[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]






                     WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN:
                    Rookery Bay National. Estuarine Research
                       Reserve and the Ten Thousand Islands
                                            Aquatic Preserve














                                           Michael Delate and Judy Haner
                                 Florida Department of Environmental Protection
                                Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve'
                                                 10 Shell Island Road
                                                    Naples, Florida


                 This report was made possible by a subgrant from the Florida Department of Commun'ty Affairs,
                 in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                 Administration, under Cooperative Agreement Award No. NA-3)70Z0427. The views expressed
                 herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its
                 subagencies.


                                                    October 1, 1994








                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS                                        FEB 20

                                                                                 Rage                  Florida coago
              1.0    INTRODUCTION                                                                     anagement Proarem
                     1.1     Watershed Management Objective                      I
                     1.2     Overview of the Chapters                            1
                     1.3     Contributors                                        6


              2.0    WATER QUALITY
                     2.1     Regulatory Authority                                7
                     2.2     NPS Pollution                                       9
                     2.3     Urban Water Quality                                 9
                     2.4     Golf Course Affects                                 11
                     2.5     Agricultural Affects                                12
                     2.6     Water Quality Studies                               15
                     2.7     Mitigating NPS Pollution                            16


              3.0    CONSERVATION MEASURES
                     3.1     Fee Simple Purchase                                 19
                     3.2     Transfer of Development Rights                      19
                     3.3     Conservation Easements                              19
                     3.4     Cluster Zoning                                      20
                     3.5     Tax Incentives                                      20
                     3.6     Private Stewardship                                 20
                     3.7     Mitigation and Mitigation Banking                   20
                     3.8     Potential Funding Sources                           22


              4.0    MEETING COLLIER COUNTY GROWTH MANAGEMENT
                     PLAN AND ROOKERY BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE
                     MANAGEMENT PLAN
                     4.1     Collier County                                      25
                     4.2     Rookery Bay NERR Management Plan                    26

              5.0    HISTORIC WETLAND FLOWWAYS
                     5.1     Description of Abbreviations use in Flowway
                             and Drainage Overlays                               28
                     5.2     Legend for Flowway Overlays                         31
                     5.3     Legend for Land Use Maps                            32

              6.0    WATER MANAGEMENT 6
                     6. 1 ' Vegetation                                           33
                     6.2     Hydrology                                           36
                     6.3     Water Quality                                       36









                          Point/Nonpoint Source Pollution                   40
                   6.5    Restoration Options                               40

            7.0,:,.. ...BELLE MEADE
                   7.4    Vegetation                                        45
                   7.2   -Hydrology                                         46
                   7.3    Water Quality                                     52
                   7.4    Point/Nonpoint Source Pollution                   57
                   7.5    Restoration Options                               60

            8.0    SOUTH GOLDEN GATE ESTATES
                   8.1    Vegetation                                        69
                   8.2    Hyd@oiogy                                         70
                   8.3    Water Quality                                     72
                   8.4    Point/Nonpoint Source Pollution                   77
                   8.5    Restoration Options                               77

            9.0    FAKAHATCHEESTRAND
                   9.1    Vegetation                                        83
                   9.2    Hydrology                                         84
                   9.3    Water Quality                                     86
                   9.4    Point\Nonpoint Source Pollution                   86
                   9.5    Restoration Options                               86



            LITERATURE CITED                                                90


            APPENDIX A
            APPENDIX B
            APPENDIX C
            APPENDIX D









                                                      LIST OF FIGURES


               Figure           Title                                                                  Page
               1-1              Rookery Bay NERR and the Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic
                                Preserve Boundaries                                                    2
               1-2              Watershed Regions for Rookery Bay and the Ten Thousand
                                Islands                                                                4
               1-3              Watershed Basins                                                       5
               2-1              Collier County Average Annual and Monthly Rainfall Data                8
               2-2              Collier County Water Quality Sampling Locations                        17
               5-1              Legend for Flowway Overlays                                            31
               5-2              Legend for Land Use Maps                                               32
               6-1              Collier County Future Land Use Map                                     34
               6-2              Anthropogenic Influences on WMD6                                       35
               6-3              WMD 6 Historic Flowways                                                37
               6-4              Lely Canal Average Annual and Monthly Flow Rates                       38
               6-5              Lely Canal Average Annual Nutrient Concentrations                      39
               6-6              Land Conservation Measures for WMD6                                    42
               7-1              Anthropogenic Influences on Belle Meade                                44
               7-2              Belle Meade Historic Flowways                                          47
               7-3              Historic Flowways in Present Day Belle Meade Agricultural Area         49-50
               7-4              Henderson Creek Canal Average Annual and Monthly Flow Rates            51
               7-5              Henderson Creek Canal Average Annual Nutrient Concentrations           53
               7-6              Henderson Creek Canal Flow versus Conductivity and Total
                                Suspended Solids                                                       54
               7-7,             Henderson Creek Canal Average Sediment Loading Rate                    55
               7-8              Rookery Bay NERR Sampling Locations                                    56
               7-9              Stormwater Management Lake                                             61
               7-10             Cross-sections of Stormwater Management Lake                           62
               7-11             Locations of Stormwater Management Improvements                        63
               7-12             Land Conservation Measures for Belle Meade                             65
               8-1              South Golden Gate Estates Historic Flowways                            71
               8-2              Faka-Union Canal Average Annual and Monthly Flow Rates                 73
               8-3              Faka-Union Canal Flow versus Specific Conductance and Total
                                Suspended Solids                                                       74
               8-4              Faka-Union Canal Average Sediment Loading Rate                         75
               8-5              Faka-Union Canal Average Annual Nutrient Concentrations                76
               8-6              Restoration Options for Road Removal in South Golden Gate
                                Estates                                                                79
               8-7              Road Removal Locations in South Golden Gate Estates                    80
               9-1              BarTon River Canal Average Annual and Monthly Flow Rates               85
               9-2              Barron River Canal Flow versus Specific Conductance                    87
               9-3              BarTon River Canal Annual Nutrient Concentrations                      88


                                                                  iii










                                                   LIST OF TABLES


             Table          Description                                                           Paz e
             2-1            Permitted Sewage Treatment Plants and Disposal Lagoons
                            within the Watershed                                                  10
             2-2            Selected Pesticide Use Within Watershed and their Percent Usage       12
             2-3            Commonly Used Pesticides in the Belle Meade Agricultural Area         14
             2-4            Water Quality Studies Conducted within the Watershed                  15
             2-5            Statistical Differences in Orthophosphate or Nitrate/Nitrite
                            Concentrations in the Major Canals                                    16
             3-1            Proposed Mitigation Ratios for the ERP Program                        21
             3-2            Potential Funding Sources                                             23
             7-1            Vegetative Communities of Belle Meade (Upland/Wetland
                            Breakdown)                                                            45
             7-2            Vegetative Communities of Belle Beade, (Wetland Communities)          45
             7-3            Statistical Differences in Orthophosphate or Nitrate/Nitrite
                            Concentrations in Henderson Creek                                     57
             7-4            Conservation Measures for Belle Meade                                 65
             8-1            Vegetative Communities of South Golden Gate Estates
                            (Upland/Wetland Breakdown)                                            69
             8-2            Vegetative Communities of South Golden Gate Estates
                            (Wetland Communities)                                                 70
             8-3            Road Removal Locations in South Golden Gate Estates                   80
             9-1            Vegetative Communities of Fakahatchee Strand (Upland/
                            Wetland Breakdown)                                                    83
             9-2            Vegetative Communities of Fakahatchee Strand (Wetland
                            Communities)                                                          84



















                                                              iv










                                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                     The following agencies, organizations and consulting firms assisted in the production of
             this plan. We would like to thank every individual who contributed their time and resources.

             Big Cypress Basin Board
             Collier County Cooperative Extension Service
             Collier County Current Planning Department
             Collier County Natural Resources Department
             Collier County Office of Capital Projects Management
             Collier County Pollution Control Department
             Florida Department.of Agriculture, Division of Forestry
             Florida Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry
             Florida Department of Environmental Protection
             Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, Collier County Public Health Unit
             Florida Wildlife Federation
             South Florida Water Management District
             The Conservancy, Inc.
             The Marc Group, Environmental Consultants
             The Nature Conservancy
             United States Army Corps of Engineers
             United States Soil Conservation Service
             Wilson, Miller, Barton, and Peek, Inc.

























                                                            v








                                             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


                        The Watershed Management Plan for Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
                (RBNERR) and the Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve examines land use patterns within the
                headwaters of these fragile estuarine.systems and provides specific recommendations for the
                restoration and preservation of essential surface water flows. This project was developed by the
                Florida Department of Environmental Protection at RBNERR, through funding from the Florida
                Coastal Management Program. The Watershed Plan is intended to be used by management and
                regulatory agencies, planners and local government as a source of information to support the
                comprehensive restoration and management of watersheds draining into Rookery Bay and the Ten
                -Thousand Islands.


                        This Plan includes consideration of future development plans for the freshwater basins
                which feed into Rookery Bay and the Ten Thousand Islands, as well as how current activities are
                impacting the system. Planned Unit Developments (PUDs) within the basins have been
                delineated. Canals, culverts and water control structures which regulate freshwater inflow to the
                estuaries have been identified. Sources of nonpoint pollution, such as agriculture, nurseries, golf
                courses, quarries and urban runoff, are addressed. Water quality and quantity data, in the form of
                conductivity, total suspended solids, nutrients and flow rates, are given for the major canals within
                the watersheds.


                        Combined, these impacts and potential impacts on the environmental integrity of the
                system have been compared with historical flowways delineated within this report. Some
                flowways have been heavily impacted, while others remain relatively intact. Conservation
                measures, ranging from fee simple purchase and conservation easements to mitigation and private
                stewardship, have been considered for restoration and protection of the watershed.
                Recommendations for restoration activities within the watershed encompass site specific activities
                (such as additional culverts, road removal and filling of canals), broad projects (such as a regional
                stormwater manaaement plan for areas of high agricultural activity) and support of on-going
                                  'D
                projects by other agencies (such as the hydrologic restoration of South Golden Gate Estates by
                the Water Management District and activities cited within the Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve
                                 I
                Management Plan).

                        This Plan has been reviewed and distributed to Federal, State, Regional and Local
                government agencies, private environmental organizations and private consulting firms in south
                                                                 I
                Florida. In addition, the information contained within this report has been presented at public
                hearings and workshops. State and local agencies, as well as private firms, are using this plan as a
                                                            1D
                guideline for restoration activities with the Rookery Bay and Ten Thousand Islands Watershed.
                This plan has already been utilized to support the State acquisition of environmentally sensitive
                lands identified within this report. It is hoped that other National Estuarine Research Reserves,
                National Marine Sanctuaries and Aquatic Preserves will use this Plan as a template for
                development of similar Watershed Management Plan.








                                               INTRODUCTION


              1.1 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVE
                     The Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) Watershed Restoration
              Plan is a comprehensive examination of the waters entering Rookery Bay NERR and the Cape
              Romano-Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve (Figure 1-1). Thepurpose of the Plan isto
              examine the relationship between estuarine conditions and watershed alterations, and recommend
              alternative actions with the goal of protecting and restoring estuarine water quality. The primary
              connection between estuarine water quality and watershed land use is related to the quality and
              quantity of freshwater input. These waters affect the health and stability of the estuarine
              systems. Although it will take time to implement any procedures adopted to restore the
              Watershed, it is important to recognize the need for a comprehensive plan which encompasses
              the entire watershed, potentially affecting protected estuarine waters.
                     The primary focus of the project is to restore the hydrologic structure, hydrologic
              fimction and water quality aspects of the system. This will be accomplished by addressing a
              number of factors which will contribute to the resultant hydrologic regime: restoration of sheet
              flow, expanding storage capacity, connecting hydrologic links, incorporating more natural
              hydropattems, restoring sheetflow delivery of freshwater to estuaries and bays, restructuring the
              natural salinity gradient in estuaries and bays and overall restoration of the natural characteristics
              of the system. The Watershed Restoration Plan indirectly expands the spatial extent of wetlands
              within Collier County. Large wetlands provide space for numerous animals, including
              threatened and endangered species, to roam. Wetlands also support a food base for the entire
              freshwater food web, including top predators such as panthers. The plan increases habitat
              diversity by restoring historic connections between different communities, reducing impacts
              caused by exotic species, and reestablishing historic vegetation and communities that have been
              altered by development. Finally, the Plan improves the water supply and limits saltwater
              intrusion. If the residence time of the water in the wetlands is longer, more water will percolate
              into the aquifers recharging water supplies, as well as pushing the salt lens further towards the
              coast.


              1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTERS
                     Each chapter of the report addresses either a specific issue or a specific area within the
              watershed. The chapters target facts relevant to the topic or region. Chapter 2 looks at water
              quality within the Watershed. Many groups and organizations (Rookery Bay NERR, Collier
              County Pollution Control Department, South Florida Water Management District, National
              Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and The Conservancy, Inc.) have collected water
              quality data from within the Watershed. Data on nutrient levels, as well as pesticides and heavy
              metals, were examined in areas within the Watershed. Point and nonpoint source pollution are
              discussed, as well as long-term effects of pollution and the potential sources of surface water
              pollution in southwestern Collier County.
                     Methods for protecting environmentally sensitive lands are examined in Chapter 3.
              Ranging from fee simple purchase to voluntary action, each of these options can be used within










                                           FIGURE 1-1. ROOKERY BAY AND TEN
                                           THOUSAND ISLANDS AQUATIC
                                           PRESERVE BOUNDARIES




                                          41                        ROOKERY BAY AQUATIC PRESERVE
                                                                    LEGISLATIVE BOUNDARY

                                                                    CR/TTI AQUATIC PRESERVE LEGISLATIVE BOUNDARY
                               ROOKERY BAY NATIONAL
                                      RESEARDI









                                                          x KK

                                                                            COLLIE
                                                                          SEMINOLE
                                                                            STATE
                                                                             PARK
                                   P                                                           41






                                                                                                         FAKAHATCHEE
                                         MARCO                                                              STRAND
                                         ISLAND                                                             STATE
                                                           x x                                               SERVE
                                                                                                         ..PRE


                                   c7'    77 -------

                                                                                        d. ..........




                                                                       ........... ......
                                   -------------          ------
                                                                    ..........  .... ......
                                   -------------          -----
                                   --------------         -----
                                   ---------------        . . . . . . . ......................... .. .

                                   ----------------     ------


                                                                            .. ...............
                                                           7:@

                                                  KEY
                                                                                                      EVERGL  S
                            C.A.R.L. EXPANSION BOUNDARY      FOR ROOKERY                               NATIONAL PAW
                            BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE
                            DELTONA SETTLEMENT LANDS

                            ROOKERY BAY AQUATIC PRESERVE                                         SCALE
                            CAPE ROMANO/TEN THOUSAND ISLANDS                             0                    5 MI.
                            AQUATIC PRESERVE                                       PREPARED BY TI-E CONSERVANCY. NC.
                            LANDS PURCHASED      UNDER EEL PROGRAM                 MODIFIED BY FDEP 1/93 AND 8194









                                                                2









              the Watershed to aid in restoring historic surface water flow. Positive and negative aspects of
              each conservation method are discussed, as well as potential funding sources for restoration
              activities. Funding sources listed may fund the types of projects listed within this report, but
              actual funding for the projects is dependent upon the proposal submitted and availability of
              funds.
                     Historic surface water flowways are addressed in Chapter 4. The flowways were
              delineated using a number of available surveys, including historic U.S. Soil Conservation Service
              survey of Collier County soils, historic black & white aerial photographs and U.S. Department of
              the Interior, National Wetlands Inventory maps. Major uplands were outlined. Wetlands were
              divided into four flowway categories: cypress slough, cypress-dominant, hydric pine-dominant
              and prairie. These historic flowways were overlaid on current aerial photographs (REDI maps)
              of the Watershed to determine changes within the system.
                     Chapters 5 through 8 examine specific issues in specified areas within the Watershed.
              Chapter 4 addresses Water Management District 6; Chapter 5, Belle Meade; Chapter 6, South
              Golden Gate Estates; and Chapter 7, Fakahatchee Strand. The approximate geographic
              boundaries for each region are given (Figure 1-2), as well as the watershed basins contained
              within each region (Figure 1-3). Each of these areas have environmentally sensitive lands which
              need to be protected and managed to return freshwater flow to the estuarine systems. The areas
              have very different land-use patterns, and therefore, different threats to hydrological regimes.
              Within each chapter, historic and current surface water flow patterns are delineated and areas of
              special concern are outlined. Point and nonpoint sources of pollution are discussed. Finally,
              there are recommendations for hydrologic restoration, including cost of the activities. A number
              of options have been formulated to address specific concerns within the watershed, ranging from
              a 'no action' approach to fee simple purchase of environmentally sensitive tracts of land.
              Recommendations are given by combining the options into feasible plans, listing estimates of
              cost and funding sources for restoration and management practices within the watershed. The
              cost estimates are just that, only estimates, and actual cost may fluctuate from the values given.
                     While protecting estuarine water quality, this Restoration Plan looks into the future for
              water needs, not only for these fragile coastal communities, but also for the future water needs of
              Collier County. While the implementation of the options contained within the plan may be
              costly, the long-term benefit to the natural communities and water resources is invaluable.














                                                              3











                                FIGURE 1-2. WATERSHED REGIONS FOR ROOKERY BAY
                                                                        AND               THE TEN THOUSAND ISLANDS


                                                                                                            .111E        15
                                                                                                                                                                :L
                                                                   WATER
                                                                   MANAGEMENT
                                                                   DlSTrjCT NO. 6
                                                                   SY TEM-:'
                                                                                                    BELLE MEADE
                                                                                                                                              SOU H GOL' N
                                                                                                                                              GAT      ESTAT.     S

                                   LELY C
                                                               FOOKMY EM                           US 41 CANAL
                                HENDERSON CREEK                                                                                                                                       FAKAHATCHEE
                                                                                                                                                                                      STRAND
                                                                                     69



                                             .... CANALS                                                      FAKA4UNION CANAL

                                                    REGION
                                                     BOLWARY


                                                                                                                                                                  BARRON RIVER CAN





                                                                                                                                                              CD
                                                       SCALE

                                         2'MI.      4 Mi..        K.      a Mi.      10 K.

                                          PREPARED BY THE COMERVANCY. HC.
                                        MODFED BY FDEP V93 and 8/94













                                                                     FIGURE 1-3. WATERSHED                                         BASINS




                                                                                             ATE  75

                                                                             HENDERSON CREEK BASIN

                                                                CANAL



                                                                     C-4
                                                                     C.*Jm:                                      FAKA AMM S ST
                                                                     SAM


                              LELY C                                                         COLLIER
                                                                                  CANAL     SEMINOLE
                                                    ROWRY BA                      B&SN         BASIN
                           HENDERSON CREEK                                                                                                       FAKAHATCHEE
                                                                                                                                                 STRAND
                                                                     69

                                                                     U)



                                 ........   CANALS                                      FAKA-LP40N C

                                           BASIN
                                           BOUNDARY


                                                                                                                                 BARRON RIVER CANA






                                             SCALE
                                                                                                     'A
                                  2 MI.    4 ML    6        a K.     lo mi.
                                  PREPARED BY T@E CONSERVANCY. INC.
                                  MODFIED BY FL DW JANUARY 1993










            1.3 CONTRIBUTORS
                   Formulation of the Watershed Restoration Plan was possible only with the help of many
            people. Federal (U.S. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and
            Wildlife Service), state (Florida Game Freshwater Fish Commission, Division of Forestry,
            Department of Transportation), regional (South Florida Water Management District) and county
            (pollution control, natural resources, stormwater management, planning, transportation,
            development services) officials were consulted while developing this plan. Representatives from
            environmental groups within Collier County, as well as local developers and consultants were
            approached for their comments and ideas concerning the hydrologic restoration of this area.
            These people were not only helpful in determining positive and negative aspects of the Plan, they
            also submitted their own ideas on bettering the system. (see Acknowledgementsfor a list of
            participants) This plan could not have been developed without the help of these individuals.


































                                                            6







                                                  WATER QUALITY

                       Collier County, Florida has defined wet and dry seasons, with an average of 50 inches of
               rain falling annually (Figure 2-1). The wet season generally begins in June and ends in early
               October. Rain falls intensely over short time periods, creating pulses of freshwater that enter the
               nearby estuaries through surface water flow.
                       The construction of canals has changed this surface water hydrology, introducing a
               greater volume of water over a shorter period of time. Hydrologically, the amount, rate and the
               timing of freshwater entering the estuarine systems has changed.
                       Water is an integral component of the Florida lifestyle. Not only is it used for drinking
               and household purposes, it also plays a major role in drawing tourists to the southwest Florida
               region. Many people are drawn to the Gulf Coast's beautiful beaches and sparkling shores.
               Recreational fishing, both saltwater and freshwater, is an important part of the economy of this
               region. The numerous golf courses are sought out by visitors, especially during the winter or dry

               season.
                       With a community and lifestyle so reliant on water, it would seem that good water quality
               and an adequate supply would be a top priority item. This is not necessarily the case. Although
               industry, such as manufacturing, does not threaten the water quality of Collier County,
               expanding urban lands, numerous golf courses and agriculture can have an impact on water
               quality.

               2.1 REGULATORY AUTHORITY
                       The Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary statutory vehicle for achieving goals
               for water quality. Point source discharges are covered under the National Pollution Discharge
               Elimination System. Because of the effectiveness of this program, pollution from point sources
               has decreased dramatically. Section 319 of the 1987 CWA Amendments established an approach
               that relies on state programs to control NPS pollution. Section 6217 of the 1990 Amendments to
               the Coastal Zone Management Act requires states to develop NPS pollution control programs for
               coastal regions. The State of Florida has, since the 1970s, authorized Water Management
               Districts (WMD) and the Department of Environmental Protection to manage stormwater
               discharges (Williams 1994). The South Florida Water Management District is authorized to
               permit the design and construction of surface water management systems within its boundaries
               under the Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) Chapters 40E-40 and 40E-4. Section 17-
               40.420(l) F.A.C. establishes goals for the State's stormwater management program, including
               preserving fteshwater resources by encouraging stormwater infiltration and reuse. It also
               attempts to assure that stormwater peak discharge rate, volume and pollutant loading are no
               greater after than before a site is developed. Section 17-40.420(4) F.A.C. regulates water quality
               of stormwater discharges. Minimum treatment performance standards require retaining sediment
               on-site during construction, 80% average annual load reduction for new stormwater discharges to
               most water bodies, 95% reduction to Outstanding Florida Waters and reduction on a watershed
               basis of the pollutant loading from older stormwater systems (Williams 1994).
                       Five classifications of surface waters in Florida have been identified by Florida


                                                                   7





              Figure 2-1. Collier County Rainfall Data I
                                             Average Annual Rainfall

                                          70


                                          60   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -            - - - - - - -


                                          50   - - -        - - - -         - - -          - - -          - - -


                                          40


                                          30


                                          20


                                          10


                                            0
                                                               11b   @I                                           cp
                                                      cp "0
                                                                            Year

                                            Average Monthly Rainfall

                                          10



                                            8 -------------------------------------



                                            6@   -----------------------------------



                                            4 ------------- --------------- ------




                                            2 ---- --------------------------                                      ---




                                            0


                                                                          Month









               Department of Environmental Protection, dependent on up to 70 water quality parameters
               (Chapter 17-302, Florida Administrative Code). Potable waters, Class 1, have the most stringent
               standards, while waters used for navigation, industries and utilities, Class V, have the least
               stringent standards. Surface freshwaters within the watershed are classified as Class III and are
               appropriate for recreation, fish and wildlife. Waters within Rookery Bay and the Ten Thousand
               Islands are designated as Class II, which have higher standards, allowing the taking of shellfish
               when bacteriologic conditions permit.

               2.2 NPS POLLUTION
                      Point source pollution is discharge of contaminants from an identifiable location such as
               discharge from a pipe or a culvert, such as from a wastewater treatment plant. Nonpoint source
               (NPS) pollution is the result of rainwater running over and through a variety of surfaces,
               removing dissolved substances and particulate material. Some common constituents of NPS
               pollution are nutrients, pesticides, metals, sediment, oils and greases. NPS pollution contributes
               over 65% of the total pollution load to inland U.S. surface waters (U.S. EPA 1989). Locally, this
               number is probably greater. Sources of NPS in Collier County, Florida include urban
               stormwafer, agricultural runoff, construction site runoff and leachate from septic systems,
               wastewater treatment lagoons and landfills. Studies show that NPS pollution from agricultural
               lands is of greatest concern (Williams 1994). Because NPS pollution comes from diffuse areas,
               it is difficult to control if proper management techniques are not utilized on-site or proximate to
               the site.


               2.3 URBAN WATER QUALITY.
                      Urban runoff, including synthetic organic compounds from lawn care products and
               automobile fluids, heavy metals from phosphate fertilizers and tire wear and sediments,
               eventually makes its way into natural wetland systems and estuaries along the Gulf of Mexico.
               These pollutants can have detrimental effects on aquatic communities, causing fish kills in severe
               cases. Excessive fertilizers entering an aquatic system can result in algal blooms, which deplete
               dissolved oxygen and destabilize estuarine systems. On-site sewage disposal (septic systems),
               which discharge into the surrounding soils, can contribute excess nutrients into the surrounding
               ecosystems. Sewage treatment plant effluent disposal systems are contributors as well (Table 2-
               1). Eroded sediments from construction activities increase turbidity and can cover bottom plants,
               thereby, reducing light penetration which is crucial for photosynthesis.











                                                                9









                       Table 2-1. Permitted Sewage Treatment Plants              and Disposal
                                         Lagoons Within the Watershed
                     Site Name                           Site Location          Capacity (gpd)

                     Collier-Seminole State Park         Belle Meade (SE)              15,000

                     Copeland Road Prison                  Fakahatchee                 10,000

                     Eagle Creek STP                     Belle Meade (SW)              200,000

                     Kountree Kampinn                    Belle Meade (W)               10,000

                     Lee Cypress Co-Op W. W.               Fakahatchee                 20,000
                     Plant

                     M & E Trailer Park                  Belle Meade (SW)              1,500.

                     Naples KOA Kampground               Belle Meade (SW)              15,000

                     Naples RV Resort                    Belle Meade (N)               35,000

                     Port-Au-Prince                      Belle Meade (S)               6,000

                     Rookery Bay Utilities               Belle Meade (S)               150,000

                     South County                        Water Management              8 MGD*
                                                             District 6

                     Southern States                     Belle Meade (S)            Lagoons"

                     Tall Oaks of Naples                 Water Management              15,000


                               Condominiums


               Disposal by deep percolation ponds or re-use
                Used only as alternative to other disposal methods

                     Another potential pollutant source is mosquito control spray. Spraying for mosquitos
             generally occurs from March through November, on an as needed basis. In Collier County, the
             pesticide Baytex is sprayed using an ultra-low volume (ULV) application. The pesticide is
             distibuted by planes as a mist and is intended as a contact adulticide. The soil half-life of Baytex
             is approximately 60 hours. The pesticide has the potential to be washed into canals, lakes and
             estuaries, where it may adversely affect the resident aquatic communities. On-going studies in
             estuarine waters have found the contaminant to drift from target areas into preserved areas. The
             extent of impact on freshwater communities has not yet been determined.


                                                           10









                      Each of these sources of water quality degradation are of concern in this study. Waters
              entering Rookery Bay and the Ten Thousand Islands systems originate upstream, in areas that are
              urbanized, have agriculture and have golf courses, as well as areas of undeveloped land.

              2.4 GOLF COURSE AFFECTS
                      Golf course runoff can contain high levels of fertilizers and pesticides which are used to
              maintain the fairways and greens. Certain fertilizers and pesticides contain heavy metals which
              leach into aquatic systems. Pesticides are produced to target certain pest species. However,
              many pesticides also affect non-target species and can have detrimental impacts on those
              populations. Recently, a number of pesticides have been in the news, implicated in the deaths of
              fish, birds and mammals. Nemacur, a pesticide used to control nematodes, was linked to at least
              ten massive fish kills, as well as the deaths of birds and river otters (Associated Press 1994).
              Diazinon, an insecticide, was implicated in the deaths of more than 700 birds (Edmonson 1987).
              Daconil, used as a fungicide, caused a severe allergic reaction and eventually the death of a golf
              player (Edmonson 1987). Both nemacur and daconil are used on golf courses within Collier
              County. While many golf courses within Collier County continue to use toxic chemicals, some
              have taken a more environmentally sound stance and are now using biological controls for pest
              problems.
                      There are currently about fifteen golf courses within the Rookery Bay-Ten Thousand
              Islands Watershed. Of these fifteen, only 20% use biological control agents, such as dipel,
              vector and proax, as a means of controlling pests. All of these courses still use synthetic
              chemicals as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides to keep the fairways and greens looking their
              best (Appendix A). Table 2-2 identifies some of the pesticides used by golf courses within the
              Watershed, their potential effects and the percent of golf courses using each compound.










                     Table 2-2. Selected Pesticides used within the Watershed and their
                                                         Percent Usage

                    Pesticide       Effect*                                                             % Use

                    Award           toxic to fish                                                          27%

                    Daconil         toxic to fish, birds and has been linked with human death -            55%
                                    area cannot be grazed

                    Dursban         toxic to fish, crustaceans and bees - area cannot be grazed            64%

                    Fusilade        toxic to fish - avoid drift - do not use if rainfall expected          9%
                                    within I hour

                    Kelthane        toxic to fish                                                          9%

                    Kerb            do not use on golf greens - 3-12 month waiting period for              27%
                                    crops

                    MSMA            do not contaminate lakes, streams or ponds - area cannot               82%
                                    be grazed

                    Nemacur         toxic to fish, birds, mammals - under investigation at this            55%
                                    time

                    Oftanol         toxic to fish, moderately toxic to earthworms - area cannot            9%
                                    be grazed - absorbed rapidly through skin

                    Surfla.r.       toxic to fish - do not use on soils more than 5% organic               27%
                                    matter - area cannot be grazed - do not use on turf              I
                    Turcarn         highly toxic to fish                                             1     36%
              *effects gathered from Associated Press 1994, Edmonson 1987, Thomson 1985,               Thomson 1986
              and Thomson 1987, based on recommended dilutions.
              * *Percent use is number of golf courses that use the product divided by total number of courses.

              Many of these pesticides, fungicides and herbicides have negative effects on the environment and
              its inhabitants. Additionally, fertilizers used on these areas can run off and cause eutrophication
              of aquatic systems by overloading the system with nutrients.

              2.5 AGRICULTURAL AFFECTS
                      Agribusiness operations, including row crops, citrus, nurseries and ranching, can also use
              large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. While some of these compounds may degrade over
              time in jitu, many are carried by stormwater into drainage ditches, flushed into canals and enter
              ecosystems downstream. Nutrients and pesticides from agribusiness empty into drainage ditches


                                                                  12









              and canals. These nutrients then feed aquatic exotics, such as Hydrilla, and cause algal blooms
              which degrade aquatic systems downstream by altering light penetration and disrupting normal
              dissolved oxygen and nutrient cycles. In addition to degradation of the system, removal of
              aquatic exotics from the clogged canals is costly and time consuming.

              2.5.1 Agriculture Pesticide Use
                     Agriculture also affects the waters entering Rookery Bay and the Ten Thousand Islands.
              The largest agricultural area within the Watershed lies on the south end of the Belle Meade
              region. Agricultural chemical use, by type and dosage, is regulated by the Department of
              Agriculture and is questioned only if there is suspicion of misuse. Agribusinesses have to keep
              records of the types of chemicals used, concentrations and amounts. However, these records are
              generally seen only by the Department of Agriculture. Efforts by this office through Florida
              Department of Agriculture, Department of Environmental Protection and other interests to
              review the records were unsuccessful.
                     The following Table lists commonly used pesticides for crops, primarily tomatoes and
              peppers, grown in the Belle Meade area.






























                                                            13










                                Table 2-3. Common Pesticides Used in the Belle
                                                Meade Agricultural Area
                              Common Name               Chemical Name               Use/Crop

                                     Ambush                  Pennethrin            Insecticide/T, P

                                     Asana                 Essenvalerate           Insecticide/T,P

                                     Bravo                 Chlorothalonil           Fungicide/T
                                     Cygon                   Dimethoate            Insecticide/T,P

                                     Devrinol              Napropamide              Herbicide/T
                                     Dithane             Dithiocarbarnate           Fungicide/T

                               Gramaxone Extra             Bitritylinium           Herbicide/T,P

                                     Lannate                 Methomyl              Insecticide/T,P

                                     Manabe              Dithiocarbarnate          Fungicide/T,P

                                     Ridomil                 Metalaxyl             Fungicide/T,P

                                     Thiodan                 Endosulfan            Insecticide/T,P

                                      r flan                 Trifluralin            Herbicide/P

                                     Vydate                   Oxamyl            I   Insecticide/T
                       T--tomatoes, P=peppers
                     *Colher County Cooperative Extension Service, pers. comm. 1994.

                     The most hazardous      of the of inventoried pesticides studied in a 1992 report on
              agricultural pesticide use in coastal areas was endosulfan. The organochlorine pesticide was
              responsible for more fish kills in U.S. estuaries between 1980 and 1989 than all currently used
              pesticides, according to NOAA fish-kill data (Pait et al. 1992). Residues of this chemical have
              been detected in the sediment in Naples Bay and Vanderbilt Lagoon (CCPCD 1993). This
              chemical is commonly used to control tomato plant pests. Endosulfan has acute toxicity, high
              bioconcentration factor and relatively long soil half-life. Another commonly used pesticide is
              trifluralin. This pesticide readily bioconcentrates and ranks seventh in toxicity of the inventoried
              pesticides. Permethrin was ranked third hazardous in the 1992 report. Total inventoried
              pesticide use per year in the Rookery Bay Watershed was less than 100,000 lbs/yr (Pait et al.
              1992). The watershed for Rookery Bay had the highest intensity of hazard normalized
              application in the nation. The watershed for the South Ten Thousand Islands was ranked sixth.
              Hazard normalized application is the amount of pesticide that poses the greatest hazard to the


                                                                14








              estuary divided by the total Watershed area. According to the NOAA report, over 3,500 lbs./sq.
              mile of inventoried pesticides normalized to hazard are applied each year (Pait et al. 1992).

              2.6 WATER QUALITY STUDIES
                      Many water quality studies have been conducted in the Rookery Bay-Ten Thousand
              Islands Watershed (Table 2-4). Agencies, such as DEP and SFWMD, Collier County Pollution
              Control Department, and private organizations, including The Conservancy and various
              consultants ,have analyzed water quality throughout the County. Collier County Pollution
              Control Department has compiled all water quality data collected within the County into one
              database for comparison purposes.


                      Table 2-4. Water Quality Studies Conducted within the Watershed

               Study                    Dates                    Location                 Parameter

               WQ RBNERR                1986-present             Rookery Bay, Ten         depth, secchi, temp.,
                                                                 Thousand Islands,        pH, D.O.,cond., orp.,
                                                                 and vicinity             salinity, TSS, BOD

               WQ RBNERR                1987-present             Rookery Bay              POO NH4, N02, N03

               SFWMD and                1979-1991                Canals                   Nutrients, metals,
               CCPCD                                                                      and physical
                                                                                          properties

               The Conservancy          1970-1979                Rookery Bay and          E. coli fecal
               WQ                                                Henderson Creek          coliform, and
                                                                                          bacteria

               The Conservancy          1972-1979                Rookery Bay,             Nutrients, metals,
               WQ                                                Henderson Creek,         and physical
                                                                 and Stopper Creek        properties
               Department of            1989 and 1992            Rookery Bay and the      selected agricultural
               Commerce and                                      Ten Thousand             pesticides
              JINOAA          -        I                         Islands

                      Unfortunately, most of these studies tested for different parameters and used different
              methods for determining concentrations. Overall data collection seems to be sporadic, rather
              than following a well-defined regimen. Long-term, consistent data, with a solid funding source,
              is needed to show changes within these systems. Upstream/downstream stations with two,
              preferably three, replicates should be sampled monthly to show seasonal and annual variations in
              both nutrient and pesticide concentrations in water and sediments.
                      The major canals in the study area, Lely, Henderson Creek, Faka-Union and Barron
               @
                      Tab"


                      y
              St u Fd
               WQf
                        NE









































                                                                15









             River, have been sampled over a long enough period to adequately compare nutrient
             concentrations, specifically nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and total phosphate (TP04) levels. Sampling
             stations are shown in Figure 2-2. The Barron River Canal had significantly lower levels of both
             NOx and TP04 than the three other canals (T-test, P<0.05). Lely, Henderson Creek and Faka-
             Union canals did not differ in concentrations of NOx or TP04(T-test, P<0.05) (Table 2-5).


              Table 2-5. Statistical Differences in Orthophosphate or Nitrate/Nitrite Concentrations in
                                                     the Major Canals

              Canal                 Barron       Faka-Union       Henderson       Henderson           Lely
                                    River                            Creek        Creek East

              Parameter          OPO, NO,,       OPO, NO,, OPO, NO,                        NO@    OP04 NO,,

              Barron River                                                                  N                  N

              Faka-Union                   N       X       X       N                        N       N          N

              Henderson                    N       N       N       X       X        N       N       N          N
              Creek

              Henderson                    N       N       N       N       N        X       X       N          N
                         t                                                               I

                                           N       N       N       N       N        N       N       X          X



             2.7 MITIGATING NPS POLLUTION
                     The implementation of stormwater quantity and quality standards is accomplished
             through the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs). BMPs include infiltration (trenches and
             retention areas), delayed discharge (permanently wet detention), proper construction and tilling
             techniques (sediment barriers, screens and terracing), as well as the use of existing and planted
             vegetated areas.

             2.7.1 Wetlands as BMPs
                     An important natural component of the treatment of NPS discharges are wetlands. The
             disturbance to wetlands or other historic vegetated communities, the alteration of the
             permeability of soils, or changes to the topography of the site that often accompanies
             construction and agricultural activities have severely hindered the ability of the site to adsorb and
             remove contaminants. The timing, duration and quality of the surface water runoff are adversely
             affected. By utilizing the ability of wetlands to modify stormwater characteristics in conjunction
             with constructed BMPs. the downstream affects on water quality from stormwater discharges are
             lessened.
                     Water purification functions of wetlands are dependent upon vegetation, water column,
             substrates and microbial populations (Hammer 1993). Because natural wetlands contain these
                                  X
                                                                                  OPO'




                                                                                    N







              Creek Eas


              Lel






























                                                              16













                                                                            FIGURE 2-2. COLLIER COUNTY WATER
                                                                                                                  SAMPLING LOCATIONS


                                                                                                        MUiSTATE @ n
                                                                               ULT           HENDERSON CREEK BASIN


                                                                                    C@d
                                                                                                                                    FAKA 41-JON        T



                                                                                                              COLLIER
                                            ELY C                                                             SEMINOLE
                                                                                                                BASIN
                                                       CREEK                                                                                                          FAKAHATCHEE
                                                                                                                                                                      STRAND





                                                  ....   CANALS                                          FAKA-LMON CANAL

                                                        LOCATION
                                                        SAMPLING



                                                                                                                                                     BARRON RIVER C






                                                           SCALE
                                                                                                                 oc/s
                                               2
                                                 'Mi.
                                                        4 MI,    6 M.      a @I.    lo Mi.
                                                PFEPARED BY THE CONS%RVANCY. NC.
                                               MOCIFED BY FL      JANUARY 1993
                                                                                                                                           4
                                                                                                                                          @ :J@ M @ST





                                                                                                        17









             components, while created wetlands require time and capital to attain suitable conditions,
             preservation and use of natural wetlands should occur as much as possible. However, the use of
             natural wetlands for the direct treatment of stormwater is limited by the fact that wetlands are
             considered "waters of the United States" and protected as such under Section 402 of the Clean
             Water Act. The use of restored or created wetlands as a BMP are not as distinctly regulated
             (Fields 1993).
                     On a site-scale basis, this offers many possibilities for the reduction of pollutant loads.
             The creation of littoral zones or "fringing wetlands" along wet detention areas, as well as in
             conveyances, such as swales, and other "green" areas, tends to smooth out the pulsing of
             stormwater discharges. Design of the system should be simple and allow for its functionality to
             develop over time. Maintenance of the system should be kept to a minimum (Mitsch 1993).
                     Many older developments adjacent to the Rookery Bay and Ten Thousand Islands
             systems were not subject to stormwater management rules, and some stormwater management
             systems do not function adequately. These locations are not easily retrofitted. Capital costs and
             site limitations may prohibit any alterations to stormwater treatment on-s 'ite. Because these
             discharges are often times connected to water management district or county operated drainage
             features, off-site management becomes more practical. Much of the existing canal network has
             limited control structures and allows stormwater discharges at unacceptable rates into sensitive
             estuarine waters. By redesigning the receiving canal system to include higher stages, overflow to
             extant wetlands adjacent to the canals will allow for longer detention time for stormwater in
             canals and wetlands before discharge. This should cause a decrease in nutrient loading. Again,
             natural wetlands are protected under Federal rule and care should be taken not to expose them to
             pollutant laden discharges. In addition to more appropriate timing of discharges, ancillary
             benefits, including increased hydroperiod and enhanced wildlife habitat, will occur.
                     Outfall locations of existing canals should be redesigned to imitate historic characteristics
             of surface water flow i6to tidal areas. The design should include spreading the discharge over a
             broad area, instead of only the width of the canal. Redesigning the drainage network to more
             closely imitate natural conditions, while still providing flood protection, should improve water
             quality entering the estuarine systems.

             2.7.2 Management and Storage of Surface Water (MSSW) Permits Issued in Collier
                     County
                     The table located in Appendix B lists the current permits issued for agricultural and
             residential developments in the study area. Over 23 permits have been issued including 12 for
             agricultural uses.










                                                              18








                              CONSERVATION MEASURES FO
                        ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE LANDS


                    There are many ways to ensure that environmentally sensitive lands are managed so that
             their:ftmctions are maintained for the future. The following is a list of measures that have been
             successfully employed.

             3.1 FEE SIMPLE PURCHASE
                    Direct or outright buying of lands is calledJee simple purchasing. Many times this
             method is used by federal, state and local agencies to protect lands that are critical to maintaining
             the environmental integrity of an area. For example, the South Golden Gate Estates region is
             being actively acquired by the State of Florida because of the integral part it plays in the
             hydrology of southwestern Florida. Generally, it is thought to be a good step for the State to
             purchase land'S which have little to no chance for development. These purchased lands are
             primarily wetland areas, adjacent to other preserved areas or a large area that can be managed as
             a unit and contribute to the groundwater recharge and surface water flow of an area. Once the
             land is purchased by the State, it is taken off of the tax rolls; however, existing tax revenues are
             limited compared to the cost of providing public infrastructure.

             3.2 TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS
                    A development right is attached to every parcel of land and is worth the amount that the
             land would be worth if it was developed. A transfer or purchase ofdevelopment rights involves
             paying the landowner an amount comparable to the land's developed worth. The land then
             remains as is, with no threat of development in the future. For example, a private individual
             owns a 50-acre parcel of wetlands. He uses the land for hunting and camping, with no aspiration
             to develop it in the future. A developer is constructing a parking lot which will impact 5 acres of
             wetlands. The developer purchases the development rights from the private individual to
             compensate for the impacts made during construction of the parking lot. The developer gets his
             parking lot, the landowner gets a monetary settlement and the wetland is protected in perpetuity
             from development. Land management, determining who pays for managing the land and who
             pays for the maintenance, is one problem associated with this method.

             3.3 CONSERVATION EASEMENTS
                    A conservation easement is similar to purchase of development rights in that it limits
             development on property. Conservation easements may be assigned to the plat of the property.
             Lands adjacent to currently protected lands or connected to sensitive lands may be targeted, with
             the conservation easement creating a buffer zone between development and sensitive lands. For
             example, a farmer has a fifty-acre field adjacent to a relatively pristine and protected wetland. To
             assure that the field will not be converted into residential development in the future, a
             conservation easement is placed on a portion of the property near the sensitive lands, such that
             current activities can continue, but development would be restricted. The farmer can continue to


                                                          19









             farm the fields as long as he pleases and can sell the property to another person to farm; however,
             the easement is protected in perpetuity from development. Conservation easements have the
             same management and maintenance problems encountered with transfer of development rights.

             3.4 CLUSTER ZONING
                    Cluster zoning can be used in some cases when property is adjacent to environmentally
             sensitive lands. If the landowner will not place a conservation easement on his property, he may
             be able to cluster or group the houses in one area, while protecting the environmentally sensitive
             lands in another area. For example, a landowner adjacent to Camp Keais Strand wants to build
             single family houses on his fifty acres of land. Rather than placing one house on each ten-acre
             plot (the current practice under agricultural zoning designations), the landowner can cluster these
             five houses on ten or twenty acres set back from the Strand, leaving the environmental buffer in
             place. One drawback is that human impacts will be concentrated within one localized area. This,
             however, can also be seen as a positive effect.


             3.5 TAX INCENTIVES
                    Tax incentives for landowners can also be used to limit development on lands.  The State
             or County Goveniment can defer taxes on property if the landowner agrees to certain
             stipulations, such as limited development and removal of exotic species. Tax breaks given to
             landowners may fluctuate year to year depending on the economy and enforcement of the
             stipulations agreed upon may be a problem.

             3.6 PRIVATE STEWARDSHIP
                    Many private citizens are environmentally aware and want to do their part to protect
             sensitive systems. Unfortunately, there are no private stewardship programs set up in Collier
             County. A private stewardship program would allow landowners to benefit from certain
             environmentally sound practices on their property. For example, preservation of existing native
             plant communities and removal of exotic species from the property. This, in conjunction with an
             education program that teaches environmentally sound practices and the importance of native
             plants, would be a benefit to Collier County's ecosystems. Voluntary programs are hard to
             enforce and landowners may decide to participate one year and not the next, making it difficult to
             keep track of participants.

             3.7 MITIGATION AND MITIGATION BANKING
                    The concept of mitigation has been around for a number of years. When impacts to
             wetlands are compensated for within the particular development project it is termed on-site
             mitigation. For example, a developer wants to build on a site, but he will have impacts on some
             of the wetlands which are protected by federal and state laws. To offset the impacts to these
             wetlands, the developer will restore, enhance or create -- mitigate --wetlands elsewhere on-site.
             The impacted wetlands are given a value, as are the restored, enhanced or created wetlands and
             the developer works to balance the mitigated value with the impacted value on that particular
             site.



                                                            20









                      Off-site mitigation compensates for impacts to wetlands on a development site by
              purchasing land elsewhere. These lands tend to be within or located adjacent to existing preserve
              areas. For example, a developer is planning to impact wetlands on a development site. These
              wetlands are given a value. To compensate for these impacts, the developer purchases lands near
              Big Cypress National Preserve and deeds them to the federal government. The amount of
              wetlands purchased for the government balances the impacts made to the development site.      This
              process is termed off-site mitigation.
                      Mitigation banking is somewhat similar to off-site mitigation in that lands are purchased
              off-site and used to compensate for on-site development impacts to wetlands. Either an agency
              or private individual can purchase environmentally sensitive lands for use as a mitigation bank.
              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Florida Department of Environmental Protection or South
              Florida Water Management District determine if the property is suitable for use as a bank, A
              bond is placed in a trust to be used for management of the property in perpetuity. Florida
              Department of Environmental Protection and the South Florida Water Management District
              assign values or credits to the -property. These credits can then be purchased by developers to
              offset impacts they have on their development sites. Sites can range from pristine areas, which
              only need to be purchased, to areas which need restoration, enhancement or creation of wetland
              communities. Each of these ranges is given a separate value or credit for restoration. Table 3-1
              shows some of the mitigation ratios recommended for the recently approved Environmental
              Resource Permit (ERP) permit.


                    Table 3-1. Proposed Mitigation Ratios for the ERP Program
               Method                               Target                            Ratio*

               Preservation               wetlands and surface waters                10:1 - 100:1

               Enhancement                          wetlands                          4:1 - 20:1

               Creation and         mangrove swamps, cypress swamps and               2:1 - 5:1
               Restoration                     hardwood swamps

                                        saltwater and freshwater marshes              1. 5:1 - 4:
                ratio = acreage preserved : acreage impacted

              For example, a developer impacting I -acre of wetlands could purchase 10- 100 acres of wetlands
              for preservation, enhance 4-20 acres of wetlands or restore 1.5-5 acres of wetlands, depending on
              the type of wetlands impacted, restored, enhanced or preserved.
                      There are five major steps involved with establishing a mitigation bank (Folk, DWP
              1994).
              0       Site Selection and Design
                      -locate an ecologically significant site that will positively contribute to the surrounding
                      environment (e.g. endangered species protection, water quality benefits, hydrologic
                      restoration)

                                                              21









            +      Site Acquisition, Assessment and Survey
                   -acquire land within a'site, establishing boundaries, identifying historic and present
                   plant and animal components and determine restoration potential
            4      Planning
                   -develop strategies for restoration and long-term management of the site
            4      Start-Up and Restoration Phase
                   -initiate restoration activities, begin site management and develop management plan for
                   long-term conservation of the site
            +      On-Going Management
                   -formulate management plan for the site including plans for acts of nature (hurricanes
                   and droughts), introduction of new species and other unseen challenges

                   Mitigation banking has great potential in Collier County. State agencies and South
            Florida Water Management District can target environmentally sensitive areas to be used as
            banks. Developers and private individuals can purchase the lands and establish the banks. - In
            the end, the developers and consultants get to proceed with their projects, while environmentally
            sensitive lands are protected in perpetuity.

            3.8 POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES

            3.8.1 Potential ftiriding sources have been identified for the implementation of monitoring,
            planning/design, purchasing or construction of projects related to the restoration of historic
            flowways; and associated water quality (Table 3-2). Funding is available from Federal, State,
            and Water Management District sources. Federal grant monies that would be available are used
            primarily for the restoration of habitat in coastal regions to increase fisheries production. This
            would include land purchases and construction of stormwater control structures. State furiding
            through the DEP is available for mitigation, restoration of CARL lands, and exotic plant
            removal. The SFWMD has funding available for Surface Water Improvement and Management
            (SWIM) water bodies. Currently, Rookery Bay is ranked 19th with slim prospects of seeing
            funding within the next few years. SWIM funds are used for mitigating pollution effects in
            degraded water bodies.















                                                          22









                                                           Table 3-2. Potential Funding So                     urces

                    Source                                             Target                                       Funding              Project
                                                                                                                    Limits

                    The Florida Communities Trust,                     -lands for acquisition - do not have         $1 million +         -land acquisition
                    Preservation 2000 Program                          to be pristine - can have outdoor
                    2740 Centerview Drive                              recreation activities
                    Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2 100
                    (904) 922-2207

                    Environmental Protection Agency                    -habitat degradation - nutrient              project              -water quality
                    Gulf of Mexico Program                             enrichment - toxics and pesticides -         dependent, up        studies
                    Building 1103, Room 202                            freshwater inflow - living aquatic           to $1.2              -spreader swales
                    Stennis Space Center, Minnesota       39529-       resources                                    million/year for     -weirs
                    6000                                                                                            all projects
                    (601) 688-3726

                      ational Coastal Wetlands Grant Program           -acquisition for hydrology, water            amount must be       -land acquisition
                    U.S. Department of the Interior                    quality, fish and wildlife -                 matched by           -water quality
                    Fish and Wildlife Service                          restoration, enhancement or                  State and other      studies
                    1875 Century Blvd.                                 management of coastal wetland                agencies for         -management
                    Atlanta, Georgia 30345                             ecosystems - need quantifiable               50% of project
                    (404) 679-4159                                     results                                      cost

                    South Florida Water Management District            -Rookery Bay is # 19 on the SWIM             project              -restoration
                    SWIM Priority Water Bodies                         Priority Water Bodies list                   dependent            -spreader swales
                    3301 Gun Club Road
                    P.O. Box 24680
                    West Palm Beach, Florida 33416-4680
                    (407) 686-8800

                    Florida Department of Environmental                -ftinds from permits for mitigation          n/a                  -restoration
                    Protection                                         and enforcement                                                   -filling of ditches
                    Pollution Recovery Trust Fund                      -can be used for exotic removal via                               -removal of
                    Fort Myers District Office                         mitigation                                                        roadbeds
                    Fort Myers, Florida
                    (813) 332-6975

                    South Florida Water Management District            -will fund a portion of a project (60-       n/a                  -culverts
                    Cooperative Funding Program                        80%)                                                              -weirs

                    Coastal America                                    -will co-share funding on a 70/30 or         n/a                  -culverts
                    NOAANOS                                            60/40 basis for restoration projects                              -weirs
                    (404) 347-1746

                    CARL Management Funds                              -available to FDEP field site for            n/a                  -Belle Meade
                    Florida Department of Environmental                management, including restoration,                                restoration projects
                    Protection                                         of CARL purchased lands
                    Tallahassee, Florida                               -amount based on total acreage
                    (SC)278-3456




                                                                                  23









                 Source                                          Target                                    Funding             Project
                                                                                                           Limits

                 Division of Forestry                            -South Golden Gate Estates CARL           n/a                 -removal of
                 Fort Myers, Florida                             lands                                                         roadbeds
                                                                                                                               -grading
                                                                                                                               -exotic removal

                 Big Cypress Basin                               -Belle Meade lands and South Golden       n/a                 - culverts
                 Naples, Florida                                 Gate Estates                                                  -weirs
                                                                                                                               -grading

                 Department of Community Affairs                 -Belle Meade                              rL/a                -restoration
                 Coastal Zone Management Program                                                                               prQj ects
                 Tallahassee, Florida
                II(SC) 292-5438
                n/a  not available


















































                                                                           24








                          MEETING COLLIER COUNTY GROWTH
                  MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ROOKERY BAY NERR
                              MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVES


              4.1 COLLIER COUNTY
                     The Conservation and Coastal Management Element of the Collier County Growth
              Management Plan contains goals, objectives and policies that plan for the protection,
              management and appropriate use of its natural resources and protection of its surface waters.
              This study recommends certain actions that try to meet the various objectives in the Plan. The
              following is a brief description of some of those objectives:

              4      Objective 1.1: The County will complete the development and implementation of a
                     comprehensive environmental and conservation program that will ensure the natural
                     resources of Collier County are properly protected and managed.

                     Objective 1.3: The County will delineate, gather data, determine management guidelines
                     and inplement the County Natural Resources Protection Area (NRPA) program. The
                     County shall seek assistance from and support State (e.g. CARL, SOE, etc.) land
                     acquisition programs for County areas qualifying as NRPAs.

                     Objective 2.1: The county shall prepare Watershed Management Plans for the estuaries.

                     Objective 2.2: All canals and flowways discharging into estuaries shall meet all
                     applicable Federal, State, or local water quality standards.

                     Objective 2.3: All estuaries shall meet all applicable Federal, State, and local water
                     quality standards.

                     Objective 6.2: There shall be no unacceptable net loss of viable, naturally functioning
                     marine and freshwater wetlands.


                     Objective 6.7: The County will protect, conserve and appropriately use ecological
                     communities shared with or tangential to State lands.

                     Objective 6.8: The County shall protect natural reservations, from the impact of
                     surrounding development.

              4      Objective 7.3: The County shall develop and implement programs for protecting
                     fisheries and other wildlife.




                                                            25









                    Under the Recreation and Open Space Element, the County has adopted objectives to
             ensure the establishment of sufficient outdoor recreational areas.


                    Objective 1.1: The County will establish a comprehensive system of parks.

             4      Objective 1.2: The County shall protect designated open space from incompatible land-
                    uses through land-use regulations.

                    Additionally, Collier County's Growth Management Plan addressed some goals and
             objectives specifically catered to South Golden Gate Estates. The County has recognized this
             region as having special environmental and hydrologic qualities and is supporting the State's land
             acquisition, as well as the panther recovery efforts, in South Golden Gate Estates through these
             objectives:

             4      Objective 2.1: The County will immediately implement a system restricting public
                    infrastructure in South Golden Gate Estates.


                    Objective 2.2: In order to further its goal of protecting this area, the County will
                    coordinate with the State in an effort to assist the State's acquisition of privately owned
                    property within South Golden Gate Estates, such that they recognize existing private
                    property rights.

                    Collier County Land Development Code, adopted from the Land Use Element, sets
             standards for construction activities on residential, commercial and industrial projects. Section
             3.9.6.6 requires the removal of prohibited exotic vegetation (such as melaleuca, Brazilian pepper,
             etc.), along with the protection of native vegetation on lands slated for development.



                             MY BAY NERR MANAGEMENT PLAN
             4.2 ROOKE
                    Rookery Bay NERR has developed a management plan for the protection and
             preservation of the natural resources within the boundaries of the Reserve. Included in the plan
             are a number of objectives that, when implemented, will minimize adverse impacts on the
             Reserve's resources from changing land uses in the watershed. The following is a brief
             description of some of the Plan's objectives.

                    Objective 2.1: Acquire privately owned properties, or secure conservation easements,
                    within the Rookery Bay Acquisition Properties.

                    Objective 2.5: Support acquisition efforts for the Belle Meade and South Golden Gate
                    Estates areas.


                    Objective 2.6: Restore sheetflow and freshwater drainage regimes to approximate
                    natural, unaltered conditions.

                                                           26









                    Objective 2.7: Restore and maintain native plant communities through and maintenance
                    of invasive exotic plants.

                    Objective 2.16: Develop interlocal agreement with Collier County that allows Reserve
                    staff to have input into watershed management.









































                                                           27








                             HISTORIC WEILAND FLOWWAYS

                    Historical wetland flowways were identified by combining various vegetation
             communities with various soil types. The flowways and their boundaries were primarily derived
             from the 1987 U.S.S.C.S. Soil Survey for Collier County, the 1954 U.S.S.C.S. Soil Survey for
             Collier County, the 1985 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Wetland Inventory maps., and
             aerial photographs from 1962 and 1963 of the region, as well as limited groundtruthing.
             Topographic lines are from the U.S.D.O.I. Geological Survey topographic maps.
                    These maps should not be interpreted as a description of present day vegetation, nor were
             they drawn for such purposes. The maps are to be only used as a guide for identification of
             large-scale, historic and natural flowways for surface water.

             5.1 DESCRIPTION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FLOWWAY AND
                    DRAINAGE OVERLAYS


             5.1.1 Cypress Strand/Slough (CS): This designation applies to areas vegetated almost entirely
             by a canopy of mature cypress trees. These areas may also contain a mixed canopy of maple,
             bay, ash, pond apple, and some pine; however, these plants are located only in isolated pockets
             and not in a continuous strand. An understory is present consisting of ferns and herbaceous and
             plants, such as pickerelweed, fire flag, sawgrass, and willow. These plants are able to survive
             flooded conditions.
                    Under natural conditions, the water table is within 12 inches of the surface for 3 to 6
             months. During extended droughty periods the water table drops to below 40 inches below the
             land surface. During periods of high rainfall, the land surface may be covered by more than 6
             inches of water for a period of up to 30 days and under undrained conditions, up to 200 or more
             days. The grade adjacent to these areas is greatest of all the other designations but is only at
             most 2 feet per mile. This creates the slough condition and act as a channel for flow around
             upland areas or in the southern ends of basins where the sloughs act as freshwater connections to
             tidal streams.
                    Individual areas are generally elongated in shape and may be as large as 100 to 3 000
             acres. Soils in these areas include the Boca, Riviera, Limestone Substratum and Copeland Fine
             Sand Depressional. Limestone is present from 30 to 54 inches below the land surface.
                    These areas were extensively logged in the past with most of the large trees removed.
             The existing canopy is made up of trees ranging from 30 to 80 feet in height and diameters from
             3 to 12 inches. The fringe areas are highly susceptible to fire damage (ACOE 1986).

             5.1.2 Cypress (CY): This designation applies to areas with at least a 50% canopy of cypress
             trees but also may contain a high percentage of slash pine. These areas also contains large tracts
             of "scrub" (also known as "hatrack" or "dwarf") cypress. The understory consists of cabbage
             palm, wax myrtle, myrsine, and other woody plants and various grasses. Occasional pockets of
             forested hammocks and cypress domes are located within these areas.
                    Under natural conditions, the water table is within 12 inches of the surface for extended


                                                           28









               periods during the wet season. During periods of high rainfall, the land surface may be covered
               by a shallow slowly moving or ponded water for short durations. These areas differ from the CS
               designations in that the water table is generally not above the land surface for as long a duration.
               The slope is generally less than I foot per mile.
                       Individual areas are from 10 to 600 acres or more. Soils in these areas include Pineda and
               Riviera Fine Sands and in the scrub cypress areas Hallandale and Boca Fine Sands. Limestone
               bedrock is greater than 54 inches below the land surface in some areas and within 12 of the
               surface in some of the scrub cypress areas.
                       These areas have been severely impacted by overdrainage. Fire has extensively reduced
               the historic coverage of this designation. Pine, which is less stressed by fire and drainage, has
                invaded" these areas or, if historically present, has outgrown the cypress, creating a new
               canopy.


               5.1.3 Depressional/Cypress Domes (D): This designation applies to isolated pockets of mixed
               swamp, cypress, or prairie that hold water for longer periods of time than the surrounding
               designation. Gator and Chobee soils are located within these areas. They are generally less than
               5 acres.


               5.1.4 Mixed Swamp (MS): This designation applies to forested areas of bay, cypress, maple,
               pond apple, pop ash and other trees with no one species dominating the canopy. The hydrology
               of these areas is similar to that of CS. The areas are often located within the CS designated
               locations, are smaller than the CS areas, and have more plant diversity. In some locations, plants
               from this designation have succeeded in areas where cypress have been logged.

               5.1.5 Pine Flatwoods (Pl): This designation applies to areas with at least a 50% canopy of
               slash pine but may also contain a high percentage of.cypress. An understory of wax myrtle and
               various grasses is present. This designation differs from CY because of the higher percentage of
               slash pine and may be less susceptible to flooding. However, during periods of high rainfall,
               ponded or slowly moving water may cover the land surface. Individual areas may be from 20 to
               300 acres or more. Soils in these areas include Pineda and Holopaw Fine Sands, Limestone
               Substratum.


               5.1.6 Prairie (PR): This designation applies to areas with very little canopy present. The
               predominant plants are scrub cypress, scattered pine, wax myrtle, sawgrass, other grasses and
               sedges, as well as other wetland plants. These areas are nearly level and act as poorly defined
               drainageways. The water table is within 12 inches of the land surface for 3 to 6 months and
               during rainy periods may cover the land surface for extended periods.
                       Individual areas may be from 20 to 400 acres or more. Soils in these areas include
               Pennsucco Silt Loam and Ochopee Fine Sandy Loam. In the marl prairies the depth to bedrock
               is usually within 18 inches of the land surface. Because of shallow bedrock in these areas, a thin
               soil layer acts as the only substrate for plant growth. When present, this highly organic soil is
               oxidized when drained or burned.



                                                                   29









             5.1.7 Tidally Influenced Areas and Mangrove (MN): This designations applies to coastal
             areas that are low in elevation and, therefore, are influenced by tides. Natural vegetation consists
             of scattered to dense mangrove, needlerush, saltgrass, and sedges. Scattered pockets of uplands,
             pine and prairie are located in this designation. Tidally influenced areas were not examined in
             this study.










































                                                            30









                  Figure 5.1. LEGEND FOR FLOWWAY OVERLAYS

                  CS       Cypress slough/strand
                  CY       Canopy >50% cypress
                  D        Cypress Dome or Depressional Area
                  MS       Mixed Swamp
                  PI       Canopy >50% hydric pine
                  PR       Prairie
                  MN       Mangrove/Tidally influenced

                           Direction of flow in significant flowways

                           Direction of flow in broad flowways


                           Direction of flow in canals        and ditches

                  ------   Flowway boundary
                  El       Box culvert or bridge
                  0        Circular culvert

                  I I      Elevation
                           Elevation Contour


                  Hatching indicates obstructions to surface flow




















                                                                              31













                                                    KEY FOR FISTORC FLOWWAYS MAPS

                                                                                  7-2A            7-28

                                                                                                                                     INTERSTATE -75






                                                    fi-SA 7-2C                                                                          a-1c






                                         RCXM RY BAY



                                                      39          7-2E                              B-ID             8-JE

                                                             U)
                                                                   A    1-17
                                                                                  191





































                                                                           31A









         Figure 5.2. LEGEND FOR LAND USE MAPS


         ZONING
         A         Agricultural
         C2, C3, C4 Commercial
         E .       Estate
         IND       Industrial
         MH        Mobile Home
         PUD       Planned Unit Development
         RSF3      Residential, Single Family, 3 units/ac
         RV,TTRVC  Recreational Vehicle
         CON/ST    Conservation/Special Treatment


         OTHER
         AG        Existing Agriculture
         GC        Golf Course
         NS        Nursery


         99        SFWMD MSSW Permit


              Direction of flow from stormwater conveyance systems


         SEWAGE TREATMENT
         FM        Planned or Existing Sewage Force Main
         STP       Sewage Treatment Plant
         M         Served by Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems

                   Served by Central Sewer
















                                         32






                                             KEY FOR LAND USE MAPS



                                                                                     INTERSTATE -75









                                                            JA      7-1A







                                               R0(XE RY BAY


                                                                         7-6             -7.

                                                                    Fri
                                                                    m












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                                                        32A








                              WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT 6


                     Water Management District 6 was established in 1971 to undertake a comprehensive
              water management study of the district, provide for improved drainage and set development
              guidelines. The District consists of more than 41,000 acres (Black 1974). For the purposes of
              this study, the area is bounded by SR 84 to the north, CR 951 to the east, County Barn Road on
              the west and the Township line between 5 1 S and 52S to the south.

                     The first major construction in this region occurred at Naples Manor in the 1960s and,
              subsequently, the Lely development during the early 1970s. As of 1971, approximately 15% of
              the region was developed (Black 1974). Since that time the region has experienced significant
              growth. The area, located in the South Naples Planning Community, has had a population
              increase from 9,805 in 1985 to 15,790 as of 1994 (62%) (Collier County Growth Management
              1994). This area is now the most densely developed of all- the watersheds that drain into the
              Rookery Bay-Ten Thousand Island estuarine system. In addition to the regions previous growth,
              it offers large sections of land that are within the "Urban Residential" and "Urbafi Coastal
              Fringe" designations, which will allow intensive urbanization, as seen in Figure 6-1. The current
              zoning in most of the undevelohed land consists of a mix of agriculture and residential uses, as
              seen in Figure 6-2.

              6.1 VEGETATION
                     Historically, Water Management District 6 consisted of a mosaic of upland and wetland
              habitats. Cypress sloughs meandered in a southwesterly direction, merging with freshwater
              prairies, as well as the brackish mangrove swamps and tidal marshes. Upland areas and hydric
              pine wetlands are interspersed within the area, with a large amount of coverage by expansive
              cypress-dominated wetlands. Currently, developments cover much of Water Management
              District 6 and have severely altered the vegetative composition of the area. Some of the cypress
              sloughs, such as Rattlesnake Hammock Slough, are still present today. However, these areas are
              threatened by encroaching development, as well as invasion by exotic species, such as melaleuca
              and Brazilian pepper. Due to intensive development activities, tables listing acreages of existing
              vegetation were not compiled.

              6.1.1 Habitat Ranking
                     The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has ranked habitats for specific
              species within the area on a scale of I to 10, 1 being the lowest value and 10 being the highest
              value (Cox et al. 1994). Habitat suitable for the endangered Florida panther ranked between I
              and 3, while habitat suitable for the threatened Florida black bear ranked between I and 7 (Cox et
              al. 1994). Strategic habitat areas, or areas identified as important because they provide a base
              habitat for long-term species persistence, were found within Water Management District 6 for
              protected fox.squirrels (Cox et al. 1994). Additionally, black-whiskered vireos are found in the
              mangrove areas fringing Water Management District 6 and Florida scrub lizards are present in
              Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve to the south of Water Management District 6


                                                              33








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                                                                                                                                                   PL.


           URBAN                              CONSERVATION                           OVERLAYS AND
           MIXED USE                                                                 SPECIAL FEATURES
                                                   LANDS ACOUIRED FOR CONSERYA71ON
               URBAN RESIDENTIAL
                                                                                            INCORPORATED AREAS
               URBAN COASTAL                  AGRICULTURAL          RURAL
               FRINGE                                                                Ej     AREAS OF ENMRONMENTAL CONCERN
               URBAN RESIDENTIAL              MIXED USE
               FRINGE                                                                --7    COASTAL MANAGEMENT BOUNDARY
                                                   AGRICULTURAL RESIDENTIAL
                                                                                            TRAFFIC CONGESTION BOUNDARY
               PUD NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL
               UNDER CRITERIA                      SETTLEMENT AREA                          AREA OF CRMCAL STATE CONCERN
               COMMERCIAL
               UNDER CRITERIA                      INDUSTRIAL                        WAIRPORT NOISE AREA
               INDUSTRIAL
                                                   COMMERCIAL
               UNDER CRITERIA                      UNDER CRITERIA                           RESIDENTIAL DENSITY BANDS
            MIXED USE ACTIVITY CENTER
               ACTIVITY CENTER                GOLDEN GATE ESTATE
                                              MIXED USE
               FUTURE ACTI%ATY CENTER
                                                   RESIDENTIAL
               INTERSTATE ACTIMTY CENTER
                                                   COMMERCIAL UNDER CRITERIA

            INDUSTRIAL
               INDUSTRIAL                                                                                 Figure 6-1.         Collier County
                                                                                                          Future Land Use Map






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                (Cox et al. 1994). An overlay of 120 rare species showed Water Management District 6 as
               having suitable habitat for 7 to 9 species, a medium ranked designation (Cox et al. 1994).

               6.2 HYDROLOGY


               6.2.1 Historic: Surface water drainage from the Belle Meade region was directed by small
               pockets of uplands across the CR 951 line, as seen in Figure 6-3. This water flowed, and still
               flows, in a southwesterly direction. The water was primarily directed through elongated sloughs
               toward present day US 4 1. Outside the sloughs, broad areas of gently sloping, cypress- and
               hydric pine-dominated terrain acted as flowways to the tidal areas south of US 41. Portions of
               the sloughs remain intact, including the Rattlesnake Hammock Slough.

               6.2.2 Recent: This region contains three primary basins: Lely Canal, Lely Manor, and C4.
               The topography and soils in the region inhibit rapid removal of surface water. The land is mostly
               flat with very little slope, going ftom a high of 11 feet in the north to I foot in the south. The
               soils are mostly fine sands that limit rapid infiltration of rainfall. A series of canals, swales, and
               ponds act as the main mechanisms of stormwater removal. Individual subdivision surface water
               management lakes convey much of the runoff to county maintained canals.
                      Lely Canal Basin drains about 6,300 acres of mostly developed land. Drainage to the
               Canal begins in the subdivisions north of SR 84, during high rainfall, and then south through
               areas west of County Barn Rd. Additional drainage from the Lely subdivision contributes to the
               flow. The canal discharges to tidal areas adjacent to Dollar Bay. Flow from the canal is limited
               by the shallowness of the canal, typically only four feet below land surface (Law 1991). As seen
               in Figure 6-4, average annual flows since 1983 have not exceeded 100 cfs in Lely Canal and
               have not fluctuated greatly. Average wet season monthly flows are generally less than 200 cfs.
                      The Lely Manor Canal drains portions of Lely and Naples Manor, as well as the historic
               slough on the eastern edge of Lely. This canal is of rather limited depth (<6 ft.). It discharges
               into a freshwater marsh south of US 41 and then by a ditch to a tidal area.
                      The C4 Basin is located in the Lely Resort area adjacent to CR 951. Thedrainage
               network consists mostly of excavated lakes used for stormwater wet detention. Discharge flows
               under US 41 to the stormwater system at Eagle Creek.

               6.3 WATER QUALITY
                      Results from sampling in Lely Canal from 1979 to 1987 (CCPCD 1993) did not show
               any significant increase in nitrate and nitrite (NOx), total phosphate or orthophosphate
               concentrations, as seen in Figure 6-5. From 1988 through 1990 the concentration of these
               nutrients increased substantially. However, the annual mean concentrations dropped to
               previously low levels in 1991 (CCPCD 1993). No data is available for recent years. If the
               proposed expansion of the Lely and Lely Manor Canals proceeds, additional stormwater from
               golf courses and residential areas could decrease water quality .




                                                             36-





                         FIGURE 6-3. WMD6 HISTORIC FLOWWAYS







                                                         Radio Rd.   (856)




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                                        MENNEN





                         Figure 6-4. Lely Canal Flow Rates
                                            Average Annual Flow

                                       500



                                       400 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                       300 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                            cl)        200 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                            70         100,
                            c:
                            0
                                          O@
                            W
                                                                   Year
                            (D
                            a)             Average Monthly Flow
                            LL
                                       700


                                       600 -----------------------------------


                                       500 -----------------------------------


                                       400 -----------------------------------


                                       300 -----------------------------------
                                       200 ----------------------------------- -

                                       100 --------------------


                                                   10 100                                             ec,
                                                                  Month



                                                                   38





                       Figure 6-5. Lely Canal
                                 Nitrate/Nitrite



                          0.6 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                          0.4 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                          0.2 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                            0


                          -0.21
                            %

                               Total Phosphate


                          0.6 ----------------------------




                          0.4 ----------------------------




                          0.2 -----------------------




                            0





                                                'b
                                                    -Op ,4!1
                               Orthophosphate

                          0.7


                          0.6 ----------------------------


                          0.5 ----------------------------


                          0.4 ----------------------------


                          0.3 ----------------------------


                          0.2 ----------------------------


                          0.1  ---------------------------


                            0
                                             .,*
                            44P 44111 010 N.;,;, 441 N40 04,
                                    Year









                6.4 POINT/NONPOINT               SOURCE POLLUTION


                       Figure 6-2 depicts the potential NPS locations in WMD6.

                6.4.1  Agriculture: Agriculture activity has decreased significantly in this region in recent
                years and, with steady urban growth, will soon not be present.

                6.4.2 Golf Courses: Six golf courses have water management discharge points with
                connections by way of canal to the estuaries. Many of these golf courses continue to use
                chemicals on their greens and fairways that have the potential to affect aquatic organisms
                downstream. Fertilizer runoff can play a role in eutrophication, including algal blooms, in the
                surrounding canals, as well as the estuaries to the south. (See General Water Quality section for
                additional information.) -

                6.4.3 Nurseries: This region contains pockets of small (<5 acres) wholesale nurseries and two
                larger (>5 acres) nurseries. They are located within one mile of Rookery Bay's boundaries.

                6.4.4 Residential: This is the most densely populated of the four watershed regions. Run-off
                from road surfaces, treated lawns and parking lots contribute to the pollutant load from this area.
                Because most of the residences in this area are served by central sewer, the threat of pollution
                from septic systems is rather small. Most of the septic systems are located on large lots far from
                open surface water. Discharge locations for surface water management systems may be seen in
                Figure 6-2.

                6.4.5 Sewage Treatment Plants: The South County Sewage Treatment Plant located at Lely
                disposes of its effluent by reuse at various golf courses and through percolation ponds during
                periods of high rainfall and high flow. The only other plant is located at the Tall Oaks
                subdivision.


                6.5 RESTORATION OPTIONS
                      'Since much of this area has been developed or is slated for development, the restoration
                of flow through historic drainageways is not practical. However, steps may be taken to ensure
                that the remnant flowways are preserved, enhanced, and utilized.

                6.5.1  Hydrologic

                       New construction south of US 41 should restore historic hydrology altered by
                       agricultural and excavation activities.

                       Estimated Cost: dependent upon construction within the area
                       Applicable Objectives:        RBNERR OBJ 2.5 and 2.6
                                                     CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2, 2.3, 6.2, 6.7 and 7.3


                                                               40












             6.5.2  Land Conservation
             4      see Figure 6-6 on land conservation recommendations for Water Management
                    District 6.
                    The designation types were determined using the following criteria. A designation of
                    Type I is for sections with a high percentage of wetlands, combined with limited access to
                    infrastructure (transportation, potable water and sanitary facilities). Type II, use of
                    conservation easements, is for sections with a mix of uplands and wetlands, with potential
                    access to infrastructure. Type III, transfer of development rights, is designed for sections
                    of existing intense agricultural activity. Type IV, no action or private stewardship, is for
                    sections that have been impacted by residential or commercial development.

             4      Purchase of sensitive wetlands adjacent to Rookery Bay NERR boundaries, south of
                    US 41.


                    Estimated Cost: dependent upon acreage
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR 013J 2.1
                                                CCGMP-Cons. 013J 6.2 and 6.7
                                                CCGMP-Rec. OBJ 1.1 and 1.2


             6.5.3  Vegetation
                    Preservation of Rattlesnake Hammock Slough. The slough acts as a natural filtering
                    and conveyance mechanism for stormwater in the central area of this region.

                    Estimated Cost: $0, protection can occur using conservation easements and preserving
                                        that area during development
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR 013J 2.5
                                                CCGMP-Cons. 013J 1. 3, 2.1, 6.2 and 6.8
                                                CCLDC Section 3.9.6.6


             6.5.4 Water Quality Assessment
                    Continued long-term water quality monitoring of discharge in Lely Canal.

                    Estimated Cost: $2000/year
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR 013J 2.16
                                                CCGMP 013J 2.2 and 2.3


                    Comprehensive upstream/downstream water and sediment analysis integrating
                    canal and estuarine analyses in Water Management District 6.

                    Estimated Cost: $50,000/year
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR 013J 2.16
                                                CCGMP 013J 2.2 and 2.3



                                                         41






            Conservation Measures for Water Management District 6
                                                                                                                          27                26
            Type                                         Description

               I              Fee simple purchase or use as an off-site mitigation area

              II                             Use of conservation easements
             III                             Transfer of development rights                                        34                           75
             IV                    No action recommended or private stewardshi                                                              93


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                                                                                                                                951
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                                                                                                      Figure 6-6.        Land Conservation
                                                                                                      Measures For WMD6
                                                                             42









                                                   BELLE MEADE


                       The Belle Meade area is defined by the land bounded by the Henderson Creek Basin
               boundary to the north (a line three miles north of 1-75 running east to Everglades Blvd.), CR and
               SR 951 to the west, the range line between R27E and R28E on the east, and the salinity line
               about one mile to the south of U.S. 41 on the south.
                       The area is located in the Royal Fakapalm and is part of the south Naples planning
               community for planning purposes by the Collier County Growth Planning Department. In 1985,
               the population for the planning unit was 4,675. As of 1994, the population was 5,778 (Collier
               County Planning Dept. 1994); however, the population figures include areas around Copeland,
               which in this report fall into the Fakahatchee Strand region. In general, the most densely
               populated areas are along US 41 and CR/SR 95 1. A 1982 study by CH2M Hill suggested that at
               build out the population would reach 15 1,000, assuming increasing urbanization with average
               density of 1.5 units/ac and 2.5 persons/unit. Due to zoning and site development constraints, this
               projection seems unrealistic today even if the area is not restored to its former historic hydrologic
               condition.


                       As seen in Figure 7- 1, presently much of the remaining developable land in the Belle
               Meade area is designated as Agriculture (A) zoning. Along US 41, over 400 acres are zoned for
               Recreational Vehicle and Mobile Home (RV, MH) sites. Along SR 95 1, since the 1960s when
               initial construction occurred, about 500 acres of RV and MH have been constructed with an
               additional 200 acres zoned for future construction.
                       Approximately 80 acres of land is zoned or built as multi-family along SR 95 1. In the
               Deltona Settlement Lands, the Marco Shores Development has the potential to add over 4000
               dwelling units. The "Land's End Preserve" development, located within the Henderson Creek
               watershed, may potentially have 800 dwelling units. Scattered areas of low density housing
               occurs adjacent to the agricultural areas along US 41. With the present construction of a sewage
               force main and pump facilities along US 4 1, many areas presently zoned as "Agriculture" will be
               made more suitable for more intensive land uses, such as large-scale commercial and residential
               developments. These areas ha-@e been designated as a Mixed Use (residential and agricultural)
               area on the County's Future Land Use Map.
                       Much of the area along CR 951 to the eastern edge of Belle Meade is presently zoned
               Agriculture. With the exception of single farnily dwelling units along SPR, an RV park
               proximate to 1-75 and developments south of US 41 at CR 95 1, much of the land is sparsely
               populated. A few commercial establishments exist in a platted subdivision near 1-75 and along
               CR 95 1. The County's Comprehensive Plan designates land up to one mile east of CR 951 as
               Urban Residential Fringe, which will allow intensive development of this region. At the
               intersection of CR 951 and U.S. 41, an activity center with intense commercial development is
               planned.





                                                                43
































































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                7.1 VEGETATION
                      Historically, the Belle Meade area was a mosaic of upland and wetland communities. For
                the most part, this remains true today.


                               Table 7-1. Vegetative Communities of Belle Meade
                                             UplandlWedand Breakdown

                Vegetation                                 Acres                     Percent Cover

                Upland                                     4,515                            16

                Wetland                                    24,310                           84

                ITotal                        1            28,825            1              100
                * South Florida Water Management District, Planning Department Staff 1994.
                **Total acreage does not include land north of 1-75 or the agricultural area on the southern
                border.


                      Expansive areas of cypress are intermingled with upland islands and mixed swamp
                forests. There are some area of hydric pine flatwoods within the boundaries as well.


                               Table 7-2. Vegetative Communities of Belle Meade

                                                 Wedand Communities

                Vegetation                                 Acres                     Percent Cover

                Prairie/Marsh                               690                             3

                Cypress/Mixed Swamp                        17,915                           74

                Hydric Pine Flatwood                       5,705                            23

                ITotal                                     24,310                           100
                * South Florida Water Management District, Planning Department Staff 1994.
                **Total acreage does not include land north of 1-75 or the agricultural area on the southern
                border.


                      In regions where human actions have impacted the environment, there are areas of exotic
                infestation, primarily melaleuca. Melaleuca trees along Sabal Palm Road, and in other disturbed
                areas, serve as a seed source for infesting other areas within the Belle Meade region.

                7.1.1 Habitat Ranking
                      The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has ranked habitats for specific


                                                            45










               species within the area on a scale of I to 10, 1 being the lowest value and 10 being the highest
               value (Cox et al. 1994). Habitat suitable for the endangered Florida panther ranked between 3
               and 7, while habitat suitable for the threatened Florida black bear ranked between 4 and 9 (Cox et
               al. 1994). Belle Meade was also identified as an area suitable for the reintroduction of Florida
               panthers, a rank of 4 to 10 on a scale of I to 10 (Cox et al. 1994). Strategic habitat ar@as, or areas
               identified as important because they provide a base habitat for long-term species persistence,
               were found within the Belle Meade region for the Florida panther, red-cockaded woodpeckers,
               swallow-tailed kites and fox squirrels (Cox et al. 1994). An overlay of 120 rare species showed
               the Belle Meade region as having suitable habitat for 7 to 18 species, a high ranked designation
               (Cox et al. 1994). Additionally, Belle Meade was targeted as a P2000 priority and valuable area
               for protection (Cox et al. 1994).

               7.2 HYDROLOGY
                       Within this boundary lies the Henderson Creek Basin to the north and west, the U.S. 41
               Swale Basins to the east and the Southern Coastal Basin in the south-central areas.


               7.2.1. Historic: As seen in Figure 7-2, before the construction of Alligator Alley (SR 84/1-75)
               surface water runoff to Henderson Creek began in what is the present day edge of the south part
               of North Golden Gate Estates. Some surface water from upland areas to the north travelled by
               way of cypress sloughs to the south toward the present day Lely area. Much of the surface water
               that flowed from north of SR 84, however, flowed to Henderson Creek staying east of the CR
               951 line. Surface water from east of CR 951 to about three miles west of Everglades Blvd.
               flowed to the south in a broad area of gradually sloping terrain dominated by hatrack cypress,
               cypress and pine. Along present day QR 95 1, a series of uplands blocked flow to the West in
               some sections, except where cypress sloughs or mixed swamp forests bisected in a southwesterly
               direction. South of present day Sabal Palm Road, well-defined drainageways directed the surface
               water to the headwaters of the historic Henderson Creek.
                       Any surface water not conveyed toward Henderson Creek was directed south in broad
               flowways to the present day agricultural areas north of U.S. 41 and, subsequently, south to the
               Ten Thousand Islands. As seen in Figure 7-1, the present day agricultural areas consisted of a
               mosaic of uplands, prairies and cypress drainageways. Long narrow strands of cypress and
               hydric pine connected the flow to the tidally influenced areas south of the U.S. 41 line.

               7.2.2   Recent: Flow from north of SR 84 was intercepted by the construction of the road and
               redirected through culverts under the road. There are 9 culvert crossings present under 1-75.
               About 20 miles of canals drain the area, with 2 weirs with gates and 2 weirs with freeboard
               located within the canal network. The main canals are the Henderson Creek Canal and the US 41
               Canal. The Henderson Creek Canal begins on the north edge of 1-75 at about 8 miles east of CR
               951 and is blocked at two locations during that stretch before it reaches CR 95 1. The canal ends
               at Henderson Creek.
                       From 1915-1928, Tamiami Trail (U.S. 41) was constructed across the southern part of the
               basin. The road caused the natural sheetflow to be intercepted and redirected under the timber
               bridges constructed with the road. In the late 1950's, SR/CR 951 was constructed through the

                                                                46








                                             Fl"E 7-2.         BELLE     MEADE      HSTORIC FLOWWAYS



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                 western part of the basin, borrowing fill from the right-of-way. The resulting road and borrow
                 canal, Henderson Creek Canal, intercepted overland flow to the southwest. The canal waters
                 were directed to Henderson Creek. In 198 1, Collier County constructed two water control
                 structures in the Henderson Creek Basin (Bruns and Edixon 1982). One is located in Henderson
                 Creek Canal at U.S. 41 and the other is located at the headwaters of the historic Henderson
                 Creek. Both waterways cross U.S. 41 at these locations. Property owners north of the structures
                 complained of increased flooding after their construction. Alteration of the structure, the
                 installation of flashboards, occurred. Henderson Creek empties into Rookery Bay.
                         Sabal Palm Road, which runs perpendicular to CR 95 1, was illegally extended beyond its
                 permitted length toward the edge of South Golden Gate Estates in the late 1980s. The fill placed
                 for the roadbed posed a significant threat to the integrity of the wetlands in the area by disrupting
                 sheetflow through the Henderson Creek Basin. The SFWMD Big Cypress Basin Board
                 authorized staff to remove the roadbed with property owners approval and subsequently removed
                 fill. Additional unpermitted filling occurs on occasion in the area of Sabal Palm Road (SFWMD
                 Meeting 1993). In addition, the South Golden Gate Estates canal network has impeded surface
                 water flow into the eastern sections of the Belle Meade area, altering historic drainage patterns
                 (Addison and Lytton 1992).
                         Alterations to the natural vegetative structure of the southern end of the Belle Meade area,
                 primarily due to agricultural development, is seen in Figure 7-3A and Figure 7-313. Some
                 cypress domes, as well as some slough areas, were retained for on-site stormwater treatment.
                 However, the fimctioning integrity of the interacting upland/wetland systems has been altered.
                 Drainage ditches for the agriculture fields are delineated in the photographs using dashed lines.
                         The area in Belle Meade north of US 41 is criss-crossed with over 50 miles of off-road
                 vehicle tracks, as observed from aerial photography. The continual use of the same tracks leads
                 to deep troughs which may significantly alter surface water flow in localized areas.
                         Henderson Creek Canal begins as the borrow ditch for 1-75 one-half mile west of
                 Everglades Blvd. A ditch block was placed in the ditch at the time of the 1-75 construction.
                 Culverts under 1-75, placed at regular intervals, allow sheetflow to move south of the interstate.
                 Henderson Creek Canal crosses 1-75 one mile east of CR 951 and traverses along the interstate
                 before heading south along CR 951 to historic Henderson Creek.
                         As seen in Figure 7-4, Henderson Creek Canal has an average annual flow of about 100
                 cfs, with increased flow during the past four years weighting the 12-year average. Average
                 monthly flow during the wet season peaks at 100 cfs. Because of the weir at US 4 1, water does
                 not flow during the later months in the dry season. This flow represents a significant portion of
                 all surface water and any intercepted groundwater flow from the region. Discharge from the US
                 41 Canal is not quantified. No data was available from a U.S.G.S. stage in the US 41 Canal,
                 located on the eastern edge of the agriculture area at US 41 and Tomato Rd. The US 41 Canal
                 has a notable discharge at this location.
                         Along U.S. 41 East about 15 square    miles of land has been converted to agricultural use
                 since the 1960s, through a network of swales and ditches maintained by the individual property
                 owners. This drainage network intercepts historic drainageways that directed flow t     o the south.
                 Remnant patches of cypress domes and sloughs are used as on-site surface water management
                 features. Discharge of surface water from these agricultural areas is to the US 41 Canal. Some

                                                                   48

















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                        Figure 7-4. Henderson Creek Canal
                                                                 Flow Rates
                                                   Avera e Annual Flow

                                            500




                                            400   -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                            300   -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --



                                            200   -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                                            100   -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -    - - - - - - - - -- - - -



                                                                               5gK 4D
                                                                                          Noi
                                                                                            Rp
                                                    Nc     ,c                                                       Nc
                                                                             Year

                                QL
                                4-0               Average Monthly Flow
                                 W
                                 (L)
                                LL
                                            700


                                            600   -------        ------------                --------------


                                            Soo   -----------------------------------


                                            400   -----------------------------------


                                            300   -----------------------------------


                                            200   -----------------------------------


                                            100   ---------------------- -- ---------


                                                01     1


                                                                           Month



                                                                           51










               of the water drains into the U.S. 41 swale I and 2 basin spreader swale located about I mile
               south of US 41. A drainage divide appears to be in the vicinity of Westwinds Mobile Home
               Park. In addition, some flow from this region is directed under US 41 and through Collier
               Seminole State Park, and a portion is conveyed west along US 41 and flows into historic
               Henderson Creek and Henderson Creek Canal. Agriculture south of US 41 discharges directly
               into tidal water to the south.
                      A section of smaller tracts of agricultural lands of about 5 acres each are located adjacent
               and to the west of 6Ls Farm on roads connecting to U.S. 41. These lands are not intensively
               farmed and are used mostly as homesteads. The area does not have a canal network and relies
               mostly on roadside swales to drain surface waters to the U.S. 41 canal.



               7.3 WATER QUALITY
                      Water quality in Rookery Bay is directly affected by the quality of water from Henderson
               Creek, which includes discharges from Henderson Creek Canal, Eagle Creek, and US 41 Canal.
               Henderson Creek Canal was sampled on a regular basis by the Big Cypress Basin and the County
               Pollution Control Deparment. As seen in Figure 7-5, no discernible trend in annual nitrate/nitrite
               (NOx) concentrations could be detected. A slight increase in, mean orthophosphate and total
               phosphate concentrations from 1979 to 1989 was observed. This observed trend was the result of
               three consecutive years of higher concentrations (1988-90). The mean total phosphate
               concentrations, however, were less than 0.05 mg/I for that period (CCPCD 1993). TheSFWMD
               has set a target concentration for total phosphates of 0.03 mg/I for the Everglades, a freshwater
               system (SFWMD 1989). For the years 1989 and 1990, phosphate concentrations were
               significantly higher, but, in 199 1, dropped to levels similar to previous years. The sampling
               location in Henderson Creek Canal was upstream of the weir at US 4 1. These years may have
               been outliers or may have been the result of anthropogenic.
                      As seen in Figure 7-6, conductivity and total suspended solids in Henderson Creek Canal
               are inversely related to flow, probably as a result of dilution. Salinity levels in Rookery Bay are
               affected by the duration and magnitude, of freshwater flow from Henderson Creek Canal. Pulses
               of stormwater during the wet season lower conductivity levels significantly. The amount of
               suspended solids entering Rookery Bay annually by way of Henderson Creek Canal does not
               show a clear trend (Figure 7-7). Relatively little construction activity occurred in the Henderson
               Creek Canal Basin during the time period. This lack of activity may have resulted in lower
               suspended solids loading.
                      Figure 7-8 shows the location of sampling stations within Rookery Bay which were
               analyzed for this study. Results from water quality analyses over a limited time in Henderson
               Creek (RBNERR 1994) show that there is no statistical difference (95% confidence) in
               nitrate/nitrite (NOJ, total phosphate (TP04) or orthophosphate (OP04) concentrations from
               station to station in the creek headwaters to Rookery Bay, moving downstream. There are no
               statistical differences in total phosphate concentrations between stations in Rookery Bay.
               However, between stations 9 and 5 (Table 7-3), there is a difference in nitrate concentrations and
               a statistical difference in orthophosphate concentrations between stations 10 and 5. As seen in


                                                               52





                              Figure 7-5. Henderson Creek Canal
                                                                    Nitrate/Nitrite


                                                      0.6 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - - - - -



                                                      0.4 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                                      0.2 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                                        0



                                                      -0. 2 -




                                                                                                411
                                                                 Total Phosphate


                                                      0.6 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                       .j
                                                      0.4 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                        E             0.2 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -       F

                                                        0                       m

                                                      0.7        Orthophosphate

                                                      0.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.3 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.1 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                    Nce Nce        .0                 Nb# -N",,qb&P
                                                                           Year
                                                                                53






            Figure 7-6. Henderson Creek Canal
                       Average Conductivity and Flow

                       100                                  6


                      80 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5

                                                            4
                                                                 >
                      60 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                 4_0
                                                            3

                      40 -- - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                            2
                  0                                              C
                  LL  20 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -0

                        01 1  1  1   L_           I  I  1   0
                                   10, SP S" vzoq

                                  -*-Flow + Conductivity


                  Average Total Suspended Solids and Flow

                      100                                  12


                      80 ----------- -------- ------------- 10

                                                           8
                  U)                                             Cm
                      60 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -E
                                                           6
                      40    - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -U)
                  0
                  LL  20 --------- -------------- ---------2

                        0  1  1  1  1   , ,               -0
                             @@ "q, "0 SP   VzOq


                              -Flow -+-Total Suspended Solids


                                     Month


                                     54




             Figure 7-7. Henderson Creek C
                      Average Sediment Loading Rate

              60


              50  ------------ ------------------ ------------------ -------


              40  ---------- --- --------------------------------  --------
  un        c-
  L.n
            C6
            -2 30 --------------------------------------------- - -------

            U)
            CD
              20  ------ ---------- ---------------------- ------


              10---      ------------  --- ------- ------------------------


                OM
                                           RIP
                                                       Nc"O
                                         NOil                NON

                                                 Year














                         NAPLES
                                  FIGURE 7-8. ROOKERY BAY
                                  NERR SAMPLING LOCATIONS


                                               US 41       HENDERSON
                                                             CREEK
                                                         ,10 CANAL


                                                           ELLE
                                             12              DE
                                                        9

                  ROOKERY BAY                        HENDERSON CR

                                             5

                                                    SR 951
                HALL BAY


                                                c
                      JOHNSON BAY








                     0

                                            M   Co



                                                        00 -







                   0   1   2   3
                            MILES









                                       56









               Figure 7-8, station 10 is downstream of the weir on Henderson Creek Canal at US 4 1, station 9 is
               located at Henderson Creek at SR 95 1, station 12 is located farther downstream where a small
               creek with headwaters near Eagle Creek enters, and station 5 is located in Rookery Bay.


                              Table 7-3 Statistical Differences in Orthophosphate or
                                Nitrate/Nitrite Concentrations in Henderson Creek

                     Station               10                  9                  12                  5
                                    OP04 NO, OP04 NOx OP04 NOx OP04 I NO.
                        10             X        X         N          N        N        is

                        9              N        N         X          X        N        N         N

                        12             N        N         N                   X        X         N         N

                        5                       N         N                   N        N         X         X


                       Sediment sample results indicated silver concentrations in Hendersin Creek were above
               the concentrations at which impacts on biological communities might occur (CCPCD 1993). As
               well, cadmium concentrations in sediments indicated anthropogenic enrichment (CCPCD 1,993).
                       There are no reports on the quality of water that is being discharged from the agricultural
               lands into the US 41 Canal. However, aldrin, an organochlorine pesticide, was detected in 1991
               in sediment samples taken in Blackwater River, downstream from Collier Seminole Park
               (CCPCD 1993). Aldrin was used to control a wide spectrum of insects on crops, such as
               sugarcane, but is no longer produced in the U.S. In addition, evidence of cadmium was noted at
               this location (CCPCD 1993). A study conducted on the extent of shallow groundwater
               contamination from pesticides adjacent to agricultural lands in Collier County 1986-1987 did
               not reveal widespread contamination. The study area, however, was located in the northern part
               of the county (DER 1990).


               7.4 POINT/NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
                       Within the region there are many potential sources of runoff and drainage that may
               contain pesticides, herbicides, excessive nutrients and heavy metals. Listed below are possible
               sources of nonpoint source or point source discharges.

               7.4.1 * Agriculture: The Belle Meade region has some of the most productive agriculture in the
               nation. During the winter growing season,this area has traditionally supplied the nation with
               vegetables when most other growing areas have been damaged by freezes.. Typically, most of the
               acreage is dedicated to growing tomatoes, peppers, with some watermelon, cucumber, and
               cantaloupe. Because the farming methods employed in the area utilize synthetic pesticides,
                                                                     N                               !ON
                                                                M















                                                               57









               herbicides, fungicides and fertilizers, there exists the possibility that some of these substances
               travel through the drainage network to the receiving estuarine water bodies. Currently, about 11
               permits for the storage and discharge of surface waters have been issued by the South Florida
               Water Management District for agricultural activities in this area. Generally, most of the fields
               are not worked during much of the wet season. However, in order to prepare the fields for
               autumn planting, the fields must be drained. This is likely the most crucial period for the release
               of pollutants off-site. Additional studies are needed to determine the water quality of farinfield
               discharge over time.

               7.4.2 Excavations: The continued development of lowlands adjacent to Rookery Bay will
               require the placement of fill to meet minimum flood elevation standards. Because the cost of
               acquiring fill from off-site locations may prevent affordable construction, on-site excavations are
               preferred. These excavations may allow the upwelling of saline water into the surficial aquifer.
               Although the introduction of small amounts of saline water into the estuarine environment does
               not pose a significant threat, the possibility of discharge of saline waters into freshwater wetlands
               adjoining the estuaries is of greater concern. The freshwater wetlands could be altered to the
               point where their ability to filter pollutants is diminished.

               7.4.3 Golf Courses: Currently, only four golf courses have been constructed in the region.
               Stormwater discharges from the Golf Club at Marco into tidal areas by way of a spreader swale.
               The Eagle Creek golf course discharges to Henderson Creek. Boyne South and Marco Shores
               discharge to tidal areas south of the courses. These golf courses use fertilizers and pesticides to
               maintain their fairways and greens. Two of these courses have initiated the use of biological
               controls to replace some chemicals. Unfortunately, environmentally sound alternatives are not
               always available. All of the courses use some form of synthetic chemicals to control the pests
               associated with the turfgrass.

               7.4.4 Landfill: The Collier County Solid Waste Department operates a 300-acre sanitary
               landfill three miles east of CR 95 1, north of 1-75. The facility handles solid waste generated by
               the City of Naples and most of Collier County. The facility is permitted to discharge stormwater
               from its 34-acre stormwater retention areas to the Henderson Creek Canal. Leachate from the
               disposal cells is recovered and treated in an on-site basin. Plans call for pumping the leachate
               off-site for treatment. A greater threat is posed from the release of leachate from a perforation in
               a cell liner. The inadvertent release of heavy metals from surface water runoff from the site to
               Henderson Creek Canal remains a possibility.

               7.4.5 Nurseries: There are three major seedling nurseries located in the agriculture areas along
               US 41. In addition, two retail nurseries located along the banks of Henderson Creek Canal may
               provide discharges of nutrient and pesticide laden runoff directly into the canal. There is also a
               nursery located on CR 95 1, just south of Henderson Creek.

               7.4.6 Residen   tial: Negative impacts on the water quality from residential development north
               of U.S. 41 are minimal because residential development is scattered with low density. South of

                                                              58









               U.S. 41, intense development poses the possibility of pollutant loading from lawn and garden
               chemicals, and road runoff of grease, oils and tire tread wear. Although recent residential
               developments in the area have been required to meet SFWMD surface water treatment standards,
               older mobile home parks were not as strictly regulated. Proper control of runoff is limited in
               these subdivisions. Present-day treatment usually occurs by the use of excavated lakes within the
               development. Discharge direction and location may be seen in Figure 7- 1.
                       Most of the recreational vehicle and mobile parks in the entire Belle Meade region are
               served by central sewer, as well as the Eagle Creek development. There are several scattered
               locations of residences served by on-site sewage disposal (septic) systems: mobile homes in the
               agricultural areas, along Henderson Creek Dr., Port-Au-Prince Rd., US 41 and Lake Park Blvd.;
               and residences along Sabal Palm Rd. and scattered throughout the rest of the region. Because of
               the low density of septic systems in most of the area and because of the lack of reported failures
               (HRS 1994), the threat of pollution from this source appears to be insignificant. A greater threat
               of contamination of the waters of Henderson Creek appears to be from the mobile homes
               clustered along Henderson Creek Dr. and Manatee Rd.; however, most of these residences are
               served by central sewer. In fact, only about 60 residences along both these roads are served by
               septic systems: all on the south side of Henderson Creek Dr. The Collier County Public Health
               Unit has not recorded any appreciable number of violations of illegal discharge from these
               systems in the past five years (HRS 1994).

               7.4.7 Sewage Treatment Plants: In this region there are ten sewage treatment plants serving
               over 1800 persons with total average daily flow of over 400,000 gallons per day. The other three
               regions, Water Management District 6, South Golden Gate Estates and Fakahatchee Strand,
               contain a total of only four plants. Most of the flow is handled by two systems: Eagle Creek and
               Rookery Bay Utilities. Eagle Creek provides service only for the Eagle Creek subdivision, while
               Rookery Bay provides service to over 10 mobile home and recreational vehicle parks. Eagle
               Creek disposes of its effluent as reuse for golf courses. Rookery Bay Utilities operates
               polishing ponds south of US 41 adjacent to its plant.
                       The smaller plants serve only the subdivisions in which they are located. These small
               plants are not manned. Because sewage treatment plan  ts operate under a combination of physical
               and bacteriological processes, they are susceptible to perturbation. On occasion some of these
               plants have not met treatment standards (DEP 1994). These plants dispose of their effluent by
               way of on-site lagoons. The KOA sewage treatment plant has been reported for discharging
               treated effluent from a leaking lagoon in the past (CCPCD 1994).
                       Southern States Utilities, which serves Marco Island, operates a lagoon disposal area
               adjacent to tidal areas off Marriott Dr. Effluent is disposed of in the lagoon only when their
               normal means of disposal (deep well injection and re-use) are not available. The utility is
               required to maintain monitoring wells and provide periodic results to the Department of
               Environmental Protection (DEP 1994).
                       Collier County Utilities has existing sewage force mains or planned extensions running
               the length of CR 951 from SR 84 south to Port-Au-Prince Rd., along all of Rattlesnake
               Hammock Rd., and along U.S. 41 to about Trinity Pl. All new subdivisions within the County's
               service area will be required to connect to the County's system when available.

                                                              59










               7.5 RESTORATION OPTIONS


               7.5.1 Hydrologic: A 1982 study conducted by CH2M Hill recommended the construction of a
               network of flood control and drainage features for the expected growth in the region. Although
               implementation of the entire plan would have resulted in the degradation of the quality of the
               wetlands in this region and may have substantially affected water quality in the Rookery Bay and
               Ten Thousand Islands, certain features of the design may provide mechanisms for remediation of
               the inadequacies of the existing drainage mechanisms.

                      The construction of a water control structure about 1-mile north of Sabal Palm Rd.
                      in the Henderson Creek Canal. The structure should provide additional head that will
                      act to redirect the flow north of this point (historical flow was across CR 95 1) back to the
                      east. This flow would then travel through flowways to the east and then be conveyed
                      south. The water would be of better quality as it reaches the estuaries and its timing to
                      the estuaries would be improved because of the additional detention time in the
                      freshwater wetlands. The control structure would allow for recharge of the aquifer
                      because of added residence time and allow for some flood protection for the existing
                      residences on Sabal Palm Rd.


                      Estimated Cost: $200,000
                      Applicable Objectives:         RBNERR OBJ 2.5
                                                     CCGMP-Cons. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 6.7

               4      The construction of additional culverts under US 41 connected to a spreader
                      swale(s) south of US 41. The culverts and conveyances should be connected to future
                      developments' surface water management lakes. The surface water should then be
                      discharged to tidal areas. This will deliver the surface water in a more timely manner and
                      allow for better treatment of runoff from the agricultural areas. Current direct discharge
                      from these areas through Henderson Creek to Rookery Bay would be alleviated.
                            I Flow from the US 41 Canal, which may contain agrochernicals, may be directed
                      away from Henderson Creek by way of a canal-retention lake-spreader system located
                      south of US 41. As seen in Figure 7-9, the lake should be designed to provide maximum
                      residence time by using a meandering shoreline with fringing wetlands. Berms extending
                      from the shoreline into the lake should act to prevent "short-circuiting" of the flow
                      (Figure 7-10). Removal of suspended solids from the incoming water could be
                      accomplished by construction of a "sink" located at the inlet of the lake. Discharge from
                      the lake could be to planned stormwater management locations of future developments to
                      the south (i.e. Marco Shores). The use of a spreader swale system (Figure 7-10) should
                      help to mimic historic discharge patterns in the area. See Figure 7-11 for approximate
                      locations of improvements. The proposed improvements would occur as public works or
                      mitigation activities on publically owned land (for example: Locations A and B in Figure
                      7-11) or on fallow agricultural land (for example: Location D in Figure 7-11).


                                                                60





       Figure 7-9.. Stormwater Management
                            Lake

    From Canal
                       If-B


                       Eqump/
                       / .                     fringing
                                               wetlands



                  B






         Al@ - ---- -------------- -        A





                                       To Spreader
                     Plan.View
                            61




                   Figure 7-10. Cross-sections of
                   Stormwater Management Lake

                                                A - A

                                                                  Berm



                                                                     VH.W.

                                                                              3'




                                        r
                                   4                                   4



                                   28'               w                 28'










                                                B    B




                                                       15 *,D
                                     4       11sump..            4


                                                    30'



                                         Typical Spreader

                                     Flow                           Control Elevation +2'
                     Upland                        150'



                                                                        6" to 12" Riprap
                                              Elevation -6'           Bottom Elevation 0'





                                                     62










                                                14                19               20               2'
                 22                                                                                     LOCATI
                                                                                                                     ON          DESCRIPTION
                                                                                                                A               Stormwater Lake
                                                                             V


                                                                                   29
                 27              26                               30                                            B                 Spreader Swale
                                                                                                    2
       \                  I                                       -                                                                 Canal Block
                                                                                                                C
                                           -:7                                                                  D                Stormwater Lake
                                                                                                                                          and
               34 951           35@-                                               32
                                                                                                                                  Spreader Swale
                                                  36             31



       hid
                                                                                                                                    Canal Block

                                                                                                                 F                      Culvert
                 P-7           ..-.2                                                                4


                      kENDERS"6N CREEK          :12                                                 :9               0   <
                       DELIMITED AREA:
                       Est. PoO. 780                                                                                                                   12
                         IL@ A
                                            41
                                                      90
                                           r
           951                        B

                 1              14
                                                                                   17                               j 5.    'v)       14-
                                                                                                    16                                                 13
                                                                  18'


             Old Marco Ju*nctionL._
                                                             /T
                                                   L                                                                                  23
                 22Z=-          .23:1
                                                                                   20:              -2.                              --
                                                                 19                                                -.2-02                              24

                                                                                                            EIL                         L

                                                  AL
                                                                                        J-                                     rrT.

                                                f-t
                                              .01
                                                                                              ::* ............. ...
                                                                                                                         7
                                                                                                             .;Marco
                                                             rl I j   7.
                                                             -:t -*- io,:
                  7                                     W
                                                                                   29
                                                                                                             'Tow r           Royal P
                                               -0                                                                                     Alm
                                  ARCO
                                                       x                                                                      Hammock
                                                V                     I
                                  1AND*-                                                                  A
                               AIRP04tTs,,                                                                                                        7
                                                                                                                     34-                                 X
                                                                                                     44         #Ys
                                                                                                        OLLI ER        S EM I NOLE.
                                          '46
                                                                                                                    .4f

              Tbing
                                                                je.*- -,ï¿½.Sou,
                                                               I ,              %                      .114.
                                                                     ;.0.
                                                                                                               I  AR

                                                          lit                      s.
                                                                                         Figure 7-11. Locations Of Stormwater
                  H A  T@                                            It                                                                           - *
                          Iril    J---



                                                                                                                                                112


















                                                                                         Management Improvements



                                                                                 63









                    Estimated Cost: $1-3 million per project depending on scope of work
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.5 and 2.6
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.7 and 7.3

             4      The placement of additional culverts under Sabal Palm Rd. east of the end of the
                    pavement. Flow is disrupted from its historic course by the road Existing culverts do
                    not provide adequate crossings. This would be an interi rn step until finiher restoration
                    activities occur.


                    Estimated Cost: $500 per culvert
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.5
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2 and 6.7


                    Restoration of Duda properties (Sections 11 and 14, Range 27E, Township 51S--
                    southeastern corner of Belle Meade region): This area was altered by the construction
                    of drainage ditches in a grid pattern. Because a major historic flowway coursed through
                    this area, restoration of the flow patterns will ensure natural timing runoff from storm
                    events into the Collier Seminole State Park.


                    Estimated Cost: work to be accomplished by A. Duda and Sons, Inc.
                    Applicable Objectives:      CCGMP OBJ 2.2 and 2.3
                                                RBNERR OBJ 2.6, 6.2 and 6.7

                    Development of regional stormwater management plan for the agricultural areas in
                    Belle Meade in the event they are residentially or commercially developed. This
                    should be a cooperative effort between South Florida Water Management District and
                    Collier County Government to provide for the implementation of elements contain in this
                    report and the development of off-site control of stormwater discharges.

                    Estimated Cost: $150,000-200,000
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.5 and 2.6
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 6.7


             7.5.2  Land Conservation:
                    see Figure 7-12 on land conservation recommendations for Belle Meade.
                    The designation types were determined using the following criteria. A designation of
                    Type I is for sections with a high percentage of wetlands, combined with limited access to
                    infrastructure (transportation, potable water and sanitary facilities). Type 11, use of
                    conservation easements, is for sections with a mix of uplands and wetlands, with potential
                    access to infrastructure. Type III, transfer of development rights, is designed for sections
                    of existing intense agricultural activity. Type IV, no action or private stewardship, is for
                    sections that have been impacted by residential or commercial development.


                                                         64





                             34                                   36                                                        Z.
                                                 93
          Radi     Rd.  I

                                                       91910des ParAway
                                                                                        C,:( roll)
                 4     84      3
                                                 2
                                                                                  6
                                                                                                                                       3
                                                 IV

                                                 IV
                                                                                                             4!
                               to                I I
                                                                  12               7
                                                                                                                                       10.                               12
                                                                                                                                                        it
                                                                                                                                                                 PF



                        WING SOUTH
                                                                                  T:
                          AIRPARK                IV
                 16            15.               14               13-
                                                                                                    17
                                                                                                                                                       14



        ittlositake I
                        ammock Rd.               IV.
                                                            V1,
                                                                24                                 20
               21             22                                                                                                                                       24
                                                                                                                                                       23

                                                                                 i7z
         pies 28
                             27                  26             25          P:  30..M..                                              27
        !no                                                                                                                                           26               25
                                                                                    7=7                             28



          EADE
                            34 951
                                                                                                  -32
                                                 35             36.            31                                    33              4                                 36.
                                                                                                                                                     35              t ===        =r-



           4
                                                 2
                                                                                                                  4                  3.


                                                                                          -Z
                                                                           1,4
                         Moad    HE
                                    NOERSON CREEK -
                                  0
                                                                                                                                   0
                             to
                                  Est. Pop so                                                                                                                         .12
                                                        41


                 it  951
                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                    14-
                                           14 r
                                                                                                                                                                      13
                       Old Mar        netinn




                                                                                                                                                  _23


                                                                                                                                                      L

                                                                                           Table 7-4.      Conservation Measures for Belle Meade

                                                         -kit
                                sp          ARCO.-.    i.                  Type                                              Description
                                         '13LAND
                                         .;'13LAND
       -2                                                                                            Fee simple purchase or use as an off-site mitigation area
                       c
                                           xx
                                                                             11                                    Use of conservation easements
       lrpon%,
                                                                                                                   Transfer of development rights
                 4















































                                           $AL                               IV                           No action recommended or private stewardship
                      :.QDUt
                                                                                                           Figure 7-12. Land Conservation
                                                    d
                         rc"',                                                                             Measures For Belle Meade











             0      Purchases:    CARL lands
                    Estimated Cost: $60 million
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.1 and 2.5
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.3, 6.2 and 6.8
                                               CCGMP-Rec. OBJ 1.1 and 1.2


             4      Mitigation Banks:
                    Estimated Cost: finances would be paid by organizations establishing bank and
                    dependent upon condition of property
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.1 and 2.5
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 6.8


             4      Section 16 Demonstration Project: The State of Florida owns a full section (640 acres)
                    of property in Belle Meade, north of Sabal Palm Road*(Township 50S, Range 27E,
                    Section 16). The State could proactively use this se&ion to demonstrate land
                    conservation techniques, best management practices (BMPs) and land stewardship for the
                    public. Although the area has not been surveyed in detail for hydrologic obstructions,
                    wildlife or exotic plants, infestation by Melaleuca quinquenervia has occurred in
                    surrounding areas. Restoration, involving private landowners and citizens, could serve as
                    a demonstration project of land conservation practices. Annual or semi-annual meetings
                    to encourage public participation could be held with walks and exhibits that show the
                    progress of restoration activities. It is important for the State to act as a leader in
                    promoting BMPs and land stewardship, as well as to have this project available for the
                    public.

                    Estimated Cost: $100,000 initially, with remaining cost dependent upon surveys and
                    condition of the land
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.5 and 2.7
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 6.8


             7.5.3 Vegetation: The invasion of exotic plant species, such as melaleuca and Brazilian
             pepper, poses a great threat to the integrity of the vegetative communities within Belle Meade.
             +      Small-scale exotic removal in areas with low infestation can be tackled through a
                    private stewardship and volunteer action program, with landowner approval,
                    coordinated by the State, County or private organizations.

                    Estimated Cost: <$400/acre for low intensity infestation
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.7
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.1
                                               CCLDC Section 3.9.6.6






                                                         66









                     Mitigation/mitigation banking may prove to be highly beneficial in the removal of
                     monocultures of exotics.


                     Estimated Cost: $3,000-4,000/acre
                     Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.7
                                                 CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.1
                                                 CCLDC Section 3.9.6.6


              7.5.4  Water Quality Assessment:

                     Stormwater discharges from agricultural areas should be monitored. Sampling of
                     sediments and water from US 41 Canal should be implemented. Flow regimes in the
                     canal should be determined, in conjunction with water quality sampling.

                     Estimated Cost: $50,000
                     Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.6
                                                 CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2,2.3 and 7.3
































                                                          67









                                  SOUTH GOLDEN GATE ESTATES

                      The South Golden Gate Estates for this report's purposes shall be described as the area
               bounded by Interstate-75 to the north, US 41 to the south, the range line between R28E and
               R29E on the east and the range line between R27E and R28E on the west. The Golden Gate
               Estates region lies within the Faka-Union Canal Basin. Golden Gate Estates is composed
               primarily of two political regions: North Golden Gate Estates and South Golden Gate Estates.
               North Golden Gate Estates, approximately 55,000 acres, is separated from South Golden Gate
               Estates by 1-75. Drainage from a canal network made North Golden Gate Estates suitable for
               residential development, and the area now houses a large portion of the rural residences. Surface
               waters ftom most of North Golden Gate Estates flow through a series of smaller canals, empty
               into the Golden Gate Main Canal and head to the Gulf of Mexico via the Gordon River. The
               55,000-acre South Golden Gate Estates, the area south of 1-75, is of great importance to the
               waters entering the coastal systems bordering the southern side of Collier County. There are a
               few residences within South Golden Gate Estates. However, during the wet season -- summer
               surface water flows freely over the land and roadways, flooding portions of the area.
                      In the 1950s, Gulf American Corporation (GAC) purchased the land which now
               comprises Golden Gate Estates to establish a residential development community. In the 1960s,
               an extensive gridwork of canals was constructed as the initial step for draining the development
               area (USACOE 1986). In South Golden Gate Estates alone, there are 50 miles of canals, some
               up to 200 feet wide, representing 215 acres of waterway and 290 miles of roads with
               accompanying swales (TCI 1986). Potential landowners were flown over the site during the dry
               season, shown the layout of the project, then approached for purchasing a site within the project.
               Many people bought into the GAC project as an investment or home for the future. These
               landowners did not realize that during the wet season (or summer) their property was covered
               with flowing water and permits for building would be difficult to obtain. When the flooding
               problem and hydrologic importance of the area was realized, GAC was sued by the landowners,
               the company went bankrupt and the State of Florida began to pursue acquisition of the area.
                      South Golden Gate Estates, because of its hydrologic significance, is being actively
               acquired through the State of Florida!s Conservation and Recreation Lands (CARL) program, as
               part of the Save Our Everglades project.

                      In 1974, Black, Crow, and Eidsness presented an environmental and engineering
               evaluation of the canal system. In the report they recommended alternatives to lessen
               overdrainage and suggested the construction of additional canals. The Golden Gate Study
               Committee issued a report in 1977 after GAC was subjected to federal court action on their land
               dealings. The redevelopment of Golden Gate Estates was considered. Clustered housing on
               suitably developable land was encouraged as well as the restoration of the hydroperiod in South
               Golden Gate Estates. It was suggested that. earthen plugs be installed in the canals in South
               Golden Gate Estates. In 1977, Stanley W. Hole and Assoc. assessed the effects of restoring
               water levels in the area. In addition, other engineering studies evaluated the hydraulics of the
               canal system (USACOE 1986).


                                                               68









                       The United States Army Corps of Engineers study in 1986 recommended six different
               alternatives ranging from maintaining the status quo to using the recommended alternative from
               previous studies to complete restoration of the uninhabited areas. At that time , the Federal
               government determined that it should not be involved in the implementation of any alternative.
                       Currently, the South Florida Water Management District is conducting a hydrologic
               restoration study of South Golden Gate Estates, including hydrologic modeling of various
               restoration alternatives.


               8.1     VEGETATION
                       Drainage from the extensive canal network has caused changes in the vegetative structure
               of South Golden Gate Estates. Historically, the area was a cypress and prairie dominated system.
               Large cypress sloughs graded into prairies, with some mixed swamp islands interspersed within
               the mosaic. Currently, many of these systems have been altered beyond recognition. Normally,
               fire occurs in cypress strands about every 20 years (Ewel 1990), while prairies bum every three
               to five years (Kushlan 1990). Lack of water and a shorter hydroperiod from drainage allowed
               wildfires to sweep through the area, decimating many of the cypress sloughs. Remnants of these
               scorched trees can still be seen today. However, due to the drier conditions, cypress did not
               recolonize the area. Instead, cabbage palm, slash pine and exotics, such as Brazilian pepper,
               moved-into the area, changing the vegetative composition. Many of the prairies are dotted with
               cabbage palms that moved in after frequent fires had disrupted the system. Currently, wildfires
               sweep through South Golden Gate each year, continually altering and redefining the vegetative
               structure.
                       Historically, slash pines were not a dominant species in South Golden Gate Estates.
               Presently, however, many of the roads are lined with slash pines, which apparently grew on the
               spoil banks along the roads and canals. Slash pines are better suited to survive the current fire
               regime and drier sediment conditions.
                       Historically, South Golden Gate Estates was fringed on the north boundary by upland
               pine forests which graded into wetland communities. Wetlands dominated the vegetative
               communities of South Golden Gate Estates.


                       Table 8-1. Vegetative Communities of South Golden Gate Estates
                                              Upland/ Wedan d Breakdown
                 Vegetation                                  Acres                     Percent Cover
                 Upland                                      10,795                            20

                 Wet an                                      44,002                            80

                 Total                                       54397                             100
                 The Conservancy, Inc. 1986.



                                                               69









                     Table 8-2. Vegetative Communities of South Golden Gate Estates

                                                   Wetland Communities

                Vegetation                                    Acres                     Percent Cover

                Prairie/Marsh                                 7,343                             17

                Cypress/Mixed Swamp                           25,919                            59

                Hydric Pine Flatwood                          10,740                            24

               I Total                          1             44,002             1              100
               * The Conservancy, Inc. 1986.

               8.1.1 Habitat Ranking
                      The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has ranked habitats for specific
               species within the area on a scale of I to 10, 1 being the lowest value and 10 being the highest
               value (Cox et al. 1994). Habitat suitable for the endangered Florida panther ranked between 3
               and 6, while habitat suitable for the threatened Florida black bear ranked 10 (Cox et al. 1994).
               South Golden Gate Estates was also identified as an area suitable for the reintroduction of
               Florida panthers, a rank of 4 to 10 on a scale of I to 10 (Cox et al. 1994). Strategic habitat areas,
               or areas identified as important because they provide a base habitat for long-term species
               persistence, were found within South Golden Gate Estates for the Florida panther, Florida black
               bear, swallow-tailed kites, short-tailed hawks and fox squirrels (Cox et al. 1994). An overlay of
               120 rare species showed South Golden Gate Estates as having suitable habitat for 7 to 18 species,
               a high ranked designation (Cox et al. 1994). South Golden Gate Estates was recommended as a
               P2000 priority area for protection (Cox et al. 1994).



               8.2 HYDROLOGY


               8.2.1 Historic: Surface water flow into SGGE originated north of present day 1-75, as seen in
               Figure 8-1. Flow around uplands in the northwest comer was directed south around a series of
               uplands that were aligned north-south. Any flow to the west was hindered by higher terrain
               running parallel to present day Miller Blvd. Flow in this area was through cypress sloughs and
               broad areas of cypress. East of that area flow from the north was directed south in cypress
               sloughs and broad prairies, such as Picayune Strand and Swan Prairie. Along the eastern side of
               SGGE, adjacent to Fakahatchee Strand, flow was to the south and southwest through mixed
               swamp and predominantly through historic prairies such as Slate Prairie, Burnt Flat Prairie, and.
               West Prairie. Flow from these prairies extended down to US 41. Large cypress strands covering
               most of the width of SGGE directed flow, south of present day Stewart Blvd. Fingers of marl
               prairie extended in a northeast-southwest direction into the southwest comer of SGGE. Flow
               F
                V

                Pr
                   e


                   al
                     T




                    g
                     e
                       ab




                       tot

                     r1e/MaJ

                Cypress/M

                   y ric Pi
               H Fdn
                Total















































                                                               70







                        FIGURE 8-1. SOUTH GOLDEN GATE  ESTATES
                                  HISTORIC FLOWWAYS

                    ,P r


                             c



                             I y
                                                      --P-r
                             cs I

                                        cs



                                         ou
                                        GOL@ IN
                                        GATE
                                        ES
                         CIVL4                          H




                                 11,15Sr




                                                            pr
                             k gr         Ems
                         X   \-i i

                         I/  pf




                                                            pr



                                             Faka Uni
                                             anol























                                        71




























































                                                                                                                                                              J'4





                                                                       19





























                                    17









                                            ei


















                                                   bJ











































                                                                                                                                                                                P19




































                                                                                                                                             . ........











                                            wow






                                        IMMM


























                        "rS








































                                                                                                                                                                                                              ...      . . ....









                traveled south through these prairies and sloughs to tidal areas south of US 4 1.

                8.2.2 Recent: Sheetflow, when present, in this region follows historic wetland flowways
                south, is intercepted by the canal network and finally enters the Ten Thousand Islands coastal
                ecosystem. Since the construction of the canal network, flooding is limited to areas of lower
                elevation and for a shorter duration than historically encountered. Approximately 50 miles of
                canals have drained the area and 290 miles of roads have altered the historical surface water
                flowways. However, remnants of the original systems are still present and may be able to be
                restored with the proper plan. The disturbance created by construction of the canals and roads,
                along with the alteration in hydroperiod, has exacerbated the invasion of exotic species, such as
                Brazilian pepper and melaleuca.
                       South Golden Gate Estate's is located predominantly in the Faka-Union Canal Basin
                which drains from the Corkscrew area through eastern North Golden Gate Estates and then
                through most of South Golden Gate Estates. The canal network combines into the Faka-Union
                Canal and finally discharges at a point south of the Port-of-the-Islands resort south of U.S. 41
                East. The Miller, Faka Union, Merritt, and Prairie canals run the length of South Golden Gate
                Estates. The Miller Canal, located on the western edge of South Golden Gate Estates drains
                from north of 1-75 to about two miles north of U.S. 41. A weir on the canal with a crest of 6.2 ft
                NGVD is located one half mile south of 1-75. Another weir with adjustable gates is located
                about 6 miles south. Miller flows into Faka Union at the south edge of South Golden Gate
                Estates. A weir 1 mile south of 1-75 with a crest of 6.2 ft NGVD is located in the Faka. Union.
                Another weir with gates is located 6 miles south. These gates are opened and closed according to
                storm/rainfall conditions.
                       The Faka Union Canal drains from Immokalee Rd. south to U.S. 41 and beyond. Merritt
                Canal, located 2 miles east of Faka Union drains from the historic Lucky Strand near 1-75 to the
                north to a connection with Faka Union 2 miles north of U.S. 41. Merritt has one weir with
                removable sheet piles located near Stewart Blvd. Prairie Canal drains the historic prairies
                adjacent to Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve about 2 miles east of Merritt. A weir is located
                on the canal near the intersection of Jane's Scenic Drive and Stewart Blvd. As seen in Figure 8-
                2, the Faka Union Canal discharges at an annual average of about 300 cfs, with peak years of
                over 400 cfs. Flow during the peak of the wet season is over 600 cfs.

                8.3 WATER QUALITY
                       Data collected from 1987-1991 examined water quality in the Faka-Union Canal
                (CCPCD 1993). Conductivity and flow rate show the predicted inverse relationship (Figure 8-
                3). Since construction activities ceased in South Golden Gate Estates, the amount of sediment
                flushing from the canals into the estuaries has decreased (Figure 8-4). Nitrate/nitrite (NOx), total
                phosphate (TPO,) and orthophosphate (OPO,) were examined. However, upstream/downstream
                comparisons were not possible because of a lack of data at the downstream site. Nitrogen, total
                phosphate and orthophosphate levels show an increase in concentration from 1979 to 1991
                (Figure 8-5), suggesting input to the system. A comprehensive water quality monitoring regime
                should be implemented to determine the source of inputs to the system, as well as to examine
                upstream/downstream hydrologic dynamics.

                                                              72




                                                                                                                                                 I
           Figure 8-2. Faka-Union Canal Flow Ratesi
                                                 Average Annual Flow

                                          500



                                          400  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                          300  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                               CO         200  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                          100  -----------------------------------


                               0              0
                                                   p p Rp, p                C@4)b (;Pq) pA @p (b(>, (pt
                                                                           Year

                                                       erage Monthly Flow
                              LL
                                          700


                                          600  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                               =3

                                          500  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                          400  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                          300  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                          200  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                          100                - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                             o L ---A       L---- I
                                                                     40                               cp"-
                                                                         Month




                                                                         73





                                  Figure 8-3. Faka-Union Canal
                                     Average Specific Conductance and Flow

                                            700                                                                     700
                                            600  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -         600      C:
                                                                                                                             Cz
                                                                                                                             4-4
                                            500  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                     500

                                            400  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -     400     70
                                            300  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - -    300      0
                                            200  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -     200
                                   LL            I
                                            100-- - - -        - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  100


                                                0.                                                                  0
                                                 I                                                                C,
                                                          40 VO                                                  @b
                                                                                                    CP* @@                   U)

                                                              -*-Flow -+-Specific Conductance


                                                  Average Suspended Solids

                                            700                                                                       -7


                                            600  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -     6


                                            500  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -   5
                                            400  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -         4      0)
                                                                                                                             E
                                            300  -- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -   3
                                   .2       200  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -               2
                                   LL       100  1-- - I -     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  1
                                                01     1                                                              10
                                                                               P
                                                                      40


                                                             -*-Flow +Total Suspended Solids


                                                                          Month

                                                                          74




                  Figure 8-4, Faka-Union Canal
                     Average Sediment Loading Rate

             500



             400  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------





                                            -----------------------------------------
 1-n         3 0 0
          Ui



          %%-oo
          cn 200  --- ------------ ------------------------------------------------
          cn



             100  ------------------ -------  ----- --------------------------------



                 0
                             ro, b R       z
                                   (b


                                                 Year





                                   Figure 8-5. Faka-Union Canal
                                                                    Nitrate/Nitrite

                                                      0.7

                                                      0.6 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -


                                                      0.5 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.4 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.3 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                      0.2 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -

                                                      .0.1 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                         0


                                                      -0. 1
                                                                   "'Ob",    "0. "o
                                                                Total Phosphate


                                                      0.6 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                                                      0.4 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                        0)
                                        E             0.2 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ---
                                                         0-




                                                                        -5, A,
                                                                Orthophosphate


                                                      0.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                                                      0.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                                                      0.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                                                         0-


                                                      -,qI, ,qqp 4* IA 440 -,4111 1141-11 440 -0@ Ile,    ,e
                                                                          Year










              8.4 POINT/NONPOI              NT SOURCE POLLUTION
                      Because of limited human activity in this region, pollution in the surface waters is
              probably minimal. The excessive amount of drainage is the most direct threat to the health of the
              downstream estuarine waters.


              8.4.1 Agriculture: There are some small scale farming operations in South Golden Gate
              Estates which may provide some fertilizer and pesticide input. Larger agricultural operations
              north of 1-75 may contribute pollutants to the Faka-Union canal system.

              8.4.2 Nurseries: A few nurseries are located within the boundaries of North and South Golden
              Gate Estates, potentially adding fertilizers and pesticides to the system. Most are small scale
              facilities.


              8.5 RESTORATION OPTIONS
                      This region, of the three undeveloped regions, is the most severely drained. Because of
              this condition, the most intensive restoration/remediation efforts will have to be employed in this
              region.

              8.5.1 Hydrologic: The South Florida Water Management District is planning extensive work
              to restore a semblance of the historic hydrology in this region. At the time of this study,
              SFWMD has developed three different alternatives for the remediation of past hydrologic
              alterations in SGGE. The three alternatives developed include 1) installation of spreader swale at
              Dan House Prairie northeast of Port of the Islands resort, 2) complete removal of roads and
              canals south of 1-75 and 3) partial removal of roads and selected filling of canals. These
              scenarios will be modeled to evaluate their effectiveness at meeting the desired objectives of the
              project (Big Cypress Basin 1994).
                      In the event that the modeling suggests extensive restoration efforts would be most
              prudent, the following activities should occur:

                      Installation of Spreader Swale and Appurtenances Adjacent to 1-75
                      Sheetflow on the northern edge of SGGE should be reestablished by construction of a
                      spreader swale system along the south edge of 1-75. This system should be designed in
                      such a manner as to allow for additional water to be spread across the top of Belle Meade
                      when warranted.


                      Estimated Cost: >$2 million
                      Applicable Objectives:         RBNERR OBJ 2.6
                                                     CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2


                      Filling of Canals
                      Faka-Union Canal should be removed as the sole point source discharge of freshwater. A
                      spreader swale should be placed north of US 41 to spread freshwater across the entire


                                                               77









                        southern boundary as surface flow, which will enter the estuaries through culverts under
                        US 41.
                                Based on an unpaved, limerock road base thickness above natural grade of 12
                        inches (including stabilizer), one mile of road will provide 4400 ydof fill. If the canals
                        are blocked completely at intervals of 1300 foot centers (at the end of each road) and
                        filled the width of a road easement, the scraping and complete removal of one road
                        between the canal and a Boulevard (Everglades, DeSoto, etc.) will not provide adequate
                        fill. Using fill from the roads on opposite sides of the canal, however, will provide
                        sufficient amounts for all but the largest cross-sectional areas. Surveying of spoil banks
                        alongside the canals may reveal additional fill suitable for blocking other sections of the
                        canals..(see Appendix Cforfill estimates)

                        Estimated Cost: $3,000-20,000/60ft. plug
                        Applicable Objectives:         RBNERR OBJ 2.6
                                                       CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2, 6.2, 6.7, 6.8 and 7.3


                        Removal of Roadbeds
                        While some paved and unpaved roadways will be maintained for emergency purposes,
                       .removal of as many roadways and their adjacent swales as possible will aid in the
                        hydrologic restoration of the area. The unpaved roads should be scraped down to their
                        original elevation. Some of the fill could be used in the swales, the remaining fill could
                        be pushed directly into the plugged canals or sold , with the proceeds used for the
                        restoration activities. Slash pines growing in spoil piles along the roadside swales could
                        be logged and sold, with the proceeds again funding additional restoration activities. In
                        areas where roadways disrupted a major slough, replanting of native vegetation, including
                        cypress, should be completed to help the system recover some semblance of its former
                        integrity.

                        If complete removal of the roadbeds is not economically feasible for all locations, partial
                        removal may be sufficiept to remediate past hydrologic alterations. As seen in Figure 8-
                        6, the roads could be cut at approximately 200 foot intervals or as appropriate at slough
                        crossings. The cuts could average 10 feet wide with the removed fill used as plugs in the
                        adjacent roadside swales. Final restoration might include replanting of cypress as
                        mitigation. As seen in Figure 8-7, road removal may be accomplished in a stepwise
                        fashion by removing whole or parts of certain roads based on priority. If a spreader swale
                        system is installed in the northern part of SGGE, roads and canals south of the spreader
                        swale but north of roads that currently flood should be removed first to restore historic
                        water flowways. Roads at the southern end, which now are susceptible to flooding,
                        should be removed as ftmding permits. On the very northern edge, roads should not be
                        completely removed until they are no longer in use by residents. Culvert placement in
                        these roads should allow proper dispersion of water from the spreader system. A
                        complete topographic' survey of road elevations should occur prior to any restoration
                        efforts. Type A removals are classified as priority in order to convey surface water

                                                                  78





                      Figure 8-6. Restoration Options for
                     Roads in South Golden Gate Estates

                                           Cross-section Before Restoration




                                                                            Road
                                           N tural         - - - -                                         Natural
                                             r 9                                                18,         Grade


                                                            Swale                             Swale

                                      Roadways with Cut-throughs [Type                                               11]

                                                               swale




                                                                                               Road
                                                                     Road                       Cut


                                                  10,                 200' (typ.)                10,


                                                                                   swale block


                                   Cross-section After                          Restoration                [Type 1]

                                                                                                            ...............


                                                                         Road
                                                                      .,Removed
                                                                                                          Natural
                                                  e        \filled                           filled       Grade

                                                             Swale                           Swale


                                          Profile of Plugged Swale                                 [Type         11]




                                                                                     400
                                                                                Plug




                                                                      79






                                                                                          Golden     to Estates                        T-
                                                                                                                                               kea

              84
     of


                                              3
                                4                             2
 t     it

                                                              .7
                                                                        12
                                9-            10.






              17                16-           15              14




                                                                                                                             N()rIh Swan
                                                                                                                                Prairie
              20                21            22              23        24
                                                                                                                                                            PRETTY.:,
                                                                                                   ==CM=

       7-
                                                                                                                        d      .-Suut
                                                                                                                        M                                       Sid It
                                                                                                                                                                SjdTC
                                                                         25                                                     1 'Fit I rf f -7.
                                                              26
              .29               -2.8          27
                                                                                                                                            - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -






                                                              35
                                33
                                LL            J34

                                                                                                                                                 7-.
                                                                                                                                                     1L

                                              3                                                                                                                           Prair,.
              5                                               2


                                                                                                                                                           Hut
                                                                                                                                       C=

                                                                                                                                                                 12
                                .9            10


                                                                                                                                                                              7:

                                                   J

                                                              7
                                                X7"'
                                                                                                                                                  14'            13
                                                                                                      --,117
              9                 16                                       13



                                                              -7-
                           7                                                                                                                                AA
                                                                                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                   121                                             Pled /if
                                                              23                                                                   22
                                              22
                                                              -          24    :71    71.19...'        20
              20:

                                                                                                                                                         tan-uhun
                                                                                                                                                It
                                                                                                                                                        Prairie
                                       .,A N.                                         JL
                                              .... ..                                                                                         'rairic            25
                                                                                                                     28
                                              '27-            26          25                           29-
              2@.                     @Marcc
                                      70.*f        Royal Palm
                                      @MANCQ
                                                     Harnrnock                                                                                                    --77


                                                                                                                                                                  36
                                                                                                                                                 35
                                                                           35                            2
                                                                                         31            3                          _34
        -.i- tip
                                33                            3!i
              -32
                           "-.74. OLLIER-SEMI           OLE.
                                        TATE....                                                                 Key to Figure 8-7
                                                              17
     M:                                                                .  [
                                                                '71
                                       tdA m r%               2
                                                                            Type
                                        %;u                                                                                                   Partial removal, priorit
                                                                                          Gold.. GGal. 114S, a,





















                                                                                                                       priority
                                                                              A             Complete remova
         7                      E
                                                                                                             oval. non-cri          I      Partial removal, non-criti
                                                                                         Complete rem

                                                 V
                                                                                                                  Figure 8-7. RO
                                                                                                                                             ad Removal Locati(









             through historic wetland sloughs. Currently, the existing road elevations impede historic flow
             patterns. Type B areas are lower priority since they are used to access residences or are already
             susceptible to flooding. Type I designations refer to roads that do not cross large upland areas.
             Type II designated roads cross upland areas.

                    Estimated Cost: Removal of the fill from the roads will run on the, order of $2,000 to
                                        $3,000 per mile.
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.5
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2 and 6.7


             4      The Use of SGGE as a Mitigation Area: Because of the rapid development of SW
                    Florida, certain wetlands in areas designated for development will be destroyed. The
                    need for parcels of land off-site of the development area that can be hydrologically and
                    vegetatively restored for mitigation creditswill increase. If SFWMD will not be able to
                    efficiently, effectively and in a timely manner be able to complete the remediation work
                    in this area because of fiscal constraints, it is suggested that SGGE be used as a
                    mitigation site. The state should designate either the Division of Forestry or SFWMD or
                    a third party for management of the mitigation.

                    Estimated Cost: to be financed by development interests
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.6 and 2.7
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.8 and 7.3


             8.5.2 Land Conservation:
                    The purchase of lands under the CARL program should be intensified. Funding of a staff
             position to be located in Collier County or greater cooperation with local public and private
             groups and individuals should occur to expedite the purchases.

                    Estimated Cost: $25 million (given that approximately 2/3 of the area has been
                                 purchased)
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.5
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.3


             8.5.3  Vegetation:
                    Division of Forestry, who will be managing the land, should formulate and
                    implement an Exotic Removal Plan. Reflooding the system will not halt the invasion
                    and proliferation of Brazilian pepper and Melaleuca. A strict plan of removal is needed
                    to keep these exotics under control.
                    Estimated Cost:     <$400/acre, low intensity infestation
                                        $3,000-4,000/acre, high intensity infestation
                    Applicable Objectives:     RBNERR OBJ 2.7
                                               CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 6.8
                                               CCGMP-Rec. OBJ 1.1


                                                        81









                 8.5.4  Water Quality Assessment:
                        A comprehensive sampling of water and sediment from the canal network for
                        nutrient, metal and pesticide concentrations should occur prior to, throughout and
                        following restoration efforts.

                        Estimated Cost: $50,000
                        Applicable Objectives:         RBNERR OBJ 2.16
                                                       CCGMP OBJ 2.2, 2.3 and 7.3











































                                                                  82









                              FAKAHATCHEE STRAND


                The geographic region known as Fakahatchee Strand lies within the Fakahatchee Strand
           Watershed Basin. The area is bounded by 1-75 to the north, US 41 to the south, SR 29 to the east
           and South Golden Gate Estates to the west. Topographically, the majority of the basin lies
           between 5 and 15 feet above mean sea level, with the southern boundary sloping down to sea
           level (DEP 1994). In 1974, under the Environmentally Endangered Lands program, land within
           the Preserve boundaries began being purchased (DEP 1994). The State Preserve area currently
           totals 63,203 acres, with an additional 24,000 acres identified for acquisition by the State (DEP
           1994).

                The small town of Copeland is a cluster of residences situated on the southeastern
           boundary of the Strand, with a few scattered residences within the Strand proper. Additionally,
           the Copeland Road Prison, which houses approximately 60 ininates, is located on SR 29 along
           the eastern boundary of the Strand.


           9.1 VEGETATION
                Beginning in the 1940s, cypress trees were logged from the Strand for use in
           shipbuilding, crates and other wood products. Removal of the trees, in conjunction with
           construction of tramlines, altered the vegetative structure of the Strand. In cypress-dominant
           areas, removal allowed less dominant species to take their place, e.g. slash pine and mixed
           swamp species. Tramlines altered surface water hydrology and, in some cases, the hydroperiod
           in a particular area, initiating subtle changes in the vegetative structure of the Strand, such as an
           influx of slash pine due to the shortened hydroperiod.
                The Preserve is composed almost entirely of wetland communities (DEP 1994). Only a
           few upland islands, primarily prairie hammocks, are present within the Preserve (DEP 1994).


                Table 9-1. Vegetative Communities within Fakahatchee Strand
                                 Upland/ Welland Breakdown
            Vegetation                      Acres                Percent Cover

            Upland                            139                     0.3

            Wet an                           52,007                   99.7

            Total                            J2.146                   100
            DEP 1994


                The dominant wetland vegetation, cypress and mixed swamps, form sloughs which direct
           surface water flow south into the estuaries.



                                              83









                       Table 9-2. Vegetative Communities within Fakahatchee Strand

                                                 Wetland Communities

                 Vegetation                               Acres                     Percent Cover

                 Prairie/Marsh                            12,863                           25

                 Cypress/Mixed Swamp                      37,597                           72

                 Hydric Pine Flatwood                      1,547                            3

                I Total                                   52,007                           100
                 DEP 1994



               9.2 HYDROLOGY


               9.2.1 Historic: Surface water flows to the south seasonally through Fakahatchee Strand.
               During the wettest months, June through October, water historically moved as sheet flow from
               Okaloacoochee Slough in the northeast comer of Collier County south across the Preserve at a
               rate of 0.5 miles per day, and continued south into the adjacent estuaries (DEP 1994).
                      Surface water from theFakahatchee Strand Basin flows south into the Ten Thousand
               islands (DEP 1994). The Ten Thousand Islands, in conjunction with Cape Romano, has been
               designated as an Aquatic Preserve. The southern boundary of Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve
               joins the Cape Romano-Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve, forming a protected linkage
               between freshwater wetland ecosystems to the north and estuarine wetland ecosystems to the
               south.


               9.2.2 Recent: Tram lines were built in the 1940s and 1950s within Fakahatchee Strand to
               remove logged cypress trees from the area (DEP 1994). While the tram lines have altered some
               of the surface water flowways (DEP 1994), it is believed that their impact on the system and its
               function has been minimal.
                      Presently, flow originating north of 1-75 passes through culverts under the highway,
               entering the Fakahatchee Strand Basin (DEP 1994). Some of the water from north of 1-75 is
               directed into a borrow canal on the south side of the highway (DEP 1994). The remainder of the
               water flows south, passing under W.J. Jane's Memorial Scenic Drive and US 41 via culverts, and
               enters the Ten Thousand Islands estuarine system (DEP 1994). The Golden Gate Canal System
               to the west causes drainage along the western boundary of the Fakahatchee Basin, indirectly
               affecting surface water flow (DEP 1994).
                      Drainage canals along US 41 have reduced freshwater flow from inland areas toward the
               coast, allowing salt water intrusion in areas south of US 41 and expansion of mangrove forests
               northward (DEP 1994). The average annual flow for Barron Canal is about 100 cfs, with a
               seasonal peak flow of approximately 180 cfs (Figure 9-1).

                                                            84




                              Fi   gure 9-1. Barron River Canal
                                                              Flow Rates

                                                  Average Annual Flow

                                           500




                                           400  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -




                                           300  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                               cl)         200  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                              70           100  -- ---- --------
                               c
                               0              0
                                            N(O N(; p Ne Nc b, b, Nc   Ne         NOIA, Nc b(b, Nc ,(b, b, I ,C 449 ,qqr
                                                                            Year

                                                Average Monthly Flow
                              LL
                                           700


                                           600  -- - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                           500  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                           400  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -     - - - - - - - - - - -


                                           300  -----------------------------------


                                           200  -----------------------------------


                                           100  ------------------                      ------------ --


                                              0
                                                   e *0 4@ V4-               @;p
                                                                          Month




                                                                         85









                  9.3 WATER QUALITY
                    -     Water quality parameters were analyzed from 1979 through 1991 on the Barron River
                  Canal (CCPCD 1993). The Barron Canal exhibited the characteristic inverse relationship
                  between flow rate and specific conductance (Figure 9-2). Nitate/nitrite (NOx), total phosphate
                  JP04) and orthophosphate(OP04)were examined for the Barron Canal station. NOx levels
                  showed an overall increase over time, as did total and orthophosphates levels (Figure 9-3). This
                  suggests a gradual influx of nutrients to the system and may be a cause for concern if the trend
                  persists Long-term and consistent data for both upriver and downriver stations along the Barron
                  Canal and River are needed to determine the amount of nutrients entering the Ten Thousand
                  Islands estuarine system. Additionally, the source of these nutrients should be determined so that
                  practices can be altered and the system is not overloaded, causing eutrophication.

                  9.4 POINT/NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
                  9.4.1 Agriculture: On the north end of the Preserve, fertilizers and pesticides may potentially
                  enter the system from the concentrated agricultural lands on the east side of Camp Keais Strand.
                  Runoff from these fields moves south through the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge and
                  under 1-75 via culverts.
                          A recent concern has arisen over the presence of methyl mercury in the tissues of Florida
                  panthers that frequent the Preserve. The most likely sources of methyl meftury include
                  atmospheric emissions from solid waste incinerators, atmospheric emissions from the burning of
                  sugar cane and emission from the oxidation of natural peat soils containing mercury, which can
                  result from draining marshlands for agriculture (DEP 1994). In addition to these sources, certain
                  fertilizers and pesticides used on agricultural fields contain mercury which may become
                  bioavailable within the system. While the source may never be known, the presence of these
                  pollutants within Fakahatchee Preserve is of concern.

                  9.4.2 Sewage Treatment Plants: There are two wastewater treatment plants within the basin:
                  one at the Copeland Road Prison and one in the town of Copeland, called the Lee Cypress Co-Op
                  Waste Water Treatment Plant. While the prison plant is operating adequately, the Lee Cypress
                  Plant needs repair. If left in its present state, the plant could discharge nutrient laden water,
                  causing eutrophication within a pristine system.

                  9.4.3 Urban Runoff. Runoff from 1-75 may enter the Strand, potentially degrading the
                  system. On the southern end of the Preserve, runoff from US 41 flows under culverts and enters
                  the fragile estuarine communities.

                  9.5     RESTORATION OPTIONS
                          The options suggested below, or forms there of, have also been targeted by Fakahatchee
                  State Preserve in their Management Plan.

                  9.5.1 Hydrologic: Observationson flow dynamics should be implemented to determine if the


                                                                     86



            Figure 9-2. Barron River Canal

             200                                                            600


                                                                            500   a)
              150 ------------------------------------  ---------- ---------
                                                                                  CU
                                                                                  -I.-&
                                                                            400
                                                                                  :3
                                                                                  _0
              100 -------------------------------------------------------- -      C
                                                                            300   0


                                                                            200
               50 ------------- ---------------------------------------------     a)
                                                                                  CL
                                                                            100


                01
                                                                            0.



                                           Month


                              Flow      Specific Conductance





                                              Figure 9-3. Barron River Canal
                                                                                    Nitrate/Nitrite

                                                                  0.7


                                                                  0.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.5 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                  0.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -
                                                                  0.1 -- -- - - - - - - -- - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



                                                                               Total Phosphate

                                                                  0.7


                                                                  0.6 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                  0.5 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - -
                                                                  0.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.3 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.2 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - --- -


                                                                      0
                                                                  @,q I-Iq P 14,    ,qq  11 bq -It  le 1-11     101 1. 3-b 11     14   11 9!
                                                                  0.7           Orthophosphate

                                                                  0.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - -


                                                                  0.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


                                                                  0.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - --- -



                                                                                           Year

                                                                                               88










             culverts under SR 29 are sufficient to rehydrate prairies on the east side of Fakahatchee Strand.

                    Estimated Cost: to be incorporated within normal staff duties at Fakahatchee Strand
             State Preserve
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.6
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.1


             9.5.2 Land Conservation: Following the State acquisition of lands remaining within
             Fakahatchee Strand, the region can be managed as a whole, with no remaining outparcels.
             Management of this land should include a schedule of prescribed bums (DEP 1994).

                    Estimated Cost: dependent upon number of parcels and condition of land
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.5
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.3 and 6.8


             9.5.3 Vegetation: Many of the wetland communities, which were historically present, remain
             intact today. Some of the communities have been altered due to invasion of exotic species, such
             as melaleuca, Brazilian pepper and air potato (DEP 1994), and logging activities. Australian
             pine and melaleuca are currently under control and will soon be eradicated from the Preserve
             (DEP 1994). The estimated population of melaleuca within the Preserve was 10,000 trees in
             1990 and, due to exotic control practices, was reduced to 2,000 trees in 1992 (DEP 1994).
                    Additionally, some areas have been developed as roadways and tramlines. Most
             tramlines have not been used since the 1960s and are recolonizing with native vegetation.
             Monitoring the colonization of the tramlines- may provide insight into the succession of native
             plant species.

                    Estimated Cost: $1,000-2,000/acre
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.7
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 1.1


             9.5.4 Water Quality: Management of the Preserve should include long-term physical data on
             the amount of water, timing of water and flow rates. In conjunction with the physical data
             collection, there should be a water quality monitoring program to examine nutrients and
             pesticides entering the watershed with an attempt to determine the sources and stop the input.

                    Estimated Cost:' $50,000
                    Applicable Objectives:      RBNERR OBJ 2.16
                                                CCGMP-Cons. OBJ 2.2, 2.3 and 7.3







                                                         89









                                                Literature Cited


               Addison, D. and G. Lytton. 1992. Belle Meade (Western Big Cypress) CARL proposal. The
                      Conservancy, Inc. and Florida Department of Natural Resources, Rookery Bay National
                      Estuarine Research Reserve, Naples, FL. Jan 28, l5pp.

               Associated Press. 1994. Golf-course pesticide kills fish, regulators say. Naples Daily News,
                      July 12.

               Big Cypress Basin, SFWMD. 1994. Hydrologic Restoration of Southern Golden Gate Estates.
                      Quarterly Subgrant Report. July, 1994. 30pp.

               Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc. 1974. Master plan for Water Management District 6, Collier
                      County, Florida. Project No. 449-71-5 1. Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc. Gainsville, FL.
                      61pp.

               Bruns, R.C. and W.J. Edixon.. 1982. A report on the Henderson Creek drainage basin, Collier
                      County, Florida. Bruns and Bruns, Inc. Naples, FL. 48pp.

               Carlson, J.E. and M.J. Duever. 1983. The Big Cypress Basin water quality monitoring network
                      annual report for 1982. National Audubon Society. Naples, FL. I l Opp.

               CH2M Hill. 1982. Belle Meade - Royal Palm Hammock Water Management Plan. CH2M Hill.
                      Naples, FL. 11 8pp.

               Collier County Emergency Management Department and Environmental Resources
                      Management. 1989. Collier County Growth Management Plan: Conservation and
                      Coastal Management Element. Collier County Emergency Management Department and
                      Environmental Resources Management. Naples, FL. 486pp.

               Collier County Pollution Control Department. 1993. A preliminary assessment of estuarine
                      water quality in Collier County: 1972-1990. Pub. Series PC-AR-91-06. Collier County
                      Environmental Services Division. Naples, FL. 82pp.

               Collier County Pollution Control Department. 1993. Assessment report: Inland surface-water
                      quality monitoring network, January 1979 to December 1989. Collier County
                      Environmental Services Division. Naples, FL. 296pp.

               Collier County Pollution Control Department. 1993. Sediment quality in Collier County
                      estuaries, 1990-1991. Pub. Series PC-AR-93-07. Collier County Environmental Services
                      Division. Naples, FL. 55pp.



                                                           90









             Cox, J., R. Kautz, M. MacLaughlin and T. Gilbert. 1994. Closing the gaps in Florida's wildlife
                    habitat conservation system: Recommendations to meet minimum conservation goals for
                    declining wildlife species and rare plant and animal communities. Florida Game and
                    Fresh Water Fish Commission. Tallahassee, FL. 239pp.

             Dwinell, S. and S.M. Pickrell. 1990. Final Report: Impact of commonly used pesticides on the
                    water table aquifer in Collier County, Florida. Department of Environmental Regulation,
                    Pesticides and Data Review Section. Tallahassee, FL.

             Edmonson, J. 1987. Hazards of the game. Audubon Magazine, New York, N.Y. Dec., pp 25-
                    37.

             Ewel, K.C. 1990. Swamps. In Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida Press.
                    Orlando, FL. Pp. 281-323.

             Fields, S. 1993. Regulations and policies relating to the use of wetlands for nonpoint source
                    pollution control. In Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source
                    pollution. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
                    and Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL. Pp.
                    151-158.


             Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Recreation and Parks. 1994.
                    Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve Unit Management Plan. Florida Department of
                    Environmental Protection. Tallahassee, FL. 139pp.

             Golden Gate Estates Study Committee. 1977. Golden Gate Estates Redevelopment Study,
                    Collier County, Florida. Collier County Government. Naples, FL. 222pp.

             Hammer, D. 1993. Designing constructed wetlands systems to treat agricultural nonpoint source
                    pollution. In Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution.
                    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of *Research and Development and Office
                    of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL. Pp. 71 -111.

             Kushlan, J.A. 1990. Freshwater Marshes. In Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central
                    Florida Press. Orlando, FL. Pp. 324-363.

             Law Environmental, Inc. 199 1. Joint application for works in the waters of Florida for Lely and
                    Lely branch canal and Lely Manor basins - Collier County Water Management District 6.
                    Law Environmental Inc., Florida Operations Branch. Tampa, FL. 462pp.

             Mitsch, W. 1993. Landscape design and the role of created, restored and natural riparian
                    wetlands in controlling nonpoint source pollution. In Created and natural wetlands for
                    controlling nonpoint source pollution. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of

                                                          91









                       Research and Development and Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. CRC Press,
                       Inc. Boca Raton, FL. Pp. 43-70.

                Olson, RK (ed.). 1993. Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution.
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development and Office
                       of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. CRC Press, Inc.. Boca Raton, FL. 216pp.

                Pait, A.S., A.E. De Souza and D.R.G. Farrow. 1992. Agricultural pesticide use in coastal areas:
                       A national summary. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                       Administration. Rockville, MA. 112pp.

                South Florida Water Management District. 1989. Surface water improvement      and management
                       plan for the Everglades. Vol. III. Technical Report. South Florida Water Management
                       District. West Palm Beach, FL.

                South Florida Water Management District, Planning Department Staff. 1994. Lower West
                       Coast Water Supply Plan - Volume IL Background Document. South Florida Water
                       Management District, Upper District Planning Division. West Palm Beach, FL. 20pp.

                Tabb, D.C., E.J. Heald, T.R. Alexander, M.A. Roessler and G.L. Beardsley. 1976. An
                       ecological and hydrological assessment of the Golden Gate Estates drainage basin, with
                       recommendations for future land.use and water management strategies. Tropical
                       Biolndustries Development Co. 178pp.

                The Conservancy, Inc. 1986. Cost to society of draining wetlands-Golden Gate Estates. The
                       Conservancy, Inc. Naples, FL. 189pp.

                Thomson, W.T. 1987. Agricultural chemicals: Book IV-Fungicides, 1988 revision. Thomson
                       Publications. Fresno, CA. 196pp.

                Thomson, W.T. 1986. Agricultural chemicals: Book II-Herbicides, 1986-87 revision.
                       Thomson Publications. Fresno, CA. 3 0 1 pp.

                Thomson, W.T. 1985. Agricultural chemicals: Book I-Insecticides, 1985-86 revision.
                       Thomson Publications. Fresno, CA. 255pp.

                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1986. Golden Gate Estates, Collier County, Florida, draft
                       feasibility report. U.S. Department of the Army. Jacksonville, FL. 290pp.

                Williams, D., D. Worley and E. Livingston. 1994. Section 6217: Coastal nonpoint source
                       control program, workshop briefing paper. Florida Department of Environmental
                       Protection, Stormwater/Nonpoint Source Management Section. Tallahassee, FL. 3 1 pp.


                                                               92




  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I                                     APPENDIX A
  I
  I                   Pesticides Used On Golf Cours.es Within The Watershed
  I                                                                 -
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  1                                             93
  1










                                      Pesticide Use on Golf Courses within the Watershed

                   Number and Region                   Insecticides              Fungicides                Herbicides

                   1. Belle Meade Area (S)             -amdro                    -alganax                  -basagran
                                                       -dursban                  -Cleary's 3336            -2,4-D
                                                       -oftanol                  -subdue                   -image
                                                       -orthene                  -triple action            -kerb
                                                       -nemacur                                            -MSMA

                   2. Belle Meade (SW)                 -orthene                  -Cleary's 3336            -basagran
                                                       -proax                    -fore                     -Scott's DMC
                                                       -turcam granules                                    -illoxan
                                                                                                           -MSMA

                   3. Belle Meade (S)                  -astrol                   -alliette                 -basagran
                                                       -dipel                    -award                    -2,4-D
                                                       -dursban                  -banrot                   -fusilade
                                                       -mole cricket bait        -chipco                   -gallery
                                                       -kelthane,                -consan                   -garlon
                                                       -mavrik                   -fore                     -illoxan
                                                       -nemacur                  -Lesco 4 FLBL             -image
                                                       -orthene                  -subdue                   -kerb
                                                       -oftanol                  -thalonil                 -MSMA
                                                       -permanone                                          -roundup
                                                       -proax                                              -rodeo
                                                       -slugfest                                           -sencor
                                                       -triumph                                            -surflan
                                                       -turcam                                             -trimec

                                                       -vector

                   4. Belle Meade (S)                  -dursban                  -daconil                  -illoxan
                                                       -orthene                  -manyx                    -MSMA
                                                       -nemacur                  -subdue                   -trimec

                   5. Water Management                 -dimension                -arsenal                  -illoxan
                   District 6 (N)                      -gammarnean               -award                    -MSMA
                                                       -mavrik                   -benomyl                  -remedy
                                                       -oftanol                  -chipco                   -roundup
                                                       -orthene                  -daconil                  -surflan
                                                       -sevin                    -dursban                  -trimee
                                                                                 -subdue                   -tordon





                                                                          94









                   Number and Region                 Insecticides             Fungicides              Herbicides

                   6. Water Management               -dursban                 -banall                 -2,4-D
                   District 6 (N)                    -orthene                 -daconil                -illoxan
                                                     -pagent                  -subdue                 -MSMA

                   7. Water Management               -amdro                   -bayleton               -barracade
                   District 6 (SW)                   -nemacur                 -chipco                 -basagran
                                                     -Sevin                   -subdue                 -2,4-D
                                                     -Sevin mole cricket                              -illoxan
                                                     bait                                             -roundup

                   8. Water Management               -dursban                 -bayleton               -basagran
                   District 6 (W)                    -gammamean               -daconil                -illoxan
                                                     -orthene                 -rubigan                -image
                                                     -proax                   -subdue                 -MSMA
                                                     -turcarn                                         -sencor

                   9. Water Management               -astrol                  -thalonil               -basagran
                   District 6 (NE)                   -dursban                                         -MSMA
                                                     -orthene                                         -roundup


                   10. Water Management              -crusade                 -daconil                -basagran
                   District 6 (W)                    -dursban                 -mancozeb               -gallery
                                                     -nemacur                 -subdue                 -kerb
                                                     -orthene                 -thalonil               -illoxan
                                                     -triumph                                         -Lesco 3-way
                                                     -turcam                                          -MSMA
                                                     -vector                                          -roundup

                   11. Water Management              -amdro                   -alliette               -barricade
                   District 6 (N)                    -mavrik                  -award                  -basagran
                                                     -nemacur                 -banall                 -Scotfs BMC
                                                     -orthene                 -banner                 -gallery
                                                     -triumph                 -bayleton               -illoxan
                                                     -turcam                  -coban                  -MSMA
                                                                              -daconil                -roundup
                                                                              -subdue                 -sencor
                                                                                                      -surflan
                                                                                                      -trimec







                                                                       95









                Number and Region               Insecticides           Fungicides             Herbicides

                12. Water Management            -dursban               -alliette              -asulox
                District 6 (N)                  -orthene               -daconil               -basagran
                                                -talstar               -mancozeb              -illoxan
                                                -tempo                 -subdue                -MSMA
                                               I                      I                      I-sencor
























































                                                                 96




  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I                                  APPENDIX B
  I
  I
             Management And Storage Of Surface Water Permits Issued Within The
  I                                      Watershed
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  1                                          97
  I









                                               Water Management District Permits

                    Permit         Permittee        Location        Acreage       Retention          25 yr        Receiving
                                                     S-T-R                         Acreage           storm           Water
                                                                                                  discharge          Body
                                                                                                       (cfs)

                        75           Thomas         10-51-28           160             12              10.1           n/a
                                      Bros.

                    76 and 97          6Ls            51-27            2737            n/a             173           US 41
                                                                                                                     Canal

                        79          West Fla        4-51-28            105             95              31            US 41
                                      Aqua                                                                           Canal

                        85           Collier        31-50-26           640             n/a             40.4           n/a
                                   Dev. Corp.

                        95            N.T.          10-51-28           1965            n/a             124           Tidal
                                    Gargiulo                                                                         Marsh

                        116         Carl Gran       6-51-27            174             n/a             11            US 41
                                                                                                                     Canal

                        144         Double B        4-51-27            265             n/a             18.9       Henderson
                                      Farms                                                                          Creek

                        201         K. Smits        25-50-26           640             n/a             40         Henderson
                                    and Sons                                                                         Creek
                                                                                                                         A.

                        124        Riverwood        10-51-27           n/a        infiltration         n/a            n/a
                                                                                     trench

                        137        Del-Meade        11-51-27           56.5       infiltration         n/a            n/a
                                       Park                                            with
                                                                                   overflow

                        191          Naples         17-51-27           207             41              11            US 41
                                       Isles                                                                         Canal

                        194           Quail         11-51-27           53              12.9            38.7       Henderson
                                     Roost                                                                           Creek

                        203          Sander's       20-50-27           83.6            61.6            10         Henderson
                                     Quarry                                                                          Creek,



                                                                       98










                 Permit       P ermittee     Location      Acreage      Retention        25 yr      Receiving
                                              S-T-R                      Acreage        storm          Water
                                                                                      discharge        Body
                                                                                         (cfs)

                   204          Eagle        4-51-27          324           n/a           n/a       Henderson
                                Creek                                                                  Creek

                   240         Imperial      13-51-26         n/a           7.8           30           Tidal
                              Wilderness                                                               Marsh

                   331          Rinker       11-50-26         330           n/a           n/a           n/a
                                Quarry

                   368         Landfill      36-49-26         307           34            54        Henderson
                                                                                                       Creek

                   450        Woodfield      3-51-27          75            21.5           9           Tidal
                                 Lake                                                                  Marsh

                   544        Tall Oaks      33-50-26         57.6          7.4            3        Henderson
                                                                                                       Creek

                   685          Mass.        24-51-26         950           n/a           n/a          Tidal
                                Mutual                                                                 Marsh






























                                                              99




  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I                                     APPENDIX C
  I
  I
                  Volume Of Fill Required For South Golden Gate Estates Canals
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
  1                                            100
  I










                                                 W.L. 3.1                        3  3                   1-@

                                                                                     W1 62
                                                                                     Wrr

                                                                                     ftL.


                                                                                                       5 Z





                                                  3



                                                 t-3     GIB

                                                                                                                                 A-2





                                                      c 3



                                                  36   9-1     31 "1            2                            2


                                                             *1 IR si
                                                             W L
                                                                                      wt 40                  Awt (I G,       N           .,,I  OAM)
                                                                                       wk 10                                                   .3a
                                                                    10 T. ve SE                              WEIR No
                                                                                                                                         @L, 20
                                                                                                                                     6  we,
                                                                                                                                        Alt 5 5



                                                       0-3





                                                                                                         J

                                                                                                                           L

                                                                                                                           L 2



                                                                                                             1P.L -2
                                                                            w                                L@L -2



                                                                                  -2
                                                                                    T-2



                                                                                          J.4
                                                 36                                                                     36          31
                                                                                          V, ir




                                                                                             ALSO J-2 A                             6
                                                              6
                                                                                         W It 40 24
                                                                                          w






  n index.
                                                                                                             2       @IA


                                                                                             0




                                                       Figure A. South Golden Gate Estates Ca-tial Cross-secti                                       .ons.
                                                                                  101











                                                        South Golden Gate Canals
                                         Canal              Cross-Section                     Volume
                                                                                    (yd' per 60 ft. length)

                                    MILLER                          D-3                          4,950

                                                                    C-3                          7,280

                                                                    B-3                          8,340

                                                                    V-2                          8,210

                                                                    U-2                          10,220

                                    FAKA UNION                      A-3                          17,150

                                                                    Y-2                          20,000

                                                                    X-2                          20,850

                                                                    W-2                          24,440

                                                                    T-2                          53,330

                                    MERRITT                         S-2                          1,60

                                                                    R-2                          3,890

                                                                    Q-2                          5,500

                                                                    P-2                          11,460

                                                                    K-2                          14,080

                                    PRAIRIE                         A-2                          1,450

                                                                    Y-1                          2,670

                                                                    N-2                          3,320

                                                                    M-2                          3,500

                                                                    L-2                          5,500
















                                                                     102












   N















 14

 I                                     APPENDIX D
 I
 I                      Water Quality Standards For The State Of Florida
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 1                                             103
 I





 I
 I                                                                          -. .
 I
 I
 I                                      APPENDIX D                    %
 I
 I                      Water Quality Standards For The State Of Florida
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 1                                              103










                                                                                        Class III: Recreation, Propagation and                   Class IV:              Class V:
         Parameter                 Units           Class 1:           Class IT:              Maintenance of a Healthy, Well-                   Agricultural           Navigation,
                                                   Potable            Shellfish              Balanced Population of Fish and                       Water               Utility and
                                                   Water            Propagation                             Wildlife                              Supplies           Industrial Use
                                                   Supply          or Harvesting          Predominantly              Predominantly
                                                                                           Fresh Waters              Marine Waters


         1. alakalinity          milligrams/1     shall not be                           shall not be depressed                                     -<600
                                  as CaCO,         depressed                                   below 20
                                                   below 20

         2. aluminum             milligrams/1                              1.5                                                1.5

         3. ammonia              milligrams/1        !gO.02                                      -<0.02
         (unionized)               as NH3

         4. antimony             micrograms/         !g 14.0            !g4,300                  A,300                     !g4,300


         5a. arsenic (total)     micrograms/          !-.50               f50                     <50                        !gso                    !@50                   .550


         5b. arsenic                                                      K36                                                @.36
         (trivalent)



















                                                                                        104










         Parameter                      Units              Class I               Class 11                 Class III: Fresh           Class III: Marine                  Class IV                   Class V

         6. bacteriological             number per         MPN or MF          MPN shall not               MPN or MF counts                MPN or MF counts
         quality (fecal                 100 ml             counts shall      exceed a median              shall not exceed a              shall not exceed a
         coliform bacteria)             (most              mot exceed a      value of 14 with             monthly average of              monthly average of
                                        probable           monthly          not more than 10%         200, nor exceed 400 in         200, nor exceed 400 in
                                        number             average of        of these samples             10% of the samples,             10% of the samples,
                                        (MPN) or           200, nor            exceeding 43           nor exceed 800 on any          nor exceed 800 on any
                                        membrane           exceed 400                                     one day. Monthly                one day. Monthly
                                        filter (MF))       in 10% of the                                  averages shall be               averages shall be
                                                           samples.                                   expressed as geometric         expressed as geometric
                                                           Monthly                                        means based on a                means based on a
                                                           averages shall                                 miniimum of 10                  miniimum of 10
                                                           be expressed                                   samples taken over a            samples taken over a
                                                           as geometric                                    30 day period.                 30 day period.
                                                           means based
                                                           on a minimum
                                                           of 5 samples
                                                           taken over a
                                                           30 day period.

         7. bacteriological             number per         :c 1,000 as a    median MPN shall              :r. 1,000 as a monthly          1,000 as a monthly
         quality (total                 100 ml             monthly avg.,    not exceed 70, and        avg., nor exceed 1,000         avg., nor exceed 1,000
         coliform bacteria)             (most              nor exceed       not more than 10%             in more than 20% of             in more than 20% of
                                        probable           1,000 in more      of the samples          the samples examined           the samples examined
                                        number             than 20%,of        shall exceed an             during any month;               during any month;
                                        (MPN) or           the samples         MPN of 230.                :0,400 at any time.             :@2,400 at any time.
                                        membrane           examined                                   Monthly averages shall         Monthly averages shall
                                        filter (MF))       during any                                     be expressed as                 be expressed as
                                                           month, nor                                 geometric means based          geometric means based
                                                           exceed 2,400                                   on a minimum of 10              on a minimum of 10
                                                           at any time,                                   samples taken over a            samples taken over a
                                                           using either                                   30 day period,using             30 day period,using
                                                           MPN or MF                                      either MPN or MF                either MPN or MF
                                                           counts.                                             counts.                        counts.












                                                                                                          105










         Parameter                 Unit          Class I             Class 11           Class III: Fresh         Class III: Marine            Class IV               Class V

         8. barium             milligrams/l

         9. benzene            microgramsl          1. 18       !01.28 annual avg.      :M.28 annual avg.         :g7l.28 annual avg.


         10. beryllium         microgramsl        !gO.0077       0. 13 annual avg.       !A 13 annual avg.         KO. 13 annual avg.       :g 100 in waters
                                     I          annualavg.                                                                                with a hardness in
                                                                                                                                           mg/l of CaC03 of
                                                                                                                                           less than 250 and
                                                                                                                                           shall not exceed
                                                                                                                                             500 in harder
                                                                                                                                                waters














































                                                                                          106









         Parameter                    Unit               Class I             Class 11             Class III: Fresh            Class III: Marine                Class IV                  Class V

         11. biological               percent            The 1ndex for    The Index for          The Index for benthic        The Index for benthic         -A.42 annual avg.
         integrity                  reduction            benthic              benthic             macroinvert-ebrates          macro invert-ebrates
                                   ofShannon-            macroinvert-      macroinvert-          shall not be reduced to      shall not be reduced to
                                     Weaver              ebrates shall  ebrates shall not be        less than 75%of               less than 75%of
                                     Diversity           notbereduced     reduced to less         background levels as         background levels as
                                       Index             to less than       than 75%of              measured using                measured using
                                                         75%of          background levels        organisms retained by        organisms retained by
                                                         background     as measured using         U.S. standard No. 30         U.S. standard No. 30
                                                         levels as      organisms retained      sieve and collected and       sieve and collected and
                                                         measured        by U.S. standard          composited from a            composited from a
                                                         using           No. 30 sieve and          minimum of three             minimum of three
                                                         organisms         collected and           Hester-Dendy type              natural substrate
                                                         retained by    composited from a          artificial substrate        samples, taken with
                                                         U.S. standard  minimum of three          samplers of 0. 10 to         Ponar type samplers
                                                         No. 30 sieve    natural substrate         0. 15m'area each,              with a minimum
                                                         and collected    samples, taken         incubated for a period        sampling area of 225
                                                          and            with Ponar type             of four weeks.                     cm 2.
                                                         composited      samplers with a
                                                         from a              minimum ,
                                                         minimum of      sampling area of
                                                         three Hester-       225 cm'
                                                         Dendy type
                                                         artificial.
                                                         substrate
                                                         samplers of
                                                         0. 10 to 0. 15m'
                                                         area each,
                                                         incubated for
                                                         a period of
                                                         four weeks.

         12. B D                                         Shall not be increased to exceed values which would cause dissolved oxygen to be depressed below the limit established for each class
         (biochemical                                                                  and, in no case, shall it be great enough to produce nuisance conditions.
         oxygen demand)










           Parameter                      Unit              Class I                Class 11               Class III: Fresh              Class III: Marine                   Class IV                   Class V

           13. boron                  milligrdms/I                                                                                                                             :r.0.75

           14. bromates               milligrams/I                                    :000                                                           100

           15. bromine (free          milligrams/I                                    !A 1                                                         0. 1
           molecular)
           16. cadmium                microgramsl        Cd-<e(-"'2[InH]-             99.3                  Cdse(o  .785211ftHI-3.49)               !59.3
                                              1           1-49); 10 max

           17. carbon                 micrograms/         !gO.25 annual       !A42 annual avg.             -<4.42 annual avg.              A.42 annual avg
           tetrachloride                      I          avg.; 3.0 max
           18. chlorides              milligrams/I            s.250              Not increased                                            Not increased mor     'e                                 In predominantly
                                                                                more than 10%                                          than 10% above normal                                       marine waters, not
                                                                                 above normal                                            background. Normal                                      increased more than
                                                                                 background.                                              daily and seasonal                                       10% above normal
                                                                              Normal daily and                                           fluctuations shall be                                       background.
                                                                                    seasonal                                                  maintained.                                          Normal daily and
                                                                               fluctuations shall                                                                                                       seasonal
                                                                                be maintained.                                                                                                   fluctuations shall be
                                                                                                                                                                                                      maintained.

           19. chlorine (total        milligrams/I            :0.01                   !gO.01                      0.01                             &0.01
           residual)
           20a. chromium              micrograms/               Cr                 -,673,000             Cr (III)ge('-"91'ftHJ+1.561)           :g673,000                       Cr                 In predominantly
           (trivalent)                                   (111):ge (0.8 19(lnff]+                                                                                                  19[InHI+1.561)      freshwaters,
                                                               1.561)                                                                                                                              i9e (0.81911nH1+1.561). In
                                                                                                                                                                                                    predominantly
                                                                                                                                                                                                    marine waters,
                                                                                                                                                                                                        @r673,000











                                                                                                                108









         Parameter                     Unit             Class I               Class 11              Class III: Fresh             Class III: Marine                 Class IV                  Class V

         20b. chromium               micrograms/                                  @60                           I                          !rso                                          In predominantly
         (hexavalent)                                                                                                                                                                  freshwaters, :g H. In
                                                                                                                                                                                          predominantly
                                                                                                                                                                                       marine waters, :60.

         21 chronic toxicity
         (see definition in
         Section 17-
         302.200(3), F.A.C
         and also see below
         "Substances in
         concentrations
         which...")
         22. color, etc. (see        color, odor                                                                                                              Only such amounts
         also minimum                and taste                                                                                                                 as will not render
         criteria, odor,             producing                                                                                                                     the waters
         phenols, etc.)              substances                                                                                                                  unsuitable for
                                     and other                                                                                                                    agricultural,
                                     deleterious                                                                                                                   irrigation,
                                     substances,                                                                                                              livestock watering,
                                     including                                                                                                                 industrial cooling,
                                       other                                                                                                                   industrial process
                                     chemical                                                                                                                     water supply
                                     compounds                                                                                                                 purposes, or fish
                                     attributable                                                                                                                   survival
                                     to domestic
                                      wastes,
                                     industrial
                                     wastes and
                                     other wastes













                                                                                                     109











           Parameter                        Unit               Class I                 Class 11                Class III: Fresh               Class III: Marine                    Class IV                     Class V

           23, conductance,             micromhos/           shall not be                                     shall not be increased                                               shall not be             shall not exceed
           specific                           cm               increased                                      more than 50% above                                                increased more                    4,000
                                                              more than                                      background or to 1275,                                             than 50% above
                                                             50% above                                         whichever is greater                                            background or to
                                                             background                                                                                                        1275, whichever is
                                                              or to 1275,                                                                                                             greater
                                                             whichever is
                                                                greater
           24.copper                    micrograms/         Cu f e(O.1545(inH].           [email protected]                 CU @5e(o- 8545[InH]-i.465)               -0.9                          !600                         f500
                                                I                  I.465)

           25. cyanide                  micrograms/                !6.2                     1.0                          K5.2                              1.0                         :600                         K500
                                                1

           26. definitions (see
           Section 17-302.200,
           F.A.Q

           27. detergents               milligrams/1               :A5                    -<0.5                          :rO.5                           KO.5                          :0.5                          @50.5

           28. 1,1-                     microgrmas/         :A057 annual           K3.2 annual avg.              .;3.2 annual avg.                f 3.2 annual avg.
           dichloroethylene                     I          avg.; :0.0 max
           (1, 1 -dichloroethene)
           29.                          micrograms/          !A65 annual          K1,580 annual avg.            !c 1,5 80 annual avg.           S1,580 annual avg.
           dichloromethane                      I                  avg.
           (methylene
           chloride)

           30.2,4-                      micrograms/          &0. 11 annual         !-.9.1 annual avg.            0.1 annual avg.                  K9.1 annual avg.
           1dinitrotoluene                      I                  avg.








                                                                                                                       110









         Parameter                     Unit             Class I               Class 11             Class III: Fresh              Class III: Marine               Class IV                  Class V

         3 1. dissolved            milligrams/1       shall not be        shall not average        shall not be less than        shall not average less       shall not average         shall not be less
         oxygen                                      less than 5.0.       less than 5.0 in a      5.0. Normal daily and          than 5.0 in a 24 hour        less than 4.0 in a         than 0.3, fifty
                                                     Normal daily         24 hour period and       seasonal fluctuations         period and shall never      24 hour period and       percent of the time
                                                      and seasonal        shall never be less      above this level shall          be less than 4.0.         shall never be less      on an annual basis
                                                      fluctuations        than 4.0. Normal             be maintained              Normal daily and                 than 3.0            for flows greater
                                                       above this         daily and seasonal                                     seasonal fluctuations                                than or equal to 250
                                                      level shall be      fluctuations above                                     above this level shall                                  cubic feet per
                                                       maintained         this level shall be                                       be maintained                                      second and shall
                                                                             maintained                                                                                                never be less than
                                                                                                                                                                                      0. 1. Normal daily
                                                                                                                                                                                         and seasonal
                                                                                                                                                                                      fluctuations above
                                                                                                                                                                                       this level shall be
                                                                                                                                                                                          maintained

         32. dissolved solids      milligrams/1         :600 as a
                                                     monthly avg.;
                                                       1,000 max

         33. fluorides             milligrams/1           :gl.5                  :g 1.5                    :g 10.0                       :g5.0                      !@10-0                   :510.0

         34. "free froms"
         (see Minimum
         Criteria in Section
         17-302.500, F.A.C.)

         35. "general
         criteria" (see
         Section 17-302.510,
         F.A.C. and
         individual criteria)




     M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M





          Parameter                    Unit            Class I              Class 11             Class III: Fresh            Class III: Marine               Class IV                 Class V

          36a. Halomethanes         micrograms/          !000
          (total
          trihalomethanes)
          (total of
          bromoform,
          cholorodibromomet
          hane,
          dichlorobromometh
          ane and
          chloroform).
          Individual
          halomethanes shall
          not exceed b I. to
          b5. below

          36bl. Halomethanes micrograms/              :A.3 annual       A60 annual avg.            K360 annual avg.            060 annual avg.
          (individual):                   I              avg.
          bromoforrn

          36b2. Halomethanes micrograms/              0.41 annual        :534 annual avg,          f 34 annual avg.             0 4 annual avg.
          (individual):                   I              avg.
          chlorodibromometh

          ane

          36b3. Halomethanes micrograms/              tg5.67 annual    A70.8 annual avg.          !c470.8 annual avg,         [email protected] annual avg.
          (individual):                                  avg.
          chloroform

          36b4. Halomethanes micrograms/              !g5.67 annual    s,470.8 annual avg.        !A70.8 annual avg.          :A70.8 annual avg.
          (individual):                   I              avg.
          chloromethane
          1(methyl chloride)








                                                                                                        112









           Parameter                       Unit               Class I                 Class 11                Class III: Fresh                Class III: Marine                     Class IV                     Class V

           36b5. Halomethanes          micrograms/         :A27 annual            :M annual avg.                 K22 annual    Iavg.              :r.22 annual avg.
           (individual):                       I                avg.
           dichlorobromometh

           ane

           37.                         micrograms/         KO.45 annual          &49.7 annual avg.              -<49.7 annual avg.               A9.7 annual avg-
           hexachlorobutadieti                 I                avg.

           e

           38. imbalance (see
           nutrients)
           39. iron                    milligrams/1              :A3                      0.3                             1.0                            A.3                            & 1.0
           40. lead                    micrograms/         Pb & e0  .273[1nHj-            &5.6               Pb     e(l .273[inH]4.705) 50               :g5.6                          &50                         -60
                                               1           4.70'); 50 max                                               max

           41. manganese               milligrams/1                                       A. 1
           42. mercury                 micrograms/             -<0.012                  A.025                          @0.0 12                          &0.025                          :gO.2                        0. 2


           43. minimum
           criteria (see Section
           17-302.500, F.A.C.)

           44. mixing zones
           (see Section 17-
           4.246, F.A.C.)
           45. nickel                  micrograms/                Ni                      :g8.3                Ni :9e(O-846[1nM+1A645)                   g,8.3                          :000
                                                           :ge (0.8461lnM+1.1645














                                                                                                                   113




     = M = = M = = = = M = = = = = = M = =





          Parameter                     Unit             Class I               Class 11             Class III: Fresh             Class III: Marine                Class IV                  Class V

          46. nitrate               milligrams/1         10 or that
                                         asN          concentration
                                                       that exceeds
                                                       the nutrient
                                                          criteria

          47. nuisance species                                            substances in concentrations which result in the dominance of nuisance speciess: non shall be presen

          48a. nutrients                              The discharge of nutrients shall continue to be limited as needed to prevent violations of other standards contained in this chapter. Man-
                                                      induced nutrient enrichment (total nitrogen or total phosphorus) shall be considered degradation in relation to the provisions of Sections
                                                                                                        17-302.300, 17-302.700 and 17-4.242, F.A.C.

          48b. nutrients                                 In no case shall nutrient concentrations of a body of water be altered so as to cause an
                                                                        imbalance in natural popuations of aquatic flora or fauna.

          49 odor (also see           threshold                           shall not exceed 24                                                                                            Odor producing
          color, minimum                 odor                             at 60 degrees C as                                                                                           substances: only in
          criteria, phenolic           number                                daily average                                                                                               such amounts as
          compounds, etc.)                                                                                                                                                                   will not
                                                                                                                                                                                          unreasonably
                                                                                                                                                                                        interfere with the
                                                                                                                                                                                       use of the water for
                                                                                                                                                                                          the designated
                                                                                                                                                                                         purpose of this
                                                                                                                                                                                          classification.

          50a. oils and             milligrams/I       dissolved or          dissolved or         dissolved or emulsified       dissolved or emulsified           dissolved or             dissolved or
          greases                                     emulsified oils     emulsified oils and       oils and greases shall       oils and greases shall       emulsified oils and      emulsified oils and
                                                       and greases         greases shall not           not exceed 5.0                not exceed 5.0            greases shall not         greases shall not
                                                         shall not            exceed 5.0                                                                          exceed 5.0               exceed 10.0
                                                        exceed 5.0

          50b. oils and                                    No undissolved,or visible oil defined as irridescence, shall be present so as to cause taste or odor, or otherwise interfere with the
          greases                                                                                                   beneficial use of waters.








                                                                                                          114









          Parameter                       Unit               Class I                Class 11                Class III: Fresh               Class III: Marine                   Class IV                     Class V

          5 1. pesticides and
          herbicides

          51a.2,4,5-TP                micrograms/               !0o
                                              1

          5 1 b. 2,4-D                micrograms/                100


          5 1 c. aldrin               micrograms/            gO.00013           -0.00014 annual            0.00014 annual avg.;            &0.00014 annual avg.;
                                              I            annualavg.;            avg.; 1.3 max                    3.0 max                         1.3 max
                                                             3.0 max

          51d.                        micrograms/        :50.014 annual         <0.046 annual avg.           A.046 annual avg.               0.046 annual avg.
          betahexacholocyclo                  I                avg.
          hexane (b-BHQ

          5 le. chlordane,            microgram/t            A.00058            .0.00059 annual            !W.00059 annual avg.;           gO.00059 annual avg.;
                                                           annualavg.;          avg.; 0.004 max                  0.004 max                        0.004 max
                                                           0.0043 max

          51f DDT                     micrograms/            A.00059            -<0.00059 annual           A.00059 annual avg.;            0.00059 annual avg.;
                                              I            annualavg.;          avg.; 0.001 max                  0.00 1 max                       0.001 max
                                                           0.001 max

          5 1 g. demeton              micrograms/              <O. 1                    0.                           go. 1                            0.


          5 1 h. dieldrin             micrograms/            :go.00014          0.00014 annual             &0.00014 annual avg.;           A.00014 annual avg.;
                                              I            annualavg.;          avg.; 0.00 19 max                0.00 19 max                     0.00 19 max
                                                           0.0019 max

          5 1 L endosulfan            micrograms/             K0,056                 :0.0087                        A.056                          -<0.0087










                                                                                                             115











           Parameter                     Unit              Class I                Class 11               Class III: Fresh              Class III: Marine                  Class IV                   Class V

           5 1j. endrin               micrograms/            &0.0023               :50.0023                     KO.0023                        KO.0023
                                             1

           5 1 k. guthion             micrograms/            K0.0 I                   :A0 I                       A.01                           A.01


           5 11. heptachlor           micrograms/           [email protected]        :gO.00021 annual          250.00021 annual avg.;         A.00021 annual avg.;
                                             I           annualavg.;          avg.; 0.0036 max                0.0038 max                     0.0036 max
                                                          0.0038 max

           5 1 m. lindane (g-         micrograms/       f 0.0 19 annual         A.063 annual             A.063 annual avg.;             KO.063 annual avg.;
           benzene                           I          avg.; 0.08 max         avg.; 0. 16 max                 0.08 max                       0. 16 max
           hexachloride)
           5 In. malathion            micrograms/             KOA                     A.1                         :50.1                           0. 1
                                          I I

           51o.methoxychlor           micrograms/            A.03                     :50.03                      KO.03                          &0.03


           5 1 p. mirex               micrograms/            K0.001                 -A.00I                       -A.00I                          A.001


           5 1 q. parathion           micrograms/            :50.04                   A.04                        gO.04                          A.04


           5 1 r. toxaphene           micrograms/            A.0002                A.0002                       KO.0002                        A.0002
                                             1                             1                         1                              1                              1
           52a. PH (Class I and         standard         Shall not vary more than one unit above or below natural background provided that the PH is not lowered to less than 6 units or raised
           Class IV Waters)               units           above 8.5 units. If natural background is less than 6 units, the PH shall not vary below natural background or vary more than one unit
                                                         above natural background. If natural background is higher than 8.5 units, the PH shall not vary above natural background or vary more
                                                                                                                    than one unit below background.










                                                                                                               116






        Parameter                     Unit           Class I              Class 11             Class III: Fresh         I Class III: Marine                Class IV _TClass V
        52b. pH (Class If           standard       Shall not vary more than one unit above or below natural background of coastal waters as defined in Section 17-302.520(3)(b), F.A.C.
        Waters)                       units       or more than two-tenths unit above or below natural background of open waters as defined in Section 17-302.520(3)(f), F.A.C., provided
                                                    that the pH is not lowered to less than 6.5 units or raised above 8.5 units. If natural background is less than 6.5 units, the pH shall not
                                                     vary below natural background or vary more than one unit above natural background for coastal waters or more than two-tenthsunit
                                                        above natural background for open waters. If natural background is higher than 8.5 units, the pH shall not vary above natural
                                                   background or vary more than one unit below natural background of coastal waters or more than two-tenths below natural background
                                                                                                                   of open waters.

        52c. pH (Class III          standard         Shall not vary more than one unit above or below natural background of predominantly freshwaters and coastal waters as defined in
        Waters)                       units        Section 17-302.520(3)(b), F.A.C. or more than two-tenths unit above or below natural background of open waters as defined in Section
                                                   17-302.520(3)(f), F.A.C., provided that the pH is not lowered to less than 6 units in predominantly freshwaters, or less than 6.5 units in
                                                   predominantly marine waters, or raised above 8.5 units. If natural background is less than 6 units, in predominantly freshwaters or 6.5
                                                       units in prdominantly marine waters, the pH shall not vary below natural background or vary more than one unit above natural
                                                  background of predominantly fteshwaters and coastal waters, or more than two-tenths unit above natural background of open waters. If
                                                    natural background is higher than 8.5 units, the pH shall not vary above natural background or vary more than one unit below natural
                                                    background of predpminantly freshwaters and coastal waters, or more than two-tenths unit below natural background of open waters.
        52d. pH (Class V           standard                            Not lower than 5.0 nor greater than 9.5 except certain swamp waters which may be as low as 4.5.
        Waters)                       units

        53a.phenolic             micrograms/        Phenolic compounds as listed - total chlorinated phenols, including trichlorophenols, and chlorinated cresols,
        compounds: total                I               shall not exceed 1.0 except as set forth in b 1. to b6. below or unless highervalues are shown not to be
        (Classl, Class 11,                        chronically toxic. Such higher values shall be approved in writing by the Secretary. In addition, the compounds
        Class 111, and Class                         listed below shall not exceed the limits specified for each compound. Phenolic compounds other than those
        IV)                                           produced by the natural decay of plant material, listed or unlisted, shall not taint the flesh of edible fish or
                                                                      shellfish or produce objectionable taste or odor in a drinking water supply.

        53b L phenolic           micrograms/           :c 120                :@400                     _A00                        :AOO                      !@400
        compound: 2-                    1
        chlorophenol

        5     . phenolic         micrograms/            :63                  !090                      g790                        g790                      -<790
        compound: 2,4-                  1
        dichlorophenol








                                                                                                  117











        Parameter                 Unit           Class I           Class 11           Class III: Fresh        Class III: Marine            Class IV               Class V

        53b3.phenolic          milligrAms/l      A.0697              !r 14.26                 14.26                    14.26                 2@ 14.26
        compound: 2,4-
        dinitrophenol

        53b4.phenolic          micrograms/     !:2.1 annual     !g6.5 annual avg.       :@.6.5 annual avg.       :r6.5 annual avg.       :g6.5 annual avg.
        compound: 2,4,6-                           avg.
        trichlorophenol

        53b5. phenolic         micrograms/      f30 max;              K7.9           :530 max; g,8.2 annual            f7.9                    :00
        compund:                    I          A.28 annual                             avg.; !@e(' .005[pH]-5.29)
        pentachlorophenol                         avg.;
                                               :@e(' .005[pH]-5.29)

        53b6.phenoli           milligrams/1        :M                :r.4,600               :g4,600                   :r4,600                A,600
        compound: phenol




























                                                                                            118










          Parameter                     Unit              Class I               Class                 Class III: Fresh             Class III: Marine                  Class IV                   Class V

          53c. phenolic
          compounds: total                                                                                                                                                                       Phenolic
          (Class V)                                                                                                                                                                           compounds as
                                                                                                                                                                                             listed: chlorinated
                                                                                                                                                                                             phenols, including
                                                                                                                                                                                             trichlorophenols;
                                                                                                                                                                                             chlorinated cresols;
                                                                                                                                                                                             2-chlorophenol;
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2,4-di-
                                                                                                                                                                                              chlorophenol;
                                                                                                                                                                                             pentachlorophenot;
                                                                                                                                                                                                 and 2,4-
                                                                                                                                                                                             dinitrophenol, shall
                                                                                                                                                                                             not exceed 0.05.
                                                                                                                                                                                             Phenol: shall not
                                                                                                                                                                                               exceed 0.2.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 Phenolic
                                                                                                                                                                                             compounds other
                                                                                                                                                                                             than those produced
                                                                                                                                                                                             by the natural decay
                                                                                                                                                                                             of plant material,
                                                                                                                                                                                             listed or unlisted,
                                                                                                                                                                                             shall not taint the
                                                                                                                                                                                             flesh of edible fish
                                                                                                                                                                                               or shellfish.

          54. phosphorus            micrograms/                                    0. 1                                                      KO. I
          (elemental)                       I

          55. plithalate esters     micrograms/             :53.0                                              g3.0
                                            1

          56. polychlorinated       micrograms/          0.000044          0.000045 annual          A-000045 annual avg.;          0.000045 annual avg.;
          biphenyls (PCBS)                              annualavg.;          avg.; 0.03 max                 0.03 max                      0.03 max
                                                        0.014 max










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         Parameter                  Unit            Class I             Class 11           Class III: Fresh          Class III: Marine              Class IV               Class V

         57a. polycyclic         micrograms/        :A0028         KO.031 annual avg.       KO.031 annual avg.,        KO.031 annual avg.
         aromatic                      I          annualavg.
         hydrocarbons
         (PAHs). Total of.-
         Aacenaphthylene;
         benzo(a)anthracene.;
         benzo(a)pyrene;
         benzo(b)fluoranthen
         e;
         benzo(ghi)perylene;
         benzo(k)fluoranthen
         e; chrysene;
         dibenzo(a,h)anthrac
         ene; indeno(1,2,3-
         cd)pyrene; and
         phenanthrene

         57bl. (individual       milligrams/1         !c9.6                 110                    f1lo                        110
         PAHs): anthracene

         57b2. (individual       milligrams/1         s.1.3                 14                       14                         14
         PAHs): fluorene

         57b3. (individual       milligrams/]         A.96
         PAHs): pyrene

         57b4. (individual       milligrams/1         :50.3              rO.370                   A.370                      A.370
         PAHs):
         fluoranthene

















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         Parameter                    Unit             Class I              Class 11             Class III: Fresh            Class III: Marine                Class IV                  Class V

         57b5. (individual         milligrarns/l           1.2                 :52.7                      !c2.7                        :52.7
         PAHs):
         acenaphthene

         58a. radioactive          picocuries/1           !6                    :6                         :6                           :6                         !6                       !:5
         substances
         (combined radium
         226 and 228)

         58b. radioactive          picocuries/l           !C15                   15                         15                           15                         15                      15
         substances (gross
         alpha particle
         activity including
         radium 226, but
         excluding radon and
         uranium)

         59. selenium              micrograms/           .6.0                  :c7l                       !r5.0                        !-.71
                                         1

         60. silver                micrograms/          !A07                  A.05                       -A07                         A.05


         61.specific
         conductance (see
         conductance,
         specific, above)






                                                                      Cla                                                                                      T        Class V
                                                                                                        ---TClass III: Marine T Class IV
         Parameter                 Unit           Class   .I              ss 11    -FClass III: Fresh
         62. substances in                                                                              None shall be present.
         concentrations
         which injure, are
         chronically toxic to,
         or produce adverse
         physiological or
         behavioral response
         in humans, plants or
         animals

         63. 1,1,2,2-           micrograms/     --A 17 annual     :r. 10. 8 annual avg.     10. 8 annual avg.         10. 8 annual avg.
         tetrachloroethane            I              avg.

         64.                    micrograms/      0.8 annual       K8.85 annual avg.       :!;8.85 annual avg.        K8.85 annual avg.
         tetrachloroethylene          I        avg.; 0.0 triax
         (1,1,2,2-
         tetrachloroethene)

         65. thallium           micrograms/           13                 A8                       4 8                       !A8


         66. thermal criteria
         (see Section 17-
         302.520)

         67. total dissolved     percent of       -<I 10% of          !g 110% of           I 10% of saturation      :g I 10% of saturation
         gases                       the          saturation       saturation value             value                      value
                                 saturation         value
                                  value for
                                gases at the
                                  existing
                                atmospheric
                                    and
                                 hydrostatic
                                  pressures









                                                                                             122










         Parameter                     Unit              Class I               Class 11              Class III: Fresh              Class III: Marine                 Class IV                   Class V

         68. transparency           dpeth of the         shall not be         shall not be          shall not be reduced by       shall not be reduced by
                                    compensatio          reduced by        reduced by more             more than 10% as              more than 10% as
                                    n point for          more than            than 10% as          compared to the natural        compared to the natural
                                    photosynthe            10% as           compared to the            background value              background value
                                    tic activity         compared to      natural background
                                                         the natural              value
                                                         background
                                                           value

         69.                        micrograms/          [email protected] annual      K80.7 annual avg.           -<80.7 annual avg.            K80.7 annual avg.
         trichloroethylene                 I         avg.; !0.0 max
         (trichloroethene)

         70. 1,1,1-                 milligrams/1           :g3.100                  173                       :@173                          2g 173
         trichloroethane

         71. turbidity              nephelometr          !g29 above        K29 above natural           r29 above natural             :c29 above natural          @@29 above natural        -.09 above natural
                                    ic turbidity           natural            background            background conditions         background conditions              background                background
                                    units (NTU)          background            conditions                                                                            conditions                conditions
                                                         conditions

         72. zinc                   micrograms/             Zn                     :g86              Zn Ke(0- 847311nH1+03614),              !g86                       :51,000                    1,000
                                           1           -@e(o- 8473[[nH]+0.761                                K 1,000
                                                         4). K 1 .000


       Notes: (1) "annual avg." means the maximum concentration at average annual flow conditions (see Section 17-4.020(l), F.A.C.); (2) "max" means
       the maximum not to be exceeded at any time; (3) "InH" means the natural logarithm of total hardness expressed as milligrams/1 of CaC03-











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