[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                                                       Water
              US Army Corps                                            Resources
              of Engineers
              New England Division                                     Development









                                                                                                                     C"s





                                                                                                                     CW3





             TC
             424
              R4
             W68                                                                                               M
             1991                                                                 Rhode Island 1991


























                                             On the Cover: Block Island Harbor ofRefuge










                                                                                                                                        I





                                        The work of the
                          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                        in
                                      Rhode Island 1991

                                    This booklet presents a brief description of water re-
                                  sources projects completed by the U.S. Army Corps of
                                  Engineers in Rhode Island. It describes the role of the
                                  Corps in planning and building water resource improve-
                                  ments and explains the procedure leading to the autho-
                                  rization of such projects.
                                    For ease of reference, the material is arranged accord-
                                  ing to the type of project, i.e. flood damage reduction, navi-
                                  gation, or shore and bank protection. There is also a refer-
                                  ence at the end of the booklet that lists Corps' projects by
                                  community. A map showing the location of all Corps pro-
                                  jects in the state is provided on the underleaf of this page.
                                    The Corps of Engineers water resources development
                                  program exerts a significant impact on Rhode Island's
                                  physical, economic, and social environment. This publi-
                                  cation affords citizens the opportunity to learn about the
                                  various projects and to determine how they can participate
                                  in decisions regarding present and future activities.
                                    For further information, call the Corps of Engineers at
                                  617-647-8777, or write:

                                              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                              New England Division
                                              Public Affairs Office        Property of CSC Libx=7
                                              424 Trapelo Road
                                              Waltham, MA 02254

                                                             617- 647-8777



                                  US Army Corps
                                  of Engineers
                                  New England Division
                                                               U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                               COASIAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                               2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                               CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413



                                                    This publication is authorized
  7Z>
                                                    by the Secretary of the Army

      C                                 177S        as required by PL 99-662.
                                       TES




              doc
  (-J         ZE








                                    =1111111IM1111111 LOWER WOONSOCKET
                           I CLEAR RIVER I
                           I   Vs
                                           ...... .........        MASS.


                                            WOO OCKET
                                           IL  D


                                              CENTRAL
                                                FALLS
                                                        711 KE
                                                                   SEEKONK RIVER
                                        PROVIDENCE
                                                         VID CE
                           FOX POINT HURRICANE BARRIER          PROVIDENCE RIVER & HARBOR
                                      w                          BULLOCKS POINT COVE

                                           CRA
                                                                   WARREN RIVER
                                 PAWTUXET RIVER

                                 PAWTU          IWICK
                                 APPONAUG COVE
                                 OAKLA                      ris
                                 GREENWICH BAY                  Timton
                                POTOWOMUT RIVER                        SAKONNET
                 CONN.           WARWICK COVE
                                WICKFORD HARBOR           Aquidneck
                                                           ,S land



                                                          EWPOR           T HARBOR

                                                                COASTERS HARBOR
                          terly                                 NEWPORT HARBOR


                           Block Island Sound     SAND HILL COVE BEACH
                       MISQUAMI                                          (Ov
                      PAWCATUCK RIVER &           POINT JUDITH POND &
                    LITTLE NARRAGANSETT BAY        HARBOR OF REFUGE

                     GREAT SALT ONO                            @C,

                              BLOCKISLAND
                            HARBOR OF REFUGE


                                                Corps' Projects in Rhode Island

                                            FLOOD DAMAGE REDUCTION


                                               NAVIGATION


                                           SHORE AND BANK PROTECTION


                                                  4         4          12

                                                          M I LE S










                     US Army Corps
                     of Engineers
                     New England Division


                        For more than 216years, the missions and accomplishments ofthe U.S. Army Corps ofEngin-
                     eers have closely reflected the nee& and wants ofa growing, changing nation. For much ofthis time,
                     the Corps has played a major role in our nation's water resources development, including naviga-
                     tion,flood control, water quality and supply, recreation and relatedprojects.
                        Although the drivingforce behind our water resources development mission has remained con-
                     stant-providing quality service to the nation there have been several challenging adjustments in
                     how we meet this requirement.
                        One such change was the introduction of non-federal cost sharing in the Water Resources Devel-
                     opment Act. Though legislatively reaffirmed in the subsequent acts of 1988 and 1990, the true
                     value ofcost-shared development can be measured by the many successful projects of this partner-
                     ship and the healthy water resources program it ensuresfor thefuture.
                        Another challenge we havejaced recently is the increasedpublic concernfor their environment.
                     We have always complied with environmental laws and regulations and managed ourprojects as a
                     trust we holdfor thefuture. Compliance, however, is no longer enough. We are taking an active
                     position to not only protect but enhance ourfragile environment.
                        The Secreta?y of the Army has been directed to include environmental Protection as one ofour
                     primag missions, and the Water Resources Development Act of 1990 established a "no net loss"
                     Polig as an essentialpart ofall water resources development. In addition to making environmen-
                     tal considerations as important as engineering and economic considerationsfor new start projects,
                     we are taking a new look at existing projects to determine how they can be environmentally
                     improved.
                        Looking ahead to the nee& ofour nation, we are taking a lead role in helping rebuild our
                     nation's aging infrastructure. The U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers has always been at theforefront
                     ofinfrastructure development in the United States exploring new territolyfor settlement, survging
                     transportation routes and opening rivers to navigation. While we work to restore and strengthen
                     the vital links in our infrastructure, we are also exploring new methods to meet increasing and
                     vaging national requirements. One such effort is ajointfederal, non-federal demonstration project
                     to determine thefeasibility ofa U.S. developed and built high-speed magnetic levitation trans-
                     portation system.
                        We have also been working actively with the construction indushy on a cost-shared Construc-
                     tion Productivity Advancement Research Program. This program has the double benefits ofin-
                     creasing the U.S. construction indusby's competitive ability in the international market while
                     providing more effective techniques, equipment and processesforfederal and non-federal projects in
                     the United States
                        With these initiatives, we are building on the Corps' traditions ofprofessionalism and service to
                     meet the needs ofour nationfor another 200years. We are proud of the partnerships we have
                     forged, and lookforward to an exciting, rewardingfuture in water resources development.
                        This booklet is one in a series detailing water resources programs in the 50 states and U.S.
                     possessions. I hopeyoufind it interesting andfeel some pride ofownership.



                                                                                       HJ. HATCH
                                                                                       Lieutenant General, USA
                                                                                       Commanding










                        US Army Corps
                        of Engineers
                        New England Division


                           The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has a long andproud histog of applying its expertise in
                        engineering and related disciplines to meet the Nation's needs. Over theyears, those needs have
                        evolved,from such 19th Centug activities as exploration, pathfinding and lighthouse construction
                        to such modern missions as hazardous and toxic waste removal and environmental improvement.
                        The centralfocus of its Civil Works mission, however, hasfrom its earliest days, been development
                        of the Nation's water resources.
                           The water resource projects developed by the Corps ofEngineers, in cooperation with State and
                        localproject sponsors, have proven themselves time and again as wise investments ofpublicfunds5
                        returning to the public in benefits-low cost transportation,flood damages prevented5 etc.-far
                        more than their cost to plan, build and operate. As a result, the Civil Works program enjoys a high
                        degree ofcredibiliy within the Administration, and with Congress. With a program ofmore than
                        $3.5 billion in Fiscal Year 1991, the Civil Works program was one ofthe vegfew "domestic dis-
                        cretionag" activities ofthe Federal government to receive an increase infunding thatyear
                           Yet, proud as we are of the respect this program commands within the Federal government, we
                        are even prouder of the trust that ourpartners the States, local governments, port authorities, water
                        management districts and other localproject sponsors place in us.
                           Each Corps ofEngineers project is the product of an orderly study and design process. Under
                        provisions ofthe Water Resources Development Act of 1986, sponsors demonstrate their commit-
                        ment early in the project development process by agreeing tojointfunding ofthefeasibiliy study
                        upon which a project's construction authorization will be based, and to cost sharing of the project's
                        construction once it is authorized. To date, more than 150 non-Federal sponsors have signed Local
                        Cooperation Agreementsfor studies or congressionally authorizedprojects.
                           The engineering expertise and responsiveness ofthe Corps ofEngineers, gained in the Civil
                        Works and Supportfor Others programs as well as in its militaiy construction role, has stood the
                        Nation in good steadfrom Alaska, where itparticipated in the oil spill cleanup; to Puerto Rico,
                        the Virgin Islands and the Southeastern States, where it spearheaded recoveg Cfforts after Hurri-
                        cane Hugo; to California in the aftermath ofthe Loma Prieta Earthquake; to the Midwest and
                        California as they deal with continuing drought; to Panama and the Middle East in Operations
                        JUS T CA USE a nd DESERT SHIELDIDESERT S TORM; to dozens of other locations.
                        Whatever challenges arise in theyears and decades ahead, I have no doubt that the Army Corps of
                        Engineers will be equal to the task.
                                                                                         "Y 5@_J
                                                                                          G. Edward Dickey
                                                                                          Acting Principal Deputy
                                                                                          Assistant Secretary of the
                                                                                          Army (Civil Works)





           Table of Contents

           A.     U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS                                                   Pawcatuck River and
                  PROGRAMS AND SERVICES                                        I                    Little Narragansett Bay                           41
                   1.  Civil Works Overview                                    3                 Pawtuxet Cove                                        41
                       Introduction                                            4                 PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge                42
                       Authorization and Planning Process for                                    Potowomut River                                      43
                         Water Resource Projects                               6                 Providence River and Harbor                          43
                       Navigation                                              6                 Sakonnet Harbor                                      44
                       Flood Control and Flood Plain Management                7                 Sakonnet River                                       44
                       Flooding in New England                                 9                 Seekonk River                                        45
                       Reservoir Control Center                             14                   Warren River                                         45
                       Shore and Hurricane Protection                       16                   Warwick Cove                                         45
                       Hydropower                                           17                   Wickford Harbor                                      46
                       Water Supply                                         18              IV.  Shore and Bank Protection                            48
                       Environmental Quality                                18                   Shore and Bank Protection Projects
                       Regulatory Programs                                  19                      in Rhode Island                                   49
                       Recreation                                           20                   Clear River, Burrillville                            50
                       Emergency Response and Recovery                      21                   Cliff Walk                                           50
                                                                                                 Misquarnicut Beach                                   51
           B.     DESCRIPTION OF PROJECTS                                   23                   Oakland Beach                                        51
                                                                                                 Sand Hill Cove Beach                                 52
                   1.  River Basins                                         24
                       Blackstone                                           25
                       Thames                                               26       C.     STUDIES                                                   53
                       Pawcatuck                                            27              Flood Damage Reduction                                    54
                  11. Flood Damage Reduction                                28                   Pawcatuck River Basin and
                                                                                                    Narragansett Bay                                  54
                       Hurricane Protection Barriers                        29              Navigation                                                54
                          Fox Point                                         30                   Block Island Harbor of Refuge                        54
                       Local Protection Projects                            31                   PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge                54
                          Lower Woonsocket                                  32              Shore and Bank Protection                                 54
                          Pawtuxet River, Warwick                           33                   Bullock Neck                                         54
                          Woonsocket                                        34                   City Park Beach and
                 111.  Navigation                                           36                      Conimicut Point Beach                             54
                       Navigation Projects in Rhode Island                  37
                       Apponaug Cove                                        38       D.     APPENDIX                                                  55
                       Block Island Harbor of Refuge                        38
                       Bullocks Point Cove                                  38               1. Communities with Corps Projects                       56
                       Coasters Harbor                                      39              11. Glossary                                              58
                       Great Salt Pond                                      39
                       Greenwich Bay                                        39              111. Index                                                60
                       Newport Harbor                                       40








                                                      U.S. ARMY CORPS
                                                                   OF ENGINEERS

                                                                          PROGRAMS
                                                                                           AND
                                                                                 SERVICES















                                                                                                                                                                               Rhode Island 1991     n









                                                                         CIVIL WORKS
                                                                               OVERVIEW





















                                                                                                                                                                              Rhode Island 1991     a





             Introduction

             The Corps traces its history back to April 26, 1775, seven           British. An astonished General Howe, commander of the
             days after the first shots of the American Revolution were           British forces, reportedly remarked that the Americans
             fired at Lexington, Massachusetts. Recognizing that the              had done more in one night than his entire army would
             need for military engineering skill would be important in            have done in six months. Exposed to the American bat-
             the war with England, the Massachusetts Provincial Con-              teries on Dorchester Heights and not strong enough to
             gress appointed Boston native Richard Gridley to the rank            fight Washington's troops in other parts of Boston, the
             of Colonel and chief engineer of the troops being raised in          British army and fleet departed Boston on March 17,
             the colony.                                                          never again to occupy Massachusetts.
               In the early morning hours ofjune 17, 1775, Gridley,                 In 1802, Congress established a separate Corps of Engin-
             working under the cover of darkness, constructed a well-             eers within the Army, and at the same time established the
             designed earthwork on Breed's Hill that proved practically           U. S. Military Academy at West Point, the country's first-
             invulnerable to British cannon. The British eventually took          and for 20 years its only-engineering school. With the
             the hill (later called the Battle of Bunker Hill) when the           Army having the Nation's most readily available engineer-
             patriots ran out of gunpowder, but at a cost in casualties           ing talent, successive Congresses and Administrations es-
             greater than any other engagement of the war.                        tablished a role for the Corps as an organization to carry out
               Gridley was to play other critical roles in the early days         both military construction and works "of a civil nature."
             of the Revolution. On the evening of March 4, 1776, Grid-              Throughout the nineteenth century, the Corps super-
             ley, along with 2000 men and 360 oxcarts loaded with en-             vised the construction of coastal fortifications, lighthouses,
             trenching materials, moved into Dorchester Heights. By               several early railroads, and many of the public buildings in
             daylight, two strong protective barriers looked down at the          Washington, DC, and elsewhere. Meanwhile, the Corps of






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             Underthe direction of Colonel Richard Gridley, American patriots worked diligently throughout the early morning hours ofjune 17, 1775, designing a stout
             earthworkfortification that helpedprotect American soldiersfrom British cannonade in the historic Battle ofBunker Hill.





             US Army Corps of Engineers








          Topographical Engineers, which enjoyed a separate exis-               made it a natural to assume new water-related missions in
          tence for 25 years (1838-1863), mapped much of the Amer-              such areas as flood control, shore and hurricane protec-
          ican West. Army Engineers served with distinction in war,             tion, hydropower, recreation, water supply and quality, and
          with many Engineer officers rising to prominence during               wetland protection.
          the Civil War.                                                          Today's Corps of Engineers carries out missions in three
            In its civil role, the Corps of Engineers became increas-           broad areas: military construction and engineering support
          ingly involved with river and harbor improvements, carry-             to military installations; reimbursible support to other
          ing out its first harbor and jetty work in the first quarter of       Federal agencies (such as the Environmental Protection
          the nineteenth century. The Corps'ongoing responsibility              Agency's "Superfund" program to clean up hazardous and
          for federal river and harbor improvements dates from                  toxic waste sites); and the Civil Works mission, centered
          1824, when Congress passed two acts authorizing the                   around navigation, flood control and-under the Water
          Corps to survey roads and canals and to remove obstacles              Resources Development Acts of 1986 and 1990 a growing
          on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Over the years since,-            role in environmental protection.
          the expertise gained by the Corps in navigation projects

                                                                                                  W@ Army engineers contributed to both lanning and
                                                                                              InA 1,                             P
                                                                                                           tion ofour nation's capital. When the
                                                                                                     construc
                                                                                                     Capitol Building had to be reconstructed in 1857,
                                                                                                'M@  the Corps built two new wings and redesigned the
                                                                                               '0'
                                                                                                      o,e
                                                                                                     d   with cast and wrought iron. The completed
                                                                                                     dome, which weighed almost nine million pounds,
                                                                                                   N
                                                                                                  Z  was used by President Abraham Lincoln during
                                                                                                     the Civil War as a symbol ofhis intention to pre-
                                                                                                  N  serve the Union.

















                                4


                                                                                         7






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                                                                                INN-







          Cleaning chemical spills at hazardous waste sites is a team project between the Corps and the EPA. An area identified as a hazardous waste location was this
          site in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, near Cornell Pond and the Copicut River.






                                                                                                                                  Rhode island 1991






             Authorization and                                                    States, the Chief of Engineers forwards the report and
                                                                                  environmental statement to the Secretary of the Army,
             Planning Process for                                                 who obtains the views of the Office of Management and
             Water Resources Projects                                             Budget before transmitting these documents to Congress.
                                                                                     If Congress includes the project in an authorization bill,
             Water resources activities are initiated by local interests,         enactment of the bill constitutes authorization of the pro-
             authorized by Congress, funded by Federal and non-                   ject. Before construction can get underway, however, both
             Federal sources, and constructed by the Corps under the              the Federal government and the local project sponsor
             Civil Works Program. New England Division has water                  must provide funds. Budget recommendations are based
             resource responsibilities in all six New England states.             on evidence of support by the State and by the ability and
             The area assigned to New England Division contains                   willingness of non-Federal sponsors to provide their share
             66,000 square miles, 13 million people, 6, 100 miles of              of the project cost.
             coastline, 13 major river basins and I I deep draft com-                Appropriation of money to build a particular project is
             mercial ports.                                                       usually included in the annual Energy and Water Develop-
               The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 made                   ment Appropriation Bill, which must be approved by both
             numerous changes in the way potential new water re-                  Houses of the Congress and the President.
             sources projects are studied, evaluated and funded. The
             major change is that the law now specifies non-Federal
             cost sharing for most Corps water resources projects.                Navigation
               When local interests feel that a need exists for improved
             navigation, flood protection, or other water resources de-           Rivers and waterways were the primary paths of commerce
             velopment, they may petition their representatives in Con-           in the new country. They provided routes from western
             gress. A Congressional committee resolution or an Act of             farms to eastern markets. They promised a new life to the
             Congress may then authorize the Corps of Engineers to                seaboard emigre and financial reward for the Mississippi
             investigate the problems and submit a report. Water re-              Valley merchant. Without its great rivers, the vast, thickly-
             sources studies, except studies of the inland waterway nav-          forested, region west of the Appalachians would have re-
             igation system, are conducted in partnership with a local            mained impenetrable to all but the most resourceful early
             sponsor, with the Corps and the sponsorjointly funding               pioneers.
             and managing the study.                                                 Consequently, western politicians such as Henry Clay
               For inland navigation and water-way projects, which are            agitated for federal assistance to improve rivers. At the
             by their nature not "local," Congress has established, in            same time, the War of 1812 showed the importance of a
             the Water Resources Development Act of 1986, an Inland               reliable inland navigation system to national defense.
             Waterway Users Board, comprised of waterway transporta-              Thus, both commercial development and military needs
             tion companies and shippers of major commodities. This               required attention to river and harbor development. There
             Board advises the Secretary of the Army and makes recom-             was, however, a question as to whether transportation was,
             mendations on priorities for new navigation projects (e.g.,          under the Constitution, a legitimate Federal activity. This
             locks and dams, channel improvements, etc.). Such pro-               question was resolved when the Supreme Court ruled that
             jects are funded in part from the Inland Waterway Trust              the Commerce Clause of the Constitution granted the
             Fund, which in turn is fed by waterway fuel taxes.                   Federal Government the authority not only to regulate
               Normally, the study process for a water resource prob-             navigation and commerce, but also to make necessary nav-
             lem will include public meetings to determine the views              igation improvements.
             of local interests on the extent and type of improvements               The system of harbors and waterways maintained by the
             desired. The desires of local interests and the views of             Corps of Engineers remains one of the most important
             Federal, State, and other agencies receive full considera-           parts of the Nation's transportation system. Without con-
             tion during the planning process.                                    stant supervision, rivers and other waterways collect soil,
               Considerations which enter into recommendations to                 debris and other obstacles, which lead to groundings and
             Congress for project authorization include determinations            wrecks. New channels and cutoffs appear frequently, and
             that benefits will exceed costs, and that the engineering            the main traffic lanes require continual surveillance.
             design of the project is sound, best serves the needs of the            Where authorized to do so, the Corps maintains the
             people concerned, makes the wisest possible use of the               Nation's water-ways as a safe, reliable and economically
             natural resources involved, and adequately protects the              efficient navigation system. Inland waterways carry one
             environment.                                                         sixth of the Nation's inter-city cargo, and one job in five in
               A report, along with final en@7'ironmental documenta-              the United States is dependent, to some extent, on the
             tion, is then submitted to higher authority for review and           commerce handled by the Nation's ports.
             recommendations. After review and coordination with all                 River and Harbor work by the Corps of Engineers in
             interested Federal agencies and Governors of affected                New England was initiated by a congressional appropria-





             US Army Corps of Engineers























                                                                                                "a,


























           jetties help provide safe channelsfor commercial and recreational vessels. Thejetties at Saquatucket Harbor in Harwich, Massachusetts, also help prevent the
           buildup ofsediment in the channel by directing and confining the tidalflow.





           tion of $20,000 on May 26, 1824 "to repair Plymouth                  expertise in navigational work to devise solutions to flood-
           Beach, in the State of Massachusetts, and thereby prevent            ing problems along the river.
           the harbour at that place from being destroyed." From                   After a series of disastrous floods affecting wide areas,
           that initial project at America's first permanent settle-            including transportation systems, in the 1920's and 30's,
           ment, New England Division has completed 173 navigation              it was recognized that the Federal Government should
           projects , including federal navigation projects in I I deep         participate in the solution of problems affecting the public
           draft ports and adjacent waterways. The most visible of              Interest when they are too large or complex to be handled
           The Corps navigation responsibilities is the Cape Cod                by States or localities. As a result, Corps authority for flood
           Canal, which has been operated by the federal government             control work was extended in 1936 to embrace the entire
           since 1928. The canal is 17.5 miles long and is traversed by         country.
           19,000 vessels annually. In addition, its recreation features           The purpose of flood control work is to prevent flood
           attract over 4 million annual visitors to the project.               damage through flood flow regulation and other means.
                                                                                In addition, the Flood Control Act of 1944 provided that
                                                                                "flood control" shall include major drainage of land. These
           Flood Control and                                                    objectives are accomplished with structural measures, such
           Flood Plain Management                                               as reservoirs, levees, channels and floodwalls, or non-struc-
                                                                                tural measures which alter the way people would otherwise
           Federal interest in flood control began in the Alluvial              occupy or use the flood plain. Levees, channel improve-
           Valley of the Mississippi River in the 19th Century. As the          ments and flood walls built for flood control by the Corps
           relationship of flood control and navigation became appar-           of Engineers are turned over to non-Federal authorities for
           ent, Congress called on the Corps of Engineers to use its            operation and maintenance.





                                                                                                                                   Rhode Island 1991








               Reservoirs constructed for flood control storage often in-       planning for floods and regulation of flood plain areas, thus
            clude additional storage capacity for multiple-purpose uses,        avoiding unwise development in flood-prone areas. Once
            such as the storage of water for municipal and industrial           community officials know the flood- prone areas in their
            use, navigation, irrigation, development of hydroelectric           communities and how often floods would be likely to occur,
            power, conservation of fish and wildlife, and recreation.           they can take necessary action to prevent or minimize dam-
              The Corps fights the Nation's flood problems by not only          ages to existing and new buildings and facilities by adopt-
            constructing and maintaining flood control structures, but          ing and enforcing zoning ordinances, building codes and
            also by providing detailed technical information on flood           subdivision regulations. The Flood Plain Management
            hazards. Under the Flood Plain Management Services                  Services Program also provides assistance to other Federal
            Program, the Corps provides, on request, flood hazard               agencies and to State agencies in the same manner. In
            information, technical assistance and planning guidance to          many cases, fees are collected to cover a portion of the costs
            other Federal agencies, States, local governments and pri-          of these services.
            vate individuals. This information is designed to aid in






























































            US Army Corps of Engineers





              Flooding in New England

              New England has a long history of flooding. Through the                            because their reservoir capacities had been reached, the 35
              years it has been hit with various storms that have caused                         dams under the jurisdiction of the Corps' New England
              millions of dollars in damages. Some of the more destruc-                          Division held back billions of gallons of water that other-
              tive hurricanes and floods the area has experienced since                          wise would have caused severe flooding downstream. The
              1900 occurred in November 1927; March 1936; September                              amount of water held back by these dams from this heavy
              1938; September 1954; and August 1955. However, some                               rainfall was equivalent to a reservoir that could put the
              of the highest flood levels in New England history occurred                        entire state of Rhode Island under more than one foot of
              in April 1987 and gave many Corps dams their most seri-                            water. Damages prevented by Corps flood control projects
              ous test since they were built. Despite having six dams                            during the April 1987 storm amounted to $462.6 million.
              channel excess water through their emergency spillways



                                                                                                                                                            7-1


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                                                                                               7"
                                                 1927

              Floodwaters swirl around homes and trees in this
                Vermont communiy during the November 1927
                     od. The storm claimed 21 lives and caused
                             $29.3 million inpropery damage.                                                               ...'rook .... ..........







                                                                                Ilk



                                                 1936

              The rampaging waters of the North Nashua River
                ripped through the downtown area ofFitchburg,
                  Massachusetts, during the March 1936flood,
                   taking with it homes, automobiles, and com-
                   mercial and industrial propery. Eleven lives
                     were tostfrom thisflood and damages were
                                    estimated at $66.4 million.                                        MOW






                                                                                                                                                              Rhode Island 1991















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                                   K'atersfrom the Connecticut River surround the Hartford South Aleadows Power Station (center) and cover much qfHaqford,
              1936                 Connecticu t, dun ng the March 1936flood The spnngfloods of 1936 brought widespread dtsa-i terfirom Mai ne to Magland and helped
                                   moldpoluical andpublic opinion that culminated in the Flood Control Act of 1936, which recognized the proper involvement of thefeder-
                                   algovernment inflood control (Copyright 1936 The Hartford Courant)









                                                                                                                                             L4- d-j




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                                               1938,

               The heaq rainsofthe September 1938hurricane
                caused the Contoocook River to flood a section of
                Eastjqfi'rej,,AIew Hampshire This storm with
                                                feightpeople
                its 121 in p h gusts, took the lz ves o
                                                               iso    R@-.

                 in ATew England and caused damage@ of$486
                 million (about S740 million in toda),s dollars)





              US Army Corps of Engineers









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             Sol   =4,0M
                                                                                            ]i1i 2.
                                    Hurricane Carol, which struck the New England coast in August 1954, caused damages estimated at $186 million ($685 million in
             1954                   today's dollars). The storm achieved its greatestfuiy in a band stretchingfrom New London, Connecticut to the Cape Cod Canal. All that
                                    remains of the Rhode Island Yacht Club (above) in the Pawtuxet Neck section of Warwick, Rhode Island, is a cradle ofpiles after the
                                    structure was destroyed by Carol's high winds and waves. (Copyright 1954 The Providence journal Company).











                                                                                                                                                      Z
                                                                                                  AW


                               m45





                                                                                                                                                                          Ao
                                    The Blackstone River overflows its banks andfloods several businesses and homes in Pawtucket, Rhode Island as a result of the heavy
                                                                                                                                                           RUA




























              1955                  rains ofHurricane Diane in August 1955.





                                                                                                                                                              Rhode Island 1991


                1955

                No natural disaster in New England histoy com-
                pares with the devastation caused by the sudden
                and torrential rainfall which accompanied Hur-
                ricane Diane in August 1955. The disaster killed
                90 people and caused almost $458 million (about
                $1.82 billion in today's dollars) in property dam-
                age throughout the six-state region. In Connecticut                                                             
                                                                                                                    
                alone, Diane's floodwaters killed 47 people and
                caused damages totalling about $370 million
                (about $1.3 billion in today's dollars). The rains
                of Hurricane Dianefell on ground already sat-                                         
                urated by the rains of Hurricane Connie one week
                earlier.
                  One of the communities that sustained heavy
                damage was Winsted, Connecticut. The waters
                of the Mad River overflowed its banks and roared
                through Main Street, uprooting foundations and
                flooding homes and businesses. Men the
                                                          flood-
                waters receded, the devastation became apparent       
                (right). Main Street had become a pile of rubble, 
                cluttered with debris ripped from its understructure.
                  The storm also forced hundreds of New
                Englanders to evacuate their homes, including
                a Connecticut woman (above) who was dram-
                atically rescued from ravagingfloodwaters.
                                                                                            
                (Copyright 1955 The Hartford Courant).                                           

                Only two months later, as Connecticut wasgetting back on itsfeet, another severeflood disrupted rehabilitation measures and causedsedlosses estimatedat $6.5
                million. In response to these major floods, the Corps built several darns and local protection projects that, in a recurrence of theAugust 1955 flood today, would
                                                                                                                                          
US Army Corps of Engineers

12



                         
































                                                              17-






                                                                                                                                       _7
                                                                                                        A@'






                        BR          O's           cAFE








                                                          Romp"                                                                    @A'   f',
                                   As these photosfrom August 1955demonstratefloodwaters pose a powerful threat to propery and lives. As the top photo shows, this
             1955                  Southbridge, Massachusetts home was toppled when thefloodwaters ofthe Quinebaug River weakened itsfoundation. Note the overturned
                                   automobile on the left; its only ident0able remains are its tires.
                                      Floodwatersfrom the Blackstone River (above) roar through Webster Square in Worcester, Massachusetts.






                                                                                                                                                           Rhode Island 1991






                Reservoir Control Center                                                                 potential flood conditions. This data indicates when to
                                                                                                         operate the flood control gates and when to release stored
                As a flood situation develops, considerable judgment and                                 floodwaters from reservoirs once downstream flood condi-
                experience are required to efficiently manage Corps dams                                 tions have receded. During flood emergency periods, addi-
                and reservoirs. Weather conditions, reservoir storage cap-                               tional information is obtained by telephone, teletype, and
                acity, and the flood levels of rivers are important factors                              radio from field personnel and other agencies, such as the
                when operating dams that maximize the protection of                                      National Weather Service and the U.S. Geological Survey.
                downstream communities and minimize flood damage.                                           The Reservoir Control Center has helped minimize or
                The nature of New England weather requires the region's                                  prevent severe and damaging floods in many New England
                dams and reservoirs be professionally managed by trained                                 communities. The Corps is proud of its commitment to
                engineers and hydrologists. These skilled technicians,                                   provide the public with improved flood protection through
                using sophisticated communications equipment, form an                                    the professional management of its dams and hurricane
                integral part of the Corps' flood control efforts known as                               protection barriers.
                the Reservoir Control Center (RCC).                                                         New England Division has been an innovative leader in
                    The RCC is located at the Corps'New England head-                                    the use of non-structural solutions for flooding problems.
                quarters in Waltham, Massachusetts. From this site, Corps                                The Charles River Natural Valley Storage Project provides
                engineers closely monitor precipitation, river levels, and                               a novel approach to flood protection in parts of Boston and
                tidal levels in New England. The state-of-the-art commu-                                 Cambridge by retaining flood flows on 8, 100 acres of wet-
                nications equipment used by RCC personnel is comple-                                     land areas aquired by the government at a cost of $9 mil-
                mented by the Geostationary Operational Environmental                                    lion. In Warwick, Rhode Island flood-prone properties
                Satellite (GOES) System. The GOES system serves as a                                     were aquired, removed or modified to withstand high
                communication link for the relay of hydrologic and meteo-                                water events with the federal government underwriting
                rological data. Information from about 50 data collection                                80% of the cost. In these times of environmental concern
                platforms at key locations along rivers, streams and other                               and building restrictions, non-structural flood protection
                bodies of water is relayed to a stationary satellite, which                              projects have the potential to protect life and property
                transmits this data by radio signal to the RCC. Engineers                                with minimal adverse environmental impacts.
                then examine and analyze this hydrologic information for








                                                                                                                    GOES
                                                                                                                    SATELLITE



                        The GOES network, or the New England
                    Division Satellite System (NEDSA7), plays
                       a kg role in helping the Corps reduceflood
                      damage. About 50 data collection platforms
                (DCPs) are situated on various rivers and streams
                throughout thefive New England states (opposite
                    page) where the Corps has dams and hurricane                                                                   Z7
                protection barriers. Hydrologic and meteorological
                    datafrom these DCPs are relayed to a satellite
                    stationed above the earth (7ight). The satellite
                    then transmits this information by radio signal
                         to the Corps'Reservoir Control Center in                              >
                    Waltham, Massachusetts. The data tell Corps'
                    engineer;when to open or close thefloodgates of
                    Corps'dams and h urricane protection barriers,    PF-771"',
                     thus limiting damage to communities down-        %7-,                                                         cows
                      stream. The GOES system also provides the
                                                                                                         - WWI
                                                                                                   @t










                         national weather maps displayed by local                                        Qpvp)
                            TV weathermen during theirforecasts.






                US Army Corps of Engineers









                                    INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY                                       NEDSAT:
                                                                                                   A network of remote, data collection
                                                                                                   platforms (DCP's) in five major river
                                                                                                   basins, which report hydrologic data,
                                                                                                   such as water level and rainfall, from
                                                                                                   important index stations on rivers and
                                                                                                   streams. All DCP's show by dots on
                                                                                                   the map, sense water data and transmit
                                           VT                                                      it by radio to NOAA's Geostationary
                                                                                                   Operational Environmental Satellite
                                                                                                   (GOES). It is relayed back to Earth, and
                                                 Wells River              NH                       is received at the satellite ground
                                                                                                   station at NED Headquarters in Waltham,
                                                                                                   Massachusetts. There it is used for
                                                                          - Woodstock              timely and effective operation of flood
                                                                                                   control projects.
                                                           Rumney
                                     West Hartford            Plymouth o

                                                      West Lebanon
                                                                    Bristol   GTilton                                         N
                                                               Franklin Jct e


                                                           Henniker 9         o River Hill
                                    North Walpole e                             * Concord
                                                                    Goffstown e
                                                                                . Goffs Falls
                                                        Keene
                                                           0
                                                     Peterborouge         eSouhegan


                                                               East  Pepperell

                              West Deerfield            Athol
                                                                                     Lowell
                                      Montague City      Barre Plains *   MA                     New England Division
                                                                                          1.2.1
                                                                                        U3          Headquarters
                                              Gibbs Crossing 9
                                     Westfield. Indian Orchard            e Northbridge

                                                              Webster
                                    Thompsonvillee       Putnam                                               CAPE
                        Mad River Dam Simsbury                                V@oons cket                       COD
                                       0                                                                         BAY
                  Hall Meadow! *East Branch                Willimantic
                        Thomaston -        0    Ilartford
                          Northfield. Unionville         Jewett City      R
                         Brook
                       Black Rock* *    Waterbury
                       Stevenson       *Hop Brook
                                 . . Beacon Falls
                           CT
                                                           LopjC          PJ0 Soutil)                         New England Division
                                                                    ISLA                                    NEDSAT GOES Satellite
                            Stamford
                                                                                                                   Hydrologic Data
                                                                                                                 Collection Network







                                                                                                                                                Rhode Island 1991





            Shore and Hurricane Protection

            The Corps work in shore protection began in 1930, when               tion and maintenance. The New England Division has
            Congress directed it to study ways to reduce erosion along           completed 36 streambank/shoreline protection projects in
            U.S. seacoasts and the Great Lakes. Corps of Engineers               the region.
            hurricane protection work began in 1955, when Congress                 New England Division has been a pioneer in the con-
            directed it to conduct general investigations along the              struction of hurricane protection barriers. NED has con-
            Atlantic and Gulf Coasts to identify problem areas and               structed and operates hurricane barriers in Stamford, CT
            determine the feasibility of protection.                             and New Bedford, MA. Additionally NED has constructed
              While each situation the Corps studies requires differ-            barriers in Providence, R.I.; Pawcatuck, CT; and New
            ent considerations, engineers look at each one with struc-           London, CT. The local communities have assumed re-
            tural and non-structural solutions in mind. Engineering              sponsibility for their operation and maintenance.
            feasibility and economic efficiency are considered along               Section 145 of the Water Resources Development Act of
            with the environmental and social impacts. A recommen-               1976 authorizes placement of beach quality sand from our
            dation for Federal participation is normally based on shore          dredging projects on adjacent beaches with local interests
            ownership, use and type and frequency of benefits if there           picking up the additional costs of the disposal. Section 933
            is no public use or benefit, Federal participation is not rec-       of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 reduces
            ommended. Once a shore protection project is completed,              this local cost share from 100 to 50 percent of additional
            non-Federal interests assume responsibility for its opera-           costs.






                                            7



                          4f




















                                                                                                       FI




            This shore protection project at Oakland Beach in Warwick'Rhode Island, is a good example ofhow Corps'works help protect shores and restore beaches. Sand
            replenishment, which widened and restored the two beach areas on thefar lefi andfar right, slows the ocean's inland advance. Thefour groins maintain shore
            alignment by trapping and retaining sand. The stone revetment, in the center of the photograph between two groins, retards erosion.











            US Army Corps of Engineers





               Hydropower

               The Corps has played a significant role in meeting the                                        plant is used by the Vermont Electric Cooperative or
               Nation's electric power generation needs by building and                                      is sold to other utilities.
               operating hydropower plants in connection with its large                                      Quechee, Vermont, 2.5 miles upstream of the North
               multiple-purpose dams. The Corps' involvement in hydro-                                       Hartland Lake Dam and within the reservoir area.
               power generation began with the Rivers and Harbors Acts                                       Built on Corps land, this plant produces 1.8 mega-
               of 1890 and 1899, which required the Secretary of War and                                     watts. Power is sold to the Central Vermont Public
               the Corps of Engineers to approve the sites and plans for                                     Service Corporation.
               all dams and to issue permits for their construction. The
               Rivers and Harbors Act of 1909 directed the Corps to con-                                     Waterbu?y, Vermont, at the base of the dam at Water-
               sider various water uses, including water power, when sub-                                    bury Reservoir. This facility generates approximately
               mitting preliminary reports on potential projects.                                            5.5 megawatts of power, which is used by the Green
                  The Corps continues to consider the potential for hydro-                                   Mountain Power Corporation.
               electric power development during the planning process                                        Montpelier, Vermont, approximately 200 feet down-
               for all water resources projects involving dams and reser-                                    stream of the dam at Wrightsville Reservoir. The
               voir .s. In most instances, hydropower facilities at Corps                                    plant has the capacity to produce 1.2 kilowatts of
               projects are now developed by non-Federal interests with-                                     power, which is used by the Washington Electric
               out Federal assistance, but the Corps becomes involved                                        Cooperative.
               with the planning, construction and operation of hydro-
               power projects when it is impractical for non-Federal in-                                     Franklin, New Hampshire, on Salmon Brook. Built on
               terests to do so. Today, the more than 20,000 megawatts                                       Corps land within the Franklin Falls reservoir, this
               of capacity at corps-operated power plants provide approx-                                    facility produces 0.2 megawatts of power. Power is sold
               imately 30 percent of the Nation's hydroelectric power, or                                    to the Public Service Company of New Hampshire.
               3.5 percent of its total electric energy supply.                                              Bristol, New Hampshire, on the Newfound River. This
                  In New England, the Corps does not operate any hydro-                                      plant produces 1.5 megawatts and lies on private
               electric power facilities, but there are eight hydroelectric                                  property but within the Franklin Falls reservoir area.
               power plants at Corps flood control dams which are owned                                      Power is sold to the Public Service Company of New
               and operated by nonfederal interests. These plants are                                        Hampshire.
               located in:
                     North Hartland, Vermont, about 500 feet downstream of                                   Peterborough, New Hampshire, on Verney Mills Dam at
                      the North Hartland Lake Dam. This facility produces                                    Edward MacDowell Lake. This facility began produc-
                      4 megawatts of power. All power generated at this                                      ing power in 1990. The power is sold to the Public
                                                                                                             Service Company of New Hampshire.





                                                                                                                             t



                                                                                                                                        "0








                Although the Corps does not present@y operate any
                 hydroelectric power plants in New England, there
                                                                                                           't%
                  arefive hydropower plants located at Corpsflood
                       control projects in the region that are owned
                   and operated by nonfiederal interests. The North
                Hartland hydropowerfaciliy in North Hartland,
                      Vermont, located 500feet downstream of the
                       Corps-operated North Hartland Lake Dam,
                                                is one suchfaciliy.






                                                                                                                                                                      Rhode Island 1991








                Colebrook, Connecticut, at the intake of the dam at Cole-      more extensive environmental studies, namely the prepa-
                brook River Lake. This facility began producing power          ration of environmental impact statements. In selecting
                in 1989. The 3.3 megawatts of power is sold to the             alternative project designs, the Corps strives to choose
                Connecticut Light and Power Company.                           options with minimum environmental impact.
             New England Division is evaluating a prototype design               Under Section 1135 of the Water Resources Develop-
                                                                               ment Act of 1986, the Corps is authorized to modify its
           for installation of a vertical axis hydro turbine (VAHT)            existing projects-many of them built before current envi-
           which would harness the energies of the continual tidal             ronmental requirements were in effect for environmental
           currents at the Cape Cod Canal. If installed, the energy            improvement. Proposed modifications under this authority
           generated would offset the current electrical bill. This pro-       range from use of dredged material to create nesting sites
           totype has widespread repercussions as it does not require          for waterfowl to modification of water control structures to
           the costly superstructure of conventional submerged hydro           improve downstream water quality for fisheries. Several of
           turbines.                                                           these proposals were specifically designed to help meet the
                                                                               goals of the North American Waterfowl Management
           Water Supply                                                        Plan. The Corps is working to select additional projects for
                                                                               modification.
           The Water Supply Act of 1958 authorized the Corps to
           provide additional storage in its reservoirs for municipal
           and industrial water supply at the request of local inter-
           ests, provided those interests agree to pay the cost. For
           irrigation, the Flood Control Act of 1944 provided that the
           Secretary of War, upon the recommendation of the Secre-
           tary of the Interior, may utilize Corps reservoirs, provided
           that water users agree to repay the Government for the
           water in accordance with the 1902 Reclamation Law, as
           amended. Both Littleville and Colebrook Lakes have been
           designed to provide backup water supplies to surrounding                N_.
           communities in times of severe droughts. Littleville Lake
           will serve communities in the Springfield, MA area, while
           Colebrook Lake will serve communities in Northwestern
           Connecticut.                                                                                                 Z
             Reservoir capacity can also be used for water quality and                      _7@
           streamflow regulation, as authorized by, the Federal Water
           Pollution Control Act Amendments of 196 1.


           Environme ntal'Quality
           In conducting its Civil Works Programs., the Corps    must
           comply with many environmental laws and executive
           orders and numerous regulations relating to the environ-
           ment. Consideration of the environmental impact of a
           Corps project begins in the early stages and continues
           through design, construction and operation of the project.
           The Corps must also comply with many of these environ-              A beaverpipe allows water topass underneath a beaver dam, preventing the
           mental regulations in conducting its regulatory programs            flooding of nearby roads and controlling the water level. This beaver pipe
                                                                               was constructed and installed at Suny Mountain Lake Dam in Suny, New
           (see next section).                                                 Hampshire.
             The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
           is the national charter for the protection of the environ-
           ment, and its procedures ensure that public officials and
           private citizens may obtain and provide environmental
           information before Federal agencies make decisions con-
           cerning the environment. Corps of Engineers project plan-
           ning procedures under NEPA often point out the need for





   M       US Army Corps of Engineers





              Regulatory Programs

              The Corps of Engineers has regulatory authority over any                             considers all the relevant factors, including conservation,
              construction or other work in navigable waterways under                              economics, aesthetics, general environmental concerns,
              Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, and                                historical values, wetland values, fish and wildlife values,
              authority over the discharge of dredged or fill material                             flood damage prevention, land use classifications, naviga-
              into the "waters of the United States" a term which in-                              tion, recreation, water supply, water quality, energy needs,
              cludes wetlands and all other aquatic areas under Section                            food production and the general welfare of the public.
              404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-                                   The Corps of Engineers has issued a number of nation-
              ments of 1972 (PL 92-500, the "Clean Water Act") -                                   wide general permits for minor activities which require lit-
                The Corps regulatory program is the principal way by                               tle or no individual review. Individual Corps districts have
              which the Federal government protects wetlands and other                             also issued regional permits for certain types of minor
              aquatic environments and ensures the continued naviga-                               work in specific areas. Corps districts have also issued
              bility of the Nation's waterways. The regulatory program's                           State Program General Permits in States with comprehen-
              goal is to ensure protection of the aquatic environment                              sive wetland protection programs. These permits allow
              while allowing for environmentally sustainable develop-                              applicants to do work for which a State permit has been
              ment.                                                                                issued. These general permits reduce delays and paper-
                 The standard permit evaluation process includes a pub-                            work for applicants and allow the Corps to devote its
              lic notice with a public comment period and an opportuni-                            resources to the most significant cases while maintaining
              ty for a public hearing before the Corps makes a permit                              the environmental safeguards of the Clean Water Act.
              decision. In its evaluation of permit applications, the Corps









                                                   A&

                                                                  @A-
                                                                                                                    %
















               A


                                                                                                               J1                                                         V









              Baker Cove in Groton'   Connecticut, like many wetlands, supports numerous plant and animal species. Before building a proposed project in a given area, the
              Corps looks close@) at the effects such a project may have on the environment and surrounding wetlands. The Corps considers all options, including those that pre-
              clude development, infinding a solution to a water resources problem.
                                     I rw@
                                                                                                                  riot".





                                                                                                                                                                  Rhode Island 1991





               Recreation

               The Flood Control Act of 1944, as amended, provides
               authority to construct, maintain, and operate public park
               and recreational facilities at water resources development
               projects under the control of the Secretary of the Army
               and to permit the construction, maintenance, and opera-
               tion of such facilities. It also provides that the water areas
               of projects shall be open to public use - generally for boat-
               ing, fishing, and other recreational purposes. The Corps of
               Engineers today is one of the Federal government's largest
               providers of outdoor recreational opportunities, operating
               more than 2,000 sites at its lakes and other water resource
               projects, and receiving more than 600 million visits per                               r
               year.
                 The recreation opportunities attract 7.9 million visitors
               to New England Division projects per year. Of these, 3.9
                                                                                                                                           VS M FAA] SEINE
               million visitors utilize the flood control projects, while 4.0
               million take advantage of various facilities of the Cape
                                                                                                  A
               Cod Canal.



                                                                                                                          IF
                                                                                                                           ir







                       There are many recreational opportunities available at the 35 dams
                         and reservoirs built by the Corps'New England Division such as
                   snowmobiling at Blackwater Dam in Webster, New Hampshire (right);
               andflyfishing at Townshend Lake Dam in Townshend, Vermont (below).                                                                                      J









                                                                                                                                                  V_

































               US Army Corps of Engineers





            Emergency Response and Recovery

            Corps assistance for emergency/disaster response and                 pairs to essential public utilities and facilities and emer-
            recovery is provided under Public Law 84-99, covering                gency access for a 10-day period, at the request of the
            Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies, or in support of              Governor.
            other agencies, particularly the Federal Emergency Man-                Under the Stafford Act and the Federal Disaster Re-
            agement Agency (FEMA). under Public Law 93-288 (the                  sponse Plan, the Corps of Engineers has a standing mis-
            Stafford Act), as amended.                                           sion assignment to provide public works and engineering
              Under PL 84-99 the Chief of Engineers, acting for the              support in response to a major disaster or catastrophic
            Secretary of the Army, is authorized to undertake activi-            earthquake. Under this Plan, the Corps will work directly
            ties including disaster preparedness, advance measures,              with the State in providing temporary repair and construc-
            emergency operations (e.g., flood fighting, rescue and               tion of roads, bridges, and utilities, temporary shelter,
            emergency relief activities), rehabilitation of flood control        debris removal and demolition, water supply, etc.
            works threatened or destroyed by flood, protection or                  In addition to its mission under the federal Disaster
            repair of Federally authorized shore protection works                Response Plan, the Corps is one of the Federal agencies
            threatened or damaged by coastal storms, and providing               tasked by FEMA to provide engineering, design, construc-
            emergency supplies of clean water in cases of drought or             tion and contract management in support of recovery
            contaminated water supply. In post-flood response activi-            operations.
            ties, the Corps provides temporary construction and re-










            IT,






                                                                                               4

                   -All


                          00,



                          'WP
                                                                                                    0






              00

                                                                                                    4
                                                                                 .t;t@
                                                             > 3@

                                                     -ol
                                                                                                      The Corps provided disaster relief assistance to
                                                                                                    'I residents 0 Chelsea, Massachusetts, whenfire
                                                                                                              f
                                                                                                      destroyed 18 ciy blocks in October 1973.















                                                                                                                                   Rhode Island 1991









                                                                        DESCRIPTION
                                                                                                  OF
                                                                                PROJECTS



















                                                                                                                                                                                Rhode Island 1991    m





           River Basins

           Flooding may be caused by a combination of many factors              Pawcatuck. All three river basins have Corps'Flood Dam-
           related to the underlying river basin. Corps' Flood Dam-             age Reduction projects within their drainage areas. R-hode
           age Reduction projects, such as dams and Local Protection            Island is the Nation's smallest state (in terms of area) with
           Projects, are designed and constructed as part of an overall         1214 square miles.
           plan to limit flooding in a particular river basin.                   The following pages show where these three river basins
             There are 19 principal river basins that lie entirely or           lie in the state and the location of Corps'Flood Damage
           partially in New England. Of this number, three lie in               Reduction projects within each basin.
           parts of Rhode Island     the Blackstone, Thames, and











                                         US Army Corps
                                         of Engineers                                                ST. JOHN

                                         Major River Basins
                                           In Now England


                                                                                                          PENOBSCOT


                                                                                                                   ST. CRDI


                                                                                           KENNEBEC
                                                                                   A

                                                              VT.
                                                                              SACO            PRESUMPSCOT
                                                                           SO*
                                                                        _s
                                                                                          PISCATAQUA
                                              04,


                                                           13                             CHARLES
                                     NEW
                                     YORK                                               NEPONSET
                                                                                          ,TAUNTON


                                                                 THAMESI                                 ATLANTIC
                                                                           BLACKSTONE                             OCEAN
                                                              PAWCATUCK
                                                                                              /ST



































































           US Army Corps of Engineers














                                                                                                                                                N


                                                                                                          WORCESTER    BosIrON

                                                                                                                    BLACKSTO E
                                                                                                                     RIVER BASIN




                                                                                                                            MASS.
                                         ORCESTER         Lake                                              PROVIDEN                            C
                                                 I                                                       @@ I R.I.                     C ApS
                                                          Quinsigamond                                    Z.

                                         iddj@
                                                               41-
                            Leesville   n                                                                                     OLANTIC

                                         0                                4-
                                   Auburn        Millbury                                              WEST HILL DAM


                                                                               1z
                WORCESTER                                                                            WOONSOCKET

                                                                                                                        LOWER WOONSOCKET
                                                                       Uxbridge


                                                                                                           04


                                   MASS.                                     Millvil e
                             ---- -------                                          lacksto                    ----------
                                   CONN.                             MASS.        -------
                                                                       R.I.
                                                                                                            OONSOCKET



                                              z
                         LEGEND
                    DM                                                                                                        >

                    LOM PROT[C" PWW

                   "=am Pwmcm

                      SCALE IN MILES                                                 BLACKSTONE
                                                                                                                          P     TUC    T





                                                                                                                            10
                         Blackstone River Basin                                                          PROVIDENCE
                            The Blackstone River Basin stretches from Worcester,                                                E. PROVIDE@CE
                         Massachusetts to the Providence-Pawtucket area of Rhode
                         Island. It is 46 miles long and has an average width of 12
                         miles.                                                                                                             FOX POINT
                            The basin consists of 540 square miles, of which 382
                                                                                                                             M n
                         square miles (71 percent) lie in Massachusetts and 158                                               % tn
                         square miles (29 percent) lie in Rhode Island. In Rhode
                         Island, it occupies one-third of Providence County, mainly
                         in the county's northern and northeastern sections.







                                                                                                                                       Rhode Island 1991











                                                                                                                                                LEGEND
                                     N                                                                                                   0     DAN
                       VT.                                                                                                                     LOCAL P20TECTION
                                   N.H.                                                                                                        PROJECY
                                                               EAST BRIMFIELD                                                             A    NVIRICANE PROJECTION
                                                                       LAKE                                                                    BARRIER
                          MASS.                   t" t.
                     THAMES                     TON                          WESTVILLE                                                         SCALE IN MILES
                RIVER BAS12r4w ORCISSM                                                                                              4          a
                                                                                  LAKE
                                           1DZNC9                                                          r
                    HARMT                                                                                                     HODGES           VILLAGE DAN
                       CONN.                                                                      Char
                                                              Brimfield                           0                  rd
                                                                   0
                            Long Island Sound                                         turbridge
                                                                                         in                                   BUFFUMVILLE LAKE

                                                                        0         Southbridge
                            .............                        Holland            MASS.               0        Webster
                                                 ------------------------------- -----                            ......
                                                                                    CONN.                   k.                          MASS.
                                                                                                                             --------------------
                                                                                                                                           R.I.
                      N                                                                                         Gronvenordfe

                                                                                           West Thompson
                                                                                                            Putnam           I         WEST THOMPSON
                                                                                                                             10
                                                                                                                             1, West Glocester   LAKE

                                                               a


                                                         *Me field

                                                                                                                 Danielson




                                 Andover
                                                                 W LIMANTIC

                                                                        *Windbam                                             I  Greene
                                                                                                                             I
                                                                                                                             1,    0
                                                                OLebanon                                                 zs.-; Thames River Basin
               MANSFIELD HOLLOW                                                                                          0:04
                          LAKE                                               Baltic                                      U1        The Thames River Basin lies mostly
                                                                                                                             I
                                                                                                  Jewett City                   in the eastern third of Connecticut,
                                                          Gil an               Occ
                                                             a        ov-%                 aftvi  e                             with small sections extending into
                                                            Fitc                                                             s' southern Massachusetts and northwest-
                                                                       ozra       N        ICH                                  ern Rhode Island. It is 67 miles long
                                                                 Gardner                                                        with a maximum width of 38 miles.
                                                                     Lake
                                                          *Salem                                                                   The basin comprises an area of 1474
                                                                                                                                square miles. Of this number, 1162
                                                                                                       NORWICH                  square miles (75 percent) lie in Con-
                                                                                   Gel                                          necticut, 251 (20 percent) lie in Massa-
                                                                                                                                chusetts, and 61 (five percent) lie in
                                   NEW LONDON                         NEW                                                       Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the
                                                                      LON                                                       Thames River Basin occupies the west-
                                                                                     G     n
                                                                                                                                ern edge of Providence County and
                                                                                                                                minor portions of Kent and Washington
                                                                                                                                Counties.



                                                                    LONG ISLAND SOUND
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               US Army Corps of Engineers















                                                                                                                                                                                   N
                                                                                                                                                   MASSACHUSETTS
                    Pawcatuck River Basin                                                                                                                             " --I
                                                                                                                                                                   RH
                                                                                                                                                              @T71 ODE
                       The Pawcatuck River Basin lies prin-                                                                                    PA WCA TUCK       Providence
                    cipally in the southwestern corner of                                                                                     RIVER BASIN
                    Rhode Island, except for two small por-                                                                       0 Hartford                       ISLAND         Ix
                    tions located in southeastern Connecti-                                                                              CONNECTICUT
                    cut. It is 22 miles long with a maximum                                                                                                             Y-
                                                                                         ::) z                                                                     '@t4
                    width of 22 miles.                                                   Q A                                                       w
                       The basin extends over an area of 303                                                                                       on,                       SIAT4 D
                    square miles, 246 (81 percent) of which                              z                                                                               S(
                                                                                         z                                                                                BLOCK
                    lie in Rhode Island and 57 (19 percent)                              0:0                                            Island     e                      ISLAND Oj AN
                                                                                         0 M                                      Long
                    in Connecticut. In Rhode Island, the                                   I                                        som d                             A'ft'AS'flC
                    basin covers part of Washington County
                    and most of Kent County.
                       The Pawcatuck River Basin contains
                    a vast amount of wetland areas, which                                  11
                    absorb potentially damaging flood-
                    waters from rivers and streams.
                                                                                                                                                                   0 Exeter




                                                                                                                     0 Arcadia



                                                                                                                                   at




                                                                                                    Hope Valley
                                                                                                                                                                   Kingston
                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                               0 Hopkinton                     Carolina              Great
                                                                                                                                                   Swamp
                                                                                                                                                                lorden
                                                                                                                                                               Pond
                                                  N. Stonin n

                                                                                     CK        Ashaway


                                                                                                         Bradford                Charlestown
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                                           PAWCATUCK



                                                               4.
                                                                                                                                                             LEGEND
                                                                              Watch Hill
                                                                        Little
                                                                   N
                                                                      rragansett                                                              HURRICANE       PROTECTION BARRIER
                                                                    a    Balf
                                                                                                                                                            SCALE IN PAILIS
                                                                                                                                                     1    0     1     2    3

















                                                                                                                                                                              Rhode Island 1991





                  Flood Damage Reduction

                  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has constructed four                                                     and central Woonsocket and the Belmont Park section of
                  flood damage reduction projects-a hurricane protection                                                    Warwick, cost a combined $17.7 million to construct and
                  barrier and three local protection projects-in Rhode                                                      have prevented an estimated $43.4 million in flood dam-
                  Island.                                                                                                   ages. 1,ocal protection projects in Rhode Island are oper-
                      The Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier in Provi-                                                  ated and maintained by the respective municipalities. The
                  dence protects the center of the city from tidal flooding                                                 following pages give a brief history and description of the
                  caused by hurricanes and other coastal storms. Gosting $15                                                flood damage reduction projects constructed by the Corps
                  million to build, the city-operated barrier has prevented                                                 in Rhode Island.
                  flood damages estimated at $745,000. The three local pro-                                                   Note: Figures givenfor damages prevented by eachflood control
                  tection projects, which provide flood protection to northern                                              project are estimated through September 1990.


















                                              TOWER


                                                     CONTROL ROOM                                                                                          STONE SLOPE PROTECTION



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                       CONDUIT GATE
                                                                                                   (SAND, SILT AND CLAY)




                                                        TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF AN EARTHFILL DAM














                  US Army Corps of Engineers





                          Flood Damage Reduction Projects
                          in Rhode Island

                                                  Hurricane Protection Barrier
                                                    Fox Point in Providence

                                                  Local Protection Projects
                                                    Lower Woonsocket
                                                    Pawtuxet River, Warwick
                                                    Woonsocket














































































                                                                                                                Rhode Island 1991








                                                                               Street, near the p ower plant. The structure contains three
                                                                               tainter gate openings that prevent the entry of floodwaters
                                                                               in the bay when closed and permit passage of small vessels
           7.                                                                  when open. Each gate is 40 feet high and 40 feet wide.
                                                                                  Two 1.0 to 15-foot-high earthfill dikes, each with stone
           JL:@ -
                                                                               slope protection, flank each side of the barrier. The eastern
                                                                               dike is 780 feet long'and the western dike is 1400 feet long.
                                                                                  A pumping station and cooling water canal are integral
                                                                               parts of the project. During a flood situation, the pumping
                                                                               station's five large pumps. can. discharge the floodwaters of
                                                                               the Providence River through the barrier into the bay. Two
                                                                               gated openings i  ,n the pumping station, each 10 feet high
                                                                               and 15 feet wide, admit water into the cooling water canal
                                                                               used by the Narragansett Electric Company, located im-
                                                                               mediately behind the barrier,
                                                                                  There are three vehicular gates, located at Allens Ave-
                                                                               nue, South Main Street, and the Narragansett Electric
                                                                               Company and five sewer gates that prevent high tides from
                                                                               backing up through the sewer lines.









           The Fox Point Hurficane Protection Barrier




           Fox Point

             The Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier in Provi-
           dence is located immediately south of the Narragansett
           Electric Company plant, about 0.2 mile north of Fox Point
           and one mile south of downtown Providence.
             The project provides virtually complete protection
           against tidal flooding from hurricanes and other coastal
           storms to about 280 acres of downtown Providence. The
           protected area includes the commercial and industrial cen-
           ter, transportation facilities, public utilities, and many
           homes. The city suffered extensive damage from the hurri-
           cane of 1938 and Hurricane Carol in 1954 when, in each
           instance, water depths of up to eight feet were experienced
           in the city's commercial area. Damage from the 1938 hurri-
           cane amounted to $16.3 million-approximately $212 mil-
           lion in today's dollars. Damage from Hurricane Carol
           amounted to $25.1 million-about S 126 million in today's
           dollars. Construction began injuly 1961 and was completed
           injanuary 1966 at a cost of $15 million. Since the barrier
           was completed, it has prevented flood damages estimated
           at $745,000. The city of Providence operates and maintains
           the project.
             The barrier itself is a 700-foot-long concrete structure,
           25 feet high, that extends westerly across the Providence
           River from Tockwotton Street, near Fox Point, to Globe






           US Army Corps of Engineers










                                                                                         LOCAL
                                                                            PROTECTION
                                                                                   PROJECTS

                                                                                     Lower Woonsocket

                                                                                Pawtuxet River, Warwick

                                                                                            Woonsocket






























                                                                                                                                                                               Rhode Island 1991     m











                                                         7






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            The Lower Woonsocket Local Protection Pro#ect protects industrial and commercial establishments and densely populated residential areasfromfloodflows on
            the Blackstone, Mill, and Peters Rivers. The photo shows a section ofthe 1860-foot-long earthfill dike and a section ofconcretefloodwall along the river's left
            bank (top bank in the photo) in the ciy's Social District. Also, this part of the Blackstone River was deepened.




            Lower Woonsocket                                                     Rivers. On the Blackstone River, the Corps constructed a
                                                                                 1860-foot-long earthfill dike with stone slope protection
              The Lower Woonsocket Local Protection Project in                   and three concrete floodwalls totalling almost 1100 feet,
            Woonsocket is located along the Blackstone River and two             both along the river's left bank. A pumping station re-
            of its tributaries, the Mill and Peters Rivers, in an area           moves interior drainage behind the dike and floodwalls
            downstream of the South Main Street Bridge.                          during flood periods. Also, about 600 feet of the Blackston;.;
              The project, in conjunction with the Woonsocket Local              River was deepened. Improvements on the Mill River in-
            Protection Project located upstream and.West Hill Dam in             clude construction of 2410 feet of dike, four concrete flood-
            Uxbridge, Massachusetts, protects industrial and commer-             walls that total 600 feet in length, 1700 feet of channel ex-
            cial establishments and densely populated residential areas          cavation, and a I 150-foot-long concrete pressure conduit
            from flood flows on the Blackstone, Mill, and Peters Rivers.         that passes beneath Social StreetJohn A. Cummings Way,
            The Lower Woonsocket Local Protection Project and the                and Clinton Street. The conduit is a twin-barrelled struc-
            Woonsocket Local Protection Project have together, since             ture, with each barrel 12 feet high and 21 feet wide. As
            their completion, prevented flood damages totalling $43.4            part of its improvements on the Mill River, the Corps re-
            million (Flood damage prevention figures for the two pro-            placed the East School Street Bridge so that the eastern
            jects are calculated together and not individually).                 bridge abutment could be tied into a floodwall, strengthen-
              The project was built between December 1963 and April              ing the project's flood damage reduction capabilities. Im-
            1967 at a cost of $8.3 million. Construction required the            provements on the Peters River include construction of
            alteration of utilities at five points along the east bank of        770 feet of earthfill dike, 250 feet of concrete floodwall,
            the river where the two pressure conduits cross existing             400 feet of channel excavation, and an I I 80-foot-long con-
            streets. Woonsocket operates and maintains the project.              crete pressure conduit, 10 feet high and 17 feet wide, that
              The project consists of work in three areas of Woon-               passes beneath Elm, Godfrey, and Cumberland Streets.
            socket: The Social District Unit, the Hamlet District Unit,            Work in the Hamlet District Unit entailed construction
            and the Bernon Unit. Work in the Social District Unit in-            of three earthfill dikes with stone slope protection that
                                                 F-7-   W,






























            volved improvements on the Blackstone, Mill, and Peters              total almost 3 100 feet on the Blackstone River's right





            US Army Corps of Engineers








           bank; 75 feet of concrete floodwall between the upper two              The Pawtuxet River is formed by the junction of its
           dikes; a pumping station behind the lower dike that dis-             north and south branches in West Warwick. It flows north-
           charges interior drainage during flood periods; and about            easterly for I I miles through Warwick (including the Bel-
           2000 feet of channel excavation on the Blackstone River.             mont Park section) and Cranston before it empties into
           In addition to this work, the Corps removed the Hamlet               Narragansett Bay at Pawtuxet Cove on the Cranston-
           Dam.                                                                 Warwick line. Belmont Park, a low-lying floodplain, had
             In the Bernon Unit, the Corps removed the 194-foot-                been subject to more frequent and severe flooding in re-
           long Bernon Dam on the Blackstone River; constructed a               cent years from increased development along the river. To
           pilot channel, 50 feet wide and 600 feet long, between the           help stem this severe flooding, the Corps evaluated both
           former dam and the Bernon Street Bridge; and modified                structural and nonstructural flood damage reduction
           the bridge by removing a steel truss beneath the bridge              plans. A structural plan would have required construction
           and raising utility conduits, allowing flood flows to pass           of a nearly one-mile-long dike around the Belmont Park
           underneath.                                                          area. The nonstructural plan called for the demolition
                                                                                and/or removal of several homes situated close to the river
                                                                                and the installation of an automated flood forecasting and
           Pawtucket River, Warwick                                             warning system. After careful study, the Corps determined
             The Pawtuxet River Local Protection Project in War-                that the nonstructural plan would be more cost effective.
           wick is located on the Pawtuxet River at the northern end              The work involved moving or eliminating 61 homes; pur-
           of the city's Norwood section, referred to as Belmont Park.          chasing outright 19 privately-owned vacant lots; construct-
             The project prevents flood damage to approximately 38              ing 12 above ground utility room additions to residences in
           acres of residential land in Warwick, much of it bounded             the area which historically experienced less severe flood-
           by the Pawtuxet River.                                               ing; and installing the automated flood forecasting and

                                                                                                       _77
                                                                                       -7,7, 3,R

                                                                                          40,,
                                                                                                              IpS



















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              8








           The Pawtuxet River Local Protection Project, one of two nonstructural plans the Corps oversees in New England, preventsflood damage to approximately 38
           acres ofresidential land in Warwick. The project calledfor the demolition andlor removal ofseveral homes situated close to the river and the installation ofan
           automatedfloodforecasting and warning system.
           .1 - I AL










                                                                                                                                  Rhode Island 1991







           warning system so that the remaining homes could be                 I'm               -W @ @ ,     -14,   11,_M7FJT
                                                                                                                         7
           evacuated and property vulnerable to basement flooding                                                               -too
           could be protected. Work began in September 1982 and
           was completed injuly 1985 at a cost of $4 million. Some of
           the homes demolished were used for training by firefight-                4
           ers in Warwick and neighboring communities. Warwick is
           responsible for operating and maintaining the flood fore-
           casting and warning system.
           The Nonstructural Approach
              The Pawtuxet River Local Protection Pro ect is one of
           two nonstructural flood damage reduction projects the                                     V
                                                                                                V'r
           Corps'oversees in New England. The other, the Charles
                                                                                                                                            A
           River Natural Valley Storage Project in Massachusetts, is
           one of the country's largest and most successful applica-
           tions 'of the nonstructural approach to flood control.
              By purchasing 38 acres of land along the Pawtuxet
           River, the Corps has effectively prevented any develop-
           ment on them. Instead of building a dike after the flood
           prone area had been affected by private development, the
           Corps bought the land and returned it to its natural state             000
           to limit the river's flood damage potential.
              Recognizing the value floodplains have in our society,
           the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality said in its 1973          The Woonsocket Local Protection Project, located along the Blackstone
           Annual Report:                                                      River in the industrial area of Woonsocket, protects several homes, commer-
              "The movement is away from the 19th century idea that            cial establishments, and about one-ha@fof the industrial properties in the
           land's only function is to permit its owner to make maxi-           ciy. The Woonsocket Falls Dam, shown with itsfour tainter gates open
           mum profit. Whereas the traditional answer to the ques-             (center ofphoto), has helped to reduceflood damage along theriver.
           tion, 'Why regulate land use?'was 'To maximize land val-
           ues,' the new answer is becoming 'To make the best use of
           our land resources.' (This is) a far cry from the simple value
           maximization concepts of early real estate interests....
              "The goal of long-range enhancement of land values is
           replacing a system aimed solely at increasing the short-run
           value and salability of land. The interest of the general
           public and of future generations is no longer ignored..."

                                                                                  The project was built betweenjuly 1956 and April 1960
           Woonsocket                                                          at a cost of $5.4 million. Construction required the reloca-
                                                                               tion of three water lines and four sewer siphons. The Woon-
              The Woonsocket Local Protection Project is located in            socket Local Protection Project is operated and maintained
           the industrial area of Woonsocket along the Blackstone              by Woonsocket.
           River. The project area extends 8300 feet downstream                   The project involved constructing channel improve-
           from the Massachusetts state line to the center of the city         ments, a concrete floodwall, four earthfill dikes, and a
           near the South Main Street Bridge. A small portion of the           pumping station; replacing an industrial dam; and modify-
           project along the west bank of the river lies in North              ing two railroad bridges. This work is described below.
           Smithfield.                                                            Channel improvements included widening, deepening,
              Woonsocket suffered flood damage estimated at $22                and straightening 6700 feet of the Blackstone River in
           million from the heavy rains of August 1955. The project            Woonsocket and North Smithfield and constructing 1600
           protects about one-half of the industrial properties in the         feet of new channel. The work extends from the Rhode
           city, several homes, commercial establishments, trans-              Island-Massachusetts State Line to the vicinity of the
           portation facilities, and public utilities. The Woonsocket          South Main Street Bridge.
           Local Protection Project and the Lower Woonsocket Local                The concrete floodwall is located on the river's east bank
           Protection Project have together, since their completion,           and extends 316 feet downstream from the Singleton
           prevented flood damages totalling $43.4 million (Flood              Street Bridge to Dike Two (discussed below). It has a
           damage prevention figures for the two projects are calcu-           height that varies between 13.5 and 21 feet.
           lated together and not individually).





           US Army Corps of Engineers








             The four earthfill dikes total 13 10 feet. Dike One, 800            The pumping station handles storm drainage behind the
           feet long with a maximum elevation of 10 feet, begins              dikes and floodwall during high river stages. The dikes,
           about 1200 feet south of the state line and extends along          floodwall, and pumping station protect about 20 acres of
           the cast bank of the river to the Singleton Street Bridge.         industrial property in the vicinity of Singleton Street that
           Dike Two, 240 feet long with a maximum elevation of 10             would otherwise be sub ect to flooding.
           feet, extends from the south end of the floodwall and ties            The Woonsocket Falls Dam is located about 100 feet
           into high ground on the easterly bank. Both of these dikes         upstream of the South Main Street Bridge. Replacing an
           have stone slope protection. Dike Three, 160 feet long with        older structure that impounded a pool used for industrial
           a maximum elevation of eight feet, lies adjacent to the            purposes, the new concrete dam is 266 feet long with a
           southern end of Saranac Pond and extends from high                 maximum height of 13 feet. It is equipped with four tainter
           ground adjacent to the railroad tracks to Rivet Street.            gates, with each gate 10. 1 feet high and 50 feet wide, which
           Dike Four, 110 feet long with a maximum elevation of five          can be raised to allow passage of flood flows.
           feet, is basically a continuation of Dike Three and extends           The modified railroad bridges are located near River
           from River Street to the western abutment of the Single-           Street and above Sayles Street. The Corps strengthened
           ton Street Bridge. Dikes Three and Four protect the River          the underpinnings of both bridges, and. also constructed a
           Street area from Saranac Pond flooding.                            new span and abutment at the bridge above Sayles Street.


























































                                                                                                                                Rhode Island 1991





            Navigation

            The Corps has completed 18 navigation projects in Rhode           19th century. However, most of the navigational work in
            Island. These projects have improved rivers, bays, coves,         today's water-ways has been constructed by the Corps with-
            and harbors that are used by commercial interests, fisher-        in the past 50 years, costing an aggregate $33.3 million.
            men, and the many recreational boaters that benefit from            The following pages describe the Corps' navigation pro-
            Rhode Island's intricate and fascinating coastline and its        jects in Rhode Island. Depths given for channels and
            inland waterways.                                                 anchorages are those at Mean Low Water.
              Initial work on many of the projects dates back to the


























                                                                                                                        NEESE=




















            Afeny boat enters the Block Island Harbor ofRefuge, used byfreight and commercial passenger boats, asmalifishingfleet, and recreational crafl. The Corps
            built the two stone breakwaters thatpartially enclose the innerportion ofthe harbor.





            US Army Corps of Engineers





                       Navigation Projects in Rhode Island


                                        Apponaug Cove

                                        Block Island Harbor of Refuge


                                        Bullocks Point Cove


                                        Coasters Harbor


                                        Great Salt Pond


                                        Greenwich Bay

                                        Newport Harbor

                                        Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay

                                        Pawtuxet Cove


                                        PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge

                                        Potowomut River


                                        Providence River and Harbor


                                        Sakonnet Harbor


                                        Sakonnet River


                                        Seekonk River


                                        Warren River


                                        Warwick Cove


                                        Wickford Harbor

































                                                                                                              Rhode Island 1991









                                                                                           southern coast of Rhode Island and 15 miles northeast of
                                                                                           Montauk Point, the eastern tip of Long Island, New York.
                                                                                           The Block Island Harbor of Refuge, which indents the
                                                                                           island's east side, is used by a small fishing fleet, freight
                                                                                           and passenger boats, and transient recreational craft.
                                                                                              The project, completed in 1916, consists of. Two stone
                                                                                           breakwaters that partially enclose the 640,000-square -foot
                                                                                           Inner Harbor. The 1950-foot-long easterly breakwater
                                                                                           extends northerly, and the I I 00-foot-long westerly break-
                                                                                           water extends northerly and then turns easterly in a right
                                                                                           angle toward the east breakwater.
                                                                                                 A T-shaped stone jetty, about 140 feet long and 100
                                                                                                 feet across, located about 600 feet south of the east
                                                                                                 breakwater.
                                                                                                 A 0.2-mile-long channel, 15 feet deep, extending
                                                                 t F                             from Outer Harbor to the southeastern head of Inner
                                                     Prl "q-7                                    Harbor.
                                                                                                 A 15-foot-deep anchorage covering about 67 percent
                                                               6 r7oce                           of Inner Harbor.
                                                                                              The dredged area includes the above-mentioned chan-
                                                                              -71"
                                                                                           nel and the 75,000-square-foot area'in Inner Harbor's
                                                                                           southeasterly corner known as The Basin.
                                                                                                 Masonry walls that enclose The Basin.
                                                                                              In 1942, the Corps constructed a 255-foot-long steel
                                                                                           bulkhead on the east side of The Basin. In 197 1, stone was
                                                                                           placed against the bulkhead and a timber pier was con-
                                                                                           structed over it.


                                                                                           Bullocks Point Cove
               Apponaug Cove is used by local and transientfishing and recreational crafl.
               The above photo shows the cove's Outer Basin.                                  Bullocks Point Cove lies between East Providence and
                                                                                           Barrington on the cast shore of the Providence River, about
                                                                                           five miles southeast of Providence. The cove is used for plea-
                                                                                           sure boating and serves as a refuge for recreational craft.
               Apponaug Cove                                                                  The project, completed in 1959, consists of-
                 Apponaug Cove in Warwick lies at the head of Green-                             A 1. 1 -mile-long channel, 75 feet wide, extending from
               wich Bay, about 10 miles south of Providence. Used by                             deep water in the Providence River to an area oppo-
               local and transient fishing and recreational craft, Appon-                        site Haines Memorial Park. From deep water in the
               aug Cove consists of three connecting basins-Outer                                Providence River to a point just inside the cove (0.6
               Basin, Middle Basin, and Inner Basin.                                             mile), the channel is eight feet deep. From this area
                 The project, completed in 1963, included construction of                        to a point opposite Haines Memorial Park (0.5 mile),
               a six-foot-deep channel, 100 feet wide, extending 0.8 mile                        the channel is six feet deep.
               from Greenwich Bay through Outer Basin and most of                                A six-foot-deep turning basin and anchorage, 8.3 acres
               Middle Basin. The channel ends at a point about 200 feet                          in area, on the west side of the inner harbor, opposite
               east of the railroad bridge that separates Middle and Inner                       the boat club.
               Basins. Also constructed was a six-foot-deep anchorage in                         A six-foot-deep turning basin, 2.9 acres in area, at the
               Middle Basin, southwest of the channel. The anchorage is                          end of the channel, opposite Bullocks Point. The turn-
               10 acres in area and 400 feet wide at its widest point.                           ing basin is on the channel's westerly side.
                                                                                                 A reconstructed Bullocks Point. Dredged material was
                                                                                                 used to rebuild the area to a height of nine feet.
               Block Island Harbor                                                               A 600-foot-long stone dike and a 300-foot-long stone
               of Ref uge                                                                        jetty that protects the reconstructed area.
                 Block Island, coextensive with the town of New Shore-
               ham, is an I 1-square-mile island lying 12 miles off the






               US Army Corps of Engineers








                                                                              ponds nearly bisect Block Island. Inner Harbor is used by
                                                                              the local fishing fleet as well as outside fishermen who use
                                                                              Inner Harbor as a base during the spring and summer.
                                                                              Inner Harbor is also used by commercial passenger lines
                                                                        I     carrying summer visitors to the island, and a number of
                                                                              local and transient recreational craft.
                                                                                The project, completed in 1905, consists of-
                                                                                   A 0.6-mile-long entrance channel extending from the
                   7
                                                                                   ocean to the pond. The channel is generally 18 feet
                                                                                   deep and 300 feet wide, but has a central depth of 25
                                                                                   feet over a width of 150 feet.
                                                                                   A 169 1 -foot-long stone jetty on the southern side of
           MoIr
                                                                                   the entrance channel. About 837 feet were built by
                                                                                   the state; the Corps built the remaining 854 feet.
                                                                                   Stone revetments on both sides of the entrance
                       PL
                                                                                   channel.
                                                                                   Sand fences situated south of the entrance channel.


                                                                              Greenwich Bay
                                                                                Greenwich Bay in Warwick is located southwest of War-
           Bullocks Point Cove in Barrington and East Providence.             wick Neck, about 10 miles south of Providence. Greenwich
                                                                              Cove is the small inlet at the southwestern end of Green-
                                                                              wich Bay that is bordered on the east by Goddard State
                                                                              Park in Warwick and on the west by the Warwick-East



           Coasters Harbor

             Coasters Harbor in Newport is a small, protected harbor
           situated between Coasters Harbor Island, at the northern
           end of Newport Harbor, and the mainland. Coasters Har-
           bor Island is located about 0.5 mile south of Coddington
                                                                              6P
           Point, and is the base of operations forthe U.S. Navy New-
           port Training Station and the U.S. Naval War College. A
           cove at the southeastern end of Coasters Harbor Island
                                                                              IT. -.*i
           is used principally by vessels operating from the Naval
           Training Station.
             The Corps' project, completed in 1892, involved deepen-
           ing the channel leading from Newport Harbor into the
           cove to nine feet. It also provided for cutting additional
           openings in the causeway located immediately north of the
           cove. This causeway is the southernmost of three cause-
           ways that join Coasters Harbor Island with Newport.


                                                                              Coasters Harbor is a small, protected harbor situated between Coasters
           Great Salt Pond                                                    Harbor Island on the lefl and the mainland on the right. Coasters Harbor
                                                                              Island serves as a base ofoperationsfor the U.S. Navy Newport Training
             Great Salt Pond in New Shoreham is located along the             Station and the U.S. Naval War College. The cove at the southeastern end
           western shore of Block Island, an I I -square-mile island          of Coasters Ra rbor Isla no, sh ow n i n theforefiron t of the photograph on the
           lying 12 miles off the coast of Rhode Island and 15 miles          left, is usedprincipally by vessels operatingfrom the Naval Training
           northeast of New York's Long Island. Great Salt Pond               Station.
                                                                  " - M
















































           stretches about 1.2 miles southeast to a smaller pond,
           known as Inner Harbor or Trim Pond. Together, both





                                                                                                                               Rhode Island 1991








                                                                                                      Greenwich waterfront. Greenwich Cove is used by fishing
                                                                                                      and recreational craft.
                                                                                                          The project, completed in 1891, consists of a 500-foot-
                                        - - - - - - - - - - - -                                       long channel through the sand bar at the entrance to
                                                                                   Alma               Greenwich Cove, west of Long Point. The channel, 10 feet
                                                                                                      deep and 2 10 feet wide, provides access to the Warwick-
                                                                                                      East Greenwich waterfront.


                                                                                                      Newport Harbor
                                                                                                          Newport Harbor in Newport is situated between Goat
                                                                                                      Island and the mainland, about 12 miles northeast of Point
                                                                                                      Judith Harbor. One of the Atlantic coast's principal yacht-
                                                                                                      ing centers and resorts, Newport Harbor accommodates a
                                                                                                      wide variety of boating craft, including commercial fishing
                                                                                                      boats, cabin cruisers, schooners, sightseeing and cruise
                                                                                                      boats, sail boats, visiting foreign sailing ships, ferries, and
                                                                                                      oil barges. Several inns, restaurants, and shops dot the
                                                                                                      historical waterfront. Newport Harbor is the starting point
                                                                                                      for the Newport to Bermuda Yacht Race and the finish of
               This 1691-foot-long stonejety on Great Salt Pond helps to maintain the                 the Annapolis-Newport Yacht Race. For many years it was
               proper depth ofthe 0.6-mile-long entrance channel bypreventing the buildup             the site of the America's Cup Race. Newport Harbor is also
               ofsediment.                                                                            home to the U.S. Naval War College and Destroyer Base.
                                                                                                          Initial work in the harbor, completed in 1906, provided
                                                                                                      for a 15-foot-deep channel extending southerly from the
                                                                                                      East Passage of Narragansett Bay, around the southern
                                                                                                      end of Goat Island, to the inner harbor; a 10-foot-deep
                                                                                                      anchorage off the south end of the main waterfront; a 13-
                                                                                                      foot-deep anchorage off the north end of the main water-
                                                                                                      front; a stone jetty at the southwest end of Goat Island;
                                                                                                      partial removal of a sand spit at the south end of Goat
                            WWI,                                                                      Island; and construction of additional jetties along the
                                                                                                      western shore of Goat Island to reduce erosion.
                                      A                                                                   The present project, completed in 1940, consists of-
                                                                                                            A 1.25-mile-long channel, 21 feet deep, along the east
                                                                                                            side of Goat Island. The channel is initially 300 feet
                                                                                                            wide at its northern end, and widens to 450 feet at the
                                                                                                            southern end of the island.
                                                                                                            A 1-mile-long channel, 18 feet deep, situated cast of
                                                                                                            and parallel to the 21-foot-deep channel. The 18-foot-
                                                                                                            deep channel is initially 450 feet wide and gradually
                                                                                                            narrows to 350 feet near the southern end of the
                                                                                                            island.
                                                                                                          * A 1-mile-long channel, 18 feet deep, situated west of
                                                                                                            and parallel to the 21-foot-deep channel. This channel
               The Greenwich Bay project provides access to Greenwich Cove (lefl), a small                  is initially about 100 feet wide at its northern end and
               inlet used byfishing and recreational crafl.                                                 gradually merges with the 2 1 -foot-de ep channel at a
                                                                                                            point about halfway past Goat Island. The channel
                                                                                                            then widens as it continues around the southern end
                                                                                                            of the island.
                                                                                                          9 Two adjacent anchorage areas along the main water-
                                                                                                            front. The southern anchorage, which begins at the
                                                                                                            City Stone Pier Marina on Newport Neck and extends
                                                                                                            northeasterly toward the Newport waterfront, is 13
                                                                                                            feet deep. The northern anchorage is 18 feet deep and
                                                                                                            lies along the Newport waterfront.





               US Army Corps of Engineers
















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           Newport Harbor






                The removal of Nourmahal Rock in Brenton Cove, sit-                 lower wharves at Westerly (about seven miles), then
                uated off the Fort Adamsmaterfront about 0.5 mile                   narrows to 40 feet for 0.5 mile to the upper wharves.
                southwest of Goat Island. This provided the channel               0 A 0.28-mile-long channel, 10 feet deep and 100 feet
                with a depth of 18 feet.                                            wide, extending southerly from the mouth of the
                                                                                    Pawcatuc@ River into Watch Hill Cove in Westerly.
                                                                                  0 A 10-foot-deep anchorage basin, 16 acres in area, in
           Pawcatuck River and                                                      Watch Hill Cove.
           Little Narragansett Bay                                                - A 200-foot-long stone jetty near the southwestern end
                                                                                    of Watch Hill Cove.
              The Pawcatuck River rises in Worden Pond, situated in
           the Great Swamp in South Kingstown, and follows a 33-               Pawtuxet Cove
           mile-long course, meandering mostly through open and
           sparsely settled country having a multitude of lakes and               Pawtuxet Cove lies along the Cranston-Warwick city
           swamps. The river flows in a generally southwesterly direc-         line at the mouth of the Pawtuxet River, which discharges
           tion into Little Narragansett Bay at the Rhode Island-              into Providence Harbor. The cove serves primarily as a
           Connecticut state line. The lower part of the river forms           base for recreational boating.
           the boundary between Stonington and North Stonington,                  The project, completed in 1966, consists of-
           Connecticut and Westerly, Rhode Island.                                  A six-foot-deep channel, 100 feet wide, extending
              Initial work on the project was completed in 1903, with               westerly from deep water in the Providence River to
           the most recent work completed in 1949. The project con-                 the cove entrance, then turning northerly up the cove
           sists of-                                                                behind Washout Point to the head of the cove at
                A 7.5-mile-long, I 0-foot-deep channel extending east-              Cranston;
                erly from Stonington Point in Connecticut, located on             0 A six-foot-deep turning basin at the head of the cove,
                Little Narragansett Bay's western end, through Little               across from the mouth of the Pawtuxet River;
                Narragansett Bay and then northerly up the Pawca-                 - A six-foot-deep anchorage, 14 acres in area, situated
                tuck River to the upper wharves in Westerly. The                    south of the cove entrance and north of Warwick
                channel is 100 feet wide from Stonington Point to the               Downs State Park; and





                                                                                                                                 Rhode Island 1991













                                                                                                                                          6@





















                    X_















           Watch Hill Cove in Westerly, part ofthe Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay project.





                A 2200-foot-long stone dike along the east side of the           Original work in PointJudith Harbor dates back to
                anchorage. The 12-foot-high dike extends northward             1905. Work in the present project, completed in 1950
                from Rock Island to Marsh Island and affords shelter          (except where noted), consists of-
                and protection to the cove.                                      0 A 6970-foot-long main stone breakwater in PointJudith
                                                                                   Harbor, situated about 0.5 mile from shore. This
                                                                                   breakwater, constructed roiighly in a 'V' shape, and
           Point Judith Pond and                                                   the two others mentioned below were built in 1914.
           Harbor of Refuge                                                      e A 2240-foot-long stone breakwater extending south-
                                                                                   westerly from PointJudith. This breakwater forms an
             PointJudith Pond is a shallow, four-mile-long salt water              easterly arm of the main breakwater. Between the
           body lying behind the barrier beaches and sand dunes that               breakwaters there is a gap of about 1200 feet, which
           form PointJudith Harbor, which lies immediately west of                 allows boating craft to enter the harbor.
           PointJudith in Narragansett at the southwestern tip of                  A 3640-foot-long stone breakwater extending souther-
           Narragansett Bay. Located about 14 miles southwest of                   ly from the entrance to PointJudith Pond. This break-
           Newport Harbor, PointJudith Pond forms a partial border                 water forms a westerly arm of the main breakwater.
           between the communities of Narragansett and South                       Between this breakwater and the main breakwater
           Kingstown, and is connected to PointJudith Harbor by a                  there is a gap of about 1500 feet.
           narrow water-way that cuts through the beaches and sandy                A 15-foot-dccp channel, 150 feet wide, that runs along
           shoreline. This waterway is used by a large fishing fleet               the east side of the west breakwater and extends past
           and local and transient recreational craft, and the harbor              the entrance to PointJudith Pond and the state-built
           handles a large amount of passenger traffic, primarily dur-             jetties at the port of Gallilee. The channel ends on the
           ing the summer. Year-round ferry service is available                   west side of the pond at a point 100 feet north of the
           between PointJudith and Block Island.                                   state pier injerusalem.






           US Army Corps of Engineers








                                                                                                           A 15-foot-deep channel, 200 feet wide, that branches
                                                                                                           off from the aforementioned channel at a point past
                                                                                                           the state-built jetties and extends up the cast side of
                                                                                                           PointJudith Pond. When originally constructed in
                                                                                                           1950, the channel ended about 100 feet north of the
                                                                                                           state pier in Galilee. In 1977, the channel was length-
                                                                                                           ened by 1400 feet and widened to dimensions varying
                                                                                                           between 150-640 feet. This most recent work was
                                                                                                           completed as a small project under Section 107 of the
                                                                                                           Continuing Authorities Program.
                                                                                                           A 10-foot-deep anchorage, five acres in area, located
                                                                                                           on the pond's westerly side, immediately inside the
                                                                                                           pond's entrance.
                                                                                                           A 4.5-mile-long channel, six feet deep and 100 feet
                                                                                                           wide, starting at a point 100 feet north of the state
                                                                                                           pier injerusalem and running generally along the
                                                                                                           west side of the pond, ending in the Wakefield section
                                                                                                           of South Kingstown.
                                                                                                        9  A six-foot-deep anchorage, five acres in area, at the
                                                                                                           end of the 4.5-mile-long channel in Wakefield.
                                                                                                        0  The removal of two shoals to a depth of 18 feet. One
                                                                                                           shoal was removed from the I 0-foot-deep anchorage
                                                                                                           area, and the second from the east side of the Point
                                                                                                           Judith Pond entrance. This work was completed in
                                                                                                           1921.
                                                                                                           Various works to help trap and retain sand at the
                                                                                                           entrance to the pond.
              A 2200-foot-long stone dike affords shelter andprotection to Pawtuxet Cove,
              which serves primario as a basefor recreational boating.                               Potowomut River

                                                                                                        The Potowomut River is a small coastal stream that
                                                                                                     empties into Narragansett Bay at a point about one mile
                                                               7@
                                                                                                     south of Greenwich Bay and 10 miles south of Providence.
                        ,JC4
                                                                                                     Used by small fishing boats and recreational craft, the
                                                                                         k,@
                                                                                                     Potowomut River forms the boundary between North
                                                                                                     Kingstown and the southeastern section of Warwick
                                                                                                     known as Potowomut.
                                                                                                        The project, completed in 188 1, involved constructing a
                                                                                                     0.5-mile-long channel, five feet deep and 115 feet wide,
                                                                                                     through the bar at the entrance to the river; and removing
                                                                                                     Eustons Rock on the north side of the channel.

                                                                                                     Providence River and Harbor

                                                                                                        The Providence River is formed by the junction of two
                                                                                                     small streams, the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck
                                                                                                     Rivers, which rise in northern Rhode Island. The river
                                                                                                     flows southerly for one mile to the head of Providence
                                                                                                     Harbor at Fox Point in Providence, where it is joined by
                                                                                                     the Seekonk River. The Corps project, a 16.8-mile-long
                                                                                                     channel, begins near the head of Providence Harbor and
              The entrance to PointJudith Pond. To the left of the entrance is Part of the           follows the river on a southerly course through the commu-
              3640-foot-long westerly breakwater, and to the right is a state-builtjet!Y.            nities of East Providence, Cranston, Barrington, Warwick,
              The Corps also built a 15foot-deep channel, 150feet wide, through the
              entrance.                                                                              Bristol, and Portsmouth. Providence River and Harbor
                                                                                                     together constitute the principal commercial waterway in
                                                                                                     Rhode Island.



                                                                                                                                                                    Rhode Island 1991   M















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                                   P































            Providence River and Harbor together constitute the principal commercial waterivay in Rhode Island.





              Initial work on the river and harbor began in the 19th            north of Sakonnet Point and five miles east of Newport.
            century with the construction of a nine-foot-deep channel              Initial work in the harbor, completed in 1908, involved
            near the head of the harbor. Subsequent improvements                constructing a 400-foot-long breakwater extending north-
            involved the construction of a 5.5-mile-long channel, 25 feet       erly from the western side of the harbor, and removing a
            deep and generally 600 feet wide, extending from Fox Point          ledge near the wharf to a depth of eight feet.
            to Bullocks Point in East Providence; and extending this               The project was modified in 1957 when the Corps con-
            channel 5.1 miles southward to North Point (Popasquash              structed a 400-foot-long extension to the breakwater and
            Neck) in Bristol and deepening it to 35 feet through its            dredged the harbor to a depth of eight feet. The total area
            entire length.                                                      dredged was about 13 acres.
              A modification to the project was completed in 1976.
            This involved extending the channel 6.2 miles southward
            to the southeasterly side of Prudence Island, and deepen-           Sakonnet River
            ing the entire channel to 40 feet. The channel is generally            The Sakonnet River extends northward from Rhode
            600 feet wide, except for the stretch between Field Point           Island Sound to Mount Hope Bay, passing along the east
            (near the Providence-Cranston city line) and Fox Point,             side of Aquidneck Island, the largest island in Narragan-
            where it has varying widths of up to 1700 feet.                     sett Bay. The Corps' project is located at the northern end
                                                                                of the river, between the island town of Portsmouth and
            Sakonnet Harbor                                                     the mainland town of Tiverton.
                                                                                   The project, completed in 1905, involved deepening and
              Sakonnet Harbor, originally known as Church Cove, is              widening the small section of channel that passed through
            located in the Sakonnet section of Little Compton, near             the draw opening of Stone Bridge, which at that time con-
            the entrance to the Sakonnet River. Used by fishing boats           nected Tiverton and Portsmouth. The channel was deep-
            and recreational craft, Sakonnet Harbor is about 0.4 miles          ened to 25 feet and widened to 100 feet. Stone Bridge was






            US Army Corps of Engineers







           removed by the state in 1956 following the construction of         Warren River
           a new highway bridge about one mile northward.
                                                                                Rising in southeastern Massachusetts, the Warren River
                                                                              flows southerly across the Massachusetts-Rhode Island
           Seekonk River                                                      state line for about 7.5 miles before emptying into the
             From the natural falls at Pawtucket, the Seekonk River           head of Narragansett Bay between Bristol and Rumstick
           flows about five miles southerly between the cities of Pro-        Necks, about seven miles southeast of Providence. The
           vidence and East Providence before emptying into Provi-            Corps' project is located along the lower two miles of the
           dence Harbor at India Point.                                       river, between Barrington and Warren. The Warren River
             Original work on the river around the turn of the cen-           is used by fishing vessels, recreational craft, and a boat-
           tury provided for a 12-foot-deep channel extending from            building firm.
           the mouth of the river to the wharves at Pawtucket. The              Completed in 1887, the project involved removing a
           present project, completed in 1927, consists of a 3.4-mile-        rocky reef south of Little Island, near the confluence of the
           long channel, 16 feet deep, extending northerly from near          Warren and Barrington Rivers, and a submerged boulder
           the Henderson Bridge connecting Providence and East                (formerly called Bushworth Rock) opposite Warren's lower
           Providence, about 0.8 mile upstream of India Point, to the         waterfront. The removal of these obstructions provides a
           Division Street Bridge in Pawtucket. The channel is 150            natural 12-foot depth in the lower two-mile-long channel
           feet wide from the Red Bridge to an area opposite Goose            of the Warren River.
           Point (a distance of about one mile), where it widens fur-
           ther to 230 feet for a distance of about 0.5 mile. The chan-       Warwick Cove
           nel then narrows to 150 feet for a distance of about 1.7
           miles to a point upstream of the state pier, where it nar-           Warwick Cove in Warwick is a narrow inlet lying im-
           rows to 100 feet through the ledge at Pawtucket and nar-           mediately west of War-wick Neck that extends about 1.5
           rows further to 60 feet as it approaches the Division Street       miles northward from Greenwich Bay. Situated about nine
           Bridge.                                                            miles south of Providence, Warwick Cove is used by a large
                                                                              recreational fleet and small quahog and fishing fleets.





























           Rum-

           Sakonnet Harbor in Little Compton.











                                                                                                                               Rhode Island 1991








                                                    N@V7 @71.;__                 The project consists of:
                                                                                   A six-foot-deep channel extending approximately 1.8
                                                                                   miles from Greenwich Bay to the public landing at
                                                                                   the head of the cove. The channel is 150 feet wide
                                                                        7          from deep water in Greenwich Bay through the lower
                                                                                   portion of the cove, then narrows to 100 feet to the
                                                                                   head of the cove.
                                           Z'                                      Four six-foot-deep anchorage areas totalling 13 acres
                                                                                   in area. An anchorage two acres in area was dredged
            RIM-                                                                   at the entrance to the cove on the west side of the
                                                                                   channel, across from the public landing in Oakland
                                                                                   Beach State Park in Warwick; two anchorages, each
                                                                                   five acres in area, were dredged on each side of the
                                                                                   channel in the lower half of the cove; and an anchor-
                                                                                   age one acre in area was dredged at the cove's upper
                                                                                   end, across from the public landing.
                                                                                The work in Warwick Cove, completed in 1966, was con-
                                                                              structed as a small project under Section 107 of the
                                                                              Continuing Authorities Program.

                                                                              Wickford Harbor

                                                                                Wickford Harbor is located in the Wickford section of
                                                                              North Kingstown in western Narragansett Bay, about two
                                                                              miles southwest of Quonset Point and 17 miles south of
            The Warren Riverflows between Warren on the left and Barrington on the Providence. Wickford Harbor consists of an outer harbor
            right. Little Island lies in theforeground.                       and three small coves-Wickford Cove, Fishing Cove, and
                                                                              Mill Cove. The harbor is used extensively by oyster and
                                                                              lobster boats, small oil tankers and barges, and recreation-
                                                                              al craft.










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            Warwick Cove






            US Army Corps of Engineers











                                                                         . . . ......... . . .......





























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          Wickford Harbor in North Kingstown.



             The project consists of.                                              A six-foot-deep anchorage, 250-300 feet wide and 10
             ï¿½  Two stone breakwaters at the entrance to Wickford                  acres in area, adjacent to the head of the channel in
                Harbor. The north breakwater, located off Sauga                    Mill Cove and cast of Rabbit Island.
                Point, is about 1130 feet long, and the south break-             The 0.8-mile-long channel through Wickford Cove was
                water, located off Poplar Point, is about 825 feet long.      completed in 1900. The remainder of the work was com-
             ï¿½  A 0.8-mile-long channel through Wickford Cove, end-           pleted in 1963 as a small project under Section 107 of the
                ing at the Hamilton Avenue Bridge. The channel has            Continuing Authorities Program.
                a depth of nine feet and a width of 60 feet, wider at
                the bends.
             ï¿½  A 2600-foot-long channel, 12 feet deep and 100 feet
                wide, extending frorn the outer harbor through
                Fishing Cove and into Mill Cove.


























                                                                                                                               Rhode Island '1991





             Shore and Bank Protection

             Rhode Island's shoreline, including Block Island and Nar-         tion projects in Rhode Island to stem erosion of the shore-
             ragansett Bay, is approximately 340 miles long. About 280         line and riverbanks. Four of these projects were built to
             miles are privately owned, 50 miles are owned by state and        protect the shoreline and one was constructed to strength-
             local government, and 10 miles are owned by the federal           en an inland streambank. Total construction costs amount
             government. There are about 724 miles of rivers and               to $2.4 million.
             streams in the state, the lowest number of all the New              The following pages describe the Corps' shore and bank
             England states.                                                   protection projects in Rhode Island.
               The Corps has constructed five shore and bank protec-












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                                                                                      _VW -_ -     -           -@
             The shore can take a beatingfrom storm driven winds and waves. In September 1961, Hurricane Fsther raised havoc with Rhode Island's Narragansett Pier,
             slamming waves against the seawall andflooding adjacent streets. (Copyright 1961 The Providence journal Company).





             US Army Corps of Engineers





                       Shore and Bank Protection Projects
I                      in Rhode Island

                                        Clear River, Burrillville


                                        Cliff Walk


I-                                      Misquamicut Beach


                                        Oakland Beach


                                        Sand Hill Cove Beach





















































                                                                                                            Rhode Island 1991m






             Clear River, Burrillville                                             Cliff Walk

               The Clear River originates in the northwest corner of                 Cliff Walk in Newport is a popular scenic and historical
             the state and flows easterly for eight miles to its confluence        walkway bordering the edge of eroding bluffs and cliffs
             with the Branch River. Located about 15 miles northwest of            along the city's southeastern shoreline. Extending 3.5 miles
             Providence in the Harrisville section of Burrillville, the pro-       southerly from Newport (Eastons) Beach, around Lands
             ject site is situated on the Clear River's northern bank, di-         End, and ending near Bailey Beach, Cliff Walk overlooks
             rectly behind the Burrillville Ambulance Association (BAA)            Rhode Island Sound and traverses privately-owned land
             building and immediately upstream of the Railroad Avenue              surrounding many of Newport's showplace mansions. The
             Bridge. The BAA is a nonprofit volunteer organization that            public footpath is situated about three miles east of Brenton
             provides emergency medical care and transport for town                Point in Newport and 25 miles south of Providence.
             residents.                                                              The project originally called for the construction of
               In 1965, private interests constructed a 140-foot-long              shore protection measures along much of the the walk-
             stone retaining wall behind the BAA building to control               way's 18,000 feet. Due to a limitation of local funding
             erosion of the river's northern bank and safeguard the                available at that time, only 70 percent of the project was
             BAA building. Eventually, about 60 feet of the wall weak-             completed. The completed work covered a total area of
             ened and collapsed, allowing riverbank erosion to creep               approximately 9200 feet between Newport Beach and the
             within six feet of the BAA building. If this section of wall          west property line of the Marble House at Sheep Point.
             had been left unrepaired, severe flooding would have struc-           This work involved constructing stone breakwaters and
             turally undermined the BAA building and the adjoining                 stone slope protection, repairing existing seawalls, using
             parking lot.                                                          fill to strengthen Cliff Walk's intermittent reaches, and
               The Corps responded to the problem by replacing the                 grading and surfacing the walk. This part of the project
             60 feet of failed wall with a 15-foot-high stone retaining            began in May 1971 and was completed in September 1972
             wall, and removing a wooden footbridge and its abutment               at a cost of $1.4 million. The uncompleted 30 percent,
             that had restricted the river flow and contributed to the             much of which was situated near Salve Regina College,
             erosion process.                                                      was placed in an "inactive" status until such time as addi-
               The project was constructed between September-                      tional local funding was available.
             October 1986 at a cost of $161,000.









                                                                                   JV4W




                                                                                                                                                 K


                                                                                   Ift-











             Cliff Walk in Newport (above left), a popular scenic and historical walkway bordering the edge oferoding bluffs and cliffs, traverses privately-owned land sur-
             rounding many ofNewport's showplace mansions. Also located on this publicfootpath is Salve Regina College (above right).
















             US Army Corps of Engineers











                                                                                              2E













                                                                                OaklandBeach in Wanvick.







           L




           Misquamicut Beach in Westerly.




             In the early 1980's, local officials indicated a desire and        Oakland Beach
           willingness to resume construction of that part of the
           unfinished project situated near Salve Regina College.                 Oakland Beach, part of Oakland Beach Park, is located
           After receiving appropriate funding in 1982, the Corps               in Warwick along the northern shore of Greenwich Bay.
           completed design plans for the additional work. However,             Bordered by Brush Neck Cove on the west and Warwick
           because the city planned to use funding provided by the              Cove on the east, Oakland Beach Park offers the public a
           National Park Service to construct the work, further                 variety of recreational opportunities, such as swimming,
           Corps' involvement was precluded. The Corps gave its                 boating, fishing, clamming, and sporting activities.
           design plans to the city in 1984, allowing Newport to com-             The project involved widening a total of 200 feet of
           plete construction on this additional segment. This part of          beach along each side of the existing seawall by the direct
           the project was completed in 1985.                                   placement of sand; constructing five stone groins; and con-
                                                                                structing stone slope protection in front of the seawall.
                                                                                  The work at Oakland Beach cost $740,000 and was com-
           Misquamicut Beach                                                    pleted in 1981 as a small project under Section 103 of the
             Misquarnicut Beach is located in the Misquamicut sec-              Continuing Authorities Program.
           tion of Westerly, about five miles east of the Rhode Island-
           Connecticut state line.
             The project involved widening 3250 feet of beach to 150
           feet by the direct placement of sand, and installing nearly
           4075 feet of sand fences. Work was completed in 1960 at a
           cost of $44,000.










                                                                                                                                  Rh.d. W.nd 1991






            Sand Hill Cove Beach
                                                                                                        i          d,
               Sand Hill Cove Beach in Narragansett is located im-
            mediately east of the entrance to PointJudith Pond. It is
            about 31 miles south of Providence.
               The project, completed in 1955 at a cost of $122,000,
            involved widening one mile of beach an additional 65 feet
            by the direct placement of sand, construction of five
            stone groins and construction of a steel bulkhead behind
            the eastern half of the beach. The bulkhead forms a bar-
            rier that prevents beach sand from moving inland.






                                                                               Sand Hill Cove Beach in Narragansett. The Corps constructed thefive stone
                                                                               groins and widened one mile ofthe beach by the direct placement ofsand







































    M       US Army Corps of Engineers








                                                                        STUDIES







 I























                                                                                                                                                         Rh.d. W..d 1991   M






             Studies

             Before taking measures to resolve a water resources prob-           Point Judith Pond and Harbor of Refuge
             lem, the Corps will study the affected area to determine if a         At the request of local officials, the Corps studied the
             project is feasible. The study examines a wide range of po-         feasibility of making improvements to PointJudith Pond
             tential solutions based on their economic and engineering           and Harbor of Refuge in the interest of commercial'and
             practicality, acceptability, and impact on the environment.         recreational navigation. A feasibility report, completed
               Listed below are areas in Rhode Island where the Corps            under Section 107 of the Continuing Authorities Program
             has examined (during the period 1987-9 1) the feasibility of        in 1989, recommended improvements around the West
             building major projects for flood damage reduction, navi-           Bulkhead area in Galilee as the basis for project plans and
             gation, or shore and bank protection purposes.                      specifications.
                                                                                   The proposed project would involve widening the exist-
                                                                                 ing West Bulkhead channel from 150 to 200 feet and ex-
             Flood Damage Reduction                                              tending this same channel into the North Basin area at a
                                                                                 width of 150 feet and a depth of 10 feet.
             Pawcatuck River Basin and Narragansett Bay                            The project is inactive at time due to the state's inability
               Because of heavy damages suffered in southeastern New             to find a disposal site for previously dredged material cur-
             England during the storm of March 1968, Congress directed           rently occupying the dewatering area needed for this
             the Corps to study ways to reduce flooding in the Pawcatuck         dredging operation.
             River Basin and Narragansett Bay area. In its flood damage
             reduction study, Congress also asked the Corps to examine           Shore and Bank Protection
             navigation, water supply, recreation, and other related
             water uses.
               From this study came the proposed Big River Reservoir             Bullock Neck
             Project in Coventry and West Greenwich. This multipur-                The Corps completed a reconnaissance study of erosion
             pose project would involve the construction of a dam and            problems at Bullock Neck in East Providence. Conducted
             reservoir on the Big River tributary of the Pawtuxet River          under Section 103 of the Continuing Authorities Program,
             that would reduce flood damage, supply water for munici-            the study found no plans of improvement which were eco-
             pal and industrial use, and provide recreational benefits.          nomicallyjustified. Further study is not warranted.
             Once completed, the project would yield 27 million gallons
             of water per day. In 1986, Congress authorized the con-             City Park Beach and Conimicut Point Beach
             struction of the Big River Project, but to date no funds              The Corps studied the feasibility of constructing shore
             have been appropriated for its design or construction.              protection projects at two Warwick beaches under Section
               (Also from this study came the Pawtuxet River Flood               103 of the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program. The
             Damage Reduction Project in Warwick, which was com-                 proposed plans call for widening of City Park Beach and
             pleted injuly 1985.                                                 Conimicut Point Beach by the direct placement of sand
                                                                                 and construction of groins to reduce erosion.
                                                                                   Further study for strengthening these beaches has
             Navigation                                                          been terminated because of the low priority assigned by
                                                                                 the Corps of Engineers to projects having predominantly
             Block Island Harbor of Refuge                                       recreational benefits.
               A Congressional resolution for a study of potential navi-
             gation improvements at Block Island Harbor of Refuge
             was passed by the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment
             and Public Works on April 24,1990. The Federally funded
             reconnaissance study will start late in FYI 993 and be com-
             pleted within one year.















             US Army Corps of Engineers









                                                                            APPENDIX





















                                                                                                                                                                              Rhode Island 1991    m





               Communities with Corps Projects

               The communities listed below have either Corps' lands or                  Reduction, Navigation, or Shore and Bank Protection), and
               Corps-built projects lying within their borders. The listing              the page number in this booklet where the project is
               indicates the project name, its purpose (Flood Damage                     described.


               Community                              Project Name
               Ban,ington                             Bullocks Point Cove (Navigation)                                                                38
                                                      Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                                        43
                                                      Warren River (Navigation)                                                                       45
               Bristol                                Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                                        43
               Burrillville                           Clear River (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                         50
               Cranston                               Pawtuxet Cove (Navigation)                                                                      41
                                                      Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                                        43
               East Greenwich                         Greenwich Bay (Navigation)                                                                      39
               East Providence                        Bullocks Point Cove (Navigation)                                                                38
                                                      Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                                        43
                                                      Seekonk River (Navigation)                                                                      45
               Little Compton                         Sakonnet Harbor (Navigation)                                                                    44
               Narragansett Point                     PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge (Navigation)                                              42
                                                      Sand Hill Cove Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                52
               New Shoreham                           Block Island Harbor of Refuge (Navigation)                                                      38
                                                      Great Salt Pond (Navigation)                                                                    39
               Newport                                Cliff Walk (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                          50
                                                      Coasters Harbor (Navigation)                                                                    39
                                                      Newport Harbor (Navigation)                                                                     40
               North Kingstown                        Potowomut River (Navigation)                                                                    43
                                                      Wickford Harbor (Navigation)                                                                    46
               North Smithfield                       Woonsocket Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                    34
               North Stonington, CT                   Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay (Navigation)                                        41
               Pawtucket                              Seekonk River (Navigation)                                                                      45
               Portsmouth                             Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                                        43
                                                      Sakonnet River (Navigation)                                                                     44
               Providence                             Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier Damage ( Flood Reduction)                                30
                                                      Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                                        43
                                                      Seekonk River (Navigation)                                                                      45
               South Kingstown                        PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge (Navigation)                                              42
               Stonington, CT                         Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay (Navigation)                                        41
               Tiverton                               Sakonnet River (Navigation)                                                                     44
               Warren                                 Warren River (Navigation)                                                                       45











               US Army Corps of Engineers







          Community                          Project Name
          Wanvick                            Apponaug Cove (Navigation)                                                            38
                                             Greenwich Bay (Navigation)                                                            39
                                             Oakland Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                             51
                                             Pawtuxet Cove (Navigation)                                                            41
                                             Pawtuxet River Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                      33
                                             Potowomut River (Navigation)                                                          43
                                             Providence River and Harbor (Navigation)                                              43
                                             Warwick Cove (Navigation)                                                             45
          Westerly                           Misquarnicut Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                        51
                                             Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay (Navigation)                              41
          Woonsocket                         Lower Woonsocket Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                    32
                                             Woonsocket Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                          34




























































                                                                                                                            Rhode Island 1991





             Glossary

             Anchorage-an area dredged to a certain depth to allow                 Floodwalls-reinforced concrete walls that act as barriers
                boats and ships to moor or anchor.                                    against floodwaters and confine them to the river chan-
             Bedrock-rock of relatively great thickness lying in its                  nel, protecting flood prone areas. Floodwalls are usually
                native location.                                                      built in areas with a limited amount of space.
             Breakwaters-structures, usually built offshore, that pro-             Gabion Wall-a retaining wall constructed of stone-filled
                tect the shoreline, harbor, channels, and anchorages by               wire mesh baskets.
                intercepting the energy of approaching waves.                      Groins-structures that extend perpendicular from the
             Bulkheads--steel sheet piling or timber walls that pre-                  shore in a fingerlikemanner to trap and retain sand,
                vent sliding of the land and protect the streambank or                retarding erosion and maintaining shore alignment and
                shoreline from erosion.                                               stability.
             ConduitS--concrete tunnels or pipes that divert floodwa-              Hurricane Protection Barriers--structures built across
                ters around or under potential flood damage sites.                    harbors or near the shoreline that protect communities
             Culverts-large pipes, usually constructed below bridges                  from tidal surges and coastal storm flooding. They are
                and other water crossings, that allow water to pass                   often constructed with openings for navigational pur-
                downstream and provide support to the crossing.                       poses.
             Dikes-earthfill barriers that confine floodwaters to the              Intake Structure-found at the entrance to a conduit or
                river channel, protecting flood prone areas.                          other outlet facility, an intake structure allows water to
             Drainage Area-the total land area where surface water                    drain from a reservoir or river and is equipped with a
                runs off and collects in a stream or series or streams                trash rack or other feature that prevents clogging from
                that make up a single watershed.                                      floating debris.
             Drop Structure--a device in a stream or channel that                  Jetties-structures that stabilize a channel by preventing
                prevents water from rising above a certain elevation.                 the buildup of sediment and directing and confining
                Once water reaches a certain level, excess water passes               the channel's tidal flow.jetties are usually built at the
                over the structure and is diverted to another body of                 mouth of rivers and extend perpendicular from the
                water.                                                                shore.
             Earthfill-a well graded mixture of soil containing princi-            Outlet Works--gated conduits, usually located at the
                pally gravel, sand, silt, and clay, which is used with                base of a dam, that regulate the discharge of water.
                other materials to construct dams, dikes, and hurricane            Pumping Station-a structure containing pumps that
                protection barriers.                                                  discharges floodwaters from a protected area over or
             Environmental Assessment-an examination of the                           through a dike or floodwall and into a river or ocean.
                positive and adverse impacts on the environment of                 Reconnaissance Study-a preliminary study that exam-
                a proposed water resources solution and alternative                   ines a wide range of potential solutions to a water re-
                solutions.                                                            sources problem, each of which is reviewed for its eco-
             Environmental Impact Statement-a detailed envi-                          nomic and engineering practicality, acceptability, and
                ronmental analysis and documentation of a proposed                    impact on the environment.
                water resources solution when the proposed solution is             Recreation Pool-any permanent body of water im-
                expected to have a significant effect on the quality of               pounded by a dam that offers recreational opportun-
                the human environment or the area's ecology.                          ities or promotes fishery and wildlife- habitat.
             Feasibility Study-a detailed investigation, conducted                 Retaining Walls-walls made of stone, reinforced con-
                after the reconnaissance study is completed, that                     crete, precast concrete blocks, or gabion that support
                recommends a specific solution to a water resource                    streambanks weakened by erosion.
                problem.                                                           Revetment-a facing of stone or concrete constructed
             Floodplain-the land adjoining a river, stream, ocean, or                 along a backshore or riverbank to protect against ero-
                lake that is likely to be flooded during periods of excess            sion or flooding.
                precipitation or abnormal high tide.                               Sand Drain-a layer of pervious materials, such as sand
             Flood proof i ng-structural measures incorporated in the                 and gravel, placed beneath the downstream section of a
                design of planned buildings or alterations added to ex-               dam that carries seepage to the dam's downstream lim-
                isting ones that lessen the potential; for flood damage.              its and out into the stream.
                For example, existing structures could have their base-            Sand Replishment--quantities of sand placed on a shore-
                ment windows blocked, or structures in the design stage               line to restore or widen a beach's dimensions. Sand
                could be built on stilts or high foundations.                         replenishment strengthens beaches affected by erosion,
                                                                                      protects the backshore from wave action, and stops the
                                                                                      inland advance of water.







             US Army Corps of Engineers











           Seawall-a reinforced concrete wall built along a shore-              Training Dike--a structure extending from the shore into
              line to protect against erosion or flooding.                         the water that redirects the current, preventing sedi-
           Snagging and Clearing-the removal of accumulated                        ment from settling and ensuring that adequate depths
              snags and debris, such as fallen trees, dead brush, and              are maintained.
              silt, from river and stream channels. Snagging and                Training Wall-a structure built along channel banks to
              clearing improves a channel's flow capacity and elimi-               narrow the channel area, thereby controlling the velo-
              nates a potentially dangerous flood situation.                       city of the flow of water and preventing the buildup of
           Spillway-a channel-shaped structure, usually made of                    sediment. Training walls and training dikes have the
              concrete or excavatedin rock, that allows water exceed-              same purpose: to ensure adequate depths are main-
              ing the storage capacity of a reservoir to pass through              tained.
              or around a dam instead of overtopping it.                        Vehicular Gate-an opening in a dike or floodwall that
           Stone Slope Protection-a layer of large stones, usually                 allows rail cars or other vehicles to pass over the struc-
              underlain by a layer of gravel bedding, designed to pre-             ture during nonflood periods. Vehicular gates can be
              vent erosion from strearnflow, wave attack, and runoff.              closed during flood periods by either stoplogs or large
           Stoplog Structure---a designed opening in a floodwall or                steel gates.
              dike that allows the passage of water during non-flood            Weir-a concrete structure designed as part of the spill-
              periods but closes during flood periods to prevent flood-            way that allows water to flow from the reservoir and
              ing downstream. Stoplog structures can be made of                    over the spillway.
              wood or steel or concrete beams.




























































                                                                                                                                   Rhode Island 1991






            Index

            Appendix                                                   55        Navigation (General)                                       36
            Apponaug Cove                                              38        Navigation (Projects)                                      37
            Authorization and Planning Process for                               Newport Harbor                                             40
              Water Resource Project                                     6
                                                                                 Oakland Beach                                              51
            Blackstone River Basin                                     25
            Block Island Harbor of Refuge                              38        Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay                41
            Bullocks Point Cove                                        38        Pawcatuck River Basin                                      27
                                                                                 Pawcatuck River Basin and Narragansett Bay Study           54
            City Park Beach and Conimicut Point Beach Study            54        Pawtuxet Cove                                              41
            Civil Works Overview                                         3       Pawtuxet River, Warwick Local Protection Project           33
            Clear River, Burrillville                                  50        PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge                      42
            Cliff Walk                                                 50        PointJudith Pond and Harbor of Refuge Study                54
            Coasters Harbor                                            39        Potowomut River                                            43
            Communities with Corps'Projects                                      Providence River and Harbor                                43
              (Alphabetical Listing)                                   56
                                                                                 Recreation                                                 20
            Description of Projects                                    23        Regulatory Programs                                        19
                                                                                 River Basins                                               24
            Emergency Response and Recovery                            21
            Environmental Quality                                      18        Sakonnet Harbor                                            44
                                                                                 Sakonnet River                                             44
            Flood Control and Flood Plain Management                     7       Sand Hill Cove Beach                                       52
            Flood Damage Reduction (Projects)                          28        Seekonk River                                              45
            Flooding in New England                                      9       Shore and Bank Protection (Projects)                       49
            Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier                     30        Studies                                                    53


            Glossary                                                   58        Thames River Basin                                         26
            Great Salt Pond                                            39
            Greenwich Bay                                              39        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Programs
                                                                                   and Services                                               I
            Hurricane Protection Barrier                               29
            Hydro Power                                                17        Warren River                                               45
                                                                                 Warwick Cove                                               45
            Introduction                                                 4       Water Supply                                               18
                                                                                 Wickford Harbor                                            46
            Local Protection Projects                                  31        Woonsocket Local Protection Project                        34
            Lower Woonsocket Local Protection Project                  32

            Misquarnicut Beach                                         51























            US Army Corps of Engineers


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