or 53 percent are occupied on
                         a seasonal basis (R. Fedelem, LIRPB, December 17, 1992).                  This
                         represents a 10.4 percent decrease since 1980, when 245 or 59 percent of
                         the then existing 418 dwellings were used for seasonal occupation. In
                         1960, 351 or 87 percent of the then existing 402 homes were seasonally
                         occupied. Since the lease agreements were extended in 1990 through the
                         year 2050, it is expected that the trend toward year-round residential
                         use will continue.

                         The recreational uses found in the study area consist of both formal
                         Town and State-operated recreational facilities and more informal places
                         where people gain access for recreational purposes. These recreational
                         facilities comprise the vast majority of the acreage barrier island
                         portion of the study area (Figure 6-1).

                         The Town of Babylon owns and operates the Gilgo Beach and Boat Basin,
                         which encompasses approximately 65 acres at the western end of the study
                         area (Figure 6-1).     The Town also owns and operates Cedar Beach and
                         Overlook Beach (approximately 173 acres combined), two adjoining
                         facilities that are centrally located along the ocean front in the study
                         area.   The Cedar Beach Marina, which is located on approximately 10
                         acres of land owned by the state, is another Town-operated recreational
                         facility. The State granted an easement to the Town in 1957 for the use
                         of this facility. Oak Beach Park, is a small waterfront park (less than
                         2 acres) located in the Oak Beach area, directly east of the Oak Beach
                         Inn. This facility, which contains a boat launch ramp, is also operated
                         by the Town of Babylon. Ownership of this property is uncertain at the
                         present time due to pending litigation.

                         The only State-owned recreational facility in the study area is Gilgo
                         State Park.     This park is composed of approximately 1,223 acres of
                         undeveloped land including both bay-side dunes and tidal marsh lands,
                         and ocean front dunes and beach area.         This facility is informally
                         utilized by surfcast fishermen and off-road vehicles that access the


                                                         6-5








                      site via Cedar Beach or at an entry point located east of Cedar Beach,
                      near the Oak Beach West community.

                      There are five commercial land uses in the study area including three
                      commercial businesses and two private yacht clubs (Figure 6-1).          The
                      three businesses include:    the Gilgo Inn, located at the Gilgo Beach
                      Boat Basin; the Oak Beach Inn, located between the Oak Beach and Oak
                      Beach Association communities, along the shorefront of Fire Island
                      Inlet; and Frank and Dick's fueling and bait dock, located on the
                      southern portion of Seganus Thatch, on the south side of the State boat
                      channel (See Plates 3A through 3C, and 3F).       The private yacht clubs
                      include the Seaford Harbor Yacht Club and the Unqua Corinthian Yacht
                      Club.  Both of these facilities are located in the West Gilgo Beach
                      area, and have access to the bay.       All of the commercial uses, are
                      located on public land leased from the Town of Babylon, with the
                      exception of the Oak Beach Inn which is in litigation to determine
                      ownership.


                  6.2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF VACANT PROPERTIES IN THE STUDY AREA

                      Vacant land in the study area consists of the marsh islands in Great
                      South Bay, unutilized portions of Gilgo State Park, and the undeveloped
                      open areas located in the vicinity of the residential communities on the
                      barri er i sl and. The undeveloped open area includes the lands located
                      north and west of the West Gilgo Beach          community; the land area
                      extending to the west and east of the Gilgo Beach community; most of Oak
                      Island; most of the stretch of land located north of Ocean Parkway,
                      between Gilgo State Park and the Robert Moses Causeway right-of-way; the
                      land area situated south of the Oak Beach West community (the Sore Thumb
                      area); and the land located east of the Oak Beach Association (Figure 6-
                      1).  Vacant lands in the study area also include individual vacant
                      parcels located within the residential communities. These vacant lands
                      are comprised mostly of wetlands (both tidal and freshwater), dunes,
                      beaches and upland areas that are vegetated with shrub thicket. Some of
                      the undeveloped area on Oak Island contains woodlands. These areas are
                      described in greater detail in Section 5.1.

                      To determine the number and location of individual vacant parcels within
                      the residential communities,     aerial photographs, official        Suffolk
                      County tax maps (SCTM) and Town of Babylon JOB) lot maps were examined.
                      As shown in Table 6-2, out of a  total of 495 Suffolk County tax lots, 68
                      were found to be vacant. The    analysis of the TOB lot maps revealed a
                      total of 766 lots, of which 340 were vacant. When comparing the SCTM's
                      with the TOB maps, it was found that many of the vacant Suffolk County
                      lots were large, individual lots that encompassed several vacant Town
                      lots thereby reducing the overall number of vacant lots on the County
                      maps. The existing vacant SCTM properties in the study area are shown
                      in Plates 6-A through 6-F.



                                                     6-6










              6.3  EXISTING LAND USE CONTROLS

                   Development activities in the study area are governed by a number of land
                   use regulations set forth at the Town, County and State level.                 In
                   addition, there are legal restrictions contained in the leasehold
                   agreements and community association by-laws which govern activities in the
                   study area communities. The various development regulations are discussed
                   below.



                   6.3.1 TOWN OF BABYLON RESTRICTIONS

                       The Babylon Town Code contains a number of laws that regulate land use
                       activities in the study area. These are described as follows:

                       A. Zoning - Chapter 213
                       The Tow0s policy is to consider the study area as being Zoned B-
                       Residence, although no zoning designation for this land has been
                       formally adopted because the Town owns this land. Permitted uses in a
                       B-Residence district include one-family dwellings, churches, public
                       parks and playgrounds, college and universities, schools, customary
                       agricultural occupations, professional offices, golf courses and country
                       clubs, and accessory structures (TOB Code, July 1954). The minimum lot
                       area in a B-Residence zone is 10,000 square feet and the minimum lot
                       width is 80 feet along the front building line. The maximum permitted
                       lot coverage is 20 percent of the total lot area.        Additional zoning
                       requirements for the B-Residence district are outlined in Table 6-3.

                       According to the Town's policy, any new development or redevelopment in
                       the study area is   subject to the standards and requirements of this
                       zoning ordinance.   Development actions in the area that do not conform
                       to these standards  must be reviewed by the Town Department of Planning
                       and Development and the Department of Environment Control who, in turn,
                       refer the matter to the Town Board with their recommendations.      In most
                       cases, Town Board approval is also required because the existing
                       properties do not conform to the B-Residence zoning requirements.

                       B. Building Construction - Chapter 89

                       The Building Construction law contains standards and specifications for
                       development actions in     the Town.      All actions that involve the
                       construction, alteration,  or removal of structures within zoned areas of
                       the Town of Babylon are strictly governed by Chapter 89 (TOB Code,
                       December 6, 1969).

                       Any development or redevelopment action requires the filing of a
                       building permit application with the Town Building Division of the
                       Department of Planning and Development. Plans and specifications for
                       the proposed project that are submitted with the application are
                       reviewed by the Town Plans Examiner.

                                                       6-7








                      If a building plan is not in compliance with this Town of Babylon
                      ordinance, changes will be recommended to bring the plan into compliance
                      or the application will be referred by the Plans Examiner to the Town
                      Board for final decision making (Kluesener, May 24, 1994, telephone
                      communication).

                      C. Environmental Quality Review - Chapter 114

                      In accordance with the Municipal Home Rule       Law, the New York State
                      Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) and the State Environmental
                      Quality Review Regulations,       the Town of Babylon       adopted local
                      environmental quality review legislation JOB     Code, June 7, 1977). The
                      Town of Babylon Environmental Quality Review Act (TOBEQRA) requires that
                      all Town agencies determine whether the actions or projects they
                      directly undertake, fund or approve may have a significant effect on the
                      environment.    If it is determined that a given action may result in
                      significant impacts, then the preparation of an environmental. impact
                      statement is required.

                      When a Town agency proposes to undertake an action or project or as soon
                      as a Town agency receives an application for funding or approval, it
                      must be determined whether this action is subject to TOBEQRV            This
                      assessment is based on information the applicant provides on a short
                      environmental assessment form, which is required to be submitted with
                      each building permit application. This form, in conjunction with the
                      building permit     application,   is  utilized by the Department of
                      Environmental Control to classify the proposed action as either a Type
                      1, unlisted, exempt, excluded or Type II action. For Type I actions, a
                      full environmental assessment form (EAF) must be completed.               For
                      unlisted actions, a short EAF is all that is required for the purposes
                      of determining significance.      Exempt, excluded and Type II actions
                      require no additional review.

                      Upon   review   of   the  environmental    assessment    information,    the
                      significance of the proposed action must be decided. Section 114-10 of
                      the TOBEQRA Law contains criteria for determining whether a Type I or an
                      unlisted action may have a significant impact on the environment. The
                      impacts that may reasonably be expected to result from the proposed
                      action must be compared against the criteria contained in this section
                      of the law.    If it is determined that the action could result in a
                      significant   environmental    impact,   then   the   preparation    of    an
                      environmental impact statement (EIS) would be required.

                      D. Flood Damage Control - Chapter 125

                      In 1968, the Federal Government enacted the National Flood Insurance Act
                      to provide flood insurance protection to property owners in flood-prone
                      areas (TOB Code, September 6, 1988). In response to this legislation,
                      the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a series of
                      flood insurance rate maps (Firms) for all coastal communities, which
                      indicate the boundaries of flood plains and identify flood elevations.

                                                      6-8











                                                                                                        01

                      These maps delineate areas of special flood hazards (A-zones or the 100
                      year flood plain) and coastal high-hazard areas (V-zones, which are
                      areas with special flood hazards associated with high-velocity waters
                      generated by tidal surges and hurricane wave wash).

                      As described in Section 4.4.1, the Town of Babylon participates in the
                      National Flood Insurance Program.         In accordance with the FEMA
                      requirements, the Town adopted Chapter 125 of the Town Code (the Flood
                      Damage Control Law). This law contains construction standards for all
                      development or redevelopment in A-zones and V-zones.        The standards
                      contained in Chapter 125 are designed to minimize property damage caused
                      by flooding and erosion, and to promote public health.and safety.                or
                      Chapter 125 imposes strict standards which apply to new construction or
                      substantial improvement to existing structures in designated flood
                      areas, where "substantial improvement" generally includes any project
                      that involves repair, reconstruction, or improvement that either costs
                      50 percent or more of the replacement value of the structure, or entails
                      an increase of 25 percent or more in the total square footage of the
                      structure.   All building permit applications must be reviewed by the
                      Buildings Division of the Department of Planning and Development to
                      insure compliance with the provisions of this law.

                      E. Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas - Chapter 99

                      As discussed in Section 4.4.1, in accordance with Article 34 of the New
                      York State Environmental Conservation Law (ECL), the Town of Babylon
                      adopted the Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas law JOB Code, May 2, 1989).
                      This   law   establishes   standards   and   administrative    enforcement
                      requirements that serve to minimize or prevent damage to property and
                      natural resources from flooding and erosion resulting from inappropriate
                      human activities in the coastal zone.

                      The coastal erosion hazard area (CEHA), in the Town of Babylon is
                      identified on maps prepared by NYSDEC.      The CEHA is defined as those
                      land and/or water areas which contain natural protective features (such
                      as bluffs, dunes, beaches, nearshore areas, or wetlands) and those areas
                      which are located landward of natural protective features where the
                      shoreline is receding at a long-term rate of one foot or more per year
                      (structural hazard areas). A coastal erosion management permit must be
                      obtained from the Town of Babylon for each action that involves
                      development, redevelopment, new construction of erosion protection
                      structures, public investment, or other land use activities within the
                      CEHA. Dredging, excavating, and mining are prohibited in the nearshore
                      zone, and on beaches and primary dunes located within the designated
                      area. Vehicular and pedestrian travel in coastal erosion hazard areas
                      is also restricted.






                                                     6-9








                     F. Freshwater Wetlands - Chapter 128
                     The freshwater wetlands located in the Town of Babylon are considered
                     invaluable resources for flood protection, wildlife habitat, open space
                     and water resources.    To preserve, protect, and conserve freshwater
                     wetlands and the benefits derived therefrom, the Town enacted Chapter
                     128 (TOB Code, August 30, 1976). This law, which was adopted pursuant
                     to ECL Article 24 (the New York State Freshwater Wetlands Law), is
                     directed at preventing the despoliation and destruction of freshwater
                     wetlands and regulates the development of such areas to preserve their
                     natural capabilities.

                     Any regulated activity conducted on a wetland or in the 100-foot wide
                     area adjacent to the wetland requires a permit from the Babylon Town
                     Department of Environmental Control. Regulated activities, as defined
                     under Chapter 128, include: draining, dredging, and excavation; dumping
                     and filling; the erecting of roads or structures, the driving of piles,
                     or placing of any other obstructions; any form of pollution, including
                     but not limited to installing a septic tank, running a sewer outfall,
                     discharging sewage treatment effluent or any other liquid wastes into a
                     freshwater wetland; any subdivision of land; and any activity which
                     substantially impairs any of the several functions served by freshwater
                     wetlands.

                     The Town of Babylon Department of Environmental Control JOBDEC) staff,
                     who are responsible for enforcing Chapter 128, have not been certified
                     by the State to delineate freshwater wetland boundaries. In cases where
                     a boundary must be clearly defined, the TOBDEC will require that the
                     permit applicant or other involved party have the NYSDEC accurately
                     delineate this boundary. Although there is a formal mechanism by which
                     the State can impart wetlands delineation authority to the Town, it is
                     preferred that the State undertake such efforts as they possess the
                     necessary expertise required for such matters.


                  6.3.2 NEW YORK STATE RESTRICTIONS

                     In addition to the Town of Babylon laws, there are certain New York
                     State Environmental Conservation Laws (ECL) that effect development
                     activities in the study area. These laws, which are enforced by NYSDEC
                     include the following.

                     A. Tidal Wetlands Act - ECL Article 25

                     The Tidal Wetlands regulations were enacted to preserve, protect, and
                     enhance the present and potential values of tidal wetlands (NYSDEC,
                     August 1977). Tidal wetlands are beneficial areas for marine food
                     production. They provide wildlife habitat, control flooding associated
                     with storms and hurricanes, and absorb silt and organic material.     In
                     addition, they provide opportunities for research and education. Areas
                     adjacent to tidal wetlands also share some of these values. In general,

                                                  6-10









                        tidal wetlands consist of all the tidal waters of the State, and the
                        t i dal marshes, f 1 ats and shorel i ne areas to a depth of 6 f eet bel ow mean
                        low water.

                        To ensure that land use and development actions proposed for areas of
                        tidal wetlands are consistent with the intent of ECL. Article 25, a
                        permit program was established to regulate almost every activity which
                        would alter wetlands or their adjacent areas. Article 25 imposes a 75-
                        foot setback for development and restricts activities in the adjacent
                        area, which is defined as the narrowest of the following: the 300-foot
                        wide area landward of the designated wetland boundary; up to the seaward
                        edge of pre-existing man-made structures; up to the elevation contour of
                        10 feet above mean sea level; or up to the crest of a cliff or bluff.
                        Additionally, on-site septic systems must be located a minimum distance
                        of 100 feet from an adjacent wetland.         Activities requiring a permit
                        include:      the construction, reconstruction and/or expansion of
                        structures such as residences and other buildings; boat ramps or slips;
                        docks, piers, wharves, or boardwalks; groins, jetties, or breakwaters;
                        bulkheads, seawalls, retaining walls, rip rap, or gabions; septic
                        systems; and roads, driveways, parking lots, bridges, and drainage
                        structures.    The movement of earth, including filling, dredging, dune
                        building, beach nourishment, clearing and/or clearcutting, excavating,
                        and grading, and the subdivision of land also requires a permit issued
                        by NYSDEC. NYSDEC monitors compliance with the provisions of Article 25
                        and is responsible for enforcement actions.
                                           I

                        B. Removal of Protected Plants - ECL Article 9 - 1503

                        Section 1503 of ECL Article 9 (September 3, 1974) prohibits the removal
                        of designated protected plant species, which include endangered species
                        (those in danger of extinction), threatened species (those likely to
                        become endangered within the foreseeable future), rare species (small
                        populations within their ranges in the state), and exploitably
                        vulnerable species (those likely to become threatened in the foreseeable
                        future).   Pursuant to this law, no person shall, in any area designated
                        by the list or lists, knowingly remove or, damage through the
                        applications of herbicides or defoliants, any protected plant without
                        the consent of the owner.         Violations to this law are subject to
                        enforcement action by NYSDEC.                                      -

                        C. Endangered and Threatened Species - ECL Article 11 - 0535 and 0536

                        Section 0535 of Article 11 (1972) prohibits the taking, importation
                        transportation, possession or sale of any endangered or threatene@
                        species of fish, shellfish, crustacea or wildlife, or hides or other
                        parts thereof, unless a license or permit has been issued by NYSDEC.
                        Under this law, endangered species are defined as those species of fish,
                        shellfish, crustacea or wildlife seriously threatened with extinction.
                        Threatened species are defined as those species of fish or wildlife
                        which are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.


                                                         6-11









                      Section 0535 of Article 11 enables New York State to enforce the
                      endangered and threatened species lists maintained by the U.S.
                      Department of the Interior as well as lists assembled by the State.
                      Dissatisfaction with the Federal listing in the late       1960's brought
                      about the enactment of the State list which affords        more inclusive
                      protection for New York State's endangered species.

                      In addition to the ECL articles which protect endangered, threatened,
                      and rare plant and animal species, NYSDEC enforces certain policies to
                      protect wildlife. For example, it is the policy of the State to protect
                      the habitat required by a particular species to survive. To this end,
                      NYSDEC will regulate bird nesting areas adjacent to development to
                      ensure the continuation and breeding abilities of threatened and
                      endangered bird species.    NYSDEC will withhold permits in some cases
                      until their particular concerns in this regard are specifically
                      addressed.



                  6.3.3 OTHER APPLICABLE GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

                      The Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS) regulates waste
                      disposal and water supply management through various Suffolk County
                      Sanitary Codes and Standards (SCDHS, 1985).      The three most relevant
                      articles are summarized as follows:

                      A. Article 4 - Water Supply

                      This article protects potable water supplies from actual or potential
                      sources of contamination. Any new installation or modification to an
                      existing water supply system requires a permit from the SCDHS and must
                      comply with minimum setback requirements with respect to well locations.
                      The plans must meet the design standards of the SCDHS, and approvals
                      must be received both prior to the construction, and prior to the
                      operation of the water supply system.        Article 4 requirements are
                      discussed in greater detail in Section 3.2.

                      B. Article 6 - Realty Subdivision, Developments and Ot'her Construction
                         Projects

                      This article sets for the requirements for sewage collection and
                      treatment facilities, and water supply facilities for subdivisions and
                      other developments.     The requirements vary based upon the type of
                      development proposed,   the hydrogeologic zone in which the project is
                      located, and the proposed lot size.

                      Article 6 stipulates that conventional septic tank/leaching pool systems
                      may be approved for construction in residential developments not
                      presently serviced by municipal sewerage systems, and where lot sizes
                      are no smaller than 40,000 square feet in hydrogeologic zones III, V,
                      and VI, or no smaller than 20,000 square feet in other hydrogeologic
                      zones.   Any other combination of land use, type of discharge, and

                                                     6-12









                      location will require a more complex and integrated method of sewage
                      collection, treatment and disposal. In addition, separation standards
                      have been developed requiring a minimum of 75 feet between septic
                      systems and water supply systems. Septic systems must also be setback
                      100 feet from nearby surface waters.        See Section 3.1 for a more
                      detailed discussion of hydrogeologic zones and other aspects of
                      groundwater management in Suffolk County.

                      C. Article 12 - Toxic and Hazardous Materials Storage and Handling
                          Controls

                      This article specifies the storage and handling requirements for toxic
                      and hazardous materials.     Standards are provided for the design of
                      aboveground and underground storage facilities, and for the development
                      of time schedules for testing tanks for leakage.


                   6.3.4 LEGAL RESTRICTIONS CONTAINED IN THE LEASEHOLD AGREEMENTS

                      As discussed in Section 6.1, the study area communities were established
                      on land owned by the Town of Babylon. These lands are leased by the
                      Town to residential tenants. Three of the six communities are operated
                      by non-profit community associations i.e., the West Gilgo Beach
                      Association, the Great South Bay Isles Association (Oak Island), and the
                      Oak Island Beach Association (Oak Beach Association).              In the
                      unassociated areas, the Town, as landlord, leases the improved
                      residential lots directly to individual tenants (residents).        In the
                      associated areas, the Town negotiates master leases with the community
                      associations.    The associations, in turn, act as landlord and lease
                      improved residential    lots to individual tenants through sublease
                      agreements.

                      The community associations.uphold the subleases as well as oversee the
                      use of properties, property development, the use and maintenance of
                      common land, sublease transfers, and the day-to-day operation of their
                      respective communities.    In the unassociated areas, the Town oversees
                      the technical and administrative terms of the leases.

                      Aside from the standard text, each lease and sublease agreement contain   s
                      clauses that pertain to the use and development of the specific
                      community   to   which   it   applies   (Master   Lease    Agreement/Lease
                      Agreement/Subl ease Agreement; August 14, 1990).        In addition, the
                      sublease agreements for the associated communities indicate that the
                      subleases are subject to the terms and conditions of the By-Laws and
                      Rules   and   Regulations  established    by  the   respective    community
                      association.    These By-Laws and their Rules and Regulations place
                      additional restrictions on the residents of the communities to which
                      they apply, similar to those of a homeowners' association. Therefore,
                      in addition to complying with the terms and conditions of the sublease



                                                     6-13








                     agreements, residents must also obey and acknowledge the requirements
                     and restrictions set forth in their By-Laws and Rules and Regulations.

                     The leases and subleases contain a rent rider which specifies the annual
                     rent schedule for the period commencing January 1, 1991 through the year
                     2050. Presently, the study area communities do not pay,equal lease fee
                     amounts, as over the past years each community has individually
                     negotiated the specific terms of their leasehold agreements. When the
                     leases were extended in August of 1990 (as discussed in Section 1.1),
                     this rent rider was revised to reflect the newly established fee
                     structure. Under the terms of the new agreement, by the year 2010 all
                     the study area communities will pay the same rent, which will increase
                     at the same rate for each community over the following forty year
                     period. Oak Island, which is a permanent seasonal community, pays half
                     the rental assessment of the year-round communities. The rent riders
                     for the six communities are included in Appendix E. The tenant is also
                     responsible for paying on time all taxes assessed against the property
                     and improvements made thereon.   In the event of failure to pay taxes on
                     time, taxes will become "added rent" payable as rent to the landlord
                     under the terms of the lease.

                     The lease/sublease agreements    restrict the use of the property to
                     single, private one-family dwellings for residential use only and for no
                     other purpose. The premises may not be utilized for any trade, business
                     or profession of any kind. No boat used in connection with a residence
                     may be inhabited or used as living quarters. The leased lots are also
                     not intended for use as speculative investment properties or for income
                     producing purposes.   For justifiable reasons, the landlord may permit
                     the subletting of the premises as a single family dwelling but this
                     activity is limited to not more than two out of four years in any
                     consecutive four year period.         In associated areas, additional
                     restrictions on subletting may be imposed.    The tenant may not sublet
                     the premises or permit anyone to use the premise without first obtaining
                     the landlord's consent.

                     A tenant may assign and transfer their lease or sublease in connection
                     with the sale of their home.     They may also assign and transfer the
                     lease or sublease agreement by survivorship or by gift, will, intestate
                     descent and distribution, or trust. When a lease is transferred through
                     the sale of the property, the tenant must pay a lease transfer fee to
                     the Town of Babylon equal to three percent of the first $200,000 of
                     consideration and five percent on any consideration in excess of
                     $200,000.   The Town reserves first right of refusal on all lease
                     transfers for which a transfer fee applies. In the event the transfer
                     is to occur in an associated community, the community association is
                     empowered to review the lease transfer prior to Town action on the
                     matter.

                     The tenant is responsible for maintaining the property, including the
                     construction and maintenance of bulkheads (if located on a waterway)
                     walkways, boardwalks and sanitary systems, and for securing ali

                                                   6-14








                      necessary utility services. The resident may not disturb or alter the
                      existing topography of the lot without the landlord's consent.          The
                      lease also requires that in the event the existing dwelling is destroyed
                      or substantially damaged, the tenant shall promptly rebuild it in
                      accordance with all applicable government regulations.         Should the
                      dwelling be destroyed or damaged during the last five years of the lease
                      term, and the Town as senior landlord chooses not to extend the lease
                      for a minimum of 20 years, the tenant has the option to surrender and
                      cancel the lease effective the day the damage or destruction occurred.

                      The leases afford public access to Town of Babylon residents.       Unless
                      otherwise specified in a community's lease, streets and walkways shall
                      be subject to free access and shall be available to the public at all
                      reasonable times.    Town residents shall have access to Town beaches,
                      including beaches    that front upon or are included within leased
                      properties, so long  as access is obtained by way of a public street or
                      walkway. Free access shall be permitted to the public at all times to
                      use the entire ocean beachfront.

                      Tenants must assume all risk from fire, flood, erosion and the elements
                      and governmental interference.    The leases indicate that the landlord
                      does not guarantee to provide access to leased properties, in the event
                      of interruption by storms, seas or other natural causes. If access to
                      a property is permanently disrupted, the tenant may cancel the lease.
                      The landlord may also make insubstantial changes in the property lines
                      of the lots to reflect changes wrought by action of the ocean or bay,
                      erosion or accretion, or for street realignments, without effecting a
                      reduction in rent.-

                      The tenant may remove the structures they own in accordance with the
                      terms of the lease, as specified in Section 8.0 of this report.
                      Furthermore, the lease/sublease agreement gives the landlord the right
                      to remedy defaults in the event the tenant should fail to carry out the
                      terms contained therein. Any cancellation of a lease or sublease by the
                      landlord or the tenant requires a 30-day notice.



              6.4 NEW YORK STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                   6.4.1 GENERAL PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

                      In 1972, Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) in
                      direct response to the widespread occurrence of inappropriate shoreline
                      development and use of coastal resources. The CZMA and its subsequent
                      amendments (1976, 1980, 1986 and 1990) affirmed a national interest in
                      the effective protection and careful use of the coastal zone, calling
                      for a balance between development and environmental protection (NYSDOS,
                      1988). This act provided financial and technical assistance to coastal
                      states to voluntarily develop and implement management programs for
                      their coastal areas.     Pursuant to the CZMA, the Federal government

                                                    6-15








                     established guidelines and requirements to provide the necessary
                     framework and direction for the creation of coastal management programs
                     on a state level.

                     In response to the CZMA, and in an effort to address statewide coastal
                     problems and provide a means of solving these problems, the New York
                     State Department of State (NYSDOS) prepared (and currently administers)
                     a statewide Coastal Management Program (CMP). During the development of
                     this program it was found that legislation was required to: 1) provide
                     a method to accomplish     coastal management objectives through the
                     coordination of existing   programs; 2) develop a consensus among all
                     levels of government and   the private sector concerning the means of
                     achieving these coastal management objectives; and 3) establish
                     enforceable policies for State and Federal actions undertaken within the
                     coastal area.    In 1981, the New York State Legislature enacted the
                     Waterfront Revitalization and Coastal Resources Act (WRCRA - Article 42
                     of the Executive Law) to meet these requirements (NYSDOS, 1982). WRCRA
                     established a balanced state-wide approach for encouraging development
                     in coastal   areas while providing for the protection of coastal
                     resources.  WRCRA defined the boundaries of the State's coastal area
                     within which the provisions of the CMP apply. WRCRA also provided a sei
                     of 44 policies which address important coastal issues.

                     The coastal policies, which represent the core of New York's Coastal
                     Management Program, were derived from existing laws and regulations
                     administered by state agencies. Although the NYSDOS is responsible for
                     administering the overall CMP, many of the coastal policies are carried
                     out by programs administered by other State agencies.      For example,
                     NYSDEC operates regulatory programs which provide protection to tidal
                     and freshwater wetlands (Policy 44) and restrict development and other
                     activities in flood and erosion hazard areas (Policies 11 through 16).
                     Other coastal program policies are based upon the provisions of WRCRA -
                     Article 42.    These policies carry out the intention of the State
                     Legislature that there be a "balance between economic development and
                     preservation that will permit the beneficial   use of coastal resources
                     while preventing the loss of living marine     resources and wildlife,
                     diminution of open space areas or public access to the waterfront,
                     shoreline erosion, impairment of scenic beauty, or permanent adverse
                     changes to ecological systems" (Executive Law, Section 912(l).

                     The 44 coastal policy statements, their attendant guidelines, and
                     existing federal and state environmental and resource management laws
                     provide the objectives and standards for the CMP. NYSDOS implementation
                     of the coastal program is effected through three program components --
                     Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs, review of federal and state
                     government actions for consistency with the policies, and the advocacy
                     of projects and activities which implement specific coastal policies.





                                                   6-16









                      A. Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs

                      The Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) was established to
                      enable the State's Coastal Management Program to address the problems of
                      coastal development in full partnership with local government (NYSDOS,
                      August 1989). Management of coastal development, whether the concern is
                      protecting critical resources or revitalizing deteriorated waterfronts,
                      must, of necessity, include regulation of land use decisions. While the
                      State through its various permit programs and capital projects has a
                      major impact on development patterns, local governments have the primary
                      authority for directly regulating land use.

                      The LWRP refines and supplements the State CMP by incorporating local
                      needs and objectives. As authorized by the Waterfront Revitalization
                      and Coastal Resources Act, an LWRP is a locally prepared, detailed land
                      use plan that sets forth design, locational, and environmental standards
                      for all development along the municipality's waterfront.           It also
                      describes capital projects and other actions necessary to further State
                      and municipal policies for the waterfront.         Federal and State law
                      provide that all government agencies when undertaking any direct,
                      funding, and permit action, must adhere to the policies of an approved
                      LWRP.

                      B. Consistency

                      The federal Coastal Zone Management Act stipulates that federal agency
                      activities affecting land and water uses within the coastal area must be
                      consistent with approved state coastal management programs.             This
                      requirement means that no federal financial assistance to state or local
                      governments can be provided, unless the direct action, permit or grant
                      is in accordance with the state's coastal program. In general, NYSOOS
                      reviews all federal actions to determine consistency with the State CMP.
                      In this way, New York State has control over the actions of federal
                      agencies that affect its coastal area.

                      Like their federal counterparts, State agencies operate a number of
                      programs which affect the use and protection of coastal resources. In
                      recognition of both the beneficial and potentially adverse affects that
                      State agency activities may have upon waterfront areas, WRCRA requires
                      that "actions directly undertaken by State agencies within the coastal
                      area...  shall be consistent with the coastal area policies of this
                      Article".   This provision of law ties together the programs of State
                      agencies by binding their decision-making actions to the coastal
                      policies.   NYSDOS reviews State agency actions, but each agency makes
                      its own determination of consistency. Actions which are not consistent
                      with applicable policies cannot be undertaken or, where appropriate,
                      must be modified so that they will be consistent.





                                                     6-17









                    C. Ad"cacy

                    The consistency provision of the coastal program and the existence of
                    Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs assures that many coastal
                    policies are implemented. In addition, policies must also be advanced
                    by the State's direct involvement in a variety of coastal programs,
                    projects, and activities. Hence, advocacy of the coastal policies is a
                    major focus of the CMP.     Included within this focus are efforts to
                    promote the State's commercial fishing industry; provide suitable space
                    for traditional maritime activities; preserve coastal historic, scenic
                    and cultural resources; promote public access to coastal lands and
                    waters; minimize development in coastal flooding and erosion hazard
                    areas; protect significant coastal fish and wildlife habitats; and seek
                    solutions to the problems that constrain port and harbor dredging.


                 6.4.2 COASTAL MANAGEMENT CONTROLS IN THE STUDY AREA

                    At present the Town of Babylon does not have a state-approved Local
                    Waterfront Revitalization Program. Although the Town prepared a draft
                    LWRP in November of 1986, this program was never officially adopted. In
                    the absence of an approved local program, enforcement of the 44 coastal
                    policies embodied in the State CMP remains under the authority of the
                    New York State Department of State.

                    NYSDOS is responsible for the review of' all Federal and State agency
                    actions proposed within the coastal boundaries of the Town, which
                    includes the entire study area. Actions reviewed by the State include
                    the construction of bulkheads and marinas, dredging, the disturbance of
                    tidal or freshwater wetlands, residential and commercial waterfront
                    developments, and the reconstruction of existing bridges and highways.

                    When a federal or state project is proposed within the coastal zone, a
                    coastal assessment form must be prepared and submitted to NYSDOS to
                    initiate the CMP review process. Importantly, consistency review does
                    not extend to any project that does not require some form of state or
                    federal approval which would trigger the review process. Because the
                    Town of Babylon does not have an approved LWRP, the Town Department of
                    Environmental Control does not require project applicants to complete a
                    coastal consistency form as a part of the preparation of a building
                    permit application or an environmental assessment form.


            6.5  ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN THE STUDY AREA

                 This section of the report analyzes the present and anticipated future
                 development patterns in the study area.    Emphasis has been placed on the
                 degree to which land use activities comply with the existing regulations
                 that govern development.      An assessment of the vacant lots in the
                 communities was also undertaken to determine the potential for future
                 development.

                                                  6-18










                    6.5.1 COMPLIANCE OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE STUDY AREA WITH EXISTING
                           REGULATIONS

                       A. Zoning Restrictions

                       As stated in Section 6.3.1, the study area is zoned B-Residence. This
                       zoning classification requires a minimum lot size of 10,000 square feet.
                       Lots in the study area range in size from just under 6,000 square feet
                       in Oak Beach to over an acre on Oak Island (Table 6-4).         This is due
                       primarily to the fact that most of the structures in the study area were
                       constructed on lots that were subdivided prior to the effective date of
                       the Town zoning requirements (July 1954).        The West Gilgo Beach and
                       Gilgo Beach communities, and most of the homes in the Oak Beach
                       communities, do not meet the minimum lot size   requirement. In addition,
                       most of the homes situated in these areas do not meet the minimum
                       setback or lot width requirements. Therefore, the lots that do not
                       meet the current zoning requirements are considered non-conforming under
                       the requirements.     However, development or redevelopment of already
                       improved properties is generally permitted, provided that the action
                       conforms to the maximum extent possible to zoning requirements and other
                       applicable regulations currently in effect (Falasco, TOB, November 16,
                       1992).     All building permit applications are subject to Town
                       departmental review and, because of their non-conforming status, to Town
                       Board approval.

                       B. Environmental Quality Review

                       Building permit applications are   reviewed by the Division of Buildings,
                       in the Department of Planning      and Development, for compliance with
                       applicable Suffolk County Board   of Health, Town Zoning, New York State
                       Building Code, NYSDEC, FEMA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                       requirements.      The   application,   along   with   the   findings    and
                       recommendations of the Division of Buildings, is subsequently forwarded
                       to the Department of Environmental Control for environmental review in
                       accordance with the TOBEQRA provisions (Chapter 114 of the Town Code).
                       Based on that review, an action is classified as a Type I, Type II,
                       exempt or unlisted.     The SEQRA status, as well as the Environmental
                       Control Department's site plan recommendations on the application, are
                       returned to the Planning Department for further action. If the action
                       is classified as a Type I action, a coordinated review must be
                       undertaken, whereby all involved agencies are required to issue comments
                       and recommendations necessary for determining the significance of the
                       action. Type I actions are more likely to require the preparation of an
                       EIS than unlisted actions.       A coordinated review is optional for
                       unlisted actions.

                       Section 11 of Chapter 114 of the Town Code (The Environmental Quality
                       Review law), contains a listing of actions that have been classified as
                       Type I.   There are a number of items on this listing that apply to
                       actions that may be proposed in the study area. These include:


                                                      6-19









                         0  The sale, lease, annexation or other transfer of Town-owned lands
                            which are permanently or intermittently flooded;

                         0  The construction or reconstruction of any building exceeding
                            thirty-five feet above original ground level;

                         0  Any unlisted action which takes place on land designated by the
                            State as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat (Captree
                            Island and Oak Island);

                         0  Any major addition (as defined in Chapter 99 of the Town Code) to
                            a structure located within the boundary of the coastal erosion
                            hazard area;

                         0  Any action involving the dredging of a new navigation channel;

                         0  The expansion, by more than twenty-five percent of the existing
                            gross floor area, of any building located on land leased by the
                            Town on Oak Island, Captree Island, West Gilgo Beach, Gilgo Beach,
                            Oak Beach and Oak Beach Association (unless determined to be a
                            Type II action);

                         0  The issuance of new leases and/or subleases on undeveloped lands
                            on Oak Island, Captree Island, West Gilgo Beach, Gilgo Beach, Oak
                            Beach and Oak Beach Association; and

                         0  The sale  of Town-owned lands on the barrier beach.

                     Any action on    this list that is proposed in the study area would be
                     classified by the Town as a Type I action, which requires the
                     preparation of   a long environmental assessment form (EAF). Upon review
                     of the EAF, an   environmental impact statement would also be required if
                     the action was   determined to have significant environmental impacts.

                     As previously discussed, when any action is proposed in the study area,
                     it is subject to Town agency review and must receive Town Board
                     approval. To eliminate the need for every action, no matter how minor,
                     to go before the Town Board for approval, the Department of Planning and
                     Development is considering the establishment of a set of guidelines or
                     "thresholds" for review purposes, whereby only proposed projects which
                     exceed these thresholds would require approval from the Town Board.
                     Streamlining of the review process in this manner could reduce the time
                     involved in receiving approval for many projects and would also help to
                     reduce the number of routine actions requiring consideration by the Town
                     Board.   If this amended review procedure is implemented, Planning and
                     Development    (with   the  review   assistance   of the     Department    of
                     Environmental Control) could grant approval and issue the necessary
                     permits required for such projects as the construction or reconstruction
                     ?f sheds and decks, or other minor interior or exterior home
                     improvements.


                                                     6-20










                        C. Other Environmental Restrictions

                        When a building permit application is reviewed by the Planning and
                        Environmental Control Departments, compliance of the proposed action
                        with the Town Flood Damage Law (Chapter 125), Coastal Erosion Hazard
                        Areas Law (Chapter 99), and Freshwater Wetlands Law (Chapter 128) is
                        assessed. Development and redevelopment in a designated flood zone must
                        be undertaken in accordance with the required elevation standards,
                        whereby the first floor elevation meets or exceeds the established
                        standard.   Development or redevelopment proposed in a coastal erosion
                        hazard area must comply with the standards contained in the CEHA law
                        and the proper permit must be secured. Additionally, any development or
                        redevelopment proposed within 100 feet of a designated freshwater
                        wetland requires a wetland permit issued by the Town prior to
                        commencement of the project. If the location of the wetlands boundary
                        is called into question, the TOBDEC would require the applicant to have
                        NYSDEC accurately delineate this boundary. The development restrictions
                        of Chapters 99, 125, and 128 are discussed in greater detail in Section
                        4.4.1 of this report.

                        The majority of the homes in the study area were constructed prior to
                        enactment of current environmental regulations.            With respect to
                        flooding and erosion legislation, the Flood Damage Law (Chapter 125) and
                        the Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Law (Chapter 99) were adopted by the
                        Town of Babylon in September of 1988 and May of 1989, respectively.
                        Consequently, very few of the homes in the study area were built in
                        compliance with these regulations.        As discussed in Section 4.3.1,
                        Cashin Associates conducted a survey of the base flood elevations in the
                        study area for this report.      This survey indicated that of the 336ï¿½
                        homes located in the V-Zone, a maximum of 18 (or five percent) comply
                        with all of the FEMA construction standards. However, as these homes
                        are expanded, upgraded, or replaced over time, they will be required to
                        comply with FEMA regulations.

                        Similarly, most of the homes in the study area pre-date the Town
                        freshwater and State tidal wetlands regulations.          The Town 1 aw was
                        adopted in August of 1976; the State legislation was enacted in 197
                        When the homes in the study area were built (or in some cases relocated
                        to the area), particularly in the Gilgo Beach, West Gilgo Beach, Oak
                        Island and Captree communities, they were either constructed directly in
                        wetland areas or fill was placed on the wetlands to provide a base for
                        development. These early development practices and their impacts on the
                        wetlands ecology are discussed in greater detail in Section 5.1.1 of
                        this report.

                        Development in the study area also was generally undertaken prior to the
                        adoption of the Suffolk County Sanitary Code, which was established in
                        1985.   As a result, the majority of the homes do not comply with the
                        standards established under these laws. Article 6 of the Sanitary Code
                        establishes minimum lot size requirements for homes with septic tank and
                        leaching pool systems. In accordance with these requirements, because

                                                        6-21








                     the study area is located in Hydrogeologic Zone VII, new houses with
                     septic systems must be sited on lots that are 20,000 square feet or
                     larger. As shown in Table 6-4, many of the homes are built on lots that
                     do not meet this requirement.

                     In addition, Articles 4 and 6 require minimum separation distances
                     between surface waters, water supply wells, and septic systems, (NYSDEC
                     regulations specify separation distances between tidal wetlands and
                     septic systems).    These separation requirements are discussed in
                     Sections 2.3, 3.2 and 3.3. Suffolk County regulations also require that
                     individual on-site septic systems be located a minimum of two feet above
                     the groundwater table.   It is apparent that most systems in the study
                     area do not meet these requirements.

                     In an effort to correct substandard conditions, Suffolk County
                     Department of Health Services (SCDHS) is requiring that existing
                     violations be upgraded when a property is redeveloped.     Any building
                     expansion of 25 percent or more requires the submission of a site,plan
                     and survey to the SCDHS for review. These plans must show the present
                     location of the septic system and water supply on the subject property
                     and on adjacent properties. The SCDHS requires that substandard systems
                     be brought up to code and/or replaced with alternative technologies.
                     Wherever possible, setback violations must also be corrected.


                 6.5.2' ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF VACANT LOTS IN THE STUDY AREA

                     A. Methodology Used for Determination of Development Potential

                     As discussed in Section 6.2.2, vacant land in the study area includes
                     large tracts of undeveloped open space on the barrier island,
                     undeveloped marsh islands, and individual vacant lots and areas located
                     within the residential communities.    Utilizing information collected
                     during the Cashin Associates (CA) field survey of the residential
                     communities, the development potential of the individual vacant lots was
                     assessed. Although it is presently the policy of the Town not to grant
                     any new leases in the study area for additional residential development,
                     there were two objectives for undertaking this assessment of development
                     potential: first, to determine the overall potential for community
                     growth and the associated impacts of additional residential development
                     in the event the Town chose to continue the general leasing of lots in
                     the study area; second, to determine which lots would be suitable for
                     use in the event the Town decided to relocate existing homes or permit
                     current residents to rebuild in other areas of the communities as the
                     result of a catastrophic storm event. The issuance of any new leases or
                     subleases for the use of undeveloped Town-owned land in the study area
                     is a Type I action, subject to full environmental review and Town Board
                     approval.

                     The Suffolk County tax maps, the Town of Babylon lot maps, and recent
                     aerial photography were used to identify vacant lots in the study area.

                                                  6-22








                       (The Suffolk County tax maps for the study area are included in Appendix
                       Q. Several environmental constraints were established as the criteria
                       utilized to determine the suitability of each vacant lot for future
                       development. These include the location of the parcel with respect to
                       flood boundaries and coastal erosion hazard area boundaries; whether the
                       parcel contains or is adjacent to a tidal or freshwater wetland;
                       proximity of the parcel to critical wildlife habitat or bird nesting
                       areas; size of the parcel; and other land use-related conflicts such as
                       the use of the parcel for road access or drainage. In addition to the
                       field analysis, a development potential study prepared by the Town of
                       Babylon Department of Environmental Control (December 1988) was reviewed
                       as a possible source of supplemental information.

                       It should be noted that when analyzing the development potential of
                       existing vacant properties, the size of these properties was considered
                       with regard to the average lot size within the surrounding community.
                       Although the minimum lot size required by the B-Residential zoning is
                       10,000 square feet, if the majority of the surrounding development has
                       been established on lots smaller than 10,000 square feet (which is the
                       case in many of the communities) then smaller vacant lots in these areas
                       were considered potentially developable assuming there were no other
                       environmental constraints. This decision is based on the fact that the
                       development of these lots would be consistent with surrounding land use
                       patterns,   and   because   the  Town   has  granted   approval   for the
                       redevelopment of residences that are located on lots in these areas that
                       do not meet the minimum lot size standards.

                       Development potential was assessed for both the vacant Suffolk County
                       tax map lots and the vacant Town of Babylon JOB) lots.            With the
                       exception of an area in the West Gilgo Beach community, the SCTM and TOB
                       lots are positioned in identical locations.      In some places, a single
                       County lot encompasses several TOB lots. For example, SCTM lot No. 65
                       in the western section of West Gilgo Beach, which measures 75 feet by
                       900 feet, encompasses TOB lots 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51
                       (each of which measures 75 feet by 100 feet). Appendix E contains an
                       index of lot designations, which correlates the SCTM lots with the
                       corresponding TOB lots.

                       The examination of the vacant lots in each community revealed the
                       potential to ultimately develop a total of 82 lots in the study area
                       (see Plates 3A to 3G and Appendix Q. This includes: 15 existing SCTM
                       lots that could each accommodate the development of one structure; three
                       existing SCTM lots that would require subdivision to provide a total of
                       18 individual lots; five SCTM lots that would require either site
                       engineering for utilization (4 lots which require drainage improvements)
                       or do not meet the minimum lot size requirement and do not conform with
                       the size of surrounding lots (1 lot); and 44 lots that would require
                       official mapping and subdivision (41 of these lots exist only on the
                       Town of Babylon lot maps and 3 are located in an area deemed suitable
                       for development based on CA's analysis of vacant land in the study
                       area). If only the existing vacant SCTM lots are considered, then 38

                                                      6-23








                     lots could be potentially developed.    This includes the three larger
                     SCTM lots that would require subdivision to provide a total of 18
                     individual lots and the 5 SCTM lots that are subject to additional
                     development considerations.  If no subdivision were to take place, then
                     a total of 20 SCTM lots could be developed.

                     The 82 existing and potential vacant lots are located in three of the
                     six study area communities: West Gilgo Beach, which contains 47 lots;
                     Gilgo Beach, which contains 17 lots; and Oak Beach Association, which
                     contains the remaining 18 lots.    See the following subsections for a
                     discussion of the development potential      in each of these three
                     communities. The other communities (Oak Island, Oak Beach and Captree)
                     all contain vacant lots, but none were considered suitable for
                     development (See Table 6-1 in Section 6.2.2).

                     B. West Gilgo Beach

                     Vacant land in the West Gilgo Beach community consist of 3 SCTM lots and
                     41 TOB lots (Plate 3A). Of the three SCTM lots two are individual
                     building lots and the other (Lot 91) is large enough to be subdivided
                     into 13 individual building lots.      However, only 4 of these are
                     considered to be suitable for development; the remaining 9 lots contain
                     freshwater wetlands.    The subdivision of these lots would require
                     approval from the Town Board as well as full environmental review. The
                     41 TOB lots are located in an area that would require official filing
                     with the Suffolk County Clerk's office because these lots are not shown
                     on the County tax maps. These lots have been included in this-analysis
                     more for the purposes of relocation in the event of major storm damage
                     or destruction, rather than for expanded development within the study
                     area.


                     Ten of the 47 potentially developable lots are located within the 100-
                     foot adjacent area of a Town-regulated freshwater wetland.           The
                     development of these lots would require site plan review by the
                     Department of Environmental Control and the issuance of a wetlands
                     permit in accordance with Chapter 128 of the Town Code.

                     The vacant properties in the West Gilgo Beach community are bisected by
                     the flood zone boundary.   Some of the potentially developable vacant
                     lots are located in the V11 flood zone, which has a base flood elevation
                     of 12 feet. The base flood elevation is the height in relation to mean
                     sea level expected to be reached by the waters of the base flood at
                     pertinent points in the flood plain of coastal areas.      Other vacant
                     parcels, which are situated closer to the bay, are located in the V6
                     flood zone, which has a base flood elevation of 9 feet. Structures that
                     are erected on these properties must have the habitable floor area
                     located a minimum of 12 or 9 feet above mean sea level, depending on the
                     location of the property. The construction of the properties must also
                     comply with,other standards contained in Chapter 125 of the Town Code.



                                                  6-24








                       Of the 47 potentially developable lots, 35 would necessitate          the
                       provision of access roads. The construction of common access driveways,
                       extending north from Ocean Walk, would be required.

                       This access requirement and the need to construct access driveways is
                       not seen as a significant constraint to development. .                        I
                       Some of the land situated north of Ocean Walk contains areas of
                       secondary dunes. These lots are considered to be more appropriate as
                       potential relocation sites than as sites for expanded development. The
                       significance of these secondary dunes has been greatly diminished by the
                       construction of Ocean Parkway and the housing along Ocean Walk in the
                       West Gilgo Beach area.    Therefore, they are not considered to be of
                       significant value with respect to the development of this area          .
                       Additionally, they were not found to be of great ecological significance
                       to resident and migratory wildlife species. This area is not within the
                       coastal erosion hazard area boundary and is therefore not regulated
                       under Chapter 99 of the Town Code. Aside from the land clearing permit
                       required pursuant to Chapter 213, Sections 369 through 373, there are no
                       existing regulations that would affect development in these dune areas.
                       It should be noted that the land clearing permit mentioned above would
                       be required prior to the development of any of the developable vacant
                       lots in the West Gilgo Beach area, as well as the Gilgo Beach and Oak
                       Beach Association communities.

                       C. GlIgo Beach West

                       The vacant lots in the Gilgo Beach community include all of SCTM lot 65
                       and part of SCTM lot 12 in Gilgo Beach West (Plate 3B).     SCTM lot 65
                       encompasses 9 TOB lots, which each measure 75 feet by 100 feet.       The
                       portion of SCTM lot 12 that appears to be suitable for        development
                       contains 5 TOB lots, each measuring 75 feet by 100 feet. These 14 lots
                       are equal in size to the existing lots which have been developed in this
                       area. The remaining three TOB lots that comprise lot 12 either contain
                       areas of tidal wetlands or are less than 50 feet       from the wetland
                       boundary, and are therefore not considered suitable for development.
                       Access could be provided to this area through the      extension of the
                       existing internal roadway.

                       Since 12 of these lots comprise all or portions of two Suffolk County
                       tax lots, they would require subdivision prior to development.        The
                       subdivision of these undeveloped lots would be a Type I action, subject
                       to TOBEQRA review, and would require Town Board approval, as would the
                       establishment of new tax lots in areas not previously mapped or
                       subdivided.

                       The 12 potentially developable lots are located within the regulated
                       300-foot adjacent area of New York State-regulated tidal wetlands.
                       However, none of the lots are less than 75 feet from the wetlands, so
                       the development setback restriction does not apply. In any event, the
                       development of these 12 lots would require NYSDEC review and approval.

                                                     6-25








                    The Gilgo Beach community is divided into two flood zones; the V11 zone,
                    which has a base flood elevation of 12 feet; and the V6 zone, which has
                    a base flood elevation of 9 feet.    Of the 12 lots considered suitable
                    for development (Plate 3B), the 9.1ots located to the south, are in the
                    V11 zone. The 5 lots located to the north are situated in the V6 zone.
                    Therefore, future development in this area would have to.comply with the
                    requirements set forth in Chapter 125 of the Town Code, which regulates
                    development in flood hazard areas.

                    One possible constraint to the future development of all or a portion of
                    the lots to the west of the existing Gilgo Beach community is the
                    presence of a known nesting area for the Northern Harrier. This raptor
                    is a State-listed threatened species (as discussed in Section 5.2.1).
                    If the Town was to seriously consider the utilization of this area for
                    housing sites, it is recommended that a survey be undertaken beforehand
                    to define the extent of potential disturbance. This survey should be
                    conducted by a qualified wildlife biologist to determine if future
                    development would infringe upon or disrupt the nesting activity of the
                    Northern Harrier.     The Town may also consider the designation of
                    personnel from the Audubon Society or the Nature Conservancy to review
                    subdivision or site plan submissions.

                    D. G17go Beach East

                    At the eastern end of the Gilgo Beach community, there is a large area
                    of vacant land. An assessment of this area indicated the potential for
                    the development of three lots directly adjacent to the end of the
                    existing housing (Plate 3B).     This area was considered by CA to be
                    potentially suitable for use as a relocation area for residents in the
                    event of storm damages and destruction, rather than for general
                    development purposes. This area has not been mapped by the Town of
                    Babylon and would, therefore, require approval from the Town Board. The
                    future leasing of this undeveloped area would also be a Type I action,
                    subject to full environmental review.
                    The three potentially developable lots in Gilgo Beach East are located
                    in a V11 zone, with a base flood elevation of 12 feet.     They are also
                    located in the 300-foot area adjacent to a State-designated tidal
                    wetland. Development in this area would thus require approval from the
                    Town and State, based upon review for compliance with the existing
                    regulations.   Access to these proposed properties could be provided
                    through the easterly extension of the existing roadway.

                    E. Oak Beach Association

                    The Oak Beach Association contains 36 vacant SCTM lots which are
                    dispersed throughout the community (Plate 3G).     However, only 18 SCTM
                    lots in this area were considered to be suitable for development; the 18
                    other vacant parcels were either located in a coastal erosion hazard
                    area, were too small to accommodate development, or contained wetlands.
                    Of the 18 potentially developable lots, four are presently used for

                                                  6-26








                      drainage purposes and would require some site engineering to enable
                      effective utilization of the properties.     These four lots, which are
                      located in the northwest portion of the community, north of The Fairway
                      could be modified through site engineering so that the drainage, whic@
                      is currently channeled onto these parcels, is collected and rerouted to
                      adjacent vacant parcels located on the south side of TheFairway. These
                      adjacent properties contain wetlands and/or are presently utilized for
                      site drainage purposes and are not considered to be developable.

                      There is one other lot in the Oak Beach Association (SCTM lot 222) that
                      appears to be suited for development but does not meet the minimum lot
                      size requirement of 10,000 square feet. This lot, which is located at
                      the eastern end of the community, measures approximately 75 feet by 100
                      feet (7,500 square feet).      This lot is identified as a small or
                      substandard lot because the surrounding properties all meet or exceed
                      the required minimum lot size.       After applying the required yard
                      setbacks to this lot, a 1,350 square foot area remains, which is a large
                      enough area to accommodate a house.         Therefore, this parcel     is
                      considered as a potential developable lot.

                      All 18 potentially developable vacant lots in the Oak Beach Association
                      community are located in the V8 flood zone.      The V8 zone has a base
                      flood elevation of 9 feet. Six of the eight vacant lots (SCTM lots 120
                      122, 123, 124,. 126 an 128) located north of The Fairway are partiall;
                      located in the A6 zone, which has a base flood elevation of 8 feet.
                      This flood zone boundary, however, extends across the northern one-third
                      of these parcels and would not affect development.        As previously
                      mentioned, in cases where a property is bisected by a flood zone
                      boundary, the more restrictive flood zone designation would apply. In
                      any event any development that would occur on these 18 vacant
                      properties, must be undertaken in compliance with the standards
                      contained in Chapter 125 of the Town Code (the Flood Damage Law).
                      Furthermore, the habitable floor area must be constructed no less than
                      nine feet above mean sea level.

                      Eight of the eighteen potentially developable vacant lots (SCTM lots
                      130, 132, 136.2, 173, 178.3, 181, 184, and 222) are located within the
                      100-foot adjacent area of a freshwater wetland.        Any construction
                      activities that occur on these properties would be regulated under
                      Chapter 128 of the Town Code and require a permit issued by the
                      Department of Environmental Control.

                      Five lots (SCTM lots 178.3, 181, 206, 207, and 210) would require the
                      provision of access, as none currently exists.      In this regard, the
                      construction of extensions to existing driveways would be required.
                      Access is not seen as a constraining factor to the development of these
                      lots.






                                                    6-27










             6.6   ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE STUDY AREA

                   This section contains an analysis of the impacts that would result from
                   various scenarios of development within the study area. The discussion is
                   organized in a fashion similar to what would typically be found in the
                   alternatives section of an environmental impact statement .(EIS), with the
                   potential impacts of the various alternative development scenarios analyzed
                   individually to facilitate comparison.        The parameters of analysis used
                   below are the same seven study elements that have been examined under
                   existing conditions in Sections 2 through 9.

                   6.6.1 NO-BUILD

                      The no-build (no-action) scenario, which is a required element of an
                      EIS, assesses the impacts that would result if the proposed action is
                      not undertaken and the status quo is maintained.          Since the no-build
                      scenario    investigates    the   consequences     of   preserving     existing
                      conditions, analysis of this alternative serves as an important basis
                      for assessing the impacts of a proposed action.

                      In this study, the existing condition (i.e., the no-build scenario) is
                      equivalent to the "proposed action", which has been intensively analyzed
                      in the other sections of this report. Therefore, no further discussion
                      of this topic is warranted here.


                   6.6.2 LEASE PHASE-OUT

                      The lease phase-out scenario, while currently not under consideration
                      and unlikely due to economic factors (see Section 8), involves the
                      termination of all the current residential leases that the Town of
                      Babylon has granted on the Outer Beach, either by allowing the leases to
                      expire at the end of their current term in 2050 or by prematurely
                      terminating the leases prior to 2050.         The existing houses would be
                      removed from the community areas within one year of lease termination,
                      and the land would be allowed to revert to a quasi-natural state. The
                      vacated land would then be available for use in passive public
                      recreational     activities    (e.g.,    hiking,    picnicking,     bicycling,
                      educational activities, etc.), possibly mixed with some more active
                      recreational uses.(e.g., boat launching and dockage, fishing, etc.).

                      A. Surface Waters

                      The minor impacts to surface water quality that are attributed to the
                      existence of the subject communities (e.g., some septic overflow into
                      adjacent surface waters during extreme high tides and severe storms, and
                      the possible release of wastewater into the bay from water craft
                      operated by community residents) would be eliminated by the removal of
                      the subject houses from the Outer Beach. However, it is unlikely that
                      this action would produce a measurable improvement in the water quality
                      in the adjoining areas of Great South Bay.

                                                       6-28









                      Water quality along the southern shore of western Great South Bay is
                      presently at acceptable levels for shellfish harvesting, except in the
                      aftermath of severe storms.    The removal of the Outer Beach homes and
                      the termination of the use of substandard septic systems connected to
                      some of these homes would be expected  to decrease the amount of coliform
                      bacteria carried into the bay by       storm waves and -extreme tides.
                      However, the entire bay is plagued with deteriorated water quality
                      following severe weather events, and,  in fact, this problem is much more
                      serious along the northern margin of    the bay.  Stormwater runoff from
                      developed mainland areas is generally  recognized as a major contributing
                      factor causing water quality degradation in shallow coastal waters such
                      as Great South Bay. Thus, the overall effect on surface water quality
                      that would be effected by the elimination of septic discharge from the
                      Outer Beach communities would be minimal.

                      The boat basins on the north side of the    barrier island are closed to
                      shellfish harvesting during the boating season as a precautionary
                      measure due to the potential for contamination arising from vessel
                      wastewater discharges.     This policy applies to basins that are in
                      undeveloped areas, as well as to docking areas that adjoin the subject
                      communities.    If the Outer Beach residences are phased out, it is
                      expected that the Gilgo and West Gilgo basins would continue to be
                      closed to shellfishing on a seasonal basis due to the potential use of
                      these areas by transient vessels.                                              t

                      B. Groundwater                                                                    r
                      The minor impacts to groundwater quality that are attributed to the            116
                      existence of the subject communities (i.e., primarily the contamination
                      of the upper freshwater lens by septic wastes and, perhaps, by other
                      substances such as lawn and landscaping chemicals) would be eliminated         11h-
                      by the removal of the subject houses from the Outer Beach. However, as
                      discussed below, this action would not produce a significant improvement
                      in the overall quality of the groundwater reservoir beneath the study          th
                      area.
                      The surface layer of groundwater beneath the study area constitutes a          11L
                      lens of relatively young freshwater derived from recent rainfall. This
                      shallow aquifer is characterized by rapid horizontal flow to the north
                      and south, and discharge into the bay and ocean. The surface lens sits
                      atop a salty groundwater unit, and is not hydraulically connected to the
                      deeper aquifers (Magothy and Lloyd, which are the primary sources of
                      drinking water for the region). Thus, wastes that are introduced into
                      the surface groundwater layer in the study area do not affect the
                      important, deeper portions of the aquifer.

                      The Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS) has expressed
                      concern with regard to the potential impacts caused by the unregulated
                      installation and abandonment of private deep wells. These wells, which
                      are scattered throughout the study area, penetrate to the Magothy
                      Aquifer through overlying units. The inevitable corrosion of the casing

                                                     6-29









                    of these wells, caused by chemical interaction between the          sal ty
                    groundwater layer and the generally inferior materials of the casing,
                    creates a conduit through which saltwater can descend to the fresh
                    Magothy unit.    Phasing-out residential development on the Outer Beach
                    would ameliorate this problem by terminating the drilling of new private
                    wells. However, adequate mitigation can be effected without eliminating
                    the communities, by means of increased governmental regulation of the
                    abandonment and installation of individual private wells. Governmental
                    monitoring of the closure of these wells would prevent them from
                    becoming a conduit for the downward migration of saltwater (and other
                    contami nants) . Overs i ght of the i nstal 1 at i on of new pri vate wel 1 s woul d
                    ensure that these wells meet minimum standards of construction, which
                    would prolong their life and decrease the rate at which wells are
                    abandoned in the future (see Section 3.5.2).

                    Phasing-out residential development in the study area would decrease the
                    usage demand on the groundwater aquifer.     Currently, it is estimated
                    that water is withdrawn from the aquifer at an average rate of
                    approximately 53,700 gallons per day for use in the subject residential
                    communities (see Section 3.2.2).     However, not all of this water is
                    pumped from the deep aquifer, as many of the private wells in the study
                    area tap into the shallow Upper Glacial zone.

                    C. Erosion Control and Flooding

                    In general, the subject communities have not directly increased the
                    susceptibility of the study area to erosion and storm-induced flooding.
                    In fact, the elevation of the land surface through the placement of fill
                    and the installation of shoreline protection structures associated with
                    the communities have actually increased the degree of protection from
 'A                 the effects of storm surge and waves. However, because of the presence
                    of homes on the Outer Beach, this area is highly susceptible to storm
                    damage in terms of possible property casualty, injury, and loss of life.
                    These potentially large impacts, which are briefly summarized below,
                    would be eliminated by the removal of the subject houses from the Outer
                    Beach.

                    Despite the relatively minor extent of recent storm-related damage that
                    has occurred in the subject communities, the residences in the study
                    area are generally considered to be vulnerable to severe storms.
                    Furthermore, the overall degree of vulnerability has significantly
                    increased of late, due to the loss of a substantial volume of material
                    from essential protective-features (i.e., the beach and dunes at Gilgo
                    and West Gilgo Beaches, and the Sore Thumb) during recent storms.

                    As discussed in Sections 4.9.1 and 4.9.2, the potential for storm damage
                    would increase significantly if there is a lapse in the maintenance of
                    the primary protective features listed above. Although it appears to be
                    unlikely that actions to protect the West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach
                    shorelines would be abandoned in the foreseeable future, due to the
                    overriding concerns with the structural integrity of Ocean Parkway and

                                                  6-30








                        the possibility of the formation of a breach through this section of the
                        barrier, a similar level of priority does not apply to the Sore Thumb.
                        Since maintenance of the Sore Thumb would be undertaken for the more or
                        less exclusive purpose of providing erosion protection to the
                        residential shorefront at Oak Beach, the delay or abandonment of this
                        project would be more likely than a similar lapse in the.Gilgo beach and
                        dune projects. Thus, in this sense, the Oak Beach communities are more
                        susceptible to future erosion and storm damage than West Gilgo and Gilgo
                        Beaches.

                        Depending upon the use that the Town would establish at Oak Beach in the
                        event of a lease phase-out, it may be desirable to undertake maintenance
                        work on the Sore Thumb.      For example, an active public recreational
                        facility at Oak Beach may    become susceptible to costly damage if the
                        protective capabilities of the Sore Thumb are allowed to deteriorate.
                        On the other hand, a passive recreational           facility which lacks
                        structures that may be damaged by storms or erosion would not require
                        repairs to the Sore Thumb.

                        Oak and Captree Islands are situated almost entirely within the A zone
                        and, therefore, are much less vulnerable to storm wave damage and
                        erosion than the four communities that are located on the barrier.
                        However, as demonstrated by the extent of damage wreaked during recent
                        storms, these two bay island developments are the most prone to                    t
                        recurrent flooding during severe storms.        Thus, whereas the barrier
                        island houses are exposed to the greatest potential damage during a                  01
                        single killer storm, the bay island houses are subject to more frequent
                        moderate damage during less intense storms.

                        D. Interaction with Natura7 Systems

                        Phasing-out of the subject communities would have an overall beneficial
                        impact on native vegetation and wildlife by allowing areas that have
                        been disturbed by residential development to revert gradually to a
                        quasi-natural   state.    However, these developed areas comprise a
                        relatively small portion of the total area of the Outer Beach. The four
                        barrier island communities (i.e., West Gilgo Beach, Gilgo Beach, Oak               Ilk
                        Beach, and the Oak Beach Association) occupy 152 acres, or 6.9 percent,
                        of the 2,194 acres of land in the Babylon Town portion of Jones Island,
                        between the Oyster Bay town line to the west and the boundary of Captree
                        State Park to the east (and approximately 3 percent of the ï¿½5,000 acres
                        on Jones Island as a whole). The two bay island communities (i.e., Oak
                        Island and Captree Island) occupy 34 acres, or 1.5 percent, of the 2,282
                        acres of islands in the Town of Babylon portion of Great South Bay.

                        The developed portions of the study area comprise a variety of different
                        vegetative zones, which provide habitat to varied communities of
                        wildlife.   The majority of the developed area has been situated upon
                        fill material and, if abandoned and allowed to undergo natural
                        vegetative succession, would revert to an upland habitat. Shrub thicket
                        would invade these areas, which would benefit wildlife and avian species

                                                       6-31








                     that thrive in this type of environment. In particular, songbirds'and
                     raptors, including the some protected species (e.g., eastern bluebird
                     and grasshopper sparrow), would be expected to populate these areas.

                     Removal of the houses in the Oak Beach communities would allow
                     waterfront land in these areas to revert to dune habitat, especially
                     along the shoreline of the Oak Beach Association. Wildlife species that
                     would benefit from this transition include foxes and deer. Populations
                     ?f rodents (e.g., mice, voles, and rabbits) would also be expected to
                     increase, which, in turn, would support greater numbers of predators.

                     Reversion of the Oak Beach shoreline to its natural state would also
                     create additional habitat for certain protected shorebirds (e.g., piping
                     pl over, common tern, I east tern, and roseate tern) .    These species
                     select nesting sites that are characterized by fresh, unvegetated sands
                     (dredge spoil areas are particularly attractive to these species), but
                     are not tolerant of human presence.

                     Removal of the houses at Gilgo Beach East and along the eastern
                     shoreline of Oak Island would allow the recovery of tidal wetland
                     vegetation that has been disturbed by human activities in these areas.
                     This transformation would create additional habitat for some avian
                     species of special concern (e.g., black rail, least bittern, and short-
                     eared owl).

                     E. Deve7opment Potentia7

                     Phase-out of the subject leases would, obviously, render the issue of
                     development potential moot. The implementation of this scenario would
                     eliminate all existing residential development from the study area, and
                     would prevent any presently vacant lands from being developed in the
                     future.

                     F. Cowunity Costs and Benefits

                     Section 7.3 presents a monetary cost-benefit analysis of the use of the
                     lands in the six Outer Beach communities for residential occupancy.
                     That analysis, which considered only the day-to-day costs of community
                     operations and both the direct and indirect generation of revenues,
                     indicates that the Town of Babylon realizes a substantial net financial
                     benefit from the subject leases. On this level, therefore, phase-out of
                     these leases would result in an adverse impact to the Town, particularly
                     in light of the escalating lease fees that would be assessed as the year
                     2050 approaches.

                     Public costs that are incurred for storm damage mitigation and
                     remediation due to the presence of the subject communities on the
                     barrier and bay islands is much more difficult to assess (see Section
                     7.5). Importantly, the beach nourishment and dune restoration projects
                     that are primarily responsible for the erosion and storm protection of
                     the West Gilgo Beach and Gilgo Beach are undertaken for purposes other

                                                  6-32








                      than the protection of the residences in these two communities. Thus,
                      the costs associated with the beach nourishment and dune restoration
                      projects at Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches are not attributable to the
                      presence of houses in that area.      In contrast, the Sore Thumb was
                      installed for the more or less exclusive purpose of mitigating erosion
                      along the residential shoreline at Oak Beach. Likewise,.the maintenance
                      of this structure would be undertaken primarily in consideration of
                      erosion protection for the Oak Beach communities. Thus any public costs
                      that are incurred to reconstruct the Sore Thumb would be directly
                      attributable to the presence of houses to the east.      These potential
                      costs would be obviated if the Oak Beach communities were eliminated.

                      G. Homeowner Equity

                      As discussed in detail in Section 8, the Town's financial obligation to
                      implement the lease phase-out alternative would be highly dependent on
                      whether the subject leases were allowed to expire at the end of their
                      term in 2050 or were terminated prematurely. The primary advantage of
                      hastening the lease termination date would be the accelerated
                      realization of the benefits that have been identified under the
                      discussion of the other six study elements in this section. However, if
                      this option is chosen, the Town would be obligated to provide
                      remuneration to the displaced residents, and the financial costs
                      associated with this action would likely be substantial. It does not
                      appear that the environmental benefits that would evolve from the
                      premature termination of the current leases would justify the public
                      financial costs that would be incurred.                                       IL
                      H. Public Access and Recreation

                      It has been suggested that phasing-out the residential leases in the
                      Outer Beach communities would create additional opportunities for public
                      recreation. Land that is currently occupied by residential dwelling    s@
                      and is therefore not available for use by the general public, woul
                      become vacant open space. However, the analysis in Section 9 does not
                      indicate that additional recreational facilities and open space are
                      needed in the study area at the present time, nor does it appear likely
                      that such a need will arise in the foreseeable future. Thus, increased
                      availability of public access to the waterfront should not be considered
                      to be a significant factor in the assessment of the benefits that would
                      be derived from the elimination of residential uses on the Outer Beach.
                      Already available spaces (and in some cases underpasses) have never been
                      used in the 60+ years they have been in existence in both Nassau and
                      Suffolk Counties.










                                                    6-33










                   6.6.3 FULL CONVERSION

                       The full conversion scenario comprises the transformation of all ï¿½168
                       existing seasonal dwellings to year-round use. Under this alternative,
                       the 54 houses on Oak Island would remain as seasonal dwellings, in
                       accordance with the terms of the lease agreement with the Town.

                       The conversion of a seasonal home to year-round use can be accomplished
                       in two basic manners. The existing structure can be retained, in which
                       case necessary modifications would be made to the insulation, utilities,
                       etc.   Alternatively, the existing structure can be demolished and a
                       completely new house erected in its place.

                       Information provided by the Building Department of the Town of Babylon
                       (Finley, Kate;   December 22, 1992; telephone communication) indicates
                       that the recent conversions have typically entailed the demolition of
                       existing summer  bungalows and replacement with new houses that are used
                       for year-round    occupancy.    In general, the renovation of existing
                       seasonal houses is no longer    considered to be feasible.      These houses
                       are often in structurally deteriorated condition, which would require
                       substantial remediation prior to the issuance of a Certificate of
                       Occupancy. Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, the substantial
                       conversion of an existing structure would necessitate adherence to FEMA
                       requirements.    Meeting these building standards usually entails great
                       expense, particularly for houses in the V zone. Consequently, retaining
                       the existing structure is generally not a cost-effective option in the
                       conversion of seasonal dwellings to year-round use.           Therefore, the
                       following discussion focuses on the construction of completely new
                       houses as the primary means by which conversion is achieved.

                       A. Surface Waters

                       It was determined, through the analysis summarized in Section 2, that
                       the subject communities have not significantly affected surface water
                       resources in the vicinity of the study area, even during the summer
                       season when occupancy of these dwellings is more or less 100 percent.
                       Full conversion of existing seasonal homes to year-round use would
                       essentially extend the summer conditions throughout the entire year -
                       except for the potential boat waste discharges, which are confined
                       almost entirely to the summer boating season. Additionally, however, in
                       cases where existing houses are demolished and replaced by completely
                       new structures, the construction of a new subsurface sewage disposal
                       system'(SSDS) is also required. Since an SSDS' efficiency of removing
                       contaminants   from the     septic effluent generally decreases with
                       increasing age, the installation of a new system would improve the water
                       quality of the effluent generated by a converted residence.              Thus,
                       although some additional sources of surface water contamination would be
                       operating in the winter time if the full conversion scenario were
                       implemented, this would not be expected to result in significant adverse
                       impacts to the overall water quality of Great South Bay.


                                                       6-34










                      B. Groundwater

                      The expected effect that implementation of the full conversion scenario
                      would have on groundwater quality is similar to the impact that would
                      occur to surface waters (see Section 6.6.3.A). The replacement of some
                      older, failing SSDSs with new devices (in cases where new houses are
                      constructed to replace seasonal dwellings) would result in an
                      improvement in the water quality of the septic effluent from these
                      units, which would slightly improve the quality of the uppermost aquifer
                      during the summer season.    In the winter, groundwater quality of the
                      this aquifer would be slightly degraded (compared to the present winter
                      condition), as houses that were previously unoccupied during that season
                      are utilized on a year-round basis. However, conditions under the full-
                      conversion scenario would be no worse than existing summer conditions,
                      and no impacts would result to the deep aquifer (see Section 6.6.23).

                      Full-time occupancy of the subject residences would increase the demand
                      for drinking water in the study area.    This would result in a larger
                      annual volume of withdrawal from the aquifer, but. would not
                      substantially increase the daily peak usage that presently occurs during
                      the summer season, since the number of occupied homes would remain
                      constant.
                      C. Erosion Control and Flooding                                               t

                      Implementation of the full conversion scenario would increase the winter
                      population of the subject communities.    This situation would increase
                      the possibility that the residents of the subject communities would
                      sustain injuries or death as a result of a severe winter northeaster.

                      The effect that the full conversion alternative would have on the
                      potential level of property damage in the study area is less apparent.
                      The conversion @of a house to year-round use generally entails
                      improvements that increase the property value, which places mo
                      property at risk.    However, the replacement of an existing summer
                      bungalow with a new dwelling also enhances storm resistance, since the
                      new house must be constructed in accordance with FEMA requirements.

                      D. Interaction with Natural Systems

                      Implementation of the full conversion scenario would have a minimal
                      direct impact on vegetation in the study area, since redevelopment will
                      be confined to areas that are currently disturbed. Wildlife will also
                      not be directly impacted, because habitat areas will not be altered.

                      E. Development Potential

                      Full conversion of existing seasonal homes to year-round use would not
                      affect the development potential of the vacant lots in the subject
                      communities.



                                                   6-35









                     F. Community Costs and Benefits

                     Full conversion of the existing seasonal homes would be expected to
                     result in an overall financial surplus to the Town. For most services,
                     the cost to the service provider (i.e., the police and fire departments,
                     the lighting district, etc.) would not change substantially from
                     existing conditions, and the increased tax revenues generated by the
                     upgraded houses would be expected to cover any small increase in costs
                     that may occur. The anticipated effect that this development scenario
                     would have on other tax districts (i.e., solid waste and schools) are
                     discussed individually below.

                     The solid waste district is assessed a fixed fee per   house for the 20-
                     year duration of the current contract, which cost is passed directly
                     onto homeowners. Thus, the conversion of the ï¿½168 seasonal homes in the
                     subject communities to year round use will not have an immediate effect
                     on tax levies.    However, solid waste costs may increase when a new
                     contract is negotiated, since the contractor (presently BSSI) would be
                     hauling a greater amount of solid waste from the Outer Beach, which is
                     the most distant reach of their service area.

                     Under existing conditions, it is estimated that the subject communities
                     generate an annual tax surplus for the Babylon School District of
                     $782,000 (see Section 7). At a per student cost of $9,005, this surplus
                     translates into sufficient money to fund the education of approximately
                     86 additional students.    If it is assumed that the ï¿½168 conversions
                     under this development scenario would generate school children at the
                     same rate as applies to the existing year-round homes in the study area
                     (i.e., 42 students/361 year-round homes = 0.12 students per house),
                     there would be an additional 20 students introduced into the school
                     system. Thus, the increase in school-aged children under this scenario
                     would not deplete the district's surplus, even if the extra tax revenues
                     that would be generated by the upgraded houses are not taken into
                     consideration.

                     G. Homeowner Equity

  d                  The full conversion of existing seasonal dwellings to year-round use
                     would somewhat increase the potential financial obligation that the Town
                     faces if the leases were terminated prematurely.       As noted above,
                     conversion typically entails the replacement of a small summer bungalow
                     with a large, new house. Since the cost of moving a house is directly
                     related to size, moving cost would be increased following conversion.

                     H. Pub7ic Access and Recreation

                     Implementation of the full conversion scenario would not have a
                     discernable effect on public access and recreational opportunities,
                     since the total number and location of houses in the subject communities
                     would not be altered.



                                                  6-36










                   6.6.4 FULL DEVELOPMENT

                       The full development scenario comprises a full build-out of the ï¿½82
                       existing vacant parcels and the full conversion of ï¿½168 existing
                       seasonal homes to year-round use. The development of vacant parcels is
                       contingent upon their meeting the environmental constraints criteria
                       discussed in Section 6.5.2.        This alternative does not include
                       conversion of the 54 houses on Oak Island, which are required to remain
                       as seasonal dwellings under the terms of the lease agreement with the
                       Town.


                       A. Surface Waters

                       Implementation of  the full development scenario would have a minimal
                       effect on surface  water quality.    The slight impacts that are caused
                       under existing conditions would be increased during the winter due to
                       the conversion of seasonal houses to year-round use (see Section
                       6.6.3.A). Additionally, there could be a minor increase in bacterial
                       input to surface waters derived from septic effluent, especially during
                       storms and extreme tides, due to the construction of houses (and
                       associated SSDSs) on vacant lands in close proximity to wetlands at
                       Gilgo Beach East and West. However, these systems will be required to
                       meet Suffolk County's strict standards and, therefore, will provide
                       better wastewater treatment than the aged systems that are presently in
                       place in these communities.     Increased septic wastes from additional
                       development in the other communities with developable vacant lots (i.e.,
                       West Gilgo Beach, Oak Beach, and the Oak Beach Association) would not
                       have a measurable effect on surface water quality, since these lots do
                       not adjoin the shoreline or wetland areas.

                       The  expanded   resident   population   that   would   result   from   the
                       implementation  of this scenario would likely increase the number of
                       water craft in adjacent bay areas during the boating season.          This
                       situation may  result in a slight increase in the volume of vessel
                       wastewater that is discharged to these surface waters, which would cause
                       a minor elevation in coliform bacteria levels. However, since all of
                       the boat basins along the north shore of Jones Island are presently
                       closed to shellfish harvesting during the boating season as a
                       precautionary measure, a potential slight degradation of water quality
                       resulting from increased boating would not adversely affect the use of
                       the shellfish resources in these waters.

                       B. Groundwater

                       The volume of sanitary wastewater discharged to the uppermost portion of
                       the aquifer would increase if the full development scenario were
                       implemented. The conversion of existing seasonal dwellings to full-time
                       use would improve the quality of the septic effluent from those units,
                       because the SSDSs attached to these houses would be replaced with new
                       systems.   However, the resident population would increase due to the


                                                     6-37








                     construction of additional homes on vacant parcels, increasing the total
                     wastewater generation rate.

                     Although the upper lens of fresh groundwater would be adversely affected
                     to some degree if full development occurred in the study area, the water
                     quality of deep portions of the aquifer would not be impacted.         As
                     discussed in Section 6.6.2.B, the uppermost layer of groundwater is
                     underlain by saltwater and does not flow downward to the Magothy
                     Aquifer.

                     As discussed in Section 6.6.2.B, the unregulated installation and
                     abandonment of numerous individual private wells has created a
                     potentially serious problem with local drinking water resources, since
                     these wells can act as conduits for the flow of salty groundwater down
                     to the fresh Magothy Aquifer. Full development of the study area would
                     likely result in an increase in the number of private wells installed by
                     community residents, which would enlarge the magnitude of this problem
                     unless appropriate mitigation measures are implemented in a timely
                     manner.

                     Full development of the study area would increase the demand for
                     drinking water in the study area. This would result in a larger annual
                     volume of withdrawal from the aquifer. The peak daily usage would also
                     substantially increase, since a greater number of homes would be
                     occupied during the peak (summer) season.

                     C. Erosion Control and Flooding

                     Implementation of the full development scenario would increase the
                     overall population of the subject communities.     This situation would
                     increase the possibility that the residents of these areas would sustain
                     injuries or death as a result of either a hurricane or a severe Winter
                     northeaster. In addition, the total amount of property at risk in the
                     subject communities would be expanded. However, in accordance with FEMA
                     requirements, the new dwellings (i.e., both the conversions and the
                     houses that are erected on currently vacant lots) would be constructed
                     in a manner that provides enhanced storm resistance compared to most of
                     the existing homes.

                     D. Interaction with Natural Systems

                     Implementation of the full development scenario would directly impact
                     habitat areas of important wildlife species.        In particular, the
                     development of the vacant land to the east and west of the existing
                     houses at Gilgo Beach would reduce the extent to which the adjoining
                     marsh areas are utilized by species such as wading shorebirds (i.e.,
                     egrets, herons, ibises, etc.).       Certain mammals (e.g., raccoons,
                     weasels, and moles) which inhabit areas adjacent to the marshes would
                     also be affected by the development of this land.      Additionally, the
                     construction of residences in the vacant area at Gilgo Beach West would
                     directly impinge upon a nesting area for the northern harrier.

                                                   6-38








                       The infilling of individual vacant lots within community areas that are
                       already mostly developed would have a minimal impact on ecological
                       resources.   These lots are presently devoid of significant wildlife
                       (with the exception of songbirds) because of their isolation from areas
                       of similar vegetation.

                       Some indirect impacts to wildlife may also result          from the full
                       development of existing vacant lots in the subject communities.         The
                       resulting increase in the human population would lead to an increase in
                       the amount of garbage generated, which may attract additional raccoons,
                       opossums, gulls, and Norway rats. These species also are predators of
                       a number of the wildlife species that inhabit the surrounding natural
                       areas, and are a particular problem with respect to predation.on the
                       eggs of protected plovers and terns. Additionally, the expanded human
                       population may increase the presence of feral dogs and cats in the
                       vicinity of the subject communities, which would also increase the
                       vulnerability of certain wildlife species in nearby areas.

                       E. Development Potential

                       By definition, this scenario would entail the construction of dwellings
                       on all existing developable lots in the subject communities. Therefore    I
                       development   potential   in  the  study   area would    be   zero   after
                       implementation of this alternative.

                       F. Community Costs and Benefits

                       Implementation of this development scenario would be expected to result
                       in an overall financial surplus to the Town.           As with the full
                       conversion scenario, the cost to most service providers (i.e., the
                       police and fire departments, the lighting district, etc.) would not
                       change substantially from existing conditions, and the increased tax
                       revenues generated by the upgraded houses would be expected to cover any
                       small increase in costs that may occur. Town-wide solid waste district
                       taxes would also not be affected, although this assessment may increase
                       when a new contract is negotiated (see Section 6.6.3.F).

                       As discussed in Section 6.6.3.F, the estimated surplus to the Babylon
                       School District generated by the subject communities is sufficient to
                       cover the education costs for approximately 86 additional students. If
                       it is assumed that the ï¿½168 conversions and ï¿½82 new houses under this
                       development scenario would generate school children at the current level
                       of 0.12 students per house, there would be an addition of 30 students to
                       the school district. Thus, the increase in school-aged children would
                       not deplete the district's surplus, even if the extra tax revenues that
                       would be generated by the upgraded and newly constructed houses are not
                       taken into consideration.






                                                     6-39









                       G. Homeowner Equity

                       Implementation of this development scenario would increase the potential
                       financial obligation that the Town faces if the leases are terminated
                       prematurely.    The addition of houses on currently vacant lots would
                       increase the number of homeowners who would have to be reimbursed if the
                       Town rescinds the leases prior to 2050. Additionally, as discussed in
                       Section 6.6.3.G, the unit moving cost would be increased for those
                       seasonal houses that are converted to year-round use.

                       H. Pub7ic Access and Recreation

                       Although the full-development scenario involves the construction of
                       houses on lands that are currently vacant, this action would not
                       decrease the degree of public access to the waterfront in the study
                       area.   The vacant lands that would serve as new homesites under this
                       alternative (i.e., the undeveloped areas at West Gilgo Beach and Gilgo
                       Beach, and individual lots scattered throughout Oak Beach and the Oak
                       Beach Association) presently do not serve as public access points.


                   6.6.5 POST-STORM RECONSTRUCTION

                       The post-storm reconstruction scenario comprises the redevelopment of
                       the subject communities following a devastating coastal storm, which
                       destroys or severely damages a large number of houses in the study area.
                       It is assumed that the maximum number of houses following post-storm
                       reconstruction would equal the number of houses (415) that are presently
                       in place.

                       The impacts that would result from this scenario of redevelopment are,
                       in many ways, more difficult to assess than any of the previously
                       discussed alternatives. Whereas the number and location of the houses
                       were fixed in the four other scenarios, it is not certain that the study
                       area would be fully redeveloped following a destructive storm, and the
                       probable locations of replacement houses are not clearly defined.

                       It is possible that redevelopment of the study area under this scenario
                       would be significantly less intense than the existing condition.            In
                       cases where dwellings are totally destroyed by a storm, the homeowners
                       may not have the desire to rebuild at the same location, particularly
                       since there exists no ownership bond to the land.              If financial
                       resources are strained, which is a very real possibility since it is
                       apparent that a large percentage of houses in the study area are not
                       covered by flood insurance, storm victims may be compelled to simply
                       walk away from their loss (which is allowed under the terms of the lease
                       agreements). Furthermore, once the "big one" hits, the aura of immunity
                       from storm damage that has surrounded the subject communities will have
                       been lifted, and the desirability of residing in the study area would
                       probably be markedly diminished.


                                                       6-40









                       Even if substantial reconstruction does occur in the study area
                       following a ravaging     storm, there is likely to be significant
                       reconfiguration of the housing pattern in some communities due to a
                       variety of regulatory    restrictions, as well as possible voluntary
                       relocations to portions  of the study area that are less vulnerable to
                       storm impacts. Some of the more important regulatory provisions that
                      .may affect the post-storm redevelopment of the study area are summarized
                       below.

                          0  NYS and Suffolk County regulations require that leaching pools for
                             septic systems be set back a distance of 100 feet from both
                             wetlands and surface waters. Existing lots at several locations
                             in the study area (i.e., Gilgo Beach West, Oak Island, and Captree
                             Island) do not conform with these provisions. Reconstruction on
                             each of the affected lots would require the issuance of a variance
                             from the State and/or the County. Unless the needed variances are
                             granted, replacement houses cannot be erected on these lots.

                       Outer Beach residents who desire to reconstruct their storm-damaged
                       homes, but who are prohibited from undertaking this action due to
                       regulatory restrictions, can pursue the use of one of the developable
                       vacant parcels that exists in the study area. However, the number of
                       lots is limited (82 maximum), and their locations may not be considered
                       to be as desirable as the waterfront sites that could potentially be
                       banned from redevelopment by regulatory restrictions.

                       A. Surface Waters

                       As discussed in Section 2, contaminants carried by stormwater runoff are
                       the primary cause of surface water quality deterioration in the vicinity
                       of the study area. Under normal circumstances, the natural vegetative
                       buffer surrounding the developed areas in the subject communities serves
                       to adequately filter runoff prior to its arrival at nearby surface
                       waters. The devegetation of a construction site accelerates the rate of
                       runoff and increases the volume of stormwater that is discharged to
                       surface waters. A single residential lot under development, especially
                       in an area of relatively level terrain such as exists in the study area,
                       generally will not significantly affect surface water quality. However,
                       in the aftermath of large-scale storm destruction, reconstruction
                       activities may be underway at numerous adjacent parcels.         Stormwater
                       runoff flowing from these disturbed sites can have localized deleterious
                       impacts on receiving waters unless suitable erosion and sediment control
                       measures are implemented.

                       The reconstruction of dwellings following a major storm would tend,
                       overall, to have a long-term positive impact on surface water quality     '
                       compared to pre-storm conditions, in terms of potential impacts from
                       septic effluent generated in the study area. Post-storm reconstruction
                       would likely result in increased setbacks between SSDSs and surface
                       waters to meet Suffolk County requirements, or the abandonment 'of
                       certain waterfront parcels altogether. Furthermore, the SSDSs installed

                                                      6-41








                     for the replacement houses would be constructed in accordance with the
                     latest standards, providing an improved level of treatment to the
                     effluent compared to the pre-storm SSDSs.

                     B. Groundwater

                     Due to the upgrading of SSDSs that would be undertaken in association
                     with the reconstruction of damaged homes, the overall water quality of
                     the shallow aquifer would be expected to become somewhat improved
                     compared to the pre-storm condition.     Pumpage from the deep aquifer
                     would not be adversely affected by post-disaster reconstruction, since
                     the total number of homes would not be increased. Any decrease in the
                     population of the subject communities that is caused by a disaster would
                     result in a commensurate improvement in both the quality of the upper
                     aquifer and the quantity of deep groundwater withdrawn for residential
                     use in the study area.

                     C. Erosion Control and Flooding

                     Assessment of the impact that a disastrous coastal storm would have on
                     the ability of the subject communities to withstand future storm damage
                     is not straightforward. Typically, such a storm inflicts severe erosion
                     on the shoreline, which decreases the natural protection provided
                     against future storms. However, to the extent that a major storm causes
                     residents  to rebuild vulnerable homes       in   accordance with     FEMA
                     requirements,  or to abandon high hazard sites entirely, the storm
                     resistance of  individual homes would be significantly improved.

                     D. Interaction with Natural Systems

                     As with the consideration of potential impacts that would result to
                     erosion control and flooding, the assessment of the effect on natural
                     systems due to redevelopment following a devastating coastal storm is
                     not straightforward. Certain aspects of post-storm redevelopment would
                     benefit wildlife species; for example, removing houses from shorefront
                     areas would expand the habitat available to plovers and terns.      Other
                     aspects of the redevelopment would adversely affect wildlife, especially
                     if the vacant land at Gilgo Beach is used as a relocation site for
                     houses.

                     E. Development Potential

                     Since some building lots that are presently vacant would probably be
                     used for the reconstruction of homes that are destroyed by a major
                     storm, the number of lots available for future use would be decreased.

                     F. Community Costs and Benefits

                     As noted in Section 6.6.2.F, the public costs that would be incurred for
                     the remediation of damage in the study area caused by a destructive
                     storm are much more difficult to assess than the day-to-day costs of

                                                   6-42








                       providing services to the subject communities. However, it is possible
                       that these costs would be substantial,          in terms of both direct
                       expenditures for cleanup and restoration, and indirect subsidies for
                       reconstruction.

                       The financial cost of remediating damage in the subject communities
                       caused by a major storm cannot be assessed accurately on a generic
                       basis, since too many variables come into play. However, it is clear
                       that these costs would at least partially offset the financial benefit
                       that the Outer Beach communities render to the Town during normal
                       conditions.

                       The reconstruction of storm-damaged houses could involve the abandonment
                       of lots at vulnerable locations, in favor of sites that are less
                       susceptible to future storm damage.       This action would decrease the
                       potential for public funds to be expended in response to future storm
                       events, while maintaining a steady income of tax revenues and lease
                       fees.,   Alternatively, the outright abandonment of lots on which
                       substantial storm-related structural damage occurred would eliminate the
                       potential for those houses to submit the Town to future storm-related
                       public expense; however, the tax and lease revenues derived from these
                       houses would also cease.

                       G. Homeowner Equity

                       The issue of homeowner equity is quite different with respect to post-
                       storm conditions than under any of the other scenarios of development
                       analyzed in Section 6.6. The terms of the leases and subleases grants
                       the tenants the right to terminate the lease or sublease at'any time;
                       however, the tenant would be liable for rent through the end of the
                       year.   If this termination option is exercised by a leaseholder, the
                       Town would not be liable for any costs associated with the relocation of
                       that leaseholder.

                       The Town has the option to terminate the leases at any time. As noted
                       previously, the termination of leases for lots on which functional
                       houses are sited would subject the Town to certain expenses (i.e., the
                       cost to relocate the house and reimbursement to the tenant for the loss
                       of the usage of the property). In addition, the Town must anticipate
                       the possibility of legal action by the residents under the claim of
                       breach of contract if the leases are prematurely terminated on the
                       Town's initiative.      However, as discussed below, certain of these
                       negative aspects would be minimized if the Town determines that it would
                       be beneficial   to terminate leases for lots on which storm damage has
                       destroyed the houses.

                       In the case of  a lease termination for a property on which the house has
                       been destroyed during a storm, the Town would still be liable to provide
                       reimbursement   for the tenant's loss of the use of the property.
                       However, the relocation cost would not be applicable, since there would
                       be no structure to be moved (although the Town would be responsible for

                                                       6-43









                     the removal of debris from the property).     Further, the chances of a
                     successful legal challenge by the tenant would be diminished under these
                     circumstances, since the Town would have a strengthened justification
                     for early lease termination, based on the position that building sites
                     which have suffered severe storm damage are clearly vulnerable to future
                     damage.

                     H. Pub7ic Access and Recreation

                     Reconstruction following a disastrous storm would not decrease public
                     access and recreational opportunities in the vicinity of the study area.
                     The total number of houses in the subject communities would not       be
                     increased under this scenario and, as discussed above, would likely be
                     decreased.

                     Post-storm rebuilding may entail the abandonment of certain lots      on
                     which houses are presently located, particularly parcels situated     in
                     high hazard areas along the shore. These leases, if continued, would  be
                     transferred to parcels that are located further inland, resulting in a
                     shift of development away from the shoreline. This action would result
                     in an increase in open space along the shoreline and would, therefore,
                     enhance public recreational opportunities at the waterfront.































                                                  6-44










              6.7 REFERENCES

                    Aero Graphics, Bohemia, New York; September 1992. Aerial Photographs of
                       the Study Area.

                    Caro, Robert.     The Power Broker:     Robert Moses and The Fall of New
                       York. Vintage Books, Random House; New York, NY 1974.

                    Douglas, Roy; Babylon's First Bay Island Bungalows.       Long Island Forum,
                       Volume LIV; No. 1, Winter 1992.

                    Douglas, Roy. November 16, 1992. Local historian Valley Stream, New York.
                       Telephone Communication.

                    Falasco, Daniel. Meeting held November 16, 1992. Commissioner of Planning
                          and Development, Town of Babylon, Lindenhurst, New York.

                    Fedel em, Roy.   December 17, 1992.      Demographer, Long Island Regional
                       Planning Board, Hauppauge, New York. Telephone Communication.

                    Gates, Dennis.     December 8, 1992.     Real Property Tax Service Agency
                       Riverhead, New York. Telephone Communication.

                    Gorman, George. October 29, 1992 and December 21, 1992.           Director of
                       Recreational    Services, New York State office of Parks, Recreation and
                       Historic Preservation, Babylon, New York. Telephone Communication.

                    Kluesener, Ronald. May 24, 1994. Commissioner of Environmental Control,
                       Town of Babylon, New York. Telephone Communication.

                    Lease Agreement (standard form) for the Captree Island Community;
                       August 14, 1990.

                    Master Lease Agreement, August 14, 1990, between the West Gilgo Beach
                       Association and the Town of Babylon.

                    New York State Department of State; 1980. Local Waterfront
                          Revitalization Handbook.

                    New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; 1977. Tidal
                       Wetlands Regulations (6 NYCRR, Part 661) Effective date August 20, 1977.

                    New York State Department of State, August 1989. New York's Coastal
                       Program: A Report.

                    New York State Environmental Conservation Law, Section 9-1503 of
                       Title 15, Article 9, Removal of Protected Plants, September 1, 1974.

                    New York State Environmental Conservation Law, Section 11-0535 of
                       Title 5, Article 11, Endangered and Threatened Species, 1972.


                                                      6-45










                 New York State Executive Law Article 42 and the Waterfront Revitalization
                    and Coastal Resource Act (19 NYCRR, Parts 600, 601, and 602) as provided
                    by the New York State Department of State, November, 1988.

                 Real Property Tax Service Agency, Riverhead, New York, 1992. Suffolk
                    County Tax Maps for the Town of Babylon.

                 Seaford Historical Society; December 16, 1992.
                    Viewing of a video tape prepared by the Seaford Historical Society, of
                    the High Hill Community.

                 Sublease Agreement (standard form) for the West Gilgo Community;
                    August 14, 1990.

                 Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Suffolk County Sanitary
                    Code, Article 4, 6 and 12, 1985.

                 Town of Babylon Building Construction Law, Chapter 89 of the Town Code,
                    adopted December 6, 1969.

                 Town of Babylon Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Law, Chapter 99 of the
                    Town Code, adopted May 2, 1989.

                 Town of Babylon Department of Environmental Control, December 1988.
                    Development Potential of Town of Babylon-Owned Vacant Lots on the
                    Barrier Beach and Bay Islands.

                 Town of Babylon Environmental Quality Review Law, Chapter 114 of the
                    Town Code, adopted June 7, 1977.

                 Town of Babylon Flood Damage Control Law, Chapter 125 of the Town Code,
                    Adopted September 6, 1988.

                 Town of Babylon Freshwater Wetlands Law, Chapter 128 of the Town Code,
                    Adopted August 30, 1976.

                 Town of Babylon Lot Maps for the Study Area communities; various dates.

                 Town of Babylon Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 213 of the Town Code, July
                    1954; Effective as amended September 25, 1990.

                 U.S. Department of Commerce; Bureau of Census; February 27, 1991.
                    1990 Census of the Population.









                                                 6-46

















                                                          LINDENHURST
                  AaYVN-LE        COPIAGtIE



                                                                                       GREAT SOUTH 13AY













                                                                                                                                     4



                e"














                               2

                                                                                                        ATLAKTIC OCIAN







                                                                                              OUTER BEACH COMMU141TIES


                                                                                              I VMW GLG0 BEACH
                       RESMUMAL (COMMUNITIES)                                                 2 GLOO BEACH WEST (WASSOMWED)
                       UNDEVELDPIM OPEN SPACE                                                 3 GLCx0 BEACH EAST (LIMASSOCIAWD)
                                                                                              4 OAK BLAND
                       PRIVATE RIMPEATION                                                     5 CAPTREE MAW (UHASSOMATED)
                       PUBIX FwcwA-nON                                                        6 - OAK BEACH WEST (LIMASSOCLATED)
                                                                                              7 OAK BEACH EAST (UNAUOCIATED)
                       COLUM30MAL                                                             a OAK BEACH ASSOCIATM









                                                   TABLE 6-1

                                              STUDY AREA ACREAGE


             Barrier Island:                                                  TOTAL (In acres)
                   Residential Communitie's

                          West Gilgo Beach                                            38
                          Gilgo Beach                                                 15
                          Oak Beach *                                                 44
                          Oak Beach Association                                       52
                                                                                     149



                   Recreational Uses -

                          Gilgo Beach and Boat Basin                                  65
                          Cedar and Overlook Beaches                                 173
                          Cedar Beach Marina                                          39
                          Private Recreation                                            8
                          Gilgo State Park                                          1223
                                                                                    1508

                   Vacant/undeveloped Land                                           395

                   Ocean Parkway and Right-of-way                                    182

                                                                                    2234

             Bay Islands:

                   Residential Communities

                          Captree Island                                              15
                          Oak Island                                                  19
                                                                                      34

                   Undeveloped/vacant Islands                                       2268

                                                                                    2302



                                                    TOTAL ACREAGE                   4536



                Includes the property comprising the Oak Beach Inn.
                Includes Seaford Harbor Yacht Club, Unqua Corinthian Yacht Club and the West
                Gilgo Beach Association Dock.

            Source: Suffolk County Tax Maps, Real Property Tax Service Agency, Riverhead,
                      NY, 1992. G. Gorman, NYSOPRHP, December 21, 1992.











                                                                   TABLE 6-2
                                             IDENTIFICATION OF PROPERTIES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA



                                                              SUFFOLK COUNTY TAX MAPS        TOWN OF BABYLON LOT MAPS

                            COMMUNITY          OCCUPIED      VACANT     OTHER      TOTAL     VACANT    OTHER      TOTAL
                                            RESIDENTIAL      LOTS      LOTS        LOTS       LOTS     LOTS         LOTS
                                                LOTS

                        WEST GILGO                    80           5         3         88       115           5      200
                        BEACH

                        GILGO BEACH                   57           2         3         62        17           0        74

                        OAK ISLAND                    54           9         1         64        45           0        99

                        OAK BEACH WEST                24           9         0         33       111           0      135
                        OAK BEACH EAST                96           7         5        108         9           6      111

                        OAK BEACH                     72           36        0        108        42           0      114
                        ASSOCIATION

                        CAPTREE ISLAND                32           0         0         32         1           0        33
                        TOTAL                         415          68        12       495       340           11     766


                                * Other lots are parcels occupied by community       or public  recreational facilities,
                                and/or commercial structures.


                       Source:  1992 Suffolk County Tax Maps, Town of Babylon lot maps (various dates), and 1992 aerial
                                photography.
                                                                            112










                                               TABLE 6-3



                               B-RESIDENCE ZONING DISTRICT REQUIREMENTS











                 Maximum Permitted:

                     Lot Coverage                      20 percent
                     Building Height             35 ft. or 2k stories


                 Minimum Required:

                     Lot Area                          10,000 sq. ft
                     Lot Width                               80 ft.

                     Front Yard                        30 ft.
                   -Rear Yard                                40 ft.
                     Side yards (2 required):
                        both                           30 ft.
                        each                           12 ft.













                 Source: Town of Babylon Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 213,
                      Effective as amended September 25, 1990.












                                                 TABLE 6-4


                       Average Size of Existing Lots in the Study Area Communities







                           COMMUNITY                           AVERAGE LOT SIZE (s.f.)


                           West Gilgo Beach                              8,850


                           Gilgo Beach - West (all lots)                 7,500
                                        - East (all lots)                        8,350


                           Oak Island                                20,000 - 40,000 (1)


                           Oak Beach - West                              7,800
                                      - East                             8,500 (2)


                           Oak Beach Association                     10,000 - 20,000 (3)


                           Captree Island                                20,000








                   (1) A few small lots range between 8,000 and 10,500 s.f.
                   (2) A few small lots measure under 6,000 s.f.; largest lot is 14,700 s.f.
                   (3) Smallest lot is 7,500 s.f.; largest lot is 39,000 s.f.























                            SECTION 7
m m = m = M = m m = m m m m m m m m =








                                                  SECTION 7
                                        COMMUNITY COSTS AND BENEFITS



                  SECTION                                                                    Paqe

             7.0  INTRODUCTION                                                               7-1

             7.1  PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE STUDY AREA                                           7-1

                  7.1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY SERVICES UTILIZED IN THE STUDY
                          AREA                                                               7-1

                  7.1.2  MUNICIPAL COSTS FOR SERVICES RENDERED TO THE STUDY AREA             7-2

                     A.  Roadway Maintenance                                                 7-.2
                     B.  Street Lighting                                                     7-2
                     C.  Po7ice Protection                                                   7-3
                     D.  Fire Protection and  Emergency Medica7 Services                     7-3
                     E.  Pub7ic Schoo7                                                       7-4
                     F.  Library Services                                                    7-5
                     G.  Municipa7 So7id Waste                                               7-5

             7.2 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF THE OUTER BEACH COMMUNITIES                            7-6

             7.3  FINANCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS                                            7-7

                  7.3.1 METHODOLOGY                                                          7-7

                  7.3.2 ASSUMPTIONS                                                          7-9

                  7.3.3 FINDINGS                                                             7-10

             7.4  REFERENCES                                                                 7-12










                                                 SECTION 7
                                       COMMUNITY COSTS AND BENEFITS



            7.0  INTRODUCTION

                 Like other areas in the Town of Babylon, the study area generates property
                 tax and other revenues and, in return, is provided various public services
                 from a number of agencies. The purpose of this section of the report is to
                 identify what services are received by the study area communities and to
                 determine the cost of supplying these services.      Additionally, the total
                 amount of property taxes and other revenues generated by the communities has
                 been calculated to determine what net economic impacts, if any, have
                 resulted from the development of the barrier and bay islands. By estimating
                 what it costs to provide essential services, and what          the community
                 generates in local revenues, it can be determined if the       study area i s
                 paying for the services they receive or if it is,costing the   Town and other
                 local districts additional monies to maintain this Outer Beach area.

                 The cost-benefit analysis presented below focuses primarily on the day-to-
                 day activities of local governmental entities, including the Town, County,
                 and local service districts. The impact of the subject communities on the
                 day-to-day operating costs of the State and Federal governments is not
                 examined here because of the inherent difficulty in assessing these costs on
                 a community-specific basis. However, there does not appear to be any reason
                 to believe that the Outer Beach communities (which generate revenues for the
                 State and Federal governments primarily through income and sal.es taxes) are
                 having a significant adverse cost-benefit effect on day-to-day State and
                 Federal operations.

                 It should be noted that the quantitative cost-benefit analysis that follows
                 does not account for costs that may be incurred due to damages caused by a
                 catastrophic storm.    Further discussion of this topic is presented in
                 Section 7.3.




            7.1 PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE STUDY AREA

                 7.1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY SERVICES UTILIZED IN THE STUDY AREA

                      Public services are provided to residents in the study area by a
                      number of public agencies.       These services are financed through
                      property taxes remitted to the County and the Town, which act as the
                      tax collectors for the various agencies.        The community services
                      received   by the subject communities        include   fire  and police
                      protection, roadway maintenance, street lighting, solid waste
                      collection and disposal, public school and library services, and the
                      general municipal services provided by the Town and County. However
                      as is discussed in further detail in Section 7.1.2, not all of thL
                      Outer Beach communities receive all of the services listed.


                                                    7-1










                 7.1.2 MUNICIPAL COSTS FOR SERVICES RENDERED TO THE STUDY AREA

                       A. Roadway Maintenance

                       The Town of Babylon Highway Department maintains Town roads for the
                       mainland portion of the Town.      The Town-owned roadways on the Outer
                       Beach, however, are maintained by the Department of Buildings and
                       Grounds. Some of the subject communities maintain their own roads.

                       According to the Department of Buildings and Grounds (D. Golden, TOB,
                       September 29, 1993), the 1992 cost to the Town for roadway maintenance
                       for the community portions of the Outer Beach was $13,146, which can
                       be broken down as follows:

                                 Roadway sweeping                     $2,220
                                 Hot Patch Pothole Repair              3,311
                                 Snow Removal                          5,971
                                 Oak Beach Avenue Drainage(*)          1,644
                                 Total                               $13,146

                       Note         Due to occasional flooding on Oak Beach Avenue, which is
                       a roadway with poor drainage, the Town must pump flood waters during
                       extreme storms.

                       B. Street Lighting

                       The Town's Street Lighting Division is responsible for Lighting
                       District No. 55 within the study area, which consists of Gilgo Beach,
                       Oak Beach, and the Oak Beach Association. According to the Town of
                       Babylon Department of Electrical Services, there are no street lights
                       on Oak Island, as the island has no electrical service. The Captree
                       Island community also has no street lighting system (Proulx, TOB,
                       November 30, 1992).     Based on a field survey conducted by CA, the
                       total number of street lighting fixtures in the Oak Beach and Gilgo
                       Beach communities is 67. This tally includes fixtures present in the
                       parking lots of the Oak Beach Inn and Gilgo Beach Marina, which serve
                       as points of entry for the respective communities.
                       The West Gilgo Beach Association has 22 light fixtures that were
                       installed by the Long Island Lighting Company, not the Town of
                       Babylon. Presently the West Gilgo community pays LILCO directly for
                       electrical costs and is responsible for maintenance of the fixtures.
                       Preliminary discussions were entered into with the Town of Babylon
                       regarding the possibility of transferring maintenance responsibility
                       for this lighting system to the Town's Street Lighting Division.
                       However, these negotiations have resulted in the West Gilgo Beach
                       homeowners' association deciding to retain the current arrangement for
                       the time being.

                       According to information provided by the Town, the total street
                       lighting budget for 1991 was $1,458,798. The Town-wide total street
                       light inventory was placed at 12,947 fixtures.         Thus, the cost of

                                                     7-2









                       maintaining fixtures can be estimated at $112.68 per fixture on a
                       Town-wide basis.  If it is assumed that this average maintenance cost
                       applies to the fixtures in the Outer Beach communities, the annual
                       cost for the 67 fixtures that are maintained by the Town would total
                       $7,662.

                       C. Police Protection

                       The residential communities within the study area are served by the
                       Marine Bureau of the Suffolk County Police Department (SCPD) at Timber
                       Point. The area is patrolled via automobile, with the exception of
                       Oak Island, which is patrolled with a police boat (Widmeyer, SCPD,            F
                       December 4, 1992). Ocean Parkway and Robert Moses Causeway are under
                       New York State jurisdiction and are patrolled by New York State
                       Police. The Town of Babylon Enforcement and Security patrol the study
                       area and respond to situations at all Town beaches and marinas on the
                       barrier island as well as on the mainland. According to the Town of
                       Babylon Department of Enforcement and Security, there is no separate
                       budget for services provided in the study area as opposed to the
                       mainland (Thompson, TOB, November 18, 1992).

                       Information provided by the SCPD indicates that their motor vehicle
                       patrol of the barrier island in the Town of Babylon operates 24 hours
                       per day, 365 days per year, at a cost of approximately $640,000
                       annually (Erickson, January 13, 1993). However, the patrol territory
                       is largely comprised of areas outside the six subject communities; and
                       includes the Oak Beach Inn, which is involved in a large proportion of
                       the police responses. Therefore, the actual cost of patrolling the
                       Outer Beach communities alone would be substantially less than the
                       $640,000 necessary to provide police service to the entire Babylon
                       barrier beach. It is assumed for the purposes of this analysis that
                       $320,000 (or 50 percent) represents the share of the total cost that
                       is attributable to the communities.

                       D. Fire Protection and Emergency Medical Services

                       Fire protection and emergency medical services (ambulance and EMT
                       response) in the study area are provided by the Babylon Village Fire
                       Department (BVFD), which has divided the Outer Beach into two
                       districts. The eastern di 'strict (No. 54) includes Captree, Oak Beach
                       East and West, and the Oak Beach Association. The western district
                       (No. 53) includes Gilgo Beach East and West, and West Gilgo Beach
                       Association.

                       Although Oak Island residences are not within a fire district, the
                       Babylon Village Fire Department would respond if a fire or medical
                       emergency occurred in that community (Mier, BVFD, December 1, 1992).
                       Since the BVFD does not maintain a fire boat, they generally rely on
                       the Coast Guard for such equipment.     The Town's harbormaster has
                       access to the Bay Constable boats which would also be used by the BVFD
                       to respond to a fire on Oak Island. Because of these circumstances,
                       a response in this community would require a greater effort and

                                                   7-3









                       expense; however, an incident in this community has not occurred in
                       recent years.

                       Oak Island has a small fire house, which is equipped with a flat
                       bottomed boat with a pumper of unknown condition. Some of the other
                       communities (specifically the associated areas of West Gilgo Beach and
                       Oak Beach) also have their own fire fighting equipment, and require
                       residents to be trained in its use (Kluesener, TOB, November 19,
                       1992). Thus, the Outer Beach communities are somewhat less reliant on
                       the fire fighting equipment of the BVFD than other portions of the
                       fire district, which is a practical necessity due to the relatively
                       long response time to the barrier island from the fire station on the
                       mainland. However, the houses in the subject communities are assessed
                       taxes for the fire district at the same rate as mainland communities.

                       The entire budget of the Village of Babylon Fire Department for 1992
                       was approximately $500,000.      District Fire Chief, Robert Mier,
                       estimated that the BVFD responds to approximately 1,100 incidents per
                       year, of which approximately ten percent occur on the barrier beach.
                       Thus, the fire district funds that are directed at responding to
                       incidents in the Outer Beach can be estimated at approximately
                       $50,000.   As with police services, a large portion of this effort
                       relates to incidents occurring outside the subject communities,
                       including the Oak Beach Inn and along Ocean Parkway. Very few medical
                       responses to the communities have occurred and no fire responses were
                       required there in recent memory (Mier, BVFD, December 1, 1992).

                       Automobile accidents on the Ocean Parkway account for most of the
                       situations that the fire department responds to on the barrier beach.
                       It was reported that there are between 10 to 15 rollovers per year on
                       the parkway in addition to multiple car collisions.        The average
                       response time to this area is between 7 and 12 minutes.       A unique
                       problem to this area is that there are no fire hydrants in most
                       communities and water must be pumped from the bay in order to fight
                       fires. Although the salt water can be detrimental to the equipment,
                       with proper maintenance this has not been a problem. The department's
                       equipment consists of 6 engines, 1 ladder and 1 ambulance.      No Fire
                       Department equipment is stored at the barrier island.

                       E. Pub7ic Schoo7

                       The study area lies within School District No. 1, which is the Babylon
                       Village School District.      There are presently 42 public school
                       students who live in the study area communities, none of whom live on
                       Oak Island (R. Fedelem, LIRPB, September 24, 1992).       There are 23
                       students enrolled at the elementary school, while 19 students are
                       enrolled at the high school. According to school district officials,
                       the average cost per pupil in this district is $9,005. Based on the
                       current number of students in the study area, this translates into a
                       cost to the school district of $378,210.



                                                   7-4









                        Transportation costs for students in the study area are handled by the
                        district in the same manner as students on the mainland. The district
                        has a bid contract with a private bus company. The cost per bus is
                        fixed, independent of its route.       The New York State Department of
                        Education reimburses the school district 90 percent of transportation
                        costs for all students living more than 1.5 miles away from the
                        school. Therefore, the cost of transporting students from the study
                        area is no greater to the school district than it is on the mainland
                        for students I i vi ng over a mi 1 e and one-hal f f rom the school .    The
                        district pays a total of $53,000 annually for transportation, $48,000
                        of which is reimbursed by the State for a net cost of $5,000 in school
                        district busing costs, which is included in the $9,005 average per
                        pupil cost.

                        F. Library Services

                        Revenue is collected   by the Town of Babylon through property taxes in
                        order to finance the library districts within the Town. A total of
                        $72,091 (Bartow, TOB, November 26, 1992) was collected from the study
                        area for tax year 1991. All monies collected from Babylon residents
                        are applied to Library services throughout the Town.          There are no
                        records kept as to library usage by community. However, it is likely
                        that the Outer Beach communities place a proportionately lower demand
                        on library services compared to other residents of             the library
                        district. This conclusion is based on a number of factors, including:
                        the relatively long travel distance between the barrier island and the
                        library, which would tend to discourage frequent trips to the library;
                        the large portion of the Outer Beach residences that are used only
                        during the summer season, which causes a decrease in the winter
                        population of these communities; the relatively low number of school
                        children, who represent one of the primary user groups of the public
                        library system; and the existence of community libraries in some of
                        the Outer Beach communities.

                        G. NunicipO S67id Maste

                        The Town is presently under contract with Babylon Source Separation
                        Incorporated (BSSI), a private carting company that collects and
                        disposes of all Town municipal solid waste at the Resource Recovery
                        Facility in West Babylon.          BSSI handles solid waste for all
                        unincorporated portions of the Town and the Village of Babylon,
                        including the Outer Beach communities.

                        BSSI's contract provides for collection from all households at a cost
                        of $330 per year per household, regardless of location within the
                        Town. Thus, the cost of collection for each house on the Outer Beach
                        if calculated separately, would exceed the $330 billed under th;
                        current contract due to the longer transport distances; while
                        collection in the area adjacent to the Resource Recovery facility, if
                        calculated separately, would be less than $330. In this sense, solid
                        waste collection at locations furthest from the Resource Recovery
                        Facility, particularly the barrier beach, is partially subsidized by

                                                       7-5









                      households close to the site. However, this effect is offset to some
                      degree by the fact that a large percentage of the homes on the Outer
                      Beach are seasonal, and the carter incurs no collection expense for
                      these houses during off-season when they are unoccupied.             No
                      information is available with regard to the relative effect that
                      increased carting distance and decreased collection effort during the
                      winter have on BSSI's actual costs for solid waste collection in the
                      study area.



            7.2 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF THE OUTER BEACH COMMUNITIES

                The economic benefits provided to local governmental agencies by the Outer
                Beach communities are two-fold, comprising monies paid directly to these
                agencies in the form of taxes and fees, and monies generated as a secondary
                result of economic activity (e.g., income and sales taxes).      The primary
                source of local public revenues is property taxes, which are paid to various
                agencies (as described in Section 7.1) that provide services to the
                residents of the subject communities. Additional revenues are generated for
                the Town by annual rental fees and lease transfer fees.

                As shown in Table 7-1, property tax revenues generated by the residential
                communities in the study area totalled $1,921,090 for 1991 (Bartow, TOB,
                November 24, 1992).    Rental fees for that same year equalled $198,061
                (Kluesener, TOB, October 13, 1992), but are due to escalate over the coming
                years in accordance with the terms of the leases (see Appendix E).

                Lease transfer fees are based on home sale prices and, therefore, will vary
                from year to year according to annual sales activity.     According to data
                provided by the Babylon Town Clerk's Office, the total revenue generated
                from lease transfer fees in 1991 was $65,195. However, this amount does not
                reflect a full year of home sales activity, since the collection of lease
                transfer fees commenced in October of that year.  Furthermore, this $65,195
                in lease transfer revenues is not representative of a typical three months
                of real estate activity, since a number of home sales that may otherwise
                have transpired earlier were delayed until the    lease transfer issue was
                resolved by the Town. Lease transfer income for   1992 (the first full year
                of collection) was $81,188, an increase of $15,993 from the 1991 revenues.

                Combining the three primary direct revenue sources to local government
                entities (i.e., property taxes, lease fees, and lease transfer fees), the
                total payment from the study area communities for 1991 was $2,184,346. This
                revenue is money that would not be collected from the study area if this
                land were undeveloped.   The $348,253 in Town revenues collected from the
                subject communities (see Table 7-2) represents approximately 2.5 percent of
                the Town total of $13,707,555 for the 1991 combined general levy and levy
                for the portion of the Town outside the incorporated villages.

                A secondary economic benefit to the Town are those extra taxes paid to the
                Town by the business community that supplies goods and services to the study
                area residents.    Additionally, the sales tax paid on those goods and

                                                  7-6










                                                                                                        01

                 services is included in the County and State revenues, which support those
                 levels of government and partly subsidize local community services. Annual
                 sales taxes paid per household is a function of that household's disposable
                 income. The average household income for the Town of Babylon is $45,832 and
                 the average household income for the year-round residents of the study area
                 is $53,424 (Town of Babylon, 1993).

                 Although homeowners on the mainland pay mortgage costs for both their homes
                 and their land, this does not constitute a greater cost as compared to the
                 study area. Study area residents pay a lower mortgage cost because they are
                 only financing the purchase of their home and not the land. However, the
                 current lease fee is set at a rate that generally makes up the difference in
                 these mortgage costs.      In addition, both the study area and mainland
                 residents are paying comparable property taxes annually. Therefore, it is
                 estimated that the cost of liv-ing in the study area is essentially the same
                 as the mainland.   Since the average household income in the study area is
                 higher than the average household income on the mainland, it can be stated
                 that the study area residents have a greater disposable income, thereby
                 generating a greater amount of secondary tax revenues.

                 Tax revenue generated from the study area totals approximately 0.62 percent
                 of total Town-wide tax revenue. Depending on whether the 1990 census or the
                 information gathered during the homeowner survey of this study are used, the
                 number of year-round households on the Outer Beach is estimated at 195 to
                 231, which comprise approximately 0.30 to 0.36 percent of the Town of
                 Babylon's 64,506 households. The population ratio of the study area to the
                 entire Town is 0.23 percent. From these data, it can be said that the study
                 area residents pay a disproportionately high percentage of the Town's
                 property taxes, especially in light of the fact that 46 to 53 percent of the
                 Outer Beach houses are occupied only on a seasonal basis.



            7.3  FINANCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

                 An analysis of the public costs  and benefits associated with the existence
                 of the Outer Beach communities   is relatively straightforward, in concept.
                 The existence of these communities requires the expenditure of public funds
                 for various services, as discussed in Section 7.1. In return, the residents
                 of these communities contribute to public coffers through tax levies and
                 other. fees, which are described in Section 7.2.     If the cost of services
                 rendered is less than the revenues generated, there is a net surplus. If
                 the cost of services,exceeds the revenues, a net deficit results.


                 7.3.1 METHODOLOGY

                       The direct financial benefits of the subject communities can be
                       expressed simply in terms of the revenues generated through tax levies
                       and other assessments (including rental fees and lease transfer fees).
                       The indirect financial benefits (such as those generated through
                       income and sales taxes) are more difficult to determine accurately,

                                                    7-7









                       but would provide additional revenues to various governmental levels
                       and to local businesses. These indirect revenues were not included in
                       the quantitative cost-benefit analysis presented in this report.

                       The quantitative cost benefit analysis that follows considers the
                       annual revenues generated by the Outer Beach communities versus the
                       costs of normal services provided by nine taxing districts (i.e., the
                       Town and County general funds, County Police, highway, school, fire,
                       library, lighting, and refuse).      The findings discussed in Section
                       7.3.2 are valid in terms of the day-to-day operating expenses of the
                       various districts.      However, it is important to recognize that
                       additional public costs would likely be incurred in the event of the
                       devastating storm striking the Outer Beach.        These costs could be
                       substantial, and could affect the balance between the public
                       expenditures and financial benefits associated with the subject
                       communities.    In particular, the houses in the communities at West
                       Gilgo, Gilgo, and Oak Beaches and along the eastern shore of Oak
                       Island are situated entirely within the V flood zone, indicating that
                       these areas have been determined by scientific analyses to be
                       susceptible to significant storm wave damage during the 100-year storm
                       event.    Although, in general, the bay islands are not similarly
                       subject to high intensity storm waves, these back-bay communities can
                       still sustain significant damage 'due to elevated water levels and
                       lower energy waves.     In fact, the greatest structural damage to a
                       single home caused by the December 1992 northeast storm occurred in
                       the A zone portion of Oak Island.

                       The total public cost arising from a relief effort to the Outer Beach
                       communities following a catastrophic storm would depend on a multitude
                       of factors, including: the condition of natural protective features
                       (i.e., beaches, dunes, and offshore shoals), which is determined by
                       the effect of previous storms and seasonally variable geologic
                       processes; meteorological aspects of the storm (e.g., wind speed,
                       storm size, speed, and track, rainfall amount, astronomical tidal
                       stage, etc.); and the extent to which storm damage costs are covered
                       by insurance.    Public costs (at Federal, State, County, and local
                       levels) would be incurred in a. number of ways, including the
                       following:

                          9 use of manpower to effect evacuation of the study area and to
                              patrol the area during the period while the homes are evacuated,
                            ..to prevent potential looting
                          *   increased demands on evacuation centers, compared to the demand
                              that would occur if there were no residential development on the
                              Outer Beach
                          *   debris cleanup, particularly on local roadways (publicly-
                              financed shoreline cleanup would be directed mostly at restoring
                              public recreational resources)
                          *   public financial relief to homeowners not covered by adequate
                              insurance (e.g., through Small Business Administration loans)
                          9   potential medical response costs for residents who may be
                              injured in the storm   7-8









                        It is important to note that expenses associated with efforts to shore
                        up or repair Ocean Parkway along the Gilgo/West Gilgo oceanfront
                        following a storm would not be attributable to the presence of the
                        subject communities, since the decision to undertake such action would
                        be based on regional transportation and recreation considerations (see
                        Section 4.5.3).     In contrast, public costs incurred due to the
                        reconstruction of dunes, beach nourishment, and similar post-storm
                        restoration activities along the Oak Beach shorefront would likely be
                        related primarily to the presence of residential development in this
                        area, although some consideration may be given to the protection of
                        public lands and facilities.

                        It is al-so important to recognize that wind and rain can cause a
                        significant portion of the property damage resulting from a coastal
                        storm, and that these forces act at inland locations as well as at
                        flood-prone locations (although the magnitude of storm winds is
                        generally higher at coastal locations due to sparser vegetation and
                        lower building densities, resulting in less wind attenuation than at
                        inland locations).   As noted in Section 4.2.2, the storm damage on
                        Long Island caused by Hurricane Gloria (in 1985) and in southern
                        Florida and Louisiana caused by Hurricane Andrew (in 1992) resulted
                        primarily from wind forces at inland locations.          Therefore, 1 n
                        examining the public costs associated with storm damage to the Outer
                        Beach communities, it is essential to distinguish between those damage
                        costs related to wind forces (to which these houses would be exposed
                        even if they were at an upland location) and those damage costs
                        related to the flooding and erosion hazards of the Outer Beach.

                        It is also important to recognize that public ownership of the land on
                        which the subject communities are located allows the Town the option
                        of terminating the leases and prohibiting reconstruction of homes that
                        are heavily damaged or demolished by a catastrophic storm. Although
                        the full legal ramifications of such action would have to be explored
                        further, the implementation of this option could substantially
                        moderate the public cost of post-storm recovery and would reduce the
                        susceptibility of the study area to future storm damage.       Potential
                        future storm damages would also be reduced through the implementation
                        (via the Town's Coastal Erosion Hazard Area law) of the regulatory
                        prohibition on the restoration of any house in the CEHA that has
                        sustained substantial storm damage.


                 7.3.2  ASSUMPTIONS

                        In order to arrive at the bottom line value for the financial cost or
                        benefit of the Outer Beach communities to the Town and the various
                        other service districts, a number of assumptions had to be made. In
                        general, these assumptions pertain to service districts that do not
                        have data records in a form that allows the service costs incurred
                        specifically for the subject communities to be extracted from the
                        overall district-wide costs. For example, the Town of Babylon does
                        not maintain records which can be used to determine what portion of

                                                    7-9








                       its overall $13 million general levy (including the separate levy for
                       unincorporated areas) is directed to Outer Beach residents.
                       Similarly, there is no way to assess the portion of the Suffolk County
                       tax revenues generated in the Outer Beach that are returned to those
                       communities in the form of services.   In addition, the public library
                       system's records of the usage of resources are not segregated by
                       community. In these three cases (i.e., the Town general fund, Suffolk
                       County, and the library system), it is assumed for the purposes of
                       this cost-benefit analysis that the tax revenues generated in the
                       study area by each respective entity are equivalent to the costs of
                       services rendered to those residents.

                       The assumption discussed above is believed to be conservative with
                       respect to the library district; as described in Section 7.1.2.F, it
                       is likely that Outer Beach residents actually utilize library
                       resources to a lesser degree than the remainder of the district
                       populace, in which case the cost to the library district to serve the
                       subject communities would be less than the  tax revenues generated by
                       those communities. With regard to Town and County costs and services
                       (other than highway and lighting taxes), since these are general
                       levies, the entire population has more or    less equal access to the
                       services that are funded by these revenues.  Therefore, it is valid to
                       assume that the distribution of services is balanced among the various
                       communities within the Town.

                       As noted in Section 7.1.2.C, the Suffolk County Police Department has
                       estimated the cost of patrolling the Outer Beach at $640,000, which
                       includes the Oak Beach Inn and other locations outside of the subject
                       @ommunities. Although it is clear that the portion of this cost that
                       is directly attributable to the communities is less than the $640,000
                       overall cost, there was insufficient information available to
                       ascertain this cost allocation.   Further, it is unknown whether the
                       $204,141 in police tax revenues generated by the 415 Outer Beach
                       residences is adequate to cover the communities' share of the patrol
                       costs. Therefore, it is assumed for the purposes of this cost-benefit
                       analysis that 50 percent of the total expense for the Outer Beach
                       patrol is attributable to the subject communities.      Applying this
                       assumption results in a $115,859 annual deficit versus the $204,141 in
                       County Police taxes collected from the subject communities.

                       The cost of providing the remaining services (i.e., highway, school,
                       fire, lighting, and refuse) to the Outer Beach communities is based on
                       data gathered from the respective districts, as is described in
                       Section 7.1.2.



                7.3.3  FINDINGS

                       As shown in Table 7-1, the total tax revenues collected from the
                       barrier beach communities for 1991 were $1,921,,090.     This revenue
                       total is increased to $2,184,346 when rental and lease transfer fees
                       to the Town are taken into consideration (see Table 7-2). The total

                                                   7-10









                        estimated cost of services in 1991 for the nine taxing districts that
                        encompass the subject communities, derived on the basis of the
                        assumptions discussed in Section 7.3.1, is $1,146,698.          Thus, the
                        Outer Beach communities generated an estimated overall net $1,037,648
                        surplus during 1991.

                        The largest surpluses to individual districts in 1991 were the
                        $782,312 to the school district and the $263,256 to the Town (not
                        including the highway and lighting districts).         The extra revenue
                        received each year by the school district would decrease if the number
                        of public school pupils from the Outer Beach increased; however, there
                        are no definitive data available which show that the school-aged
                        population of the subject communities is on the rise. The Town's net
                        revenues from the residential development on the Outer Beach may
                        fluctuate from year to year, depending on the sales activity of these
                        homes (and the lease transfer fees generated as a result). However,
                        the long-term trend should be a relatively steady increase in net
                        revenues to the Town, since the rental fees are scheduled to escalate
                        ,over the term of the leases.     By the year 2046 the annual rent due
                        from each lessee will be $6,400, except Oak Island residences which
                        will each have a $3,200 rental fee. The total lease fee for the 415
                        houses in the study area will be $2,483,200 in 2046 (compared to
                        $198,061 for 1991).

                        The Outer Beach communities also generate surpluses to the Fire
                        District (estimated at $55,249 for 1991), the Town Highway Department
                        ($50,465), and the Town Lighting District ($2,225).            The County
                        general fund, library district, and refuse district are        assumed to
                        incur no net financial cost or benefit as a result of services
                        rendered to the subject communities.

                        Of the nine districts, only the Police Department shows a net deficit
                        due to the cost of services rendered to the Outer Beach versus the tax
                        revenues generated. These results are based on the assumption that 50
                        percent of the total expense for the Outer Beach patrol is assigned to
                        the subject communities (with the remaining 50 percent assigned to the
                        patrol of the Oak Beach Inn and other non-community areas).       In fact,
                        as discussed in Section 7.3.1, the available data are not sufficient
                        to indicate whether or not police tax revenues generated by the Outer
                        Beach communities is adequate to cover the communities' share of the
                        patrol costs. However, even if it is assumed that the entire $640,000
                        cost of the Outer Beach Police Patrol           is attributable to the
                        communities, there would still be a net overall surplus of $717,648 to
                        all nine districts combined.

                        It is important to recognize, as was discussed earlier in Section 7.31
                        that the generation of a surplus of the magnitude indicated in Table
                        7-2 is based on the evaluation of normal day-to-day public agency
                        costs.   The occurrence of a catastrophic storm would likely have a
                        substantial effect on the balance of costs and benefits due to
                        expenditures necessitated by various storm response activities.


                                                      7-11










            7.4 REFERENCES

            Bartow, Susan. Meeting held November 26, 1992. Town of Babylon Data Processing
                Department.

            Erickson Edmund M. January 13, 1993. Commanding Officer, Planning and Research
                Section, Suffolk County Police Department. Written Communication.

            Fedelem, Roy. September 24 and December 17, 1992. Demographer, Long Island
                Regional Planning Board. Telephone Communication.

            Kluesener, Ronald. November 19, 1992. Town of Babylon Department of
                Environmental Control. Telephone Communication.

            Mier, Robert. December 1, 1992. Fire Chief, Babylon Village Fire Department,
                Babylon, New York. Telephone Communication.

            Proulx, David. November 30, 1992. Supervisor, Town of Babylon Department of
                Electrical Services, Lindenhurst, New York. Telephone Communication.


            Thompson, Allan. November 23, 1992. Town of Babylon Department Buildings and
                Grounds, Lindenhurst, New York. Telephone Communication.

            Thompson, Edward.  Meeting held November 18, 1992. Commissioner, Town of Babylon
                Department of Enforcement and Security, North Babylon, New York.

            Town of Babylon.   1993. "Babylon Town Government Guide".

            Widmeyer, Herman.  December 4, 1992. Inspector, Suffolk County Police Department
                Marine Bureau  at Timber Point. Telephone Communication.
























                                                  7-12
















                                                                                              Table 7-1
                                                                      Property Tax Revenues Generated by the Study Area Communities




                             IWEST GILGO               GILGO                  OAK                 OAK          OAK REACH              CAPTREE          STUDY AREA                DISTRICT
                                    BEACH     %        BEACH      %        ISLAND     %        BEACH     %    ASSOCIATION     %        ISLAND     %          TOTAL     %            TOTAL



          TOWN                    16,007     0.12     11,049     0.08      5,240    0.04      26,445    0.19      20,394     0.15      5,862     0.04       84,997    0.62    13,707,555


          TOWN HIGHWAY            11,980     0.15      8,272     0.10      3,931    0.05      19,788    0.25      15,251     0.19      4,389     0.05       63,611    0.79      8,022,164


          SUFFOLK COUNTY          20,826     0.11     14,376     0.08      6,841    0.04      34,406    0.19      26,550     0.15      7,631     0.04     110,630     0.61    18,158,974


          COUNTY POLICE           38,437     0.12     26,546     0.08      12,636   0.04      63,465    0.20      48,974     0.16      14,083    0.04     204,141     0.65    31,460,011


          SCHOOL DISTRICT         212,109    1.69     149,286    1.19      70,734   0.56     354,062    2.83      285,415    2.28      88,916    0.71    1,160,522    9.27    12,520,754


          FIRE DISTRICT           30,840     6.17     21,694     4.34           0   0.00      25,685    5.14      20,535     4.11      6,495     1.30     105,249     21.05       500,000


          LIBRARY DISTRICT        13,179     1.69      9,272     1.19      4,375    0.56      22,006    2.82      17,732     2.27      5,527     0.71       72,091    9.24        780,296

          LIGHTING DISTRICTI           44    0.00      1,530     0.10         710 - 0.05       3,706    0.24        2,960    0.19         937    0.06        9,887    0.64      1,537,144

          REFUSE DISTRICT         23,542     0.18     16,986     0.13           0   0.00      37,250    0.28      22,648     0.17 ' 9,536        0.07     109,962     0.82    13,398,126

          -----------------   ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          TOTAL                   366,964             259,011             104,467            586,813              460,459             143,376            1,921,090



          NOTES:


                Includes the general levy and levy for outside Villages.


                percentages are based on district totals






       MMM MMMMMMMMMMM mill










                                                      Tabl e 7-2
               Cost Benefit Analysis of Services      Rendered to the Outer Beach Communities

                                                               ESTIMATED
                                       REVENUES               COST OF            NET SURPLUS
                                       GENERATED              SERVICES          TO DISTRICT**


              TOWN                       348,253                84,997 (1)           263,256

              TOWN HIGHWAY                 63,611               13,146 (2)             50,465

              SUFFOLK COUNTY             110,630               110,630  (3)                0

              COUNTY POLICE              204,141               320,000  (4)        (115,859)

              SCHOOL DISTRICT          1,160,522               378,210  (5)          782,312

              FIRE DISTRICT              105,249                50,000  (6)           55,249

              LIBRARY DISTRICT             72,091               72,091  (7)                0

              LIGHTING DISTRICT             9,887                 7,662 (8)             2,225

              REFUSE DISTRICT            109,962               109,962  (9)             @ 0
              -----                    ---------             ---------             ---------
              TOTAL                    2,184,346             1,146,698             1,037,648


              NOTES:
                      Includes the general levy and levy for outside Villages (which total
                      a combined $84,997) as well as $198,061 in rental fees and $65,195
                      in lease transfer fees (NOTE: lease transfer fees were collected
                      only during the last three months of 1991)
                      parentheses indicate a net deficit to the.respective district

              Refer to text of Section 7.1.2 for additional detail concerning the
              following notes:
               (1) =  cost to Town is assumed to be equivalent to taxes collected
               (2) =  based on information provided by the Town Highway Department for
                      actual services rendered on the Outer Beach
               (3) =  cost to County is assumed to be equivalent to taxes collected
               (4) =  $640,000/yr applies to police services rendered to the entire Outer
                      Beach, including non-community areas; therefore the actual cost of
                      police services provided to the communities is less        than this total;
                      it is assumed that 50 % of the cost is applied to the communities
               (5) =  based on data provided by the Babylon Village School District
               (6) =  based on data provided by the Babylon Village Fire District
               (7) =  cost to library district is assumed to be equivalent to taxes collected
               (8) =  based on information provided by the Town regarding the total
                      lighting district budget and the number of Town-wide lighting
                      fixtures, and field counts of the number of fixtures in the subject
                      communities
               (9) =  cost to refuse district is assumed to be equivalent to taxes collected



















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m m m = m = = m m m = = = =








                                                 SECTION 8
                                             HOMEOWNER EQUITY


                  SECTION                                                                  PacLe

            8.0 INTRODUCTION                                                               8-1

            8.1 EXAMINATION OF THE TERMS OF CANCELLATION OF THE LEASE AND
                   SUBLEASE AGREEMENTS                                                     8-1

                  8.1.1 GENERAL TERMS OF ALL THE LEASE AGREEMENTS                          8_1

                  8.1.2 MASTER LEASE AGREEMENTS                                            8-2

                     A. Tenant's Defaults and Land7ord's Remedies                          8-2
                     B. Condemnation                                                       8-2
                     C. Tenant's Right to Surrender Lease                                  8-3

                  8.1.3 DIRECT LEASE AND SUB-LEASE AGREEMENTS                              8-3

                     A. Cancellation of Lease                                              8-3
                     B. Destruction or Damage to Improvements                              8-4
                     C. No Guarantee of Access to the Premises                             8-4
                     D. Bankruptcy of Tenant                                               8-4

            8.2 EVALUATION OF THE LEASE CANCELLATION COSTS                                 8-4

                  8.2.1 ESTIMATION OF LEASEHOLD VALUES AND RELOCATION COSTS                8-5

                     A. Estimation of Land Use Values                                      8-5
                     B. Estimation of Relocation Costs                                     8-6
                     C. Summary of Costs for Premature Lease Termination                   8-6

                  8.2.2 ESTIMATION OF DWELLING UNIT VALUES                                 8-7

            8.3   ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HOMEOWNER REIMBURSEMENT             8-7

                  8.3.1 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF FUNDING                                       8-7

                  8.3.2 GENERAL FUNDING MECHANISMS                                         8-8

                  8.3.3 ALTERNATIVE FUNDING MECHANISMS                                     8-8

            8.4   REFERENCES                                                               8_9










                                                 SECTION 8

                                             HOMEOWNER EQUITY


             8.0  INTRODUCTION

                  As discussed in Sections 6.1 and 6.3.3, the residential communities in the
                  study area were developed on land that is owned by the Town of Babylon.
                  This land has been leased by the Town directly to individual residents (or
                  tenants) in the Gilgo Beach, Oak Beach, and Captree Island communities.
                  Community associations that oversee. residential land use activities are the
                  lessees in the West Gilgo Beach, Oak Island, and Oak Beach Association
                  communities.    These community associations lease individual properties
                  within their communities through sublease agreements to residents.        The
                  existing lease and sublease agreements were renewed in August of 1990 and
                  extend through the year 2050.

                  This section of the report examines the conditions under which premature
                  cancellation of the lease agreements may occur, and the conditions that
                  apply to the non-renewal of the leases upon their expiration. Methods for
                  providing the homeowners on the barrier and bay islands equitable
                  reimbursement in the event of lease cancellation are also examined below.
                  In addition, mechanisms for securing the necessary funding for such action,
                  and the alternatives for disbursement of these funds, are also discussed.



             8.1 EXAMINATION OF THE TERMS OF CANCELLATION OF THE LEASE AND SUBLEASE
                  AGREEMENTS


                  8.1.1 GENERAL TERMS OF ALL THE LEASE AGREEMENTS

                        The lease and sublease agreements contain a number of clauses that
                        pertain to the circumstances under which these agreements may be
                        cancelled.   In the event a lease is cancelled, whether it occurs due
                        to non-renewal at the end of the lease term or prematurely at some
                        point during the course of the agreement, tenants have one year from
                        the date of termination of the lease or sublease to remove the
                        buildings the property. This pertinent clause states that the Tenant
                        may remove the buildings owned by the Tenant, but not the walks or
                        bulkheads, at the end of the Term if: (1) they are removed without
                        damaging the premises and/or the adjacent properties, unless the
                        damages are repaired and the properties are restored to their
                        original condition; (2) the Tenant agrees to remove all debris and
                        construction materials, secure all utility and sanitary lines, and
                        restore the property to an, essentially vacant and unimproved parcel;
                        (3) Tenant posts a bond with the landlord in an amount equal to the
                        estimate of the cost necessary to restore the property to an
                        essentially vacant and unimproved parcel; and (4) the Tenant is not
                        in default under the lease. The ownership of buildings not removed
                        will immediately be vested to the landlord (Town) "as is" at the end

                                                    8-1








                        of the one-year grace period. This requirement is specified in every
                        lease (including the master lease agreements between the Town and the
                        community associations, the subleases, and the individual leases) and
                        appears to apply under any situation.

                        The leases and subleases also contain a "right to renew" clause
                        which states that if the tenant wishes to extend the lease, a
                        written request must be submitted to the Town (as landlord) not
                        less than one year from the date the existing lease is set to
                        expire. Upon receipt of this request, the Town has three months
                        to advise the tenant, in writing, of its willingness to extend the
                        lease and the terms and conditions upon which this extension would
                        be granted. The tenant then has two months to accept the offer
                        after that the Town provides notification of its decision to renew
                        the lease.  If the tenant fails or otherwise chooses not to renew
                        the lease, the offer would be considered rejected, and the
                        existing lease would end as scheduled.


                 8.1.2 MASTER LEASE AGREEMENTS

                        The master leases agreements, which are established between the
                        Town and the community associations, contain additional conditions
                        under which the leases may be prematurely cancelled.     These are
                        discussed as follows.

                        A. Tenant's Defaults and Landlord's Remedies

                        If the community association as tenant: fails to pay rent or added
                        rent on time; improperly assigns the lease, improperly sublets all or
                        a portion of the property, or allows another to use the property in
                        a manner contrary to the lease provisions; displays improper and/or
                        objectionable conduct on the property or allows another occupant of
                        the property to do same; or fails to fully perform any other term
                        contained in the lease agreement, the Town can issue a notice giving
                        the community association ten days to remedy the default.      If the
                        community association fails to remedy the default within this ten-day
                        period, the Town can correct the problem(s) at the expense of the
                        association, charging the association for the expenses incurred as
                        added rent.    The Town also has the right to cancel the lease.
                        Cancellation under these conditions requires that the Town provide
                        the community association a three-day written notification stating
                        the date the lease term will end.    On that date, the lease and the
                        association's rights as tenant under the lease will automatically
                        end. The association must then vacate the premises, however, they
                        would continue to be responsible for any outstanding expenses,
                        damages or losses.

                        B. Condemnation

                        If all of the property is taken or condemned by a legal authority,
                        the community association's obligation to pay rent will end on the

                                                   B-2









                        date the authority takes title to the property.     If any portion of
                        the property is taken, the association can cancel the lease upon
                        notice to the Town. This notice must establish a cancellation date
                        of not less than 180 days from the date of the notice.   If the lease
                        is cancelled, the community association is required to turn the
                        property over to the Town together with any rent due-up to the date
                        of cancellation.     Of the monies generated through the act of
                        condemnation, the Town would receive the value of the reversion (the
                        estimated market value of the land that remains when the leases
                        expire) and the balance would be received by the community
                        association and the subtenants to cover the leasehold value that
                        would be lost upon lease termination. (Leasehold value is discussed
                        further in Section 8.2.1).

                        C. Tenant's Right to Surrender Lease

                        At any time during the term of the lease, for any reason, the
                        community association as tenant can voluntarily surrender the lease
                        to the Town. This lease termination would become effective as of the
                        last day in the calendar year in which the association surrenders the
                        lease. The association as tenant is responsible for all rent, added
                        rent and real property taxes applicable for that year.


                  8.1.3 DIRECT LEASE AND SUB-LEASE AGREEMENTS

                     The lease agreements that are entered into directly between the Town and
                     individual residents, and the sublease agreements established between
                     the community associations and individual residents, contain the
                     Tenant's Defaults and Landlord's Remedies clause and the Condemnation
                     clause. However, under the condemnation clause in the individual leases
                     and subleases, the tenant must notify the landlord of their intent to
                     cancel the lease not less than 90 days (the master leases specify 180-
                     day advanced notice) from the date of said notification. In addition,
                     the lease agreements between the Town and individual residents contain
                     the "Tenant's Right to Surrender the Lease" clause, which is not
                     included in a sublease agreement.    The individual lease and sublease
                     agreements also contain some additional       clauses that pertain to
                     premature cancellation, which are not contained in the master lease
                     agreements. These include the following.

                     A. Cance7lation of Lease

                     Unless otherwise stated in the provisions of the lease, any cancellation
                     of a lease or sublease agreement must be made upon a 30-day notice to
                     the landlord.   Any rent and added rent due on the property would be
                     calculated based on the effective date of cancellation in the event the
                     lease is cancelled at mid-year.





                                                   8-3








                     B. Destruction or Damage to Improvements

                     If the existing dwelling on a property is destroyed or substantially
                     damaged, the tenant is authorized to promptly rebuild the dwelling in
                     accordance with all applicable permit procedures and other existing
                     governmental regulations in effect at the time (see Section 4.4).       If
                     the dwelling is destroyed or substantially damaged during the last five
                     years of the term of the lease (or any extension thereof), and the Town
                     of Babylon refuses to extend the lease for not less than an additional
                     twenty years from the date of the destruction or damage, the
                     tenant/subtenant has the right to cancel the lease. This cancellation
                     would be effective as of the date of the destruction or damage.       Any
                     cancellation would require a 30-day notice to the landlord and the
                     payment of all rent and added rent as apportioned as of the effective
                     date of cancellation, as specified above.

                     C. No Guarantee of Access to the Premises

                     If access to a leased property is permanently disrupted (such as by
                     storms, seas, or other natural causes), the tenant has the right to
                     cancel the lease. Cancellation requires a 30-day notice to the landlord
                     and the payment of all rent and added rent as apportioned as of the
                     effective.date of cancellation, as specified above.

                     D. Bankruptcy of Tenant

                     If the tenant or subtenant files bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the
                     landlord has the right to cancel the lease or sublease.              This
                     cancellation requires a 30-day notice to the tenant/subtenant. If the
                     bankruptcy is not dismissed within this thirty-day period, the    term of
                     the lease/sublease would end effective as of the date of the notice of
                     cancellation from the Town.        The tenant/subtenant would remain
                     responsible for payment of rent, damages, losses and expenses.



            8.2  EVALUATION OF THE LEASE CANCELLATION COSTS

                 A request to renew the. lease can be made at any time during the term of the
                 lease, but must be requested not less than one year from the date the lease
                 is set to expire.    Therefore, the homeowner or community association is
                 given ample time to negotiate lease renewal and advance notice in the event
                 the lease is not renewed.    Should the Town choose not to renew the lease
                 agreements, the homeowner has one year from the date of expiration to
                 remove the existing dwelling on the leased property. If the dwelling is
                 not removed within this time period, the Town will take ownership.          As
                 discussed above, the master lease, lease and sublease agreements give the
                 tenant the right to request an extension of the term of the lease.        The
                 Town has the right to refuse to renew the leases upon their expiration    and
                 does not need a specific reason to do so. Under these circumstances,      the
                 tenant is fully responsible for removing the dwelling, and the Town is    not
                 legally or financially bound   to provide assistance to the homeowner.

                                                   8-4









                  Cancellation of the leases prior to their expiration date, on the Town's
                  initiative, cannot occur unless the Town has identified a specific use for
                  the lands and has determined that this public need outweighs the needs of
                  those who presently utilize the properties. In this case, the Town would
                  be responsible for providing financial compensation to the homeowners.
                  Pursuant to the clause in the leases that,covers condemnation, and in
                  accordance with the General Contract Law of New York State, homeowner
                  compensation would have to include the cost of moving the existing dwelling
                  units off the Town-owned property and reimbursement for the leasehold value
                  or the loss of the use of the property for the number of years remaining
                  under the term of the lease.     Alternatively, the Town may also opt to
                  purchase the homes from the residents if it is determined that this would
                  be a less-expensive alternative., However, the purchase price of the homes
                  must be combined with the cost of the leasehold value.

                  To estimate the costs that would be incurred by the Town in the event the
                  leases were cancelled prior to the end of their term, the value of the
                  properties in the study area, as well as the value of the land (leasehold
                  value), must be established. In addition, it is necessary to estimate the
                  cost of relocating the existing structures from the study area to the
                  mainland.   For the purposes of this analysis, these costs and estimates
                  were calculated in 1992 dollars.



                  8.2.1 ESTIMATION OF LEASEHOLD VALUES AND RELOCATION COSTS

                     A. Estimation of Land Use Values

                     In 1990, the residents in the study area sought to renegotiate the
                     lease agreements on the basis of economic hardship. In response to this
                     request and as a part of the lease extension negotiations, the Town
                     Board created a Beach Lease Review Panel.     This panel was assigned to
                     assess the fair market value of the land leases in the study area and to
                     make recommendations for rental fee increases. The panel's assessment
                     was based upon appraisals submitted by the Town and the community
                     residents.   In making their assessment, the panel presumed that the
                     improvements to the properties in the study area would be valued at zero
                     at the termination of the lease period, and that the leases would be
                     renegotiated for a 35-year period.

                     Based on their analysis, the panel estimated and recommended a fair
                     rental value for the individual properties of $3,200 per year.        This
                     value is a weighted average, derived from the information contained in
                     the appraisals for various properties, and does make distinctions on the
                     basis of location (waterfront versus non-waterfront), access (vehicular
                     versus pedestrian), lot size, and other factors. This rental increase
                     was written into the lease extension agreement to be spread out and
                     phased in over a ten year period, commencing in January of 1991. By the
                     year 2010, each community would pay a base rental fee of $3,200 (with
                     the exception of Oak Island, which is a permanent seasonal community
                     with a base rental fee of $1,600, starting in 2010).      The rental fee
                     would then be adjusted periodically over the following 40-year period,

                                                    8-5








                    reaching a maximum fee of $6,400 by the end of the lease term, with
                    adjustments based'on changes in the consumer price index.     The annual
                    lease payment schedule is attached as a rent rider to each lease.
                    agreement (the rent riders for each community are contained in Appendix
                    E).

                    In consideration of the efforts of the Town and the review panel, it was
                    decided that the annual cost for the use of the land in the present
                    analysis would be based upon the findings of the Beach Lease Review
                    Panel's 1990 Final Report. Accordingly, in the event the Town were to
                    terminate the leases prior to their scheduled expiration date, the Town
                    would be responsible for reimbursing the homeowners the lease fee amount
                    they would have been charged for each year remaining in the lease term.
                    This cost would be calculated using the rental fees listed on the rent
                    rider contained in each respective lease agreement (Appendix E).

                    B. Estimation of Re7ocation Costs

                    In addition to the annual cost for the use of the land, the Town would
                    be responsible for reimbursing the homeowners for the cost of relocating
                    their structures in the event of premature lease termination. This cost
                    was estimated to be approximately $15,000 to $25,000 per unit (Emmett
                    Drake & Sons, Inc., December 1992). This amount is based on removal by
                    barge, and includes the costs of loading and unloading the home as well
                    as securing the utility services on the site.

                    If the homes were to be moved via the local roadways, it would cost
                    between $10,000 and $20,000 per unit. However, moving the homes in this
                    manner would require the permission of the State to travel across the
                    Robert Moses Causeway, and depending on the size of the structure, may
                    require the removal of the roof.     The distance of travel is also a
                    factor that would affect the price, whether the structures were barged
                    or moved over the road.

                    C. Summary of Costs for Premature Lease Termination

                    To provide an example of what it might cost the Town if the leases were
                    cancelled early, a scenario using a termination year of 2020 has been
                    used. Terminating all the leases in 2020 would require reimbursement
                    for the cost of using the land for the 30 years remaining in the leases
                    for all 415 homes in the study area. This would include the 54 homes on
                    Oak IsTand, which are charged a reduced rental fee because they are
                    summer homes, and the remaining 361 units located in the other five
                    communities. As shown in Table 8-1, a 2020 lease termination would cost
                    the Town an estimated $67,858,000 in total costs, including $59,558,000
                    in land use charges and $8,300,000 in relocation charges.






                                                   8-6










                 8.2.2 ESTIMATION OF DWELLING UNIT VALUES

                     To determine the current value of the homes in the study area, a listing
                     of the assessed values of these structures was obtained from the Town of
                     Babylon (S. Bartow, TOB, November 1992). Based on this information, the
                     total assessed value of the 415 residential properties in. the study area
                     is $1,615,940 (Table 8-2), including $143,650 for the land assessment
                     and $1,472,290 for the assessment on the dwelling units (property
                     improvements).  The current market value of the dwelling units in the
                     study area can be determined by multiplying the assessed value of the
                     existing dwellings by an equalization factor provided by the Town of
                     Babylon Tax Assessor's Office (B. Anderson, TOB, December 1992). Using
                     this method, the current market value of the homes in the study area is
                     estimated to be $58,193,280, or $140,225 per unit. However, this may
                     underestimate the actual value of Outer Beach homes.      Based on Town
                     records, $225,000 was the approximate average sales price of Outer Beach
                     homes sold between August 1991 and September 1993.

                     To determine the total cost to the Town in the      event they chose to
                     purchase the residences rather than relocate them,  the cost of the loss
                     of the use of the land must be factored in. In addition, the residents
                     would also be denied the use of the land if the leases were terminated
                     prematurely. Therefore, reimbursement costs would include the estimated
                     current market value of $58,193,280 as well as the estimated land use
                     costs of $59,558,000.   If the Town were to purchase the homes in the
                     study area, the total cost would be $117,751,280 (see Table 8-2), which
                     is considerably higher than the estimates calculated under the
                     relocation scenario.




            8.3 ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HOMEOWNER REIMBURSEMENT

                 8.3.1 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF FUNDING

                     To determine mechanisms for financing the reimbursement of homeowners in
                     the study area, the Town's land use plans must first be determined. The
                     optimal method of funding is dependent upon the Town's intention in
                     cancelling the leases. If the Town has a specific project earmarked for
                     this property, it may be possible to secure all or a portion of the
                     funding required from a government agency or private organization that
                     has an i.nterest in the proposal. For instance, if the Town proposes the
                     development of additional public recreational resources on the land,
                     funds may be available from State or Federal parks departments or other
                     government agencies that promote the establishment of such public
                     resources. If the Town proposes to allow the land to revert back to its
                     natural condition to retain it for wildlife preservation purposes, it
                     may be possible to secure funds from any number of private environmental
                     groups or from government agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                     Service. Since the Town is not currently proposing the cancellation of
                     the lease agreements, nor does it appear likely that such action will be


                                                   8-7








                    undertaken, the current availability of public and private funding was
                    not investigated.


                 8.3.2 GENERAL FUNDING MECHANISMS

                    In the event the Town cannot secure adequate funding through other
                    means, monies could be raised through the issuance of municipal bonds.
                    Three types of general bonds could apply:     general obligation bonds,
                    project-specific bonds, and/or revenue bonds, depending on the proposed
                    use of the lands.

                    If the land is to be cleared in an effort to  restore it to its natural
                    condition, it is  likely that the Town would fund this action through
                    general obligation bonds, also known as general municipal bonds. These
                    bonds are sold to the Town on the good faith guarantee that the Town
                    would raise the tax dollars necessary to repay the bonds in accordance
                    with the terms of their issuance. In this case, the study area lands
                    would be used as collateral against these bonds.

                    If the Town plans to erect recreational facilities an the subject land,
                    project-specific bonds could be issued against the proposed project.
                    With this type of bond, bond investors are directly investing in the
                    proposed project.    Again, the land would be put up as collateral.
                    Project-specific bonds are generally issued in combination with revenue
                    bonds.

                    If a project that the Town is proposing involves the construction of a
                    public facility that would generate revenues, revenue bonds could be
                    obtained. The income generated by the proposed project, or a portion
                    thereof, would be used to pay back these bonds.       In this case, the
                    project itself would be used as the collateral.        These bonds are
                    generally issued at a higher rate because if the project is not
                    successful, the bank would be exposed to a loss of its investment.


                 8.3.3 ALTERNATIVE FUNDING MECHANISMS

                    If the Town of Babylon were to determine at present or in the near
                    future that they would not be renewing the leases when they expire in
                    2050, or that they will be terminating the leases prior to their
                    expiration date, measures could be taken to generate monies for future
                    financing purposes.   The Town could establish a self-liquidating fund
                    through the segregated set-off of a portion of the lease fees that are
                    currently being collected. This action would require that a portion of
                    the annual lease revenues be invested in a manner that would generate
                    interest over the course of the lease term, or through the date at which
                    the leases would be terminated. The monies that accumulate in this fund
                    could then be utilized to cover reimbursement costs or other necessary
                    expenses.




                                                  8-8











            8.4   LIST OF REFERENCES

            Anderson, Barbara. December 21, 1992. Town of Babylon Tax Assessor's Office,
                 Lindenhurst, New York. Telephone communication.

            Bartow, Susan.   November 30, 1992.Town of Babylon Data Processi ng Department,
                 Lindenhurst, New York.   Telephone communication.

            Drake, Emmett. December 21,   1992. Owner of Emmett Drake and Sons, Inc. Moving
                 Company, Bayshore, New York. Telephone conversation.

            Final Report of the Beach Lease Review Panel, prepared in 1990 for the Town of
                 Babylon Town Board.

            Renewal and Restatement of Individual Barrier Beach Lease Agreement,
                 Captree Island, August 14, 1990.

            Renewal of Master Lease Agreement, West Gilgo Beach Association, Inc.,
                 August 14, 1990.

            Renewal and Restatement of Sublease Agreement for West Gilgo Beach,
                 August 14, 1990.

            Rent Riders for the Gilgo Beach, Oak Island, Oak Beach and Oak Beach
                 Association communities, dated August 14, 1990.

            Town of Babylon Master Tax File - Summary Record for the Study Area
                 Community Tax Districts for 1991-92, dated November 27, 1992.























                                                  8-9











                                               TABLE 8-1

                              Estimates of Land Use and Relocation Costs





                                             Land Use Costs



                                    Total Lease Fees for        Total
                                     2021 through 2050          Units


           Oak Island                     $76,750 (1)     x       54              $4,144,500

           Other Communities             $153,500 (2)     x      361            $55,413,500

                                                                   TOTAL        $59,558,000


                                           Relocation Costs


           Total Number of Units         Average Cost Per Unit (3)    Total Relocation Cost


                 415               x        $20,000              -              $ 8,300,000






                                                        TOTAL ESTIMATED
                                                          COST TO TOWN          $67,858,000









           Source (1) Lease Agreement for the Oak Island Community, August 1990
                   (2) Lease Rent Riders for the West Gilgo Beach, Gilgo Beach, Oak Beach,
                        Oak Beach Association, and Captree Island communities; August 1990.
                   (3) Emmett Drake, December 20, 1992.










                                                      TABLE 8-2


                             Total Tax Assessment for Residential Properties (1)





             Community                    Land                 Improvements                Total



             West Gilgo                   24,000               274,010                     298,010

             Gilgo Beach -
                     West                 17,895               148,540                     166,435
                     East                   5,630                49,210                      54,840

                                                                    790--
                                          23,S23               T9T,                        221,275

             Oak Island                   16,955                 83,660                    100,615

             Oak Beach -
                     West                   7,280              100,940                     108,220
                     East                 27,970               347,940                     375,910

                                          W,-2-50              4-4 8-,-8-FO                484,1

             Oak Beach                    29,430               348,310                     377,740
             Association

             Captree Island               14,490               119,680                     134,170



                     TOTAL              $143,650            $1,472,290                   $1,615,940




             Market Value -            $1,472,290             .0253 (2)                  58,193,280
             of Improvements

             Estimated Land Use                                                          59,558,000
             Costs                                      TOTAL ESTIMATED COST
                                                               TO TOWN                $117,751,280


             Source: (1) Town of Babylon Master Tax File - Summary Record for the
                             Study Area, November 27, 1992.
                        (2) B. Anderson, Town of Babylon Tax Assessor's Office,
                            December 21, 1992.





















m m m m = m m m m = m m m MUQIIQ)409M








                                                  SECTION 9
                                       PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION

                 SECTION                                                                     Paqe

            9.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                  9-1

            9.1 HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION                            9-1

            9.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PUBLIC ACCESS LOCATIONS                                     9-3

                 9.2.1  STATE PARK FACILITIES                                                 9-3

                    A.  Jones Beach State Park                                                9-3
                    B.  Robert Moses State Park                                               9-4
                    C.  Captree State Park                                                    9-5
                    D.  G17go State Park                                                      9-6

                 9.2.2  TOWN OF BABYLON FACILITIES                                            9-6

                    A.  Gi7go Beach and Boat Basin                                            9-7
                    B.  Cedar Beach and Overlook Beach                                        9-7
                    C.  Cedar Beach Boat Basin                                                9-8
                    D.  Oak Beach                                                             9-9
                    E.  Usage Restrictions and   Fees                                         9-9

                 9.2.3  TOWN OF OYSTER BAY FACILITIES                                        9-10

                    A.  Tobay Beach                                                          9-10

                 9.2.4  PRIVATELY-OPERATED FACILITIES                                        9-11

                 9.2.5  INFORMAL POINTS OF ACCESS                                            9-12

            9.3  ASSESSMENT OF THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL RECREATIONAL AND ACCESS
                  LOCATIONS                                                                  9-14

                 9.3.1 STATE PARK FACILITIES                                                 9-14

                 9.3.2 TOWN OF BABYLON FACILITIES                                            9-15

                 9.3.3 TOWN OF BABYLON BOAT DOCKING FACILITIES                               9-16

                 9.3.4 TOWN OF OYSTER BAY FACILITIES                                         9-17

                 9.3.5 FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE VEHICULAR USE                                        9-18

            9.4  SUMMARY OF FUTURE RECREATIONAL NEEDS                                        9-19

            9.5  STATE  POLICY FOR PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT                   9-20

                 9.5.1  CMP PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION POLICIES                            9-20

                    A.  Policy 1-9                                                           9-20
                    B.  Policy 20                                                            9-21
                    C.  Policy 21                                                            9-21
                    0.  Policy 22                                                            9-22








                 SECTION                                                                     Page

                  9.5.2 APPLICABILITY OF THE STATE PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION
                          POLICIES TO THE STUDY AREA                                         9-22

                   9.5.3 CONFORMANCE OF STUDY AREA DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS WITH THE
                          STATE POLICIES                                                     9-23

                      A. Policy 19                                                           9-23
                      B. Policy 20                                                           9-23
                      C. Policy 21                                                           9-24
                      D. Policy 22                                                           9-24

                   9.6   REFERENCES                                                          9-25










                                                 SECTION 9

                                       PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION


            9.0  INTRODUCTION

                 Public recreational facilities encompass a large portion of the land area
                 on Jones Island. In the immediate vicinity of the study area alone, there
                 are approximately 1,500 acres of land designated for a wide range of
                 passive and active recreational uses. This section of the Barrier and Bay
                 Island Communities Study inventories these facilities and analyzes their
                 ability to accommodate current demand. Existing levels of use are examined
                 to determine if there is a need to expand existing facilities or develop
                 additional facilities or services. The informal recreational use of the
                 shoreline by the public is also assessed to determine what impact this use
                 may have in the study area, and if it represents a need for additional
                 services or facilities.


            9.1  HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION

                 Prior to the construction of the State parks and the municipal recreational
                 areas on Jones Island, there were no formal recreational facilities in this
                 area.   Up until about the 1880's, the Outer Beach area was utilized for
                 fishing, shellfishing and agricultural purposes.         In 1878, the Town of
                 Babylon began granting leases in the study area to oyster planting
                 businesses and other such commercial enterprises, as well as to residential
                 tenants, for the utilization of the land for residential and recreational
                 purposes. These Outer Beach leases preserved the right of the public to
                 freely cross and re-cross the barrier and bay islands, with the exception
                 of the months of July and August, when new salt hay sprouts were vulnerable
                 to trampling (R. Douglas, November 16, 1992).

                 The first summer cottages were constructed on Oak Island by members of the
                 Oyster Planter's and Businessmen's Association of Babylon.                  This
                 association had established a club house on Oak Beach (then known as Oak
                 Beach Island) in 1877. This clubhouse was utilized for recreation and was
                 so popular a pastime, it inspired members to take up summer residence in
                 the area (Douglas, 1992).     Sumer homes were also developed in the Gilgo
                 Beach area and the High Hill area near Zach's Inlet (today known as Zach's
                 Bay). The High Hill community became a popular summer beach resort around
                 the turn of the century.     Summer cottages as well as a small hotel and a
                 few boarding houses were established in this area.         Residents from the
                 Bellmore, Wantagh and Seaford areas, and visitors from outside the area,
                 would reach the   community by way of ferry services that operated out of
                 Bellmore.    The  Gilgo Beach area was inhabited by residents from the
                 Amityville area   who established summer bungalows on the beach.          Around
                 1879, an inn was also established on Captree Island which serviced summer
                 visitors. Aside   from use by summer residents and vacationers, the area did
                 not provide vast  recreational opportunities to the general public because


                                                    9-1









                  of limited access.     The only way to get to the beaches was by a ferry
                  service or private boat.

                  In the late 1920's Robert Moses, under the authority of the Long Island
                  State Park Commission (LISPC), constructed Ocean Parkway, Meadowbrook
                  Parkway, Wantagh Parkway, and Jones Beach State Park.     The construction of
                  these roadways, which were connected with the newly constructed Southern
                  State Parkway, permitted easy access to the Outer Beach area. This led to
                  the extension of Ocean Parkway to the eastern end of the Jones Island, and
                  the development of municipal park facilities.         Jones Beach officially
                  opened on August 4, 1929 (Gorman, NYSOPRHP, October 29, 1992), and by the
                  summer of 1932, had reached capacity attendance (Caro, 1974).              This
                  facility continued to be enlarged throughout the next decade.

                  In the fall of 1931, Ocean Parkway had been extended to the eastern end of
                  Jones Island, and plans for a bridge to Fire Island were underway.          The
                  extension of Ocean Parkway required the acquisition of municipal lands by
                  the LISPC. Oyster Bay ceded the State approximately 500 acres of meadow
                  land. Babylon Town also granted the State ownership to approximately 1,400
                  acres of barrier island land, a large portion of which comprises Gilgo
                  State Park. The construction of Ocean Parkway included the installation of
                  roadway underpasses which enabled the Towns to develop recreational
                  facilities along the bayside with access to the ocean. Similar underpasses
                  had been provided at Jones Beach, which allowed access from bay-side
                  parking areas to the ocean beaches.      Five underpasses were built in the
                  areas of Tobay and Gilgo Beaches, although not all of them are open today.
                  Two underpasses at the J.F.K. Wildlife Sanctuary in Oyster Bay are
                  presently overgrown with vegetation and inaccessible.    The West Gilgo Beach
                  underpass is deliberately closed in winter and opened in summer season.

                  In response to the increased usage of the barrier island by mainland
                  residents and the available access to the Outer Beach area via the newly
                  constructed roadways, the Town of Babylon developed park facilities. Cedar
                  Beach and Gilgo Beach were opened for public recreational usage in the mid-
                  1930's.   Tobay Beach in the Town of Oyster Bay was opened for formal
                  recreational use around 1940. At the same time, the      LISPC was continuing
                  its expansion activities, completing access to Fire Island, and in 1939
                  Robert Moses State Park was officially opened to the     public.

                  The plans to expand the Jones Beach Park facilities      also continued, with
                  the LISPC acquiring ownership to the High Hill Beach     area. The High Hill
                  beach summer resort community had been established on    land leased from the
                  Town of Hempstead. The Town had issued leases to 98      residents which were
                  set to expire in June of 1940 (Seaford Historical Society, December 14,
                  1992). In response to the pending termination of the leases, the majority
                  of these homes were relocated to the study area; some were demolished. The
                  area was then redeveloped as Jones Beach Field No. 9.         A pavilion was
                  constructed here in 1947, which was demolished in 1977.            The State
                  presently utilizes this area as a grounds maintenance facility for Jones
                  Beach Park.




                                                     9-2









                Recreation facility development continued in the 1950's, with the
                construction of the Captree Bridge (the Robert Moses Causeway) which
                provided direct access from Fire Island and Jones Island to the mainland.
                In 1954, Captree State Park was opened.     The Town of Babylon constructed
                Overlook Beach and the Cedar Beach Marina facility. Since then, many of
                the barrier island recreational facilities have been expanded and/or
                upgraded to service the continuing demand by the public to enjoy the Outer
                Beach area.




           9.2  IDENTIFICATION OF PUBLIC ACCESS LOCATIONS

                As part of this study, the land uses within and in the vicinity of the
                study area were analyzed to determine the availability of formal
                recreational access, and to identify areas where the public was gaining
                informal access to the shoreline.     Formalized areas of recreation include
                the various State and municipal parks in the area as well as a small number
                of privately-utilized recreational facilities.     Informal points of access
                include dune walkovers, areas where boats are beached or anchored off-
                shore, and shoreline areas used for surfcasting.       The formal facilities
                were examined to assess the amenities they offered and their level of uses.
                The informal points where the public accesses the shoreline were examined
                to determine how access was gained, the level of usage, and if there was
                any impact to the surrounding environment. The identification of locations
                of recreational access was made through the use of U.S.G.S. topographic
                maps, aerial photographs, and field surveys of the study area.          Public
                access locations are described in the following discussion.


                9.2.1 STATE PARK FACILITIES

                   The State of New York operates four recreational facilities in the
                   vicinity of the study area.     These parks, which provide a variety of
                   recreational opportunities to the general public, are described below.

                   A. Jones Beach State Park

                   Jones Beach State Park is located at the far western end of Jones
                   Island, in the Town of Hempstead.     This park was opened on August 4,
                   1929 and encompasses 2,413 acres of land, with recreational-facilities
                   located along the bay and oceanfront.     Park amenities include:     ocean
                   beaches and one bayfront beach; a day-marina; picnic areas; bath houses;
                   two swimming pools; fishing piers; a boardwalk; concession stands; a
                   restaurant; two softball fields for league play; basketball courts;
                   miniature golf; pitch and putt golf; a fitness trail/health walk; paddle
                   tennis and shuffleboard courts; playground and games areas; and the
                   Jones Beach Marine Theater (Gorman, NYSOPRHP, October 29, 1992). The
                   beach is also utilized for surf casting in the off-season.

                   Jones Beach State Park is open to the general public on a year-round
                   basis.    During the summer season, which extends from Memorial Day

                                                   9-3









                     weekend through Labor Day weekend, the entrance fee is $4.00 per car.
                     Senior citizens have free access during the week and receive entrance
                     fee discounts on weekends. A fee of $1.00 per person is charged for use
                     of the two swimming pools. There is no charge to use the day-marina.

                     Jones Beach State Park contains twelve parking fields, with a capacity
                     of 22,000 cars.     Some of these lots are closed year-round, and
                     additional lots are closed during the winter. The day-marina, which is
                     located at the west end of the park, contains 30 boat slips and a pump-
                     out facility.  This marina is restricted to limited day-use only, no
                     overnight stays are permitted.

                     Jones Beach is utilized throughout the year, although the heaviest usage
                     occurs during the summer season     (annual attendance information is
                     contained in Table 9-1).     In 1991, annual attendance for the park
                     reached 8,339,477 persons.   This appears to be an increase over the
                     previous years attendance, although the State Parks Department did not
                     keep individual records for Jones Beach until 1991. In prior years, the
                     attendance figures for Captree and Jones Beach parks were combined. By
                     examining the annual attendance figures for these two facilities, it is
                     evident that attendance has been increasing since 1988.         Although
                     attendance dropped slightly during the past decade, attendance levels
                     are once again on the rise. The combined attendance figure for 1991 of
                     10,439,922, is approximately equal to the 1980 attendance rate.

                     Activity at Jones Beach State Park increases when it opens for the
                     summer on Memorial Day weekend and lifeguards are put on duty. However,
                     it was stressed that park attendance and utilization is primarily
                     weather-dependent. From Memorial Day through mid-June, usage continues
                     to increase. The mid-June to Labor Day period is considered the height
                     of the summer season, with all facilities at the park open and well-
                     utilized. During this period (under optimum weather conditions) maximum
                     attendance can reach 250,000 on a weekend day.             Under these
                     circumstances, parking lots fill to capacity. Generally, on a Saturday
                     attendance averages between 75,000 and 100,000 persons. Sundays, being
                     the most popular day for beach use, bring an average of up to 200,000
                     persons. Weekday use averages up to 50,000 people on a single day. On
                     an average summer weekend day, some parking fields may close, but
                     generally beach attendance comes in two to three shifts or stages, with
                     a somewhat constant traffic flow in the lots.

                     B. Robert Moses State Par*

                     Robert Moses State Park was officially opened in 1939.       This    park
                     encompasses approximately 1,000 acres of land on the western end of Fire
                     Island, of which 499 acres are located in the Town of Babylon (Figure 9-
                     1). Recreational amenities at this park include: ocean beachfront; a
                     fishing pier; two day marinas; concession stands; picnic areas; beach
                     shops; pitch and putt golf; games areas; and a softball field.
                     Fisherman also utilize the Democrat Point area of the park for off-road
                     vehicle activity and fishing (Gorman, NYSOPRHP, October 29, 1992). In


                                                   9-4








                   addition, these beaches are popular for surfcasting in the off-season.
                   Robert Moses State Park is open for the general public on a year-round
                   basis. An entrance fee of $4.00 per car is charged during the summer
                   season, which runs from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend.
                   Like Jones Beach, senior citizens have free weekday access and discounts
                   on weekends. Use of the boat basins is free.

                   Robert Moses State Park includes four parking fields, which are each
                   provided with a beach house building containing restrooms and lockers.
                   Some of these lots are closed during the winter.     The parking fields
                   have a total capacity of 5,796 cars. The two boat basins each contain
                   35 slips and a pump-out facility.     These marinas are restricted for
                   limited day use; no overnight stays are permitted.

                   Robert Moses Park is utilized throughout the year, although the heaviest
                   use occurs during the summer season. In 1991, annual attendance reached
                   3,652,085 (Table 9-1) which is a record high for this facility. Unlike
                   Jones Beach and Captree State Parks, attendance at Robert Moses Park has
                   not dropped off since 1970 and has not been irregular in the 1980's.
                   Attendance at Robert Moses Park has been steadily increasing since about
                   the mid-1980's (although it fluctuated slightly between 1986 and 1988),
                   and has increased by over one million people since 1980. This cannot be
                   said for the other two sites.

                   On a summer Saturday or Sunday, attendance at Robert Moses Park can
                   reach up to 50,000 persons. Weekday attendance averages between 20,000
                   and 30,000 persons per day.     Under optimum weather conditions, this
                   beach has been known to reach capacity on weekends and occasionally
                   during the week. Overflow beach traffic is then re-routed to Jones
                   Beach. It was noted that beach traffic at Robert Moses Park does not
                   generally occur in shifts, as occurs at Jones Beach, which exacerbates
                   the parking capacity problems.

                   C. Captree State Park

                   Captree State Park is located at the far eastern end of Jones Island
                   This park was officially opened on June 12, 1954 in conjunction with &
                   opening of the Captree Bridge (Robert Moses Causeway).        This park
                   encompasses 761 acres, of which 94 acres are located in the Town of
                   Babylon. Recreational amenities at this park include: a boat basin for
                   open and charter fishing vessels; a bait and tackle shop; a marine
                   fueling station; picnic areas; a restaurant; a concession stand;
                   restrooms; a boardwalk for fishing; and a shorefront overlook park area
                   with a fishing pier and restrooms. The eastern border of the park is
                   also utilized by surfcasters.      No swimming is permitted at this
                   facility.

                   The Captree Boat Basin, which is located on the State boat channel,
                   contains 53 berths utilized by a commercial fishing fleet and 40
                   transient boat berths for use by the general public.        This marine


                                                 9-5









                     facility contains a pump-out station with a 12,000 gallon per day
                     capacity (Gorman, NYSOPRHP, October 29, 1992).

                     Captree State Park contains two parking areas. One area services the
                     boat basin and can accommodate a maximum of 1,500 cars.         The other
                     parking area is located by the shorefront overlook and has a capacity of
                     268 cars. A $3.00 fee per vehicle is charged at the entrance gate to
                     the park. Seniors are afforded free access on weekdays and discounted
                     fees on weekends.

                     Captree State Park is different from Jones Beach and Robert Moses parks
                     in that it is oriented towards recreational fishing and does not offer
                     bathing beaches or opportunities for swimming. In 1991, Captree State
                     Park was utilized by 2,100,445 people (Table 9-1), which is an increase
                     over previous years' attendance figures. Although this park is utilized
                     by between 1.5 to 2 million person annually, it is not over-utilized and
                     has never reached capacity.

                     D. GlIgo State Park

                     Gilgo State Park is centrally located on the barrier island, between the
                     Gilgo Beach and Oak Beach communities (Figure 7-1).      LISPC originally
                     acquired a portion of Gilgo State Park in 1928 (approximately 300
                     acres).    Subsequent additions to this area were acquired over the
                     following two years as the LISPC continued its eastward extension of
                     Ocean Parkway. In total, the park encompasses 1,223 acres of land area
                     that the State acquired for future development.         To date the park
                     remains undeveloped and     is utilized for some passive recreational
                     activity.

                     The New York State Parks Department allows limited activity in this
                     park, including surfcast fishing and restricted four-wheel drive
                     activity on the beach.     A permit is required for nighttime fishing
                     (daytime use is not regulated) and for  the operation of four-wheel drive
                     vehicles in this area. Patrons enter the park via authorized Town of
                     Babylon access points at Cedar Beach;   at the location of the old Coast
                     Guard station, at the western end of the park; and at a point along
                     Ocean Parkway, just west of the Oak     Beach West community.    A $10.00
                     annual permit fee is charged for fishing.     An annual four-wheel drive
                     permit costs $20.00.    The State issues approximately 6,000 four-wheel
                     drive permits annually, which can be used in all State parks that allow
                     this activity.


                  9.2.2 TOWN OF BABYLON FACILITIES

                     The Town of Babylon operates.five park facilities in the study area.
                     These parks offer a variety of recreational opportunities to both Town
                     residents and the general public.     These facilities are described as
                     follows.




                                                    9-6









                   A. Gilgo Beach and Boat Basin

                   Gilgo Beach is located on Jones Island between the West Gilgo Beach
                   community and Gilgo State Park (Figure 9-1). The Gilgo Boat Basin is
                   located between the eastern and western portions of the Gilgo Beach
                   residential community. The entire park facility encompasses 65 acres.
                   The recreational     services provided     include:  61   acres  of ocean
                   beachfront; restrooms and showers; a picnic area; and 57 boat slips
                   reserved for use by Town residents. A parking lot with the capacity for
                   475 cars is provided along the bayside, adjacent to the boat basin.
                   Access to the oceanfront beach is provided via an underpass which
                   connects to the parking lot.

                   Gilgo Beach is the most heavily utilized Town of Babylon park site. The
                   underpass that provides ready access to the beach makes this facility
                   the most popular.    This popularity has led to over-utilization during
                   the height of the summer season.       According to Town officials, this
                   beach is closed regularly on weekends as the parking lot reaches
                   capacity (Matheis, TOB Parks Department, December 14, 1992). The Town
                   staffs the facility throughout the day on Saturdays and Sundays in the
                   summer to monitor the parking lot and close it when it becomes full.

                   Attendance figures for 1991 indicate that 38,087 persons utilized Gilgo
                   Beach between May 23rd and September 7th, for an average of
                   approximately 488 persons per day. Patrons include residents with Town
                   recreational permits and non-residents or residents without permits who
                   pay the designated entrance fee. Approximately 82.5 percent of those
                   utilizing this beach in 1991 had recreational permits.            The 1991
                   attendance figures show the heaviest use occurring between July 1st and
                   August 31st, with Friday being the most active day on average. Reported
                   attendance for the weekends (Friday to Sunday) during this time period
                   reached a maximum of 3,530, with average weekend attendance ranging
                   between 2,200 and 3,000 persons, depending on weather conditions.

                   B. Cedar Beach and Over7ook Beach

                   Cedar Beach and Overlook Beach are located in the central portion of the
                   study area, between Gilgo Beach and Oak Beach (Figure 9-1). These park
                   facilities encompass a combined total of 173 acres of oceanfront beach
                   and upland area. The recreational amenities provided at the Cedar Beach
                   facility,  which is open to residents and non-residents, include: a
                   pavilion containing restrooms, showers, and a concession stand;
                   playground and picnic areas; handball courts; horseshoe pits; a
                   basketball court; and an area for volleyball activity. Overlook Beach,
                   which is restricted for use by Town residents only, offers: restrooms
                   and showers; a picnic area and playground and outdoor fireplaces. A par
                   3, 18-hole pitch and putt golf course is located between the two beach
                   facilities.    Cedar Beach Park has a parking area which can accommodate
                   427 vehicles; Overlook Beach park can accommodate 846 vehicles. Summer
                   volleyball and golf tournaments are conducted by the Town at the Cedar
                   Beach facility.


                                                   9-7








                    Cedar and Overlook Beaches are not as actively used as the Gilgo Beach
                    facility. Attendance figures for the 1991 summer season indicate that
                    a total of 7,354 person utilized Cedar Beach, and 1,435 persons utilized
                    Overlook Beach.    These figures were reported for the period from May
                    27th through September 4th. According to Town officials, the reason for
                    the lower attendance rates at-these sites is the width-of the beach.
                    Apparently, beachgoers prefer narrower beaches that require less foot-
                    travel (Matheis, TOB Parks Department, December 14, 1990). Unlike Gilgo
                    Beach, which measured between 150 and 250 feet wide, the beach in this
                    area was approximately 1,500 feet wide at Cedar Beach and 1,200 feet
                    wide at Overlook Beach, as measured from the front of the respective
                    pavilions (prior to the December 1992 storm).

                    At Cedar Beach, a 650-foot boardwalk was constructed, which extends
                    south toward the shoreline, to enable easier access to the beach.        A
                    similar type of walkway was built at Overlook. According to the Town,
                    Overlook Park was closed because the beach became too wide and patrons
                    became discouraged from using it. This facility was reopened in 1991,
                    after a 500-foot extension was added to the existing 250-foot walk.

                    The previous level of usage at these two parks is not known because the
                    Town did not keep records of attendance.     However, based on the 1991
                    data discussed above, as compared to the data available for Gilgo Beach,
                    it is apparent that these facilities are not overutilized. Considering
                    the amenities they offer, the demand placed upon both sites is quite
                    low.


                    C. Cedar Beach Boat Basin

                    The 38.7-acre Cedar Beach Boat Basin is located on the bayfront directly
                    north of Cedar Beach Park (Figure 9-1). It is connected to this park
                    via an underpass that was constructed beneath Ocean Parkway. The Cedar
                    Beach Boat Basin was opened around 1959. This facility was developed on
                    land that comprised a portion of the Ocean Parkway right-of-way and
                    belonged to the LISPC.      The LISPC granted the Town of Babylon a
                    permanent easement on November 6, 1957 for the construction of the boat
                    basin, the parking area and the underpass connecting to Cedar Beach
                    Park.

                    The Cedar Beach Boat Basin contains 81 boat slips. Sixty five slips are
                    located on the main dock and have electric service available. Sixteen
                    slips are provided at a floating dock with no electric service.
                    Restrooms, a picnic area, and 36 campsites with electrical hook-up are
                    also included at this site. The parking area has the capacity for 213
                    vehicles.   The 81 boat berths    are available to residents and non-
                    residents on a first come, first  serve basis. No advance registration
                    is permitted for their use, nor can they be used on two consecutive
                    weekends. Boat berths may be utilized for a maximum of 24 hours.

                    The 36 campsites are also available to residents and non-residents on a
                    first come, first serve basis. No advance registration is permitted and
                    sites cannot be used on two consecutive weekends.      Overnight camping

                                                  9-8









                    permits can be obtained by Town residents for an annual fee of $40-00
                    ($20.00 for senior citizens). These permits enable Town residents to
                    utilize the Cedar Beach campsites at a reduced daily rate. All users
                    are.charged per 24-hour period.

                    D. 0ak Beach

                    Oak Beach is the smallest of the Town's barrier island park facilities
                    and is located between the Oak Beach and Oak Beach Association
                    communities, directly east of the Oak Beach Inn (Figure 9-1).        This
                    facility, which fronts on Fire Island Inlet, offers a playground, a
                    picnic area, fishing opportunities, and a boat launch ramp. A parking
                    area is provided with the capacity for 250 cars.

                    E. Usage Restrictions and Fees

                    All Town beach and park facilities on the barrier island are open
                    between May 23rd and September 7th.     The summer season, however, is
                    considered as the period running from June 27th through September 7th.
                    Town of Babylon residents may purchase a Resident Recreational Permit
                    for an annual fee of $20.00 ($10.00-for senior citizens) to utilize any
                    of these parks or beaches.   This permit can be used in lieu of paying
                    the daily use fee, enabling frequent users cost saving benefits. Daily
                    use of Cedar, Gilgo and Overlook Beaches is free to Town residents with
                    valid recreational permits. Non-residents and residents without permits
                    are charge a daily fee of $25.00 per vehicle on weekends and holidays,
                    and $15.00 per vehicle on weekdays. Non-residents are not permitted to
                    use Overlook Beach.

                    A daily use fee is charged for use of the Cedar Beach and Gilgo marinas.
                    These marinas are open on weekends and holidays between May 22nd and
                    June 21st. During the summer season, which runs from June 26th through
                    September 7th, they are open daily, including holidays.     Boat docking
                    permits may be purchased by Town residents at annual fee of $40.00
                    ($20.00 for senior citizens).     A boat docking permit enables Town
                    residents to use Town docks and marinas at a reduced daily rate.

                    The Gilgo Beach Marina is available only to Town residents with boat
                    docking permits. A daily fee of $10.00 is charged Friday through Sunday
                    and on holidays, and $7.00 is charged Monday through Thursday. There is
                    no charge for the use of the pump-out facility located at this boat
                    basin.

                    The Cedar Beach Marina is opened to both residents and non-residents.
                    For residents with valid boat docking permits, a daily fee of $13.00 is
                    charged for use of the main dock on Friday through Sunday and on
                    holidays, and $10.00 on Monday through Thursday (these fees include
                    electric hook-up).   Non-residents and residents without boat docking
                    permits are charged a daily fee of $50.00 on Friday through Sunday and
                    on holidays, and $40.00 on Monday through Thursday for use of the main
                    dock (including electric). Residents with docking permits only can use
                    the floating dock and are charged $10.00 per day on Friday through

                                                  9-9









                    Sunday and on holidays, and $7.00 per day on Monday through Thursday.
                    There is no charge for the use of the pump-out facility located at the
                    Cedar Beach Marina.

                    Overnight camping at the Cedar Beach Marina is permitted from May 22nd
                    through October 12th.    The summer season, when the facility is open
                    daily, runs from June 26th through September 7th. During the pre and
                    post seasons, use is permitted only on weekends and holidays.        Daily
                    fees are $13.00 per day for residents with permits on Friday through
                    Sunday and on holidays, and $10.00 per day on Monday through Thursday.
                    Non-residents and residents without permits are charged $50.00 per day
                    on Friday through Sunday and holidays, and $40.00 per day on Monday
                    through Thursday.

                    Activities that occur at Town of Babylon beaches and recreation areas
                    are regulated under Chapter 81 of the Town Code (the Beaches and
                    Recreational Areas Law - TOB Code, December 9, 1969). This law outlines
                    permitted uses and activities that may be undertaken in these areas, as
                    well as prohibited activities. Specific items addressed under Article
                    I of the law include bathing and swimming, fishing, fires, overnight
                    parking, tents and camps, animals, soliciting, alcoholic beverages,
                    games, littering, surfing and wind surfing, fire arms, user conduct, and         01
                    traffic regulations. Article II regulates vehicular traffic on beaches.
                    This section of the law addresses items such as access to public
                    beaches, required permits and licenses, pedestrian right-of-way,
                    excluded vehicles, speed limits, vegetation on beaches, and weight
                    limitations.



                 9.2.3 TOWN OF OYSTER BAY FACILITIES

                    The Town of Oyster Bay operates one recreational facility in the
                    vicinity of the study area.     This park and its public services are
                    described below.

                    A. Tobay Beach

                    Tobay Beach is located on Jones Island in Nassau County, directly west
                    of the West Gilgo Beach community (Figure 9-1).           This park is
                    approximately 120 acres in area, encompassing both bayside and
                    oceanfront facilities. The recreational amenities offered at this park
                    include: an oceanfront beach with a pavilion, which contains restrooms
                    and a concession stand; a bayfront beach; a marina; and a picnic area.
                    The marina, which is located on the bayside, contains 135 slips with a
                    pump-out facility. All of the slips are transient and are rented on a
                    daily basis (Fitzgerald, TOB, October 28, 1992).

                    Tobay Beach contains a large parking lot with the capacity to
                    accommodate 3,300 vehicles. Access to the ocean beachfront is, provided
                    from the parking lot through three passageways that were constructed
                    beneath Ocean Parkway. One of these underpasses was constructed at the
                    time the parkway was built. The other two were subsequently constructed

                                                  9-10









                   by the Town. Restrooms have been provided in the parking area, near the
                   underpass entrances.

                   Tobay Beach is open to Town of Oyster Bay residents and the general
                   public in the off-season and on summer weekdays.        During the summer
                   season use of this facility is restricted to Town of Oyster Bay
                   residents on the weekends.       In the summer season, which runs from
                   Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend, a parking fee of $7.00
                   per vehicle for residents and $12.00 per vehicle for non-residents is
                   charged. A seasonal pass is also available to residents for $20.00.

                   The Tobay marina is restricted to Oyster Bay residents only on the
                   weekend.   During the week it is open to the general public.      Fees for
                   marina use are based on the size of the boat and vary between $25 and
                   $35 for residents and $35 and $40 for non-residents. According to Town
                   officials, the weekend use restriction in the marina is strictly
                   enforced.

                   Tobay Beach is well utilized in the summer season but is not operating
                   at capacity.    The parking area was expanded three years ago when the
                   facility was becoming heavily utilized and parking was in short supply.
                   At present, parking is not a problem and the facility is not subject to
                   closure on weekends. The Town does not keep official records, but it is
                   estimated that since the parking lot has been expanded weekday
                   attendance has ranged between 4,000 and 8,000 persons, depending on the
                   weather conditions.      Weather is also a regulating factor on the
                   weekends, when 12,000 to 18,000 persons visit the site. Attendance has
                   been noted to occur in approximately two stages or shifts throughout the
                   day, which helps to control capacity problems.

                   One problem that was mentioned with regard to the Tobay Beach facility
                   is the reduction in the width of the beach. Over the past few years,
                   storms have narrowed the profile, thereby reducing the amount of beach
                   area available for use by patrons.     This problem has been worsened as
                   the result of the recent northeast storm of 11-12 December 1992.

                   The Tobay marina is heavily utilized on holiday weekends (July 4th and
                   Labor Day). However, on an average summer weekend the marina only fills
                   to approximately 60 percent of its capacity.       During the week it is
                   virtually empty, with only five to ten boats per day throughout the
                   summer.   This has been attributed to the use prohibitions placed upon
                   @on-residents. The Town is re-evaluating this policy in an effort to
                   improve the utilization on weekends.       It is suspected that the fee
                   structure may also be prohibitively high, resulting in the poor weekday
                   usage of this facility (Fitzgerald, TOB, October 28, 1992).


                9.2.4 PRIVATELY-OPERATED FACILITIES

                   Two-privately operated   marinas are located on the Outer Beach (See
                   Figure 9.1). The Seaford Harbor Yacht Club is situated to the north of
                   the West Gilgo Beach community, on a channel that runs northeast from

                                                  9-11









                    Tobay Beach Marina to the State Boat Channel        The Unqua Corinthian
                    Yacht Club is situated on the west shore of West Gilgo Basin (West Gilgo
                    Lagoon), just north of the community marina for West Gilgo Beach. Both
                    of these facilities exist on land that is owned by the Town of Babylon
                    and leased to the respective yacht clubs, which are granted exclusive              OF
                    usage rights.     All improvements are owned and maintained by the
                    respective yacht club.

                    The Seaford Harbor (Sea Horse) Yacht Club contains 24 berthing slips for           F
                    boats of various sizes.    Shoreside amenities includes a building with
                    sanitary facilities and a small kitchen, and an outdoor barbecue area.
                    An April 1992 report by CA describes this facility in greater detail.              01

                    The Unqua Corinthian Yacht Club is situated on 3.4 acres of shoreline              -
                    and contains approximately 50 boat slips. Shoreside amenities include
                    a building with sanitary facilities.


                 9.2.5 INFORMAL POINTS OF ACCESS

                    In addition to the officially established recreational facilities
                    described above, there are a number of locations where the public gains
                    informal access to either the established parks and facilities or to
                    other sections of the shoreline in the vicinity of the study area. This
                    informal access, which is achieved both on foot and by boat, is
                    discussed as follows.

                    At the western end of the study area, there are a number of pl aces where
                    community residents have developed footpaths to the beachfront.
                    Approximately five such pathways were noted during the CA field survey
                    at the far western end of the West Gilgo Beach community (See Plate 2A).
                    These footpaths extend through the Ocean Parkway right-of-way vegetation
                    on the north side of the road and cross over the dunes on the south side
                    of the road. Gaining access to the beach along these pathways requires
                    by-passing the right-of-way fencing which borders this residential
                    community.   In some cases, ladders have been placed over the fence or
                    holes have been cut in the fence to allow free access to the roadway.
                    (This is discussed in further detail in Section 4.9.5).

                    There is an underpass located at the east end of the West Gilgo Beach
                    community. This passageway, however, is intentionally closed off in the
                    winter. time as a protective measure against potential storm wave
                    penetration.   Therefore, residents must utilize the community's main
                    roadway entrance, situated to the west of the underpass, to reach the
                    beach during the period that the underpass is closed.      This requires
                    that residents cross Ocean Parkway and the dunes to access the beach,
                    although off-season usage of the beach is much reduced compared to peak
                    summer usage when the underpass is open.

                    In the Gilgo Beach community, residents are gaining access to the ocean
                    front in the same manner as those at West Gilgo Beach. The field survey
                    identified approximately eleven footpaths in the Gilgo Beach West

                                                  9-12









                   community, and three in the Gilgo Beach East area.     Like the ones at
                   West Gilgo Beach, these pathways extend through the right7of-way
                   vegetation, across the parkway, and over the dunes.      Again, in some
                   places ladders and fence holes were utilized to permit ease of access.

                   In the area located between Gilgo Beach and Cedar Beach, there are two
                   locations outside of the subject communities where the public is gaining
                   access to the oceanfront. The first location is at the head of the cove
                   located in Gilgo State Park, to the east of the Gilgo East community.
                   In this area, where the shoreline comes within close reach of Ocean
                   Parkway, there is a footpath that leads from the bayside to the ocean
                   beach. Here people either -anchor offshore in the cove and take small
                   rafts or dinghies to shore, or they beach their boats along the
                   shoreline. From there, they follow the path across Ocean Parkway, and
                   across the dunes to the beach.    There are four additional paths that
                   lead over the dunes on the south side of Ocean Parkway, just east of the
                   pathway leading from the cove.
                   The second location east of Gilgo Beach, where access to the oceanfront
                   is made, is in the vicinity of Hemlock Cove.      Here again, boats are
                   either anchored offshore or beached on the shoreline. The public then
                   utilizes a series of five footpaths that lead from the cove to the
                   beach. Each of these footpaths crosses over the dunes. Both of these
                   cove areas appear to be heavily utilized as a means of gaining access to
                   the ocean, as the pathways in these areas are very well defined.

                   Another area where off-shore anchoring and the shoreline beaching of
                   small vessels occurs is in the vicinity of the Sore Thumb, just south of
                   the Oak Beach West community.    This area is a very popular area for
                   informal access and recreation.    On weekends during the height of the
                   summer season it becomes crowded with boats that anchor off-shore.

                   Further east, at the eastern end of the Oak Beach Association community,
                   two pathways were noted that appear to be utilized for vehicular access.
                   One of these passageways extends from Ocean Parkway to the shoreline.
                   This shoreline area is a popular location for fishing. Although a pile
                   of large rocks had been placed at the entrance to each of these paths,
                   it was evident that vehicles were driving around them and continuing to
                   enter the area.    Formal access for fishermen with passenger vehicles
                   wishing to fish from the shore is limited to the Town's senior citizen
                   fishing jetty and Town park at Oak Beach. The senior citizen jetty is
                   restricted to senior citizens and Town residents, but has been used by
                   fishermen of all ages.

                   The area east of the Captree Island community is also utilized for
                   fishing. There was evidence here that cars pull off the exit ramp for
                   the Robert Moses Causeway and gain access to the area under the bridge,
                   along the shoreline of the State Boat Channel.

                   Vehicles with State-issued four-wheel drive permits are permitted access
                   along otherwise restricted segments of the oceanfront. These vehicles
                   can enter through designated locations at Cedar Beach and in Gilgo State

                                                 9-13









                     Park, east of Cedar Beach. They primarily access the area west of the
                     Sore Thumb as well as lesser-used portions of Gilgo State Park for
                     surfcasting.



            9.3   ASSESSMENT OF THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL RECREATIONAL AND ACCESS LOCATIONS

                  The public recreational facilities in the study area and in the vicinity of
                  the study area are, for the most part, well utilized throughout the summer
                  season. It is expected that the current level of usage at these facilities
                  will be maintained or exceeded in the future.       Some facilities, however,
                  will continue to be utilized more actively than others. This is due to use
                  restrictions, physical characteristics of the facilities, entry fees, and
                  amenities available for use, among other factors.


                  9.3.1 STATE PARK FACILITIES

                     As noted in Section 9.2.1, there are four State park facilities in the
                     vicinity of the study area: Jones Beach, Gilgo Beach, Robert Moses, and
                     Captree State Parks.      Gilgo State Park is undeveloped and utilized
                     primarily for passive recreational purposes, including surf fishing and
                     some limited off-road vehicle activity (Gorman, NYSOPRHP, October 29,
                     1992).   Jones Beach is the largest facility and used by the greatest
                     number of people. Robert Moses State Park, however, reaches capacity
                     quite frequently during the summer season. Although some parking fields
                     may close at Jones Beach during the summer, this park has not been
                     closed to the public due to capacity problems. Captree State Park also
                     has not experienced capacity problems.

                     As shown in Table 9-1, attendance levels at the three developed State
                     Parks have been increasing since about 1988.          Prior to that date,
                     attendance had fluctuated but remained below reported levels for 1970
                     and 1980. The 1991 attendance figures have, for the first time in ten
                     years, exceeded the 1980 recorded levels. It is uncertain whether this
                     is an indication that attendance levels will continue to i.ncrease, but
                     it appears likely they will be maintained at current levels.

                     Because State Parks are utilized by a broad user base, it is very
                     difficult to project levels of usage into the future.        Each beach or
                     park draws visitors from different geographic areas and segments of the
                     population. Jones Beach is utilized mostly by residents of the Towns of
                     Hempstead, Oyster Bay and Babylon, as well as by residents from north
                     shore communities and areas of New York City. Robert Moses State Park
                     draws a large share of its attendance from areas further east, including
                     the Towns of Islip and Smithtown, as well as the areas previously
                     mentioned.   Captree attracts a different variety of recreational user
                     who is interested in fishing as opposed to the beachgoers that dominate
                     the visitor population of the other two facilities.



                                                    9-14








                    Other factors that may affect attendance include the stability of
                    current area populations and the age breakdown of the population
                    (Lambert, LIRPB, December 28, 1992).     Currently local populations are
                    experiencing a decrease in the number of persons under the age of 18 and
                    an increase in the number of persons over the age of 65.               This
                    demographic trend has an impact on beach attendance and may explain why
                    1970 levels were so high as compared to those reported for the past
                    decade. The current population of baby boomers (those born between 1945
                    @nd 1965) are now raising families which may lead to a continuing
                    increase in present attendance levels, but this is speculative.


                 9.3.2 TOWN OF BABYLON FACILITIES

                    The barrier island in the Town of Babylon contains five Town parks, two
                    private yacht clubs, the West Gilgo Beach Association dock facility, and
                    the large undeveloped area of Gilgo State Park. Of the estimated 2,234
                    acres that comprise the barrier island (between the county line to the
                    west and Captree State Park to the east), approximately 1,508 acres (or
                    67 percent) contain recreational land uses (See Table 6-1). Residential
                    and commercial land uses account for 7 percent (149 acres), and the
                    remaining 26 percent (577 acres) of this land area is comprised of the
                    Ocean Parkway and vacant, undeveloped Town-owned land.

                    As discussed in Section 9.2, the Town of Babylon recreational facilities
                    offer a wide range of amenities, including bathing beaches and boat
                    docks. The Gilgo Beach facility is the most heavily utilized, while,
                    the other beach facilities are moderately used during the summer season.
                    Of the 43,782 persons that utilized the three facilities between June 27
                    and September 4, 1991, 80 percent utilized Gilgo Beach. The remaining
                    20 percent used Cedar Beach (17 percent) and Overlook Beach (3 percent).
                    An additional 3,094 were reported to have used Gilgo Beach between May
                    23 and June 27, 1991; the other two facilities were not open during this
                    time period.

                    The numbers reported above indicate that Gilgo is highly favored to the
                    point. of over-utilization, while the other two beaches have ample
                    capacity.   This disparity is caused by the difference in the physical
                    characteristics of these beaches and illustrates the public's desire to
                    utilize the narrower stretch of beach. It is expected that this trend
                    will continue.    Therefore, the Town may choose to evaluate ways to
                    encourage increased usage of the moderately-used facilities at Cedar and
                    Overlook Beaches, thereby alleviating the demand on the resources at
                    Gilgo Beach. The strategy for addressing this problem may include fee
                    restructuring (see Section 9.4).

                    As with the State  park facilities, it is difficult to estimate future
                    use and demand for the Town facilities. However, rough estimates can be
                    made.   In total,  46,878 persons were reported to have used the Town
                    facilities during  the 1991 summer season. Because of the high cost to
                    utilize these Town facilities without a resident recreation permit, the
                    percentage of non-residential usage is estimated to be insignificant.

                                                   9-15









                    These 46,878 persons are equivalent to 23 percent of the Town of Babylon
                    population, reported at 202,889 persons (U.S. Census Bureau, February
                    27, 1991).    Using population growth estimates provided by the Long
                    Island Regional Planning Board, future usage of the Town facilities can
                    be projected. By 2010, it is estimated that the population of the Town           r
                    will be 213,800 persons.     Assuming a continuing rate, of use of 23
                    percent of the Town population, it is estimated that the overall beach
                    attendance will reach 49,174 persons by 2010.       This is a 5 percent
                    increase over the 1991 level of usage.      It is estimated the 48,254
                    persons or 3 percent would utilize the beaches by the year 2000.

                    The above estimates are approximate, based on      uncertain population
                    projections, but indicate that as the total Town population increases,
                    it can be expected that more people will use the ocean beaches. Again,
                    it must be noted that other population characteristics affect attendance
                    figures and, therefore, a simple linear increase in beach usage may not
                    occur.

                    Section 9.3.6 contains a discussion of the implications of the above             01
                    analysis with respect to the potential need for additional Town of
                    Babylon Beach facilities in the future.


                 9.3.3 TOWN OF BABYLON BOAT DOCKING FACILITIES

                    The Town currently provides a total of 138 boat berths on the Outer
                    Beach (81 at Cedar Beach and 57 at Gilgo Beach) for public use.
                    Although the Town Parks Department did not report a lack of docking
                    space or an over-utilization problem at these facilities, there is a
                    perceived need for seasonal public docking space. Considering the large
                    number of people who enjoy recreational boating on the Great South Bay
                    each year, it is possible that these 138 slips may not fully satisfy the
                    current demand.

                    In light of the above, CA identified a number of opportunities for the
                    potential future provision of additional public docking space. Possible
                    sites and opportunities considered include: the revitalization of the
                    commercial marina and fueling facility located on the southwestern
                    corner of the northern half of Seganus Thatch; replacement of the boat
                    docking slips that were formerly located on the north side of Ocean
                    Parkway, across from Oak Beach Park; conversion of the two private yacht
                    clubs in the West Gilgo Beach area to public use; installation of
                    additional floating docks at Cedar Beach; and use of the bulkhead in the
                    western section of Gilgo Beach for public docking.

                    A 2.3 acre parcel on Seganus Thatch was once occupied by a commercial
                    marina and fueling facility.    This property, although presently in a
                    deteriorated state, could be revitalized as an active public marina
                    facility in the future. The Town owns the land, which had previously
                    been leased to a private individual for commercial usage. The bulkhead
                    and a portion of the docks are still in place, but would require major


                                                  9-16









                     rehabilitation.   Permits from NYSDEC and ACOE would also be required.
                     The Town may wish to further evaluate this opportunity.

                     At present there are 16 floating boat berths and 65 permanent berths
                     along the main dock at the Cedar Beach Marina. The Town could install
                     additional floating dock space in this area to accommodate seasonal
                     users.   This dock space could be installed in the vicinity of the
                     existing floating dock, or the existing dock could be reconstructed to
                     handle additional boats.

                     There were previously 22 boat slips located on the north side of Ocean
                     Parkway, at Oak Beach. According to the Town's draft Local Waterfront
                     Revitalization Plan, these slips were removed due to unspecified safety
                     concerns.  The Town may wish to evaluate the feasibility of restoring
                     this docking facility.    It may be possible to design the slips in a
                     manner that would not result in public safety hazards.

                     The Town may also consider converting the two private yacht clubs in the
                     West Gilgo area (the Seaford Harbor Yacht Club and Unqua Corinthian
                     Yacht Club) for public use. These two facilities are currently located
                     on lands leased from the Town. In April of 1992, CA conducted a study
                     of the Seaford Harbor Yacht Club for the Town, to determine the
                     potential for conversion to public use.      It was CA's conclusion that
                     although such a conversion would be possible, it would be a very costly
                     endeavor to upgrade the facility to meet basic requirements of public
                     safety and use. It is expected that the same conditions would hold for
                     the Unqua Corinthian facility.      Therefore, the Town may choose to
                     investigate less costly opportunities before pursuing this possibility.

                     Another potential opportunity for expanded public dock space would
                     involve the use of the existing bulkhead, along the shoreline of the
                     Gilgo Beach West community. This bulkhead is presently reserved for the
                     use of the residents who live in Gilgo Beach West. A similar situation
                     applies to the West Gilgo Beach community marina. Open public use of
                     these resources would require removing them from the use of the
                     community residents who currently lease these lands.

                     The Town would have three options for accomplishing this objective:
                     renegotiate the leases to change the applicable provisions, which would
                     likely be resisted by the affected residents; terminate the leases
                     prematurely, which would likely involve substantial cost for the Town
                     (See Section 8.2); or allow the leases to lapse without renewal when
                     their current term expires in 2050, which would not provide a solution
                     in the near-term. Due to the limitations of each of these alternatives,
                     the Town may wish to investigate the more straightforward methods of
                     expanding public dock space (discussed previously) prior to considering
                     the use of facilities presently associated with the subject communities.


                 9.3.4 TOWN OF OYSTER BAY FACILITIES




                                                    9-17









                     Tobay Beach had been experiencing increasing pressure and was closing
                     due to capacity problems. To mitigate these problems, the Town enlarged
                     the parking area to accommodate up to 3,300 vehicles. This action has
                     successfully addressed the problem of over-capacity, but it is expected
                     that sometime in the distant future the problem may resurface
                     (Fitzgerald, TOB, October 28. 1992).     At such a time, the Town would
                     reassess the situation and again undertake appropriate mitigative
                     action.   It is expected that use of this facility would also be
                     controlled in accordance with population growth trends as discussed
                     above, as well as environmental factors such as the width of the beach.
                     As mentioned earlier, the beach has become very narrow due to storm
                     action, reducing the overall size of the available bathing area. While
                     the beach facilities at Tobay are well utilized, the marina was reported
                     by the Town of Oyster Bay to be under-utilized. The Town is currently
                     taking steps to analyze and address this situation.


                 9.3.5 FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE VEHICULAR USE

                     The Town of Babylon Department of Environmental Control and the Four-
                     Wheel Drive Committee, a citizen's advisory group, have worked together
                     at regulating use of the barrier beach for this activity (TOB L.W.R.P.,
                     November 1986). The Town prohibits access to certain sensitive areas,
                     including dunes, tern colonies and the marshes, and requires drivers to
                     have a permit. The entire beach and dune area between the Sore Thumb
                     and the Nassau County line has been closed to four-wheel drive vehicles
                     because of the erosion hazard.        Before receiving a permit, Town
                     residents must attend an educational course explaining barrier beach
                     ecosystems and Town regulations.    Most problems in the Town regarding
                     four-wheel drive enforcement arise from the lack of coordination of Town
                     and State policies.    In the past, requirements on the State lands at
                     Gilgo State Park have been fewer and enforcement was less intensive than
                     on the Town lands.    Recently, the Town and State have cooperatively
                     operated a successful checkpoint booth between Memorial Day and Labor
                     Day to control seasonal ingress and egress.       There are occasionally
                     conflicts with barrier beach residents, who complain of excessive
                     nighttime noise from four-wheel drive vehicles.

                     In order to more effectively control the situation, the Town has
                     proposed to the New York State Office of Parks and Recreation that
                     regulation of four-wheel drive vehicles use of the entire barrier beach
                     in the Town of Babylon, both State and Town owned, be performed by the
                     Town through an easement agreement. In this way, access to the beach
                     could be more effectively controlled, and regulations to protect the
                     environment more uniformly enforced.








                                                   9-18









           9.4   SUMMARY OF FUTURE RECREATIONAL NEEDS

                 Analysis of the available data for the utilization of the existing public
                 recreational facilities reveals that, although it appears that certain
                 parks are heavily utilized during the summer season, the need for
                 additional park facilities does not seem apparent.       The current use of
                 certain sites needs to be evaluated in order to make the necessary
                 adjustments or alterations in services or fee structures to mitigate
                 existing capacity conditions. At the same time, appropriate changes could
                 be made at facilities that are under-utilized to encourage increases in
                 facility usage.      Almost every Town facility permits non-resident
                 utilization by the public, and the State parks are open to anyone;
                 therefore, public access is not being openly restricted.       However, some
                 Town of Babylon and the Town of Oyster Bay facilities charge relatively
                 high fees for non-resident use, which may act to limit use of these
                 facilities by non-residents.

                 In the study area, it is evident that although Gilgo Beach is receiving
                 heavy use during the summer season, other Town of Babylon park facilities
                 are not being over-utilized. Based on an assessment of the data provided
                 by the Town, Cedar and Overlook Beaches are being moderately utilized.
                 Overlook Beach, which is restricted to residents only, is the least
                 utilized site.   During the summer 1991 season, only 1,435 persons were
                 reported to have used this beach. In response to this disparity, it is
                 recommended that  the Town further investigate current facility usage and
                 development strategies for improving the use of the lesser-utilized
                 beaches.   This is especially important in light of the potential for
                 population growth, which may place additional demand on Gilgo Beach as well
                 as the other two facilities.

                 The fee for non-residents or residents without recreational permits to use
                 any of the outer beaches is $25.00 on weekend days and holidays, and $15.00
                 on weekdays. To encourage increased use of Cedar Beach, the non-resident
                 fee could be lowered. The non-resident use restriction of Overlook Beach
                 could also be lifted. Other such mitigative approaches should be evaluated
                 by the Town in an attempt to improve the utilization of these facilities.

                 The existence of the subject residential communities was also assessed in
                 terms of public access.    Vehicular access to the barrier communities is
                 restricted by public parking limitations in the interior of the residential
                 areas.   Public parking is available in the vicinity of some of the
                 communities- (e.g., Gilgo Beach and Oak Beach), while other communities
                 (Captree Island and West Gilgo Beach) are remote from public parking areas.
                 Oak Island lacks vehicular access, and can only be visited by watercraft.
                 The bay-side communities do not contain the type of features (especially
                 sandy beaches) that usually prompt visits to the barrier island.            In
                 addition, there are a number of bay-side parks nearby (most notably Captree
                 State Park) that are presently not utilized to capacity.       The Oak Beach
                 communities front on the ocean-side shoreline of the barrier, but
                 sufficient access is available in the vicinity of these communities to
                 conclude that additional access points in the immediate area are not
                 required.                        9-19









                  It was noted that informal access is occurring in areas that contain dunes
                  and other sensitive resources.        This informal access is generally the
                  result of boaters seeking ingress to the oceanfront from the bay or of
                  fishermen seeking access to portions of the shoreline not actively open to
                  the general public. The portions of the study area where informal access
                  is occurring should be more closely evaluated by the Town and State to
                  determine if more formalized means of access could be provided. This would
                  include dune walkover ramps and possibly fishing piers or boardwalks to
                  accommodate these shoreline users.

                  As discussed in Section 9.2.5 and indicated in Figure 9.1, extensive
                  informal access to the shoreline is occurring in the vicinity of the study
                  area.   Although this indicates some need for additional formal modes of
                  access, it would be aimed at accommodating other types of recreational
                  users (i.e., boaters and bayside fishermen) rather than beachgoers who
                  access the beach by car and utilize formal park facilities.            The Town
                  should further investigate the extent to which informal               access is
                  occurring, and for what purposes. Physical approaches to address the needs
                  of these users must then be determined.          Additional jetties could be
                  utilized for fishing in the inlet or bayside fishing piers could be
                  constructed.

                  At the same time that the Town is investigating methods for improving
                  shoreside recreational access, the need for additional public docking space
                  must also be assessed. As discussed in Section 9.2.4, there is a perceived
                  need for more public docks and marinas and there are a number of ways this
                  need could be addressed. Further study in this regard is required.



            9.5 STATE POLICY FOR PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT

                  9.5.1 CMP PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION POLICIES

                     As discussed in Section 6.4, the New York State Department of State
                     prepared a statewide Coastal Management Program (CMP) . This program was
                     put into place through the enactment of Article 42 of the Executive
                     Law - The Waterfront Revitalization and Coastal Resources Act (WRCRA).
                     WRCRA provided a set of 44 enforceable policies which address important
                     issues affecting coastal areas.      Federal and State actions undertaken
                     within the CMP area boundaries must be consistent with these policies.
                     Four of the 44 policies apply to public access and recreational
                     concerns. These are described as follows.

                     A. Policy 19

                     Policy 19 of the State CMP requires that the level and types of access
                     to publicly owned water-related recreational resources and facilities be
                     protected, maintained and increased. Efforts should be taken to ensure
                     that these resources and facilities may be fully utilized in accordance
                     with reasonably anticipated public recreational needs and the protection
                     of historic and natural resources.

                                                     9-20









                   This policy focuses on improving and increasing public access to the
                   recreational resources and facilities of the coast, such as public
                   beaches, parks, fishing piers and boat launch sites. This is seen as a
                   key element in the management of coastal areas.     Development, private
                   use or ownership of land, natural shoreline topography, inadequate
                   public transportation, limited parking facilities, and non-resident
                   restrictions, are all factors which singly or in combination can
                   restrict public access to existing recreation resources.     This policy
                   calls for achieving a balance between providing adequate access to a
                   resource or facility, encouraging full and reasonable use of a resource
                   or facility, and      protecting natural resources.       It applies to
                   communities with existing or planned public water-related recreational
                   resources.    Access issues include such things as inadequate access
                   roads, lack of public transportation, physical barriers created by
                   highways or  other development, poor signage or public awareness, and
                   limitations  imposed by the cost of using a facility, including user
                   fees, parking fees and general transportation costs.

                   B. Po7icy 20

                   Policy 20 of the State CMP requires that access be provided to the
                   publicly-owned foreshore and to lands immediately adjacent to the
                   foreshore or the water's edge that are publicly-owned.        It further
                   requires this access to be provided in a manner compatible with
                   adjoining uses, and that public lands be retained in public ownership.

                   Access to the publicly-owned lands of the coast can be provided for
                   numerous activities and pursuits which require only minimal facilities
                   for their enjoyment, such as walking along a beach, bicycling,
                   birdwatching, photography, nature study, beachcombing, fishing, and
                   hunting. The application of this policy does not have to depend on the
                   existence of specific public recreation resources and facilities along
                   the waterfront.    So long as there is publicly-owned waterfront in a
                   community, including the foreshore, the obligation exists to provide
                   access for whatever activities are appropriate to each particular
                   stretch of public waterfront.

                   C. Micy 21

                   Policy 21 of the State CMP requires that water dependent and water
                   enhanced recreation be encouraged and facilitated, and given priority
                   over non-water related uses along the coast, provided it is consistent
                   with the preservation and enhancement of other coastal resources and
                   takes into account demand for such facilities.     In accommodating such
                   activities, priority shall be given to areas where access can be
                   provided, by new of existing public transportation services, to existing
                   recreational opportunities on the coast and to those areas where the use
                   of the shore is severely restricted by existing development.

                   Water-related recreation includes such act ivities as boating, swimming,
                   and fishing. In addition, certain activities are enhanced by a coastal
                   location and can increase the general public's access to the coast.

                                                 9-21









                    Facilities that offer such as pedestrian and bicycle trails, picnic
                    areas, scenic overlooks and passive recreation areas that take advantage
                    of coastal scenery, are encouraged.

                    0. Po7icy 22

                    Policy 22 of the State CMP requires that development, when located
                    adjacent to the shore, provide for water-related recreation as a
                    multiple use.    This is essential whenever such recreational use is
                    appropriate in light of reasonably anticipated. demand for such
                    activities.

                    coastal areas are considered New York's most important outdoor
                    recreational resource.    Their appeal and significance creates several
                    concerns. Principal among these are: 1) determining how the demand for
                    shoreline recreation can be met while ensuring that other land and water
                    use needs are accommodated, and 2) protecting the natural resource base.
                    Many developments present practical opportunities for providing
                    recreation facilities as an additional use of the site or facility.
                    Therefore, whenever developments are located adjacent to the shore they
                    should, to the fullest extent permitted by existing law, provide for
                    some form of water-related recreation use. The only exceptions would be
                    if there are compelling reasons why such recreation would not be
                    compatible with the development, or a reasonable demand for public use
                    cannot be foreseen.


                 9.5.2 APPLICABILITY OF THE STATE PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATION POLICIES TO
                        THE STUDY AREA

                    As a means of implementing the State Coastal Management Program, local
                    governments are given the opportunity to address the problems and
                    opportunities in their coastal areas, in full partnership with the
                    State, through the preparation of a Local Waterfront Revitalization
                    Program (LWRP).     Since municipalities have primary authority for
                    directly regulating land use, an LWRP would allow them to refine and
                    supplement the State CMP by incorporating local needs and objectives.
                    In areas where State approved LWRP's are in place, all actions,
                    including State and Federal actions (e.g., direct actions, and state and
                    federal funding and permit actions), must be consistent with the
                    policies contained in this program.

                    In the  absence of an approved local program, the State retains full
                    responsibility for the application and enforcement of the CMP. Unless
                    an action undertaken in the study area requires some level of State or
                    Federal approval, the review of Town actions for consistency with the
                    State policies would not occur. Should the Town propose to improve or
                    expand existing public access to recreational facilities, or should new
                    facilities or shoreline development be planned, these proposals would
                    not be reviewed for consistency with the State CMP unless a permit or
                    some other form of approval was required from a State or Federal agency
                    (e.g., a tidal wetlands permit from NYSDEQ. Without an approved LWRP,

                                                  9-22









                   there is no mechanism for local projects in the study area to be
                   reviewed for consistency with the State policies.

                   Presently the Town of Babylon does not have an approved LWRP. The Town
                   has the opportunity at any time in the future to undertake this program.


                9.5.3 CONFORMANCE OF STUDY AREA DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS WITH    THE STATE
                       POLICIES

                   The Town does not presently have an approved LWRP,,but    it is possible
                   that such a program would be implemented in the future. At that time,
                   development and other land use actions proposed in the study area would
                   be subject to local consistency review.    Although development actions
                   are not currently reviewed for consistency, except in cases where State
                   or Federal permits or approvals are required, the development patterns
                   in the study were examined to determine if past activities comply with
                   the State public access and recreation policies.

                   A. Po7lcy 19

                   Policy 19 requires that public access to the shore be protected,
                   maintained and increased, and that public recreational resources be
                   fully utilized. There are presently three Town park facilities in the
                   study area which occupy 277 acres.        In addition, 1,223 acres of
                   undeveloped beach and upland area comprise Gilgo State Park. Only 149
                   acres in the study area is developed with residential and, to a minor
                   degree, commercial uses.    The Town has generally complied with this
                   policy. Although roadways in the study area are good, with no existing
                   barriers preventing    access to the shore,       there   is no public
                   transportation to this area from the mainland.       The fees for non-
                   residential use of Town parks may also limit use by non-residents.
                   However, the Town has essentially provided adequate and unrestricted
                   access to a large part of the study area shoreline.

                   B. Po7icy 20

                   Policy 20 requires that access to publicly-owned foreshore and adjacent
                   land be provided. It further requires that land be retained in public
                   ownership.   Development in the study area has, for the most part,
                   conformed to this policy although the Town has permitted residential
                   development on the barrier. As outlined in Section 6.0, the Town and
                   the State own all of the land in the study area, (some bay islands are
                   owned by the County).      No land in this area is held in private
                   ownership. With respect to the residential land use, this development
                   occupies only 7 percent of the total land area on the Town of Babylon
                   portion of the barrier island. This development is not blocking access
                   to the shore, or preventing the general public from utilizing the
                   oceanfront.   Although the Oak Beach communities are located along the
                   shorefront, there are still adequate opportunities for the public to
                   access and enjoy coastal resources.     The three Town parks and Gilgo


                                                 9-23









                      State Park, provide access to both the ocean and bay shorelines for
                      bathing, fishing, and boating activities.

                      C. Wicy 21

                      Pol i cy 21 requ i res that water-dependent and water-enhanced recreat i on be
                      encouraged and facilitated, and given priority over non-water related
                      uses along the shore.     By permitting the establishment of residential
                      development in the study area, the Town has not fully complied with this
                      policy. However, this development only comprises a small portion of the
                      total land area.    Much of the remaining area has been developed with
                      both passive and active recreational uses.

                      D. Po7icy 22

                      Policy 22 requires that development along the shore provide water-
                      related recreation as a multiple use. This policy is more oriented to
                      private development projects built along the shore.            In many cases
                      private development restricts public use and access to the shoreline.
                      In the study area, although private homes have been built on public land
                      along the shore, these homes are not directly restricting access to the
                      shore.   Ample opportunities have been provided by the Town for the
                      public to enjoy coastal resources.       Three Town beaches and two boat
                      basins, (as well as the large area of State parkland) are available for
                      passive and active recreational activities.





























                                                      9-24










           9.6    REFERENCES


           Caro, Robert. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Vintage
                  Books; Random House Publishing, New York; 1974.

           Cashin Associates, PC. April 1992. "Analysis of Physical Improvements and
                  Associated Costs Required for Town of Babylon Operation of Facility known
                  as 'Seaford Harbor Yacht Club'. Report prepared for the Town of Babylon
                  Department of General Services.

           Douglas, Roy. Winter, 1992. Babylon's First Bay Island Bungalows, Long Island
                  Forum; Volume LIV, No. I.

           Douglas, Roy. November 16, 1992, Local historian, Valley Stream. Telephone
                  Communication.

           Fitzgerald, Lawrence. October 28, 1992. Superintendent, Town of Oyster Parks
                  Department, Massapequa, New York. Telephone Communication.

           Gorman, George. October 29, 1992. Director of Recreational Services, New York
                  State Officer of Parks and Recreation and Historic Preservation, Babylon,
                  New York. Telephone Communication.

           Matheis, Barbara. December 14, 1992. Assistant to the Commissioner, Town of
                  Babylon Parks Department, Lindenhurst, New York. Telephone Communication.

           Seaford Historical Society. December 14, 1992. Review of Video tape of the High
                  Hill Community prepared by the Seaford Historical Society.

           Town of Babylon Beaches and Recreational Areas Law, Chapter 81 of the Town Code,
                  Adopted December 6, 1969.

           Town of Babylon Local Waterfront Revitalization Program, November 1986.










                                                   TABLE 9-1

                              ANNUAL ATTENDANCE STATISTICS FOR THE STATE PARKS




                      YEAR                      FACILITY                      ATTENDANCE
                      1960          Jones Beach/Captree                       11,163,500
                                    Robert Moses                                  136,000
                      1970          Jones Beach/Captree                       13,190,600
                                    Robert Moses                              2,387,000
                      1980          Jones Beach/Captree                       10,436,211
                                    Robert Moses                              2,445,140
                      1981          Jones Beach/Captree                       8,456,181
                                    Robert Moses                              2,245,011
                      1982          Jones Beach/Captree                       8,604,686
                                    Robert Moses                              2,348,200
                      1983          Jones Beach/Captree                       8,655,426
                                    Robert Moses                              2,456,815
                      1984          Jones Beach/Captree                       7,430,363
                                    Robert Moses                              2,308,719
                      1985          Jones Beach/Captree                       8,277,164
                                    Robert Moses                              2,564,253
                      1986          Jones Beach/Captree                       8,280,580
                                    Robert Moses                              2,729,472
                      1987          Jones Beach/Captree                       10,036,665
                                    Robert Moses                              3,098,695
                      1988          Jones Beach/Captree                       8,151,143
                                    Robert Moses                              2,824,039
                      1989          Jones Beach/Captree                       9,320,028
                                    Robert Moses                              3,107,292
                      1990          Jones Beach/Captree                       9,664,769
                                    Robert Moses                              3,306,374
                      1991          Jones Beach                               8,339,477
                                    Captree                                   2,100,445
                                    Robert Moses                              3,652,085



            Source: G. Gorman, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and           Historic
                      Preservation, November 6, 1992.


















                                                     LINDENHURST
             AjvVLLE         COPIAGUE



                                                                                 GREAT SOUTH BAN








                                                                                                                    /Sown CITU"
                                                                                                                     FISHINGS JETTY
  Z713                                                   y
                                   GILGO BEACH
                                    BOAT BASIN
                                                                                                          THUMB
                                                                                             ERLOOK
                                                                                             BEACH

                                                                                      AR BEACH                           FIRE ISLAND
                                                                                                      DEMOCRAT
                                                                        CEDAR BEACH MARINA              PON"


                                      GLGO BEACH                                                  ATLANTIC OCIIEAN


                       T GLGO BEACH
                   ASSOCLUM DOCK

     OBAY BEACH
                   SEAFORD HARBOR                                                        OUTM 13EACH CO@MTIES
                   YACHT CLUS                                                                                                     Pu
                                                                                         I WEST GLQO REACH
                                          - OUNE WALK OVER/ FOOTPATH                     2 GLOO WACH W981 (UHASSOCIATM)
                                           RECREATION AREA                               3 GLGO BEACH EAST
                                                                                         4 0" ULAW
                                                                                         5 CAPTREE W.AJW JUNASSOCIATED)
                                           BOUNDARY OF GLGO STATE PARK
                                                                                         6 OAK BEACH WEST JUKASSOCIATED)
                                    w a amp.
                                                                                         7 OAK MACH EAST (UNASSOCLATED)



 m m m m m = m m = m m = = m m m m = =





















                          SECTION 10









                                                   SECTION 10
                                                   CONCLUSION



                  SECTION                                                                        Page

             10.1 INTRODUCTION                                                                   10-1

             10.2   SUMMARY OF IMPACTS                                                           10-1

             10.3   UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS                                                  10-4

             10.4   BENEFICIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE SUBJECT COMMUNITIES                  10-5

             10.5   SUMMARY OF MITIGATION MEASURES                                               10-6

             10.6   SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS                                        10-8

                    10.6.1 COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS                                                10-8

                    10.6.2 DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY                                                 10-9

                    10.6.3 PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS EDUCATION                             10-10

                    10.6.4 MANAGEMENT OF GILGO/WEST GILGO OCEANFRONT                            10-10

                    10.6.5 MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL EROSION HAZARD AREA                            10-10










                                                  SECTION 10

                                                  CONCLUSION



             10.1  INTRODUCTION

                   The preceding nine sections of this report contain a detailed analysis of
                   the seven study elements that were specified by the Advisory Committee in
                   the scope of this study.         Under each study element, the discussion
                   centered on the existing conditions within and in the vicinity of the
                   subject communities, the impacts that have resulted from these
                   communities, and measures that could be implemented to mitigate identified
                   impacts. Below is a synopsis and further analysis of the impacts (Section
                   10.2), unavoidable adverse impacts (which are discussed separately in
                   Section 10.3), beneficial environmental effects of the subject communities
                   (Section 10.4), and mitigation measures (Section 10.5) that have
                   previously been discussed. The main purpose of these four sections is to
                   unify the primary findings of this study, which have been formulated under
                   the individual study elements.      The comprehensive scope of this summary
                   will allow the interdependence of the study elements to be more readily
                   shown than in the individual sections that are presented above.

                   The final section of this report contains recommendations for the
                   implementation of measures to mitigate the impacts that have resulted from
                   the presence of residential development on the Town of Babylon's barrier
                   and bay islands.     This integrated plan for the management of the Outer
                   Beach communities will contain some comprehensive strategies that have not
                   been discussed previously in this report (e.g., the establishment of
                   homeowners' associations in the three communities that are presently
                   unassociated). Further elaboration on management options that have been
                   examined under individual study elements is also discussed in Section
                   10.6.



            10.2   SUMMARY OF IMPACTS

                   The introduction of houses into an area that was previously undeveloped
                   will generally impact the natural environment to some degree. Among the
                   typical consequences of human habitation are the release of certain
                   contaminants into surface waters and groundwater, the disturbance of
                   natural landforms, and the displacement of sensitive wildlife and
                   vegetation.    Residential developments can also place an added burden on
                   community services, and may occupy lands that otherwise might be used to
                   satisfy public recreational needs. All of these factors were examined in
                   the present study in order to gauge the effects that                residential
                   development has had on the environment of the Town of Babylon       barrier and
                   bay islands.

                   Overall, this study has revealed that the six residential           communities
                   which were the subject of this investigation have not had           large scale
                   adverse impacts on the barrier and bay island environment.             Although,

                                                      10-1








                  clearly there have been some negative effects of the development of the
                  Outer Beach, the existence of this development has also generated some
                  benefits (see Section 10.4).

                  This study has revealed no evidence that the Outer Beach communities have
                  caused significant deterioration of the quality of surface waters in the
                  surrounding area.   It is likely that some contamination is released to
                  Great South Bay from septic effluent, especially during high tides and
                  storm events. However, the entire Bay suffers from water quality problems
                  during extreme weather, particularly due to contaminants carried from the
                  Long Island mainland.      The design of the subject communities has
                  incorporated effective mitigation for potential surface water quality
                  impacts; there is very little area of impervious surfaces, and individual
                  home sites are generally surrounded by wide buffers of vegetation rooted
                  in sandy soils.    Thus, precipitation that falls onto the study area
                  generates very little stormwater runoff (which is the chief contributor of
                  pollutants to Great South Bay), and the runoff that does result generally
                  infiltrates into the ground before reaching the bay.

                  Septic effluent released from the subject residences via subsurface sewage
                  disposal systems has adversely affected groundwater quality in the study
                  area. However, these impacts have been limited to the upper portion of
                  the aquifer; contaminants do not penetrate to the drinking water resources
                  of the deep aquifer, due to the presence of a salty groundwater layer that
                  separates the shallower and deeper layers of freshwater.

                  The presence of residential development on the Outer Beach has likely
                  caused some penetration of saltwater into the deep aquifer. According to
                  the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS), numerous wells
                  that were drilled to the deep aquifer to satisfy potable water needs of
                  the residents of the subject communities have been abandoned.       As the
                  casings of these wells succumb to corrosion due to contact with the salty
                  layer of groundwater, pathways are created for saltwater (and other
                  contaminants) to penetrate to the freshwater of the deep aquifer.       The
                  SCDHS considers this to be a potentially serious threat to drinking water
                  resources.

                  The potential for damage caused by a severe coastal storm is the most
                  serious threat that faces the residents and property of the Outer Beach.
                  All six residential communities lie entirely within the designated
                  boundary of the 100-year flood plain, and fully 81 percent of the
                  individual houses are situated within an area (i.e., the V zone)
                  identified as being susceptible to significant wave action during the 100-
                  year event.   However, only 42 percent of the houses in the study area
                  conform with the minimal flood prevention standard for first floor
                  elevation, and it is estimated that fewer than 5 percent of the houses in
                  the V zone comply with strict structural requirements for resistance
                  against wind and storm waves.

                  Despite the potential for the subject communities to incur significant
                  damage due to severe coastal storms, very little damage has actually been
                  sustai.ned in recent memory.   In fact, the residences in the study area

                                                  10-2









                  have escaped virtually unscathed from recent storms which have wreaked
                  extensive destruction in other areas of Long Island. This may give some
                  residents within the study area a false sense of security regarding their
                  susceptibility to coastal storms, which increases the likelihood that some
                  residents will not react appropriately to official directives during a
                  storm emergency. The possible consequences of such a situation would be
                  increased property damage, and unnecessary injuries and even deaths.

                  The study area and vicinity contains large tracts of vacant land,
                  including approximately 82 building lots within the subject communities
                  that are designated for residential use and which were determined by CA to
                  be potentially developable.       The construction of houses on these
                  properties would result in a significant increase in the number of
                  residents in the study area and a concomitant increase in the level of
                  impact caused by the subject communities. Alternatively, these lots can
                  be held in reserve for the relocation of existing homes from sites that
                  are more susceptible to storm damage. The Town believes that the current
                  development density (415 homes in the study area) achieves an appropriate
                  balance between development and the environment.

                  The cost-benefit analysis performed by CA indicates that the Town of
                  Babylon presently receives a significant net monetary benefit from the
                  subject communities. This benefit will increase as the annual rental fee
                  escalates during the term of the current leases. It is important to note,
                  however, that the Town would likely incur substantial direct and indirect
                  relief costs in the event of a coastal storm that causes substantial
                  damage to the subject communities.      Thus, the assessment of positive
                  financial impacts would have to be re-evaluated if large-scale, storm-
                  induced structural damage were to occur.

                  The current leases have a term that extends to the year 2050. The Town is
                  vested with the authority to terminate the leases prematurely, but only if
                  such action would accomplish a specific beneficial objective. Since the
                  leases legally bind the Town to provide the lessees with the use of Town-
                  owned property, in return for the payment of a predetermined rental fee,
                  the Town would be required to compensate tenants for premature termination
                  of these leases.    This compensation, which would include house-moving
                  expenses and remuneration for the loss of the use of the property, could
                  be prohibitive, especially if action is undertaken early in the lease
                  term.  The Town's costs would become lower as termination is effected
                  nearer to the lease expiration date; however, the potential benefits of
                  lease termination would also diminish.         Thus, it appears from the
                  homeowner equity analysis performed by CA (which did not consider possible
                  legal costs incurred in the likely event of a breach of contract suit by
                  the residents) that the potential benefits that would be derived from
                  premature lease termination would not justify the costs that would be
                  applied to the Town.

                  In general, New York State coastal policy requires that public land be
                  used for public recreation, open space, or wildlife habitat.       The State
                  considers that new residential development is not an acceptable use of
                  public land, even if the controlling entity maintains ownership. However,

                                                   10-3









                   in the case of residential development that predates the implementation of
                   the NYS Coastal Management Program, as applies to the subject communities,
                   the applicability of State policy is not as apparent. In the absence of
                   significant impacts to natural resources and/or community services, the
                   presence of pre-existing residential communities would be clearly
                   inconsistent with State policy only if such development interferes -with
                   the expansion of public recreational opportunities and open space.

                   Although the barrier beaches in the vicinity of the study area (i.e.,
                   Jones Island and the western end of Fire Island) receive the heaviest
                   usage of all of Long Island's public recreational facilities, there
                   currently is no demonstrated need for the creation of additional
                   facilities, nor is it apparent that this need will arise in the
                   foreseeable future.     Although certain public recreational facilities
                   (particularly Jones Beach State Park and the Town of Babylon's Gilgo
                   Beach) are experiencing capacity problems, other facilities operate well
                   below capacity.   Importantly, even if it was determined that additional
                   land was needed for park land expansion, none of the lands within the
                   subject communities would provide an ocean beach, which is the type of
                   facility that is in greatest demand. Furthermore, although there may be
                   a need for additional public marina space, there appear to be a number of
                   alternatives that should be investigated prior to examining the
                   possibility of converting the community dock space at West Gilgo and Gilgo
                   Basins to public use. Thus, despite the fact that the subject communities
                   occupy public land, the existence of these communities does not appear to
                   be limiting opportunities for public recreation and the enjoyment of open
                   space.


            10.3   UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS

                   As noted above, the potential for damage caused by a severe coastal storm
                   is the most serious threat that faces the residents and property of the
                   Outer Beach. Although certain measures can be implemented to lessen the
                   magnitude of potential property damage and injuries (see Section 10.4),
                   complete elimination of the threat is not possible.

                   The susceptibility of the Outer Beach communities to storm-induced damage
                   is largely subject to factors that may vary significantly over time. In
                   particular, the degree of protection afforded the West Gilgo and Gilgo
                   Beach communities is dependent on the condition of the oceanfront beaches
                   and dunes-along that segment of the barrier. At the present time, these
                   communities are especially vulnerable due to the substantial loss of beach
                   and dune material caused by recent storms. The ability of this shoreline
                   section to resist overwash (or even barrier breaching) has been greatly
                   diminished by these episodes of erosion. Consequently, storms that may
                   occur before the beach and dunes are restored (either artificially, or
                   gradually through natural processes) are more likely than ever to cause
                   damage to the back barrier communities.

                   The Oak Beach communities are, similarly, more susceptible to storm damage
                   than ever before due to the recent deterioration of the Sore Thumb.


                                                   10-4









                   However, whereas it is likely that over the short-term all feasible action
                   will be implemented to restore the West Gilgo and Gilgo shorelines due to
                   the overriding urgency of protecting Ocean Parkway and preventing the
                   formation of a new inlet, no such priority has been applied to the
                   restoration of the Sore Thumb. As a result, it is possible that necessary
                   maintenance of the Sore Thumb will never be undertaken.              With the
                   diminishing ability of the Sore Thumb to deflect tidal currents      away from
                   Oak Beach, the communities at that location will likely experience
                   accelerated shoreline erosion and increasing susceptibility to storm-
                   induced damage.


             10.4  BENEFICIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE SUBJECT COMMUNITIES

                   Despite the fact that the residential development in the study area has
                   impacted the environmental resources of the Outer Beach (to the degree
                   specified in Sections 10.2 and 10.3), the presence of the subject
                   communities also appears to have provided indirect environmental benefits.
                   Specifically, CA's investigation revealed that residents of the study area
                   have a generally high level of appreciation for the Outer Beach
                   environment, due partly to individual interest that arises directly from
                   being in proximity to these resources, as well as to the programs of such
                   organizations as Save the Beaches Fund, Inc. (STBF).        This appreciation
                   for the local environment has translated into a number of activities that
                   are directed at enhancing and preserving the environment.

                   STBF, in particular, has been instrumental in the effort to increase
                   public awareness and participation in local environmental issues.          This
                   not-for-profit organization is based in Oak Beach, and draws its
                   membership and officers largely from the Outer Beach communities.           The
                   following is a partial listing of STBF projects that have been undertaken
                   in the past few years:

                      0   participation in field education programs for local school children
                          in September 1991;

                          participation in a beach cleanup at Gilgo Beach in September 1991;

                      0   distribution of periodic newsletter to 110 individual and family
                          members (membership as of summer 1992);

                      0   selection of three sites for osprey nesting, and the erection of
                          three nesting platforms;

                      0   financial support and coordination with the Town for a storm drain
                          stencilling program, to minimize the use of storm drains as sites
                          for waste disposal;

                      0   assistance to the Nature Conservancy in the annual roping of
                          habitat areas for protected shorebirds;



                                                     10-5









                          engagement in an effort to obtain NYSDEC commitment to extend the
                          bay side boardwalk at Cedar Beach to the water's edge, for fishing,
                          environmental education, and passive enjoyment of scenic resources;
                          and

                      0   voluntary cooperation with the Suffolk County Vector Control office
                          in a long-term program for the Great South Bay salt marshes,
                          including the collection of larval samples and the treatment of
                          mosquito breeding sites.


            10.5  SUMMARY OF MITIGATION MEASURES

                  Below are summarized the primary measures that have been formulated to
                  mitigate the impacts of the subject communities. Refer to the respective
                  sections of the report under the appropriate study elements for a more
                  detailed discussion of any given measure.

                      0   The number of residences in the study area should be frozen at no
                          more than its current level of 415. The Town Board should explore
                          legal mechanisms to ensure that this policy is retained.

                      0   No construction activity should be permitted in the study area
                          which involves the direct discharge of stormwater to surface waters
                          or tidal wetlands. Leaching pools should be required whenever an
                          action will result in a potential increase in the long-term
                          discharge of stormwater to surface waters or tidal wetlands.

                      0   All activities within the subject communities should be undertaken
                          so as to maintain or enhance the existing vegetative buffer areas.

                      0   Permeable surfaces should be required for all new paved areas
                          within the subject communities that are 300 feet or less from a
                          surface water body or tidal wetland (e.g., gravel for vehicles and
                          wooden boardwalks or gravel for pedestrians).

                      0   Appropriate sediment and erosion control measures (e.g., hay bales,
                          silt fencing, temporary seeding, etc.) should be implemented for
                          all activities within the subject communities that will result in
                          exposed soils that can potentially be carried to nearby surface
                          waters or wetlands.

                      0   Boaters in the subject communities should be made aware of the
                          locations of wastewater pumpout stations in the vicinity of the
                          study area.

                      0   Where possible, private homeowner wells used for potable water
                          supply should be replaced with year-round community supply systems
                          that service more than 5 residences.

                      0   Private wells in the study area, which presently are not subject to
                          any monitoring requirements subsequent to the mandatory pre-

                                                   10-6









                           installation testing, should be monitored on a routine basis to
                           ensure acceptable water quality.

                      0    There should be increased governmental monitoring of the closure of
                           private wells in the study area, which would prevent them from
                           becoming a conduit for the downward migration of saltwater and
                           other contaminants. Enhanced oversight of the installation of new
                           private wells would ensure that these wells meet minimum standards
                           of construction, which would prolong their life and decrease the
                           rate at which wells are abandoned in the future.

                      0    Hurricane preparedness education should be stepped up and provided
                           on an annual basis to residents of the subject communities. It is
                           recommended that a pamphlet be designed to serve the multiple
                           purposes of increasing public cognizance of the study area's
                           susceptibility to severe coastal storms (particularly hurricanes)
                           and instructing residents on steps to take in the event of an
                           impending storm. The Town's current hurricane awareness pamphlet
                           does not contain adequate information on the former topic.

                      9    In an effort to increase the level of flood insurance coverage, the
                           Town should distribute pertinent educational materials to the
                           affected residents to explain the objectives of the National Flood
                           Insurance Program, and should highlight the advantages of having
                           flood insurance versus other possible means of disaster relief.

                      @    The Town should maintain its commitment to participating in the
                           Community Rating System of the National Flood Insurance Program,
                           and should investigate options for expanding its level of
                           participation. For example, the availability of sources of revenue
                           to fund the conversion of existing houses to meet FEMA requirements
                           should be pursued.

                      0    Beach nourishment and dune restoration activities along West Gilgo
                           and Gilgo Beaches should be continued into the indefinite future.
                           The State's mechanism for obtaining the funding to support their
                           share of the costs of the Fire Island Inlet dredging/beach
                           nourishment project should be reviewed and strengthened, if
                           possible, through legislation that requires dredge spoil from the
                           inlet to be used for beach nourishment purposes.

                      0    Mechanisms for funding the restoration of the Sore Thumb should be
                           investigated.

                      0    The environmental review process for the replacement of existing
                           houses on    the Outer Beach with new construction should be
                           streamlined to the maximum extent possible without sacrificing the
                           "hard look"  required under the State Environmental Quality Review
                           Act.   The   environmental benefits that are derived from such
                           conversions  (e.g., improved quality of septic effluent due to the
                           installation of a new subsurface sewage disposal system, and
                           enhanced storm damage resistance due to construction that meets

                                                    10-7









                         FEMA standards), especially during the early years of the current
                         lease term, should be carefully taken into consideration during
                         project review.

                     0   A more vigorous dune management plan should be implemented to
                         preserve the important erosion protection capabilities and
                         ecological values of these features. This plan should consist of:
                         increased signage and fencing to direct traffic away from
                         unprotected dunes, the construction of walkways at strategic
                         locations over the dunes, intensified enforcement of the existing
                         ban on foot traffic across the dunes, and a redoubled public
                         education effort.

                     0   Water craft speed limits through the State Boat Channel in the
                         vicinity of the Captree Island community should be vigorously
                         enforced to minimize wake-induced shoreline erosion.

                     0   The Town should investigate and implement means of shifting the
                         beach-going population from the heavily utilized facility at Gilgo
                         Beach to the two currently underutilized facilities at Overlook and
                         Cedar Beaches.

                     0   The Town of Babylon should further investigate the need for
                         additional public dock space.     If a real need exists, the Town
                         should explore alternatives for increasing the number of public
                         boat slips through the expansion of existing public facilities, the
                         re-establishment of presently abandoned facilities that had been
                         utilized in the past, and the conversion to public use of private
                         yacht clubs that currently occupy land leased from the Town.


            10.6 SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

                  10.6.1 COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS

                     In addition to the individual mitigation measures outlined above, the
                     main element of the recommended management strategy for the study area
                     would be the establishment of homeowners' associations in the three
                     communities (i.e., Gilgo Beach, Captree Island, and Oak Beach) which
                     are presently unassociated.     CA's investigation revealed that the
                     existence of a community association appears to afford a greater degree
                     environmental protection than exists in the absence of such an
                     organization. The primary basis for this conclusion is the qualitative
                     observations that were made during the course of the subject
                     investigation.

                     There are several factors that appear to have contributed to the
                     apparent enhancement of general environmental conditions in the
                     associated communities, versus the unassociated areas. The community
                     bylaws that govern activities in the associated areas place additional
                     restrictions on residents of these communities, in terms of aesthetics
                     and other environmental factors, that do not apply to residents of the

                                                  10-8









                      unassociated communities. For example, accessory structures (such as
                      garages) are prohibited in certain associated areas, which limits the
                      extent of site disturbance. Furthermore, community associations tend
                      to exert informal pressure on community members to conform with
                      acceptable rules of conduct, which is not possible in the absence of
                      oversight on a community level.

                      Homeowners'   associations also tend provide a stronger sense of
                      community than exists in unassociated areas, which encourages various
                      types of behavior that serves to protect and enhance the environment in
                      the study area. For example, CA found during its field investigation
                      that, in general, residents of the associated areas tended to be more
                      likely to inquire as to the reason for our presence in their
                      communities.      Since strangers often engage in environmentally
                      detrimental behavior, such as dumping and the disturbance of habitat
                      areas, this type of community watch activity discourages such behavior.
                      Furthermore,   the   existence   of   a  homeowners'   association    also
                      facilitates the implementation of projects on a community-wide scale.
                      Since all residents contribute financially to the association, money is
                      readily available for such projects. Additionally, regularly scheduled
                      meetings of the association boards allows residents of these
                      communities    with   a  mechanism to     express   opinions    and make
                      recommendations for improving conditions.


                   10.6.2 DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY

                      The Town has indicated that the extent of residential development in
                      the study area will not be expanded beyond the current level of 415
                      houses, although there are an estimated total of 82 vacant lots that
                      are considered to be developable. This policy is consistent with the
                      goal of minimizing potential impacts to the environment caused by the
                      subject communities.

                      Although the use of vacant lots for the development of additional
                      housing units in the study area would be contrary to Town policy, no
                      such limitation exists with regard to the use of these lands for the
                      relocation of existing houses.      CA supports such action, which can
                      provide a number of environmental benefits. For example, development
                      that is presently located in areas which are most susceptible to
                      coastal storm damage can be shifted to more protected sites, especially
                      in response to a destructive storm event. In addition, houses that sit
                      in or adjacent to important habitat areas can be relocated to less
                      sensitive areas.

                      CA's assessment of the number of developable lots in the study area was
                      based on a preliminary qualitative analysis of site conditions.        The
                      usability of any individual property for redevelopment purposes,
                      particularly those lots which have been identified as requiring some
                      site engineering, must be evaluated in detail on a lot by lot basis.



                                                    10-9










                  10.6.3 PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS EDUCATION

                     Enhanced public education is specified as a recommended mitigation
                     measure under several of the individual study elements that have been
                     examined in this investigation (e.g., with regard to dune walkovers and
                     the use of water craft pumpout stations).     Clearly, a knowledgeable
                     resident population should be considered as an important component of
                     any management plan to minimize the overall impact of the subject
                     communities.

                     In addition to education efforts that are directed at specific problems
                     (as identified in earlier sections of this report), community residents
                     would benefit from a more comprehensive general understanding of the
                     barrier and bay island environment.         Toward that goal, it is
                     recommended that the Town of Babylon, in conjunction with local
                     resident organizations such as the community associations and STBF,
                     continue to support and expand upon such efforts as are discussed in
                     Section 10.4.


                  10.6.4 MANAGEMENT OF GILGO/WEST GILGO OCEANFRONT

                     Although it appears likely at the present time that beach nourishment
                     and dune restoration activities along Gilgo and West Gilgo Beaches will
                     be continued indefinitely, there is no guarantee that future conditions
                     will not cause these projects to eventually be abandoned. Furthermore,
                     given the accelerated rate of erosion that has resulted from recent
                     storms, even if these projects are undertaken as planned, their
                     effectiveness is not assured. In the event of the discontinuation of
                     these projects (or the failure of these project to achieve their
                     objectives), resulting in the loss of Ocean Parkway to storm damage,
                     the Gilgo and West Gilgo Beach communities would front directly on the
                     Atlantic Ocean.     Under such circumstances, the conclusions and
                     recommendations presented in this report should be re-evaluated in
                     terms of the degree of storm protection afforded the two residential
                     communities at this location, and amended management strategies should
                     be formulated.



                  10.6.5 MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL EROSION HAZARD AREA

                     The portion of the study area that is presently most susceptible to
                     storm damage lies within the coastal erosion hazard area (CEHA), which
                     consists of the first row of houses along Oak Beach. As discussed in
                     Section 4.5.1.C, it is expected that the CEHA regulations promulgated
                     by the Town of Babylon will be applied to prohibit the restoration of
                     structures that are substantially damaged during a coastal storm. This
                     management strategy appears to be sound, and is supported by CA. The
                     destruction of houses within the CEHA by storms would confirm that this
                     area is prone to such damage, and the in-place restoration of such
                     houses would not be consistent with prudent environmental planning.


                                                  10-10









                     Efforts have been made by some governmental agencies to effect the
                     involuntary removal of CEHA houses for reasons other than storm-induced
                     damage (e.g., fire damage).    However, this action would not be tied
                     directly to an established relationship between the structure's
                     presence in the CEHA and its susceptibility to storm damage and
                     therefore, would not be supported by the findings and :conclusions oi
                     this study.


















































                                                  10-11







                                 FINAL REPORT

                             APPENDICES

                             Environmental Study of
                  the Barrier and Bay Island Communities

                          Town of Babylon, New York







                                     SubmiLted To:

                                   Town of BabVlon
                             Lindenhurst, New York 11757






                                     Prepared By:

                                CaShin Associates, P.c.
                           1200 veterans memorial Highwav
                             Hauppauge, NeWyorK 11788
                                    (516) 348-7600










                                    JUNE 1994










                                            FINAL REPORT


                                           APPENDICES



                                      Environmental Study of
                               the Barrier and Bay Island Communities

                                     Town of Babylon, New York










                                           Submitted To:

                                          Town of Babylon
                                   Lindenhurst, New York 11757








                                           Prepared By:

                                      Cashin Associates, P.C.
                                   1200 Veterans Memorial Highway
                                    Hauppauge, New York   11788
                                           (516) 348-7600

















                                             JuneI994









                                              APPENDICES



           Appendix A         Homeowner's   Survey  -   Discussion,   Summary   of   Results,
                              Questionnaires

           Appendix B         Surface Water Quality Data - Suffolk County Department of
                              Health Services, New York State Department of Environmental
                              Conservation

           Appendix C         Environmental   Assessment   of   the   Babylon  Outer    Beach
                              Communities, by EEA, Inc., Garden City, New York.       January
                              1991.

                              Spartina alternif7ora Biomass Study of the Baby7on Outer Beach
                              Communities, by EEA, Inc., Garden City, New York. November
                              1992.

           Appendix D         Biological Resources Materials

           Appendix E         Materials Used In Development Potential Analysis - Rent Riders
                              for Outer Beach Communities, Suffolk County Tax Maps of Study
                              Area, Index of Lot Designations




 m m m m m = = m = m m m m m m = m = m



























                          'APPENDIX A










                                              APPENDIX A

                                           HOMEOWNER SURVEY
                                        DISCUSSION OF RESULTS


           The homeowner survey achieved an overall 80 percent rate of response (331
           completed surveys were received from the 415 homes in the study area).         One
           community (the Oak Beach Association) had a 100 percent response.        Even the
           lowest response rate of 66 percent for West Gilgo Beach was impressive for this
           type of investigation.

           For the sake of clarity, the analysis presented here is based on simple
           percentages drawn from the total database compiled for all 331 responses. This
           approach assumes that variations among the six communities would tend to be
           balanced overall and, therefore, that a complex, weighted analysis is not
           necessary. This assumption appears to be valid because the rate of response from
           each of the three geographic areas of the Outer Beach (i.e., the ocean side of
           the barrier, represented by the Oak Beach communities; the bay side of the
           barrier, represented by West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach; and Captree and Oak Islands
           in the bay) is within 5 percentage points of the overall 80 percent response
           rate.

           The following is a topic-by-topic discussion of the results of the homeowner
           survey. Refer to the tables at the end of this Appendix for a listing of the
           accompanying summary data.


           A. Occupancy

              The average length of time that a family has occupied the houses in the study
              area is 25 years, while the median residency term is 21 years. These data
              indicate a very stable, well-established community.

              Some of the houses in the study area have been occupied by the respondents'
              families for close to 100 years, which indicates that these residences have
              been passed down through the generations since the early days of the Outer
              Beach communities.

              The survey indicates that approximately 54 percent of the homes in the study
              area are occupied on a year-round basis, while the remaining 46 percent are
              classified as seasonal occupancy.      This compares to data from the 1990
              census, which places year-round dwellings at 47 percent of the total housing
              stock on the Outer Beach, with seasonal homes accounting for the reamining 53
              percent (see Section 6 .2.1 of the main report).

              Fourteen percent of the houses are present used seasonally, but are suitable
              for year-round use in terms of heating, insulation, utilities, etc.        Four
              percent of the houses are seasonal units that are not presently suitable for
              winter occupancy, but have specific plans for conversion to year-round use.
              The remaining 25 percent of the houses surveyed are seasonal and have not
              been slated for conversion.         A-1










             B. Location

                Slightly over one-half of the homes in the study area have been described by
                the respondents as having a waterfront location, including all the homes on
                Captree and Oak Islands.      Twenty-eight percent of the houses lack direct
                vehicular access (e.g., a driveway or curbside parking), including all the
                homes on Oak Island, which has no land'transportation connection to the local
                roadway system. The residents of 17 percent of the houses in the remaining
                communities (specifically Oak Beach and West Gilgo Beach) lack vehicular
                access, and have to walk from a designated parking location to their homes.


             C. Demographic statistics

                The survey indicates a    total  of 26 school children in the 331 houses which
                responded. If it is assumed      that this ratio of 0.0785 school children per
                house is also representative of the 84 houses from which no response was
                received, the total number of    school children in the subject communities can
                be estimated at 33. Note that    the cost-benefit analysis presented in Section
                7 of the main text of this       report utilized 42 as the number of school
                children, based on information provided by the Long Island Regional Planning
                Board.

                The survey identified 251 residents over the age of 65 in the 331 houses that
                responded to a survey. This averages to 0.76 senior citizens per household.


             D. Flooding and Storm Information

                The information provided in the flooding and storm information questions of
                the survey pertain only to the respondents' period of residency in their
                current Outer Beach house. Consequently, the responses are limited to the
                past 20 to 30 years, for the most part. The storms that are listed in the
                surveys with regard to evacuation orders/recommendations are almost entirely
                confined to the past ten years, including Hurricane Gloria (1985), Hurricane
                Bob (1991), and Tropical Storm Danielle (1992), and recent northeast storms.
                Therefore, it is     possible that these data are not representative of
                conditions over the longer-term.

                Fifty-seven percent of the respondents indicated that they have received at
                least one official   storm evacuation order or recommendation, mostly during
                Hurricane Gloria in 1985. Overall, 45 percent of the 331 survey houses were
                actually evacuated (i.e., 79 percent of those who received an order/
                recommendation).     Ten percent of all the houses surveyed received an
                evacuation order or recommendation but were not actually evacuated (i.e.,
                there was an 18 percent rate of non-compliance with the evacuation
                orders/recommendations).

                Flooding has occurred to 14 percent of the houses surveyed.               However
                property damage has been sustained by only 10 percent of houses (i.e.:
                property damage did not result in 32 percent of the flooding cases).


                                                      A-2








               Flood insurance policies are in effect for 61 percent of the houses surveyed.
               This rate of participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is
               much higher than was expected from previous discussion with agency officials.

               Only 8 percent of the houses surveyed have been involved in a flood damage
               claim through the NFIP (i.e., 14 percent of the houses covered by flood
               insurance). Nearly all of these claims resulted in the issuance of payment.


           E.  Drinking Water

               The primary sources of drinking water in the study area are private wells
               (which serve 52 percent of the homes surveyed), bottled water (which is used
               in 28 percent of the homes), and community wells (which serve 28 percent of
               the homes).   Cisterns and other supplies are of negligible importance for
               drinking water supplies.     These values total to greater than 100 percent
               because  some of the respondents indicated that more than one source of
               drinking water was used.

               As noted in Section 3 of the main text of the report, community wells are
               subject to regulation by the Suffolk County Department of Health Services
               (SCDHS), including regular testing.      Therefore, it is presumed that these
               water supplies are safe. However, some concern was initially expressed with
               respect to the use of private wells, which are not regulated by the County.
               In particular, the SCDHS indicated that some of the homes on the Outer Beach
               may be using shallow wells to provide drinking water supplies. These shallow
               wells draw from a portion of the groundwater aquifer that has been subject to
               widespread contamination from sources related to human activities on the land
               surface   (e.g.,   sewage disposal,     the application of fertilizer and
               agricultural chemicals, hazardous materials spills, etc.).

               Although the data collected during this survey show that the vast majority of
               the private drinking water wells in the study area tap into the Magothy or
               the lower portion of the Upper Glacial aquifer, there appears to be some
               validity to the SCDHS' concerns about the use of shallow wells for potable
               water supplies. Almost four percent of the surveys (representing 12 Outer
               Beach residences of the 331 surveyed) listed private wells with depths of 50
               feet or less as their source of drinking water. These results indicate the
               need to conduct a follow-up investigation of the affected communities (i.e.,
               the Oak Beach Association and Gilgo Beach) to confirm these findings. Since
               the homeowner survey was conducted anonymously, some effort must be expended
               to identify the residents who are using shallow wells for potable supplies,
               including those who did not respond to the survey. If the suspected use of
               shallow drinking water wells is confirmed, appropriate mitigation measures
               should be implemented.      These measures           include a suitable public
               education program regarding the possible heal th571Xconsequencesf drinking
               water from the shallow aquifer and the need to use bottled water for human
               consumption, and possibly connection to existing deep wells or the
               installation of new deep wells.

               Although the majority (69 percent) of the respondents listed no secondary
               source of water, some residents in the subject communities utilize sources of

                                                    A-3









               water for uses other than human consumption, especially in cases where
               bottled water is used for drinking. Fourteen percent of the houses surveyed
               utilize private wells to supply non-potable water, with shallow wells (with
               a depth of 50 feet or less) being most common. Cisterns and other rainwater
               collection systems are also an important secondary water supply source,
               listed on approximately 13 percent of the surveys.


            F. Potential Groundwater and Surface Water ImRacts

               Several survey questions were designed to provide some information regarding
               the potential groundwater and surface water impacts of the subject
               communities.  Although the use of lawn and landscaping fertilizer can be a
               source of contamination of the shallow layers of the groundwater aquifer, the
               survey responses indicate that fertilizer use is very low in the subject
               communities. Only 16 percent of those surveyed indicated that they use any
               fertilizer on their properties, and most of these individuals responded that
               they used natural fertilizer rather than chemical fertilizer.

               The use of de-icing salts can elevate the level of chlorides in groundwater.
               However, this does not appear to be a problem with respect to the residential
               communities of the Outer Beach.       Less than two percent of the survey
               respondents indicated that they apply salt for pavement de-icing in the
               winter.

               Fecal wastes from pets can be a source of coliform bacteria contamination in
               stormwater runoff discharged to adjacent surface waters.         The surveys
               indicate an average population of 0.44 pets which spend time out-of-doors in
               each household. This number does not appear to be unusually high, although
               the proximity to surface waters increases the likelihood that wastes
               generated by these animals will reach those water bodies.


           G.  Recreational Activities

               Fifty-three percent of respondents own or lease a motorized boat, while 47
               percent do not. Most of these boats are kept at private docks adjacent to
               the vessel owners' residences.

               Fishing is a popular recreational activity among residents of the subject
               communities, listed on 45 percent of the surveys.        BI uef i sh, snappers,
               flounder, fluke, striped bass and weakfish are the most common fish varieties
               caught and kept.   Sea robins are also commonly caught, but are generally
               returned to the water. Less than five percent of the respondents indicated
               that they hunt waterfowl in Great South Bay.







                                                  A-4










           H. Wildlife and Conservation Activities

              Sixty percent of the respondents indicated that they engage in some form of
              wildlife feeding activity.    The most common method of wildlife feeding     is
              birdhouses (47 percent), followed by plantings that provide food (such       as
              berry bushes and corn/grain plants, at 27 percent), feed for mammals (such   as
              corn grain, nuts and hay, at 12 percent). Bread placed out for waterfowl     is
              the primary component of the "other" category of wildlife feeding.

              Sixty percent of the respondents also indicated that they engage             in
              conservation efforts. Beach cleanup (49 percent), beach grass planting (27
              percent) and sand fence placement (26 percent) are the primary activities
              listed.   Educational programs (13 percent) and the roping of shorebird
              habitat (7 percent) are also common.      The "other" category includes tree
              planting, the installation of osprey nesting platforms, donations to local
              environmental groups (especially Save the Beaches Fund), collection of
              mosquito larvae samples from local marshes, debris cleanup, participation in
              the placement of Christmas trees along the dunes at Gilgo Beach, and various
              additional activities.







































                                                  A-5










              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results (percentages)


              A-      Community:             TOTAL - ALL SIX COMMUNITIES
                      number of houses:       415
                      number of responses: 331             percent response:          so

              B-      Years of Occupancy:          Mean:   25.2    Median: 21.3   (in years)
                                                   0-5:     8.8    21-30:   20.5
                                                   6-10:   12.4    31+:     27.8
                                                   11-20:  28.1    N/A:      2.4

              C-  (1) vehicular access:            YES:    71.3    NO:      27.8    N/A   0.9
                  (2) waterfront location:         YES:    54.7    NO:      40.5    N/A   4.8
              D-  (1) type of occupancy:           yr-rd:  55.6    seas:    44.1    N/A   0.3
                  (2) suitable for yr-round:       YES:    14.8    NO:      29.3    N/A   0.0
                  (3) plans to convert:            YES:     3.9    NO:      24.8    N/A   0.6

              E-  (1) school children:             YES:     4.5    NO:      95.5
                  (2) # school children:           total:     26

              F-      # residents 65 yrs    +:     total:   251    avg/hse: 0.8
              G-      # motor vehicles             total:   497    avg/hse: 1.5
              H-      off-road vehicle use:        YES:     2.4    NO:      97.6

              1-  (1) storm evacuation    order:   YES:    57.1    NO:      42.0    N/A   0.9
                  (2) actual evacuation:           YES:    45.0    NO:      10.0    NIA   2.1

              J-  (1) flooding:                    YES:    14.2    NO:      85.8    N/A   0.0
                  (2) property damage:             YES:     9.7    NO:      .3.9    N/A   0.6

              K-  (1) flood insurance:             YES:    61.0    NO:      39.0    N/A   0.0
                  (2) flood insurance   claim:     YES:     8.5    NO:      51.7    N/A   0.9
                  (3) flood claim payment:         YES:     7.3    NO:       0.9    N/A   0.3

              *L- (1) drinking water source:       bottled:                 28.1
                                                   pvt well:                51.7
                                                   cistern:                  0.6
                                                   community  well:         23.9
                                                   other:                    0.3
                                                   NIA:                      0.3
                      pvt well depth:              0-50 ft:            3.6
                                                   51-100 ft:          0.3
                                                   101-200 ft:         5.1
                                                   201-300 ft:         16.6
                                                   301+ ft:            21.1
                                                   N/A:                4.8










             ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
             TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
             Resident Survey - Summary Results (percentages)
                            page 2 of 2 for TOTAL - ALL SIX COMMUNITIES


                 (2) other water supply:         none:                    68.9
                                                 pvt well:                13.6
                                                 cistern:                 10.9
                                                 community  well:          1.8
                                                 other:                    1.8
                     pvt well depth-             0-50 ft:             5.7
                                                 51-100 ft:           0.0
                                                 101-200 ft:          0.9
                                                 201-300 ft:          1.5
                                                 301+ ft:             2.1
                                                 N/A:                 3.3

             M- (1) fertilizer use:              YES:    15.7    NO:      84.0    N/A     0.3
                 (2) fertilizer type:            natural 8.5     chem:     1.5
                                                 both:    4.8    N/A:      0.9
                 (3) de-icing salt use:          YES:     1.5    NO:      91.8    N/A: 6.6

             N-  (1) outdoor pets:               YES:    30.5    NO:      69.5
                 (2) number of each type:        cats:   0.18    dogs:    0.25  \ average
                                                 other:  0.01                   / per house

             0-      motorized boats             YES:    52.6    NO:      46.5    N/A: 0.9
             P-  (1) fish in Town waters:        YES:    45.3    NO:      54.1    N/A: 0.6
             Q-      hunt waterfowl:             YES:     4.5    NO:      94.6    N/A: 0.9

             R-  (1) feed wildlife:              YES:    59.5    NO:      40.5
                 (2) type of feeding:            bird  feeders:           47.4
                                                 plantings:               27.2
                                                 feed for mammals:        12.1
                                                 other:                    5.1

             S- (1) conservation activities:     YES:    59.8    NO:      40.2
                 (2)                             beach grass planting:            27.5
                                                 sand fence placement:            26.0
                                                 shorebird habitat roping:          6.9
                                                 beach cleanup:                   48.9
                                                 educational programs:            12.7
                                                 other:                           11.2


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted, all values are the PERCENTAGE          of surveys
                      giving a particular response.
                     N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                     A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than 100%.










               ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
               TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
               Resident Survey - Summary Results


               A-      Community:             West  Gilgo Beach
                       number of houses:        80
                       number of responses: 53

               B-      Years of Occupancy:          Mean: 26.1      Median: 24.0
                                                    0-5:       4    21-30:     10
                                                    6-10:      9    31+:       19
                                                    11-20:    11    N/A:        0

               C-  (1) vehicular access:            YES:      29    NO:        23    N/A:     1
                   (2) waterfront location:         YES:       8    NO:        42    N/A:     3

               D-  (1) type of occupancy:           yr-rd:    22    seas:      31    N/A:     0
                   (2) suitable for yr-round:       YES:       8    NO:        23    N/A:     0
                   (3) plans to convert:            YES:       2    NO:        21    N/A:     0

               E-  (1) school children:             YES:       3    NO:        50
                   (2) # school children:           total:     5

               F-      # residents 65 yrs    +:     total:    31
               G-      # motor vehicles             total:    86    avg/hse: 1.6
               H_      off-road vehicle use:        YES:       I    NO:        52

               1-  (1) storm evacuation    order:   YES:      33    NO:        20    N/A:     0
                   (2) actual evacuation:           YES:      20    NO:        11    N/A:     2

               J-  (1) flooding:                    YES:       3    NO:        50    N/A:     0
                   (2) property damage:             YES:       I    NO:         1    N/A:     I

               K-  (1) flood insurance:             YES:      36    NO:        17    N/A:     0
                   (2) flood insurance claim:       YES:       1    NO:        33    N/A:     2
                   (3) flood claim payment:         YES:       1    NO:         0    N/A:     0

               *L- (1) drinking water source:       bottled:                    4
                                                    pvt well:                   0
                                                    cistern:                    0
                                                    community  well:           52
                                                    other:                      0
                                                    N/A:                        0
                       pvt well depth:              0-50 ft:              0
                                                    51-100 ft:            0
                                                    101-200 ft:           0
                                                    201-300 ft:           0
                                                    301+ ft:              0
                                                    NIA:                  0









              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results
                            page 2 of 2 for West Gilgo Beach


                 (2) other water supply:         none:                       43
                                                 pvt well:                   8
                                                 cistern:                    0
                                                 community   well:           0
                                                 other:                      0
                     pvt  well depth:            0-50 ft:                3
                                                 51-100 ft:              0
                                                 101-200 ft:             1
                                                 201-300 ft:             1
                                                 301+ ft:                2
                                                 N/A:                    1

              M- (1) fertilizer use:             YES:        8   NO:         45   N/A:     0
                 (2) fertilizer type:            natural     2   chem:       I
                                                 both:       5   N/A:        0
                 (3) de-icing salt use:          YES:        2   NO:         45   N/A:     6

              N- (1) outdoor pets:               YES:        16  NO:         37
                 (2) number of each type:        cats:       6   dogs:       15
                                                 other:      1   N/A:        0

              0-     motorized boats             YES:        24  NO:         29   N/A:     0
              P- (1) fish in Town waters:        YES:        26  NO:         27   NIA:     0
              Q-     hunt waterfowl:             YES:        0   NO:         53   N/A:     0

              R- (1) feed wildlife:              YES:        21  NO:         32
                 (2) type of feeding:            bird  feeders:              20
                                                 plantings:                  6
                                                 feed for mammals:           6
                                                 other:                      1

              S- (1) conservation activities:    YES:        39  NO:         14
                 (2)                             beach grass planting:               7
                                                 sand fence placement:               6
                                                 shorebird habitat roping:           2
                                                 beach cleanup:                      38
                                                 educational programs:               8
                                                 other:                              7


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted,      all values are the number of surveys giving
                      a particular response.
                     N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                     A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                      the number of surveys.










               ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
               TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
               Resident Survey - Summary Results


               A-      Community:             Gilgo Beach
                       number of houses:        57
                       number of responses: 51

               B_      Years of Occupancy:         Mean: 19.9      Median: 20.5
                                                   0-5:        8   21-30:     13
                                                   6-10:       7   31+:       12
                                                   11-20:      10  N/A:         I

               C- (1)  vehicular access:           YES:        51  NO:          0   N/A:     0
                  (2)  waterfront location:        YES:        23  NO:        25    N/A:     3

               D- (1)  type of occupancy:          yr-rd:      26  seas:      25    N/A:     0
                  (2)  suitable for yr-round:      YES:        13  NO:        12    N/A:     0
                  (3)  plans to convert:           YES:        7   NO:          5   N/A:     0

               E- (1)  school children:            YES:        1   NO:        50
                  (2)  # school children:          total:      2

               F-      # residents 65 yrs   +:     total:      29
               G-      # motor vehicles            total:      95  avg/hse: 1.9
               H-      off-road vehicle use:       YES:        2   NO:        49

               1- (1)  storm evacuation   order:   YES:        21  NO:        30    N/A:     0
                  (2)  actual evacuation:          YES:        14  NO:          7   N/A:     0

               J- (1)  flooding:                   YES:        4   NO:        47    N/A:     0
                  (2)  property damage:            YES:        3   NO:          1   N/A:     0

               K- (1)  flood insurance:            YES:        42  NO:          9   N/A:     0
                  (2)  flood insurance claim:      YES:        2   NO:        40    N/A:     0
                  (3)  flood claim payment:        YES:        0   NO:          1   N/A:     I

              *L- (1)  drinking water source:      bottled:                   15
                                                   pvt well:                  39
                                                   cistern:                     0
                                                   community   well:            0
                                                   other:                       0
                                                   NIA:                         I
                       pvt well depth:             0-50 ft:               5
                                                   51-100 ft:             0
                                                   101-200 ft:            0
                                                   201-300 ft:            6
                                                   301+ ft:              24
                                                   NIA:                   4









              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results
                            page 2 of 2 for Gilgo Beach


                 (2) other water supply:          none:                      35
                                                  pvt well:                  10
                                                  cistern:                    I
                                                  community  well:            0
                                                  other:                      I
                      pvt well depth:             0-50 ft:               4
                                                  51-100 ft:             0
                                                  101-200 ft:            2
                                                  201-300 ft:            0
                                                  301+ ft:               I
                                                  NIA:                   3

              M- (1) fertilizer use:              YES:       8   NO:         43   NIA:     0
                 (2) fertilizer type:             natural    3   chem:        I
                                                  both:      2   N/A:         2
                 (3) de-icing salt use:           YES:       0   NO:         51   N/A:     0

              N- (1)  outdoor pets:               YES:       12  NO:         39
                 (2)  number of each type:        cats:      2   dogs:       12
                                                  other:     0   N/A:         0

              0-      motorized boats             YES:       14  NO:         36   N/A:     1
              P- (1)  fish in Town waters:        YES:       18  NO:         33   N/A:     0
              Q-      hunt waterfowl:             YES:       2   NO:         49   N/A:     0

              R- (1)  feed wildlife:              YES:       28  NO:         23
                 (2)  type of feeding:            bird feeders:              24
                                                  plantings:                 18
                                                  feed for mammals:           5
                                                  other:                      0

              S- (1) conservation activities:     YES:       24  NO:         27
                 (2)                              beach grass planting:              9
                                                  sand fence placement:              6
                                                  shorebird habitat roping:          8
                                                  beach cleanup:                     13
                                                  educational programs:              11
                                                  other:                             7


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted, all values are the number of surveys giving
                      a particular response.
                      N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                      A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                      the number of surveys.









               ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
               TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
               Resident Survey - Summary Results


               A-     Community:             Oak Island
                      number of houses:        54
                      number of responses: 46

               B-     Years of Occupancy:          Mean:   31.6    Median: 23.0     (in years)
                                                   0-5:        3   21-30:     11
                                                   6-10:       5   31+:       15
                                                   11-20:      9   N/A:        3

               C- (1) vehicular access:            YES:        0   NO:        46    N/A:     0
                  (2) waterfront location:         YES:        46  NO:         0    N/A:     0

               D- (1) type of occupancy:           yr-rd:      0   seas:      46    N/A:     0
                  (2) suitable for yr-round:       YES:        4   NO:        42    N/A:     0
                  (3) plans to convert:            YES:        0   NO:        40    N/A:     2

               E- (1) school children:             YES:        0   NO:        46
                  (2) # school children:           total:      0

               F-     # residents 65 yrs    +:     total:      42
               G-     # motor vehicles             total:      0   avg/hse: 0.0
               H_     off-road vehicle use:        YES:        0   NO:        46

               1- (1) storm evacuation    order:   YES:        7   NO:        39    N/A:     0
                  (2) actual evacuation:           YES:        5   NO:         2    N/A:     0

               J- (1) flooding:                    YES:        3   NO:        43    N/A:     0
                  (2) property damage:             YES:        2   NO:         1    N/A:     0

               K- (1) flood insurance:             YES:        10  NO:        36    N/A:     0
                  (2) flood insurance claim:       YES:        1   NO:         9    N/A:     0
                  (3) flood claim payment:         YES:        1   NO:         0    N/A:     0

               L- (1) drinking water source:       bottled:                   44
                                                   pvt well:                   0
                                                   cistern:                    2
                                                   community   well:           0
                                                   other:                      0
                                                   N/A:                        0
                      pvt well depth:              0-50 ft:              0
                                                   51-100 ft:            0
                                                   101-200 ft:           0
                                                   201-300 ft:           0
                                                   301+ ft:              0
                                                   N/A:                  0









             ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
             TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
             Resident Survey - Summary Results
                            page 2 of 2 for Oak Island


                 (2) other water supply:         none:                       3
                                                 pvt well:                   6
                                                 cistern:                   34
                                                 community  well:            0
                                                 other:                      0
                     pvt well depth:             0-50 ft:               5
                                                 51-100 ft:             0
                                                 101-200 ft:            0
                                                 201-300 ft:            0
                                                 301+ ft:               0
                                                 NIA:                   I

             M- (1) fertilizer use:              YES:       3   NO:         43   N/A:     0
                 (2) fertilizer type:            natural    2   chem:        0
                                                 both:      I   N/A:         0
                 (3) de-icing salt use:          YES:       0   NO:         43   N/A:     3

             N-  (1) outdoor pets:               YES:      12   NO:         34
                 (2) number of each type:        cats:      4   dogs:       10
                                                 other:     0   N/A:         0

             0-      motorized boats             YES:      42   NO:          4   N/A:     0
             P-  (1) fish in Town waters:        YES:      26   NO:         20   N/A:     0
             Q-      hunt waterfowl:             YES:       2   NO:         43   N/A:     1

             R-  (1) feed wildlife:              YES:      30   NO:         16
                 (2) type of feeding:            bird feeders:              19
                                                 plantings:                  9
                                                 feed for mammals:           4
                                                 other:                     10

             S- (1) conservation activities:     YES:      25   NO:         21
                 (2)                             beach grass planting:               4
                                                 sand fence placement:               1
                                                 shorebird habitat roping:           I
                                                 beach cleanup:                     20
                                                 educational programs:               3
                                                 other:                              5


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted,      all values are the number of surveys giving
                      a particular response.
                     N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                     A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                      the number of surveys.










               ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
               TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
               Resident Survey - Summary Results


               A-      Community:            Captree Island
                       number of houses:        32
                       number of responses: 23

               B-      Years of Occupancy:         Mean: 28.1      Median: 27.0
                                                   0-5:        1   21-30:      4
                                                   6-10:       1   31+:       10
                                                   11-20:      7   N/A:        0

               C- (1)  vehicular access:           YES:       23   NO:         0    N/A:     0
                  (2)  waterfront location:        YES:       23   NO:         0    N/A:     0

               D- (1)  type of occupancy:          yr-rd:     17   seas:       6    N/A:     0
                  (2)  suitable for yr-round:      YES:        2   NO:         4    N/A:     0
                  (3)  plans to convert:           YES:        1   NO:         3    N/A:     0

               E- (1)  school children:            YES:        2   NO:        21
                  (2)  # school children:          total:      5

               F-      # residents 65 yrs   +:     total:     21
               G-      # motor vehicles            total:     46   avg/hse: 2.0
               H_      off-road vehicle use:       YES:        0   NO:        23

               1- (1)  storm evacuation   order:   YES:       16   NO:         7    N/A:     0
                  (2)  actual evacuation:          YES:       12   NO:         3    N/A:     1

               J- (1)  flooding:                   YES:        4   NO:        19    N/A:     0
                  (2)  property damage:            YES:        3   NO:         I    N/A:     0

               K- (1)  flood insurance:            YES:       14   NO:         9    N/A:     0
                  (2)  flood insurance claim:      YES:        7   NO:         7    N/A:     0
                  (3)  flood claim payment:        YES:        6   NO:         1    N/A:     0

              *L- (1)  drinking water source:      bottled:                    7
                                                   pvt well:                  19
                                                   cistern:                    0
                                                   community   well:           0
                                                   other:                      0
                                                   N/A:                        0
                       pvt well depth:             0-50 ft:               0
                                                   51-100 ft:             0
                                                   101-200 ft:            1
                                                   201-300 ft:           14
                                                   301+ ft:               0
                                                   N/A:                   4









              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results
                            page 2 of 2 for Captree Island


                 (2) other water supply:         none:                       18
                                                 pvt well:                   4
                                                 cistern:                    0
                                                 community   well:           0
                                                 other:                      2
                      pvt well depth:            0-50 ft:                0
                                                 51-100 ft:              0
                                                 101-200 ft:             0
                                                 201-300 ft:             4
                                                 301+ ft:                0
                                                 N/A:                    0

              M- (1) fertilizer use:             YES:        4   NO:         19   N/A:     0
                 (2) fertilizer type:            natural     2   chem:       2
                                                 both:       0   N/A:        0
                 (3)  de-icing salt use:         YES:        0   NO:         23   N/A:     0

              N- (1)  outdoor pets:              YES:        9   NO:         14
                 (2)  number of each type:       cats:       18  dogs:       3
                                                 other:      0   N/A:        0

              0-      motorized boats            YES:        14  NO:         9    N/A:     0
              P- (1)  fish in Town waters:       YES:        10  NO:         12   N/A:     1
              Q-      hunt waterfowl:            YES:        6   NO:         17   N/A:     0

              R- (1)  feed wildlife:             YES:        19  NO:         4
                 (2)  type of feeding:           bird  feeders:              17
                                                 plantings:                  8
                                                 feed for mammals:           4
                                                 other:                      2

              S- (1) conservation activities:    YES:        14  NO:         9
                 (2)                             beach grass planting:               7
                                                 sand fence placement:               4
                                                 shorebird habitat roping:           0
                                                 beach cleanup:                      9
                                                 educational programs:               4
                                                 other:                              5


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted,      all values are the number of surveys giving
                      a particular response.
                      N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                      A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                      the number of surveys.







               ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAYISLAND COMMUNITIES
               TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
               Resident Survey - Summary Results


               A-      Community:            Oak Beach (unassociated)
                       number of houses:       120
                       number of responses: 86

               B_      Years of Occupancy:         Mean: 26.0      Median: 20.0
                                                   0-5:        7   21-30:     14
                                                   6-10:       11  31+:       24
                                                   11-20:      27  N/A:        3

               C- (1)  vehicular access:           YES:        65  NO:        19    N/A:     2
                  (2)  waterfront location:        YES:        51  NO:        33    N/A:     2

               D- (1)  type of occupancy:          yr-rd:      60  seas:      25    N/A:     1
                  (2)  suitable for yr-round:      YES:        13  NO:        12    N/A:     0
                  (3)  plans to convert:           YES:        I   NO:        11    N/A:     0

               E- (1)  school children:            YES:        6   NO:        80
                  (2)  # school children:          total:      10

               F-      # residents 65 yrs   +:     total:      66
               G-      # motor vehicles            total:    146   avg/hse: 1.7
               H-      off-road vehicle use:       YES:        4   NO:        82

               1- (1)  storm evacuation   order:   YES:        61  NO:        23    N/A:     2
                  (2)  actual evacuation:          YES:        52  NO:         6    N/A:     3

               J- (1)  flooding:                   YES:        27  NO:        59    N/A:     0
                  (2)  property damage:            YES:        19  NO:         7    N/A:     I

               K- (1)  flood insurance:            YES:        47  NO:        39    N/A:     0
                  (2)  flood insurance claim:      YES:        13  NO:        33    N/A:     1
                  (3)  flood claim payment:        YES:        12  NO,:        I    N/A:     0

              *L- (1)  drinking water source:      bottled:                   10
                                                   pvt well:                  47
                                                   cistern:                    0
                                                   community   well:          27
                                                   other:                      I
                                                   NIA:                        0
                       pvt well  depth:            0-50 ft:               0
                                                   51-100 ft:             I
                                                   101-200 ft:            13
                                                   201-300 ft:           21
                                                   301+ ft:               7
                                                   N/A:                   5









              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results
                            page 2 of 2 for Oak Beach (unassociated)


                 (2) other water supply:          none:                      68
                                                  pvt well:                    8
                                                  cistern:                     1
                                                  community  well:             5
                                                  other:                       2
                     pvt well depth:              0-50 ft:               3
                                                  51-100 ft:             0
                                                  101-200 ft:            0
                                                  201-300 ft:            0
                                                  301+ ft:               1
                                                  N/A:                   4

              M- (1) fertilizer use:              YES:      12   NO:         73   N/A:     I
                 (2) fertilizer type:             natural    6   chem:         0
                                                  both:      6   N/A:          0
                 (3) de-icing salt use:           YES:       2   NO:         77   N/A:     7

              N- (1) outdoor pets:                YES:      27   NO:         59
                 (2) number of each type:         cats:     17   dogs:       21
                                                  other:     I   N/A:          0

              0-     motorized boats              YES:      47   NO:         38   N/A:     I
              P- (1) fish in Town waters:         YES:      43   NO:         43   N/A:     0
              Q-     hunt waterfowl:              YES:       3   NO:         83   NIA:     0

              R- (1) feed wildlife:               YES:      50   NO:         36
                 (2) type of feeding:             bird feeders:              39
                                                  plantings:                 24
                                                  feed for mammals:          10
                                                  other:                       I

              5- (1) conservation activities:     YES:      42   NO:         44
                 (2)                              beach grass planting:              22
                                                  sand fence placement:              24
                                                  shorebird habitat roping:            2
                                                  beach cleanup:                     32
                                                  educational programs:              12
                                                  other:                               5


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted,      all values are the number of surveys giving
                      a particular response.
                     N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                     A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                      the number of surveys.










               ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
               TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
               Resident Survey - Summary Results


               A-      Community:            Oak Beach Association
                       number of houses:        72
                       number of responses: 72

               B-      Years of Occupancy:         Mean: 22.2      Median: 18.5
                                                   0-5:       6    21-30:     16
                                                   6-10:      8    31+:       12
                                                   11-20:    29    NIA:        I

               C- (1)  vehicular access:           YES:      68    NO:         4    N/A:     0
                  (2)  waterfront location:        YES:      30    NO:        34    N/A:     8

               D- (1)  type of occupancy:          yr-rd:    59    seas:      13    N/A:     0
                  (2)  suitable for yr-round:      YES:       9    NO:         4    N/A:     0
                  (3)  plans to convert:           YES:       2    NO:         2    N/A:     0

               E- (1)  school children:            YES:       3    NO:        69
                  (2)  # school children:          total:     4

               F-      # residents 65 yrs.  +:     total:    62
               G-      # motor vehicles            total:    124   avg/hse: 1.7
               H-      off-road vehicle use:       YES:       1    NO:        71

               1- (1)  storm evacuation   order:   YES:      51    NO:        20    N/A:     1
                  (2)  actual evacuation:          YES:      46    NO:         4    N/A:     I

               J- (1)  flooding:                   YES:       6    NO:        66    N/A:     0
                  (2)  property damage:            YES:       4    NO:         2    N/A:     0

               K- (1)  flood insurance:            YES:      53    NO:        19    NIA:     0
                  (2)  flood insurance claim:      YES:       4    NO:        49    N/A:     0
                  (3)  flood claim payment:        YES:       4    NO:         0    N/A:     0

              *L- (1)  drinking water source:      bottled:                   13
                                                   pvt well:                  66
                                                   cistern:                    0
                                                   community  well:            0
                                                   other:                      0
                                                   N/A:                        0
                       pvt well depth:             0-50 ft:               7
                                                   51-100 ft:             0
                                                   101-200 ft:            3
                                                   201-300 ft:            14
                                                   301+ ft:              39
                                                   NIA:                   3









              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results
                             page 2 of 2 for Oak Beach Association


                  (2) other water supply:         none:                        61
                                                  pvt well:                    9
                                                  cistern:                     0
                                                  community  well:             1
                                                  other:                       1
                      pvt well depth:             0-50 ft:                4
                                                  51-100 ft:              0
                                                  101-200 ft:             0
                                                  201-300 ft:             0
                                                  301+ ft:                3
                                                  N/A:                    2

              M- (1) fertilizer use:              YES:       17   NO:          55  N/A:     a
                  (2) fertilizer type:            natural    13   chem:        1
                                                  both:      2    NIA:         I
                  (3) de-icing salt use:          YES:       1    NO:          65  N/A:     6

              N-  (1) outdoor pets:               YES:       25   NO:          47
                  (2) types:                      cats:      13   dogs:        22
                                                  other:     0    NIA:         2

              0-      motorized boats             YES:       33   NO:          38  N/A:     1
              P-  (1) fish in Town waters:        YES:       27   NO:          44  N/A:     1
              Q-      hunt waterfowl:             YES:       2    NO:          68  N/A:     2

              R-  (1) feed wildlife:              YES:       49   NO:          23
                  (2) type of feeding:            bird  feeders:               38
                                                  plantings:                   25
                                                  feed for mammals:            11
                                                  other:                       3

              S- (1) conservation activities:     YES:       54   NO:          18
                  (2)                             beach grass planting:              42
                                                  sand fence placement:              45
                                                  shorebird habitat roping:          10
                                                  beach cleanup:                     50
                                                  educational programs:                4
                                                  other:                               8


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted,       all values-are the number of surveys giving
                       a particular response.
                      N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                      A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                       survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                       the number of surveys.










              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results


              A-      Community:             TOTAL - ALL SIX COMMUNITIES
                      number of houses:       415
                      number of responses: 331            percent response:            80

              B-      Years of Occupancy:          Mean:   25.1   Median: 21.2      (in years)
                                                   0-5:      29   21-30:      68
                                                   6-10:     41   31+:        92
                                                   11-20:    93   N/A:         8

              C-  (1) vehicular access:            YES:      236  NO:         92    N/A:     3
                  (2) waterfront location:         YES:      181  NO:        134    N/A:    16

              D-  (1) type of occupancy:           yr-rd:    184  seas:      146    N/A:     1
                  (2) suitable for yr-round:       YES:      49   NO:         97    N/A:     0
                  (3) plans to convert:            YES:      13   NO:         82    N/A:     2

              E-  (1) school children:             YES:      15   NO:        316
                  (2) # school children:           total:    26

              F-      # residents 65 yrs    +:     total:    251  avg/hse:   0.8
              G-      # motor vehicles             total:    497  avg/hse:   1.5
              H_      off-road vehicle use:        YES:        8  NO:        323

              1-  (1) storm evacuation   order:    YES:      189  NO:        139    N/A:     3
                  (2) actual evacuation:           YES:      149  NO:         33    N/A:     7

              J-  (1) flooding:                    YES:      47   NO:        284    N/A:     0
                  (2) property damage:             YES:      32   NO:         13    N/A:     2

              K-  (1) flood insurance:             YES:      202  NO:        129    N/A:     0
                  (2) flood insurance claim:       YES:      28   NO:        171    N/A:     3
                  (3) flood claim payment:         YES:      24   NO:          3    N/A:     I

              *L- (1) drinking water source:       bottled:                   93
                                                   pvt well:                 171
                                                   cistern:                    2
                                                   community well:            79
                                                   other:                      1
                                                   N/A:                        1
                      pvt well depth:              0-50 ft:             12
                                                   51-100 ft:             1
                                                   101-200 ft:          17
                                                   201-300 ft:          55
                                                   301+ ft:             70
                                                   N/A:                 16










              ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
              TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
              Resident Survey - Summary Results
                            page 2 of 2 for TOTAL - ALL SIX COMMUNITIES


                 (2) other water supply:          none:                     228
                                                  pvt well:                  45
                                                  cistern:                   36
                                                  community  well:             6
                                                  other:                       6
                     pvt well depth:              0-50 ft:               19
                                                  51-100 ft:             0
                                                  101-200 ft:            3
                                                  201-300 ft:            5
                                                  301+ ft:               7
                                                  N/A:                   11

              M- (1) fertilizer use:              YES:      52    NO:       278    N/A:     I
                 (2) fertilizer type:             natural   28    chem:        5
                                                  both:     16    N/A:         3
                 (3) de-icing salt use:           YES:        5   NO:       304    N/A:     22

              N- (1) outdoor pets:                YES:     101    NO:       230
                 (2) number of each type:         cats:     60    dogs:      83
                                                  other:      2   N/A:         2

              0-     motorized boats              YES:     174    NO:       154    N/A:     3
              P- (1) fish in Town waters:         YES:     150    NO:       179    N/A:     2
              Q-     hunt waterfowl:              YES:      15    NO:       313    N/A:     3

              R- (1) feed wildlife:               YES:     197    NO:       134
                 (2) type of feeding:             bird  feeders:            157
                                                  plantings:                 90
                                                  feed for mammals:          40
                                                  other:                     17

              S- (1) conservation activities:     YES:     198    NO:       133
                 (2)                              beach grass planting:              91
                                                  sand fence placement:              86
                                                  shorebird habitat roping:          23
                                                  beach cleanup:                     162
                                                  educational programs:              42
                                                  other:                             37


            NOTES: Unless otherwise noted,       all values are the number of surveys giving
                      a particular response.
                     N/A indicates the number of surveys on which NO ANSWER was given.
                     A "*" indicates that more than one response was acceptable on each
                      survey. Therefore, the sum of the responses is greater than
                      the number of surveys.





                          BABYLON BARRIER BEACH
                              AD HOC COMMITTMEE

                            Box H 12, Oak Beach, New York 117M



                                         December l. 1992



           Dear   Neighbor,

                Enclosed you will find a "Resident Survey" for your
           review and completion. I am sure that you all recall that
           as part of the settlement of the lawsuit, the Barrier Beach
           Communities contributed $50,000 toward an Environmental
           Study. This survey is an important part of the study and
           your careful and accurate completion of it Is necessary for
           a detailed, fair and beneficial Environmental Study of our
           area.


                 In an effort to insure anonymity, we have enclosed two
           envelopes. Please place your completed survey In the plain
           envelope, seal It and place this in the stamped, addressed
           envelope and mail It back to the Ad Hoc Committee as soon as
           possible. The committee will consolidate the returned
           surveys and deliver them to the consultant conducting the
           Environmental Study. Again, this survey 13 completely
           anonymous.   There 13 no name, address or any other
           identifying Information on these forms.

                 We are hoping to have this entire study completed by
           early 1993,  so your prompt completion and return of the
           survey will  be greatly appreciated.

                                          Sincerely,

                                          
                                          BABYLON BARRIER BEACH
                                          AD HOC COMMITTEE







                                         Captree Island
							Gilgo Beach
                                    W. Gilgo Beach Association
                                         Oak Beach
                                      Oak Beach Association





                    ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE BARRIER AND BAY ISLAND COMMUNITIES
                                      TOWN OF BABYLON, NEW YORK
                                           Resident Survey


           Directions: This survey is being conducted as part of the Environmental Study
           of the Barrier and Bay Island Communities of the Town of Babylon. This survey
           will provide important information that would not otherwise be available to the
           authors of the study. Please answer all questions as accurately as you can. All
           answers should pertain strictly to your outer beach residence.

           A-     Name of community in which your house is located (circle one):
                  a> West Gilgo Beach     b> Gi7go Beach       c> Oak Beach (unassociated)
                  d> Oak Island           e> Captree Island    f> Oak Beach Association

           B-     How long have you or your family lived at this address?            years

           C- (1) Does your house have direct vehicular (automobile) access?      yes    no
              (2) Does your house have a waterfront location?                     yes    no

           D- (1) What is the present occupancy of your house? (circle one)
                   a> year-round                        b> seasonal
              (2) If presently used seasonally, is your house suitable for year-round use
                  (i.e., in terms of heating, insulation, utilities, etc.)?       yes    no
              (3) If no, do you have specific plans to convert your house to
                  year-round use in the future?                                   yes    no

           E- (1) Do any residents of this house attend local public schools
                  (grades K through 12)?                                          yes    no
              (2) If yes, indicate: a> # children:         b> grades:

           F-     Number of residents of  this house who are 65 years or older:

           G_     Number of registered motor vehicles used at this house (including
                  cars, trucks, minivans, etc. - but not including boats, trailers,
                  unregistered all-terrain vehicles, etc.)?

           ff-    Do you operate off-road vehicles on Town of Babylon beaches?    yes    no

           1- (1) During your residency in this house, have you ever been asked
                  to evacuate because of a storm?                                 yes    no
              (2) If yes, did you actually leave?                                 yes    no
              (3) Indicate name of storm(s) or date(s):
                  a> asked to evacuate:
                  b> actually left:

           J_ (1) Has your house ever been flooded during your residency here?    yes    no
              (2) If yes, has any property damage occurred due to flooding?       yes    no
              (3) If yes, indicate name of storm(s) or date(s), and describe      extent of
                  damage:



           K- (1) Is this house presently covered by flood insurance?             yes    no
              (2) If yes, has a flood insurance claim ever been filed?            yes    no
              (3) If yes, was payment issued for claim?                           yes    no



                                                                                page I of 2






             L- (1)  What is the source of drinking water for this house? (circle one)
                     a> bottled water    b> private well (approx. depth                  feet)
                     c> cistern          d> community well      e> other

                (2)  Other source(s) of  water supply for this house (circle one or more)
                     a> none         b> private well (approx. depth =               feet)
                     c> cistern     d> community well        e> other

             NOTE:   an individual well is defined as one which serves 4 or fewer residences;
                     a community well is defined as one which serves 5 or more residences

             X- (1)  Do you use fertilizer on your property?                            yes    no
                (2)  If yes, circle type used:     a> natural     b> chemical     c> both
                (3)  Do you apply salt for pavement de-icing   in the winter?           yes    no

             M- (1)  Do you own any pets which spend time out of doors?                 yes    no
                (2)  If yes, indicate the number of each:
                     a> cats               b> dogs
                     c> other-7-iWi-cate type and numTe-r)

             0- (1)  Do you own or lease a motorized boat(s)?                           yes    no
                (2)  If yes, indicate:
                     a> type(s):
                     b> length(s):            feet     c> motor size(s):               horsepower
                     d> moorin4ldo-ck-ing-Toc-ation(s):


             P- (1) Do you fish in the Town of Babylon's coastal waters (i.e., Great South
                     Bay, Fire Island Inlet, or surfcasting in the Atlantic Ocean)? yes        no

                (2) If yes, indicate types of fish caught and released in the last 2 years:



                (3)  indicate types of fish caught and kept in the last 2 years:



             Q- (1)  Do you hunt waterfowl in Great South Bay?                          yes    no

             R- (1)  Do you feed wildlife on your property?                             yes    no
                (2)  If yes, circle the method(s) that apply:
                     a> bird feeders
                     b> plantings that provide food (e.g., berry bushes, corn1grain plants)
                     c> placing out food for mammals (e.g., corn, grain, nuts, hay, etc.)
                     d> other (indicate method)

             S- (1) Have you participated in any organized conservation activities on the
                     Babylon barrier and/or bay islands?                                yes    no
                (2) If yes, circle the type of conservation activities that apply
                     and indicate location of project(s):
                     a> beach grass planting
                     b> sand fence placement
                     c> string fencing of shorebird habitats
                     d> beach cleanup
                     e> educational programs
                     d> other (indicate type   and location)


             Outer Beach Resident Survey                                             page 2 of 2




        17












        m












                       m m m m mARVFMWEm)(w8 m
 w = = m m m = m m                    OMER-M-w










                                   GREAT SOUTH BAY
                                           STATION MAP(090)



   0 27            *2 4 0
               21:0             190
  -o:-                     0280                   160
    02                  0210                                       130
                               %    #ISO               0150                  120      110
                     v230       0.3  ell        170                               4L     010
                            0200           0.500                  '*140

                      0 Z 2 0
  AO2 7             244 C









                                                SUIFFOIX COUNTY DEPARTWNT OF HEALTH SERVICES










                                                                 TableB-1

                                  Summary of Suffolk County Department of Health Services Coliform Data
                                           for Samples Collected March 1977 through March 1987


                                TOTAL COLIFORMS (MPN/100 ML)                            FECAL COLIFORMS (MPN/100 ML)
             Station       Samples   Median Value        > 330     % > 330        Samples   Median Value        > 49   % > 49
                            (1)           (2)             (3)        (4)           (1)          (2)            (3)        (4)


                210         42              23             3         7.1           42            10             2       4.8

                230         33            <10              0          0            32          <10              0        6

                250         39              23             3         7.7           39          <10              3       7.7

                260         39            <10              2         5.1           40          <10              2       5.0

                280         27              23             1         3.7           28          <10              1       3.6

                290         28            <30              2         7.1           27          <10              1       3.7


             NOTES

             (1)   number of samples collected and analyzed
             (2)   median value of samples analyzed
             (3)   number of samples exceeding specified value (see NYSDEC criteria, below)
             (4)   percent of samples exceeding specified value

             - full data listing is also included in this Appendix (see Table
             -  see map for station locations: Stations 230, 260, and 290 are in       vicinity of the Town of Babylon barrier
                and bay island communities; Stations 210, 250, and 280 are located     in the main portion of Great South Bay
             -  Source of data = Robert Nuzzi, Supervisor of the Bureau of Marine Resources, SCDHS.

             NYSDEC shellfish harvesting criteria:

             0 median value of total coliforms must be less than 70 MPN/100 ml
             0 no more than 10 percent of the samples may exceed a total coliform level of 330 MPN/100 ml
             0  median value of fecal coliforms must be less than 14 MPN/100 ml
             #  no more than 10 percent of the samples may exceed a fecal coliform level of 49 MPN/100 ml











                 Tabl e B-2

                 Suffolk County Department of Health Department Coliform Data
                 March 1977 through March 1987


                 Sampling
                 Date           Sta. 210     Sta. 230      Sta. 250     Sta. 260      Sta. 280     Sta. 290
                        -  -                                                                                E

                 07-Mar-77       10 / 10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10*
                 13-Apr-77      <10 /<10                   <10 /<10     <10  /<10
                 25-Apr-77       10    10     20    10     410    40    <10  /<10
                 27-Jun-77       20    10     10    10      10    10     10  / 10
                 11-Jul-77      <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10
                 04-Oct-77      420 / 10     310    10      20    10     20    10
                 09-Nov-77      5400 /160    200    20                  2000   50
                 21-Nov-77      210 /120      10    10      60    10     50    10
                 15-Dec-77       20 / 10      10    10      30    10    290    80
                 02-May-79      <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10      50  /<10
                 16-May-79       10 / 10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10      40  /<10
                 28-May-79       20 / 10     <10  /<10     100 / 20     <10  /<10      30 /<10      30  /<10
                 21-Jun-79      <10 /<10     <30  /<30     <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <30 /<30      10  /   I
                 11-Jul-79       80 / 10     <10  /<10     140 /<10      50  /<10      10 /<10     120    20
                 01-Aug-79       30 /<10     <10  /<10         /<10          /<10         /<10     500    10
                 22-Aug-79       40 / 10     <10  /<10      80 /<10    11000 / 10      40 / 10     420  /<10
                 18-Sep-79      <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10      10 /<10      20  / 20
                 25-Sep-79       30 /<10     <10  /<10      70 /<10     <10  /<10                  <10  /<10
                 30-Oct-79      <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10     <10 /<10     <10  /<10
                 15-Nov-79       40    10     10  /<10      80 /<10      10  /<10     <10 /<10      50    10
                 26-Nov-79       60    30                   40 / 10     <10  /<10
                 27-Nov-79                   <10  /<10                                190 / 30      80    60
                 04-Jun-80       20    10                  2400 /230     30  / 10     <10 /<10      20    10
                 18-Jun-80      4200 /<10    100           <10 /<10      20  /<10      80 /<10     190  /<10
                 17-Feb-81       <3    <3     <3    <3      21    <3      4      4                  <3    <3
                 09-Mar-81       23      4    <3    <3      43    43      7      4     11 / 7         9     4
                 01-Apr-81         4   <3       4     4     <3    <3
                 06-May-81         9   15                     9   <3     <3    <3
                 12-Jul-83      <30 /<30                   <30 /<30     <30  /<30     <30 /<30     <30  /<30
                 13-Jun-84      <30 /<30                   <30 /<30     <30  /<30     <30 /<30
                 19-Jun-84       70 / 40     <30  /<30     930 /150     <30  /<30     <30 /<30      40  /<30
                 08-Aug-84      <30 /<30     <30  /<30     230 / 40     <30  /<30     430 / 90      40  /<30
                 20-Aug-84      <30 /<30     <30  /<30     <30 /<30     <30  /<30     <30 /<30      40  /<30
                 25-Sep-84       23    23       4   <3        9     4    23    23      <3   <3        4   <3
                 09-Oct-84       23    <3     <3    <3        9     4     9    <3      23   <3      23      9
                 21-Nov-84       23      9                  43    15     <3    <3      <3   <3
                 05-Dec-84         3   <3                   93    23      9      9     43   23      93    43









               Table B-2 (continued)

               Suffolk County Department of Health Department Coliform Data
               March 1977 through March 1987 (page 2 of 2)


               Sampling
               Date         Sta. 210     Sta. 230    Sta. 250     Sta. 260    Sta. 280     Sta. 290




               08-May-85     15     9      <3   <3    <3   <3      <3    <3    43      4      7    7
               19-Jun-85     -43   23       9   <3    23   <3      43    43    23      4    23    23
               13-Aug-85     23     9
               03-Sep-85     23    23      <3   <3    23             7    7      4    <3    15    15
               19-Nov-85     23     9       9    4    240  93      23     4    43     23      9    4
               25-Mar-87     <3    <3                 <3   <3      <3    <3    <3     <3    <3    <3




               NOTES:

               - All values in units of MPN/100 ml
               - For each sampling station, values are given for each station in terms of
                   total coliform concentration / fecal coliform concentration
               - see map for station locations: Stations 230, 260, and 290 are in the vicinity
                   of the Town of Babylon barrier and bay island communities; Stations 210, 250,
                   and 280 are located in the main portion of Great South Bay

               SOURCE: Robert Nuzzi, Supervisor of the Bureau of Marine Resources,
                        Suffolk County Department of Health Services.










                                     101,1002                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 paqe I

                                                                                                                                           C:\DBASE\CiPJISE\GSO.DBF DATABASE
                                                                                                                                           -----------------------------------


                                                                                                          TOT.   FEC.                                    Cn .                                                                                                                              Aureo        small
                             DAIF      SIAI   Loc.     IIHI DEPTH SECCHI IEHP        DO SAL IMIIY COLI. COLI.             NH3  If    M02 -11    NOR       NO -0       TM       TOM IDP04-P      OP04-P IP04-F        SI-03      TOC      DOC     IC       ISS      VSS      BODS BOD20 Cells             Cells     Chlor Chlor        COND FLOW24        PH
                                                              Ft.     Ft.      OC    mg/I     It.         hPN/IOOmI                                      ug. atoms / liter                                                                            mg./liter                       )     /al.         /mi.     Total Fill.
                             ------------- -----                      -   ------- ------------ --------------------------              ---------------------------------           .................    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                        ----------------- -
                           0,'/01/71    210            1135   12.0    3.5      5.2   11.3     29.91       10       10        0.50    0.25       1-10                  31.0     10.0    0.44        0.91        2.20
                           03/07/17     220            950    45.0    MO       1.6   10.7     32.88       (10      (10       1.40    0.15       0.40                  IS.0     (7.0    0.58        0.53        1.40
                           03/01/17     230            1010   1,5.0   16.0     1.6   11.3     33.23       (10      (10       1.20    0.11       0.40                  12.0     7.0     0.76        0.41        1.10
                           03/01/77     740            1142   8.0     4.0      5.6   12.0     28.58       to       10        3.10    0.39       610                   44.0     1.0     0.40        0.11        1.90
                           03107177     250            J155   j4.0    4.0      5@4   11.6     3D.73       (10      @10       0-50    0.40       3-10                  33,0             0,15        0.26        1.90
                           03/01/71     260            1240   32.0    6.0      4.2   11.5     32.34       <10      (10       0.10    0.14       0.30                  33.0     (7.0    0.50        0.50        1.70
                           03/01/71     270            1305   6.0     3.5      5.0   12.1     31.65       10       10        0.20    0.27       2.80                  28.0     (7.0    0.33        0.62        2.00
                           04/13177     210            1243   10.0    2.0      J3.5           29.09       (10      (10       1.70    0.24       0,51                  64,0     44.0    0.62        1.10        3.10
                           04113/71     220            1136   18.0    9.0      6.4            32-28       (10      (10       0.10    0.14       0.21                  26.0     22.0    0.45        0.38        1.20
                           04113/17     230            1146   28.0    6.0      8.0            30.98                          0-60    0.17       '0.14                 30.0     26.0    0.67        0.24        1.90
                           04113177     240            1250   5.0     3.0      13.6           117.94      <10      of)       1.80    0.3?       5.30                  70.0     27.0    0.80        0.93        2.80
                           04/13177     250            1258   6.0     3.0      13.8           29.14       (10      (10       0.90    0.28       2.70                  57.0     19.0    0.71        0.79        2.60
                           04/13/71     260            134d   15.0    5.0      11.6           31.87       (10      (10       0.80    0.15       0.14                  43.0     15.0    0.61        1.00        2.90
                           04/13171     270            1320   5.0     3.0      14.6           30.56       (10      (10       0.80    0,17       0.42                  46.0     15.0    0.67        0.81        2.3D
                           04/25/71     210            1107   17.0             10.1           29.48       10       10        3.20    0.22       0.50                  44.0     38.0    1.40        1.00        230
                           04/25/71     220            1076   42.0             7.2            31.09       10       (10       1.70    0.19       0.11                  26.0     23.0    0.91        0.70        1.20
                           04125/11     230            1015   15.0             8.5            30.87       20       (10       1.30    0.14       0.21                  15.0     IS.0    0.62        0.12        1.50
                           04125/77     240            1208   6.0              17.3           26.80       160      10        1.80    0.39       5.10                  41.0     28.0    1.10        0.64        2.50
                           04/25/77     250            )ISO   Mo               12.5           26.41       410      40        21.00   0.41       8.70                  35 0     35.0    0.67        0.80        2.30
                           04/25/7)     260            1131   16.0             11.8           30.66       (10      (10       4.90    0.25       0.43                  23.0     23.0    1.40        1.30        2.50
                           04/25/11     270            1140   4.0              12.6           28.73       160      20        10.00   0.38       3.40                  28.0     23.0    0.62        0.96        2.50
                           06/27/77     210            1250   10.0    5.0      24.8           30-61       20       10        0.70    6.15       (0.14                                              0.38
                           06127171     220            1206   20.0    13.0     17.5           32.05       10       10        0.20    0.12       (0.14                                              0.53
                           06/21/17     230            121B   20.0    4.0      19.1           31.21       10       10        0.50    0.17       (0-14                                              0.40
                           06/117/77    240            1421   10.0    7.0      24.4           29-11       10       10        1.30    0.35       1.40                                               0.56
                           06/27/17     250            1403   6.0     6.0      24.7           29.83       10       10        2.80    0.31       1.20                                               0.68
                           06/27177     260            1308   11.0    6.0      23.2           31.76       10       10        0.90    0.15       (0.14                                              0.84
                           06/21/71     210            1315   6.0     6.0      24.0           29.92       50       10        1.10    0.30       0.64                                               0.70
                           01/11/77     210            1100   12.0             24.7           31.11       (10      (10       2.70    0.13       0.36                                               0.75
                           01/11/17     220            945    20.0    20.0     20.8           31.18       (10      (10       0.90    0.12       0.29                                               0.47
                           011JI/17     230            WOO    12.0             21.0  8.1      31.50       (10      (10       MO      0.11       0.29                                               0,53
                           01/11/77     240            1704                    25.1           29.91       (10      (10       1.90    0.16       0.14                                               0.24
                           07/11/17     250            1146                    24.4           30.57       (10      (10       8.80    0.36       1.20                                               1.10
                           07111177     260            1126                    24.7           31.93       (10      00        3.70    0.13       0.14                                               1.10
                           07/11/17     210            1135   3.0              24.8           30.18       (10      (10       10-60   0.39       1.40                                               1.40
                           07/27171     210            842    14.0    4.0      21.2           31.23                          0.90    0.27       0.14                  31.0     22.0    1.20        1.10        2.90
                           07127177     220            750    30.0    9.0      17.3           31.86                          1.10    0.28       0.86                  1.0      7.0     0.97        0.91        1.20
                           01/21/77     230            802    28.0    6.0      16.5  5.9      31@76                          2.00    0.29       0.79                  19.0             1.20        0.97        2.10
                           07127/71     240            938    5.0     4.0      22.1           29.49                          23.00   0.71       4.30                  36.0     29.0    1.70        1.40        2.60
                           01/71/11     250            920    5.0     5.0      22.4  6.8      30.64                          7.50    0.40       1.30                  22.0     36.0    1.10        1.40        2.00
                           07/27/17     260            859    16.0    7.0      20.0           31.30                          2.00    0.26       0.29                  25.0     32.0    1.10        1.40        2.80
                           07/21177     210            907    6.0     6.0      21.0           30.71                          4.90    0.41       1.60                  51.0     32.0    1.10        1.50        2.10
                           08/09/71     210            1200   15.0    7.0      27.4           29.26                          2.50    0.41       2.2D                  14.0     22.0    0.13        0.46        1.50
                           08/09/71     220            1223   25.0    20.0     19.6           31.68                          0.60    0.11       0.14                  29.0     30.0
                           08/09/77     230            1232   17.0    5.0      23.8           30.91                          0.30    0.11       0.14                  21.0             1.00        0.69        1.60
                           08/09/77     240            1045   7@O     7.0      21.0           21.75                          28.00   0.95       5.90                  58.0     14.0    1.20        1.10        2.50
                           08/09j77     250            1050   15.0    8.0      21.3           28.22                          33.00   1.00       8.90                  36.0             1.40        1.20        2.20
                           08/09/77     260            1128   23.0    7.0      25.0           30.60                          1.40    0.13       0.14                  7.0      22.0    1.80        1.60        2.60
                                     7  270            lite                    27             0.34                                   UO                                                     0                  2-20
                                        'I
                                                         ,5                    77. JIIMM@
                                                                                              ,8.96                                        Is*                                              9      *It .60 M                            M                 M                  M                  M                  M                 M
                                     7                                                                                  so           0 11                    solo









                                           10/20/92                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       page 2



                                                                                                                                                   ----------------------------------


                                                                                                                 101.   FEC.                                     COM -                                                                                                                                 Aureo        Suit
                                  DAIE     slAj loc. WE DEPIH SECCIII lfnP                 DO SALIHIIY COLL COLL                Rj3 N     1402 N        N03_N    No N         TKN   TDKN TONY            OP04-P IF04-P SI_W               IOC      DOC      IC       ISS      VSS      8ODS BOD20 Cells              Calls      Chlor Chlor        COND ROM            01
                                                                    ft.     Ft.    CC      59/1     1.           HP1,11100111                                    ug.- atoms / liter                                                                              mg./liter                        )     /811.        /11.      total flit.
                                ---------------------           ---------------------------       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                  ---------------------------          ---------------------------------------------------------                 ------
                                08/23/11    220                 1140 ,      7.0    20.6           31.61                            MO       0.10        0.14                  7.0       7.0      0.85       0.83       1.20
                                08123/77    230                 1123        5.0    21.2           30.23                            1.60     0.34        0.83                  14.0      7.0      0.89       0.53       1.50
                                08123/77    240                 1216        3.5    23.6           28.17                            1.70     0.89        3.20                  42.0      7.0      LIO        1.40       2.80
                                08123/17    250                 1225        4.0    23.5           28.67                            9.20     0.92        5.50                  21.0      10.0     1.20       1.30       2.40
                                00/23/77    260                 11,45       8.0    22.0           30.03                            4.60     0.16        0.21                  11.0      7.0      1.60       1.20       1.80
                                08/23/17    270                 1235        6.0    22.3           30.10                            12-00    0.60        2.70                  13.0      7.0      1.10       1.10       1.30
                                09/07117    210                 1100        4.0    23.5           30-52                            0.20     0.15        0.14                  9.0       7.0      1.10       0.60       1.10
                                09/01/71    220                 1132        25.0   20.0           31.57                            0.20     0.09        0.14                  7.0       7.0      0.60       0.67       1.10
                                01/01/11    230                 Ilia        7.0    23.4           30.39                            0.20     0.11        0.14                  15.0      7.0      1.10       0.56       1.90
                                07101111    240                 lots        3.0    23.1           28.14                            0.60     035         0,36                  2S.0      21.0     0.69       0.46       1A
                                                                10'
                                09/01/77    250                 10          3.0    24.1           29.34                            0.80     0.35        2.10                  20.0      7.0      0.84       0.50       2.10
                                09/01/77    260                 1043        7.0    23.6           31.35                            3.50     0.17        0.29                  15.0      1.0      1.90       1.50       2.80
                                09/07/77    210                 1035        6.0    23.4           30.21                            0@60     0.13        0.14                  7.0       7.0      0.88       0.48       2.30
                                09/19/11    210                 1030 18.0   6.0    21.6           30.61                            1.50     0.15        0.15                  30.0      27.0     0.13       0.50       1.50
                                09119171    220                 950 37.0    9@0    18.8           31.98                            1.00     0.20        0.39                  12.0      7.0      0.95       0.94       1.50
                                09/19/7)    230                 929 24.0    4.0    20.8           30.90                            1.20     0.12        0.16                  23.0      16.0     0.95       0.71       1.70
                                09/19/77    240                 1138 5.0    4.0    21.9           29.29                            1.10     0.14        0.14                  27.0      12.0     0.66       0.34       1.10
                                09119/77    250                 1120 6.0    3.0    21.9           30.18                            0.40     0.41        3.30                  30.0      12.0     0.63       0.43       2.00
                                09119/11    260                 1058 16.0   6.5    21.5           31.31                            4.00     0.30        OA1                   16.0      B'D      1.30       1.00       1.80
                                09/19/71    210                 1108 6.0    5.0    22.1           30.711                           0.30     0.22        0.39                  30.0      8.0      0.80       0.77       1.80
                                10/04/11    210                 1137 10.0   4-0    14.4           29.95          420      10       0.70     0.20        0.14                  7.0                0.40       0.39       1.70
                                10/04/71    220                 1102 32.0   10.0   17.0           31.58          10       10       1.00     0.45        0.99                  1.0       7.0      0.80       0.85       1.50
                                10104/17    230                 1110 19.0   5.0    16.5           30.48          310      10       0.30     0.28        0.28                  7.0       7.0      0.44       0.63       1.90
                                10104/77    240                 1231 8.0    3.0    15.7           27.56          160      10       9.50     1.30        12.00                 22.0      39.0     0.53       0.42       1.60
                                10/04/77    250                 1720 12.0   4.0    15.7           29.94          20       10       35-00    1.20        10-00                 97.0      29.0     0.58       0.52       1.90
                                10/04/77    260                 1158 15.0   4.0    15.2           31.14          20       10       8.20     0.61        1.70                  10.0               1.00       1.10       1.70
                                10/04117    270                 1208 12.0   4.0    14.3           30.18          10       10       27-00    1.00        5.00                  29.0      10.0     0.82       0.85       1.70
                                10/24/71    210                 1120 18.0   3.0    11.9           30.11                            2.80     0.87        4.40                  32.0      16.0     0.37       0.43       1.20
                                10/24/11    220                 1042 44.0   12.0   14.4           32.73                            3.90     0.66        2.80                  8.0       11.0     1.10       1.10       1.50
                                10/24/77    230                 1024 2TO    10.0   14.4           32.69                            4.10     0.64        2.70                  15.0               1.10       1.10       1.10
                                10124/11    240                 1238 5.0    4.0    11.1           28.89                            14.00    1.60        14.W                  42.0      31.0     0.45       0.14       1.10
                                10/24/17    250                 1216 WO     4.0    12.6           29.84                            6.90     1.40        9.80                  20.0      21.0     0.26       0.36       1.20
                                10/24/77    260                 1147 14.0   6.5    11.8           31.56                            4.20     0.93        3.90                  30.0      27.0     0.74       0.64       1.40
                                10/24/77    270                 1202 6.0    5.5    12.3           30.13                            1.70     1.30        9.00                  26.0      14.0     0.46       0.49       LOD
                                11/09/77    210                 1355 15.0   2.0    13.0           26.19          54DO     160      5.80     0.32        2.70                  41.0      15.0     0.62       0.12       2.50
                                11109/17    220                 1300 40.0   5.0    13.5           30.91          10       10       2.40     0.69        3.00                  14.0      7.0      1.20       1.10       1.20
                                11/09171    230                 1245 20.0   3.5    13.3           28.74          200      20       3.20     0.42        1.60                  23.0      7.0      0.86       0.98       2.30
                                11/09171    240                 1459 8.0    2.0    13.4           25.84          2300     130      6.90     0.37        2.50                  34.0      21.0     0.74       0.%        2.40
                                11/09/11    250                 1500 10.0   2.0    13.4           24.63                            9.110    0.57        5.60                  42.0      28.0     0.70       1.00       2.50
                                11/09/71    260                 1420 20.0   3.0    13.3           26.82          2000     50       1.90     0.18        0.14                  33.0      12.0     0.66       0.76       2.40
                                11/09177    270                 1435 10.0   1.5    13.4           25.13          5100     450      7.70     0.48        4.00                  42.0      24.0     0.10       0.98       2.70
                                11/21/17    210                 1054 22.0   3.0    8.6            29.63          210      120      3.00     0.12        3.30                  41.0      22.0     0.34       0.53       2.10
                                11/21/7)    230                 1015 20.0   8.0    11.9           32.26          10       10       3.90     0.74        2.70                  16.0               1.10       1.10       1.50
                                11121171    240                 1158 7.0    3.0    8.2            29.45          70       10       14.00    0.96        10.00                 42.0      3S.0     0.60       0.65       1.70
                                11/21/77    250                 1144 15.0   3.0    8.2            29.86          60       10       13-00    0.93        9.80                  39.0      23.0     0.79       OJS        1.50
                                11/71/11    260                 1119 15.0   5.0    8.9            31.16          50       10       7-70     0 81        4.50                  30.0      26.0     0.90       0.90       1.70
                                11121177    27D                 1131 4.0    3.0    8.7            31.06          10       10       9.60     0.91        5.70                  29.0      27.0     1.00       1.00       1.50
                                12115/71    NO                  12,25 6 0   4.0    4.0     10.0   29.68          20       10       6 50     0.54        8.50                  22.0      31.0     0.69       0.49       1.70
                                11/15/71    230                 1133 '0,0   7.0    7@5     8.9    31.68          10       10       4.10     0,33        7.10                  18.0      14.0     1.60       1.10       1.80
                                1,115"11    @411                I'M 9 0     4.0    21      9 5    27A            450      130      28-00    0 R3        18.00                 43.0      32.0     0.59       0.49       2.10










                                      10/20/17                                                                                                                                                                                                                             page 3

                                                                                                                                  C:\DBASE\CRUISE\GSO.DBF DAIABASI
                                                                                                                                  -----------------------------------


                                                                                                  101.    FIC.                                 CON.                                                                                                                     Aureo       suit
                            DAII      SIAI loc..     11ME DIPIll jFCCIII TEMP    DO SALINIFY COLL COLL           WS N      NG? N       NOJN    NO  0       im       JDKN IDM4   p   wo4    p IM4-p      $1 03    )OC     DOC      IC      ISS     VSS     RODS BOD20 Cells           Calls     Chlor Chloi       CUID F[OW24      pit
                                                           ft.    FL     OC     119/1   11.       MPN/IDOBI                                    ug. atoms / liter                                                                      mg./liter                     )     /11.       /al.     total Fill.
                                      ------------   -------------------------     ---------      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          12/15/17    250            1320  6.0    5.0    4.8     1.9  30.26         30       10     16.00    0.16      13.00               36.0     23.0    0.93       0.71     1.50
                          12115/77    260            1225  15.0   4.5    6.1     9.1  31.40       290        80     6.BO     0.54      7.10                19.0     20.0    1.10       0.93     1.10
                          12/15/17    270            130   7.0    6,5    7.3     5.8  30.66       290      120      8.60     0.65      9.10                AD       79.0    1.00       0.82     2.00
                          03/219/7B   210            1212         5.0    8.2          27.32                         1.30     0.36      2.90                57.0     14.0    0.60       0.50     1.40
                          03/29/78    220            1126  40.0   11.0   4.9          31.44                         0.20     0.10      (0.14               7.0                         0.57     0.82
                          03129/78    230            1116  30.0   6.5    5.5          31.40                         2.10     OA2       0.15                14.0     0.0     0.70       0.42     0.90
                          03129/18    240            1335  4.0    4,0    9.3          24.88                         10.00    0.56      23.40               SM       14.0    0.52       0.50     1.40
                          03/29/78    250            1325  4.0    4.0    8.9          76.91                         6.20     0.50      15.50               26.0     26.0    0.58       0.41     0.94
                          03129/78    253            1137  75-0   9.0    5.3                                        0.50     0.21      0.29                19.0             0.13       0.64     1.20
                          03/29/78    260            1256  15.0   6.0    8.1          29.80                         1.20     0.23      2.10                13.0     Q.0     0.81       0.51     1.30
                          03/29118    260            1310  6.0    6.0    9.3          2B.70
                          03/29118    270            1310                                                           2.20     0.38      8.30                11.0     7.0     0.54       0.42     0.92
                          04/10/78    NO             1415  5.0    6.0                 30.15                         0.90     0.12      (0,14               15.0     1.0     0.56       0.24     0.56
                          04/10/78    270            1250  33.0   8.0    5.0          31.57                         1.20     0.14      '0.14               22.0     14.0    0.88       0.59     0.88
                          04110178    230            1225         6.5                 31.73                         1.50     0.11      0.14                41.0     (7.0    1,00       0.95     1.00
                          04110/78    240            1520         5.0    93           28.85                         4.30     0.23      4.80                41.0     26.0    0.32       0.48     0.32
                          04/10/78    250            1510         7.0    B.9          30.01                         1.60     0.17      0.29                39.0     14.0    0.48       0.38     OAB
                          04110/78    253            1305         7.0    5.0          31.48                         DID      0.15      0.14                         1.0     0.84       0.66     1.90
                          04110178    260            1445  5.0    6.0                 31.32                         OA       0.14      (DA4                33,0     22,0    0,46       0,33     1.20
                          04/10/78    210            1550         5.0    9.2          30.20                         1.10     0.11      0.79                33.0     (7.0    0.34       0.43     1.20
                          04/24178    210            1045  18.0   7.0    U.0          29.45                         1.00     0.18      0.18                5B.0     39.0    0.72       0.65     1.50
                          04124/18    220            1104  42.0   11.0   7.8          31.08                         1.10     0.16      (0.14               15.0     10.0    0.55       0.33     0.74
                          04124178    230            )ON   26.0   7.0    8.3          30.8)                         0.80     0.16      (0.11               21-0     12.0    0.50       0@50     1.30
                          04/74/18    240            1245  WO     5.0    12.2         28.55                         3.00     0.26      3.20                33.0     24.0    0.50       0.58     1.50
                          04/24/78    250            11235 10.0   6.0    11.1         29.50                         0.10     0.20      0.66                21.0             0.55       0.56     1.20
                          04/24178    253            1041  37.0   9.0    1.9          30.85                         1.60     0.17      0.14                51.0     24.0    0.44       0.41     0.99
                          04124119    260            1207  18.0   8.0    9.9          30.71                         0.70     0.19      (0.14               23.0     19.0    0.59       0.56     1.20
                          04/24/18    270            1222  15.0   6.0    11.4         29.46                         1.50     0.25      3.00                53.0     33.0    0.81       0.48     1.40
                          05/22/78    210            1314         6.0    18.5         26.91                         0.70     0.15      (0.14               12.0             0.18       0.58     1.60
                          05/22178    220            1211         20.0   11.2         30.55                         0.50     0.15      (0.14               (1.0     (1.0    0.70       0.41
                          05/22/?S    230            1200         12.0   11.0         30.66                         0.30     0.14      (0.14               0.0      0.0     0.51       0.45     0.94
                          05/22/18    240            1423         4.0    18.2         26.94                         0.70     0.34      3.40                32.0     10.0    0.57       0.72     2.10
                          05/22/78    250            1402         4.0    18.7         27.113                        0.80     0.26      0.50                26.0             0.78       0.67     1.110
                          05/22/78    253            1132         15.0   12.0         30.50                         0.20     0.12      (0.14               1.0      1.0     0.50       0.39     0.50
              ON          05/22179    260            1340         5.0    17.6         25.64                         0.50     0.14      (0,14               25.0     14.0    0.76       0.58     0.76
                          05/22/18    270            1350         4.0    18.4         28.52                         0.60     0.16      0.14                22.0     7.0     0.80       0.50     DID
                          06106/18    210            1347         5.0    21.2         27.54                         0.70     0.11      (0.14               76.0     (7.0    0.91       1.30     1.10
              d%          06/06/78    220            1230         30.0   15.6         30.41                         0.10     0.08      (0.14               7.0      (7.0               0.40     0.48
                          06/06178    230            1203         8.5    14.5         30. OR                        0.60     0.11      (0.14               97.0     8.0     OX         0.69     0.97
                          06/06178    253            1250         12.0   15.8                                       0.20     O-D9      (0.14               19.0     (TO     0.35       0.47     0.60
                          06/06/78    260            1430         4.0    20.2         29.89                         0.60     0.17      (0.14               30.0     (7.0    0.79       O.6B     1.40
                          06106/18    270            1442         4.0    20.0         29.09                         0.90     OAl       (0.14               26.0     10.0    0.53       I.Q      1.20
                          06121178    210            1340  11.0   9.0    21.9         29.49                         0.30     0.12      0.14                7.0              031        0.64     1.00
                          06/21/78    230            1255  22.0   11.0   14.2                                       0.70     0.11      (0.14               7.0              0.32       0.51     0.98
                          06/21/78    240            1422  5.0    3.5    22.6         28.29                         0.20     0.11      (0.14               22.0     11.0    0.37       0.93     1.60
                          06/21/78    250            1414  5.0    4.0    21.2         30.13                         (0.20    0.16      (0.14               (7.0     (7.0    0.28       0.57     1.10
                          06/21/76    253            1310  35.0   10.0   15.5         30.66                         <0.20    0.16      (0.14               (7.0     (7.0    0.31       0.48     0.72
                          06/21/7B    260            1401  10.0   5.0    19.0         30.66                         0.40     0.11      <0.14               (1.0     (1.0    0.51       0.62     3.60
                      W 18            21                                                                                     0.1            4                  0    (". 37
                                                     @408
                                                               " 0       20.M @0. 10                                                                                                            3.60 M                  M                M                 M                M                 M                M                M
                                                     ?49                                1 0;                                 n i                               n    I           Al              A QP








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                                            10/20192                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        page 4


                                                                                                                                                     C:\DBASE\CRUISE\GSB.DBF DATABASE
                                                                                                                                                     ------------------------------------


                                                                                                                101.     FEC.                                      Come.                                                                                                                                 Aureo        Small
                                    DAIF- SIAI Loc. TIME DEPTH SECCHI IEMP                   DO SALINITY COLI. COLI.               NH3  -N   N02 -.11     RUN      NO -IN      TM        TOM IDP04-P       OP04-P IP04-P         SI-03      IOC      DOC      TC       TSS      vSS      INODS BOD20 Calls             Cells      Chlor Chlor        COND FLOW24         PH
                                                                      ft.     ft.     OC    09/1      t.        NPN/100@1                                          ug. atoms / liter                                                                               eq./liter                        )     /41.         /@1.      Total filt.
                                 .....................                                .... ......     ---------     ..............      ---------    I------- --------------------------------------------------------------------                      ------------------------------------------------                ......   ---------------------------------

                                 01/05/18      220            1205                                    30.34
                                 07/05/78      230            1152    20.0    5 5     17              30.31                             1.10  0.14        0.15                 25.0      10.0      0.48        0.62      0.79
                                 07/05178      240            1034    12.0                            25.16                             9.50  0.38        4.80                 5I.o      31.0      0.81        0.61      0.92
                                 01/05/18      750            1054    8.0             111.5           26.82                             6.10  0.28        1.80                 29.0                0.63        0.52      1.10
                                 W105/18       253            1220    WO      8.5                     30.36                             1.00  0.13        0.15                 36.0      36.0      1.60        0.57      1.30
                                 01/05/18      260            1153    14.0                            28.16                             2.90  0.15        (0.14                19.0      19.0      0.78        0.18      1.10
                                 01/05/10      270            1134    6.0                             27.80                             0.40  0.14        0.15                 11.0                0,39        0.43      0.93
                                 01117/18      210            1258            8.0     22.3            29.26                             1.50  0.13        (0.14                34.0      21.0      1.00        0.61      1.40
                                 07/17/78      230            1420            8.0     21.5            29.32                             2.10  0.15        (0.14                40.0      17.0      0.89        0.51      1.30
                                 0110/111      240            1021            1.0     22.3            27.31                             25.00 0.50        4.40                 43.0      50.0      0.97        0.91      1.50
                                 01111178      250            1046            6.0     22.3            28.60                             7.80  0.29        1.70                 59.0      37.0      0.90        0.59      1.50
                                 07/11/78      260            1119            6.0     22,0                                              1.80  0.19        0.29                 34.0      17.0      0.97        0.76      1.60
                                 01/17/18      270            1137            7.0     21.1                                              2.20  0.16        1.14                 33.0                1.30        0.91      1.70
                      3          GolOllie      210            11,51   16.0    4@O     20.3                                              0,70  0.11        (0.14                33.0      17.0      1.20        0.12      1.90
                                 08/01/78      230            1150    26.0    16.0    19.6                                              0.30  0.09        (0-14                11.0                0.65        0.46      0.93
                                 08/01/18      240            1020    11.0    6.0     27.1                                              40.00 0.41        3.00                 49.0      37.0      1.30        0.98      1.10
                                 08/01178      250            1016    6.0     5.0     21.7                                              21.00 0.40        2.60                 40.0      31.0      1.20        0.81      1.60
                                 08/01/78      760            1147    18.0    6.0     20.7                                              2.50  OX          (0.14                33.0      13.0      1.50        I.OD      2.40
                                 08/01/78      210            1200    8.0     6.0     21.0                                              2.46  0.11        (0-14                22.0      13.0      1.20        0.19      1.60
                                 08/14118      210            1356            4.0     24.5            26.44                             2.00  0.38        1.60                 42.0      16.0      0.69        0.78      1.90
                                 08/14/18      230            1430            6.0     24.4            28.72                             0.40  0.17        (0;14                31.0      13.0      0.89        0.60      1.10
                                 OB/14178      240            1119            6.0     25.3            23.11D                            31.00 0.95        9.10                 51.0      37.0      1.20        1.00      2.00
                                 08/14/78      250            1153            5.0     25.4            25.28                             18.00 0.81        S.70                 40.0      23.0      1.10        0.89      I-BD
                                 08/14/18      260            1255            6.0     25.0            28.56                             3.90  0.29        0.22                 33.0      14.0      1.90        2.10      2.90
                                 08/14/78      270            1232            5.0     25.1            26.84                             11.00 0.58        7.50                 62.0      20.0      1.30        2.60      3.60
                                 011/311711    210            1103    5@0             24.3            28.71                             1.70  0.17        (0.14                31.0      2L0       1.20        0.80      2.20
                                 0813117111    230            1340    24.0    6.0     22.5            29.1)                             0.30  0.14        (0.14                28.0      15.0      0.94        0.18      1-111)
                                 08/31178      240            830     10.0            24.8            27.71                             2.30  0.68        6.20                 44.0      21.0      0.86        0.90      2.50
                                 08/31/70      250            847     13.0            24.7            28.60                             5.40  0.58        4.00                 41@01     24.0      1.10        1.00      2.40
                                 00/31,178     760            1006    17.0            24.1            30-32                             1.50  0.18        @0.141               21.0      11.0      1.60        1.30      2.40
                                 08/31/76      270            930     15.0            24.7            29.41                             2.00  0.34        1.00                 34.0      20.0      1.20        1.00      2.00
                                 09/26/78      210            1144    9.0     7.0     17.1            28.89                             0.50  0.11        0.14                 21.0      13.0      0.49        0.54      0.81
                                 09/26/18      230            9SO             9.0     18.2            31.23                             1.10  0.15        0.14                 13.0      13.0      1.11        0.94      1.42
                                 09/26/78      240            926     14.0    7.0     17.8            28.49                             8.40  0.68        4.10                 21.0                0.10        0.70      1.10
                                 09/26/78      250            939     8.0     7 0     17.6            28.69                             6.50  O@60        3.40                 21.0                0.73        O.S7      1.20
                                 09/26/78      160            1043    16.0    7.0     17.4            30.43                             0.60  0.15        (0.14                17.0      13.0      1.10        0.86      1@70
                                 09/26/78      270            1025    7.0     7.0     17.4            29.85                             0.90  0.22        0.50                 11.0      10.0      0.90        0.73      1.10
                                 10/12178      230            1105    13.0    10.0    16.6            31.44                             1.40  0.27        0.64                 25.0      1.0       1.50        1.20      1.90
                                 11/15/78      210            1136                    11.3            30.24                             2.80  0.23        0.40                 21.0      20.0      0.55        0.46      0.93
                                 11/15/78      230            1015            15.0    12.4            31.44                             2.20  0.29        0.11                 23.0      13.0      0.97        0.93      1.80
                                                                                                                                        19.00 0.43        5.20                 30.0      27.0      0.05        0.12      1.10
                                 11/15/78      240            1255            7.0     12.0            29.64
                                 11/15/78      250            1235            8.0     12.2            30.47                             9.00  0.33        3.30                 54.0      56.0      0.81        0.12      1.30
                                 11/15/78      260            1243                    12.4            31.63                             4.00  0.26        0.68                 17.0      11.0                  1.00      1.40
                                 11/15/78      270            1307                    12.3            30.74                             5.70  0.29        2.10                 31.0      21.0      0.81        0.67      0.89
                                 03/19179      240            1135                    5.3             25.32       43        43          20-00 0.54        22.00                21.0      (7.0      0.24        0.48      0.94
                                 03/19171      250            Ills                    5.0             25.78                             23.00 0.53        25.00                14.0      (7.0      0.24        0.42      0.12
                                 04/18/19      210            1208            5.0     10.4            26.58                             1.90  0.46        7.40                 48.0                            0.69      1.40
                                 04/IB/79      230            1257            7.0     7.0             31.25                             2.40  0-20        1.40                 (1.0      (7.0                  0.69      1.00
                                 04/18/19      240            1234            7@0     10.4            24.74                             11.00 0.61        17.00                31.0                            0.46      0.95
                                 I I I / 18 / I 1@ ?51)       161,            9 0     9 a             15.71                             1, on 0,57        14,00                41.0                            0.20      0.91









              r

                                      10/20/92                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  page 5

                                                                                                                                     C:\DBASE\CRUISE\GSO. W DATABASE
                                                                                                                                      -----------------------------------


                                                                                                      101.   FEC.                                  C" .                                                                                                                       Aureo       small
                             DAIE     SIAT Loc. IME DEPTH SUCH) UP                DO SAIINITY COLI. COL 1.           NH3  N    M02-N       NOJ-N  NO -N        TKN     JDM TDP04-P      OP04-P IP04-P       SI-03     TOC     DDC     IC       ISS     VSS     BODS BOD20 Cells            Cells     Chlor Chlor       COND FLOW24       PH
                                                            Ft.     Ft.    OC    mg/l       1.        MPN/100al                                   Ug. atoms / liter                                                                        mg./liter                     )     /11.        Ill.     foul Fill.
                           --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                  ------------------------------------------------          ......   --------------------------- ----------
                           04/18/19     260              fill       8.0    8.9           29.47                          2.40     015       0.16                15.0                       0.51      1.20
                           04/10/79     270              IIDO       6.0    9.5           28.17                          5.00     0.39      4.40                20.0                       0.44      0.69
                           04/18179     280              1157       4,5    9.2           25.94                          1.50     0.42      6.20                22.0                       0.41      1.00
                           04/18119     290              1210       5.0    9.1           27.12                          2.70     0@43      5.30                (7.0    (7.0               0.51      1.10
                           04118/19     300              1335       4.0    9.4           26.65                          2.00     U6        1.80                18.0                       0.53      0.97
                           05/02/19     210              1159       5.5    15.1          27.80        (10      (10      2.40     Ul        2.70                47.0                       0.61      4.60
                           05/02/79     230              1410       8.0    10.1          30.11        klo      (10      1.30     0.16      1.80                25.0                       0.72      1.70
                           05102/79     240              1209       5.0    15.8          27.53        10       10       5.60     0,36      5.10                39.0                       0.63      2.00
                           05102/79     250              1217       5.0    15.6          28.56        (10      (10      3.40     0.31      3.10                26.0                       0.49      2.00
                           05/02/19     760              1242       5.5    14.0          30AI         (10      (10      0.60     0.18      0.38                11.0                       0.69      2.40
                           05/02/79     270              1231       6.5    15.4          28.15        (10      (10      2.60     0,27      2.70                25.0                       0.41      2.10
                           05102/19     280              1148       4.0    15.5          25.@l        (10      (10      1.00     0.15      0.23                39.0                       0.53      1.80
                           05/02/79     290              1302       5.0    15.5          21.47        so       (10      1.00     0.20      0.53                25.0                       0.75      2.00
                Ib         05/02/79     300              1450              15.3          26.29        (10      (10      0.90     0.16      0.84                25.0                       0.56      2.00
                           05/16/79     210              1020       4.0    17.6          27.il        10       10       2.30     0.22      1.20                22.0    22.0     0.70      0.34      1.60
                           05116/19     230              1340       8.0    14.3          29.62        (10      (10      0.8D     0.15      0.52                (7.0    (7.0     0.56      0.47      1.20
                           05/16/79     240              1304       6.0    19.6          25.87        (10      (10      19.00    0.52      8.00                80.0    75.0     0.74      0.43      1.40
                           05/16/19     250              1200       6.0    18.9          26.@O        (10      (10      20.00    0.47      7.30                $8.0    36.0     0.68      0.42      1.60
                           05/16/79     260              fill       6.0    16.5          28.75        (10      (10      5.60     0.21      1.30                !6.0    28.0     1.30      0.75      1.90
                           05/16/79     210              1135       5.0    18.3          27J3         20       (10      10-00    0.39      5.10                22.0    22.0     0.62      0.41      0.91
                           05/16179     2BO              1140       5.0    18.3          25.90        (10      (10      1.10     0.11      1.30                22.0    12.0     0.58      0.39      1.20
                           05116/79     2%               1001       5.0    16.6          27.28        40       10       5.30     0.22      2.40                44.0    31.0     0.73      0.39      1.60
                           05/16/19     300              UJO        6.0    18.1          23.56        <10      (10      1.10     0.13      0.52                36.0    12.0     0.63      0.39      1.30
                           05/28/79     210              845        4.0    16.9          27.18        20       10       1.00     2.90      0.16                30.0    29.0     0.65      0.82      1.90
                           05/28/79     230              1125              14.2          29.17        (10      (10      0.70     0.16      0.21                55.0    10.0     0.66      0.61      1.50
                           05/28/19     240              1055       3.0    17.5          25.12        $80      30       23.00    1.00      8.90                41.0    43.0     0.65      0.65      1.60
                           05/26/19     250              1030       3.0    17.2          204          100      20       21.00    038       7.10                59.0    51.0     0.76      0.64      1.90
                           05/28/79     260              950        4.0    16.0          29.26        (10      (10      1.90     0.18      0.64                27.0             0.82      0.76      1.10
                           05/28/19     270              1005       3.5    16.6          28.79        20       (10      2.90     0.30      2.10                30.0             0.72      0.56      1.80
                           05128/79     28D              1055       4.0    17.2          25.24        30       oo       3.70     0.42      3.60                98.0    13.0     0.56      0.27      1.60
                           05/28/19     290              825        4.0    17.0          26.56        30       (10      1.70     0.23      1.40                56.0             0.64      0.75      2.00
                           05128179     300              13W        6.0    11.0          25.65        (10      (10      0.20     0.09      (0.14               00.0    17.0     0.52      0.45      1.30
                           06/21179     210              1040       4.0    21.7          28.49        (10      (10      1.00     0.12      (0,14               11.0    10.0     0.51      0.49      2.00
                           06121179     230              1250       8.0    18.7          29.12        (30      (30      (0.20    0.12      (0.14               16.0    (7.0     0.48      0.50      0.95
                           06/21/19     240              1305       6.0    23.5          26.63        (10      (10      4.00     0.65      6.90                46.0    20.0     1.20      0.40      1.90
                           06/21/79     250              1240       5.0    23.1          29.18        (10               1.20     0.16      0.29                16.0    12.0     0.70      0.41      1.30
                           06/21/79     260              1140       5.0    22.2          22.20        (10               2.40     0.12      0.22                21.0    20,0     1.10      0.79      1.40
                           06/21/19     270              1205       7.0    22.6          22.60        (10      (10      2.30     0.15      0.29                22.0    10.0     0.13      0.47      0.93
                           06121/19     280              1150       3.0    22.7          22.70        (30      (30      0.20     0.15      (0.14               21.0    12.0     0.81      0.73      1.60
                           06/21/79     290              1015       5.0    21.1          21.10        10                2.50     0.13      0.29                30.0    9.0      0.48      0.38      1.60
                           06/21/79     300              1340       4.5    22.5          22.50        (30      (30      0.50     0.15      (0.14               24.0                       0.61      2.30
                           07/11/79     210              1232       5.0    21.9          29.82        60       10       (0.20    0.10      (0.14               28.0    (1.0     0.50      0.48      1.80
                           07111179     230              1251       11.0   18.0          31.27        (10      (10      (0-20    0.07      (OA4                8.0     (1.0     0.43      0.48      1.60
                           07/11179     240              1109       7.0    22.5          28.29        90       20       3.10     0.34      3.00                ZO      0.0      0.53      0.72      2.10
                           07/11/79     250              1146       7.0    22.2          29.02        140      (10      5.20     0.41      3.20                22.0    17.0     1.30    , 0.88      1.80
                           07/11/19     260              1216       6.0    19.5          31.10        SD       (10      0.20     0.10      (0.14               1.0     7.0      1.20      0.90      1.60
                           01111/79     210              1208       7.0    21.9          30.25        200      10       0.30     0.14      0.52                26.0    (7.0     1.20      0.84      1.80
                           07/11/79     280              1052       3.5    21.8          27.82        10       (10      0.20     0.12      W-14                29.0    18.0     015       0.19      2.20
                        *#/Il           2                @140 MO-0         1*0 30. JIW                         2(J*O             0. W.@4             111*5.0           W*.62 1* T.11
                                      9 300              3,7            0  21,           28.6                               0    0             4               5.0                .62                  'D










                                           10120192                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Page 6

                                                                                                                                                       C:\DBASE\CRUISE\GSB.DBf DATABASE
                                                                                                                                                       -----------------------------------


                                                                                                                lot.   FIC.                                     COMB.                                                                                                                                 Aureo        Siall
                                 bAlf      SIAl ioc. HM KPIII SICCIII 11HP                DO SAIINIIY COLL COLL                   M13 N    1412 N      '1103 11 NO N         IKII     IDKN 1OP04 P      W04 P IP04 P          5103       IOC      DOC      IC       ISS      VSS      8005 BOD20 Cells              Cells      Chlor Chlor        CRID 1101124        pil
                                                                  ft.      FL     OC     mg1l                   "PHIlooml                                       U9. atogs I titer                                                    I                          mg.1liter                              JIL          lat.      Total Filt.
                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------                           -------     --------------------------------------------------------              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------                         ................... .. .....
                              08/01179     210             1222            6.0    28.0           30.32          30       (10      0.30     0.14        (0.14                 25.0                          0.31       2.40
                              08/01/79     230             1330            11.0   24.5           31.00          (10      (to      0.30     0.09        (0.14                 (7.0     (7.0                 0.49       0.92
                              08/01/79     240             1116            UO     28.7           28.46          (100     (10      0.30     0.19        (0.14                 30.0                          1.10       3.30
                              OB/Oi/79     250             11,00                  28.6           28.98                   (to      0.30     0.18        (0.14                 25.0                          0."        2.80
                              08/01/79     260             1706            8.0    27.3           30.69                   (10      0.50     0.13        (0.14                 15.0                          1.80       2,90
                              08101/79     270             1254            5,0    28.3           29-67          10       (to      0.30     0.14        <0.14                 25.0                          1.20       2.50
                              00/01/79     280             1058            2.5    28.4           27.51                   (10      0.40     0.20        (0-14                 35.0     16.0      1.30       1.20       2.60
                              08/01/79     290             1235            4.5    27.5           29.36          500      10       0.20     0.14        W.14                  22.0                          0.99       2.30
                              00/01/19     300             1410            4.5    111.1          28.71          400      (10      0.20     0.15        (0.14                 30.0                          0.94       2.80
                              08122119     210             1205                   22.1           21.12          40       10       0.30     0.15        0.14                  11.0     12.0      0.86       0.62       1.30
                              08/22/79     230             1255                   19.4           31.51          (10      (10      0.50     0.09        (0.14                 (7.0     (7.0      0.54       0.65       1.30
                              08/22/79     240             1105                   22.2           28.64          580      (10      3.40     0.79        5.80                  22.0     11.0      0.99       0.74       2.00
                              08/22/79     250             Ills                   22.2           29.56          80       (10      1.40     0.50        2.80                  (LO      (7.0      0.95       0.74       4.00
                              08/22/79     260             1140                   22.0           30.95          1 TOM    10       (0,20    0.11        -'0.14                (1.0     (7.0      1.20       0.80       1.50
                              08/22119     270             1125                   22.2           30.35                            1.20     0-30        2.40                  9.0      16.0      0.89       0.93       1.70
                              08172/79     280             1045                   27.4           27.11          40       10       0.20     0.22        0.65                  123.0    22.0      0.80       0,65       1.90
                              08122/19     290             1215                   21.9           29.41          420      (10      (0.2D    0.12        (0.14                 5.0      22.0      0.68       0.55       1.60
                              08/22/79     300             1340                   22.2           28.63          70       (10      0.40     0.14        (0.14                 22.0     13.0      0.56       0.26       3.00
                              09/18/79     210             1100                   20.8           30.16          (10      (10      0.40     0.13        (0.14                                    0.79       0.43       1.70
                              09/18/79     230             1230                   20.5           31.42          10       (10      0.60     0.36        L20                   11.0     11.0      0.86       0.82       2.10
                              07/18/79     240             955                    21.0           30.11          10       (10      3.60     0.59        3.00                                     1.00       0.69       1.90
                              09/10/79     250             low                    21.0           30.39          (10      <10      3.90     0.41        2.70                  14.0     14.0      0.93       0.18       2.00
                              07118/19     260             1040                   20.5           31.46          (10      (10      1.90     0.24        0.30                  18.0     18.0      1.50       1.10       2.00
                              03/18/79     210             1030                   21.1           31.24          (10      (10      1.%      0.26        1.10                  30.0     21.0      1.50       1.10       2.10
                              09/10/79     280             921                    21.2           28.04          10       (10      1.40     0.26        0.46                  24.0     18.0      0.75       0.50       1.60
                              09/18/79     290             1110                   20.8           30.11          20       20       0.40     0.14        1.14                  28.0     21.0      0.58       0.41       1.40
                              09/18/79     Soo             1315                   21.3           29.18          400      10       1.30     0.20        0.14                  28.0     11.0      0.66       0.27       1.80
                              09/25/79     210             1220            6.0    16.6           29.89          30       (10      1.00     0.114       0.79                  15.0     15.0      0.77       0.50       1.60
                              09/25/19     220             1345            10.0   18.4           31.64          (10      (10      0.30     0.10        (0.14                 15.0     15.0      0.95       0.77       1.60
                              09/25/79     230             1304            9.0    18-4           31.58          (10      <10      0.20     0.09        (0,14                 8.0      0.0       0.95       0.65       1.30
                              09/25119     240             TITO            1.0    11.1           21.16                            910      0.69        9.90                  22.0     22.0      IM         0.11       1.44
                              03/25/79     250             1120            6.5    17.0           28.19          10       (10      7.50     0.65        8.60                  16.0     16.0      1.10       0.13       1.10
                              09/25/79     260             1205            6.0    16.6           31.18          (10      (10      2.40     0.26        0.32                  12.0     12.0      1.30       0.99       1.90
                              09125179     270             1150            5.0    16.8           30.20          (10      (10      0.40     0.18        0.15                  12.0               0.81       0.44       1.60
                              09/2V79      280             1100            4.5    16.7           28.53                            4.30     0.37        3.20                  19.0               0.63       0.44       1.10
                              09/25/79     290             1240            5.0    0.0            30.72          (10      (10      0.50     0.24        0.46                  22.0     13.0      0.66       0.74       1.60
                              W/25/79      300             1410            6.0    16.8           27.82          10       (10      1.30     0.11        0.23                  19.0     11.0      0.86       0.59       1.50
                              logopq       210             1240                   9.1            29.86          (to      (to      5.90     OM          5.40                  21.0     11-0      0.58       0.59       0.12
                              10/30/79     230             1316                   12.2           11.99          (10      (10      3.50     0.39        1.90                  11.0     11.0      1.50       1.30       1.60
                              10/30119     240             1120                   10.5           27.89          (10      (10      16.00    1.20        11.00                 41.0     20.0      0.67       0.76       1.00
                              10/30/79     250             1158                   10.1           29.08          (10      (10      14.00    0.92        11.00                 49.0     21.0      0.67       0.79       1.10
                              10130/79     260             1220                   10.1           31.48          10       (10      5.30     0.52        1.90                  26.0     26.0      0.93       0.84       1.20
                              10/30/79     270             1207                   10.3           30.36          (10      (10      7.90     0.59        5.20                  41.0     19.0      0.76       0.61       0.97
                              10130/79     280             1104                   10.3           27.21          (10      (10      9.40     1.20        9.10                  57.0     22.0      0.40       0.28       0.16
                              10/30119     290             1250                   9.7            29.31,         (10               5.10     0.82        5.90                  41.0     25.0      0.46       0.43       0.13
                              10/30/79     300             1400                   10.3                          <10      (10      3.80     1.00        5.90                  31.0     23.0      0.42       0.2B       OX
                              11/15/79     210             1125                   8.1            28.53          40       10       5.80     0.66        4.80                  31.0     24.0      O.S4       0.41       0.82
                              11/15/79     230             1242                   9.0            28.20          10       (10      7.00     0 74        5.80                  35.0                          0.68       1.10
                              11/15/19     240             1043                   8.9            26,32          30       20       57-00    0 89        18 00                 35.0               0.72       0.75       1 10
                              11/1,5/79    7.0             1W                     B 9            118.87         80       @10      480      0 51        81.00                 36.0     36.0      0.70       0.36       1-00










                                     10/20/72                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             page 7

                                                                                                                                         C;\DBASE\[email protected] DATABASE
                                                                                                                                         -----------------------------------


                                                                                                        IOV    FEC.                                    CON                                                                                                                             Aureo        SAM
                            DATE     SIAT Loc. TIME DEPTH SECCHI TEMP               DO SALINITY COLI. COLI.            NH3-N      N02-H       H03-N    ND-M        lKH       TOM IDP04-P     OP04-P IP04-P         SI-03     JOC      DOC     IC       TSS      VSS     BODS BOD20 Cells             Calls     Chlor Chlor        COND FLOWN         PH
                                                             Ft.    Ft.      OC   mg/l      It.         MPNIIOOMI                                     ug. Aoss / liter                                                                             mg./liter                      )      /mi.        /al.     total fill.
                           ------------------------------- ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           11/15177    260            1109                   8.4            30.67       10          (10   6.10     0.36       7.00                 22.0      22.0    0.89        0.75          1.30
                           11/15/79    270            1100                   8.5            29.55                         10.00    0.55       6.80                 28.0      26.0    0.74        0.69          1.20
                           11/15/79    280            1033                   8.8                        (10         (10   17.00    1.00       9.10                 44.0              0.66        0.48          1.10
                           11/15/79    290            1135                   7.8            28.60       50          10    6.70     0.64       4.90                 34.0      30.0    0.60        0.44          0.94
                           11/15/79    300            1310                   8.9            26.116      (10         (10   5.70     0.73       5.20                 35.0                          0.39          0.99
                           11/26/79    210            1250                   13.5           30.11       60          30    1.60     0.56       3.20                 33.0                          0.41          1.10
                           11/26/79    240            Ills                   12.5           28.38       20          20    6.20     0.88       13.00                44.0                          0.67          3.00
                           11/26/19    250            1120                   12.6           28.36       40          10    6.20     0.86       13.00                50.0                          0.13          2.20
                           11/26/19    260            1215                   13.2           31.48       (10         (10   3.30     0.01       4.20                 29.0                          0.97          1.50
                           11/26/79    270            1154                   13.0           30.50       (10         (10   2.60     0.35       6.70                 44.0                          0.63          1.70
                           11121/19    230            1055                   12.0           29.61       (10         (10   3.20     O.S9       6.30                 43.0      42.0    0.69        0.69          1.40
                           11/27/19    290            1154                   11.6           26.22       190         30    4.60     0.90       11.00                33.0      20.0    0.44        0.69          1.60
                           11/27/79    290            1111                   12.1           29.81       80          60    3.60     0.54       4.50                 43.0      39.0    0.52        0.41          1.10
                           11/21/79    3DO            1008                   12.0           28.00       (10         (10   2.50     0.61       5.10                 46.0      36.0    0.40        0.51          1.00
                           12/10/19    210            1250                   3.6            30.30                         1.30     0.58       5.50                 21.0              0.38        0.51          1.00
                           12/10/79    250            1105                                                                5.40     0.64       12,00                28.0              1.10        0,67          1.20
                           12/10/79    760            1155                   4.1            32.19                         3.10     0.48       6.60                 14.0              0.78        1.10          1.50
                           12/10/79    270            1128                   4.1            31.27                         3.60     0.55       8.30                 29.0                          0.76          1.20
                           12/10179    280            1350                   3.8            26.84                         0.90     0.71       6.60                 34.0      28.0    0.50        0.61          1.20
                           12/10/79    290            1303                   5.0                                          1.60     0.41       6.20                 24.0      8.0     0.92        0.91          1.50
                           12/11179    230            1247                   8.9                                          2.80     0.36       8.80                 34.0      23.0    1.30        1.50          2.30
                           12/11/19    240            1135                   -0.3                                         6.30     0.51       16A                  17.0      1.0     0.45        0.69          1.00
                           12/11/79    300            1214                   4.9            29.22                         1.50     0.60       5.40                 24.0      24.0    0.94        0.61          1.30
                           12/19/79    210            1340                   -0.4           32.15                         1.00     0.45       3.20                 (1.0      (1.0    0.91        0.88          1.40
                           12/19/79    250            1200                   0.4            31.25                         1.60     0.54       6.50                 10.0      0.0     0.53        0.69          1.30
                           12119/19    260            1254                   3.1                                          2.00     0.44       4.60                 (7.0      (1.0    1.10        0.51          1.20
                           12/19/79    270            1230                   0.3                                          3.40     0.55       6.50                 7.0       (7.0    0.60        0.68          1.10
                           01/16/80    230            1130                   5.3                                          0.70     0.20       2.40                 36.0      37.0    0.59        1.10          1.70
                           01/16/80    250            1440                   3.2                                          2.90     0.45       11.00                                  0.17        0.53          1.30
                           01/23180    250            1350                   2.7                                          2.30     0.36       6.00                 19.0      16.0    0.20                      1.10
                           01/30/80    250            1320                   0.7                                          0.10     0.26       1.60                 (7.0      (1.0    0.22        0.55          1.40
                           02/14/80    230            1055                   1.1                                          0.50     0.20       0.90                 19.0      12.0    0.50        0.06          1.50
                           02/14180    250            915                    0.4                                          0.30     0.10       0.40                 44.0      12.0    0.20        0.06          2.10
                           07/14/80    2BO            1710                   1.4                                          0.50     0.30       2.60                 38.0      16.0    0.20        0.05          1.20
                           02/14/80    290            1025                   0.4                                          0.60     0.20       0.40                 38.0      16.0    0.30        0.08          1.60
                           03/19/80    230            1150                   4.1                                          0.40     0.14       0.13                 36.0      (7.0    0.60        0.70          1.50
                           03/19180    250            1111                   5.4                                          4.00                0.25                 43.0      21.0    OAS         0.60          1.30
                           03/19/80    280            1240                   4.8                                          0.60     0.13       0.14                 33.0      14.0    0.20        0.70          1.20
                           03/19/80    290            1125                   4.8                                          0.60     0.12       0.20                 21.0      14.0    0.35        0.60          1.10
                           06/04/80    210            1205                   21.5           29,24       20          10    1.40     0.14       0.21                 64.0      51.0    0.71        0.84          1.58
                           06/04/80    240            1032                   21.8           26.58       11000       430   2.30     0.64       10.18                64.0      78.0    0.84        0.61          1.62
                           06/04/80    250            1052                   21.5           28.82       2400        230   0.90     0.14       0.42                 64.0      43.0    0.61        0.84          1.49
                           06/04/80    260            1142                   19.5           30.66       30          10    2.10     0.14       0.64                 50.0      43.0    1.23        1.0S          2.01
                           06/04/80    270            1120                   21.1           29.32       4300        190   1.10     0.14       0.36                 50.0      29.0    0.45        0.91          1.36
                           06/04/80    290            1410                   21.7           27.13       (10         00    0.80     0.14       0.14                 71.0      29.0    0.74        0.52          1.94
                           06/04180    290            1325                   20.0           29.75       20          10    1.10     0.14       0.14                 136.0     43.0    0.45        0.42          1.58
                           06/04/80    300            1410                                  28.14       (100        <10   0.40     0.07       (0.14                21.0      21.0    0.65        0.52          1.20
                           06/18/80    210            1375                                  29.58       4200        (10   4.10     0.14       0.79                 86.0      100.0   1.62        0.58          1.84
                           Oj6 W18 80  220            1330
                                                       1     M @5.51111142.75 I,&                                                  0-0771M                             0     11           1                    .84 M
                                                                                                                                                                       0     ( "6                Ift
                                     0 230 M 3 5                             4.9            2.03                                   0.0                                       7                                 .71








                                         1012011'                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      page 8

                                                                                                                                                 C:kDBASE\CRUISE\GSB.DBF DATABASE
                                                                                                                                                 --------------------------------


                                                                                                                 101.  FIC.                                    ON.                                                                                                                                   Aureo        small
                                DATE     SIAI Loc. IM DEPTH SECCHI TEMP                  00 SALINITY COLI. C111.               W-N        N02_N       VH       NO -N       IKN        TDM TOP04-P      GM-P IP04-P           SI-03      IOC      DOC      IC       ISS      VSS      ODDS BM20 Cells               Cells      Chloi Chlor        COND 1`101124       pfl
                                                                  Ft.     Ft.     9C    9911      t.             RPN/10(ki                                     ug. atoms I liter                                                                               mg./liter                        )     /al.         /01.      Total fill.
                             ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                             --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             06/18/80      240            1135                                  28.92            (10      (10    2.10     0.14        0.86                 100.0      100.0    0.90       0.74       2.33
                             06/18/80      250            1145                                  29.49            (10      (10    1.40     0.21        0.57                 64.0       71.0     2.11       0.68       2.74
                             06/18/80      260            1234                                  31.75            20       (10    2.60     0.1d        0.29                 64.0       57.0     2.00       0.65       1.52
                             06/18/80      270            1215                                  30.72            so       (10    010      0.14        (0.14                39.0       MIT      1.39       0.42       2.13
                             0611B/80      280            1430                                  27.90            80       (10    1.40     0.14        0.14                 51.0       51.0     1.26       0.36       2.29
                             06/1$/80      290            1335                                  30.10            190      (10    1.90     0.14        0.29                 64.0       57.0     1.39       0.52       1.62
                             06118180      SM             1240                    20.2          28M              1700            1.40     0.14        0.14                 43.0       29.0     0.94       0.26       1.52
                             02/11/81      210            1220            5.0     4.1           29.02            (3       (3     2.10     0.29        1.50                 36.0       21.0     0.52       0.61       0.80
                             02/11/81      230            1305            4.0     2.3           32.04            Q        (3     1.60     0.21        2.00                 64.0       43.0     0.58       0.78       1.50
                             02/11/81      240            1025            5.0     5.4           29.64            430      30     8.90     0.43        5.60                 57.0       29.0     0.19       0.55       1.10
                             02/11181      250            1040            5.5     4.1           28.84            21       (3     20.30    0.43        7.90                 57.0       50.0     0.10       0.45       0.80
                             02111181      260            1175            1.0     4.3           32.59            4        4      3.50     U9          0.90                                     0V         0.65       1.60
                             02/11181      270            1107            6.0     4.0           30.48            43       15     3.70     0.36        4.10                 57.0       29.0     0.19       0.45       0.90
                             02/11181      290            1235            5.0     4.1           30.4S            (I       (1     1.40     0,29        1.40                 43.0       35.0     0.29       0.11       1.60
                             03103/81      210            11,15                   3.8           29.49            23       4      1.10     0.21        2.00                 36.0       14.0     0.30       0.50       1.00
                             03/09181      220            1230                    3.8           32.50            <3       3      0.70     0.14        0.40                 43.0       14.0     0.30       0.50       0.70
                             03/09181      230            1220                    4.0           30.70            (3       (3     1.00     0.21        0.60                 29.0       7.0      0.40       0.40       0.50
                             03/09/81      240            1315                    4.2           30.50            43       23     2.40     0.21        2.70                 14.0       14.0     0.30       0.40       OJT)
                             03/09/81      250            1034                    4.5           29.97            43       43     3.30     0.21        4.00                 14.0       14.0     0.30       0.30       0.70
                             03/09/81      260            J103                    3.5           32.30            1        4      0.50     0.14        (0.10                21.0       21.0     0.40       0.50       1.10
                             03/09/81      210            1050                    4.3           31.49            41       43     0.40     0.14        Q,20                 R-4        WQ       UQ         4.11       0.14
                             03/09/81      280            1302                    4.2           21.82            11       7      1.80     0.29        4.30                 29.0       14.0     0.40       0.40       0.40
                             03/09181      290            1135                    3.5           30.21            9        4      1.20     0,21        1.60                 29@0       21.0     0.10       0.50       1.20
                             03/09/81      300            11DO                    3.4           29.00            (3       Q      0.60     0.21        0.50                 21.0       (1.0     0.10       0.50       1.00
                             04/01/81      210            1245                    12.2          31.25            4        (3     1.30     0.14        0.11                 64.0                           0.26       0.71
                             04/01/81      240            1022                    11.3          30.99            240      4      3.60     0,21        2.60                 29.0                           0.29       0.97
                             04/01181      250            1059                    11.4          31.06            4        4      4.50     0.21        2.20                 57.0                           0.45       0.79
                             04101181      260            1143                    10.7          12.55            (1       (1     0.90     0.14        0.14                 21.0                           0.29       t.00
                             04/01181      270            1123                    11.2          31.49            Is       9      1.80     0.14        0.29                 2S.0                           0.23       1.00
                             04/01/81      300            1141                    9.8           17.58            4        4      1.10     0 14        0.14                 36.0       21.0     0.13       0.58       0.78
                             04/oa/81      210            1145                    10 a          27.65                            O@60     0.14        0,57                                                0.26
                             04/08/81      220            1145                    1.2           52.55                            1.40     0M          0.82                                                0.39
                             04/08/81      230            1120                    6.9           32.56                            2.10     0.14        1.20                 43.0       14.0     1.50       0.36       1.70
                             04/CB/81      240            1450                    11.0          30.30                            4.90     0,27        3.10                                                0.23
                             04108181      250            HSO             4.0     10.0          29.24                                                                      WO         14.0     0-M        0.23       1@40
                             04108/01      260            1355                    10.3          32.22                            1.30     0.14        0.43                 29.0       21.0     0.30       0.39       0.80
                             04/08/81      270            1410            4.0     10.1          32.20                            0.90     OM          0.29                                                0.32
                             04108/81      280            1009            4.0     10.0          29.49                            1.20     0.14        0.64                 36.0       50.0     0.40       0.90       2.10
                             04/08/81      290            12,215          4.0     9.6           31.28                            2.10     0.14        1.60                                                0.19
                             04/08/81      300            951             5.0     9.2           30.05            (3       (3     0.40     0,01        0.14                                                0.16
                             04122181      210            1305            5.0     9.8                                            0.90     0.14        0.21                 64.0       7.0      0.60       0.29       1.70
                             04122181      240            1112            6.0     L0.11         30.69                            3.30     0.21        4.30                 19.0       64.0     030        0,26       1.40
                             04/22/81      250            1121            6.0     9.7           31.42                            1.10     0.14        0.71                 $7.0       29.0     0.30       0.19       0.80
                             04/22/81      260            Q16             8, 0    8.6           32.911                           1.40     0.21        0.75                 36.0       14.0     0.40       0.57       0.80
                             04/221BI      270            1200            5.0     U             32.52                            1.10     OM          0.21                 25.0       11.0     0.60       0.32       1.13
                             04/22181      300            1140            8.0     9.0           31.04                            0.40     0.14        0.07                 29.0       14.0     0.30       0.23       0.90
                40           05/06/Bi      210            1155            8.0     16.3          31.16            9        15     0.40     0,14        (0.14                29.0       29.0     1.03       0.26       2.29
                             05/06/Bi      240            1230            5.0     17.3                           23       4      1.90     0,32        3.21                 36.0       14.0     0.45       0.19       2.26
                             05106/81      250            1015    5@0     5@0     17.0          30.42            9        (3     O@50     0.21        1.66                 29.0       7@0      0.42       0.26       1,36
                             05/06/81      260            INS             8.0     15.0          32.72            (3       (3     0.40     0.14        0.14                 29.0       7.0      0.48       0.23       2.33











                                    10/20/92                                                                                                                                                                                                                        page 9

                                                                                                                                C:\DBA%\CRUISE\GSO-DOF DATABASE
                                                                                                                                 -----------------------------------
               40

                                                                                                TOL     FEC.                                CON.                                                                                                                 Aureo       Small
                              DAIE     STAI i-oc. lift DEPIK SLCCIII IEKP      00 SAIINHY COLL COLL             HIS H    H02 K       NUSH    NO-N       I M   TOM IDpO4.p      Qpu4-p jpu4-p       S1.01    JOC     Doe     IC      ISS     M       RODS SM20 Cells           Cells    Chlor Chlor      COND FLOWN       PH
               dp                                          Ft.    Ft.    OC   mg/I     %.      HP11/100111                                  ug. atoms / liter                                                                   sq./liter                    )     /01.       in].    Total Filt.
                           ----------  --    ----------  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----
                           05106181    270          1045   7.0    6.0    17.4        31.75         4       Q      1.10     0.14      0.39               18.0    7.0     1.07      0.45     1.11
                           05/06/81    300          IND           8.0    14.8        30.81        (3       (3     0.40     0.14      fO.14              7.0     7.0     0.65      0.26     0.84
                           07/06/81    210          1125          6.0    24.2        29.90                        4.70     0.14      0.86               36.0    21.0    0.61      0.36     1.80
                           01106/81    220          1225          14.0   20.4        31.31                        0.10     0.07      @0.14                                        0.68
               4W          07/06/81    230          1215          6.5    20.0        31.31                        0.60     0.14      0.21               64.0    21.0    0.11      0.55     1.30
                           07/06/81    240          9118          5.0    24.4        25.64                        W60      0.64      5.18               64.0    50.0    0.91      0.36     2.40
                           07/06/81    250          940           5.0    24.3        21.73                        8.00     0.36      2.07               36.0    36.0    0.61      0.11     1.78
                           07/06/81    260          1026          5.0    24.3        27.73                        8.00     0.14      0.50               29.0    21.0    1.13      0.94     2.00
                           01106/81    210          1001                 24.6        28.41                        4.10     0.21      0.95               51.0    29.0    1.16      0.68     2.30
                           01/06/81    280          1224          4.0    25.6        28.84                        0.60     0.14      0.36               ?LO     39.0    0.36      0.26     1.80
                           01/06/81    290          1142          5.0    23.7        29.71                        3.10     0.14      0.21               43.0    29.0    0.48      0.29     1.10
                           07/06/81    3DO             0          3.5    24.1        30.50                        1.10     0.14      0.36               29.0    21.0    0.10      0.32     0.80
                           08/12181    210             0                                                          2.40     0.14      0.61               50.0    36.0    1.94      0.61     2.32
                           08/12/81    220          IN            21.0   22.0        31.87                        0.60     0.07      0.50               7.0     21.0    0.45      0.48     0.58
                           08/12/81    230          1045          13.0   21.2        31.95                        1.30     0.14      0.43               7.0     21.0    1.06      0.65     0.84
                           08/12/81    240             0                                                          2.90     0.51      3.01               50.0    43.0    1.81      1.01     2.68
                           08/12/81    250             0                                                          7.60     0.64      1.64               43.0    21.0    1.49      1.16     2.39
                           08/12/81    260             0                                                          2.00     0.21      0.43               36.0    21.0    1.97      1.24     3.04
                           08/12/81    210             0                                                          3.10     0.36      1.14               .16.0   21.0    1.68      1.23     2.26
               40"         08/12/81    280             0                                                          0.80     0.4       0.14               50.0    21.0    0.74      0.55     1.67
                           08/12/81    290             0                                                          3.00     0.21      0.51               36.0    50.0    1.62      1.32     3.07
                           08/12/81    300          1130          5.0    25.0        31.08                        2.30     0.14      0.43               36.0    28.0    1.06      0.65     1.81
               dr,         09/14181    210          1143          5.0                29.90                        0.20     0.14      (0-14              57.0    50.0    1.19      0.16     2.00
                           09/14181    no           1108          9.0                31.91                        0.10     0.14      (0.14              21.0    36.0    1.00      0.84     1.39
                           09/14/81    230          1059          8.0                31.55                        0.10     0.11      (0.111             14.0    7.0     0.71      0.65     1.87
                           09/14/81    240          1230          4.0                30.34                        0.30     0-14      (0-14              14.0    14.0    0.11      0.45     1.52
                           09/14/81    250          1225          4.5                30.65                        0.20     0.14      (0-14              21.0    14.0    0.64      0.55     1.68
                           09/14/81    260          1200          4.5                31.11                        0.20     0.14      (0.14              28.0    14.0    0.84      0.84     2.29
                           07/14/81    270          1213          4.5                31.23                        0-20     0.14      (0.14                                        0.58
                           09/14181    280          1241          S.0                21.88                        0.30     0.14      0.14                                         0.21
                           09/14/81    290          1134          6.0                30.29                        0.30     0.14      (0.14                                        0.35
               fp          09/14/81    300          1018          5.0                29.76                        0.40     0.14      <0.14              43.0    36.0    0.58      0.23     1.55
                           09/28/81    210          1245                 18.8        31.27                        0.90     0.21      (0.14                                        0.19
                           09/28/81    230          1200                 18.7        31.98                        0.30     0.07      (0.14              1.0     21.0    1.03      0.71     1.16
                           09/28/81    240          1032                 18.9        30.58                        2.60     0.57      2.51               21.0    14.0    0.45      0.38     O.B3
                           09/28/81    250          1335                 19.0        51.45                        2.00     0.35      0.92                                         0.38
                           09/28/81    260          1315                 18.5        31.81                        1.50     0.21      0.21               21.0    21.0    0.32      0.511    1.55
                           09/28/81    210          1340                 18.2        30.35                        4.10     0.50      2-11               21.0    14.0    0.42      0.22     0.93
                           09/28/81    280          1058                 18.0        29.02                        0.60     0.14      (0.14              50.0    29.0    0.45      0.11     4.26
                           09/28/81    290          1230                 18.9        30.43                        0.50     0.14      (0.14                                        0.16
                           09/28/81    300          1045                 18.1                                     0.70     0.21      0.30               21.0    14.0    0.77      0.61     1.00
                           02/23/82    210          1217   5.0    0.6    3.4         27.88                        1.60     0.29      4.60                                         0.13
                           02/23182    230          1026                 1.7         31.54                        1.10     0.14      3.40               21.0    14.0    1.10      0.18     0.79
               W           02/23/82    240          1015   5.0           1.8         26,67                        8.80     0.43      14.90                                        0.16
                           02/23/82    250          1030   6.0           1.9         28.80                        3.80     0.29      5.80               43.0    36.0    0.32      0.19     1.00
                           02/23/82    260          1130   15.0          2.6         30.21                        0.60     0.14      0.90                                         0.16
                           02/23/82    270          1110   7.0           1.7         30.13                        0.70     0.14      2.60               36.0    14.0    0.29      0.16     0.84
                           02123182    280          1309   8.0           3.1         26.33                        4.90     0 so      15.00              43.0    21.0    0.19      0.13     0.97
                        Moll           Ij= :212                                                                        0   0 *$ 30
                                    2                  2 WO. 24M @8 04
                                    B2 3            DO                   1           17.32M                 0*0            0           .40









                                         10/20192                                                                                                                                                                                                                           page 10


                                                                                                                                    C:\DBASE@CRUISE%SBAF DAIABASE
                                                                                                                                      -----------------------------------


                                                                                                    101.    F[C.                                 CON                                                                                                                      Aurto      suit
                               WE        STAI loc. Ilif DfPlH SECCHI lEltP         DO SALINIly COLL COLL             N    N    N02_N     N03_N   ND -N       IM       IDM IDPO4.P     OP04-P IF04-P      SI-03     10C     DOC     IC       ISS    VSS      GODS WHO Cells             Cells    Chlor Chlor      COND FLOW24       pH
                                                              Ft.    Ft.    OC    agil     1.      tiPN/10021                                    ug@ Was I liter                                                                        ag./liter                    )     Ill,        /&1.    10131 fill.
                             -------------------       ----------------------------------------------------        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                ------------------------------------------------------          --------   -----------------------------
                             03/16/82    210           1147          4.0                 29.81                         1.00    0.14      0.50                29.0     14.0    0.39      0.10      1.15
                             03/16/82    230           1310          8.0                 31.60                         0.70    0.07      (0.14               21.0     14.0    0.39      0.29      0.04
                             03/16/82    240           1032                              28.07                         6.00    0.21      5.10                43.0     29.0    0.26      0.10      1.00
                             03116182    250           1040   4.0    4.0                 28AB                          6.40    0.21      5,90                29.0     29.0    0.52      0.10      0.61
                             03/16182    260           1106          6.5                                               0.60    0.07      (0.14                                          OA3
                             03/16/82    210           1054   4.0    4.0                 30.D6                         1.90    0.14      0.40                29.0     14.0    0.26      0.10      0.74
                             03/16/82    780           1001          7.0                 26.55                         2.00    0.36      4.10                                           0.13
                 do          03/16/82    300           1340          4.0                                               1.20    0.21      0.90                                           0.10
                             03/30/82    210           235                  5.4          29.33                         0.10    0.29      2.10                                           0.15
                             0,1/30162   240           924                  6.2                                        6.60    0.29      4.10                                           0.10
                 *           03/30/82    250           935                  5.5          30-15                         210     0A4       1.20                21.0     14.0    0.39      0.16      1.39
                             03/30/82    260           1020                 4.4          31.52                         0.30    0.10      (0.14               (1.0     (7.0    0.39      0.29      1.36
                             03/30/82    270           1001                 5.6          30.85                         0.50    0.14      0.14                                           0.13
                 *           03/30182    280           1211                 6.0          27.41                         1.40    0.36      4.80                14.0     14.0    0.23      0.10      1.10
                             03/30/82    290           1250                 5.5          30.13                         0.90    0.14      0.90                2LD      (7.0    0.10      0.13      0.90
                             03/30/82    300           1211                 5.9                                        0.60    0.29      2.70                21.0     14.0    0.19      0.10      1.03
                 *           05/11/82    210           1034                 15.1         31.18                         0.80    0.14      (0.14               14.0     29.0    1.16      0.45      1.62
                             05/11/82    230           1150                 11.5         28.27                         0.90    0.01      (0.14               14.0     1.0     0.45      0.13      0,58
                             05/11/82    240           1225                 16.6         28.44                         LIO     0.29      3.93                29.0     14.0    0.55      0.13      1.20
                 *           05/11/82    250           944                  16.0         31.24                         1.80    0.29      3.60                21.0     14.0    0.65      0.13      0.81
                             05111182    260           1002                 14.5         31.28                         0.90    0.14      (0.14                                          GAS
                             05/11/82    210           952                  15.5         29.19                         0.20    0.01      (0.14               14.0     29.0    0.61      0.13      0.11
                 *           05/11/82    280           1214                 15.8         28.48                         0.30    0.07      (0.14               21.0     1.0     0.42      0.13      1.10
                             05111182    290           1045                 14.9         30.36                         0.40    0.14      (0.14                                          0.16
                             01/14/82    210           1250          5.0    26.4         29.31                         0.30    0.14      (0.14                                          0.78
                 *           01114182    220           1125          IB.0   2S.4         M. 3B                         (0.10   0.01      (0.14                                          0.29
                             01/14/82    230           1117          10.0   25.2         28.36                         2.80    0.14      0.14                1.0      21.0    1.70      0.81      1.80
                             01/14/82    235           1140          12.0   23.2         30.40                         :0.10   0.07      (0.14                                          0.36
                 *           07114/82    240           1315          4.5    21.4         27.71                         0A      0.14      (0.14               21.0     14.0    1.10      0.13      3.50
                             01/14/82    250           1303          4.5    27.1         28.25                         0.50    0.14      (0.14               21.0     1.0     1.74      0.42      3.90
                             07/14182    280           1330          3.0    26.6         26.46                         0.40    0.14      (D.14                                          0.19
                 *           07/14/82    290           1242          4.5    26.3         28AB                          0.30    0.14      (0.14                                          0.42
                             01/14/82    300           1045          2.0    26.1         2513                          0.30    0A4       (0.14               29.0     21.0    1.00      0.16      2.80
                             07/28182    210           1120                              30.41                         0.50    0A4       0.43                1.0      1.0     8.40      0.61      12.30
                 *           01/28/82    240           945                               23,27                         4.80    0.50      1.14                14.0     14.0    19.10     1.10      32.30
                             01128182    250           930                                                             4.90    0.43      1.00                29.0     29.0    22.60     J.BD      23.30
                             07/28182    260           1020                              29,                           2.00    0.14      4.51                10.0     52.0    1.80      0.71      11-60
                             01128IB2    210           1000                              28.21                         3.10    2.10      8.60                1.0      WO      14.20     1.10      16.60
                             01128182    280           1215                              29.69                         5.40    0.50      0.90                14.0     7.0     18.10     1.90      20-70
                             07128/B2    290           1150                              29.72                         4.30    2.10      0.57                14.0     14.0    16.20     3.90      16.80
                             09129/82    210           1056                 19.6         30.56                         0.70    0.21      0.14                                           0.32
                             09/29/82    240           1016                 19.7         28.86                         3.10    0.78      5.64                                           0.16
                             03129182    250           1021                 11.9         29.83                         3.00    0.64      2.92                                           0.19
                 a           09/79182    260           1037                 19.4         31.31                         1.40    0.28      0.35                                           0.67
                             07129182    270           1030                 13.9         30.15                         1.50    0.49      1.99                                           0.19
                             09/29/82    280           1007                 19.6         29.12                         0.20    0.14      (0.14                                          0.12
                 a           09/29/82    290           1105                 19.6         30.31                         0.30    0.14      0.14                                           0.22
                             10/27182    210           1242                 10.1         29.99                         0.60    0.21      0.43                43.0     36.0    1.60      0.29      2.20
                             10/77/82    240           1023                              28.35                         7.70    0.71      10.10               43.0     57.0    1.13      0.29      1.20
                 A           10121182    -SO           1035                 10.5         29.15                         1,40    0.64      5@90                50.0     29.0    L36                 1.23











                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    page 11


                                                                                                                                              C:\D8ASE\CRUlS1\GS8.D8F DAYABASE
                                                                                                                                                   --------------------------------


                                                                                                          101.     IFEC.                                    Come.                                                                                                                                 Aureo        small
                             DAIC        SIAI loc.     ME DEPTH SfCCHI TIKP           00 SAI INITY COLL COLL               HH3 M     )40' 11       N03 N    NON          TKIII    IDKN IDP04-P      OPO4_P iPO4 P         SIM        JOC      DOC      IC       ISS      VSS      IOD5 80020 Calls              Calls     Chlor Chlor         COND FLOWN          pH
                                                               Ft.    Ft.      OC     09/1      It.      MPN/lOOml                                          ug. atoms / liter                                                                               sq./liter                        )     /mi.         /al.     lotal Fill.
                                                 -- ---------                  -----  I------   --------------------       --------                       -------------------------------           ------------   -  ----------       --------    ------------------------------------            -------------------------------- -----------------
                           10127182      260           1050                    10.1             31A6                          1.40     0.21        0.21                  36.0     29.0      1.45       0.39        1.30
                           10/21/82      270           1042                    10.0             3OAS                          0.60     0.14        (0.14                 43.0     36.0      1.13       0.29        1,00
                           10127182      280           1402                                     28.43                         0.60     0.14        (0.14                 57.0     43.0      2.10       0.32        2.10
                           10171t82      290           1251                    10.5             30.23                         1.00     0.21        0.14                  36.0     21.0      1.49       0.31        1.65
                           11/15/82      210           1229                    9.4                                            3.10     0.36        2.43                  7.0      7.0       0.55       0.42        0.81
                           11/15182      240           1035                    9.1                                            24.00    0 86        10.30                 110.0              0.90       0.20        0.91
                           11/15/82      250           1048                    9.3                                            6.70     016         6.90                  21.0     23.0      0.87       0.42        0.61
                           11/15182      .160          1137                    10.1                                           4.60     0.70        5.60                  14.0     14.0      1.03       0.81        1.42
                           11115/82      270           1120                    9.5                                            5.40     0.19        4.10                  14.0     7.0       0.94       0.78        J.32
                           11/15182      280           1405                    9.2                                            6.10     0.11        8.10                  29.0     14.0      0.81       0.29        1.81
                           11115182      290           1243                    9.1                                            11.90    0.29        2.30                  64.0     36.0      1.10       0.39        1.39
                           011171113     210           1326                    23.1                         :30      Q'O      L30      0.14        0.14                                                0.58
                           07117/83      240           1245                    24.2                         (30      <30      1.10     0.21        0.86                                                1.55
                           01112/83      250           1253                    X2                           (30      (30      1.2D     0.71        0 .19                                               1.79
                           01/12/83      260           1315                    23.6                         30       @30      0-80     0.14        0.1113                                              0.90
                           07/12/113     270           1305                    INA                          30       (30      0.150    0.14        0.14                                                1.110
                           07112183      280           1210                    114.2                        (30      (30      0.50     0.14        0,29                                                0.16
                           01/12183      290           1335                    22.9                         (30      <30      0.40     0.14        (0.14                                               0.51
                           07112183      300           1405                    23.2                         <30      (30      0.40     0.21        (OA4                                                0.29
                           08/15/83      300           1214                    20.7             26.16       30       30       0.40     0 14        (0.14                 43.0     21.0      0.55       0.13        1.55
                           06/13184      210           1100                    2S.3             27.99       -30      @30      0.10     0 07        (0.14                 43.0     50.0      0.18       0.23        2.33
                           06/13/84      240           IN                      25.9             17.05       40       30       0.30     0 01        @O 14                 57.0     71.0      1.01       0.06        2.13
                           OL/13"BA      250           1218                    25.1             ;7.13       @30      (30      0.20     0.07        'OA4                  50.0     14.0      0.71       0.16        1.81
                           06113/84      260           P40                     113 6            29,12       @30      so       0.10     0.07        0.14                  29.0     7.0       1.32       0.32        4.23
                           06/1,I/R4     270           12-11                   25A              21 05       (30      <30      0.10     0.01                              4110     10        1.00       OAJ         2. ?6
                           fit,/ 1.1/114 711f)         1114                    ?5.1             24 00       30       In       0 "D     0.01        (0.14                 43.0     14.0      0.18       0.10        4.33
                                         211)          11:111                  21.5             21.19       10       40       0.40     0.14        (0.14                 36.0     43.0      0.14       0.29        2.23
                           OL/19/04      230           11,118                  11.1             21.53       <30      30       1.10     0.01        @0.14                 14.0     (1.0      0.19       0.23        0.68
                           06,111/84     1140          947                     21.9             25.47       90       40       9.40     0.93        9.78                  36.0     21.0      0.61       0.39        2.00
                           06119/84      250           1018                    21.8             25.39       930      150      26.40    0 86        9.78                  43.0     36.0      0.74       0.19        1.52
                           06/19/84      260           1050                    20.4             29.44       (30      (30      0.60     0.14        0.39                  14.0     14.0      1.64       0.52        3.29
                           06119184      270           1042                    21.6             28.80                         0.50     0.14        0.36                  1.0      1.0       1.03       0.19        1.84
                           06/19184      280           930                     21.7             24.06       <30      (30      0.30     0.14        0.14                  29.0     14.0      0.61       0.10        3.94
                           06/19/84      290           1134                    21.2             26.83       40       (30      0.60     0.14        0.43                  51.0     43.0      1.13       0.19        1.71
                           06119184      300           12P                     21.8             25.50       40       (30      0.40     0.14        (0.14                 29.0     1.0       0.45       0.06        1.91
                           07/03184      300           1205                    23.1             25.07       (30      (30      0.40     0.14        0.14                  64.0     36.0                 0.13
                           08/08/B4      210           1109                    26.4             21.84       (30      (30      0.40     0.14        (0.14                 14.0     14.0      1.01       0.34        2.03
                           OB/D8184      220           1146                    20.4             32.36       (30      (30      (0.10    0.07        (0.14                 (TO      (7,0      0,39       0.26        0.61
                           08/08/84      230           1131                    22.2                         (30      (30      0.10     0.07        (0.14                 7.0      (7.0      0.39       0.26        5.50
                           08/08/84      240           MI                      27.0             28.47       430      430      9.10     0.86        41@57                 ' MO     21.0      2.84       1.26        3.01
                           08108/84      so            1021                    26.7             28.89       230      40       6.00     0.50        2.78                  14.0     21.0      2.65       1.49        S.04
                           08/08/84      260           1045                    25.5             2915        (30      (30      0.60     0.14        0.14                  14.0     1.0       2.94       1.16        3.08
                           08108184      210           1031                    26.5             20.54       430      230      4.70     0,5,0       2.57                  14.0     21.0      1.91       1.42        1.94
                           08/08/84      280           1002                    26.8             24.90       430      90       0.50     0.21        0.14                  29.0     29.0      0.90       0.16        2.33
                           08/08/84      290           1117                    76.3             27.43       40       (30      0.40     0.14        (0.14                 29.0     21.0      1.13       0.36        2.45
                           GB/08@84      300           1 I'm                   26.6             25.28       (30      (30      0.30     0.14        (0.14                 36.0     29.0      HD         0.13        2.49
                           00,'20/84     210           1039                    24.2             26.58       (30      <30      0.50     0.14        0.21                  29.0     14.0      1.10       0.24        2.30
                           08120184      230           945                     24.5                         (30      (30      0.60     0.14        0.14                  29.0     14.0      0.78       0.23        2.86
                                            0          1116                    25@5 ,44,89               & (30                         0.43 ,,A
                                                                               n I I                                                                              "               !, - W,              1*0 - 3,
                                                                                                ,,is                 e3o               O'N                                        19.                  T           .45










                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    page 12


                                                                                                                                             C:08ASOCRUISMS11.1lif DATABASE
                                                                                                                                                      -----------------------------


                                                                                                             101.  fie.                                    come.                                                                                                                                  PAireo       SUIT
                            DAIE       SlAl Loc. TIME WIN SCCCHI IEMP                DO SALINITY COLI. all.                R13  -N     N02 N      N03 IN   NO -0         IM       TDM iOP04.P       OP04-P IP04-P         SI-03      IDC      DOC      IC       ISS      YSS      8005 BOD20 Calls              Calls      Chlor Chlor        COND FLOW114        pH
                                                              ft.     ft,     CC    mg/I       %.            MPNIIOONI                                     ug. atols, / liter                                                                               69.1liter                              Ill.         Ill.      Total flit.
                                   -------------------------------        -   --------------     ------------------       --------------------------------------------------                       ----------------------------          ---------    -------------------------                --------------------------------------------------
                          08120/84     260             1135                   24.4          29-54            (30       (30      2.40   0.14       (0.14                  43,0     21,0     2.10        1.40      I.So
                          08/20/84     270             1150                   24.5          21.93            (30       (30      0.40   0.14       .10,14                 29.0     21.0     I.SG        036       3.10
                          00/20/84     290             I'll                   25.1          24.90            <30       (30      1.10   0.01       0.14                   9-0      29,0     0.84        0.13      2.10
                          08/110/84    290             1042                   24.1          27.30            40        (10      1.60   0.14       0.14                   50.0     29.0     1.90        0.55      230
                          08/20184     300             900                    24.1          23.99            40        @30      1.10   0.14       0.14                   71.0     29.0     1.50        0.19      S.to
                          09/25/84     210             1200                   22.1          30.26            23        23       1.6D   0.21       0.21                   14.0     7.0      I.Os        0.30      I'll
                          09/25/84     230             1050                   13.6          31.51            4         <3       1.10   U1         0.21                   7.0      (1.0     1.49        0.91      2.58
                          09/25/84     240             1310                   22.6          30.29            4         (3       4.30   0.43       1.60                                                 0.01
                          09/25184     250             1245                   22.2          30.31            9         4        0.10   0.36       1.20                   14.0     1,0      1.36        0.90      2.29
                          09/25/84     260             1220                   22.1          31.31            23        23       1.80   0.21       0.14                                                 1.23
                          09125184     210             1235                   22.0          30.74            23        23       0.30   0.14       G.S6                   14.0     14.0     1.68        1.16      2.33
                          09125/84     28D             1322                   22.4          27.91            (3        (3       2.50   0.50       3.00                                                 0.29
                          09/25/84     290             1145                   21.0          29.88            4         (3       0.80   0.14       0.14                   14.0     14.0     1.29        0.48      2.55
                          09/25/84     300             1000                   21.4          21.61            4         (3       1.10   0.14       (0.14                  21.0     LO       1.52        0.19      2.45
                          10/09184     210             1100                   15.2          28.99            23        (3       0.40   0.29       0.86                                                 0.11
                          10109184     230             1000                   16.0          31.31            (3        <3       1.80   0.21       0.36                                                 0.84
                          10/09/84     240             1045                   15.5          29.76            23        4        4.30   0.57       3.57                                                 0.45
                          10/09/84     250             1137                   15.6                           9         4        2.30   0.36       1.51                                                 0.55
                          10/09/84     260             1120                   15.8          31.35            9         (3       2.60   0.21       0.64                                                 0.11
                          10109184     270             1130                   16.0          30.88            43        <3       2.80   0-36       1.57                                                 0.71
                          10/01/84     280             1230                   15.1          27.67            23        (3       2.40   0.71       5.21                                                 0.13
                          10/09/84     290               11                   15.5          29.72            23        9        0.90   0.21       1.07                                                 0.32
                          10/09184     SM              105                    14.5          26.91            9         (3       0.20   0.14       (0.14                                                0.13
                          11121/84     210             1154                   3.5           30.29            2S        9        5.10   0.86       3.64                                                 0.29
                          11121184     2240            1104                   4.5           w44              1         4        9.90   1.14       7.78                                                 0.78
                          11121184     250             [its                   4.6           30.43            43        15       8.60   1.14       8.57                                                 0.81
                          11/21/84     260             1135                   5@0           31.43            (3        (3       6.20   1.00       5.28                                                 1.13
                          11121/84     270             11,15                  4.7           31.00            93        93       7.90   1.14       7.64                                                 1.16
                          11121184     280             1205                   4.2           21.93            (3        (3       5.60   0.79       6.64                                                 0.32
                          11121184     300             1355                   6.4           27.81            Q         Q        1.10   0.36       2.86                   14.0                          0.26      1.36
                          12/05/84     210             1238                   5.2                            3         (1       0.40   0.21       0.51                   7.0      1.0      0.39        0.06      1.10
                          12105/84     240             1122                   5@6                            240       43       3.00   0.64       7.14                   21.0     7.0      0.36        0.06      1.00
                          12/05/84     250             1139                   5.9                            93        23       4.40   0.64       7.43                   7.0      14.0     0.36        0.06      0.81
                          12105184     260             1222                   5.7                            9         9        3.70   0.64       2,78                   (1-0     (1.0     0.84        0.39      1.20
                          12/05/84     270             1207                   5.6                            240       93       4.90   0.12       6.00                   7.0      7.0      0.42        0,16      1.10
                          12/05/84     "80             1055                   5.4                            43        23       1.40   0.50       4.43                   14.0     (7.0     0.68        (0.06     1.55
                          12105184     290             1250                   5.1                            93        43       0.60   -0.14      0.18                   (1-0     (1.0     0.39        (0.06     1.39
                          05/06/85     300             1145                   13.6          29.17            Q         (3       0.70   OM         (0.11                                                0.16
                          05108/85     210             1035                   14.1          31.39            15        9        0.10   0.14       0.71                                                 0.16
                          05/08/85     230             1145                   10.2          32.22            (3        (3       2.10   0.14       0.71                                                 0.45
                          05/08/85     240             935                    14.1          29.62            23        4        5.70   0.50       6@43                   51.0     36.0     0.65        0.16      1.01
                          05108/85     250             940                    14.3          30.87            (3        (3       5.00   0.43       S.Sl                   50.0     29.0     0.6S        0.23      t.84
                          05108/85     260             lots                   13.4          31.118           (3        0        2.10   0.21       1.42                                                 0.59
                          05103165     270             1000                   13.4          31.51            7         (3       3.60   0.29       2.85                   29.0     1.0      0.81        0.26      2.16
                          05108185     280             920                    14.5          28.50            43        4        0.70   0.14       0.71                   64.0     21.0     0.71        0.16      2.81
                          05/08/85     290             1045                   14.1          30.53            7         7        1.40   0.14       0.11                                                 0.13
                          06119185     210             1125           3.0     21.4          30.20            43        25       0.70   0.14       1.43                                                 0.26
                          06/19/85     230             1040           CS      15.6          31.71            9         (3       0.70   0.36       0.71                   14.0     1.0      0.14        0.45      2.13
                          06/19185     240             117S           3,0     22.5          28.85            43        9        0-10   0,21       0.1t                                                 0.32
                          A6/ n/85     '50             I'll)          3 5     ?2@2          29.49            23        (1       0 ?0   OM         0.11                   21@0     14 0     1.10        A 4S      7 S@
                                                       I










                                        10/20192                                                                                                                                                                                                                     page 13

                                                                                                                                 C:\DBk%\CRUISEkG%.DBF DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  -----------------------------------


                                                                                                      lot.  f[C.                              CON.                                                                                                                 Aureo      small
                              DAIE      SIAI Loc. 111 DEPTH SECC111 JIMP         DO SALINITY COM COLI.           M13 N      H02 N     N03 N   NO N       Im      Tom IM p oPo4 P JP04 p             Sl o3     IOC    DOC      IC      ISS    VSS     05 BOD20 Cells             Calls    Chlor Chlor      M FLOW24         PH
                                                            ft.    ft.    6C     m9/1    It.          01100m)                                 ug. atoms / liter                                                                   mg./liter                         /al.       Ill,    Total fill.
                             --------------------------------------------------------------------------------               ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                   ------------------------
                             06/19185   260          1150          3.5    20.8         30.85          43      43    1.40    0.21      0.71               21.0    14.0    1.16       0.11     2.45
                             06/19/85   270          1200          4.5    21.8         29.79          ]so     4     0.70    0.21      0.71                                          0.52
                             06/19185   2BO          1235          2.0    22.2         28.05          23      4     0.10    0.21      0.11                                          0.19
                             06/19/85   290          1100          3.0    20.0         30.32          23      23    <0.70   0.14      0.71                                          0.19
                             061191115  300          955           1.5    20.5         28.96          9       (3    0.70    0.21      0.71               50.0    21.0    0.84       0.16     3.18
                             08/13/65   230          1228          2.5    23.5         31.56          23      9     0.70    0.18      0.11               29.0                       1.13     2.84
                             08/13185   300          1202          1.5    25.9         30.01          9       4     0,10    0.29      0.11               57.0                       1.52     UD
                             09/03/85   210          1205          2.0    22.6         30.42          23      23    0.70    0.21      1.43               36.0                       1.00     4.30
                             09103185   220          1240          20-D   21.6         32.35          (3      (3    0.70    0.14      0.7)               (7.7    (7.0               0.45     1.10
                             09/03/85   230          1233          13.0   21.0         32.34          (3      (3    0.10    0.14      0.11               7.0                        0.55     0.81
                             09/03185   240          1123          1.5    22.4         29.26          21      9     0.70    0.29      1.43               51.0                       0.71     4.85
                             09/03/85   250          1130          2.0    22.5         29.76          23            0.70    0.29      1.43               50.0                       0.84     4.62
                             09103185   260          1145          3.5    22.1         31.94          1       7     1.40    0.21      0.71               14.0                       1.13     2.17
                             09/03/85   270          1138          2.0    22.3         31.25          7       4     0.10    0.21      1.43               50.0                       I.ID     3.91
                             09/03185   280          ills          2.0    22.4         28.77          4       (3    0.70    0.79      1.43               57.0                       0.58     4.04
                             09103/85   290          1214          2.0    22.5         30.60          15      IS    0.70    0.29      1.43               21.0                       0.90     3.94
                             09/03185   300          1322          2.0    22.6         29,60          23      9     10.00   0.29      1.43               64.0                       0.14     4.23
                             11/19185   210          1138          3.0    10.2                        23      9     7.10    0.50      5.57                                          0.40
                             11/19185   220          925           5.0    12.8                        23      (3    6.40    0.71      4.28               14.0    1.0     1.03       1.20     1.55
                             11119/85   230          915           2.5    10.6                        9       4     3.60    0.50      2.86               29.0    14.0    0.84       0.65     2.03
                             11/19/85   240          1210          4.0    11.4                        43      43    11.10   0.86      9.28                                          0.42
                             11/19/85   250          1142          4.0    11.4                        240     93    21.40   0.86      11.42              36.0    36.0    0.45       0.4?     1.20
                             11/19/85   260          1116          4.0    11.1                        23      4     10.00   0.64      5.00               21.0    21.0    1.26       0.97     1.42
                             11119/05   270          1126          4.0    11.1                        93      93    15.70   0.86      7.85               29.0    21.0    1.45       0.61     1.84
                             11119/85   280          1222          2.0    10.9                        43      23    0.70    0.21      0.71                                          0.42
                             11/19/85   290          1025          3.0    10.6                        9       4     5.1D    0.43      2.86               21.0    21.0    1.36       O-4S     2.13
                             11119/85   300          830           2.0    10.6                        4       4     0.70    0.21      0.71                                          0.39
                             07/09/86   2)0          1110          3.5    24,5         31.27                        0.10    0.21      2.86                                          0.39
                             07/09/86   220          1025          12.0   19.4         31.85                        1.40    0.21      2.14                                          0.52
                             01109186   230          1015          11.0   17.9         31,95                        0.10    0.21      2.14               (7.0    (1.0    Q.,19      0.52     0.74
                             07/09186   240          1235          3.5    26.4         27-81                        0.70    0.21      2.86                                          0.48
                             01/09/86   250          1200          4.5    26.1                                      2.10    0.29      2.86               21.0    21.0    1.20       1.32     4.46
                             07109/86   260          1140          4.5    22.6         31,46                        1.40    0.21      2.86               14.0    0@0     1.03       1.10     2.10
                             07109196   210          1155          7.5    25.6         30.94                        1.40    0.21      5.11               29.0    (1.0    2.00       1.65     2.20
                             01/09iB6   280          1305          2.5    26.0         30.15                        )-40    0.29      2-B6                                          0.39
                             07/09186   290          1110          3.5    23.1         31.41                        1.40    0.21      2.86                                          0.52
                             OI/D9186   300          930           3.0    25.1                                      1.40    0.29      2.86                                          0.36
                             03/25181   210          1307          8.0    9.8    9.6   28.39          (3      (1    0.10    0.14      1.43                                          0.29
                             03/25187   230          1243          8.0    1.8    9.4   29.01                        OJO     0.14      0,11               29.0    21.0    0.65       0.29     1.00
                             03/25/87   240          1351          5.0    10.6   9.6   27.81          (3      (3    2.10    0.21      4.28                                          0.29
                             03/25187   250          1346          9.0    10.6   9.4   29-54          Q       (3    1.40    611       Z.14               21.0    21.0    0.61       0.29     0.94
                             031251111  260          1323          5.0    10.4   9.8   31-39          (3      (3    1-40    0.14      1.43                                          0.42
                             03/25/87   270          1330          4.0    11.4   10.2  31.62          240     93    0.70    0.14      0.71               121.0   14.0    0.74       0.39     0.94
                             03/25/67   280          1402          5.0    9.4    9.4   26.91          (3      (3    0.10    0.14      0.71                                          0.52
                             03/25/81   290          1259          6.0    10.0   9.7   29.27          (3      (3    0,70    0.21      1.45                                          0.32
                             03/25/87   300          1125          8.0    8.7    9.7   21.46          (3      (3    OJO     0.14      0.71                                          0.32
                40           06/26/88   210              0                                                                                                                                                                                                            50170                2.0     2.1
                             06128188   240              0                                                                                                                                                                                                              865
                      1w,28/88                       1,1"          t 5    M .0         29                     IMAD          M                            IIAM 3.94gW                         4.                                                                                    1".0            JIM
                                1@100 on



                                                                                                                          L



                                        10/20/92                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               page 14

                                                                                                                                                 C:@D8Pa\CRUlSt\G%.W DAIABAN
                                                                                                                                                 -----------------------------------


                                                                                                                 101.  FIC.                                        COMB.                                                                                                                              Aureo       Small
                               DAK      SIAI Loc. IIHE DEPIH SECDO IEKP                      DO SALINITV COLI, CMI.            tW  -M   002 _N      1103-8         NO-M    lKN    ICKM IDP04-P         0904-9 IP04-P           51-03    IOC      DIX      IC         ISS      VSS    BUDS 00020 Celts              Cells      Chlor Chlor        COW FION24          pli
                                                                 ft.      ft.    OC          39/1                "PNI10021                                         U9. atoes j liter                                                                           eq./liter                                           /@I.      fatal Filt.
                              ----------------                 ------------      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                                          -----------    --------------
                              06128/88    270                  0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                              06128/88    280             INS             2.0    22.7        8.0 29.35           (2       (2       1.71                            1.01    0.0       (4.0      2.40       0.30       3.78      U .00                                                                           1066113            15.9      14.6
                              01/01/88    250             IDOO            7.5    24.7           29.04            4        2        2.60                            0.40    19.0      4.0       2.29       36.50      3.33      23.71                                                                           911
                              07101188    280             lom             2.5    24.8           28.95            2        2        2.40                            1.14    41.0      14.3      2.45       0.29       4.81      43.41                                                                           307015             19.0      14.1
                              01/25/89    250             1020            6.0    25.0        5.1 27.95           170      130                                                                                                                                                                                  0                  5.7       2.9
                              01125188    280             1050            4.0    25.1        6.0 78.21           240      130                                                                                                                                                                                  7158               14.6      13.7
                              08101188    250             1120            4.5    21.8        5.2 28.24           30       a                                                                                                                                                                                    0                  14.5      WS
                              08/01/89    280             1100            2.5    21.7        6A 251.01           a        2                                                                                                                                                                                    1038               16.5      20.7
                              08/10/88    250             1030            5.0    28.1        6.1 30.53                                                                                                                                                                                                         0                  10.4      1.6
                              08/10/88    280             1050            4.0    28.6        6.2 1.9.51                                                                                                                                                                                                        0                  li.)      2.4
                              0410118%    250             1120            7.0    &S          6.0 PAS             50       30                                                                                                                                                                                   0                  4.9       2.0
                              09101188    280             1100            5.0    20.6        6.0 29.45           4        2                                                                                                                                                                                    0                  18.3      5.3
                              09/14/88    250             1135            5.5    20.8        7.3 28.87                    240                                                                                                                                                                                  0                  1.1       2.0
                              09/14/88    280             1120            3.0    20.4        1.6 28-65           240      130                                                                                                                                                                                  0                  7.9       6.2
                              09121188    250             1100            3.5    21.6        1*129-49            500      130      2.60                                                                   0.87                                                                                                 0                  8.4       4.4
                              09/71/88    260             1040            3.5    71.5        7,2 28.12           50       11       1.64                            0.60                                   0.42                 5.06                                                                            0                  9-2       4.4
                              10/05/88    250             1050            7.0    11.3        6.6 30.22           80       so                                                                                                                                                                                   0                  2.2       1.3
                              10/0SIR8    280             1035            4.5    17.1        6.8 30.02           2        2                                                                                                                                                                                    0                  5.1       4.4
                              11/09/88    250             1305            5.5    10.8           28.38            50       22       10.42                           7AS                                    0.30                 11.00      2.1      2.0                                                         0                  1.1
                              W09188      280             1250            5.0    10.4           27.88            so       30       9.07                            5.90                                   0.30                 10.64      2.5      1.9                                                         0                  3.8       1.8
                              12101188    250             1205            5.0    7.4         9.5 2&23            130      80       3.00                            10.70                                  0,36                 6.19       1.1      1.2                                                         0                  1.5       0.9
                              12101188    280             1145            3.5    7.1         9.8 26.96           30       23       2.1D                            5.40                                   (0.16                (1.00      3.3      1.6                                                         2422               22.1      5.3
                              01130189    250             1215            4.0    4.3         14.4 30.26          140      60       (0.40                           1.36    24.0      32.0      2.40       (0.16      2.80      (1.00      0.8      0.2               29.0                                      0                  II.S      2.1
                              01/30/0     280             1150            4.5    3.4         13.6 27.98          30       30       (0.40                           1.07    22.0      14.3      2.00       (0.16      1.91      (1.00      1.9      0.8               28.0                                      0                  31.0      2.2
                              04110/89    250             1040            2.5    9.6         10.8 26.52          23       4        2.14                            1-116   14.3      (3-6      1.74       (0.16      2.97      11.30      3.8      2.5               23.0                                      Ole
                              04/10/89    2BO             1024            2.5    9.4         10,3 24.81          so       4        1.64                            0.93    (3.6      (3.6      1.45       (0.16      2.46      14.95      4.0      2.9               16.0                                      1559
                              05/03/89    250             1202            4.0    13.6        6.8 29.12           240      130      3.78   0.71                             (3-6      (3-6      1.32       (0.16      1.97      15.98      1.9      2.3               33.0     30.0                             207                9.3       3.3
                              05/031119   280             1140            3.5    14.1        8.9 26.43           13       4        3.43   1.21                             28.6      (3.6      1.26       (0.16      2.39      15.06      2.8      2.0               41.0     34.0                             9748               16.0      5.0
                              05/221119   250             1105            3.0    21.2        8.4 21-41           8        8        1.00   0.43                             35.1      (3.6      (0.32      (0.16      1.84      14.95      5.0      3.2                                                         207                23.0      20.0
                              05/22/89    28D             loss            5.0    20.0        7.6 21.80           80       30       t1ll   SAS                              (3.6      (3.6      (0.32      (0.16      1.10      20.26      4A       3.4                                                         207                6.8       4.5
                              06/12/89    250             1254            2.5    22.2           24.31            30       8        2.36   0.36                             21.4      (3.6      1.16       (0.16      2.84      14.06      6.9      3.2                                                         15345              32.0      16.0
                              06112189    2BO             1324            IS     21.8           2217             a        2        1.70   O@57                             (3.6      (3.6      1.23       (0.16      1.6S      14.56      5.S      4.0                                                         4770               9,2       5.9
                              07124/Bg    250             1055            3.0    25.9        7.2 24-06                             1.78                            0.43    (3.6      (3.6      1.23       (0.16      2.94      14-45                                                                           0                  27.0      26.0
                              01124189    280             1031            3.0    25.5        1.1 23-13                             0.86                            0.50    14.3      (3.6      I.SS       (0.16      2.78      49.98                                                                           521                19.0      18.9
                              08/08/89    250             1009            5.0    24.9        5.7 27-93                             7.00                            2.64    20.7      (3.6      2.07       0.90       3.36      153.01                                                                          104                9.5       BA
                              08/QB/89    2BO             947             3.0    25.2        5.9 2S.65                             3.21                            0.71    33.6      20.7      IA9        0.19       2-6B      46.24                                                                           6122               16.9      16.0
                              08/31/89    250             1045            6 5    23.9        4.9 2B. 00          240      130      12.21                           3.71    (16       (3.6      2.71       1.32       3.36      38-34                                                                           0                  S.S       4.0
                              08/31189    280             1026            3.5    23.5        6.5 24.13           130      23       1.78                            0.19    14.3      (3.6      1.39       0.23       2.58      30.22                                                                           104                15.0      15.0
                              09/12/89    250             707             5,0    25.3        5.9 27.12           30       8        4.00                            1-116   (3.6      (3.6      2.23       <036       3.13      45.39                                                                           0                  10.5      8.5
                              09/12199    280             734             S-S    24.9        6.5 24.55           4        2        1.07                            (0.36   14.3      (3.6      2.46       1.20       2.75      36.13                                                                           1037               11.0      10.0
                              09/27/69    250             1106            6.0    17.5        7.8 27.09           240      130      22.99                           1.07    14.3      (3-6      1.58       O.S5       2.20                                                                                      0                  1.0       2.9
                              09/21189    2BO             1351            M      18.1        8.4 23.88           30       23       1.00                            0.86    21.4      (3.6      (0.32      (0-16      1-84                                                                                      104                20.5      16.0
                              10/12/09    250             1000            6.5    14.1        3.11 29.40          13       4        3.14                            1.50    22.1      15.1      3.68       0.55       3.84      33.01                                                                           0                  2.9       2.5
                              10/12/89    280             945             5.0    14.2        8.4 24.89           2        2        0.51                            0.57    38.6      17.1      2.88       0.16       336       33.61                                                                           0                  7.5       7.5
                              11/08189    250             1148            6.0    12.0        9.0 21.90           130      50       32.99                           127M    38.6      22.1      (0.32      0.23       (0.32     64.54      3.0      2.4               25.0     (1.0                                                6.0       5.0
                              11108/89    280             1130            3.0    12.3        9.0 22.35           23       23       1.43                            2.79    38.6      22.1      (0,12      0.16       (0-32     31.24      4.4      3.0               9.0      3.0                                                 14.5      14.5
                              11121189    250             1117            5.0    4.3         10.4 30.10                            14.14                           16-92   12.1      (S.6      1.65       0.65       2.55      29.01      IA       1.4               41.0     12.0                             104                1.0       0.4
                              11/21/09    280             Hoi             3.5    5.0         11.0 27.29          50       13       14.07                           21.56   17.9      21.4      2.15       0.29       2.18      33.89      2.1      1.1               13.0     5.0                                                 2.5       1.2
                              03/19/90    250             1029            3.5    10.9        9.0 29.96           M        2        (0.36                           0.57    (3.6      (3.6      2.511      (0.16      3.20      5.45       2.9      2.4               13.0     It.0                             0                  26.0      4.3
                              03119/90    280             1052            3.0    10.1        8.7 27.82           17       4        (0.36                           I-Sl    11.4      (3.6      2.36       (0.16      3.29      167        3.3      4.5               110      1.0                              0                  14.5      I.B









                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 page 15


                                                                                                                                                            C:\DBASE\CRUISE\GSO.DBF DATABASE
                                                                                                                                                             -----------------------------------


                                                                                                                          lot. f[C.                                                Cm.                                                                                                                                         Aurea         Sea]]
                                 DATE      STAT Loc. TIME DEPTH SECCHI IEMP                     DO SALINITY COLT. COLI.                  11113-11  M2 -N        N03 N              No-N  IKH       TOM IDP04-P             OPOi-P TP04-P         SI-03      TOC      DOC       TC        ISS        VSS      BODS BOD20 Cells                 Calls      Chlor Chlor           COND FLOW24           pH
                                                                      ft.       Ft.     cC      mg/I      t.              KPN/100al                                                ug. Was I liter                                                                                  ag./liter                            )       /@I.         M.        Total Filt.
                               ---------------        -------------------          --------------------          ----------------------------------------------                    -----------------------------------------------------------                        ---------------------------------------------------------------                             ----------------         ---------
                               04/07/70      250              1151              4.0     8.2     10,2   2q.29              113      8       (0.36                                   0.57  (3-6      (3-6       1.81         (0.16      3.39       7.12       2.1       1.8                11.0       7.0                                  0                   1,3       4.0
                               04/09/90      280              1714              7,0     7.9     9.4    26.36              7        7       (0.36                                   (1,21 (3.6      (3.6       1.58         (0@16      3.13       6.98       3.3       2.5                46.0       11.0                                 0                   9.3       6.5
                               05/01190      250              1156              3.5     16.0    8.2    26.24              170      30      3.71                                    8.28  54.3      49.3       2.42         <0.16      2.91       14.35      3.0       3.5                16.5       4.5                                  0                   9@0       6.3
                               05101/90      280              1224              3.5     15.5    6.8    26.57              17       2       <0.36                                   0.51  42.8      30.0       1.81         0.23       4.17       3.24       3.8       3.2                26.0       9.0                              830                     18.5      11.0
                               05115190      750              1333              4.5     17.3    ?@J    28.14              4        c2      0,71                                    0.43  (3.6      (3.6       1.13         (0.16      1.52       32.68                                                                               w
                               05/15/70      280              1402              4.0     11.4    91     25.67              <2       (2      0.43                                    (0.36 35.0      (3.6       1.03         (11,16     1.94       19.79                                                                               1244
                               06/13190      210              142t              8.0     21.8    8.2    27.70                               (0.36                                   0.50                       1.68         (0.16      2.58       22,46
                               06/13/90      220              1333              20.0    16.8    8.0    30.53                               (0.36                                   (0.36                      1.74         (0.16      1.91       2132
                               06/13/90      230              1315              11.0    16.0    7.8    30.62                               (0.36                                   (0.36                      1.81         0.16       2.46       24,28
                               06/13/90      '140             1545              3.5     22.1    9,11   26.22                               (0.36                                   0.64                       1.32         (0.16      2.42       23.82
                               06/13/90      250              1530              5.0     21.8    9.5    26.10                               (0.36                                   0.64                       1.13         0.16       2.20       24.39                                                                               3111
                               06113/90      760              1454              6.0     21.5    9.1    79.52                               (0.36                                   0.57                       2.13         0.23       2.36       31@15
                               06113170      210              1508              7.0     21.0    9.4    29.10                               <3.S?                                   0.50                       (0.32        (0.16      1.81       26,20
                               06/13190      280              1626              5.0     21.4    7.5    26.27                               0.36                                    0.36                       (0.32        (0.16      ?.71       22.61                                                                               1052
                               06/13190      290              1412              10.0    19.9    6.4    28.00                               1.57                                    0.43                       I.&B         0.39       1.91       27.34
                               06/13/V       300              1040              5.5     19.1    7.2    75.28                               1.36                                    0.36                       0.32         <0.16      1.52       21.22
                               07118190      250              940               7.0     25.3    5.8    28.43              17       8       2.07                                    1.00  45.0      30.7       1.81         1.13       2.52       41.72                                                                               201
                               07118/90      200              115               5@O     Xg      51     2k35               13       8       (0.36                                   0.57  43.5      35.0       (0.32        (0.16      1.49       44.57                                                                               1865
                               08108/90      250              925               5.0     24.6    5.1    28.30              21       17      14.21                                   4.21  77.1      64.3       2.11         2.00       3.84       48.70                                                                                   0
                               08/08190      280              1058              3.0     24.6    6.8    26.71              23       8       cO.36                                   0.93  81.8      58.5       (0.32        0.19       2.26       46.99                                                                               227
                               MAIM          750              1127              4.0     21.1    6.6    29.04              70       8       7.00                                    8.57  45.0      41.4       1.39         0.52       1.84       25.77                                                                                   a
                               10/11/90      280              1158              2@0     20.9    7.1    26.65              4        A       1.43                                    1.00  60.1      41.4       1.81         (0.16      2.71       29.31                                                                               1127
                               12112190      250              1150              61      4.3     12.0   27.23              Is       4       3.71                                    11.28 16.4      15.1       1.26         (0.16      2.26       25.06                                                                               114                     5.0       3.0     12.0
                               12112190      280              1214              3.5     4.0     12.1   26.93              4        2       (0.36                                   1.57  22.9      23.6       (0.32        (0.16      1.42       9.68                                                                                3632                    11.7      8.1
                               01115/91      250              1256              3.5     1.4     12.5   20.70              240      BO      57.12                                   42.84 71.4      64.3       1.91         0.16       2.20                                                                                           114                     4,2       3.5
                               01/15/9)      280              1311              3.5     1,5     12.0   24.92              13       8       (0.36                                   7.70  25.7      12.1       1.10         (0.16      2.33       8.71                                                                                5335                    14.5      9.2
                               03118191      250              Ilis              5.5     5.9     13.2   30.20              50       so      0.93                                    0.19  18.6      17.1       1.74         (0.16      1.74       10.15                                                                                   0                   4.5       3.5
                               04108/91      250              1209              5.0     14.9    8.0    29.08              2        (2      (0.36                                   (0.36 28.6      (3.6       1.23         (0.16      2.00       12M                                                                                 1419                    13.5      5.2     11.5
                               04108/91      280              1236              4.5     14,9    9.7    26.59              13       6       (0.36                                   <0.36 32.6      11.4       0.97         (0.16      2.29       11.32                                                                               1986                    73        7.0
                               05/08191      250              1315              1.0             9.1    27.61              30       13      3.21                                    3.21  25.7      15.7       1.13         (0,16      2.07       19.01                                                                               4709                    10.7      7.5
                               05100191      280              1343              4.5     16.6    9.4    25.99              2        (2      (0.36                                   0.50  31.4      19.3                    (0.16                 1130                                                                                6122                    6.5       5.0
                               06111191      250              Isis              5.5     25.0    9.5    29.12              13       4       (0.36                                   0.50  21.4      19.3       2.26         1.36       2.97       18,90                                                                                   0                   3.1       4.2
                               06/11/91      280              1345              3.0     24.5    9.1    28.00              A        4       (0.36                                   0.50  25.7      25.0       1.81         0.45       1.20       42.36                                                                               227                     6.5       6.7































                                          REVIEW OF COLIFORM DATA
                                            SHELLFISH LAND # 3
                                              GREAT SOUTH BAY
                                          SUFFOLK/NASSAU LINE TO
                                           ROBERT MOSES CAUSEWAY





                                            PREPARED: J`UNE 1992







                                             STATE OF NEW YORK
                                 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
                                             BUILDING 40, SUNY
                                     STONY BROOK, NEW YORK 11790-2356










                                                        by: Charles de Quillfeldt
                                                           Marine Resources Specialist





















                                               12MODUCTION

                         It is the intent of this report to review water quality for
                    the certified and uncertified portions of Shellfish Growing Area #
                    3, Great South Bay west of the Robert Moses Causeway within the
                    Towns of Babylon and Islip. The report will evaluate water quality
                    in relation to the criteria set out in 6 NYCRR 47, Certification of
                    Shellfish Lands, to determine whether the area is properly
                    classified.



                                                   NOTES

                         1.   The Department is grateful for the assistance received
                              from the Town of Babylon, particularly Mike Litwa of the
                              Babylon Department of Environmental Control, Chief
                              Harbormaster Fred Fricano and the Babylon Bay Constables.

                         2.   Precipitation data were received from stations located in
                              Amityville(0600 recording), Belmont Lake State Park(1700
                              recording) and Lindenhurst(0600 recording).

                         3.   Water quality and precipitation data are compiled at the
                              rear of the report.

                         4.   Adverse Pollution Conditions(APC) mean samples were
                              collected on an outgoing tide following precipitation of
                              0.25 -.2.99 inches within 0 - 96 hours of sampling.
                              Extraordinary Conditions(XS) means samples were collected
                              following rainfalls of 3.00 inches or greater within 0 -
                              96 hours of sampling or following extraordinarily high
                              tides associated with storm events.

                         5.   The 1990 water quality evaluation of the north side of
                              Area 3, communications with the Town of Babylon and a 1990
                              evaluation of the south side of the bay are attached at
                              rear of the report. A full report was not written at that
                              time; however, the 1990 evaluation led to the closure of
                              1300 acres in the northwestern portion of the area.
                              Subsequent to this closure, additional sampling stations
                              (59.3, 54.1 and 46) were developed to determine whether
                              some of the uncertified area could be reopened.















                                              RESULTS - CERTIFIED AREA

                             The following tables summarize bacteriological water quality
                       at stations in and adjacent to the certified portion of Area 3.

                         AREA 3. GREAT SOUTH BAY. BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY DATA.

                             Criteria. Water quality at a station is acceptable if one of
                                         the following criteria are met:

                                         Total Coliform  - Median total coliform MPN/ 100ml of
                                                            70 or less, no more than 10 % of
                                                            the samples in excess of an
                                                            MPN/100ml of 330; or

                                         Fecal Coliform -  Median fecal coliform, MPN/100ml of
                                                            14 or less, no more than 10% of
                                                            the samples in excess of an
                                                            MPN/100ml of 49.



                       A. North Side APC Sampling Data. April 1989 - May 1992.
                              means station exceeds bacteriological criteria

                                      TOTAL COLIFORM MPN/100ml      FECAL COLIFORM MPN/ 100ml
                        Station    Samples        Median %>    330           Median     %> 49
                          5             29         23          0                15         13.8
                          4.1*          31         23          12.9             9          16.1
                         59.2*          30         43          16.7             13.5       16. 7
                         59.3           15         15          6.7              4          20
                         55.1*          28         93          14.3             16         21.4
                         54             27         93          22.2             23         33 3
                         54.1           13         7           0                <3         7.7
                         50.1*          28         43          35.7             9          32.1
                         45             29         93          20.7             23         31
                         46             13         23          7.7              4          0
                         41             30         23          20               9          13.3
                         40             30         19          10               9          16.7
                         40.2           27         9           3.7              9          11.1
                         34.2           29         23          6.9              15         20 7
                         34.3           29         43          10.3             4          3.4
                         26             22         43          4.5              6.5        13.6
                         20.1           34         31          5.9              7          11.8
                         20             39         23          2.6              9          2.6
                         19             27         9           0                3          3.7
                         20.2           32         23          6.3              9          3.1
                         23.1*          27         93          7.4              23         14.8
                         22             30         33          10               9          10
                         21             is         4           0                <3         0
 













                       B. South Side APC Sampling. Data. September 1988 - May 1992.
                              means station exceeds bacteriological criteria             C

                                      TOTAL COLIFORN MPNIIQOml       FECAL COLIFORM MPN/100al
                       Station   0 Samples         Median %>   330            Median     %> 49
                          6             is          20         0                9           5.6
                          6.1           8           9          0                5.5         0
                         A7             8           9          0                3           0
                          7.1           17          is         0                4           0
                          8             8           17         0                6.5         0
                          8.1           17          15         0                7           11.8
                          9             8           11         0                4           0
                          9.1           17          9          0                9           0
                         10             8           29         12.5             15          25
                         10.1           17          23         5.9              9           17.6
                         11             a           9          0                9           0
                         11.1           18          23         0                9           5.6
                         12             15          23         0                9           13.3
                         @12.1          14          23         0                8           0
                         13             20          21 5       0                9           5
                         14             18          22         0                9           11.1
                       >@ 15            12          9          0                6.5         0
                       -v 16            21          23         0                23          0
                       ;x 17            20          34         0                23          15


                       C. North Side    XS  Sampling Data. April 1989        May 1992.
                              means station exceeds bacteriological criteria

                                       TOTAL COLIPORK MPN/100=1       FECAL COLIFORK MPN/100ml
                       Station      Samples       Median       330            Median     %> 49
                          5             4           33         25               33          25
                          4.1*          4           23         25               23          25
                         59.2           4           68         0                19          0
                         59.3           3           93         0                6.2         0
                         55.1*          5           93         20               9           20
                         54             1           --         --               --          --
                         54.1           3           14         0                4           0
                         50.1*          2           --         50               --          50
                         45             4           240        25               93          100
                         46.            3           240        33.3             93          66.7
                         41             6           1100       66.7             166.5       66.7
                         40             6           350        50               93          66.7
                         40.2*          5           460        so               iso         60
                         34.2*          4           1100       75               93          100
                         34.3*          5           >2400      so               150         60
                         26             1           --         --               --          --
                         20.1*          7           240        14.3             43          42.9
                         20             a           166.5      37.5             43          50
                         19 *           7           93         14.3             39          28.6
                         20.2*          7           460        57.1             43          42.9
                         23.1           1           --         --               --          --
                         22             6           240        33.3             68          50
                         21             4           240        0                68          50














                      D. South Side XS Sampling Data. September 1988 - May 1992.
                            means station exceeds criteria

                                     TOTAL COLIFORX MPN/100=1      FECAL COLIFORK MPN/100=1
                      Station 0 Samples         Median    %> 330          Median        49
                        A6            4          166.5      0                33         25
                        x6.1          1          --         --               --         --
                         7            1
                         7.1*         3          75         33.3             23         0


                         8.1*         4          93         25               33         25
                         9            1
                         9.1*         3          240        0                93         66 .7
                        10            1          --         --               --
                        10.1*         3          1100       66.7             1100       100
                        11            1
                        11.1*         4          460        75               251.5      so
                        12 *          3          240        33.3             43         33.3
                        12.1*         3          240        0                93         100
                      X                          240        16.7             58         50
                        14            6          240        33.3             93         66.7
                        15            3          240        33.3             93         66.7
                        16            5          240        20               93         so
                        17            5          460        60               43         40


                           Water quality throughout tha    certified portion   of Area 3   is
                      generally acceptable except at stations 23.1 and          4. 1, at the
                      eastern and western ends of the growing area, respectively.
                      Station 10 (Cedar Beach Marina) exceeds criteria; however, this area
                      is seasonally closed(May 15 - Sept. 30).        No pollution sources
                      exist in this area during the seasonally certified period.

                           Portions of the uncertif ied area also exhibit acceptable water
                      quality. Stations 26, 40, 46, 54.1 and 59.3 meet the criteria for
                      a certified shellfish land.     Stations 40, 46, 54.1 and 59.3 are
                      located in the southern portion of the 1300 acre area closed in
                      1990.

                           Bacteriological data are summarized in map form an Chart
                      1 (Bacteriological Data), Chart la(Total Coliform Data) and Chart
                      lb(Fecal Coliform Data).




                                                 RECOMMENDATIONS

                           The existing closure line(Chart 2) in the northern portion of
                      Area 3 should be adjusted to reflect both the unacceptable water
                      quality at stations 23.1 and 4.1, in the currently certified area,
                      and the acceptable water quality found at stations 26, 40, 46, 54.1
                      and 59.3 in the uncertified area. A triangular closure should
                      remain in place along Fox Creek Channel because station 40 is only
                      marginally acceptable. A reevaluation of this section will be made




















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                                                                  AREA 3  Great   South Bay.   Existing                     Existin3   Line                      L i nRe ef e'rS
                                                      CHART 2.                                                              Propose    Line                      to
                                                                  and Recommended Closure      Line.
                                        r"                                                                                   Seasonal  Closure May 15       Sept.30





























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                                                                                           Additional Sampling Stations
















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                     following further data collection.      The channel seems to be a
                     conduit that carries pollution from the mainland further out into
                     the bay.

                          The recommended closure line (Chart 2)      is based on water
                     quality and identifiable landmarks. Extensive    buoying will still
                     be necessary to mark the uncertified area but the buoys will no
                     longer be part of the written description.       Landmarks will be
                     verified in a field survey prior to initiation of rulemaking. New
                     stations will be added : 22.1, south of 23'.1; 26.2, west of 26;
                     40.1,between 40 and 41; and 4.2, west of 4.1(chart 2a).

                          The recommended closure line will result in the following
                     changes in the certified and uncertified sections on the north side
                     of Area 3:
                          1.   Approximately 53 acres(23 adjacent to station 23.1, 30
                     adjacent to station 4.1) designated as uncertified.

                          2. Approximately 973 acres designated as certified (reopened).
                     This is a net gain of,about 920 acres in certified area, including
                     almost half(625 acres) of the 1300 acres closed in 1990.

                          On the south side of Area 3, It is recommended that the
                     seasonal closure of the marina area at Seqanus Thatch be rescinded,
                     as the marina no longer exists. This will result in about 3 acres
                     being recertified. No other changes in the seasonal closures of
                     the marina and transient anchoring areas along the barrier beach
                     are contemplated at this time. The boat basins will be reevaluated
                     to determine whether they are correctly classified.

                          The summary of sampling data collected following extraordinary
                     pollution(XS) event(Tables C and D, Chart 3) indicates that all of
                     Area 3 should continue to be closed when such events occur-.



                                         RESULTS - UNCERTIFIED AREA

                          A Conditional Harvesting Program has been operated in the
                     uncertified portion of Area 3 since 1982.     During this time the
                     conditional closure line has moved extensively in the area west of
                     Bergen Point, likely due to the close proximity to the numerous
                     tributaries and possibly because of migratory waterfowl at the
                     western end. East of Bergen Point, the line has not changed.
                          A  copy of the 1991 - 1992 conditional Program and map is
                     attached as Chart 4. This program allowed harvesting in about 2400
                     acres of the normally uncertified portion of Area 3 under dry
                     weather conditions (0. 1011 of precipitation or less) during the
                     period.of December - March.
                          The following table summarizes the bacteriological water
                     quality data for the uncertified portion of the north side of Area
                     3.













                                                       New York state Department of Environmental Conservation
                                                       Building 40-SUNY. Stony Brook. New York 11720-2356





                                                                                                                                           Thomas C.Jorfing
                                                                                                                                           Commissioner


                                                                                    NOTICE TO SHELLFISH HARVESTERS

                                                                  Conditional Shellfishing Program in Great South Bay
													   
                                                             Pursuant to the Provisions of 6 MYCRR 47, the KYS Dept. of Environmental
                                                       Conservation, in cooperation with the Towns of Babylon and Islip. will
                                                       initiate CONDITIONAL HARVESTING PROGRAM an Decameter 11. 1991 for certain
                                                       shellfish lands in Great South Say west of the Robert Moses Causeway. in
                                                       order to take advantage of the Program, please note the following:
														   
                                                       1.    CONDITIONAL AREA DESCRIPTION:     Al I that area of Great South Bay west of
                                                             the Robert Moses Causeway lying south of a line extending easterly from
                                                             the "southeasternmost" Point of land at Strongs Point(Indian Island) to
                                                             the southernmost Point of land at Bergen Point and continuing easterly
                                                             to the residence at 164 Secatoque Lane West, West Islip(Located south
                                                             and-east of the entrance to Willett& Creek); and.
														  
                                                             All that area of Great South Bay west of the Robert Moses Causeway lying
                                                             east of a line extending southwesterly from the southeasternmost Point
                                                             of land at Strongs Point(Indian Island) to the easternmost point of land
                                                             at Elder island.
														  
                                                             EXCEPT all creeks, canais and tributaries.
												  
                                                       2.    CONDITIONS TO BE MET: When not more than 0.10 inches of Precipitation is
                                                             recorded for each of 7 successive days, the area will optn on tne Sth day
                                                             and will remain doers until more than 0.10 inches of precipitation is
                                                             recorded in 24 hours. (see Special Note "b")
													  
                                                       3.    NOTIFICATION- Each day. Monday - Saturday, beginning at 6:30 A.M. a
                                                             recorced message announcing the status of the area as OPEN or CLOSED can
                                                             be reached at 893-1074.
                                                             A copy of the order opening or closing. the area will be posted at the
                                                             NYSOEC Region I Office, Stony Brack. MY.
                                                             Telephone calls regarding the Program can be made to the Town of Babylon
                                                             after 9:00 A.M. at 422-7640 or to NYSOEC after 8:30 A.M. at 751-6381.
                                                       4.    TIME DURATION: December 11. 1991 through March 31. 1992
														  
                                                       S.    SPECIAL NOTES: This program may be suspended. revised or cancelled at
                                                             any time if bacterialogical water Quality is found to exceed the criteria
                                                             for a certified shellfish land or if any other condition is found to exist
                                                             which may be a threat to public health.
														  
                                                             b. It has been determined that runoff from snowmelt can affect the
                                                             conditional area. The area will close if there is significant runoff
                                                             following snowfalls of 3 inches or greater.
                                                       Dated: December 11. 1991                                       Stony Brook. New York




                                            
                                                                                               
                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                        


                                                         CHART 4.    AREA 3    Great   South   Bay.
                                                                                                               Program
                                                                      1991-92 Conditional Harvesting
 
















                     AREA 3. GREAT SOUTH BAY. 'CONDITIONAL AREA EVAL      UATION. ..OCTOBER
                     1988 - APRIL 1992 BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY DATA.

                           criteria.      (only total coliform is used to evaluate
                     conditional areas)
                           Total-Colifo       Median total coliform MPN/100ml of 70 or
                                              less , no more than 10% of the samples in
                                              excess of an MPN/100ml of 330.

                           A. Rainfalls 0 - 0. 1511              B. Rainfalls 0.16 - 0*4092
                              * means station exceeds bacterioloqical criteria         station
                       Samples Median         %> 330    0 Samples Median         330
                           4          20         23        5          5          240         20
                           4.1        17         23        5.9        6          43          0
                          59          20         33        0          3          43          0
                          59.2        17         23        0          6          240      33 3
                          59.3        14         9         0          4          93
                          55          23         43        13         3          93       33.3
                          55.1        20         23        0          6          240      16.7
                          52          26         43        7.7        5          150         40
                          54          22         23        0          7          150      42.9
                          54.1        15         9         0          4          18.5        0
                          50          26         33        3.8        5          460         60
                          50.1        20         23        5          6          460      66.7
                          47.1        20         43        5          4          460         75
                          47          25         23        4          6          150      16.7
                          45          20         12        5          6          166.5    33.3
                          46          15         9         0          3          43          0
                          41.2*       20         23        is         4          225         2-9
                          41.1        27         23        0          a          166.5       25
                          41          20         23        0          6          15       16.7
                          40          is         9         6.7        5          23          0
                          40.2        13         9         0          5          39          0
                          37          26         43        0          6          68       33 3
                          37.1        26         23        0          6          141.5    166: 7
                          36          25         23        a          6          150      16.7
                          36.1        25         23        0          6          121.5    16.7
                          34.2        17         7         0          5          23          20
                          33.3        25         23        8          6          68       16.7
                          34.1        25         23        0          6          112.5       0
                          34.3        is         23        0          6          23       16.7
                          33.2        25         23        0          6          66          0
                          26.1        25         21        0          6          93       16.7
                          26          25         14        0          a          33
                                                 23        5.3        6          41          0
                          20.1        19
                          20          15         15        0          6          33          0
                          24          24         15        0          6          68          0
                          24.2        24         23        4.2        6          57          0
                          23.3        24         9         0          6          23          0
                          23          24         10        4.2        6          93          0
                          23.1        23         9         0          8          43
                          20.2        17         4         0          6          23          0
                                                                                             0















                         chart 5 summarizes water    quality in the conditional area under
                    normal operating conditions. chart 5a summarizes water quality under
                    moderate(O.15 - 0.4011) rainfall conditions.

                         Only stations 41.2(Neguntatogue Creek) and 55(Howells Creek) exceed
                    the criteria for conditional certification following precipitation of
                    0. 1011 or less. All of the western section of the area and much of the
                    eastern section     exceed   criteria under    maderate(O.16 - 0.40-)
                    precipitation conditions, although it should be noted that this analysis
                    is based on only a small number of samples.




                                              RECOMMMMATIONS

                         Pending additional data collection during fall 1992, it is
                    expected that a Conditional Harvesting Program can again be
                    operated in the uncertified portion of Area 3 for the 1992 - 1993
                    season. consideration will be given to expanding the conditional
                    program into the western section, but because station 55 exceeds
                    criteria, making it difficult to draw an enforceable line, and
                    because the western portion has a history of variable water quality
                    even during dry weather, extreme caution must be taken. It must
                    also be noted that stations in South Oyster Bay, immediately west
                    of stations 4 and 4.1 do not meet the criteria for conditional
                    certification.    If water quality data continues to support
                    conditional certification,- it is recommended that the area be
                    divided into eastern and western zones to be operated concurrently,
                    but which can be closed separately if the need arises.

                         It is also recommended that the conditional program continue
                    to operate under the same conditions (0. loll of precipitation).
                    Higher rainfall amounts can affect the area.







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                                                                                             C14ART 5a.              AREA 3         Great South               Bay. Conditional                                                                                   a
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                                                                                                                     Moderate(O.15-0.40") Precipitation.                                             lotal                           Exceeds Criteria
                                                                                                                     Coliforin Data.                                                                                                 Not      Evaluated











                     New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
                     Region 1 Headquarters
                     SUNY, Building 40, Stony Brock, NY 11794
                           Bureau of Shellfisheries
                           (516) 751-7900                                                        Thomas C. Jorling
                                                                                                  Commissioner




                                                                   June 28, 1990






                           The Honorable Arthur G. Pitts
                           Supervisor
                           Town of Babylon
                           Town Hall
                           200 E. Sunrise Highway
                           North-Lindenhurst, NY   11757

                           Dear Supervisor Pitts:

                                I have completed a review of bacteriological water quality in the
                           north side of Great South Bay in the Town of Babylon. Sampling results
                           indicate that there is a portion of the area, adjacent to the Coviague/
                           Lindenhurst area, where water quality fails to meet the criteria for a
                           certified shellfish land. Summaries of the data are attached.


                                Problems in the area were noted in January and February of 1990;
                           however, follow-up sampling showed an improvement in water quality in
                           late February - May. Sampling in mid-May following heavy (2 - 2.5 inches)
                           rainfall again found unacceptable levels of bacteria.      Resampling
                           following reports of shell fish-related disease outbreaks where the clams'
                           reported area of harvest were SS2 (South Oyster Bay) and SS3 (Babylon)
                           showed that portions of the area were again affected by rainfall.


                                Although we strongly suspect that the shellfish which caused the
                           illnesses were not harvested from Babylon waters, DEC is required
                           pursuant to Environmental Conservation Law, to designate as uncertified
                           all shellfish lands that do not meet appropriate criteria. A chart of
                           the proposed closure is attached.    It is expected that a rulemaking to
                           designate the area as uncertified will be completed by mid-July.


                                Dry weather sampling indicates that it may be possible to operate
                           a conditional harvesting program in the affected area.     I hope to
                           continue to work closely with the Town of Babylon to determine if this
                           is possible and also to determine through additional sampling whether
                           the size of the closure can be reduced.














                                Thank you for your time.     '.f you have any questions,please
                           contact me.

                                                                          ;iycerely,
                                                                          1@

                                                                          Charles de Quillfeldt
                                                                          Marine Resources Specialist

                           COO/ajs
                           'ATTACHMENTS
                           cc:  Gordon Colvin
                                Pieter VanVolkenburgh
                                Jean Gilman
                                Mike Litwa
                                West End Saymen's Assoc.
                                Town of Babylon Shellfish Commission













                                 Bacteriological Water Quality.     Great South Bay, Town of Babylon.
                                 Wet Weather Data 1988 - June 1990. North Side.


                      Station        Samples-        Total Coliform MPN1100ml        Fecal Coliform   MPN/100ml
                                                                  4V                             W
                                                     median       "a 330             median       I's 49
                      (Criteria)                       (76)     70% or less)            (14)      (10% or less)
                        5               14*             18        0                      9          14.3 *
                        4.1             23              23        13                     .9         8.7
                        59.2            21              9         19.4  *                7          19.4 *
                        55.1            21              43        23.8  *                9          19.4 *
                        54*             23              93        21.7  *                is *       30 :.*
                        50.1            15              150*      46.7  *                15 *       46.7 *
                        45              22              93        18.2  *                18.5*      31.8 *
                        41              24              33        25                     16         12.5 *
                        40              24              23        16.7  *                9          12.5 *
                        40.2            13              43        15.4  *                9            7.7
                        34.2            23              is         4.3                   9          21.7 *
                        34.3            23              43        13                     4           0
                        20.1            30              is        6.7                    7          10
                        20              32              12        6.3                    9          6.3
                        19              is              is        0                      8          11.1 *
                        22              24              43        8.3                    4          12.5 *
                        21              8               23        0                      19         IZ.5 *
                        23.1            22              43        4.5                    9          13.6 *
                        20.2            28              23        7.1                    9          7.1

                          value exceeds criteria
                           station exceeds criteria


                        Note:   Water quality was acceptable in 1988       @989. Problems were noted in
                                January - February 1990 but follow-up sampling showed an improvement in
                                water quality. The area was found-to deteriorate following heavy(2 -
                                2.5 inches) rain in mid-May and again on June 19 following anintense
                                rainfall. Additional sampling sataions will be added on the proposed
                                closure line.










































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                         Summary of 1987 - 1990 Bacteriological Water Quality Sampling Data For' The
                         South Side Of The Town Of Babylon.(Does not include results from emergency
                         sampling following rainfalls of 3 inches or greater)

                               Bacteriological water quality criteria are as follows:

                               TOTAL COLIFORM - Median total coliform MPN/100ml of 70       or less; no more
                                                 than 10% of the samples at a stati6-nin excess of 330.

                                                                          OR

                               FECAL COLIFORM - Median fecal coliform MPN/100ml of 14 or less; no more
                                                 than 10% of the samples at a station-in excess of 49.

                               Water quality at a station must meet either criteria to be acceptable.


                         Station       Samples        Total Coliform MPN/100ml         Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml
                                                      Median      %    330             Median       W    49

                            6             28            23           0                     9          0
                            6.1           22            33           9.1                   8          13.6
                            7             22            9            0                     4          4.5
                            7.1           28            9            0                     5.5        3.6
                            8             22            9            0                     9          0
                            8.1           28            12           0                     7          7.1
                            9             22            43           0                     8          0
                            9.1           27            23           0                     9          0
                            10            22            43           22.7                  23         27.3
                            10.1          28            43           10.7                  23         17.9
                            11            22            23           0                     9          4.5
                            11.1          28            23           3.6                   is         14.3
                            12            11            23           0                     9          4.5
                            12.1          10            23           0                     16         0
                            13            14            23           0                     19         14.3
                            14            12            41           0                     16         16.7
                            15            6             12           0                     9.5        0
                            16            14            23           0                     23         0
                            17            14            41           0                     33         14.3


                               indicates  stations that do not meet the criteria for       a certified shellfish
                               land

                            Note: All of the embayments along the south shore barrier beach, except
                                    Garbage Cove(stations 11 and 11.1), are designated as seasonally
                                    uncertified May15 - Sept. 30 because of the potential for contamin-
                                    from boating activity.



  I
  I
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                           APPENDIX 2. CERTIFIED AREA BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA.
  I
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  I
  I
  I
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                     AREA -5         GSPJ                                                                              YEAR(S) MCA- \0@Ok?j


                            STATION                                                    :EA:IAL COLIFORM
  )ATE                 All    512,59--'5MI 5,9 511 50.1 A5 I-A6                                                              2A -x                            I q
                                                                                                                                                                                                              NOTE


    10


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                        15    -431            43     hibt      -     _@@O tiota        -      4tj@                                                            43      V501 15D         150
              7-1     ci 3    1-3             IS[) I lArj      -              41.0.    -      im,      A6            !m ri    4-s.
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                              93                3                             240                                                               -     IAD     XAO     IAD                                      s
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                            AREA _:3_ CSR- R6k                                                                                   YEAR(S)


                                  STATION                                                      'T 0-r A     COLIFORM
      DATE                  q .1 15q.z                                                                                                                                                                                     NOTE
                                                                                                                                                      -IDA                      101,
                                                                                                                                                        -715 AID
                                                                               ALO                       __0            Cl     r4     IL10 -4-6        -4
                10                                                                                                                                                                               _43-
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      L113-9         -      A2_ V3                  -1-3-0a           -        460 1110ol            -43                               Cl         A    210
                            X2            0         140 150          2-6 -
                                                    IA a-     -4-6    Cl       _2Z                            15
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                     AREA_3_ GS?@-lrSX%jLQM                                                          YEAR(S) Ickilci- IC141

                           STATION                                        -1 0-T k-  COLIFORM

     DATE                                                                                                             X I lo         1,9 'm I
                                                                   A 3   -43
                                   -qz-                                           1 9         150 g 4            )Lj    -1 13-1
                                                                                                                                                  9
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                       9    -LL -:@3- 9          4     43     -7                q3*     9   1 -4                              ).3    43          ISO    43    /-3
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               AREA                                                            VEAR(S)


                    STATION                               T01tti- COLIFORM

   DAT E
                                                         -A                                        7.0
   -%5-91,                                                                                                                       _NOTE
   1                                                          43     2)                  43   1    43
                                                               A :@3                -7 -3
   L-I MZ 43 Z- 3 q 3        3 ')'1 2 -10        a      j -5                                 -?-L
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              AREA '3                                                            YEAR(S) IRSC\- \O@R2,3


                  STATION                                  FtCAL COLIFORM

 'ATE                                                                                                                                       N
                         59::5 5S.  51 S1. 1 50.1 A -9          'A I A 0 1.0.1 31 .-1 A -5 _ZL Ia. L _I.Q                                    OTE
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                                                                                                                      4
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                                                                                           13-
                                                                                           -443
                                                                                                        X3
                                                                                                        -A  -
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                    AREA    3    CC-AA-                                                                  YEAR(S)    C@  Cl-   Cl C@


                          STATION                                            'F,4 CA L-  COLIFORM
    DATE              1.1159.2-6-3 55-1 51 514.150.145. l56* Al AQ 40-IMA -A,,J.A It.                                                                                            NOTE
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    :31MMENT






















                  AREA
                                                                                                      YEAR(S)


                        STATION                                                      COLIFORM
   DATE                  Iffl-1- IR-A 5s& -sdi- -MA        5C)A    -49, 4(.     -A I                                                                                          NOTE
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                     AREA          C S        IPL, X la-i L0                                           YEAR(S)    'I

                          STATION                                             (-C A L COLIFORM    -
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                                                                           43 Z-3 3                                                           41                       --
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                 AREA                                                                                 YEAR(S)


                       STATION                                             01 A L COL I FORM
 )ATE                                                ci     q@l    10 1o.1      I 1.  .11 1   X1-   111 V-@              I,-;- v.     1 -1                                     NOTE
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    MMENT












              AREA                    6 14 @XA\A,                          YEAR(S)

                  STATION                              -101 A LCOLIFORN

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                                                 JD- -to-,L      I-   I                  I S-  L   1 -7                         NOTE
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                 AREA                                                                          YEAR(S) I q STO     O@ Ct f-

                      STATION                                        Ef-ChL-   COLIFORM

  DATE                                                                                                                                                           NOTE
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                     AREA          C@ S Py          o t4   '-t                                       YEAR(S)


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                                                                                                                                   1      9








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                       AREA                            BILZnhl                                                              YEAR(S)

                              STATION                                                     10-16L COLIFORM 100/ml
     DATE                                                                                                                                                                 .3-1     11.      @L                      NOTE
                                             z 5ja 5 5 --3s 1             5 R.   si
                                                                                                                                                                                                   36      312,
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              AREA                             C6                        YEAR(S)


                  STATION                                    COLIFORM 1OO/mI
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                       AREA                                                                                                          YEAR(S)         Cl   8 -


                               STATION                                                                         COLIFORM 100/ml
    fE                                    511 54. 3 5 5 55.1 -5                                   1.1   ALL .11 -15@-                       11.1     11.1 .41          -1 o     -qo.]L-L-L -UL -54                                     NOTE
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    MMENT















         AREA               \0                              YEAR(S)


             STATION                              COLIFORM 100/ml
  kTE     61-i)F                                       U M.                                             NOTE
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                   AREA                                                                                    YEAR(S)


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            AREA            ("116"      co T-A                        YEAR(S) \J'bg- q

                STATION                            -1ACO COLIFORM 100/ml
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                                          APPENDIX 4. PRECIPITATION DATA

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                         AREA





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                           APPENDIX C











                                               EN"VIRONbEENTAL ASSESSNUENT OF THE
                                               BABYLON OUTER BEACH COMMUNI=,




        1.   INTRODUCTION


             The objective of this study is to determine if the presence of
        six residential communities on a series of barrier and bay islands
        produce measurable (significant) impacts to selected physical and
        ecological systems.
        co   Figure 1 presents a location map of the study area. The six
         mmunities under study are; Oak Beach, Oak Beach Association,
        Gilgo Beach, West Gilgo Beach, Oak Island and Captree island.
        Collectively, these six communities are usually referred to as the
        "Outer Beaches".     These communities contain a total of 415
        residences. All are under the jurisdiction of the Town of Babylon.
        Most of the residences were established during the late 19th
        Century.

             Preparatory to starting this study, a literature review was
        conducted to search for other studies of a similar nature.          No
        scientific or systematic studies were uncovered with one exception.
        The report uncovered, a Local Waterfront Revitalization Plan
        (LWRP), attempted to assess environmental conditions on the Outer
        Beaches.  Since the document was found to be plagiarized, among
        other faults, it was rejected by the Babylon Town Board and
             -'@ore is not considered herein.
        there.L

             Funding for this study was provided by the Babylon Barrier
        Beach Ad Hoc Committee. This Committee is a joint association of
        the six outer Beach Communities.    The project team assembled for
        this study and their specific contributions are as follows:

             EEA, Inc. Prime contractor, study design, field surveys,
                        report preparation

             Greenman- Pedersen, Inc. Field assistance, graphics, report
                        review

             EcoTest Laboratories, Inc. Laboratory analyses

             Applied Biostatistics Inc. Statistical analyses
        syst Three elements of the physical and ecological environmental
            ems were selected for examination. These elements were:

                  Botany (marsh grass density)
                  ornithology (bird species composition and abundance)
                  Hydrology (chemical composition of groundwater)


                                                             Babvion Outer Beach -I-










              A procedure developed by Games and Howell (1976) (as cited in
         Rohlf and Lema, 1991) was utilized that allowed for testing
         differences among means without the assumption that the variances
         are homogeneous. The second analysis performed was a nonparametric
         multiple comparisons test based upon the Mann-Whitney statistics.
         This test has the advantage that it does not require the assumption
         of normality of distributions.

              B. ORNrIUOLOGY


              The six communities and selected undisturbed areas were
         surveyed for birds along the barrier beach and bay islands.        A
         total of 13 stations were examined. Six stations were in developed
         areas and seven in undeveloped areas. Developed areas included the
         communties and built-up sections of Cedar Beach Marina and Captree
         State Park.    Figure 1 presents the areas surveyed.         Trained
         ornithologists, amateur birders and wildlife biologists conducted
         the surveys.    Two teams were formed in order to sample the
         developed and undeveloped concurrently; one team began at Captree
         and worked west, while the second team began the survey at Tobay
         (JFK Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary) and travelled east.        Weather
         forecasts allowed the teams to pre-arrange optimal days for the
         birding surveys.

              Binoculars were be used to aid identification of species.
         Birds were also identified by sound. Where possible, approximate
         numbers of each species sighted were recorded. The New York State
         Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), Endangered
         Species Unit, and the Significant Habitat Unit were contacted for
         any information concerning endangered and/or threatened species on
         or in the vicinity of the proj ect area.     References and f ield
         guides utilized for species identifications are presented in the
         Reference Section.


              C-HYDROLOGY


              A total of eighteen shallow wells were sampled; eight in
         developed areas and ten in the undeveloped areas. Samples from the
         developed areas were taken from existing shallow wells, most of
         which are used for non-potable water.    In.the undeveloped areas
         shallow wells were installed in the field under the supervision of
         a trained hydrogeologist. After the wells were sampled, they were
         removed. All of the wells drew from the "upper glacial aquifer"
         and varied in depth from 3 to 20 feet below grade.

              All wells were sampled according to standard protocols. For
         example, pipes and points were pumped until acquisition of a fresh
         sample was assured. Samples were taken into previously prepared
         bottles with appropriate preservatives; they were immediately
         transferred to a NYS Approved laboratory for analysis.        Proper
         documentation (e.g., chain-of-custody sheets) was maintained.

                                                            Babylort Outer Beadi -3-



141



             At the analytical laboratory all tests were performed
        according to standard methods.   Specifically, the water samples
        were analyzed for the parameters known as the "Suffolk County
        Partial Chemical Analyses".   This series tests for levels of 18
        compounds or parameters and is recommended by the Suffolk County
        Department of Health for analysis of potable waters.            The
        parameters tested are as follows:

                  Iron as Fe               Hardness as CaC03
                  Manganese as Mn          Alkalinity as total CaCO3
                  Free C02                 Total Dissolved Solids
                  Ammonia as N             Specific Conductance
                  Zinc as Zn               Sodium as Na
                  MBAS as LAS              Copper as Cu
                  pH                       Sulfate as S04
                  Nitrate as N             Langelier Index
                  Chloride as Cl           Total Coliform.



             Raw  data returned  from the   laboratory was collated and
        presented in tabular format that allowed direct comparison of
        reults from developed and undeveloped areas. Comparison to minimum
        water quality standards was made.

             Statistical tests were applied to the data to determine if
        differences in water chemistry exist between the developed and
        undeveloped areas. The Mann-Whitney U-test was selected as the
        test statistic.   In some cases, tests were not possible because
        much or all of the data for a specific parameter was reported as
        below the detection limits of the analytical procedures.


        III. RESULTS


             A. KkRSH GRASS DENSrff


             Presented on Table 1 are the raw data f or the marsh grass
        (Spartina alterniflora) shoot counts.     Inspection of the data
        reveals that both the lowest and highest mean densities (as
        expressed in numbers per 0. 25m2) were in undeveloped areas; the
        developed areas had marsh grass densities in the intermediate
        range. The data also shows high variability within the same area.
        An expression of this variability is found in the standard
        deviations which appear to be high.     The signif icance of these
        findings will be evaluated in a following (Discussion) section.

             A total of 180 quadrats in six areas were examined; four of
        the areas were considered undeveloped and two were considered
        developed. For all quadrats combined, the mean number of Sipartina
A       shoots per 0.25m2 was 97.4. The lowest recorded density was 26 and
        the highest was 226. The mean density for the developed areas was


                                                          Babylon Outer Beach -4-











                                                              TABLE I


                                         RESULTS AND COMPARISON OF MARSH GRASS DENSITIES*



                                                UNDEVELOPED AREAS                            DEVELOPED AREAS

              QUADRAT
              NUMBER     GILGO ISLAND    EAST ISLAND   CEDAR ISLAND    GRASS ISLAND    OAK ISLAND    CAPTREE ISLAND

                 1             226           179            230             86             142             87

                 2             132           99             ill             43             75              58

                 3             156           128            195             88             75              68

                 4             112           123            148             39             99              36

                 5             183           113            196             65             136             51

                 6             153           177            180             99             55              36

                 7             106           176            238             56             105             92

                 8             88            114            167             58             73              57

                 9             92            188            176             46             85             110

                 10            122           156            189             66             69              70

                 11            133           130            80              71             120             42

                 12            64            104            148             55             133             60

                 13            106           98             165             92             153             69

                 Ill           102           74             67              35             1.42            72

                 15            82            114            151             44             155             49

                 16            75            118            126             53             123             56

                               97                                           31             163             84
                                                            78
                 17                          68








                          18                  142                    65                    159                    56                     143                    52
                          19                   86                    53                    157                    26                     95                     58

                          20                  11.6                   135                   157                    67                     122                    67
                          21                  156                    186                   74                     29                     49                     88

                          22                   79                    74                    71                     36                     67                     99

                          23                   90                    180                   53                     49                     42                     76

                          24                   84                    122                   55                     38                     74                     68

                          25                   97                    128                   80                     38                     58                     84

                          26                  136                    118                   85                     33                     65                     91

                          27                  122                    160                   69                     47                     62                     88

                          28                   97                    105                   40                     76                     41                     76

                          29                  132                    96                    47                     51                     92                     64

                          30                  169                    92                    35                     62                     55                     71


                         sum                 3,543                 3,673                 3,727                  1,635                 2,868                   2,079

                      STANDARD
                     DEVIATION            35.49492              37.84854               58.68201               19.24188              37.13542                18.06128

                     VAR ANCE               F259.89             1,432.512              3443.578                370.25                 0379.04                326.21

                        MEAN                 118.1              122.4333               124.2333                  54.5                  95.6                    69.3

                     Densities are expressed in numbers of                    plants per.0.25m2









        82.4 and for the undeveloped areas, 104.8.       Figure 2 presents a
        frequency of occurrence plot fort he developed and undeveloped
        areas.


             Data from the six areas studied was given to a professional
        biostatistics firm for review and analysis.      Based upon initial.,
        review the firm concluded, "As   one would expect from even a casual
        examination of the data, there   is not a clear one-sided difference
        between samples from developed   and undeveloped islands" (refer to
        Appendix A, this report).         A complete copy of the Applied
        Biostatistics report is found in Appendix A.

             Because there was no significant difference between mean
       .densiFi'es in th-e---dev-e roped and Uin_UeMeTopud-a@as@,e@ -were
        performed to see if the six areas were significantly ifferent from
        each other.       The results indicated that Grass Island was
        significantly different (the mean density was lower) than the other
        islands. Oak Island and Captree Island had the next larger means
        and were not significantly different from each other.       The mean
        densities for Gilgo, East Cedar and Oak Islands were not
        significantly different from each other. The results of a second
        series of statistical tests, the Mann-Whitney tests, were similar.

             B. ORNrMOLOGY


             Thirteen areas were surveyed f or bird species and numbers; six
        of the zones were in developed areas and seven were considered
        undeveloped. The highest number of species counted was 26 from the
        JFK Wildlife Sanctuary near Tobay Beach, an undeveloped area. The
        lowest number of species encountered was 2, also from an
        undeveloped area near Cedar Beach.      Table 2 presents data that
        shows the total species sighted in developed and undeveloped areas.
        For the developed areas, the mean number of different species
        present was 10.8 and for the undeveloped areas the mean number of
        species was 11.3. These results are summarized as follows:

                        Zone                      Rumber of Species
             Developed Areas
                   Oak Beach                            12
                   Oak Beach Association                 3
                   Captree Island                       16
                   Captree State Park                   12
                   Cedar Beach Marina                    6
                   Oak Island                           16
             Undeveloped Areas
                   JFK Wildlife Sanctuary               30
                   West Gilgo                            7
                   Gilgo                                 7
                   Cedar Beach                           2
                   Cedar Beach overlook                  7
                   Captree State Park                   15
                   Captree Island                       11   Babylon Outer Beach -5- Ilk
                                                                                     I 6-k





                Figure 2. Comparison            of marsh grass density
                                in developed and undeveloped areas.

      2



                                                                     DEVELOPED AREAS


                                                                     UNDEVELOPED AREAS








                        A

    LL. 10--






    cy









       4--








          10 30   50 70   90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230
           20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
                 DENSITY (Number at Plants/0.25 motor-square)







                                                                     TABLE 2


                                                       INVENTORY OF AVIAN SPECIES
                                                           BARRIER BEACH STUDY


        COMMON NAME                                          SCIENTIFIC NAME                  DEVELOPED            UNDEVELOPED


        American robin                                       Turdus migratorius                        x
        Black-capped chickadee                               Parus atricapillus                                                x
        Black-crowned night
           heron*                                            Nycticorax nycticorax                     x
        Black duck                                           Anas rubripes                             x                       x
        Bonaparte's gull                                     Larus philadelphia                                                x
        Brant                                                Branta bernicla                           x                       x
        Bufflehead                                           Bucephala albeola                         x                       x
        Canada geese                                         Branta canadensis                         x
        Cardinal                                             Cardinalis cardinalis                     x                       x
        Common flicker                                       Colaptes auratus                                                  x
        Common** or Red-throated                             Gavia immer or
           loon                                                G. stellata                                                     x
        Crow                                                 Corvus sp.                                x                       x
        Double-crested
           cormorant                                         Phalacrocorax auritus                                             x
        Downy woodpecker                                     Picoides pubescens                        x                       x
        Dunlin                                               Calidris alpina,                                                  x
        Eastern meadowlark                                   Sturnella magna                           x                       x
        European starling                                    Sturnus vulgaris                          x                       x
        Gadwall                                              Anas strepera                                                     x
        Great blue heron                                     Ardea herodias                                                    x
        Greater black-backed
           gull                                              Larus marinus                             x                       x
        Greater scaup                                        Aythya marila                             x                       x
        Green-winged teal                                    Anas crecca                                                       x
        Herring gull                                         Larus argentatus                          x                       x
        Hooded merganser                                     Lophodytes cucullatus                     x                       x
        Horned grebe                                         Podiceps auritus                                                  x
        House finch                                          Carpodacus mexicanus;                     x                       x
        House sparrow                                        Passer domesticus                         x
        Louisiana heron*                                     Egretta tricolor                          x                       x
        Mallard                                              Anas platyrhynchos                       x                       x
        Mockingbird                                          Mimus polyglottos                        x
        Mourning dove                                        Zenaida macroura                          x                       x
        Mute swan                                            Cygnus olor                                                       x
        Northern harrier**                                   Circus cyaneus                            x                       x
        Northern shoveller                duck               Anas clypeata                                                     x
        Pied-billed grebe                                    Podilymbus podiceps                       x
        Pintail                                              Anas acuta                                                        x
        Red-breasted merganser                               Mergus senator                            x                       x
        Red-breasted nuthatch                                Sitta canadensis                                                  x
        Red-tailed hawk                                      Buteo jamaicensis                                                 x
        Red-winged blackbird                                 Agelaius phoeniceus                       x                       x
        Ring-billed gull                                     Larus delawarensis                        x                       x
        Rock dove                                            Columba livia                             x                       x
        Sanderling                                           Calidris alba                                                     x
        Sharp-shinned hawk                                   Accipeter striatus                                                x

                                                             * NYSDEC Protected Wildlife
                                                           NYSDEC Species of Special Concern
 








                                                    TABLE 2 - continued


                                              INVENTORY OF AVIAN SPECIES
                                                  BARRIER BEACH STUDY



    COMMON NAME                                     SCIENTIFIC NAME               DEVELOPED           UNDEVELOPED
  11harp-tailed sparrow                             Ammospiza caudacuta                 qx
    :"Slate-colored" junco                          Junco hyemalis                      x
                                         Capella gallinago                                        x
      now bunting                                   Plectrophenax nivalis               x                    x
                                                    Melospiza melodia                   x                    x
      ree sparrow                                   Spizella arborea                                         x
      estern sandpiper                              Calidris mauri                      x                    x
   ihite-throated sparrow                           Zonotrichia albicollis                                   x
    Yellow-rumped warbler                           Dendroica coronata                  x                    x
 
 







             Total number of bird species sighted was 54.      For all the
      developed areas combined, the total species number recorded was 32,
      and the corresponding number for the undeveloped areas was 45.

           C. ElYDROLOGY


           Eighteen shallow wells were sampled during the study; eight
      from undeveloped areas and ten from developed areas. The results
      of the analyses (Suffolk County Partial Chemical Analyses) are
      presented on Tables 3 and 4. Included in these tables is a column
      that gives the minimum water quality standards as defined by the
      Department of Health.     These water quality standards are for
      potable (drinking) water although it is recognized that few, if
      any, shallow wells in the developed areas are used for potable
      water.


           Table 5 presents a comparison of each of the parameters
      sampled for both the developed and undeveloped areas. The results
      of the Mann-Whitney U-test (refer to Appendix A) show that there
      were significant differences in the developed and undeveloped areas
      for 7 parameters of the 18 tested.     Eleven of the 18 parameters
      showed no significant differences or were indeterminate. In the
      undeveloped areas iron, managanese, free C02, and zinc were
      signicantly higher and pH significantly lower.     In the developed
      areas ammonia and MBAs were significantly higher.

           where comparisons could be made to minimum water quality
      standards f or drinking water it is obvious that most of the samples
      from both zones (developed and undeveloped) would meet the
      standards. Samples 2 and 10 from the developed areas had excessive
      chloride as did samples 15 and 17 f rom the undeveloped areas.
      Sodium and sulfate levels were also above standards for samples 15
      and 17. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) was beyond the acceptable
      range for almost all samples collected.

           In summary, of the 18 parameters tested, eleven exhibited no
      significant difference (or were indeterminate), five showed poorer
      water quality in the undeveloped areas and three showed poorer
      quality in the developed areas.


      IV.  DISCUSSION


           The objective of this section is to analyze and discuss the
      results of the various studies as presented above. Additionally,
      the results will be compared to other relevant programs. Finally,
      a summary of conclusions will be given.

           A. KUtSH GRASS DENSM


           Inspection of the data reveals that there is high variability
      in the densities of marsh grass both between study areas (of 30


                                                          Babylon Outer Beach -6-








                                                                                                     TABLE3


                                                       CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER COLLECFED FROM DEVELOPED APX-AS
                                                          STA       STA                  STA         STA       STA    STA   I    STA                - STAA     MINIMUM WATER

                   ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS                      1       2                  4           5         6        7        8                  10        QUALITY STANDARDS


                   Iron as Fe                  mg/L       1.8       0.14       0.20      <0.10       3.3       <0.10  <0.10      17       1.1       4.3               0.5

                   Mnnganese as Mn             mg/L       0.06      <0.05      0.08      <0.05       0.19      <0.05  <0.05      0.16     <0.05     <0.05             0.5

                   free C02                    mg/L       20        10         10        7           21        14     10         39       10        20                ---

                   Ammonia as   N              mg/L       .015      0.31       0.39      <0.05       1.0       0.72   3.0        0.26     <0.05     0.42              10.0

                   Zinc as Zn   _              m91L       0.16      0.43       0.03      0.21        0.27      0.04   <0.02      4.3      0.61      0.92              5.0
                   MBAS as LAS                 mg/L       0.18      0.15       0.14      <0.1        0.11      <O.1   0.89       <0.1     <0.1      <0.2              0.5

                   pH    units                            6.7   1   7.5        7.5       7.5         6.5       7.3    7.5        6.7      6.4       6.0            7.5 - 8.5
                   Nitrate as N                mg/L       3.2       <0.5       <0.5      <0.5        2.0       <0.5   <0.5       <0.5     <0.5      <0.5              10.0

                   Chloride as Cl              mg/L       11        25         4000      69          31        37     32         38       26        830               250

                   Hardness as CaC03           mg/L       74        190        1400      190         39        152    130        110      34        180               ---
                   Alkalinity tot CaC03        mg/L       50        150        220       130         30        130    150        100      24        26
                   Tot Qissolved Solids        mg/L       90        240        8000      300         120       210    200        210      110       1700              ---

                   Spec. Cond. umho/cm         nig/L      220       490        13000     580         180       400    440        340      150       3000              ---
                   Sodium as Na                mg/L       9.9       20         2200      42          18        16     27         13       10        270
                   Copper as Cu                mg/L       <0.05     <0.05      <0.05     <0.05       0.05      0.05   <0.05      <0.05    <0.05     <0.05             1.0
                   Sulfate as S04              mg/L       16        33         430       24          7         8      14         6        18        90                250
                   Langelier Index                        -1.8      -0.2       0.8       -0.2        -2.5      -0.5   -0.3       .1.4 1 -2.7        -2.5
                   T. Coliform, MPN/100mL                 <2.2      <2.2       <2.2      <2.2        <2.2      2.2    <2.2       >16  1   5.1       <2.2              2.2


                                                       station Locations
                  I= Eagan      Oak Beach Association                     6    = Carr - Oak Beach Association                       The NYDOH recommends that the sodium level not
                  2= Morris     Oak Beach                                 7    = Grossman - West Gilgo                              exceed 20 mg/t for severely restricted sodium
                                                                               STA                                                        STA

                                                                               3
                                                                                                                                      R9






























                  3= Allyn      Gilgo                                     8    = Tooker - Captree [stand                            diets and 270 mg/l for moderately restricted.
                  4= Howell     Gilgo                                     9    = Henning (east) - Oak Island                        sodium diets.
                  5= Canning - Oak Beach Association                      10   = Henning (west) - Oak island                        As close to zero as possible.


                                                                    Note: Parameters that are not assigned a specific requirement are
                                                                                  used as guidelines and indicators by the
                                                                                             Department of Health.








                                                                                                           TABLE 4

                                                        CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER COLLEMM'D FROM UNDEVELOPED AREAS



                                                                                                        STA       STA       STA         STA
                                                             STA        STA       STA        STA   I                                                           MINIMUM WATER
                   ANALYTICAL ARAMETERS                      11         12        13                              16                    18                   QUALITY STANDARDS
                                                                                             14         15                  '17

                   Iron as Fe                    mg/L        16         130       43         3.6        2.2       36        7.0         15                            0.5
                   Manganese as   Mn             mg/L        0.16       0.60      0.26       0.05       0.611     OAG       0.40        0.10                          0.5
                   Free C02                      mg/L        40         190       40         30         a         30        40          20                            ---
                   Ammonia as N                  mg?L        0.29       <0.05     <0.05      0.22       <0.05     0.15      0.20        0.10                          10.0

                   Zinc as Zn                    mg/L        1.4        4.0       4.2        2.1        2.3       4.8       5.4         5.4                           5.0

                   MOAS as LAS                   mg/L        0.2        <0.1      0.1        <0.1       <0.1      <0.1      <0.1        <0.1                          0.5

                   pH    units                               6.2        4.7       6.1        7.0        7.1       5.9       5.7         6.8                       7.5 - 8.5

                   Nitrate as N                  mg/L        <0.5       <03       <03        <0.5       <0.5      <0.5      <0.5        <03                           10.0

                   Chloride as C1                mg/L        42         57        49         210        16000     73        9900        120                           250

                   Ilardness as CaC03            mg/L        34         110       65         160        2100      33        2200        50                            ---

                   Alkalinity tot cac03          mg/L        28         2         26         150        94        14        18          62

                   Tot Dissolved Solids          mg/L        80         130       170        500        32000     210       18000       340                           ---

                   Spec. Cond. umho/cm           mg/L        180        260       200        1000       44000     300       27000       430                           ...

                   Sodium as Na                  mg/L        21         19        14         74         3900      27        5700        54

                   Copper as Cu                  mg/L        <0.05      0.07      <0.05      <0.05      0.05      <0.05     <0.05       <0.05                         1.0

                   Sulfate as S04                mg/L        a          21        6          8          2000      15        1200        15                            250
                   Langeller Index                           .2.3       -5.0      -2.8       -0.8       .0.2      -3.5      -1.9        -1.8
                   T. Cotiform, MPN/10                       >16        >16       ),16       16         >16       >16       ),16        >16                           2.2



                                                         station Locations


                11 =  JFK Wildlife Refuge        Tobay             16 = Cedar Beach (southside)                                            The NYDOH recommends that the sodium level not
                12 =  Gitgo State Park (east)                      17 = Cedar Beach (southside)                                            exceed 20 mg/t for severely restricted sodium
                13 =  Gitgo State Park (west)                      18 = Cedar Beach (northside)                                            diets and 270 mg/1 for moderately restricted'
                14 =  Captree Island (east side)                                                                                           sodium diets.
                15 =  East Fire Island                                                                                                     As close to zero as possible.


                                                                        Note: Parameters that are not assigned a specific requirement are
                                                                                                                              L
                                                                                                                                A


                                                                                                                              17







                                            ::R
                                         o:,L





                                                                                      used as guidelines arvJ indicators by the
                                                                                                  Department of Health.








                                            TABLE5


            COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR GROUNDWATER SAMPLES



                               IRON            MANGANESE            FREE C02

                           DEV      UNDEV     DEV      UNDEV     DEV      UNDEV

                           1.8       16       0.06     0.16        20      40

                           0.14     130       <0.05    0.60        10      190

                           0.20      43       0.08     0.26        10      40

                          <0.10     3.6       <0.05    0.05        7       30

                           3.3      2.2       0.19     0.08        21       8

                          <0.10      36       <0.05    0.10        14      30

                            17        7       <0.05    0.40        10      40

                           1.1       15       0.16     0.10        39      20
141                        4.3                <0.05             -18
                          <0.10               <0.05                20


              TOTAL       27.84    252.8      0.49     1.75        169     398

               MEAN       2.784     31.6      0.049    0.22      16.9     49.75
 A                            AMMONIA             ZINC             MBAS AS LAS

                           DEV     UNDEV      DEV      UNDEV       DEV    UNDEV

                           0.15     0.29      0.16      1.4      0.18      0.2

                           0.31    <0.05      0.43       4       0.15     <0.1

                           0.39    <0.05      0.03      4.2      0.14     <0.1

                          <0.05     0.22      0.21      2.1      <0.1     <0.1

                           1.0     <0.05      0.27      2.3      0.11     <0.1

                           0.72     0.15      0.04      4.8      <0.1     <0.1

                           . 3      0.20      <0.02     5.4      0.89     <0.1
NJ                         0.26     0.10      4.3       5.4      <0.1     <0.1
                          <0.05               0.61


                           0.42               0.92


                TOTAL      6.25     0.96      6.97     29.6      1.47      0.2

                 MEAN     0.625     0.12      0.697     3. 7     0.147    0.025










                                 PH                NITRATE            TOT CaCo3
                                                                    (ALKALINITY)

                           DEV      UNDEV        DEV     UNDEV      DEV      UNDEV

                           6.7       6.2         3.2      <0.5      50         28

                           7.5       4.7        <0.5      <0.5      150        2

                           7.5       6.1        <0.5      <0.5      220        26

                           7.5       7.0        <0.5      <0.5      130       150

                           6.5       7.1         2.0      <0.5      30         94

                           7.3       5.9        <0.5      <0.5      130        14

                           7.5       5.7        <0.5      <0.5      150        18

                           6.7       6.8        <0.5      <0.5      100        62

                           6.4                  <0.5                24

                           6.0                  <0.5                26
               TOTAL      69.6       49.5        5.2       0       1010       394-
                MEAN      6.96       6.19   IL-0. 52        0-      101      49.25


                              CHLORIDE              CaCo3           CONDUCTIVITY
                                                 (HARDNESS)

                           DEV      UNDEV        DEV      UNDEV     DEV      UNDEV

                           11         42         74        34       220        80

                           25         57         190       110      490       130

                          4000        49        1400       65      13000      170

                           190       210         190       160      580       500

                           39       16000        39       2100      180      32000

                           152        73         152                400       210

                           130       9900        130      2200      440      18000

                           110       120         110       50       340       340

                           34                    34                 150

                           iso                   1-8-0-            3000
               TOTAL      4871      26451       2499      4752 IFI-8800 1    514-30
               MEAN      487.1     3306.38        9.9      594 -11 1880--1  6428.75-









                             SODIUM              COPPER            SULFATE

                         DEV    UNDEV         DEV     UNDEV      DEV     UNDEV

                         9.9        21       0.05     <0.05       16       8

                         20         19       0.05      0.07       33       21
                        2200        14      <0.05     <0.05-     430       6

                         42         74      <0.05     <0.05       24       8

                         is       3900      <0.05      0.05       7      2000

                         16         27      <0.05     <0.05       8        15

                         27       5700      <0.05     <0.05       14     1200

                         13         54      <0.05     <0.05       6        15

                         10                 <0.05                 is


                         270                <0.05                 90


           TOTAL       2652.9     9809        0.1      0.12       46     3273
            MEAN       262.59    1226.13-        01   0.015     64.6   409.125



                               LANGELIER   INDEX        T -   COLIFORM

                                 DEV        UNDEV       DEV       UNDEV

                               -1.8         -2.3       <2.2        >16

                               -0.2         -5.0       <2.2        >16

                                 0.8        -2.8       <2.2        >16

                               -0.2         -0.8       <2.2        16

                               -2.5         0.2        <2.2        >16

                               -0.5         -3.5       <2.2        >16

                               -0.3         -1.9        2.2        >16

                               -1.4         -1.8       <2.2

                               -2.7                     >16

                               -2.5                     5.1

                                                       <2.2

                 TOTAL          -11.3       -17. 9      7.3        128

                  MEAN          -1.13       -2.24      0.73        16









         quadrats) and within individual study areas. This high variation
         is expressed mathematically as the variance and standard deviation.
         When all the study areas are considered it is shown that the lowest
         and highest mean densities occurred in the undeveloped areas; the
         developed areas had intermediate densities.

              There does not appear to be any statistically significant
         difference in marsh grass densities between the developed and
         undeveloped areas.    Significant differences that were recorded
         between the six areas studied apparently result from factors
         unrelated to the presence or absence of residential structures.
         These factors may include average elevation and substrate
         composition.

              Geomorphology (physical characteristics) of the islands may
         have some influence on the marsh grass densities.        The three
         islands with the lowest grass densities (i.e., Grass, Oak and
         Captree) have a swale or dune complex associated with the marshes.
         These islands are a mix of dune and marsh. The three islands with
         the highest grass densities are Gilgo, East and Cedar; these three
         are marsh islands with little or no associated dune or swale
         complex.

              B. ORNMOLOGY


              Results of the bird survey are not quantitative but they
         indicate that both the developed and undeveloped areas support a
         rich and diverse avifauna. Overall, more species were sighted (45)
         in all the total undeveloped areas than in all the total developed
         areas (32). However, the average number of species per individual
         developed area and per individual undeveloped area were quite
         similar (10.8, 11.3).   This apparent anomaly can be explained by
         the large number of species recorded in the JFK Wildlife Sanctuary
         (30) which includes a varied habitat structure particularly
         attractive to birds.

              Notwithstanding the above, in most cases it is impossible to
         precisely assign a particular species to either a developed or
         undeveloped area since most Jbirds are highly mobile and the
         boundaries of the study areas could not be exactly defined.
         Habitat preference, however, is known and this seems to be shown in
         the sightings.

              For example, "urban species" such as American robin, house
         sparrow and junco were found in developed areas and other species,
         not usually associated with human activities (e.g., gadwall, great
         blue heron, horned grebe) were f ound in undeveloped areas. This is
         a reasonable finding. At this point it is impossible to assign a
         value judgement to the relative worth of individual species.      it
         can be concluded that both developed and undeveloped areas support
         substantial avifauna and that neither system seems to be degraded.


                                                            Bakylon Outer Beach -7-











             C. HYDROLOGY


             Results of the hydrology survey appear conclusive. While some
       significant differences appeared in the various parameters there
       was no obvious trend. Some parameters appeared more degraded in
       the developed areas and some more degraded in the undeveloped
       areas. While there were differences, most levels were acceptable
       when compared to the standards. overall, the data presented does
       not support a conclusion that the presence of the residences has
       any positive or negative impact on ground water chemical parameters
       as defined by the Suffolk County Partial Chemical Analyses Tests.


       V.    SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS


             As a summation, the following conclusions may be drawn from
       the data collected and analyzed in this study:

             A.   Comparison of 120 marsh grass quadrats in undeveloped
                  areas with 60 quadrats in developed areas showed no
                  statistically significant difference in marsh grass
                  density.   Presence of adjacent residential structures
                  does not appear to impact the grass densities either in
                  a positive or negative manner.

             B.   Rich and diverse avifauna was found in both developed and
                  undeveloped areas. Total species sighted in developed
                  areas was 32, and in the undeveloped areas, 45. Average
                  numbers of species sighted per transect were similar.
                  Presence of the residences and other developments may
                  slightly shift species composition. No judgement can be
                  made as to the value of individual species and therefore
                  no degradation of the avifauna is attributed to the
                  presence of the residences.

             C.   Comparison of water chemistry results from developed and
                  undeveloped areas show no overall degradation in
                  groundwater quality due to presence of the residences.















                                                           Babylon Outer Beach -8-










                                       REFEMNCES




         Bull, J. and J. Farrand, Jr.        1983.   The Audubon Society Field
               Guide to North American Birds - Eastern Region. Alfred A.
               Knopf: New York. 784 pp.

         Drennan, Susan R. 1981. Where to Find Birds in New York State.
               Syracuse University Press.

         New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.             1987.
               Endangered, threatened and special concern species of New York
               State. NYSDEC: Albany. 1 pp. (effective 08-03-87).

         Peterson, Roger T. 1980. A Field Guide to the Birds East of the
               Rockies, 4th Edition. Houghton-Mifflin Company, Boston.

         Rohlf, F.J.    and A. Lema.     1991.   Statistical analysis of marsh
               grass and water quality data for barrier beach study.
               Department of Ecology and Evolution, SUNY Stony Brook and
               Applied Biostatistics, Inc.: Setauket, NY.
































                                                                 Babylon Outer Beach -9-



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                                  Statistical Analysis of Marsh
                              Grass and Water Quality Data for
                                        Barrier Beach Study




                                             A report prepared by

                                                F. James RohIf
                                                 Adrian Lema


                                       Department of Ecology and Evolution
                                           State University of New York
                                             Stonv Brook. JVY 11794


                                                      and

                                             Applied Biostatuitics Inc.
                                                3 Heritage Lane
                                               Seta uket. AT 11733


                                                      for


                                                   EEA Inc.



                                                January 9. 1991









            Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                    Page 1

            In troduction


                   Statistical analyses were performed on two sets of data collected from 6 different
            islands (4 undeveloped and 2 developed) in the Great South Bay, Long Island, New
            York.


            Marsh Grass Data


                   An analysis of the density of Marsh Grass plants is reported below. Density was
            measured by counting the number of plants found within a standard-sized area of
            0.25m'. Thirty random samples of areas were taken on each island. The data (counts
            per standard area) are furnished in Table I (values have been sorted within each sample
            so their distributions can be compared).

                   The selection of an appropriate statistical method to test whether or not the
            densities of plants differ on different islands depends upon what assumptions can be
            made about the statistical distribution of counts of plants per standard area within each
            island.


                   It is obvious that the counts within each island are not consistent with a Poisson
            distribution (which would have implied that the samples were collected at random from
            a single homogeneous population). In samples from a Poisson distribution the means
            and variances are expected to be approximately equal. The fact that the variances are
            much larger than the means (see Table II) implies that the distribution is "clumped" or
            "overdispersed". Various summary statistics are also shown. The index of skewness is
            statistically significantly different from zero (at P<0.05) only for Gilao Island. The
            Dmax statistic, a more powerful statistic to test for deviations from normality, was
            statistically significant for Cedar and Oak Islands.             Descriptions of the statistics
            presented are given in the text Biomet7y (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). The computer results
            presented are all taken from the BIOM package of statistical computer pro-rams (Rohlf,
            1981).    Similar analyses (not shown) were also run using Box-Cox and log
            transformations. Very similar results were obtained indicating that transformations did
            not help to adjust the distribution of the data to conform to the usual assumptions of
            parametric tests.

                   The use of various transformations was also investigated in terms of its effects on
            the sample variances. Most statistical parametric statistical procedures assume that the
            variances are homoceneous. The Box-Cox transformation was investiaated first since
            it will indicate the most appropriate transformation to use with the family of power
            transformation. The HOMOV program was used to find the transformation that would
            adjust the data so that they would both be approximately normally distributed and
            would have homoceneous variances. The results are shown in Table 111.









             Barrier Beach Analysis                   January 9, 1991                                    Page 2

                    As one can see from even a casual examination of the data, there is not a clear
             one-sided difference between samples from developed and undeveloped islands. The
             observed density of Marsh Grass for Grass Island (one of the undeveloped islands) was
             lower than that for the two developed islands. For that reason the islands were treated
             separately in the statistical analyses rather than pooling them into two groups -
             developed vs. undeveloped islands. It does not make sense to pool samples that are
             statistically heterogeneous. Since this decision about testing was made after examining
             the data, a posterio7i (multiple comparision) tests are used below to compare samples
             from different islands.

                     In view of the lack of homogeneity of the sample variances, even after
             transformation, the procedure developed by Games and Howell (1976) was used. This
             allows one to test for differences among means without the assumption that the
             variances are homooeneous. It is described in Box 13.2 of Biomet7y. Since the test does
             assume normal distributions it was also performed using log-transformed data. The
             results, shown in Table IV, are very similar for both raw and for transformed data. In
             both cases, group 4 (Grass Island) was significantly different statistically and lower than
             the means from the other islands. Groups 5 and 6 (Oak Island and Captree Island, the
             two developed islands) had the next larger means and were not significantly different
             statistically from each other. For log-transformed data group 3 (Cedar Island) was also
             not significantly different statistically from groups 5 and 6. For both raw and log-
             transformed data, the means for groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 were not significantly different
             statistically from one another.

                    'Me last analysis performed on these data was a nonparametric multiple-
             comparisons test based on the Mann-Whitney statistics. It is described in Box 13.7 of
             Biomet7y. While it is a less powerful test than its parametric equivalents, it has the
             advantage that it does not require the assumption of normality of distributions. Since
             it is based on ranks it also is not effected by the choice of different statistical
             transformations of the data. The results are shown in Table V. The statistical
             interpretation of the results are identical to those given in Table IV A. Group 4 (Grass
             Island) is significantly different statistically (and lower) than the other groups. Groups
             5 and 6 (Oak Island and Captree Island, the two developed islands) come next and are
             not significantly different statistically from each other. Finally, groups 1, 2, 3, and 5
             (Gilgo, East, Cedar, and Oak Islands) are not significantly different statistically from one
             another.



             Water Chemistry Data

                    A statistical analysis of 17 measures of water quality for samples of water taken
             on undeveloped vs. developed islands is presented below. The raw data are given in
             Table VI.









             Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                    Page 3

                     Since sample sizes were so small it was not possible to make effective tests for
             normality or for homogeneity of variances as was done for the Marsh Grass data. For
             this reason the data were analyzed usingjust the Mann-Whitney U-test (describe in Box
             13.6 of Biomet7y). A summary of the results is given in Table VIL For three of the
             variables no test was possible due to-the large number of tied values (usually due to
             readings below the detection limit of the test). Where tests were possible, six showed
             statistically significant differences. In four of the statistically significant tests the samples
             from developed islands had lower means than for samples taken from undeveloped
             islands.



             References

             Rohlf, F. J. 1981. BIOM: a package of statistical programs to accompany the text
                     Biometry. Exeter Software, Setauket, NY, 70 pp.

             Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in
                     biological research. W. H. Freeman & Co.: New York, 859 pp.









            Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                    Page 4

            Table 1.   Marsh Grass Density Data sorted from high to low within each island

                        Undeveloped Islands                Developed Islands
                  I          2t     C 3          4            5          6
               Gilgo       Eas        edar      Grass        Oak       Captree
                  226         188       238         99        163           110
                  183         186       230         92        155            99
                  169         180       196         88        153            92
                  156         179       195         86        143            91
                  156         177       189         76        142            88
                  153         176       180         71        142            88
                  142         160       176         67        136            87
                  136         156       167         66        133            84
                  133         135       165         65        123            84
                  132         130       159         62        122            76
                  132         128       157         58        120            76
                  122         128       157         56        105            72
                  122         123       151         56         99            71
                  116         122       148         55         95            70
                  112         118       148         53         92            69
                  106         118       126         51         85            68

                  106         114       ill         49         75            68
                  102         114        85         47         75            67

                   98         113        80         46         74            64

                   97         105        80         44         73            60
                   97         104        78         43         69            58
                   97         99         74         39         67            58

                   92         98         71         38         65            57

                   88         96         69         38         62            56

                   86         92         67         36         58            52
                   84         74         55         35         55            51
                   82         74         53         33         55            49

                   79         68         47         31         49            42
                   75         65         40         29         42            36

                   64         53         35         26         41            36









                Barrier Beach Analysis                 January 9, 1991                                     Page 5

                Table IL Raw Statistics for Marsh Grass Data (BASTAT program)

                Group 1. Gilgo Island

                   N        30         0 CLASSES TRANSFORMATION CODE           0
                   ALPHA        .050 T(ALPHA) =       2.045


                            STATISTIC           STAND.ERROR              CONFIDENCE LIMITS
                                                                         (95.00 PER CENT)


                MEAN        118.1000000         6.591243000          104.6209000         131.5791000

                MEDIAN      109.0000000         8.260804000          92.10665000         125.8933000

                VAR.        1303.334483

                S           36.10172410

                V           30,56878000         4,299398000          21,77651000         39,36105000

                G1          .1.04727300            .42689240            .21039500          1.88415000

                G2          1.32702600             .83274560          -.30548420           2.95953700

                DMAX        .13124920

                Group 2. East Island

                   N =      30         0 CLASSES TRANSFORMATION      CODE      0
                   ALPHA    =   .050 T(ALPHA)         2.045

                            STATISTIC           STAND.ERROR              CONFIDENCE LIMITS
                                                                         (95.00 PER CENT)

                MEAN        122.4333000         7.028298000          108.0605000         136.8062000
                MEDIAN      118.0000000         8.808565000          99.98648000         136.0135000
                VAR.        1481.909195
                S           38.49557371
                V           31.44207000         4.442355000          22.35745000         40.52669000
                G1          .20704260              .42689240          -.62983510           1.04392000
                G2          -.77680130             .83274560         -2.40931200             .85570900
                DMAX        .12208640

                Group 3. Cedar Island

                   N =      30         0 CLASSES   TRANSFORMATION    CODE      0
                   ALPHA    =   .050 T(ALPHA)         2.045

                            STATISTIC           STAND.ERROR              CONFIDENCE LIMITS
                                                                         (95.00 PER CENT)

                MEAN        124.2333000         10.89698000          101.9490000         146.5177000
                MEDIAN      137.0000000         13.65718000          109.0711000         164.9289000
                VAR.        3562.322989
                S           59.68519907
                V           48.04282000         7.498433000          32.70853000         63.37712000
                G1          .14552550              .42689240          -.69135220             .98240320
                G2          -1.20851900            .83274560         -2.84102900            .42399180.
                DMAX        .17785150

                Group 4. Grass Island

                   N =      30         0 CLASSES   TRANSFORMATION CODE         0
                   ALPHA        .050 T(ALPHA)         2.045

                            STATISTIC           STAND.ERROR              CONFIDENCE LIMITS









             Barrier Beach Analysis                     January 9, 1991                                     Page 6

                                                                         (95.00 PER CENT)
               MEAN        54.50000000           3.573128000          47.19296000         61.80704000
               MEDIAN      52.00000000           4.478201000          42.84208000         61.15792000
               VAR.        383.0172414
               S           19.57082628
               V           35.90977000           5.199487000          25.27682000         46.54273000
               G1            .67135640              .42689240          -.16552130           1.50823400
               G2            -.27340780             .83274560         -1.90591800           1.35910200
               DMAX          .10278650

             Group  5. Oak Island

                   N =     30           0 CLASSES   TRANSFORMATION    CODE      0
                   ALPHA   =     .050 T(ALPHA)         2.045

                             STATISTIC           STAND.ERROR             CONFIDENCE LIMITS
                                                                         (95.00 PER CENT)
               MEAN        95.60000000           6.895876000          81.49793000         109.7021000
               MEDIAN      88.50000000           8.642601000          70.82588000         106.1741000
               VAR.        1426.593103
               S           37.77026745
               V           39.50865000           5.842710000          27.56030000         51.4S699000
               GI            .29462790              .42689240          -.54224980           1.13150600
               G2          -1.29979400              .83274560         -2.93230400             .33271670
               DMAX          .17392830

             Group  6. Captree Island

                   N =     30          0 CLASSES    TRANSFORMATION    CODE      0
                   ALPHA         .050 T(ALPHA)         2.045

                             STATISTIC           STAND.ERROR             CONFIDENCE LIMITS
                                                                         (95.00 PER CENT)
               MEAN        69.30000000           3.353896000          62.44128000         76.15872000
               MEDIAN      68.50000000           4.203438000          59.90397000         77.09603000
               VAR.        337.4586207
               S           18.37004683
               V           26.50800000           3.654733000          19.03407000         33.98193000
               G1            .11440760              .42689240          -.72247010             .95128530
               G2            -.38308160             .83274560         -2.01559200           1.24942900
               DMAX          .08820695

             Skewness, gl, and kurtosis, g2,        were significantly different from zero only for Gilgo
             Island. This was also true after Box-Cox and log transformation. The DMAX test for
             fit to a normal distribution using an intrinsic hypothesis was significant at the P<.05
             level for Cedar and Oak Islands. Similar results were obtained after transformation.









            Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                    Page 7

            Table III. Results from Tests of Homogeneity of Variances (HOMOV program)

            A. Untramformed data.

             VARIANCES SORTED FROM LOW TO HIGH

             GROUP      N(I)     VAR(I)
                 6       30    337.4586
                 4       30    383.0172
                 1       30   1303.3340
                 5       30   1426.5930
                 2       30   1481.9090
                 3       30   3562.3230

             MS(WITHIN) =      1415.7730 WITH 174 DEGREES OF FREEDOM

             FMAX =     10.5563** WITH PARAMETERS       6 AND    29

             BARTLETT'S TEST
                 X2         53,5943
                 C            1.013410
                 X2C        52.8852" WITH        5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM

             LOG-ANOVA

             STRUCTURE OF   SUSSAMPLING:

                 GROUP    1,  NIJ =   6  6   6   6  6
                 GROUP    2,  NIJ =   6  6   6   6  6
                 GROUP    3,  NIJ =   6  6   6   6  6
                 GROUP    4,  NIJ =   6  6   6   6  6
                 GROUP    5,  NIJ =   6  6   6   6  6
                 GROUP    6,  NIJ =   6  6   6   6  6

                         MS        DF         F
             AMONG       13.658    5     5.7756**
             WITHIN       2.365   24

            All three tests are statistically significant at the P<0.01 level. Note the strong association
            between the mean and the variance among the six groups.

            B. Box-Cox tramformation

             BOX-COX TRANSFORMATION: LAMBDA              -.02238
                 95% CONFIDENCE LIMITS                   -.21532        .23320
                 LIKELIHOOD FN. VALUE                 -619.9551147

                    6 GROUPS, INPUT CODE = 0,       TRANSFORMATION CODE       12
                                                    POWER       -.02238

             VARIANCES SORTED FROM LOW TO HIGH

             GROUP      N(I)     VAR(I)
                 6       30       .0000
                 1       30       .0000
                 2       30       .0000
                 4       30       .0001
                 5       30       .0001
                 3       30       .0001

             MS(WITHIN) =          .0001 WITH 174 DEGREES OF FREEDOM
             FMAX        3.7792** WITH PARAMETERS       6 AND    29









            Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                     Page 8

             BARTLETT'S TEST
                  X2         19.7774
                  C           1.013410
                  X2C        19.5157** WITH       5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM

             LOG-ANOVA

             STRUCTURE OF    SUBSAMPLING:

                  GROUP      1, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      2, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      3, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      4, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      5, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      6, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6

                         MS          DF       F
             AMONG           3.001   5     1.0863 n.s.
             WITHIN          2.763   24

            The Fmax and Bartlett's tests are significant and log-anova is not significant. The Box-
                                                                                            rom zero). This
            Cox parameter is close to zero (and is not significantly different f
            suggests the use of the log transformation.

            C. Log transfomation.

             VARIANCES SORTED FROM LOW TO HIGH

             GROUP       N(I)    VAR(I)
                  6      30          .0792
                  1      30          .0844
                  2      30          .1120
                  4      30          .1274
                  5      30          .1718
                  3      30          .3051

             MS(WITHIN)              .1466 WITH 174 DEGREES OF FREEDOM

             FMAX        3.8540**    WITH PARAMETERS    6 AND     29

             BARTLETT'S TEST
                  X2         19.9614
                  C           1.013410
                  X2C        19.6972" WITH        5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM

             LOG-ANOVA

             STRUCTURE OF    SUBSAMPLING:

                  GROUP      1, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      2, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      3, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      4, NIJ  =-6   6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      5, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6
                  GROUP      6, NIJ  =6    6 6    6 6

                         MS          DF       F
             AMONG           3.000   5     1.1025 n.s.
             WITHIN          2.721   24


            Results are similar to those for the Box-Cox transformation: Fmax. and Bartlett's tests
            are significant and log-anova is not significant.








            Barrier Beach Analysis                   January 9, 1991                                  Page 9

            Table IV, Results of Games & Howell test for equality of means when the variances
            are heterogeneous (MCHETV program).

            A. Untramformed data

                    6 GROUPS, INPUT CODE = 0, TRANSFORMATION CODE            0
                                                   POWER      1.00000
             MEANS SORTED FROM LOW TO HIGH

             GROUP      N(I)     YBAR(I)       VAR(I)
                 4        30       54.5000     383.0172
                 6        30       69.3000     337.4586
                 5        30       95.6000     1426.5930
                 1        30     118.1000      1303.3340
                 2        30     122.4333      1481.9090
                 3        30     124.2333      3562.3230

              ---------------  TESTS AMONG     ALL PAIRS OF MEANS  ---------------
             GROUP
               4 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS          6.            5.            1.            2.           3.
                 DIFF :     14.80000      41.10000      63.60000      67.93333     69.73333
                 G & H:       3.020         5.292         8.483         8.616        6.081
                 DF* :       57.77         43.53         44.69        43.05         35.16

               6 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS          5.            1.            2.            3.
                 DIFF :     26.30000      48.80000      53.13333      54.93333
                 G & H:       3.430         6.599         6.823         4.818
                 DF*    :    41.99         43.07         41.56        34.45

               5 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS          1,            2,            3*
                 DIFF :     22.50000      26.83334      28.63333
                 G & H:       2.359         2.725         2.220
                 DF* :       57.88         57.98         49.02

               1 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS          2.            3.
                 DIFF :      4.33334       6.13333
                 G & H:          .450          .482
                 DF* :       57.76         47.72

               2 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS          3.
                 DIFF :      1,110000
                 G & H:         .139
                 DF* :       49.57

            G&H values >     5.1 are significant at the P<0.01 level.

            B. Log-tramformed data

                   6 GROUPS, INPUT    CODE = 0, TRANSFORMATION CODE          5
                                                   POWER      1.00000
             MEANS SORTED FROM LOW    To HIGH
             GROUP      N(I)     YBAR(I)       VAR(I)
                 4        30       3.9369         .1274
                 6        30       4.2020         .0792
                 5        30       4.4801         .1718
                 3        30       4*6890          3051
                 1        30       4.7297         .0844
                 2        30       4.7562         .1120









            Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                    Page 10

              ---------------   TESTS AMONG ALL PAIRS OF MEANS        ---------------
             GROUP
               4 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS           6.            5.             3.            1.            2.
                 DIFF :        .26506         .54321        .75208         .79282        .81925
                 G & H:        3.195          5.440         6.264          9.437         9.172
                 DF*   :       55.00        56.75           49.62        55.70          57.76

               6 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS           5.            3.             1.            2.
                 DIFF :        .27815         .48703        .52776         .55419
                 G & H:        3.041          4.303         7.148          6.943
                 DF*   :       51.05        43.10           57.94        56.34

               5 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS           3.            1.             2.
                 DIFF :        .20888         .24961        .27604
                 G & H:        1.657          2.701         2.838
                 DF*           53.80.       51.95           55.53

               3 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS           1.            2.
                 DIFF :        .04073         .06716
                 G & H:         .357            .570
                 OF* :         43.90        47.76

               1 VERSUS:
                 GROUPS           2.
                 DIFF :        .02643
                 G & H:         .327
                 OF* :         56.88

            G&H values >       5.1 are significant at the P<0.01 level.


            Table V. Results of nonpararnetric multiple comparison test based on Mann-Whitney
            statistic.

            Mann-Whitney U statistics for all pairs of groups. Values are shown arrayed in order
            of the size of their sample mean.

                               4                6             5            1             2            3

                 4             x

                 6           650*               x
                 5          746.5**           622             _X
                 1          862.5**           819-          601            x
                 2           857*'            810**         610          490             x
                 3     1     769-           677.5*          584     1    461         452.5            x
            Sample U values larger than their critical values (U.0,            = 642.75, U.01 = 677,52) are
            statistically significant. Group 4 is different (and lower) from the others, groups 5 and
            6 do not differ, and groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 are also homogeneous.












                                         b
           Barrier Beach Analysis                   January 9, 1991                                 Page 11

           Table V1. Results of chemical analyses for groundwater samples.

                                      IRON                    MANGANESE                 FREE C02
                              oevel.      undevel.         Devel.   undevel.      Devel.      Undevel.

                                1.8           16           0.06        0.16          20          40
                              0.14            130          <0.05       0.60          10          190
                              0.20            43           0.08        0.26          10          40
                              <0.10           3.6          <0.05       0.05          7           30
                                3.3           2.2          0.19        0.08          21          8
                              <0.10           36           <0.05       0.10          14          30
                                17            7            <0.05       0.40          10          40
                                1.1           15           0.16        0.10          39          20
                                4.3                        <0.05                     18
                              <0.10                        <0.05                     20

                MEAN          2.784           31.6         0.049       0.22       16.9           49.75

                                    AMMONIA                      ZINC        =       MBAS  AS    LAS
                              Devel.      Undevel.         Devel         vel.     Devel.     undevel.

                              0.15            0.29         0.16        1.4        0.18           0.2
                              0.31            <0.05        0.43          4        0.15           <0.1
                              0.39            <0.05        0.03        4.2        0.14           <0.1
                              <0.05           0.22         0.21        2.1        <0.1           <0.1
                                1.0           <0.05        0.27        2.3        0.11           <0.1
                              0.72            0.15         0.04        4.8        <0.1           <0.1
                                3             0.20         <0.02       5.4        0.89           <0.1
                              0.26            0.10         4.3         5.4        <0.1           <0.1
                              <0.05                        0.61                   <0.1
                              0.42                         0.92                   <0.2
                MEAN          _0.625          0.12         0.697       3.7        0.147          0.025   J,

                                    PH                      NITRATE                  TOT CaCo3
                                                                                     (AL UNITY)
                          Devel.        Undevel.     Devel.        undevel.       Devel.     Undevel.

                              6.7        6.2          3.2           <0.5          50             28
                              7.5        4.7          <0.5          <0.5          150            2
                              7.5        6.1          <0.5          <0.5          220            26
                              7.5        7.0          <0.5          <O. 5         130            ISO
                              6.5        7.1          2.0           <0.5          30             94
                              7.3        5.9          <0.5          <0.5          130            14
                              7.5        5.7          <0.5          <0.5          ISO            18
                              6.7        6.8          <0.5          <0.5          100            62
                              6.4                     <0.5                        24
                              6.0                     <0.5                        26

                                                                       0
               MEAN         6.96         6.19         0.52                        101          49.25









             Barrier Beach Analysis                    January 9, 1991                                   Page 12


                                    CHLORIDE                    CaCo3                      CONDUCTIVITY
                                                               (HARDNESS
                               Devel.    Undevel.        Devel.      Undevel.         Devel.    Undevel.
                               11           42            74              34          220                so
                               25           57            190             110         490              130
                               4000         49            1400            65          13000            170
                               190          210           190             160         580              500
                               39           16000         39              2100        ISO             32000
                               152          73            152             33          400              210
                               130          9900          130             2200        440             18000
                               110          120           110             50          340              340
                               34                         34                          150
                               180                        180                         3000             777
                 MEAN          487.1     3306.38         249.9            594    1    1880 _j    6428.75

                                    SODIUM                       COPPER                    SULFATE
                               Devel.       Undevel.      Devel.      Undevel.        Devel.      Undevel.

                               9.9               21       0.05            <0.05            16         8
                               20                19       0.05            0.07             33         21
                               2200              14       <0.05           <0.05       430             6
                               42                74       <0.05           <0.05            24         8
                               18           3900          <0.05           0.05             7       2000
                               16                27       <0.05           <0.05            8          15
                               27           5700          <0.05           cO.05            14      1200
                               13                54       <0.05           <0.05            6          15
                               10                         <0.05                            Is
                               270                        <0.05                            90-
                MEAN     11    262.59     1226-13         0.01            0.015       64. 65     409.125_

                                    LANGELIER INDEX                             T     COLIFORM Undevel.
                               Devel.            Undevel.                 Devel.

                               -1.8              -2.3                     <2.2                     >16
                               -0.2              -5.0                     <2.2                     >16
                               0.8               -2.8                     <2.2                     >16
                               -0.2              -0.8                     <2.2                     16
                               -2.5              0.2                      <2.2                     >16
                               -0.5              -3.5                     <2.2                     >16
                               -0.3              -1.9                     2.2                      >16
                               -1.4              -1.8                     <2.2
                               -2.7                                       >16
                               -2.5                                       5.1
                                                                          <2.2
                MEAN           -1.13             _-2.24                       ?                       ?









           Barrier Beach Analysis                   January 9, 1991                                  Page 13

           Table VIL Results of Mann-Whitney U-tests for the difference between water quality
           parameters in water samples from developed and undeveloped islands.


             Assay                      Devl. -            U      P, Comments
                                        Undevel.

           -IRON                            <            72       <0.01
           -MANGANESE                       <            68       <0.05
             FREE C02                       <            66       <0.05

             AMMONIA                        >            62.5     <0.05

             ZINC                           <            75       <0.002
           _MBAS AS    LAS                  (>)          57       ns
             pH                             >            63       =0.05
           -NITRATE                         N           N/A       Too many ties
             ALKALINITY(CaCO3)              N            60.5     <0.1

             CHLORIDE                                    50       ns

           -HARDNESS                                     46       ns
             CONDUCTIVITY                                46.5     ns

             SODIUM                                      56.5     ns

             COPPER                                     N/A       Too many ties
           -SULFATE                                      40.5     ns
             LANGELIER 1.                                56.5     ns

             BACTERIA                       <            N/A      Too many ties, but the trend
                                                                 is clear

           Symbols in the Developed -          Undeveloped      column indicate the direction of the
           difference between the means.       Symbols are given in parentheses if the difference is not
           statistically significant at the P  = 0.05 level.

           The symbol N/A in the column giving the sample U values indicates that no analysis was
                                                    0
           performed due to the large number of tied values (usually reading below the detection
           limit).

           The two-tailed critical values for the U test, with n, = 10 and n2=8 are: U.,             60, U.0'5
              63, U.01 = 69, and U.002 = 74.
















                                             Spartina alterniflora
                                             Biomass Study of the
                                          Babylon Outer Beach Communities







                                                  Prepared for.



                             Babylon Barrier Beach Ad Hoc Committee
                                          Oak Beach, New York







                                                  Prepared by

                                           Leslie Nichtern Catapano, M.S.
                                              Kathleen Durante, M.S






                                                 November 1992
 











                                                Spartina alterniflora
                                                Biomass Study of the Babylon
                                                Outer Beach Communities






                                    Table of Contents



          I.     Introduction


          II.    Methodologies


          III.   Results



          IV.    Discussion


          V.     Summary and Conclusions
 











                                             Spartina alterrifflora
                                             Momass Study of the Babylon
                                             Outer Beach Communifies






                                   List of Tables


         1.    Marsh Grass Weights and Comparison of Developed and
               Undeveloped Areas (June/July Sampling Period).


         2.    Marsh Grass Weights and Comparison of Developed and
               Undeveloped Areas (September Sampling Period).


         3.    Average Marsh Grass Weight Values for Each Sampling Area
                for Each Sampling Period.


                                   List of Figures


         1.    Study Area Location Map











                                              Saartina attemfflora
                                              Biomass Study of the Babylon
                                              OLftr Beach Communities




          1. IntrodUction

               The objective of this study was to determine if the presence
          ?f six residential communities on a series of barrier and bay
          islands produce measurable impacts to the botany ecological system,
          by studying salt marsh card grass (Spartina alterniflora)

               These six communities are: Oak Beach, Oak Beach Association,
          Gilgo Beach, West Gilgo Beach, Oak Island and Captree Island. These
          communities are often referred to as the "Outer Beaches" (see
          Figure 1). These communities contain over 400 residences, most of
          which were built during the late 19th Century.       All of these
          residences fall under the jurisdiction of the Town of Babylon.

               The six areas chosen for study include two developed areas
          (Oak Island, and Captree Island), and four undeveloped areas (Gilgo
          Island, East Island, Cedar Island, and Grass Island).

               A study addressing these "outer beaches" was conducted by EEA,
          Inc. in December of 1990. In 1985, EEA, Inc. conducted a similar
          @retlands study in Staten Island, New York. These studies will be
          included in our library of references.

               The botany study was accomplished via a study of marsh grass
          biomass.   Measurements and observations in both developed and
          undeveloped areas were undertaken to determine if any impacts exist
          due to the adjacent residences. Data collected from these study
          areas was compared. If environmental impacts do exist due to these
          residences, then the marsh grass biomass values in the developed
          areas (those with residences) should show evidence of degradation
          compared to the marsh grass biomass values in undeveloped areas.
          If no measurable significance can be obtained from this data, then
          it may be concluded that no significant impacts are occurring due
          to the parameters studied.

               The botany (marsh   grass) study is quantitative in nature
          because the biomass was directly measured. The data obtained using
          this gathering technique can therefore be used effectively for
          direct comparison of developed and undeveloped areas.

               Tidal wetlands are important for biological and physical
          reasons.   They are invaluable resources for flood protection,
          wildlife habitat, open space and water resources. These areas are


                                                                             3















                                                                                          C












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                                                                                                                                         A.C.


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 . . . ...... .


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                                                                                                       99




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                                                                                                                                                              damn





                                                                                                                                                                                                                               FO*s


                                                                                                                                                                                                     Figure 1- Study Area Map Location








         flushing action of the tide together with the marsh grass serve to
         act as a filtration system, taking up pollutants and toxins from
         the sediments and water. These wetlands also act as a barrier to
         guard against the erosive action of the waves by absorbing most of
         the waves' energy.
















































                                                                           4












          11. Methodologies

               Saltmarsh cordgrass (Sipartina alterniflora) is an accepted
          environmental indicator of the overall health of a saltmarsh. The
          biomass of this species was measured in two developed areas (Oak
          island, and Captree Island), and four undeveloped areas (Gilgo
          island, East Island, Cedar Island, and Grass Island).

               spartina a.    blooms in late June, so the f irst round of
          sampling was conducted during. this time period (June/July 1991) .
          A second round of sampling was conducted during September 1991,
          when the marsh grass was in its seeding stage.

               In each round of sampling, a total of 30 quadrats were taken
          at each of the six areas (three transects of 10 quadrats each) .
          Therefore, a total of 360 quadrats (samples) were taken during this
          study.

               Samples were obtained by tossing a .25 ml hoop in randomly
          chosen locations within each study area. The biomass of the marsh
          grass of each quadrat (sample) was determined by removing the plant
          material within the randomly tossed hoop, and returning it to the
          laboratory.   It was then rinsed in fresh water and dried at 60
          degrees C for 24 hours. The dry plant material for each quadrat
          was weighed, and the value recorded. 1?e dried weight and density
          constitute the biomass (g dry weight/m).

               Averages (mean) for each of the six areas were calculated from
          the data, for a total of 12 area averages for the two sampling
          rounds (see Table 3).

               The standard deviations (s.d.) were calculated using the
          following formula:

                                         s.d.



                        where n = 30 (the number of samples taken at each
                                       island for each sampling period)
                                 = the sum of the squared score values
                           (ZX) = the square of the sum of all the scores


               This formula was taken from Computational Handbook of
          Statistics, 2nd Edition; James L. Bruning, B.L. Kintz Scott;
          Foresman and Company, Glenview, Ill., 1977.

               The variance was obtained by squaring the standard deviation.



                                                                             5











          111. Results

               The raw data of the weights of the marsh grass (Spartina
          Alterniflora) is presented in Table 1 for the June/July sampling
          period, and in Table 2 for the September sampling period, including
          the sum for all quadrats in each sampling area, the mean weight
          values, the standard deviation, and the variance.

               A total of 360 quadrats from the six areas were examined: 180
          for the June/July sampling period, and 180 for the September
          sampling period. A total of 120 quadrats were taken from developed
          areas and 240 quadrats were taken from undeveloped areas.

               Table 3 presents the average (mean) weight value for each of
          the six study areas for both the June/July and the -September
          sampling periods. From this representation, it can be seen that
          the lowest mean weight values (137.37 and 173.00) for both sampling
          periods were observed at Gilgo Island (undeveloped area), while the
          sample areas with the highest mean weight values (191.57 and
          236.27) were observed at Cedar Island (undeveloped) in June/July,
          and Oak Island (developed) in September. The mean weight value for
          the two developed areas and the four undeveloped areas is as
          follows:


                              June/auly Sampling Period

                               Developed areas   163.73
                              Undeveloped areas   170.17

                              Ser)tember ampling Period

                               Developed areas   211.20
                              Undeveloped areas   201.28

               These results  do not indicate a significant difference in
          average (mean) weights between the developed and undeveloped
          islands.

               This data however shows some degree of variability of weight
          values both within and between each sampling area during both the
          June/July and September sampling periods, as indicated by the
          standard deviations which are high.     The significance of this
          observation will be discussed in the following section.









                                                                             6













                                                      Table 1

                    Marsh Grass Weights* and comparison of Developed and Undeveloped Areas
                                           (June/July Sampling Period)


                            Developed Areas                       Undeveloped Areas
             Quadrat        Oak        Captree         Cedar       Grass         East          Gilgo
             Number       island       Island          Island      island      island          Island

               A-1          147           156           183         195          205           110

               A-2          186           175           174         247          208           101

               A-3          177           168           184         315          200           121

               A-4          155           160           150         191          272           136

               A-5          169           227           207         209          282           118

               A-6          150           224           169         207          195           154

               A-7          145           133           165         174          194           145

               A-8          214           171           162         206          228           123

               A-9          158           148           219         158          230           131

              A-10          112           222           145         237          224           144

               B-I          146           177           278         114          209           152

               B-2          203           145           201         141          273           126

               B-3          157           149           222         108          165           17

               B-4          194           151           243         145          163           199

               B-5          155           158           213         120          169           158



                                                                                                        7











                B-6          165           164          188          129          188          161

                B-7          182           159          235          93           202          182

                B-8          224           184          148          141          125          181

                B-9          220           158          224          119          118          180

               B-10          205           160          205          157          211          167

                C-1          155           190          175          149          152          129

                C-2          176           201          147          196          175          113

                C-3          155           119          195          177          159          118

                C-4          119           127          167          192          198          103

                C-5          101           147          141          137          176          121

                c 6          146           169          248          159          145          111

                C-7          170           124          172          220          172          110

                C-8          195                        235          120          155          104

                C-9          192           107          127          137          154          100

               C-10          147           120           so          178          200          120


                sum         5020          4804          5602        5071         5747          4121

             Standard
             Deviation    30.41249      31.48698      41.86920    48.42590     40.21810     23.39906

             Var ance      924.920       991.430      1753.030    234 .068     1617.496      547*516

               Mean        167.33        160.13        186.73      169.03       191.57        137.37


              Weight values are in grams
                c


                C
                C-
                C-


               c












                                                     Table 2

                   Marsh Grass Weights* and Comparison of Developed and Undeveloped Areas
                                          (September Sampling Period)


                           Developed Areas                       Undeveloped Areas

            Quadrat        Oak         Captree        Cedar      Grass          East         Gilgo
             Number      island        Island         Island     Island       island         island

              A-1          194           220           228         204          121          107

              A-2          222           137           209         181          207          174

              A-3          301           135           244         236          176          153

              A-4          248           199           223         252          184          199

              A-5          243           192           196         248          174          169

              A-6          172           155           191         167          158          142

              A-7          195           149           204         192          217          199

              A-8          190           134           307         243          151          179

              A-9         -165           146           174         234          156          127

              A-10         241           123           250         26           183          138

              B-1          295           168           119         195          192          281

              B-2          220           189           187         177          226          159

              B-3          185           187           150         238          226          152

              B-4          228           211           262         196          215          220

              B-5          143           228           245         69           207          195



                                                                                                      9










                B-6           347            189           235         202           234           177

                B-7           187            209           153         291           189           239

                B-8           209            212           188         130           195           176

                B-9           352            256           258         121           213           164

                B-10          250            211           290         125           194           144

                C-1           276            253           218         325           232           200

                c 2           240            195           290         219           224           153

                C-3           298            165           222         235           274           209

                C-4           332            156           238         171           267           224

                C-5           197            142           243         227           219           257

                C-6           201            181           181         249           223           128

                C-7           282            204           255         127           234           143

                C-8           203            217           206         183           290           138

                C-9           269            219           255         257           212           114

                C-10          203            202           156         162           272           130



                Sum          7088            5584          6577        6122         6265           5190

              Standard
             Deviation     54.54952       35.68515      44.60376     55.83778     38.22446      42.47596

              Var ance     2975.651       1273.430      1989.495     3117.857     1461.109      1804.207

                Mean        236.27         186.13        219.23       204.07       208.83        173.0


              Weight values are in grams


                                                                                                           10















                                                      Table 3

                           Average Marsh Grass Weight Values* for Each Sampling Area
                                             for Each Sampling Period



                                              Developed/             Average               Average
                 Sampling Area              Undeveloped            Weight (g)-           Weight (g)-
                                                                    June/July             September
                   Oak Island                Developed                167.33               236.27-
                 Captree Island              Developed                160.13               186.13

                  Cedar Island              Undeveloped               186.73               219.23

                  Grass Island              Undeveloped               169.03               204.07

                  East Island               Undeveloped               191.57               208.83
                  Gilgo Island              Undeveloped               137.37                173.0

            Weight values are  in grams












          IV. DISCUSSION

               Upon review of the data obtained, it does not seem evident
          that any significant differences exist between marsh grass biomass
          an developed islands as compared with undeveloped islands. The
          lowest mean weight values occurred in the undeveloped areas for
          both sampling periods, and the highest mean weight values occurred
          in the undeveloped areas during the June/July sampling period, and
          in the developed areas during the September sampling period.

               There is some degree of variance both between and within
          individual sample areas, as expressed by the standard deviation and
          variance values.    This variance, however, does not seem to be
          related to the presence or absence of residential structures, and
          may be explained by various other factors including physical
          characteristics of the islands, including average elevation,
          substrate composition, and location.



          V. sumbuLRY AM CONCLUSIONS

               Upon comparison of 120 quadrats taken from developed areas and
          240 quadrats taken from undeveloped areas, it appears that no
          significant differences exist between the two with regard to marsh
          grass biomass. Thus, the research conducted indicates no evidence
          of significant environmental impact (either positively or
          negatively) from adjacent residential structures on the marsh grass
          in these areas.



























                                                                            12











                                     REPERENCES


          Bruning, James L., B. Scott, Computational ffandbook of--Statistics,
               2nd Edition, Foresman and Company, Glenview, Ill., 1977.

         Energy and Environmental Analysts, Inc. "Environmental Assessment
               of the Babylon Outer Beach Communities", January, 1991.

         Energy and Environmental Analysts, Inc. "Wetlands Ecological
               Studies- West Side Project Staten Island Corporate Park",
               January, 1986.









































                                                                          13


















                                  ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
                                           OF THE BABYLON
                                   OUTER BEACH COMMUNITIES







                                                 Prepared For:


                         BABYLON BARRIER BEACH AD HOC COMMI'17EE
                                    OAK BEACH, NEW YORK 11702





                                                 Prepared By:@
                                               EEA, inc.
                                                55 Hilton Avenue
                                          Garden City, New York 11530
                                                 (516) 746-4400
                                                 (212) 227-3200





                                                JANUARY, 1991










                                             ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE
                                             BABYLON OUTER BEACH COMMUNITIES







                                   LIST OF TABLES




             1. Marsh Grass Densities of Developed and Undeveloped Areas

             2. Species of Birds Sighted in the Developed and
                  Undeveloped Areas

            .3. Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Collected From
                  Developed Areas

             4. Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Collected From
                  Undeveloped Areas

             5. Comparison of Chemical Analysis for Groundwater  Samples



                                   LIST OF FIGURE S




             1. Study Area Location Map

             2. Comparison of Marsh Grass Density in Developed and
                  Undeveloped Areas
















m = m = m = = m m = m m = a6PNEFIVWXMP =







                                                                                            Bawon                             A39
                                                                                          49   47

                                       Armlyw lie
             Wontagn   64                so                                                        4 6

                                                          56
        --t7s                                                                       / 4        4A
                                         elt                          53                                       41
                       A'(                                                                     1      ',-45
                                     61                                           50      'A   -           44
                                                                          52.          A
     ;>
                                                                                   6A                          ::;A
        A                 ----,-A         A  39               55                                9   -.6
                                                 A'@                          .;A
                                      -A-,j.6 A*                           A           49
            09 -,.Il N.  OB                                     _j@    A
                                                                  0                             c       -13
                                                              A   A
                                            c -0          .9               OB  .13                   Ic              c   c    .0
         B                             r               09              06               c   c           -c 'c                    IE
                                   f all ')C@o , \'-                                c
                                     c       co            c              oc    c                                        0   -E
    D"-                                    -  *I      c -.-..      c                                                             -F
                                                              ca
                                                 0 '.A                                                                   -E   -F
                                                                                        -E  -E
                                                 7'z
                                                                                                    17
                                   E
                                              OD                                         'r-Fe 1@jk,                              H
                    -------                                                                                           74,
                                                                                                ; nr.
    X-
         -ID
                                                                               'T      4   48
                                                                               5 -75-6
                         '.9" P.w                          56                                   47-@46
                                          -60---59

                                                                                                        45
                                                                                                            4





                                                                                                                    Fire
                                                                                                                     4f 41-40
                            MILES2                         STATION LOCATIONS
                               KM
             0                    4





                 SOURCE: GREENE, HARD CLAMS, COMPETITORS, PREDATORS, AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS IN-GREAT

                            SOUTH BAY, U.S. E.P.A. CONTRACT NO 68-01-4616















                                           DREDGED SAMPLE VARIABLES


                       Code                                           Name


               A.PUNCTOSTRIATUS                          Acteon punctostriatus
               A.IRRADIANS                               Aeguipecten irradians
               A.ELEVATA                                 Aligena elevata
               A.AVARA                                   Anachis avara
               A.TRANSVERSA                              Anadara transversa
               A.LENTUS                                  Anoplodactylus lentus
               A.FORBESI                                 Asterias forbesi
               B.BALANOIDES                              Balanus balanoides
               B.ALTERNATUM                              Bittium alternatum
               B.CANALICULATUM                           Busycon canaliculatum
               B.CARICA                                  Busycon carica
               C.IRRORATUS                               Cancer irroratus
               C.CONVEXA                                 Crepidula convexa
               C.PLANA                                   Crepidula plana
               E.DIRECTUS                                Ensis directus
               E.RUPICOLA					   Epitonium rupicola
               E.CAUDATA                                 Eupleura caudata
               G.GEMMA                                   Gemma gemma
               H.SOLITARIA                               Haminoea solitaria
               H.TOTTENI                                 Hydrobia totteni
               L.DUBIA                                   Libinia dubia
               L.VINCTA                                  Lacuna vincta
               L.MORTONI                                 Laevicardium mortoni
               L.POLYPHEMUS                              Limulus polyphemus
               L.LITTOREA                                Littorina littorea
               L.HYALINA                                 Lyonsia hyalina
               M.BALTHICA                                Macoma balthica
               M.TENTA                                   Macoma tenta
               M.BIDENTATUS                              Melampus bidentatus
               M.MERCENARIA                              Mercenaria mercenaria
               M.LUNATA                                  Mitrella lunata
               M.MANHATTENSIS                            Mogula manhattensis
               M.LATERALIS                               Mulinia lateralis
               M.ARENARIA                                Mya arenaria
               M.PLANULATA                               Mysella planulata
               M.EDULIS                                  Mytilus edulis
               N.OBSOLETUS                               Nassarius obsoletus
               N.TRIVITATUS                              Nassarius trivittatus
               N.VIBEX                                   Nassarius vibex
               N.TEXANA                                  Neopanope texana and Panopeus herbsti
               N.PROXTMA                                 Nucula proxima
               NUDIBRANCH                                Nudibranch
               O.PRODUCTA                                Odostomia producta
               O.TRIFIDA                                 Odostomia trifida
               O.0STROCADA                               Ostracoda









                      
 














                                      DREDGED SAMPLE VARIABLES - continued


                          Code                                         Name


                 O.OCELLATUS                                 Ovalipes ocellatus
                 P.BERNHARDUS                                Pagurus bernhardus
                 P.LONGICARPUS                               Pagurus longicarpus
                 P.GOULDIANA                                 Pandora gouldiana
                 P.PHOLADIFORMIS                             Petricola pholodiformis
                 P.CHAETOPTERANA                             Pinnixa chaetopterana
                 P.MORRHUANA                                 Pitar morrhuuana
                 R.CANICULATA                                Retusa caniculqata
                 S.VELUM                                     Solemya velum
                 S.SOLIDISSIMA                               Spisula solidissima
                 T.PLEBEUS                                   Tagelus plebeius
                 T.AGILUS                                    Tellina agilis
                 T.BRIAREUS                                  Thyone briareus
                 T.NIGROCINCTA                               Trifora nigrocincta
                 T.INTERRUPTA                                Turbonilla interrupta
                 U.CINEREA                                   Urosalpinx cinerea
                 Y.LIMATULA                                  Yoldia limatula
 









                          S P E C I E 3                                                                 S T iLT 10
                                                                  4. 3 C                   4    E      4 4 A        1- 4 P       4 4 C        4.40       4 5 A        4
                  MOMANHATTENSIS
                                                                                                                                   2 C.                       r       op
                  MeLATERALIS                                                                                                       27
                  M * A R E NO'4      A
                  M-PLANULATA                                                                                             r%         r                        C.
                  M * E DUL I S                                                                                                                               c
                  N-Q8SOLETUS                                         c
                                                                                                                                     0           0            0
                  NOTRIVITATUS                                                     r                                      r:         C.          0            0
                  N 9 V I E E X                                       C.           c            10           i                                   0            0
                  IN * T E X A N A                                                              T            4                                   6            3
                  -NOPROXI*'A                                                                                                        C           0            C.
                  NUDIBRANCH
                  OoP20DUCTA                                                                                                                     c            C,
                  0 * T R I F I C A
                  OST;OCADA
                  O*OCELLATUS
                  P o &ERNH AA DUE
                                                                                                                          c
                  PoLONGICARPLIS
                  P*GCULCIANA                                         r;
                                                                                                                                                 0
                  p & P HO L A D I F 0 010 T S                                                                                                   0
                  F*CHAETOPTEOANA                                                  c            C.           r!
                                                                                                                                     %0          0
                  P*MOARHAUNA                                         c            c                                      n          1           0            c
                  ReCANICULATA                                       12            c                                    16           1           C.           0
                  S o V ELUM                                                                                                                     0
                  SeSOLICISSIMA                                                    r                                      c          0           0            0
                  T*PLEeEUS                                           c            r            n                         0          r
                  ToAGILUS                                            4                         8                                    7           4
                  TeBRIAREUS                                          c            r*           I                                    1           0
                  TeNIGROCINTA                                        c            c                                      C.         n,          0
                  TeINTERRUPTA                                        c            r            n                         A                      a            c
                  U*CINEREA                                           C.           in                                     0          0           1
                  YoLIMATULA                                                                    0            0            0          0           c



























                                                                                              49







                                                                                     68








                                                              V;E:GED @ATA SAMPLES


                     SPE C! ES                                                                   S T A T 10
                                                             4 5 c       4 5 c                   4    F-/      46t        4 6E?         46C         46D         4 6
             A e PUN C7 CS7;i       I ATUS                                   r                                                             0                        c
             AOI;RAC,IANS                                        L                                                0                        c
             AsELEVATA                                           c                                                0            C.          0                        r
             AeAVARA                                             c           c                                    c            0           0            C.          r
             A * TRANS            S 4                                        r.                                                            !4                       r
                                                                 L                                                             c
                                                                 11%                                                                                                r
             AeLENTUS                                            %.          c                                    0                        0            0
             A . F ORPE Sl                                       C.                      C@           n           CI.                                   2           r
             m:EALANC1          C E S                                                                                          C.                                   r
                  ALTEkNi%TUK                                                                                     c            C,          0            C.          c
                 C AN AL       CUL ATUM                                                                                                                             r
                                                                                                                  c                        0            c
                                                                                                                                                                    r
             6 e C AR I C A                                      c                                                n                        0            c
             c  SIRRORATUS                                                                                                                 0            0           r
             C.CONVEXA                                           C,          c                                   39                                     C.          c
             CoPLANA                                             V.          c                                                 1                        1           4
             EoDIRECTUS                                                                               m           c            1           C.
             E&RUPICOLA                                                      C.          0                        c                        0            0           c
             EeCAUDATA                                                                                            n            0           0            2           r
             G e G EMM A                                         6           c           0                       56            c           0
             HoSOLITtRIA                                         1:                                               0            0           0                        r
             HaTOTTEI-I                                                      c                                    P                        0            C.
             L a D UE I A                                                                                         C.                       0            c           r
             L , V I N C 7                                                                                                                              c           r
             LoMORTONJ                                                       ri                                                            u
             L*POLYFt-Er-'US                                                 rl          n            M.                                   0
             LeLITTOPEA                                                                  0            r                                    0            ci          r
             L*HYALINA                                          14                                                             C.          0            C.          r
             P. . i-i ALT H I C A                                                                                                          0            c           r
                                                                                                                                                        ri          n
             M . T ENT A
                                                                                                                                           L
             FiebIDEN7ATUS                                                               c            r,          rl
             ri m V- Ek C E N@' F I t                                                    1            1          16           17           1            1           r
                                                                 r
             Me L UN 4T I                                                                                                      c           ci           c           r








                        S P E C I E S                                                                S T AT 10
                                                                            45          4 5 E      '4 3 F         4oA         462          46C
                 M#MANHATTENSIS                                                                                        n.           c           0           L
                                                                                                                                                2           C
                 M*LATERALIS                                          E                       u
                 MI * A R E M A R I A                                                                                               c                       C,
                                                                                              n                                     P.                      i,
                 M*PLANULATA                                          -                                                ri           L
                 ,M o E 'WU L I S                                     7           r
                 N*OESOLETUS                                          c                       0                                     0
                 NoTRIVITATUS                                         r           r,                                                r
                                                                                                                                                            0
                 IN * V 15 E X                                        C.                                               n                                    c
                 NoT=-XANA                                                                    7                     51           3/.                        2
                 N o P RO X I *PA                                                                                      r         57          15
                 NUDISPANCH                                                                                                                                 C
                                                                                              6o                                    c                       c
                 O.P;;ODUCTA                                                                                           C
                 OsTRIFIDA                                            c           C.          C.                                    c                       c
                 OSTROCADA                                         15             C.          G            c                        c           3           c
                 OoUCELLATUS                                                                                                        c           6           0
                                                                                                                                    n
                 P . SERNH AR DUr                                                                                                               0                  1
                 P-L-ONGICi%RPUS                                                              0                                                             c
                 P&GOULDIANA                                                                  n
                                                                                                                                                            c
                 PoPHOLADIFORMIS                                                  r
                                                                                                                                                            C.
                 P o CHAETOPTERAN A                                   r           n
                 PoMOi;PHAUNA                                         C
                                                                                                                       c                        u           c
                 R a C AN I CULAT A                                   0        16                                                   0           0
                 SoYELUM                                              c           c
                                                                                                                                    0           0           c
                 SoSOLIDISSIMA                                                    r                                                 0
                                                                                                                       04
                 T,PLEeEUS                                                        ri          C.                       v            G
                 T*AGILUS                                             14          2           0          17            C)           c         12            3
                 Ta6RIAREUS                                                       r                        0%
                                                                                                                       3                        0           0

                 TaNIGROCINTA
                                                                                                           m           0            0
                                                                                                           r
                 TaINTERRUPTA                                                                 0                                     0           .0
                 U*CINEREA                                            c                       0                                     a           0
                 YGLIMATUL-A                                          c           c           0                        r3           0                       C.





















                                                                                              69









                                                                                   70







                                                           DREDGED DATA SAMPLES

              SPECIES                                                       STATION
                          	46F	46G	47A	47B	47C	47D	47E	47F	48A                                                                                                                  
         .PUNCTOSTRIATUS        0	  0     0     0     2     0     0     0     0                                                                             
        A.IRRADIANS             0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                                                                                  
         .ELEVATA			  0     1     0     0	  0     0     0     0     0
         .AVARA                 0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0 
        A.TRANSVERSA            0	  0	  0     0     0     0     0	  0	  0                                                                                                                              
        A.LENTUS                0	  0	  0	  0	  0     0     0     0     0                                                                                                                                                      
         .FORBESI               0	  0	  0     0     0     0     0     0     0                                                                                                                                    
        B.BALANDIDES            0	  0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                                                                                                 
        B.ALTERNATUM            0     0     0     0     3     0     0     0     0                                                                                                                                          
         .CANALICULATUM         0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                                                                                                                         
         .CARICA                0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0                                                                                                        
        C.IRRORATUS	  	  0	  0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
        C.CONVEXA 		  0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     6                                                                                                                                           
        C.PLANA                                                                                                                       
        E.DIRECTUS                                                                  
        E.RUPICOLA                                                                                                                                     
        E.CAUDATA                                                                   
        G.GEMMA                                                                                                                                        
        H.SOLITARIA                                                                                                                                      
        H.TOTTENI                                                                                                                                      
        L.DUBIA  
        L.VINCTA                                                                                                             
        L.MORTONI                                                                                                                              
        L.POLYPHEMUS                                                                                                                      
        L.LITTOREA                                                                                                                   
        L.MYALINA                                                                                              
        M.BALTHICA                                                                                                                  
        M.TENTA                                                                                                                                            
        M.BIDENTATUS                                                                                                                                          
        M.MERCENARIA                                                                   
        M.LUNATA                                                                                                                                
  








		SPECIES								STATION

						46F	46G	47A	47B	47C	47D	47E	47F

	M.MANHATTENSIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	
	M.LATERALIS				0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
	M.ARENARIA				0	0	102	0	0	0	0	0
	M.PLANULATA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.EDULIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.OBSOLETUS				0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	
	N.TRIVITATUS			0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
	N.VIBEX				0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
	N.TEXANA				0	0	0	3	8	5	0	9	
	N.PROXIMA				0	0	3	0	9	0	1	0
	NUDIBRANCH				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.PRODUCTA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	O.TRIFICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	OSTROCADA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.OCELLATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.BERNHAROUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.LONGICAPPUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
	P.GOULDIANA				0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	
	P.PHOLADIFORMIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	P.CHAETOPTERANA			1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.MORRHAUNA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	R.CANICULATA			0	0	0	0	11	0	0	0
	S.VELUM				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	S.SOLIDISSIMA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.PLEBEUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.AGILUS				8	5	0	0	2	1	3	0
	T.BRIAREUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	T.NIGROCINTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.INTERRUPTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	U.CINEREA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Y.LIMATULA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	









								14






 


								72


					DREDGED DATA SAMPLES


		SPECIES					STATION		
					48B	48C	48D	48E	48F	49A	49B	49C	49D

	A.PUNCTOSTRIATUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.IRRADIANS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.ELEVATA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.AVARA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.TRANSVERSA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.LENTUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.FORBESI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.BALANCIDES		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.ALTERNATUM		0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
	B.CANALICULATUM		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.CARICA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	C.IRRORATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	C.CONVEXA			0	0	0	4	0	0	1	0	0
	C.PLANA			0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	E.DIRECTUS			0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
	E.RUPICOLA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	E.CAUDATA			4	5	1	1	0	0	4	4	0
	G.GEMMA			163	23	51	0	15	0	21	6	19
	H.SOLITATIA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	H.TOTTENI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.DUBIA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.VINCTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.MORTONI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.POLYPHEMUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.LITTOREA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.HYALINA			1	1	3	2	0	0	4	0	4
	M.BALTHICA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	M.TENTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.BIDENTATUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	M.MERCENDARIA		4	12	5	3	1	15	4	9	10	
	M.LUNATE			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0







 




		SPECIES							STATION	
						48B	48C	48D	48E	48F	49A	49B	49C	49

	M.MANHATTENSIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		
	M.LATERALIS				0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	
	M.ARENARIA				0	0	0	0	0	15	0	0
	M.PLANULATA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	M.EDULIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.OBSOLETUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.TRIVITATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.VIBEX				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.TEXANA				2	3	1	1	0	9	0	2
	N.PROXIMA				5	0	1	0	0	3	6	1
	NUDIBRANCH				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.PRODUCTA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	O.TRIFIDA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	OSTROCADA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.OCELLATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	P.BERNHARDUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.LONGICARPUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.GOULDIANA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.PHOLADIFORMIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.CHAETOPTERANA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.MORRHAUNA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	R.CANICULATE			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	S.VELUM				0	1	1	0	0	4	1	0
	S.SOLIDISSIMA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.PLEBEUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.AGILUS				0	1	4	2	0	0	1	3	
	T.BRIAREUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
	T.NIGROCINTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.INTERRUPTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	U.CINEREA				0	3	0	0	0	0	0	1
	Y.LIMATULA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0











 



								74


						DREDGED DATA SAMPLES

		SPECIES						STATION
					49E	50A	50B	50C	50D	50E	51A	51B	51C

	A.PUNCTOSTRIATUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0
	A.IRRADIANS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	A.ELEVATA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.AVARA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.TRANSVERSA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	A.LENTUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.FORBESI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.BALANDIDES		0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
	B.ALTERNATUM		0	0	0	14	0	0	0	5	0
	B.CANALICULATUM		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.CARICA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	C.IRRORATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	C.CONVEXA			0	8	1	4	0	3	1	1	0
	C.PLANA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	E.DIRECTUS			0	2	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	
	E.RUPICOLA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	E.CAUDATA			0	0	0	9	0	2	0	5	3
	G.GEMMA			0	3	11	20	32	20	53	73	92
	H.SOLITATIA			0	0	0	0	11	0	2	0	0
	H.TOTTENI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.DUBIA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.VINCTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.MORTONI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.POLYPHEMUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.LITTOREA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.HYALINA			0	1	1	0	1	2	0	1	1
	M.BALTHICA			0	0	0	0	0	0	7	0	0
	M.TENTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.BIDENTATUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.MERCENARIA		1	0	3	5	2	5	4	3	0
	M.LUNATA			0	0	1	0	0	0	0	3	0












 









             S P E C I F S                           S TIT I 01@
                                                C:lo r t@c  c
                                                             %.; D c 0 E 51 A   5 1   51
                                                 6o
                                                                            c     c
          *MANHATTENSI S
        M.LATER-LIS                        r     r
                                                                                 12
                                    C.
                                                                     C   1367     L.
        M -PLA14UL,%TA                                         r                  r
        ,M o E OUL I S                     r
        .N*OBSOLCTUS                       r
        N  TPIVI TIATUS
        N  v 18 E X                                            0     0      c     0
        h  T=@X AN                  G    5 1     3      4      2     1      1     1
        NopitoxivA                  0            0                   c      0     2
        NuDIBRANCH
        0,PRODUCTA
        0 9TRI F I CA               c            C.                  c
        OSTROCACA                          C.                        c            0,
                                                               n            n
        090CELL@TUS                                            1                  0
        P.O-ERNH.IADUS                                  r      r,    n
                                                                            0     0
        P eLONGI CAPPLIS                                       0     c      0     c
        PaGOULDIANA                              0                          0     Ol
        P@PIJOLACIFOPmTS            c
                                                 c      c      0     c
                                                        m      m
        PaCHAETCPTE;ANA                                              p
        P sMORPH AUNA                                          C.    0      0     0
        R *CAN I CULAT A            0            r             0     0      0     0
        SoVELUM                     0                                %W     0     c
        SoSOLIDISSIYA               C.     C.                               0     0
        T*PLEBELIS                         r
                                                                            0     ri
        TeAGILUS                           c     2                          0     13
        TOBRIAREUS                         L:    c             rl           0     0
        ToNIGROCINTA
                                                                     ci     0     0
        T.INTER;UPTA                0      c     0             n     0      0     0
        Ue CINER FA                 0      1                         0      1     0
        YeLIMATULA                  C.     0            0      C.    0      j     0






                                                                                        76








                                                              DcEDGED DATA SAMPLES


                  SPEC;ES                                                                          STATIO@l
                                                                C                     c 2 L2         2 c          F2D         5 3 A        5 3 E.       5 3 C         54A
          k.PL!.%CTC;-TR          1 A T U S
          AelFRACIANS
          A a E LEV .4 TA                                       17


          A   T @Ak 5 1,;- 13 1
                                                                                                                                   C.
                                                                                           C
                                                                                                          rl                       r                                       n
          A   L ENTL S,                                                                    C                           c
          A*FORPESI                                                            c           0                           c
          EsiIALANCICESS                                                                                               0                       0              0
              ALT S F. F:ATU V                                                                                                                 6              0
          BeCANALICULATUM                                       w                                                                              0
                     I C @.                                     1'.            r                                                               1.
                                                                                                                                   C.                         0
          C   A' RA 0 k AT LIS                                                                                         C,          C.                         0
          c OCONVEYA                                                                                                   n                       6              1
                                                                                                          rl                                                               rl,
          C . P LAN A                                                                                                              C.          0              0
          EaDIRECTUS
          EeRUPICCLA
          EaLAUCATA                                                                                                    I           c           3              0
                                                           22339               7                          r       181              c        294            66          18!
          H * S OL I I AR I A                                                              c                           8           c                          c            0
          HoTOTTEI,l                                                           c                                       c                                                   r
          LeLUElA                                                                                                                                             0            r
          LoVINCTA                                              r                                                                  0           C,             C.
          L.MORT01'        1                                                                                           C           C,          u              0
          LeFIOLYPf--EPUS                                       C.                         0                           0           0           c              0
          L*LITTO;EA
                                                                                           C.                                                  0
                                                                                                                                   0           2
                                                                                                                    21             c
          M,  T FE N T A                                                                                  m            r
                                                                                                                                                              0            p
          M   6 1 Z E h I A T U S                                                                                                                                          I @,
                                                                               r                                                                                           ol@
              Iv E R C E        1                                                                                      0                                      1
              L UN A I A                                                                                               n           e,










                     S P E C 1 E S                                                            STATIV!
                                                              D       52  A        52E        5 2 C        C20        5 3 A      Cc 3 a      5 3 c
              A o M ;NHA TTEN SI S
              M *LATER AM S                                                                                               0          1
              MoA;ENAPIA                                    7 C%          r
              MoPLANULATA                                     0'          1;.                                 C.          ILI                    0
              M . E DUL I S                                   Li                                                          c
              ,N.02SOLETUS                                    0           c
              NeTRIVITATUS                                    ril
              N 9 V I E E X                                   0           c           0           rl          n
              N o T EX AN A                                   0         1 1                                   n           2
                                                                                      2           6
              N*P;OXI,NIA                                     ri                      0           r"          -0          n_
              NUD&'ERANCH                                     I           r           c
              OsPFODUCTA                                      C           C.                                              C.         13          c
              0 o TRI F I DA                                                                                                                     C,
              OSTFOCADA                                      15                                   r%
                                                                                                                          0          0           c
              C.OCELLATUS                                     0           c                       n                       c
              Pe"RNHARDUS
              PeLONGICAPPUS
              P.GOULCIANA
                             A.                                                                                           0
              P s PHOL A CI FO P" I S                                                                                                0           C.
              P e C HAE TOPT E P A14 A                        C.          c
                                                                          11
              PeMORRHAUNA                                     c                                                                      0
              AsCANICULATA                                    c           c                                                                      r
              SoVELUM                                         c           C.                                                                     a
              SeSOLIDISSIMA                                   c           c                                   0           c                      C
              T * P LE 2 E US                                                                                 r!          0          0
              ToAGILUS                                                    c                                               rl         6
              T.FiRIAREUS                                                 1           1                                   C.         0
              T.NIGROCINTA                                                n                                                          0
              T o I NTE R AUPT A                                                                                          c          0
              U.CINEREA                                                                                                   0          1           .0
                                                                                      0
              YoLIMATULA                                      0           17          c           0           0           c          13



























                                                                                     LL





                                                                                            78








                                                                  C;ECG=-D @ATA SAMPLES


                       5 P E C 1 E S                                                           I/      S T A T 10 N
                                                                54                C         4 D        5               5 E-       5   c        5 5 D        5 6 A         5oE
                                                                                                                                                                               r
              A   i-' UN CT CST R     I AT US
              A   IPRADlANS
              A   ELEV A TA
                                                                                               C
              A   A V A R A                                         C.            c
              A   TPANSVEFS            t                                          r,                                     C.           C.                         C             r
              AeLENTUS                                              c             r                                                   n                          C
              A . F 0 R EF E S I                                                               c                         C.           0            0
              E*BALANCI            D                                                                                                  r.
                                                                                                                                                   0             C)
                                                                                                                                                                               r
              5 - i%LT 5 R N AT                                     c                                                                              0             ri
                * C Ah A L 1 C U L ATUV                                                                                                                          f)            r
              BoCARICA
                                                                                                                         0            0
              CIIRRO;ATUS                                                                                                                                        C.            r
              C.CONVExik                                                                       C.          35                                      1             7             c
              CePLANA
                                                                                               0                         0
              EaDIRECTUS                                                                       ri                        C.           G            0             0             1
                                                                                                                                                                               r
              E*RUPICOLA                                                                                                                           0             0
              EsCAUDATA                                                           r            0                         C.           C.           0             0             c
              G,GEMmA                                                            1;         771            jo            4         159          108            20           12
              MeSOLITARIA                                                                      0                                      C.           3             3             r
                                                                                                                                                                               r
              HeTOTTEKI                                                                        c                         0            0            0             c
                                                                                                                                                                               r
              L a D Ub I A                                          c             c            0
                                                                                  r
              L * V 11, C T A                                                                  0                         C.           0                          0             r
              L*MORTON1                                                                        n                         0            C.                                       r
                                                                                                                         ci                                                    r
              LoPOLYPInEMUS                                                                                                           c                          C,
              L.LITTCREA                                            C,            c                          m           C,           r                          C.
              LoHYALINA                                                           11                         c           f%
                                                                                                                                      o.                         8
              MoE:ALTHICA                                                         r                                      0            C                          C.
              M*TENTA                                                             r                                      0                                                     r
                                                                                               L
              fvooIDENTATUE                                                                                              0,           C                                        r
              M      E R C E N A R I A                                                                                                                                         2
                                                                                               V
              MaLUNAT-*                                             c             7            c                                                                 C.







                      SPE c I ES                                                                       STATION
                                                                 54a         5 4 C         Z4D              A        C c
                                                                                                                     - I -        -c 5 C       5 5 D        5 6 A
              M a, M AN H 14 T T      S I S                                                                                                        0            0
                                                                                                                                                                C.
                  A ; E N A P 1 A
              M 9 PLANU LAT A                                                                                            c
              -M o E DUL 15
              NoOBSOLETUS
              N   TR I V 1 TATU S
              N     I E E A
              N a T 7- X A N I,
              NgP;OXI!"A
              NUDIEFA@CH
              O*P;CDUCTA                                                                                                 r.
              O.TRIF14"'A
              OSTROCADA
              O*OCELLATUS                                                                                                                          1
              PeBERNHARDUS                                                                    r;                         01                        0
                  L ON G I CA P P U S                                             (7                                                    0
              Pou'OULDIANA                                                                    0                                         t..        0            0
              P oPHOLADI FORM! S                                                                                                        C.         0            0
              P 9 C HA E T OP T E 9 A N A                                                                   r                           0          0            c
                                                                                                                                        1%
              Pe,*40RPHAUNA                                                                   r.                         c
                                                                                                            m            ri
              R*CANrCULATA                                                                    0                                         c          .0           0
              S*VELUM                                                                         0                                         2          6            0
              S * S OL I D I S S I PI A                                                                     n            r              c
              T * P LE E! E US                                                    r                                      0
              T.AGILUS
              T,, Es R I AR EU S
              Tet*IGROCINT.4                                         r                                      di
                                                                                                                         n              c                       0
                                                                                                                                        0
              ToINTERPUPTA                                           c            r                                                                             0
              U*CINEREA                                              G            r
              Y.LIMATULA                                                          0                                                     0          0





























                                                                                              6L







                                                                                 80







                                                           @CcDbz-@ LATA SAMPLES

                  SPE Cl ES                                                                   STATION
                                                           6 c             D      5oE        5 7 A         c7e        5 7 C         57D          8 A        58e
          A*FUNICT---STR         I A T U S                                 r                                                c            u           0
                                                                                                                            C.
          A*jP9ALl.;%NS                                                                Le
          k.ELEVATA                                                                                                                      c           ri
          A e P"%VAP A                                                                                          C.
          A*T;ANSVE;S            t
          AeLENTUS                                                                                  17          C.          c            c           c
                                                                           r                        F1
          A.FORREEI
          EeEALANOIDE'S                                      L                                                  C,                       u           c
                                                                                                                f%          n            el
          S *  ALTE;;%ATUV                                                                                                                           C.
                                                                                                                                                     r,          n
             aC AN AL 1, CUL ATUM                                                      C                        0           0
                                                                                                    04          n                                    n
             o C AR I C A                                                              0            -                                                            r
          C  *19RORATUS                                                                17                       c
          C  *CONVEXA                                        7             1           2                        0           C.           0           0
          C a P L A N A                                                                0                        0           0            C.          cl,         n
          Ee@IRECTUS                                                                   0                                                 0           C.          0
          E*RUPICCLA                                                                   n_                                   C            0           c
          EoCAUDATA                                                                                 m
                                                                                                                C.          0            0
          G.GEMwA                                                                                   1           4         21      14,64           77             4
          H.SOLIT/.Rl;,                                                                c                                    C,           0           C.
                                                                                                    m
          HoTOTTEN:                                                                                             c           C,
          L e L Ubl A                                                                                           c                        10          0
          L , V 1 N C T A                                                  r           0                        n                        0           c
          L.MORTOKI                                                        c           0                        0           c            0           c
          L*POLYPHEMUS                                                                 c                        I           C            0
          LeLITTC;EA                                                                                                        C.           0           C,          r
          L*mYALIl'A                                                                   9         JQ             6           3            1           1           7
                                                                                                                C.          C,           0           C.          r%
          M.mALTHICA
          !r . T EENT A                                                                0                        C.          c            0           C.          r@
          m . E: 1D E N T ATU S                                                        0                        C.          C            0           0           T
          M o M. Ek C E kAR I A                                                        1                        3           1            3           c           4
              LUN AT A                                                     r           0                        01          c                        c           n








                       S P E C                                                                     S TAT I
                                                                   C
                                                                          . o D        5 6 E       5 7           7 F       5 7 C         7 D          8 A
               M * A ANH A TT EN S       S                                      '1          .1                     r.          .11
                                                                                                                                           0            c
               'IsLATERALIS                                                     r
                                                                                            ri                                             0
               M*AkENAPIA                                                       1.          0                                              0
               M*PLANULATA                                         r            r                                                                       c
                                                                                            u
               -M s EDU L I S
               N*CESOLETUS,                                                                            r
                                                                                            0                      c           C.          0
               NeTRIVITmTUS                                        01                                              r                       0
               N 9 V 18 E X                                                                                        c                       G
               NoTEXANA                                                                                                                    0
               IN a P RO X I IvA
               NUDISPANCH                                                                                                                               c
               09PPODUCTA                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                            n
               0 * T MR1 F I CA
                                                                                                                                           0            G
                                                                                                       M
               OSTROCADA                                           C                        0                      C,          c           0            c
               O*OCELLATUS                                                      r                      d4          fft         n
                                                                                                                                           0            c
                                                                                                       On                      r
               P * 6 ER NH AR 0 U S                                             c                                  c           .1          0            0
               P * L ONG I CAP P US                                             r                                  0           0           0            0
               PoGCULDIANA                                                      r                                  1                       c            0
               PoPHOLADIFORPIS                                     rl           r           fl,                                c           0            11.1     1
               P . C HA E T OPT E F AN A                                                    -0                                             0            ri
               P * s4OR R H AUN A                                  0            r                                              r
                                                                                IN
                                                                                                                               0
               ReCAIVICULATA                                       rl           1                                                                       0
               SeVELUM                                                                   83            i          2           23          10            0
               SeSOLIDISSIMA                                       01           t.,         .13        r           0           c           0            0
               ToPLEPEUS,                                                                   0
                                                                                                                               0           0            0
               T*AGILUS                                            0            c           0                                  c           I            1        0
               T*dRIAR@US                                          1            r,          0                                  c           0            0
               T . N I G R 0 Cl 14 T A                             rf           C,          0                      0           C.          0            0
               T 9 1 NT E R RU P T A                               0                        0                      0           c           0            0
               UeCINEREA                                                        r           1                      0-          3           0            0
               Y*LIMATULA                                          C.           r           0          r           0                                    C.
























                                                                                          T9











                                                                                          82








                                                                 Do--E@%JED DATA SAMPLES


                       SPECIES                                                                        $TATION
                                                                   C              D       58E        15 6   F        9 A         599         Cc 9 C       5 9 D         6UA
                                                                   -.                         %             r%
                 P UN CT CST ;        I A T U S                                               L@                       C,            c             6            c          r
             Aol;RADIANS                                                                      C,            r!         0             C.            c            0
                                                                                              rl            n          rl                                       0
                  E LEV A TA                                                                                                         C.
             A o A V A P A                                                        c                                                  C.
                                                                                                                                                                c
             AGLENTUS                                                                                                                r
             ;%*FOREES.T                                                                                                                                        c-
                                                                                                                                                                           rk
                    AL A NOI D E
             E.ALTERNATUle
             6 a L AN AL I CUL ;TUPf                                                                                                 0                                     rl
             b * C AR I C A                                        C.                                                                                                      C,
             CeIRRORATUS                                                                                                             u                          c
             CsCONVEXA                                                                                                 C             C.                         1          r
             C*PLANA                                                                                                                                            ri
             EsDIkECTUS                                            L:
             E *;ZUPT COLA                                         0
             EeCAUDATA                                             G              C,      186                          r             0             1
             GoGEMfeA                                             47     16       1                                                             10
             HaSOLITA;ZIA                                          D              C,          0                        0             r.            0
             HsTOTTE!.l                                                           r           n                                                    c            c
             Le 0 UB I A                                                          r
                                                                                              c                                      c             0            0
             Lo V IN CT
                                                                                              Cl
             L & mORTC. 1@!                                                                                            0
             L*POLYPNEPUS                                          C,             1           0             17                                     0            C.
             LeLIT70;EA                                                           r           n                                      c             u            C,
             L*MYALIr,A                                                           r
                                                                                  I           L.            7          2                           2            1
             M*oALTHIC,'                                                                      0             1          C.            0             0            0          7
             fw, , T H NT A                                        c              c-          0                        c             c             0                       i
                                                                   r,                                                                                                      n
             MobIDENTPJUS                                                         r
                                                                                                                                                                           r!
             K a M E R C E N A F I A                               c                                                                 2             1
             rl' o L. UN A T 4                                                                                                       f%
                                                                                                                                                   Q                       rl




		SPECIES							STATION
					58C	58D	58E	58F	59A	59B	59C	59D	60

	M.MANHATTENSIS		0	0	0	24	0	2	0	0	
	M.LATERALIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	M.ARENARIA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.PLANULATA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	
	M.EDULIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.OBSOLETUS			0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1
	N.TRIVITATUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	N.VIBEX			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	N.TEXANA			0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
	N.PROXIMA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	NUDIBRANCH			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.PRODUCTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.TRIFIDA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	OSTROCADA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5
	O.OCELLATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
	P.BERNHARDUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.LONGICARPUS		1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.GOULDIANA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.PHOLADIFORMIS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.CHAETOPTERANA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.MORRHAUNA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	R.CANICULATA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	S.VELUM			7	4	6	1	0	11	4	3
	S.SOLICISSIMA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.PLESEUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.AGILUS			2	0	47	9	0	1	0	23
	T.BRIAREUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.NIGROCINTA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.INTERRUPTA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	U.CINEREA			0	0	1	2	0	0	0	0	
	Y.LIMATULA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0









 






									84	
			

						DREDGED DATA SAMPLES


		SPECIES						STATION		
					60B	60C	60D	60E	60F	60G	61A	61B	60C

	A.PUNCTOSTRIATUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.IRRADIANS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.ELEVATA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.AVARA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.TRANSVERSA		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	A.LENTUS0			4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	A.FORBESI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.BALANCIDES		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.ALTERNATUM		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
	B.CANALICULATUM		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	B.CARICA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	C.IRRORATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	C.CONVEXA			3	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0
	C.PLANA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	E.DIRECTUS			0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	E.RUPICOLA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	E.CAUDATA			2	0	1	0	7	0	0	0	0
	G.GEMMA			13	0	3767	122	1989	0	20	0	266
	H.SOLITARIA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	H.TOTTENI			0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	L.DUBIA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.VINOTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.MORTONI			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.POLYPHEMUS		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.LITTOBEA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	L.HYALINA			0	3	4	7	5	1	18	0	2
	M.BALTHICA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.TENTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.BIDSNTATUS		0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	M.MERCENARIA		0	2	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
	M.LUNATA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0









 








		SPECIES						STATION
						60B	60C	60D	60E	60F	60G	61A	61B	61C

	M.MANHATTENSIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	M.LATERALIS				0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	M.AREBARUA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.PLANULATA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M.EDULIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	N.OBSOLETUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.TRIVITATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.VIBEX				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.TEXANA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N.PROXIMA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	NUDIBRANCH				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.PRODUCTA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.TRIBIDA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	OSTROCADA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	O.OCELLATUS				1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
	P.BERNHARDUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.LONGICARPUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.GOULCIANA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.PHOLACIFORMIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.CHAETOPTERANA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	P.MORRHAUNA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	R.CANICULATA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	S.VELUM				0	6	19	9	14	0	3	0
	S.SOLIDISSIMA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.PLEBEUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.AGILUS				3	5	4	1	2	15	6	6	1
	T.BRIAREUS				0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	T.NIGROCINTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	T.INTERRUPTA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	U.CINEREA				1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	
	Y.LIMATULA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0




 





                                                     156






                                          TONGED SAMPLE VARIABLES


                  Code                                      Name


		A.IRRADIANS						Aequipecten irrandians
		O.OVALIS						Anadara ovalis
		A.TRANSVERSA					Anadara transversa
		A.SIMPLEX						Anomia simplex
		A.FORBESI						Asterias forbesi
		B.ALTERNATUM					Bittium alternatum
		B.CANALICULATUM					Busycon canaliculatum
		B.CARICA						Busycon carica
		C.SAPIDUS						Calinectes sapidus
		C.IRRORATUS						Cancer irroratus
		C.VIRGINICA						Crassostrea virginica
		C.CONVEXA						Crepidula convexa and C. fornicata
		C.PLANA						Crepidula plana
		E.DIRECTUS						Ensis directus
		E.CAUDATA						Eupleura caudata
		H.SOLITARIA						Haminola solitaria
		L.MORTONI						Laevicardium mortoni
		L.DUBIA						Labina dubia
		L.POLYPHEMUS					Limulus polyphemus
		L.LITTOREA						Littorina littorea
		L.HEROS						Lunatin heros
		L.HYALINA						Lyonsia hyalina
		M.BALTHICA						Macoma balthica
		M.TENTA						Macoma tenta
		M.DEMISSUS						Modiolus demissus
		M.MANHATTENSIS					Molgula manhattensis
		M.LATERALIS						Mulinia lateralis
		M.ARENARIA						Mya arenaria
		M.EDULIS						Mytilus edulis
		N.OBSOLETUS						Nassarius obsoletus
		N.TRIVITATUS					Nassarius trivitatus
		N.VIBEX						Nassarius vibex
		N.TEXANA						Neopanope texana sayi and Paneopeus herbsti
		N.PROXIMA						Nucula proxima
		O.OCELLATUS						Ovalipes ocellatus
		P.LONICARPUS					Pagurus longicarpus
		P.GOLDIANA						Pandora gouldiana
		P.PHOLADIFORMIS					Petricola pholadiformis
		P.MORRHUANA						Pitar morrhuana
		P.DUPLICATUS					Polinices duplicatus
		S.VELUM						Solemya velum
		S.SOLIDISSIMA					Spisula solidissima
		T.PLEBEIUS						Tagelus plebeius
		T.AGILUS						Tellina agilus
		T.BRIAREUS						Thyone briareus
		U.CINEREA						Urosalpinx cinerea
		Y.LIMATULA						Yoldia limatula
 		






                                                                                                       126







                                                                       TCNGEC tATA SAMPLES


                        S P E    c I E S                                                                        S T    T 10
                                                                      4-   C       4     c       4     E        44             44.                C        -64 D         4     A

               A      3 VAL 1
               A      T -' AN S  k, R S   4
                                                                                                                                                                               c
                                 LA
               A      F 0 k 9 E  si                                                                                                 r!            C.
                                                                                                       r                                                                       c
                      A L T E       7 u tv                                                                                                                                                 I
                      CI-N A L   lCULATUM                                                                                                                      3
               E;     L;@k I C                                                                                       0@
                                                                                                       c
                                                                                                                                                  C.
               c      sAp I                                                                                                                                                    r
               C      lA C- k    T U S
               C      V             C A                                    c
               c      CCON V E
                                                                      462                              -          Z 4            15               5
               C o    PLANA
               E -    DIRECTUS
                                                                                                                    c
               E a    C AU D A TA                                                                      6                                          C.           5
                 o    SOLIT      '-t% I A                                                                                                         C.
               L*WORTC-l'.1                                                C
                                                                                                                                    6
               L * 0 UE I A                                                2                                                        C.
               L o    POLY [email protected]@U S                                      C.            c                                          1             c
               LoLITTCj;z-'                                                7             r                                                                                                  ON
                                                                                                                                    C,            c
               L      H r-A 0 S                                                                                                     C.            0            3               C,
               L      m Y A L I  N A
                                                                                                                    rl              0             1            0               C.
               If     A L T H    I C f
                      T E It T i,                                                                                   r               r             C,
                       h c E                                                             i                                                                1
                                                                                                                 76           130            126
                      D EF I B   S u S                                                                                                            r
                                    EN Sl S


                      A k E f% A I- I A
                      E @ULI S                                                                                                   7?
               N-C;r-SOLETUS                                                                                                                      c            Ll
                      r                                                                                                                           r                            c
               two T?%l VI ;ATL;S
               tv 6 V ; E: E X
                                                                                                                                    r.            rl
               N      T EE X A N                                                                                                 21               9                            2
               N      P ;,L) X I A
               U.OCELL@TLIS
               P 9 L -@N C- I    c r,q A P LIS
               F , G OU L L      I A h A
               F . P @,C) L A    I F 0    y I S                            17                                                       0                                          C,
                                                                                                                                                                                           04
               p      OR
                      J1 P L I   C A T U 5
               S      V ELUK
               S o               'i
               T.PL-;----E          S
               T . A G. 1 L L
                                                                                                                                                                               c
               T o               u S
               U . C   N E       i
                                 TL L A
               Y . L IM












                                                            TONGEC CATA S.!;@PLES

                    5 p E CA, E 3                                                                TAT 101,1
                                                            5 c       4 5 D        45E          5 F        4-6 A       4 6 E?      4.6 C      4 6 D        4tc
                                                                                                                r
                 eIRRACTANS
             A   m OVAL I s
                                                                                                                r
             A a T ; AN S VEP                                                                                               c
             A a S IMP L Ex                                                            Li
             A.FOREESI                                                                                                                ri
             E   *ALTERt.ATUw
                 C 'N A L    L U L. T U,'Y!
             Ei  C ;R I C                                     c
             c   5 Ap I L us                                  C.                                                rl                    r.            r
             C   -IRROAITUS                                   0                                    r,
             C,VIRGI%lC,A
             C
                 c
                  0,u V cc x A                                c             c
             CoPLANA
             E . " I R E C TU S                                                                                             7
                 9 C -U:) A T;k
             H * S OL I T @ii I A
                                                                                       ri                       C.          r                       r
             L * '*I OR T G.', i                                                                                            L
             L@DUBIA                                          0                                                                                               n
             L a P OL Y P i- E " U S
             L*L  ,'TTO;EA                                                                                                            r.
             L o m E R 0 S                                    0
             L o H Y A L I   %A                               c                        r;                                                           c
             %, ,                                                                      11
             .   a AL T H 1 C A                               c                                                             U         3             C,
             MeTENTA                                          0             r          D                        c           c         3             P
             MeMERCENARIA                                    93          67          04         1@ 4       ?9C         293           48          61         10
             m-DEMISSUS                                                                                         C.
             M a #4 AN M i4 TT E?i S I S                      0             c                                                                       r
             M * LAT E R     L. I S
             m , A P E N A   I A
                 E DUL I S
             N.O;-zSOLZTUS
             N   T -- I V I TA T U 5                          r             ri
             N   V 16 E N                                                                                                                           C
             N . T   A % A                                   13         3                                    35          27
             .14 0 R.%ox I @'A
             090CELLATUS
             PoLONGICA;PuS                                                                         't
             P.GOULD.'ANA                                                   r%                                              G                       c
                                                                            el
             P-PHOLADIFOc"IS
             P e MOR R H AUN A
                                                                                                                            c
             P-DUPLICATUS
                 V E-LU-A                                                                                                                           L
                 SOLI I I S@ I
             T.PLi-=ElUS
             T.AGAILL'S
             To--;RI-*Rz-US
             u   c I N E                                                    1
                 L I iki A T U L



                                                                                   LZI








                                                                                               128







                                                                 TONGED DATA SAMPLES


                    SOE CIES                                                                            STATION
                                                               1.6 F         4,,@ 6         47A         4 7 C        4 7 C         4 7 t         4 7 E        4 7 F         44s A
             A      A A L ; AN S
             AoOVALI@:                                                                                                                  C,             .0
             A.TF,ANSVERS                                                                                                               r..
             AoSI'MPL-Ex                                            rl                                                    n                                                     ell
                                                                                                                                        C.             v           r.
             A . F CA 0 E 1:                                        c                          u                          c             c              0           0            r
             Es ALT kf.;,TUh'
             b a C Att A L    C U L    T t)                         L                                       2             4             C;
                                                                                                            F.                                         I
             E- C 0@; I C                                                                                                 ri
             C. 5 AF I C U@                                         c             c
             Co;--%RCRtTUS                                                                                                C,
                                                                                                            r%
             c-ViRGINICA                                            C.                                      n             r
             C. C ON v E       i4                                   c                                                     c
             C. P LAN,                                                                                                    0             G
             EsDIRECTUS                                                                                                   2             c
             EeCAUDA'r.A.                                           10                         2         160              2             1
             H * S DL I T Ak I     A                                c                                                                   L)             0
             LeMORTOr.1                                                                                                   0             0              0
             L * D Ub I A                                                                      0,                                       c              v           c
             LoPOLYPI-EvUS                                                                     0                          C,            C.             0           C.           m
             LeLITTORZA.                                            L:                                                                  c              0           C.
             L.HEr%os                                               r                                                     C,
                                                                                                            OIN
             L a H TA LI I%A                                        U                                                     0                                        c
                                                                                                                                                                   Co
                                                                                                                                        C.
             M  T PtT i%                                                                                                                C.             c           C.           r-
             m  !'; ER C E ".Ar% I                                                          ib!            95         261             42            79           36         2311
             P  D E W I s --, U s                                                                           F@            m             r.             .0          c
             r a v, ANH A TTE 14 SI F                                                                                                   C,             0           C,
                                                                                                                                                                   r
             M * L -' 7 E k A L 1 S                                                                                                                    0                        171
             Y, . A;;E -JA ;I A                                                                                           C,            C.             0           c
             M - --- CUL I  S                                       c                                                                                  0           c
             N*OESOL        ETUS                                                                                                                       0
                T F I V 1 T AT U 5                                                                                                                     0           c
             tv V 1 E E y
                                                                                                                                                       %J          C.
             r, T F X A                                             c                          1                        37              7              5         14
                                                                    L                                                                   c              ZI          C.
                                                                                                                                                       4
             V.OCELLiLTUS
              a L ON G 1 CAZ P L'S                                                                                                      C.
              a %2 OU L C                                                                                                                              0
             P  P -iO L A C. I F 0       1
             p  m OR        f u r.                                                                                                                                 r
             P  D UF L 1    CAT US
             S  V E L UP'
                                                                                                                                                       u


             ToFLEE-E        U 5
             T  AGI LL                                                                                                    r,
                            EUS
                C     E F                                           3            1             0                                        0
             YsL.',IIIATL!Lt
                                                                                                                                        %..                        c            2












                                                                 TONGED CATA SAMPLES


                        SPECIES                                                                       STAT10:
                                                                      5     4.3 C        -'t D      "/4,6 r        4 6 F        4      A      492         4 9 C        4
                                                                                                                         r                         I-
                                                                      c
               A 90VALI r;
               A * T;<At%,S VEP S     A                               0
                                                                                   r                                                   r
               AeSIMPLEX
                     ',J                                                           r@
               A . F I R 9 E S 1
                                                                                                                                       0
               EeC ANALICULcTUm
                   c AR I c
               Cos-PiDus                                              %o           C                                     c
               Col.;RORATUS                                           C.
               C.VIRGINICA                                            0                                                                                         L
               C*CONVEXA                                              0                                                  C             c           G        2
               CoPLANA                                                0
               E.DIRECTUS                                             0.           r                                     Ll     I E 9              9            r
               CeCAUDATA                                              0
                                                                                                                         r
                   3 OL I T 21i I A                                   0            C.           u
               L o.%l OR TC t. I                                                                                         -             C.
                                                                                                                                                                            r
               L o Z, U8 I A                                          C.           c            j          17            0                         1            L,
               L*POLYPHEAUS                                           0            G            0                                                  2            1           r
                                                                                                                                                                            0.
               LeLITTOREA                                             C.           C,           0                                                  ri
               L*Hz@ROS                                               0            C.                                                  C           2
               LoHYALIVA                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                   p
               MoEiALTH'AICA                                          01           17.          0                                                  %0
                                                                      m                                                                            11
               M*TENTA                                                60           0            .3                       %J            C.          V
               MeMiRCENAPJA                                      212            70           66          41.           21        545           142           65           51.
               M.Dc-missus                                                         c            0                                      0           0
               M , M ANH A TT EN Sl S                                                           0                        n

                              P.
                  ,LATER"LIS                                                                    0
               .I.ARENARIA                                            G                         0                                 20C              3            c
               *19---DULIS
               NoOBSOLETUS,
               N   T ; I V I TAT U S                                  C.                                                 0                         u
                                                                      0            c                                     0
               N   V 16 E X
               N   T,-';X AN A                                                                  2
                                                                   11           1  1                       5                                       6          32
                                                                                   r,
               N 9 P RO X J.'AA                                       0                         0                                      2
               090CELLPITUS                                           0
                                                                                                                                                                r%
               P.LON-GICAPPUS                                         0            c
               PGOULDIANA                                             0                                                                                         r
                                                                                                                                       rl
               P.PHOLACIFOPmTS                                        c            C.
               Po * M CR R H AUN A                                    c
               PDUPLICATUS                                            0            C
               S, * V E L U 1"@
               S*SCLICT.SSI"A
               T.PLEL2E'iUS
               7      G I L u S
               T.=zIAREUS
               u 0 C 11% E F 2- it
               Y.LIV'ATLLA



                                                                                            6ZI




										130


								TONGED DATA SAMPLES

	SPECIES						STATION
						49E	50A	50B	50C	50D	50E	51A	51B	5

A.IRRADIANS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	
A.OVALIS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.TRANSVERSA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.SIMPLEX					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.FOREBSI					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.ALTERNATUM				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.CANALUCULATUM				0	2	0	0	0	0	2	1	
B.CARIC					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.SAPICUS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.IRRORATUS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.VIRGINICA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.CONVEXA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.PLANA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E.DIRECTUS					0	25	1	9	0	0	13	0
E.CAUDATA					0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
H.SOLITARIA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.MORTONI					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.DUBIA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.POLYPHEMUS				0	0	0	1	0	2	0	1
L.LITTOREA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.HEROS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.HYALINA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.BALTHICA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.TENTA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.MERCENARIA				24	395	91	104	45	11	67	77
M.DENISSUS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.MANHATTENSIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.LATERALIS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.ARENARIA					0	0	1	0	0	0	24000	0
M.EDULIS					0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0
N.OBSOLETUS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.TRIVITATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.VIBEX					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.TEXANA					1	17	12	8	0	2	0	20
N.PROXINA					0	3	0	1	0	0	0	0	
O.OCELLATUS					2	0	0	1	0	15	0	0
P.LONGICARPUS				0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
P.GOULDIANA					0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
P.PHOLADIFORMIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
P.XORPHAUNA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P.DUPLICATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
S.VELUM					0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
S.SOLIDISSIMA				0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
T.PLEBEIUS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.AGILUS					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.BRIAREUS					0	1	1	3	0	0	0	0
U.CINEREA					0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	
Y.LIMATULA					0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	










 









                                                     TCNGED CATA SAMPLES


                   SPECIFS                                                         STATIO":
                                                     I D      5 2 A       SaB      a   C      c   D      5 3 A      536       5 3 c     5 4
           A                                                                           r          0          fl!        n        1:
                 .-R ; D AN S
           A
             o 0 VAL I                                                                                                           c
           A*T;ANSVERSA                                           r
                                                                                                                                 c
           AsSIMPLEX
           ;-eF 'REES!                                                                                                  3        r
                 v                                     0
           2- e ALTER NAT01-                           0          c                                                                         r
                                                                                                                                 c
           Be CANAL I CULATU-m                                                                               r
           SOCARIC1,                                                                                                             C.
                                                                  ri
           COSAPICUS
           CeIRROR-*TUS                                                                           kj                             0
           C * V IR G I tl:l C A                                                                                                 c
                                                                                       ON
           C.CGNVExA                                   c       10 C                               0
           CoPLANA                                     c                                                     r%                  c          fli
                                                                                       oq
           EoDIRECTUS                                  0          c          0                    0
           E CAUDATA                                   0
           H-:SOLIT;;;IA                               0                               o%                    C,         3
           L a-MORTON.:l                               0
           LeDUBIA
           L&POLYPt-EMUS                                                                                                .3
           LeLITTC;EA                                                                                                   .3       c
           LemERCS                                                                     ti                               0        rl         1
           LoH YAL I *V'A                              C.                                                    c          0        c
           M *SALT H !CA
                                                                                                 22          0
           M 9 T ENTA                                  0
           M *iAER CE IsAR I A                         1                              5.-,        1       202         53         36       1 9L
           M*D-CMISSUS                                 0                     0         0.         0                              C.         n
           *4 e 1                                                                      11                                                   m
               MANNATTSNSIS                            0                     0                    0          0          .0       0
               LAT SA ALI S                            c                     1         F!         0                     0
           MeARENAkIA                                 64                     0                  5 3          1
           MeEDULIS                                    c                     0
           NoOBSOLETUS                                 0                     0
                                                                                                                                            pq
           N a T R I V I TA T U S
           N e V I E E x                               c                                                     n          0
           h o T ;- X A N                                                                                               7
           NoPQOXI        A                            0                     9         1@                               0
           OeOCELLATUS                                            r                    0
           PoLONGICAPPLIS
                                                                                                                                            FN
           P o G OU L 0 1 AN A                         L                                          C          0          5
           P9PHOLADIFO=kllS
                                                                                                  0          c          0
           PoMORRmAUNA
                                                       G
           P . 0 UP L I C AT U S
           S a V ELUM                                  0
           S.33CLIDISSIN'A                             c
                                                       0-%                                                   r
           T*PLEFEIUS                                             c
           T . A G I L U S
           T 9 6;;. 1 AR z-U lz
           UoCJINER-r-A
           YoLIMATULA







                                                                                     132







                                                          TONGED DATA SAMPLES
                 SPECIES                                                            V         STATION-
                                                          54&        54 C          54D        cc 5 A        55F         5 5 C        S 5 D       5 6 A         56P
        t,.I;RADIANS,                                         ri          c           c                                                                n
                                                                                                                              0                        %-
        As OVALI S                                                                                               n            r,
        AoT;ANSV@FSA                                                      C.                                                             3
        k 9 S, IMPL EX                                                    c           3                                       C.
                                                                          r
        A.Fv'@=-ESI                                                                                .7            0            c
        B 0 ALT Ek f.ATUw
                                                                                                   2             o            c
          .CANALICULATUM
        z   C, AR I C
        C   S AP I D LIS                                      0                                                  r
        C 41PRORtTUS,                                                                                            r;
        C   Vlk(-INICA                                                                                                                                              m
                                                                                                                 0-
        C *CONVENA                                                        c           L                                                                             r%
                                                                                                                                                                    d
        CoPLANA                                                                                                  0            0          0             Irl
                                                                                                                                                       r.
        E*DIRECTUS                                                                                               0            1          0
        EsCAUDATA                                                                     4
        HeSCLITARIA                                                       (1                                     0            0          0             ri
        Lo lvORTCQ                                            0           c                        ri            m            C.         a             C.
        L@DUEIA                                               C.          C.                       0             10           1          0             0
        LOPV-LYPHEIfU!                                        I           Of
                                                                                                   2             n                       4
        L&LITTOEA                                                        r                        rl            0            c                        0
                                                                                      :1           r
        LeHEROS                                                           c                                                   C.                       C.
        L a H YALI ?%A                                                    I')
                                                                                                   n             c            c
        MeF-ALTHICA                                           0           c                        n                                                   0
        MoTENTA                                               0                                                  r                       0             c
            M ER C E. t,i%r% 1                             55                                                 35           21           32          51           3
        m 6 D Ell, I S SUS                                    0                                    0                          0          a             %-
        M * M AN H 1% 7 T E N' S I S                          0                                                                                        Fl.
                                                                                      L                          c                       0
          . L.AT F A P*%L I S                                 0)
        ?0s#%AEKAF'LA                                                                                                                    0             lp@
                                                              %.                                                 rl                                    r            fft
            E DUL I S                                                                                                                    3
                                                              Q                                                               C.         0
        N-0EF'SOLETUS                                                     C.
        t4oT;;IVITATUS
        N   V 1 d E A
        N   TEX At, A                                         c           2                                      1            2          4
                0 x                                                                                                           C.         D
                                                                          r
        C-OCELL;TUS                                           C,
                                                                                                                                                       r
        P o L ONG I CAF. P US                                                                                                 C.
        PeGOULDI^%A
        PoFHCjLAZlFOPvTS
        P 0 @'. ORR H AWN A
                                                                                                                              c
        r-,DUPLICATUS                                                                                                                                  C,
                                                                          r                                                   3          3             C.           elk.
        S * V ELUM
        S&SOLILISSII-*A                                       .2
                                                              1@
        ToPLEEEZUS                                            J                                                  0            0
        T . AL-1 L U S
        T o 6 R I AA E US                                                                                                                              r            I
        UsCINFPFA
                                                                                                                 C,
        Y-,Lltf,ATLLA                                         .2
                                                                                                                                                       r



                                                                                               jm@,













                                                         TONGED DATA SAMPLES


                   SPECIES                                                                 STATION
                                                         Z16C      36 D         56E        5 7 A        7 B       5 7 C        57D        5 8 A      5 8
           A.IRRADIANS                                     Q
                                                                                   0           -1           c
           A * 0 V A L I S                                 0           r                                                                      0
           A.T;ANSVERSA                                    0                       0           0            0         0
           AoSIMPLEX
                                                                                                                                              0
           A*FORBESI                                       0           r           0                                  0           0           C.
                                                                                   A
           B , $*% LT E R NA T U                           0                                                          0                       0
           & # C AN AL I CULATUM                                                   0                        c         0                       2
           -3 0 c AR I c A                                 u                                                                                  0
           CeSAPIDUS                                       c           1                                                                      0
           C a IRRORATUS                                                                                    n         0.
           C-VIRGINICA                                     n           0           0                        0                                 fl,        r
           C*CCNVEXA                                       u                                                                                  0
           C *PLANA                                        n.
                                                                                                            .0        c                       C
           E.DIRECTUS                                      c
           EoCAUDATA                                                                                        ri
           HaSOLITARIA                                     0                       0
           Lo.MORTGNI                                                              0           r7.          fl        '0                      0
           LeDUeIA                                                                 I                        n         .2                      0
           L*POLYP4EMUS                                                            0                        0         0                       1          2
           LoLITTOREA                                                  r                                    0         0           0
           LaHEROS                                                                                          r)
           LeHYALINA                                                                                        n         0           0           0
           MOBALTHICA                                      0           0           0                        0                                 0
           MaTENTA                                         0           C,          0           c            0                                 0
           m*MERCENARIA                                   38          39         2 /*         o7         79          20          38          62         57
           MoDEMISSUS                                                              0           T            0         0           0           0
             a M ANN A TT EN SI S                                                  c           .1           0         0           0           0
           MaLATERALIS                                     0                                                          G           0           c          I
           MoA;ENAklA                                      0           13          0                        c         c           10          rl         n
           M,PEDULIS                                       0                                                                      3           0
                                                           C.          .11                                                        0
           NeOeSOLETUS                                                                                                0                       0
             a T RI V I TATU 1                             0           n           0                        n         0                       0
           N a V 18 E X                                                                                                                       W
           NoTEXANA                                        3           5          10                        2         0           1           1
           NoPROXIMA                                                               i           In           .1        C           0           .0
                                                                                                            I
           OsOCELLATUS                                     0.          C           0                        j         0           8           2
           PoLONGICAPPUS
           P*GGULDIANA                                     ri                                               .1                                C,
           P.PHOLADIFORMIS                                 01                                               13                    15
           P oM OR R H AUtl A
           P.C.UPLICATUS
           SmVELUM                                         12          5          32                                  0
           S.SGLIDISSIVA                                   .2          2           11)
           T.PLEBEIUS                                      10
           T o A G 1 L U S
           T.BRIAREUS                                                                                                 4
           U.LINER-EA
           y , L TM A T LL A


								
								134




							TONGED DATA SAMPLES

	SPECIES								STATION
					58C	58D	58E	58F	59A	59B	59C	59D	60A
A.IRRANDIANS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
A.OVALIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.TRANSVERSA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.SIMPLEX				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.FORBESI				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.ALTERNATUM			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.CANALICULATUM			0	0	2	0	3	1	2	1	0
B.CARICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.SAPIDUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.IRRORATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0
C.VIRGINICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.CONVEXA				0	50	0	0	0	0	12	0	0
C.PLANA				0	33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E.DIRECTUS				0	0	2	3	0	1	1	2	0
E.CAUDATA				5	0	118	3	8	0	1	1	0
H.SOLITARIA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.MORTONI				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.DUBIA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.POLYPREMUS			2	1	0	2	0	0	5	0	0
L.LITTOREA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.HEROS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.HYALINA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.BALTHICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.TENTA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.MERCENARIA			1	5	45	153	118	75	28	38	0
M.DEMISSUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.MANHATTENSIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.LATERALIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.ARENARIA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.EDULIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.OBSOLETUS				0	0	0	9	0	0	8	0	1
N.TRIVITATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.VIBEX				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.TEXANA				6	0	0	4	2	6	1	1	0
N.PROXIMA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
O.OCELLATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0
P.LONGICARPUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0
P.GOULDIANA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P.PHOLADIFORMIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P.MORPHAUMA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
P.DUPLICATUS			0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
S.VELUM				0	0	9	8	0	8	0	23	0
S.SOLIDISSIMA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.PLEBEIUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.AGILUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.BRIAREUS				0	0	0	3	0	3	10	6	0
U.CINEREA				0	0	13	29	0	2	0	1	0
Y.LIMATULA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0






 





							TONGED DATA SAMPLES


	SPECIES							STATION

					60B	60C	60D	60E	60F	60G	61A	61B	61C
A.IRRADIANS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.OVALIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.TRANSVERSA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.SIMPLEX				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.FORBESI				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.ALTERNATUM			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.CANALICULATUM			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
B.CARICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.SAPIDUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
C.IRRORATUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.VIRGINICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C.CONVEXA				44	0	16	0	0	10	0	0	0
C.PLANA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E.DIRECTUS				0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0	0
E.CAUDATA				0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	3
H.SOLITARIA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.MORTONI				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.DUBIA				0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.POLYPHEMUS			0	1	2	1	0	1	1	0	0
L.LITTOREA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.HEROS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
L.HYALINA				0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
M.BALTHICA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.TENTA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.MERCEMARIA			5	59	28	5	12	30	90	14	13
M.DEMISSUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.MANHATTENSIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.LATERALIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.ARENARIA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M.EDULIS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.OBSOLETUS				1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.TRIVITATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.VIBEX				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.TEXAMA				0	4	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
N.PROXIMA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
O.OCELLATUS				4	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	10
P.LONGICARPUS			0	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	
P.GOULDIANA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P.PHOLADIFORMIS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P.MORPHAUNA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P.DUPLICATUS			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
S.VELUM				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
S.SOLIDISSIMA			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.PLEBEIUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.AGILUS				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T.BRIAREUS				0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0
U.CINEREA				0	2	1	0	0	0	1	2	0
Y.LIMATULA				0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0



						135
	







 





         am* 4VAW d@                  swe 6@ am one one                                                  low










     TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CbA1-1 STUDY (1985)
     SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


     STATION     NORTH         WEST        SEED   LITTLENECK OERRYSTONE        CHOWDER     MUD      OTHER        DEAD       WATER
      NUMBER    LATITUDE     LONGITUDE   CLAMS      CLAMS          CLAMS        CLAMS    CR)@BS   PREDATORS     CLAHS CERTIFICATION

     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         85     40  39.38    73  18.05      3          5             1             0        9          1          0       CERTIFIED
         86     40  39.38    13  18.20      11         2             1             1        32         0          0       CERTIFIED
         87     40  39.53    73  18.19      3          2             1             2        23         0          0       CERTIFIED
         88     40  39.67    73  18.20      2          0             0             0        57         0          0       CERTIFIED
         89     40  39.81    73  18.19      1          2             1             0        10         0          0       CERTIFIED
         90     40  39.94    73  18.20      0          1             0             1        4          0          1       CERTIFIED
         91     40  40.09    73  18.20      0          3             0             1        3          0          0       CERTIFIED
         92     40  40.25    73  18.20      1          6             1             1        42         0          1       CERTIFIED
         93     40  40.40    73  18.21      1          3             0             0        11         2          0      UNCERTIFIED
         94     40  40.54    73  18.20      2          6             4             2        3          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         95     40  40.66    73  18.26      0          4             1             1        0          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         96     40  40.65    73  18.42      0          1             2             3        2          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         97     40  40.50    73  18.42      6          5             5             0        28         0          0      UHCERTIFTED
         98     40  40.39    73  18.41      0          1             2             2        42         2          0      UHCERTIFIED
         99     40  40.26    73  18.41      1          5             3             0       102         1          0      UNCERTIFIED
       100      40  40.09    73  18.40      0          4             1             2        13         0          1       CERTIFIED
       101      40  39.95    73  18.40      2          0             0             0        4          1          0       CERTIFIED
       102      40  39.80    73  18.39      1          1             2             2        2          0          0       CERTIFIED
       103      40  39.69    73  18.40      5          1             6             1        13         1          0       CERTIFIED
       104      40  39.53    73  18.39      2          0             1             0        39         1          0       CERTIFIED
       105      40  39.41    73  18.38      1          1             2             2        26         0          0       CERTIFIED
       106      40  39.39    73  18.53      0          0             0             1        20         0          0       CERTIFIED
       107      40  39.51    73  18.54      1          1             3             0        26         0          0       CERTIFIED
       108      40  39.66    73  18.54      3          4             3             0        14         0          0       CERTIFIED
       109      40  39.80    73  18.54      12         0             0             0        6          0          0       CERTIFIED
       110      40  39.94    73  18.53      3          2             1             0        2          0          3       CERTIFIED
       ill      40  40.09    73  18.54      2          1             0             0        0          0          0       CERTIFIED
       112      40  40.24    73  18.55      0          1             0             2        0          1          0      UNCERTIFIED


                                                                                                                              SHEET 4



                                                                    Ar                            Ar                          r@ -c





      TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (1985)
      SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


      STATION     NORTH         WEST       SEED   LITTLE14ECK CHERRYST014E    CHOWDER     HUD      OTHER       DEAD       WATER
       NUMBER    LATITUDE     LONGITUDE   CLAMS     CLAMS          CLAMS        CLANS   CRABS    PREDATORS    CLA14S CERTIFICATION

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        113      40 40.37     73 18.55      0          3              4            2       4           0         0     UNCERTIFIED
        114      40 40.49     73 18.54      5          3              3            2       2           1         0     UNCERTIFIED
        115      40 40.62     73 18.56      0          0              0            0       1           1         0     UNCERTIFIED
        116      40 40.62     73 18.72      0          4              4            4       4           0         0     UNCERTIFIED
        117      40 40.48     73 18.74      2          3              2            1       1           0         0     U14CERTIFIED
        118      40 40.35     13 18.72      0          5              4            3       19          0         0     UNCERTIFIED
        119      40 40.25     73 18.72      0          2              3            3       0           0         1     UNCERTIFIED
        120      40 40.12     73 18.73      2          4              0            2       9           1         0     UNCERTIFIED
        121      40 39.98     73 18.72      0          0              0            1       0           0         0      CERTIFIED
        122      40 39.84     73 18.73      0          3              1            2       0           2         0      CERTIFIED
        123      40 39.71     73 18.70      1          0              0            1       2           0         0      CERTIFIED
        124      40 39.57     73 18.71      3          3              3            3       10          0         1      CERTIFIED
        1@5      40 39.37     73 18.96      0          0              1            1       3           2         0      CERTIFIED
        126      40 39.36     73 18.86      3          2              2            1       7           2         0      CERTIFIED
        127      40 39.53     73 18.86      1          1              0            2       10          1         0      CERTIFIED
        128      40 39.66     73 18.87      3          2              0            1       2           0         0      CERTIFIED
        129      40 39.82     73 18.86      1          1              1            0       4           1         0      CERTIFIED
        130      40 39.97     73 18.86      0          0              1            1       1           0         2      CERTIFIED
        131      40 40.13     73 18.86      0          3              3            4       1           0         5     UNCERTIFIED
        132      40 40.25     73 18.87      0          0              6            6       0           0.        1     UNCERTIFIED
        133      40 40.37     73 18.87      0          9              2            3       6           1         0     UNCERTIFIED
        134      40 40.52     73 18.88      1          2              0            2       0           0         0     UHCERTIFIED
        135      40 40.63     73 18.89      2          3              1            1       0           0               UNCERTIFIED
        136      40 40.62     73 19.13      2          15             5            2       27          1         0     UHCERTIFIED
        137      40 40.53     73 19.14      2          3              1            0       0           1         0     UNCERTIFIED
        138      40 40.40     73 19.14      1          11             3            1       33          0         0     UNCERTIFIED
        139      40 40.27     73 19.14      0          3              2            6       1           0         0     UNCERTIFIED
        140      40 40.12     73 19.14      0          1              2            2       0           0         0     UNCERTIFIED


                                                                                                                            SHEET 5



        a as                                                        &Ran KKAKKK





     TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (1985)
     SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


     STATION     NORTH         WEST       SEED    LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE       CHOWDER     HUD      OTHER        DEAD       WATER
      NUMBER    LATITUDE     LONGITUDE   CLAMS      CLAMS          CLAMS        CLAMS    CRABS    PREDATORS    CLkHS CERTIFICATION
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       141      40 39.96     73 19.15       0          1             2             1        4          1          0      CERTIFIED
       142      40 39.80     73 19.13       1          4             0             0        3          2                 CERTIFIED
       143      40 39.64     73 19.15       4          2             1)            0        6          0          0      CERTIFIED
       144      40 39.46     73 19.15       4          1             2             6        8          0          0      CERTIFIED
       145      40 39.30     73 19.16       2          6             0             1        7          1          0      CERTIFIED
       146      40 39.26     73 19.34       0          0             0             2        3          0          0      CERTIFIED
       147      40 39.43     73 19.37       0          3             2             1        9          0          1      CERTIFIED
       148      40 39.61     73 19.36       2          2             0             1        5          0          0      CERTIFIED
       149      40 39.77     73 19.37       1          2             1             1        1          1          0      CERTIFIED
       150      40 39.92     73 19.36       0          2             1             2        24         3          0      CERTIFIED
       151      40 40.08     73 19.37       0          1             3             4        4          0          0     UNCERTIFIED
       152      40 40.24     73 19.38       0          4             3             4        2          2          1     UNCERTIFIED
       153      40 40.38     73 19.39       0          0                           0        0          0          0     UNCERTIFIED
       154      .40 40.53    73 19.38       0          1             2             2        0          0          1     U14CERTIFIED
       155      40 40.66     73 19.39       0          1             3             3        0          1          2     U14CERTIFIED
       156      40 40.63     73 19.57       1          4             3             3        2          0          1     UNCERTIFIED
       157      40 40.51     73 19.58       0          4             4             3        0          0          1     UNCERTIFIED
       158      40 40.36     73 19.59       0          0             0             1        1          0          0     UNCERTIFIED
       159      40 40.24     73 19.59       0          4             1             4        0          0          1     UNCERTIFIED
       160      40 40.10     73 19.57       0          3             6            18        3          1          0     UNCERTIFIED
       161      40 39.94     73 19.57       0          0             1             2        0          0          0      CERTIFIED
       162      40 39.78     73 19.56       0          0             1             1        14         1          0      CERTIFIED
       163      40 39.61     73 19.58       1          1             0             0        1          1          0      CERTIFIED
       164      40 39.46     73 19.57       2          0             1             0        4          0          0      CERTIFIED
       165      40 39.30     73 19.59       3          3             3             2        11         0          0      CERTIFIED
       166      40 39.27     73 19.78       0          1             0             0        13         0          0      CERTIFIED
       167      40 39.42     73 19.79       2          3             0             2        7          1          0      CERTIFIED
       168      40 39.58     73 19.80       35         2             2             2        6          1          0      CERTIFIED

                                                                                                                              SHEET 6



    ffff--Rff ff ff KEEN xxxxxillall





        TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (1985)
        SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


        STATION     NORTH         WEST        SEED   LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE       CHOWDER     HUD      OTHER       DEAD       WATER
         NUMBER    LATITUDE     LONGITUDE   CLAMS      CLA14S         CLA14S       CLAMS    CRABS    PREDATORS    CLAHS CERTIFICATION

        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           169     40  39.76    73  19.81      1          3              2            3        2          0         0       CERTIFIED
           170     40  39.92    73  19.80      0          2              3            4        7          1         0      UNCERTIFIED
           171     40  40.09    73  19.81      0          3              4            5        3          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           172     40  40.19    73  19.79      0          0              0            0        0          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           173     40  40.35    73  19.79      0          2              5            8        64         1         0      UNCERTIFIED
           174     40  40.45    73  19.79      0          0              3            2        11         1         0      UNCERTIFIED
           175     40  40.46    73  19.96      0          1              0            4        70         0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           176     40  40.31    73  19.97      0          2              2            3        21         0         0      U14CERTIFIED
           177     40  40.18    73  19.95      0          1              0            3        1          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           178     40  40.05    73  19.98      0          7              2            3        0          1         1      UNCERTIFIED
           179     40  39.89    73  19.98      0          0              1            9        2          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           180     40  39.71    73  19.96      0          0              1            3        14         1         0       CERTIFIED
           181     40  39.57    73  19.97      0          4              0            4        11         0         0       CERTIFIED
           182     40  39.41    73  19.96      0          1              3            2        5          0         0       CERTIFIED
           183     40  39.26    73  19.97      2          1              4            1        7          0         0       CERTIFIED
           184     40  39.12    73  19.95      0          3              2            0        11         0         0       CERTIFIED
           185     40  39.10    73  20.14      1          2              0            0        9          1         0       CERTIFIED
           186     40  39.27    73  20.16      3          2              0            2        1          0         0       CERTIFIED
           187     40  39.41    73  20.16      5          1              0            3        6          3         0      @CERTIFIED
           188     40  39.57    73  20.17      0          1              1            3        0          0         0.      CERTIFIED
           189     40  39.72    73  20.15      0          0              0            2        14         1         0       CERTIFIED.
           190     40  39.89    73  20.16      0          2              4            4        2          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           191     40  40.02    73  20.15      0          0              1            3        0          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           192     40  40.17    73  20.14      1          1              1            3        16         1         0      UHCERTIFIED
           193     40  40.17    73  20.31      0          0              0            0        1          0         0      UNCERTIFIED
           194     40  40.02    73  20.32      0          2              1            1        0          1         0      UNCERTIFIED
           195     40  39.87    73  20.31      1          2              4            5        1          1         0      UNCERTIFIED
           196     40  39.71    73  20.31      0          1              2            2        4          3         1       CERTIFIED

                                                                                                                                SHEET 7



                                                    1111111 INNER




    TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (1985)
    SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


    STATION     NORTH         WEST       SEED    LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE      CHOWDER     MUD      OTHER        DEAD      WATER
     NUMBER    LATITUDE     LONGITUDE   CLAMS      CLA14S        CLAMS        CLAMS    CRABS    PREDATORS    CLAMS CERTIFICATION

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       197     40 39.56     13  20.32     2          6              4            4         0         1          0       CERTIFIED
       198     40 39.40     73  20.32     0          1              1            3         6         0          0       CERTIFIED
       199     40 39.24     73  20.33     0          1              1            3         13        0          0       CERTIFIED
       200     40 39.10     73  20.31     0          0              0            3         10        2          0       CERTIFIED
       201     40 39.09     73  20.48     0          0              0            0         8         4          0       CERTIFIED
       202     40 39.24     73  20.47     0          0              0            0         0         9          0       CERTIFIED
       203     40 39.39     73  20.47     0          0              1            2         10        3          0       CERTIFIED
       204     40 39.53     73  20.48     0          0              1            4         3         0          0       CERTIFIED
       205     40 39.69     73  20.47     1          1              2            7         0         0          0       CERTIFIED
       206     40 39.84     73  20.49     0          3              0            0         2         1          0     UHCERTIFLED
       207     40 40.00     73  20.51     0          0              0            0         2         1          0     UNCERTIFIED
       208     40 40.13     73  20.50     0          0              0            0         1         0          1     UHCERTIFIED
       209     40 40.29     73  20.57     0          0              0            0         2         0          0     U11CERTIFIED
       210     40 40.02     73  20.68     0          2              1            3         0         1          0     UNCERTIFIED
       211     40 40.02     73  20.84     0          3              1            0         0         1          0     UHCERTIFIED
       2tZ     40 40.01     73  21.07     0          1              2            4         59        0          0     UNCERTIFIED
       213     40 39.85     73  20.65     0          1              2            3         5         1          0     UHCERTIFIED
       2t4     40 39.69     73  20.66     0          1              0            1         34        0          0       CERTIFIED
       215     40 39.52     73  20.68     0          0              0            5         15        0          1       CERTIFIED
       216     40 39.37     73  20.65     0          0              0            5         10        0          0       CERTIFIED
       217     40 39.24     73  20.66     0          1              1            4         19        0          0       CERTIFIED
       218     40 39.10     73  20.67     0          0              0            5         10        2          0       CERTIFIED
       219     -40 39.09    73  20.86     0          0              0            4         22        1          0       CERTIFIED
       220     40 39.24     73  20.84     0          0              2            1         14        0          0       CERTIFIED
       221     40 39.39     73  20.83     0          0              0            2         8         0          0       CERTIFIED
       222     40 39.55     73  20.84     0          1              2            2         2         0          0       CERTIFIED
       223     40 39.70     73  20.84     0          2              1            4         1         1          0     UNCERTIFIED
       224     40 39.91     13  Q10.85    0          0              0            0         0         1          2     UNCERTIFIED
                                                                               m       m             m       m       m      IWT











           TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAN STUDY (1986)
           SUMHARY OF SAMPLE DATA

           STATION     NORTH         WEST        SEED   LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE       CHOWDER    HUD       OTHER        DEAD       WATER
             NUMBER   LATITUDE     LONGITUDE   CLAHS      CLAMS          CLAMS        CLANS    CRABS    PREDATORS    CLAMS CERTIFICATION
           ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                        1%
             225      40 38.02     73  20.56      3          3             0            4        0           0          0     UNCERTIFIED
             226      40 38.15     73  20.38      6          1             0            0        0           2          1     UNCERTIFIED
             227 *    40 38.13     73  20.27     108         12            2            3        0           0          1     UNCERTIFIED
             228 *    40 38.13     73  20.27      20         4             1            1        0           0          2     UNCERTIFIED
             229 *    40 38.11     73  20.30     547         9             2            4        20          1          7     UNCERTIFIED
             230 *    40 38.11     73  20.26      11         6             3            1        2           0          4     UNCERTIFIED
               Station not included    in statistical analysis.























                                                                                                                                   SHEET 9













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                             TOWN OF BABYLON HARD CLAM RESOURC STUDY
                                                  1991
                                           BASIC STATISTICS




                PARAXETER            WATER        MEAN DENSITY     STANDARD DEVIATION


                Total Clams        Certified           3.61                2.26
                                   uncertified         4.40                3.02

                Seed Clams         Certified           1.12                1.06
                                   uncertified         0.53                0.68

                Littleneck         Certified           1.09                0.95
                                   Uncertified         0.83                0.95

                Cherrystone        Certified           0.61                0.66
                                   Uncertified         1.10                1.05

                Chowder            Certified           0.79                1.03
                                   Uncertified         1.94                1.76

                Mud Crabs          Certified           5.87                6.66
                                   Uncertified         2.91                4.39
                Other Predators    Certified           0.26                0.,56
                                   Uncertified         0.39                0.14

                Dead Clams         Certified           0.21                0.39
                                   Uncertified.        0.24                0.47









                          TOWN OF BABYL40N HARD CLAM RESOURE STUDY
                                             1991




                                   STANDING CROP ESTIMATE


                                       NUMBER OF CLAMS*

               SIZE/CLASS           CERTIFIED        I      UNCERTIFIED
             Total Clams    91,526,300  + 17,539,300 67,663,400    +  14,575,800

             Seed           28,396,000  +  8,226,400     8,150,400 +  3,282,000

             Littleneck     27,635,400  +  7,372,700   12,763,800  +  4,585,100

             Cherrystone    15,465,700  +  5,122,100   16,915,900  +  5,067,700

             Chowder        20,029,300  +  7,993,600   29,833,400  +  8,494,500







                                   STANDING-CROP ESTIMATE


                                           BUSHELS



               SIZE/CLASS           CERTIFIED               UNCERTIFIED

             Total Clams      192,300   +    36,900      142,200   +   30,600

             Seed              63,100   +    18,300       18,100   +     7,300

             Littleneck        61,400   +    16,400       28,400   +   10,200

             Cherrystone       61,900   +    20,500       67,700   +   20,300

             Chowder .         80,100   +    32,000      198,900   +   56,600



                 Note that these standing  crops are based on revised certi-
                 fied/uncertified acreage, necessitated by additional clo-
                 sures by New York State.











                                         TOWN OF BABYWH HARD CLAN RESOURCE STUDY

                         Significance Test for Differences in Mean Densities Between 1990-1991


                                                            Significant @     significant @     significant
                  PARAMETER        1990 x 1991 x        x        95%                99%              99.7%

              Total Live clams
               Certified            3.56    3.61    0.05         No                 No                No
               Uncertified          3.06    4.40    1.34         Yes                No                No

              Seed
               Certified            1.26    1.12    0.14         No                 No                No
               Uncertified          0.08    0.53    0.45         Yes                Yes               Yes

              Littleneck
               Certified            0.91    1.09    0.18         No                 No                No
               uncertified          0.80    0.83    0.03         No                 No                No

              Cherrystone
               Certified            0.55    0.61    0.06         No                 No                No
               Uncertified          0.78    1.10    0.32         No                 No                No

              Chowder
               certified            0.84    0.79    0.05         No                 No                No
               Uncertified          1.42    1.94    0.52         No                 No                No

              Dead Clams
               certified            0.65    0.21    0.44         Yes                Yes               No
               Uncertified          0.34    0.24    0.10         No                 No                No

              Mud Crabs
               Certified            7.80    5.87    1.93         No                 No                No
               Uncertified          4.88    2.91    1.97         No                 No                No

              other Predators
               Certified            0.10    0.26    0.16         No                 No                No
               Uncertified          0.00  1 0.39    0.39  1      Yes                Yes               Yes











                                          TOWN OF BA.BYION HARD CLAN RESOURCE STUDY


                                    significance Test for Differences in Mean Densities
                                        Between Certified and Uncertif ied Waters 1991



                                      Certified Uncertified           Significant Significant Significant
                       CLASS              x           x            R     @ 95%          @ 99%         @ 99.7%

                Total Live Clans        3.61        4.40       0.79        No              No            No

                Seed                    1.12        0.53       0.59        Yes             Yes           No

                Littleneck              1.09        0.83       0.26        No              No            No
                Cherrystone             0.61        1.10       0.49        Yes             No            No
                Chowder                 0.79        1.94       1.15        Yes             Yes           Yes

                Dead Clams              0.21        0.24       0.03        No              No            No
                Mud Crabs               5.87        2.91       2.96        Yes             No            No

                Other Predators         0.26        0.39       0.13        No              No            NO














                                        TOWN OF BABYIDII# HARD CLAN RESOURCE STUDY



                                  Significance Test for Differences Between 1990-1991
                                        Proportions of Total Sampled Population



                                                          Significant @    Significant @     Significant @
                    CLASS         1990   1991                  95%               99%             99.7%

               Seed                21.4   20.8    0.6          No                No               No

               Littleneck          25.7   24.1    1.6          No                No               No

               Cherrystone         19.7   21.3    1.6          No                No               No

               Chowder             33.2   33.8    0.6          No                No               No



       = = m m = m m m m m = = m = m m m m =



          TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (t991)
          SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


          STATION     NORTH          WEST       SEED    LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE        CHOWDER     MUD       OTHER        DEAD       WATER
           NUMBER    LATITUDE     LONGITUDE    CLAMS       CLAMS         CLAMS         CLAMS    CRABS     PREDATORS    CLAMS CERTIFICATION

          --------- -- -- -------- ------------------- -- ----------------------------------------------------- --- -- - --- ------ -------- -
              1      40  39.91     73 16.42       3           7              0             0       15          5           2      CERTIFIED
              2      40  39.67     73 15.87       0           3              0             0       20          4           0      CERTIFIED
              3      40  39.72     73 16.17       1           3              0             0       21          0           1      CERTIFIED
              4      40  39.83     73 17.01       1           1              1             0       4           0           2      CERTIFIED
              5      40  39.69     73 16.62       0           2              0             3       21          0           2      CERTIFIED
              6      40  39.67     73 17.14       1           2              0             1       43          2           0      CERTIFIED
              7      40  40.11     73 16.94       5           2              3             0       0           0           1      CERTIFIED
              a      40  40.52     73 17.43       3           2              1             0       0           1           0     UNCERTIFIED
              9      40  40.24     73 17.51       1           1              1             0       0           1           0      CERTIFIED
              10     40  39.93     73 17.91       6           7              2             0       6           0           0      CERTIFIED
              11     40  39.49     73 17.58       0           3              0             1       6           0           0      CERTIFIED
              12     40  39.84     73 17.99       5           3              5             4       12          0           0      CERTIFIED
              13     40  39.69     73 18.01       0           2              1             3       29          0           0      CERTIFIED
              14     40  39.87     73 18.33       0           5              2             2       is          0           0      CERTIFIED
              15     40  39.96     73 19.33       0           2              4             6       2           0           0      CERTIFIED
              16     40  40.13     73 17.86       2           1              0             0       0           0           0      CERTIFIED
              17     40  40.13     73 17.76       3           0              1             5       1           1           0      CERTIFIED
              le     40  39.99     73 17.82       3           6              0             0       a           0           0      CERTIFIED
              19     40  39.60     73 17.86       0           2              1             0.      6           0           0      CERTIFIED
              20     40  39.99     73 17.73       3           4              1             1       6           1           0      CERTIFIED
              21     40  39.92     73 17.53       5           4              3             1       9           0           0      CERTIFIED
              22     40  40.03     73 17.70       2           1              1             2       9           1           2      CERTIFIED
              23     40  40.06     73 17.51       1           1              1             3       6           0           0      CERTIFIED
              24     40  40.13     73 17.23       0           1              2             0       2           1                  EERIIFIED
              25     40  40.09     73 17.72       3           2              2             0       9           1           1      CERTIFIED
                     40  40.11     73 17.78       1           0              0             1       11          0           0      CERTIFIED
              27     40  40.08     73 17.84       3           0              0             0       4           0           3      CERTIFIED
              28     40  40.05     73 17.90       1           2              1             0       55          0           0      CERTIFIED


                                                                                                                                       SHEET I





    0 m 0 M a a a a M m " m m " = m m m m






    TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (1991)
    SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA


    STAIION      NORTH         WEST        SEED    LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE        CHOWDER     MUD      OTHER        DEAD        WATER"
     NUMBER    LATITUDE      LONGITUDE    CLAMS      CLAMS          CLAMS         CLAMS    CRABS    PREDATORS     CLAMS CERTIFICATION

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        29     40  40.03     73  18.01       3          3              0             0        4          0            1      CERTIFIED
        30     40  40.10     73  17.95       3          2              1             0        3          0            0      CERTIFIED
        31     40  40.13     73  17.91       7          0              0             3        5          0            0      CERTIFI  ED
        32     40  40.19     73  17.92       0          0              0             0        0          0            0      CERTIFIED
        33     40  40.14     73  18.04       2          1              3             6        0          0            0      CERTIFIED
        34     40  40.17     73  17.71       3          1              3             4        0          3            0      CERTIFIED
        35     40  40.15     73  17.58       6          0              2             0        12         1            0      CERTIFIED
        36     40  40.13     73  19.73       2          4              4             8        2          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        37     40  40.13     73  19.85       0          1              2             2        3          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        3B     40  40.15     73  19.91       0          1              1             1        0          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        39     40  40.05     73  19.91       2          2              4            10        0          0            4    UNCERTIFIED
        40     40  40.03     73  19.92       1          1              1             7        1          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        41     40  40.01     73  19.91       1          0              2             9        6          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        42     40  39.97     73  20.02       3          0              1             3        6          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        43     40  39.98     73  20.08       1          3              2             5        1          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        44     40  40.01     73  20.01       1          3              3             1        1          0            2    UNCERTIFIED
        45     40  40.10     73  20.05       0          0              2             3        0          0            1    UNCERTIFIED
        46     40  40.67     73  18.02       2          2              0             1        7          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        47     40  40.81     73  1B.56       0          0              1             3        4          1            0    UNCERTIFIED
        48     40  40.23     73  18.61       5          3              4             1        21         0            1    UNCERTIFIED
        49     40  40.60     73  18.64       0          1              0             4        0          1            0    UNCERTIFIED
        50     40  40.57     73  19.03       1          2              3             1        15         0            1    UNCERTIFIED
        51     -1.40 40.29   73  19.07       0          4              4             7        0          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        52     40  40.17     73  19.46       3          3              3            11        7          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        53     40  40.67     73  19.44       0          to             8             1        4          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        54     40  40.80     73  19.40       0          3              0             2        1          0            2    UNCERTIFIED
        55     40  40.18     73  18.13       4          2              1             1        1          0            0    UNCERTIFIED
        56     40  39.66     73  19.06       0          4              2             1        46         0            0      CERTIFIED


                                                                                                                                 SHEET 2

















      TOWN OF BABYLON - HARD CLAM STUDY (1991)
      SUMMARY OF SAMPLE DATA

      STATION     NORTH          WEST       SEED    LITTLENECK CHERRYSTONE        CHOWDER     MUD      OTHER        DEAD       WATER..
       NUMBER    LATITUDE      LONGITUDE   CLAMS      CLAMS          CLAMS         CLAMS    CRABS    PREDATORS     CLAMS CERTIFICATION

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         57      40  39.91     73 19.08      5            0             1             4        12         0          0       CERTIFIED
         58      40  39.41     73 19.32      0            4             0             2        11         0          1       CERTIFIED
         59      40  39.69     73 19.49      0            0             0             0        3          0          0       CERTIFIED
         60      40  39.86     73 20.02      2            3             3            10        a          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         61      40  40.21     73 20.02      0            0             0             0        3          0          3      UNCERTIFIED
         62      40  40.13     73 20.37      0            0             0             1        5          0          1      UNCERTIFIED
         63      40  39.52     73 19.95      5            3             1             3        19         0          0       CERTIFIED
         64      40  39.26     73 19.97      2            4             3             0        38         0          1       CERTIFIED
         65      40  38.86     73 19.91      6            0             0             1        3          0          0       CERTIFIED
         66      40  39.26     73 20.31      1            0             1             2        41         0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         67      49  39.53     73 20.33      1            0             0             3        2          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         6B      40  39.80     73 20.38      0            0             0            It        3          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         69      40  39.67     73 20.72      4            3             5            10        27         0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         70      40  39.55     73 20.82      0            2             2             3        11         0          1      UNCERTIFIED
         71      :40 39.24     73 22.49      0            0             1             2        3          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         72      40  39.53     73 21.42      1            1             1             2        4          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         73      40  39.89     73 21.12      0            1             1             0.       2          0          2      UNCERTIFIED
         74      40  39.84     73 21.30      0            0             4             2        0          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         75      40  39.62     73 22.07      0            1             0             0        1          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         76      40  39.53     73 22.48      0            4             5             9        0          0          1      UNCERTIFIED
         77      40  39.34     73 22.26      1            1             3             6        25         0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         78      40  39.42     73 21.86      0            1             1             1        5          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         79      40  39.54     73 21.43      0            0             1             4        1          0          0      UNCERTIFIED
         80     -1,40 39.61    73 21.11      2            1             2             7        6          0          0      UNCERTIFIED





                                                                                                                                  SHEET 3





          New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
          Building 40-SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11790-2356






                                                                            Thomas C. Jo
                                                                            Commissioner
            Mr. Brian Zitani
            Bay Management Specialist
            Department of Environmental Control
            281 Phelps Lane
            N. Babylon, NY 11703


            September 14, 1992



            Dear Brian:

                 This letter is meant to reiterate the Department's request for
            the management of the Town of Babylon's leased lots in East Gilgo
            for the protection of existing tidal wetland species.

                 The type of management strategy adopted will depend on the
            limits of existing wetland species and legitimate fire prevention
            concerns. As I have identified them, three management zones exist
            (see the attached typical plan diagram). They are:

            1.   The part of the property landward (south) of a buffer strip
                 five (5) feet north of the norther boundary of the existing
                 1992 single family dwelling: This area may be mowed at will
                 by the lease holder.

            2.   The area north of the five foot wide buffer strip to a line
                 parallel to and 200' north of the existing East Gilgo access
                 road:   This area will be mowed once a year in August by, or
                 supervised by, Town personnel.  Grass species, spartina
                 patens, Phragmites sp. and other tidal wetlands species will
                 be mowed to a minimum height of two (2) feet.  Baccharis
                 halimifolia and other wetland shrubs or busbes will not be
                 cut.

            3.   The area north of the designated line(200' north of the East
                 Gilgo access road):  There shall be no mowing or other
                 disturbance to the natural vegetation or topography in this
                 area at any time.

                 August was chosen as the one-time mowing month to reduce the
            risk of fire damage from dry senescing plant stalks, especially
		Phragmites sp. .  It was also hoped that cutting Phragmites sp. when
		most to the season's food reserves are still stored in the aerial
		portion of the plant would reduce the plants' future vigor.



















































            most to the season's food reserves are still stored in the aerial
            portion of the plant would reduce the plants, future vigor.
 



        New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
        Building 40-SUNY, Stony Brack, New York 11790-2356




         Page 2                                                        Thomas C. Jorling
                                                                       Commissioner
              However, the  flowering period for S. patens is late June to
         October. Cutting of S. patens in August could upset the natural
         flowering process and propagation and natural variation of the
         species through seed development and dispersion.  If mowing in
         August is determined by both Town and state personnel to be having
         a negative impact on the viability of S. patens or other tidal
         wetland species, then the State will recquest that the mowing month
         be changed to November.

              If you would like to meet to discuss this most recent proposal
         please call at your earliest convenience; 751-8468.   Thank you,
         Ron, Raoul, and Gil for all your help and cooperation.

                                     Sincerely,


                                     Kevin R. Du Bois
         KDB                         Marine Resource Specialist
         cc: Raoul Castaneda, Deputy Commissioner, Babylon DEC
              Ron Kluesener, Executive Assistant to the Commissioner, Town
                              of Babylon DEC
              Gil Hanse, Babylon Town Fire Marshall
 




           New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
           Building 40-SUNY, Stony Brack, Now York 11790-2356





                                                                                                  Thomas C. Jorfin
                                                                                                  Commissions
                              ID















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                                                                                                 500,











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                     I    APPENDIX E






                                                        WEST GILGO BEACH




                                                                  RENT RIDER
                       fear Commencing          Annual                  Date of               Method of
                         January I              Real                      Payment               Payment

                              1991              $ 398
                              1992              $ 545-

                              1994              $ 940
                              1995              $ 988
                              1996              $1,135
                              1997              $1,283
                              1998              $1,430
                              1999              $1,578
                              2000              $1,725
                              2001              $1,973
                              2002              $2,020
                              2003              $2.168
                              2004              $2,315
                              2005              $2,463
                              2006              $2,610
                              2007              $2,758
                              2008              $2,905
                              2009              $3,053
                              2010              $3,200
                              2011              $3,200
                              2012              $3,200
                              2013              $3,200
                              2014              $3.200
                              2015              $3,200
                              2016              $3,600
                              2017              $3,600
                              2018              $3,600
                              2019              $3,600
                              2020              $3,600
                              2021              $4,000
                              2022              $4,000
                              2023              $4,000
                              2024              $4,000
                              2025              $4,000
                              2026              $4.400
                              2027              $4,400
                              2028              $4.400
                              2029              $4,400
                              2030              $4,400
                              2031              $4.800
                              2032              S4.800
                              2033              $4,800
                              2034              $4,800
                              2035              $4.800
                              2036              $5,300
                              2037              $5,300
                              2038              $5,300
                              2039              $5,300
                              2040              $5.300
                              2041              $5,800
                              2042              $5,900
                              2043              $5,800
                              2044              $5,900
                              2045              $5,800
                              2046              $6,400
                              2047              $6,400
                              2048              $6,400
                              2049              $6.400
                              2050              $6,400






                                                       GILGO BEACH WEST
                                                                                                            /,)OATH        r5

                                                                            RENT RIDER

                              Year Commencing       Annual                         Date of                Nfelhod of
                                januarx I            Rent                          Pavmgnl                 Payment

                                      1991              S 659.
                                                        S 792.---
                                   C199                 s                                                 -
                                      1994              $1,059.
                                      1995              $1,193.
                                      1996              $1,326.
                                      1997              $1,460.
                                      1998              $1,593.
                                      1999              S1,727.
                                      2000              $1.860.
                                      2001              $2.994.
                                      2002              $2,127.
                                      2003              S2,261.
                                      2004              $2,394.
                                      2005              S2,528.
                                      2006              $2.661.
                                      2007              $2,795.
                                      2008              S2,928.
                                      2009              S3.062.
                                      2010              S3.200.
                                      2011              S3.200
                                      2012              $3.200
                                      2013              S3,200
                                      2014              S3;200
                                      2015              S3.200
                                      2016              $3,600
                                      2017              $3.600
                                      2019              $3.600
                                      2019              S3.600
                                      2020              S3,600
                                      2021              $4.000
                                      2022              S4,000
                                      2023              $4.000
                                      2024              S4.000
                                      2025              $4.000
                                      2026              $4,400
                                      2027              $4.400
                                      2028              $4,400
                                      2029              $4,400
                                      2030              S4,400
                                      2031              $4.800
                                      2032              $4.800
                                      2033              $4,800
                                      2034              S4.900
                                      2035              $4,800
                                      2036              $5.300
                                      2037              S5.300
                                      2038              S5,300
                                      2039              S5,300
                                      2040              S5.300
                                      2041              $5.800
                                      2042              $5.800
                                      2043              S5,800
                                      2044              S5.900
                                      2045              $5,800
                                      2046              $6,400
                                      2047              $6,400
                                      2048              $6.400
                                      2049              S6,400
                                      2050              S6,400





                                                     GILGO BEACH WEST

                                                                                               7




                                                                     RENT RIDER

                       Year Commencing        Annual                         Date of                Slethod of
                         January I             Rent                          Payment                 Payment

                               1991               S 730.
                               19                 S  860.-
                               19 3               $ -- 990---7)
                               799--4$1.120.
                               1995               S1.250.
                               1996               S1,380.
                               1997               $1,510.
                               1998               $1,640.
                               1999               SI,770.
                               2000               S1,900.
                               2001               $2,030.
                               2002               $2,160.
                               2003               $2,290.
                               2004               S2.420.
                               2005               S2,550.
                               2006               S2,680.
                               2007               S2,910.
                               2008               S2,940.
                               2009               S3,070.
                               2010               $3,200.
                               2011               $3.200
                               2012               $3.200
                               2013               $3,200
                               2014               $3,200
                               2015               $3.200
                               2016               $3.600
                               2017               S3.600
                               2018               S3,600
                               2019               $3,600
                               2020               $3,600
                               2021               S4,000
                               2022               $4,000
                               2023               $4,000
                               2024               S4.000
                               2025               $4.000
                               2026               $4,400
                               2027               $4,400
                               2028               $4,400
                               2029               $4,400
                               2030               $4.400
                               2031               S4,800
                               2032               S4,800
                               2033               $4,800
                               2034               S4.800
                               2035               $4,800
                               2036               S5.300
                               2037               $5.300
                               2038               $5.300
                               2039               S5,300
                               2040               $5,300
                               2041               S5.800
                               2042               $5,800
                               2043               $5.800
                               2044               S5.800
                               2045               S5.800
                               2046               $6,400
                               2047               S6,400
                               2048               $6,400
                               2049-              $6,400
                               2050               $6.400






                                                          GILGO BEACH EAST



                                                                           RENT RIDER

                               Year Commencing       Annual                        Date of               Method of
                                 January I            Rent                         payment                Payment

                                      1991              $ 493.
                                      1992              S 6 3 5.'
                                      1993
                                      19                $ 920.
                                      1995              $1.063.
                                      1996              $1.205.
                                      1997              $1,348.
                                      1998              $1,490.
                                      1999              $1.633.
                                      2000              $1,775.
                                      2001              $1,918.
                                      2002              $2.060.
                                      2003              $2.203.
                                      2004              $2,345.
                                      2005              $2.488.
                                      2006              $2.630.
                                      2007              $2,773.
                                      2008              $2.915.
                                      2009              $3,058.                                                       7
                                      2010              $3.200.
                                      2011              $3,200
                                      2012              $3.200
                                      2013              $3,200
                                      2014              $3.200
                                      2015              $3.200
                                      2016              $3.600
                                      2017              $3.600
                                      2018              $3.600
                                      2019              $3.600
                                      2020              $3,600
                                      2021              $4,000
                                      2022              $4,000
                                      2023              $4.000
                                      2024              $4,000
                                      2025              $4.000
                                      2026              S4.400
                                      2027              $4.400
                                      2028              $4,400
                                      2029              $4,400
                                      2030              $4.400
                                      2031              $4.800
                                      2032              $4.800
                                      2033              $4,800
                                      2034              $4,800
                                      2035              S4.800
                                      2036              $5,300
                                      2037              S5.300
                                      2038              S5.300
                                      2039              S5,300
                                      2040              S5,300
                                      2041              S51300
                                      2042              $5,800
                                      2043              $5.800
                                      2044              $5.800
                                      2045              $5,900
                                      2046              $6.400
                                      2047              $6.400
                                      2048              $6,400
                                      2049              $6.400
                                      2050              S6,400





                                             OAKISLAND



                                                       RENT RIDER



                                    Year Commencing                      Annual
                                       Januarv I                          Rent

                                         1991                             293.75
                                                                         @36 2 . -15 101
                                                                          431.2
                                         P99 4                            5     00
                                                                          5    .00
                                         1995                             568.75
                                         1996                             637.50
                                         1997                             706.25
                                         1998                             775.00
                                         1999                             843.75
                                         2000                             912.50
                                         2001                             981.25
                                         2002                           11050.00
                                         2003                           1,118.75
                                         2004                           1,187.50
                                         2005                           1,256.25
                                         2006                           1,325.00
                                         2007                           1,393.75
                                         2008                           1,462.50
                                         2009                           1,531.25
                                         2010                           1,600.00
                                         2011                           1,600.00
                                         2012                           1,600.00
                                         2013                           1,600.00
                                         2014                           1,600.00
                                         2015                           1,600.00
                                         2016                           11800.00
                                         2017                           11800.00
                                         2018                           1,800.00
                                         2019                           11800.00
                                         2020                           11800.00
                                         2021                           2,000.00
                                         2022                           2,000.00
                                         2023                           2,000.00
                                         2024                           2,000.00
                                         2025                           2,000.00
                                         2026                           2,200.00
                                         2027                           2,200.00
                                         2028                           2,200.00
                                         2029                           2,200.00
                                         2030                           2,200.00
                                         2031                           2,400.00
                                         2032                           2,400.00
                                         2033                           2,400.00
                                         2034                           2,400.00
                                         2035                           2,400.00
                                         2036                           2,650.00
                                         2037                           2,650.00
                                         2038                           2,650.00
                                         2039                           2,650.00
                                         2040                           2,650.00
                                         2041                           2,900.00
                                         2042                           2,900.00
                                         2043                           2,900.00
                                         2044                           2,900.00
                                         2045                           2,900.00
                                         2046                           3,200.00
                                         2047                           3,200.00
                                         2048                           3,200.00
                                         2049                           3,200.00
                                         2050                           3,200.00






                                                                 OAK BEACH


                                                                           RENT RIDER

                             Year Commencing        Annual                         Date of                Method or
                                January I           _Rent                          Payment                 Payment

                                     1991               $ 516.
                                                  @S6 5 8.-7-
                                       993              $ 711-.@7
                                   1-@994               $ 941.
                                     1995               $1,082.
                                     1996               $1,224.
                                     1997               $1,365.
                                     1998               $1,507.
                                     1999               $1.648.
                                     2000               $1,790.
                                     2001               $1,931.
                                     2002               $2,073.
                                     2003               $2.214.
                                     2004               S2,366.
                                     2005               $2.497.
                                     2006               $2,639.
                                     2007               $2.780.
                                     2008               S2.922.
                                     2009               $3.063.
                                     2010               $3.200.
                                     2011               $3,200
                                     2012               $3.200
                                     2013               S3.200
                                     2014               S3,200
                                     2015               $3,200
                                     2016               S3.600
                                     2017               S3,600
                                     2018               S3,600
                                     2019               $3.600
                                     2020               $3,600
                                     2021               S4,000
                                     2022               S4,000
                                     2023               S4,000
                                     2024               $4,000
                                     2025               $4,000
                                     2026               $4.400
                                     2027               $4.400
                                     2028               $4,400
                                     2029               S4,400
                                     2030               $4.400
                                     2031               $4,800
                                     2032               $4,800
                                     2033               S4,800
                                     2034               $4,800
                                     2035               $4,800
                                     2036               $5.300
                                     2037               $5.300
                                     2038               S5.300
                                     2039               S5,300
                                     2040               $5.300
                                     2041               S5,900
                                     2042               S5.800
                                     2043               $5.300
                                     2044               $5.800
                                     2045               $5.800
                                     2046               $6,400
                                     2047               $6.400
                                     2048               $6,400
                                     2049               $6,400
                                     2050               S6,400




                                                  OAK BEACH ASSO?J@TpN,@,,.,

                                                                    RENT RIDER

                                ."imencing        Annual                  Date of               Method of
                                                  Rent                     Payment                -Payment

                               1991               $ 398
                                                      45--
                               1993
                               19                 $ 840
                               1995               $ 989
                               1996               $1,135
                               1997               S1,283
                               1998               $1,430
                               1999               $1,578
                               2000               $1,725
                               2001               $1,973
                               2002               $2,020
                               2003               $2,168
                               2004               $2,315
                               2005               $2,463
                               2006               $2,610
                               2007               $2,758
                               2008               $2,905
                               2009               $3,053
                               2010               $3,200
                               2011               $3,200
                               2012               $3,200
                               2013               S3,200
                               2014               $3.200                                          -
                               2015               $3,200
                               2016               $3,600                                          -
                               2017               $3,600                                          -
                               2018               $3,600
                               2019               $3,600
                               2020               $3,600                                          -
                               2021               $4.000                                          -
                               2022               $4.000
                               2023               $4,000
                               2024               $4,000
                               2025               $4,000
                               2026               $4.400
                               2027               $4,400
                               2028               $4,400
                               2029               $4,400
                               2030               $4,400
                               2031               $4,800
                               2032               $4,800
                               2033               $4,800
                               2034               $4,800
                               2035               $4,800
                               2036               $5.300
                               2037               $5,300
                               2038               $5,300
                               2039               $5,300
                               2040               $5,300
                               2041               $5,800
                               2042               S5,800
                               2043               S5,800
                               2044               $5.800
                               2045               $5.900
                               2046               S6,400
                               2047               $6,400
                               2048               $6,400
                  /991
                               1@993
                                9
                                  95






























































                               2049               $6,400
                               2050               $6,400


                                  --\- -:rA@O







                                                       CAPTREEISLAND


                                                                         RENT RIDER
                              test Commencing         Annual                   Onto of               Method or
                             --January I-             Rent                       Payment              -payment

                                     1991             S 398
                                     1992             S 545
                                                      s
                                     1994                 840
                                     1995             s   988
                                     1996             S1,135
                                     1997             SI.283
                                     1998             SI,430
                                     1999             SI.578
                                     2000             SI,725
                                     2001             S1,873
                                     2002             S2.020
                                     2003             S2.168
                                     2004             S2.315
                                     2005             S2,463
                                     2006             $2,610
                                     2007             S2.759
                                     2008             S2.905
                                     2009             S3.053
                                     2010             $3.200
                                     2011             $3,200
                                     2012             S3.200
                                     2013             S3.200
                                     2014             S3.200
                                     2015             S3.200
                                     2016             $3.600
                                     2017             S3,600
                                     2018             53.600
                                     2019             $3.600
                                     2020             $3.600
                                     2021             $4,000
                                     2022             $4,000
                                     2023             S4.000
                                     2024             S4.000
                                     2025             $4.000
                                     2026             S4,400
                                     2027             S4.400
                                     2028             $4,400
                                     2029             $4,400
                                     2030             $4.400
                                     2031             $4.800
                                     2032             $4,800
                                     2033             S4.800
                                     2034             S4.800
                                     2035             $4,800
                                     2036             S5.300
                                     2037             S5.300
                                     2038             S5.300
                                     2039             S5,300
                                     2040             S5.300
                                     2041             S5.800
                                     2042             S5.800
                                     2043             $5.300
                                     2044             S51800
                                     2045             S5.800
                                     2046             $6.400
                                     2047             S6,400
                                     2048             S6,400
                                     2049             S6.400
                                     2050             S6.400






















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                                             LOT DESIGNATIONS

                          WEST GILGO BEACH ASSOCIATION - 80    UNITS   PLATE 3A


              BUILDING         SCTM        T.O.B.      BUILDING          SCTM         T.O.B.
                  NO.         LOT NO.       LOT NO.         NO.         LOT NO.      LOT NO.

                  1            94            188            28           121           53

                  2            95            187            29           122           52

                  3            96            186            30           125           49

                  4            97            185            31           12            48

                  5            98            184            32           127           47

                  6            99            183            33           128           46

                  7            100           182            34           129           45

                  8            101           181            35           130           44

                  9            102           193            36           131           43

                  10           103           195            37           132           42

                  11           104           197            38           133           28

                  12           105           198            39           134           27

                  13           106           196            40           135           26

                  14           107           194            41           136           25

                  15           108           180            42           137           24

                  16           109           179            43           138           23

                  17           110           178            44           139           22

                  18           ill                          45           140           21

                  19           112           176            46           141           20

                  20           113           175            47           142           19

                  21           114           174            48           143           18

                  22           115           173            49           144           17

                  23           116          192A            50           145           16

                  24           117           191            51           146           15

                  25           118           189            52           147           14

                  26           119           55             53           148           13
                                             177













              BUILDING         SCTM        T.O.B.      BUILDING          SCTM        T.O.B.
                 NO.         LOT NO.       LOT NO.         NO.         LOT NO.       LOT NO.

                 27           120            54            54            149          12

                 55           150            11            68            163          39

                 56           151            10            69            164          38

                 57           152             9            70            165          37

                 58           153             8            71            166          36

                 59           154             7            72            167          35

                 60           155             6            73            168          34

                 61           156             5            74            169          33

                 62           157             4            75            170          32

                 63           158             3            76            171          31

                 64           159             2            77            172          30

                 65           160             1            78            173          29
                 66           161            41            79            174          .190
                 67           162            40            80            175          192



                                     SCTM    Suffolk County Tax Map

                                         T.O.B.  Town of Babylon
             7
                 LDIN
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                 27

                 55

                 56










                 GILGO BEACH - 57 UNITS - PLATE 3B

       BUILDING SCTM T.O.B. BUILDING SCTM T.O.B.
         NO.  LOT NO. LOT NO. NO. LOT NO. LOT NO.

         1     13     36    30     59     23

         2     15     34    31     60     25

         3     16     32    32     61     27

         4     19     30    33     62     29

         5     20     28    34     63     31

         6     23     26    35     64     33

         7     24     24    36     66     A

         8     27     22    37     67     B

         9     28     20    38     68     c

         10    31     18    39     69     D

         11    32     16    40     70     E

         12    35     14    41     71     F

         13    36     12    42     72     G

         14    39     10    43     73     H

         15    40     8     44     74     1

         16    43     6     45     75     1

         17    44     4     46     76     K

         18    47     2     47     77     L

         19    48     1     48     78     m

         20    49     3     49     79     N

         21    50     5     50     80     0

         22    51     7     51     81     p
         23    52     9     52     82     Q       1
         24    53     11    53     83     R
     L
         25    54     13    54     84     s

         26    55     15    55     85

         27    56     17    56     86     U
         2
         5

         26                               T

         27

         28    57     19    57     87     v

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                                         OAK ISLAND - 54 UNITS
                             GREAT SOUTH BAY ISLES ASSOCIATION     PLATE 3C



             BUILDING        SCTM         T.O.B.       BUILDING        SCTM        T.O.B.
                 NO.        LOT NO.      LOT NO.          NO.         LOT NO.      LOT NO.

                 1              2           97            28            30             20

                 2              3           96            29            32             19

                 3              4           95            30            33             18

                 4              5         94 (B)          31            34             17

                 5              6         9               32            36             15

                 6              7           93            33            37             14

                 7              8           92            34            38             13

                 8              10          40            35            39             12

                 9              11          39            36            40             11

                 10             12          38            37            41             10

                 11             13          37            38            42             9

                 12             14          36            39            43             7

                 13             15          35            40            44             6

                 14             1           34            41            45             5

                 15             17          33            42            46             4

                 16             18          32            43            47             3

                 17             19          31            44            49             2

                 18             20          30            45            50             1

                 19             21          29            46            51             59

                 20             22          28            47            52             41

                 21             23          27            48            53             42

                 22             24          26            49            54             43

                 23             25          25            50            56             45

                 24             2           24            51            59             50

                 25             27          23            52            60             51

                 26             28          22            53            61             52

                 27             29          21            54            64             58
                                            4(A)


































                                                                  I

                SCTM   Suffolk County Tax Map                 T.O.B.    Town of  Babylon










                                 OAK BEACH WEST     24 UNITS   PLATE 3E


                   BUILDING NO.               SUM   LOT NO.             T.O.B. LOT NO.

                         1                          38                       306

                         2                          29                       305

                         3                          28                       304

                         4                          27                       255

                         5                          3.1                      253

                         6                          4                        252

                         7                          5                        251

                         8                          6                        250

                         9                          7                        249

                         10                         8                        248

                         11                         9                        247A

                         12                         10                       246A

                         13                         11                       245A

                         14                         12                       244A

                         15                         13                       243A

                         16                         14                       242A

                         17                         15                       241A

                         18                         16                       240A

                         19                         17                       238A

                         20                         18                       225A

                         21                         19                       224A

                         22                         21                       223A

                         23                         21                       222A

                         24                         22                       221A


                                     SCTM   Suffolk County Tax Map

                                       T.O.B. = Town of Babylon










                                  OAK BEACH EAST    96 UNITS - PLATE 3F


              BUILDING        SCTM         T.O.B.       BUILDING        SCTM         T.O.B.
                  NO.       LOT NO.       LOT NO.          NO.         LOT NO.      LOT NO.

                  1             2ol          114           30            32            25

                  2             3            113           31            33            24

                  3             4            112           32            34            23

                  4             5            ill           33            35            22

                  5             6            110           34            36            21

                  6             8            107           35            37            20

                  7             9            106           36            38            19

                  8             10           105           37            39            18

                  9             11           86            38            40            17

                  10            12           85            39            41            16

                  11            13           84            40            42            15

                  12            14           83            41            43            14

                  13            15           82            42            45            12

                  14            16           81            43            46            11

                  15            17           80            44            47              6

                  16            18           79            45            48              5

                  17            19           78            46            60              9

                  18            21           77            47            61            10

                  19            20        77 (A)           48            62            26

                  20            22           56            49            63            27

                  21            23           55            50            64            28

                  22            24           54            51            65            29

                  23            25           53            52            66            30

                  24            26           52            53            67            31

                  25            27           51            54            68            32

                  26            28           50            55            69            33

                  27            29           49            56            70            34

                  28            30           48            57            71            35

                  29            31           47            58            72            36











               BUILDING       SCTM         T.O.B.       BUILDING        SCTM         T.O.B.
                  NO.        LOT NO.      LOT NO.          NO.         LOT NO.      LOT NO.

                  59            73           37            78            92            90

                  60            74           38            79            93            91

                  61            75           39            80            94            92

                  62            76           40            81            95            93

                  63            77           41            82            96            94

                  64            78           57            83            97            95

                  65            79           58            84            98            115
                  66            80           59            85            99            116

                  67            81           60            86            100           117

                  68            82           61            87            105           98

                  69            83           62            88            106           97

                  70            84           63            89            107           96

                  71            85           64            90            108           76

                  72            86           65            91            109           75

                  73            87           66            92            110           74

                  74            88           67            93            112           72

                  75            89           87            94            114           70
                  76            90           88            95            115     1     69
                  77            91           89            96            116           68


                                      SCTM   Suffolk County Tax Map

                                        T.O.B. - Town of Babylon










                          OAK ISLAND BEACH ASSOCIATION - 72 UNITS       PLATE 3G


              BUILDING         SCTM        T.O.B.       BUILDING         SCTM        T.O.B.
                  NO.        LOT NO.      LOT NO.           NO.        LOT NO.       LOT NO.

                  1            118            2             29           170           99

                  2            119            3             30           174           47

                  3            121            5             31           175           49
                  4            125            9             32           176           -50
                  5            127            11            33           177         51 (A)

                  6            129            13            34          178.2          53

                  7            131            15            35          178.4          55

                  8            133            17            36           182           67

                  9            134            18            37           197           68
                  10           135          GATE            38           188         51 (B)
                                           KEEPER

                  11          136.1           100           39           189           60

                  12           138            48            40           190           61

                  13           172            102           41           191           57

                  14           171            103           42           192           58

                  15           168            104           43           194           63

                  16           167            38            44           196           59

                  17           164            37            45           198           70

                  18           163            36            46           199           84

                  19           160            35            47           200           85

                  20          158.2           41            48           201           86

                  21           146            28            49           216           87

                  22           147            27            50           217           88

                  23           149            25            51           218           89

                  24           150            24            52           202           71

                  25           151            23            53           215           73

                  26           162            44            54           214           74

                  27           165            45            55           213           751

                  28           169            98            56           2 5           ill











               BUILDING        SCTM        T.O.B.        BUILDING        SCTM        T.O.B.
                  NO.        LOT NO.       LOT NO.          NO.        LOT NO.       LOT NO.

                  57           208           112            65           227           95

                  58           209           113            66           230           96

                  59           211           106            67           233           97
                  60           212           76             68           23         -82
                  61           220           91             69           229           81

                  62           221           92             70           228           80

                  63           224           93             71           225           79

                  64           226           94             72           223           78
                  7
                  WIN
                  N
                    0

                  57











                                 CAPTREE ISLAND     32 UNITS - PLATE 3D



              BUILDING        SCTM1       T.O.B.        BUILDING        SCTM        T.O.B.
                  NO.       LOT NO.       LOT NO.          NO.        LOT NO.       LOT NO.

                  1            1             1             17            17            16

                  2                          2             18            18            17

                  3            3             3             19            19            18

                  4            4             4             20            20            19

                  5            5             4A            21            21            20

                  6            6             5             22            22            21

                  7            7             6             23            23            22

                  8            8             7             24            24            23

                  9            9             8             25            25            24

                  10           10            9             26            26            25

                  11           11            10            27            27            26

                  12           12            11            28            28            27

                  13           13            12            29            29            28

                  14           14            13            30           31.1           30

                  15           15            14            31            32            31

                  16           16            15            32            33            32


                                     SCTM =  Suffolk County Tax Map

                                           TOB  Town of Babylon
                                                                                       32











                                  CAPTREE ISLAND    32 UNITS - PLATE 3D


              BUILDING        SCTM        T.O.B.        BUILDING        SCTM        T.O.B.
                  NO.       LOT NO.       LOT NO.          NO.        LOT NO.       LOT NO.

                  I            1             1             17            17           16

                  2            2             2             18            is           17

                  3            3             3             19            19           18

                  4            4             4             20            20           19

                  5            5             4A            21            21           20
                  6                          5             22            22           -21
                  7            7             6             23            23           22
                  8            8             7             24            24           -23
                  9            9             8             25            25           24

                  10           10            9             26            26           25

                  11           11            10            27            27           26

                  12           12            11            28            28           27

                  13           13            12            29            29           28

                  14           14            13            30           31.1          30

                  15           15            14            31            32           31

                  16           16            15            32            33           32


                                     SCTM -  Suffolk County Tax Map

                                         TOB = Town  of Babylon






































































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                            NOAA C                  Center Library
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                                  Charleston, SC 20-'ICZ-2@13








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