[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                                  Water
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         New England Division                     Development
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         1991                                               Connecticut 1991





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                                                  On the Cover: The shore protection project on the Salmon River
                                                 at Colchester and East Hampton





                                               The work of the
                               U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                                  in
                                              Connecticut 1991

                                          This booklet presents a brief description of water re-
                                        sources projects completed by the U.S. Army Corps of
                                        Engineers in Connecticut. It describes the role of the
                                        Corps in planning and building water resource improve-
                                        ments and explains the procedure leading to the autho-
                                        rization of such projects.
                                          For case of reference, the material is arranged accord-
                                        ing to the type of project, i.e. flood damage reduction, navi-
                                        gation, or shore and bank protection. There is also a refer-
                                        ence at the end of the booklet that lists Corps' projects by
                                        community. A map showing the location of all Corps pro-
                                        jects in the state is provided on the underleaf of this page.
                                          The Corps of Engineers water resources development
                                        program exerts a significant impact on Connecticut's
                                        physical, economic, and social environment. This publi-
                                        cation affords citizens the opportunity to learn about the
                                        various projects and to determine how they can participate
                                        in decisions regarding present and future activities.
                                          For further information, call the Corps of Engineers at
                                        617-647-8777, or write:

                                                      U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                      New England Division
                                                      Public Affairs Office
                                                      424 Trapelo Road                               of CSC Librarr
                                                      Waltham, MA 02254                Property




                                        US Army Corps
                                        of Engineers                         U - S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                        New England Division                 COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                                             2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                                             CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413


   T:

                                                            This publication is authorized

                                                             by the Secretary of the Army

                                                             as required by PIL 99-662.
                                                TES









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                                                                                                                                 DEPARTM@NT OF THE ARMY                                                                    CORPS OF ENGINEERS, NEW ENGLAND DIVISION                                                                              WALTHAM, MA.










                     US Army Corps
                     of Engineers
                     New England Division


                        For more than 216years, the missions and accomplishments ofthe U.S. Army Corps ofEngin-
                     eers have closely reflected the needs and wants ofa growing, changing nation. For much ofthis time,
                     the Corps has played a major role in our nation's water resources development, including naviga-
                     tion,flood control, water qualiy and supply, recreation and relatedprojects.
                        Although the drivingforce behind our water resources development mission has remained con-
                     stant-providing qualiy service to the nation there have been several challenging adjustments in
                     how we meet this requirement.
                        One such change was the introduction of non-federal cost sharing in the Water Resources Devel-
                     opment Act. Though legislatively reaffirmed in the subsequent acts of 1988 and 1990, the true
                     value ofcost-shared development can be measured by the many successful projects ofthis partner-
                     ship and the healthy water resources program it ensuresfor thefuture.
                        Another challenge we havejaced recently is the increasedpublic concernfor their environment.
                     We have always complied with environmental laws and regulations and managed ourprojects as a
                     trust we holdfor thefuture. Compliance, however, is no longer enough. We are taking an active
                     position to not only protect but enhance ourfragile environment.
                        The Secreta?y of the Army has been directed to include environmental protection as one ofour
                     primag missions, and the Water Resources Development Act of 1990 established a "no net loss"
                     polig as an essential part ofall water resources development. In addition to making environmen-
                     tal considerations as important as engineering and economic considerationsfor new start projects,
                     we are taking a new look at existing projects to determine how they can be environmentally
                     improved.
                        Looking ahead to the needs ofour nation, we are taking a lead role in helping rebuild our
                     nation's aging infrastructure. The U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers has always been at theforfiont
                     ofinfrastructure develo ment in the United States exploring new ter7ito?yfor settlement, surveying
                                           p
                     transportation routes and opening rivers to navigation. Mile we work to restore and strengthen
                     the vital links in our infrastructure, we are also exploring new methods to meet increasing and
                     vaiying national requirements. One such effort is ajointfederal, non-federal demonstration project
                     to determine thefeasibiliy ofa U.S. developed and built high-speed magnetic levitation trans-
                     portation gstem.
                        We have also been working actively with the construction indusby on a cost-shared Construc-
                     tion Productiviy Advancement Research Program. This program has the double benefits ofin-
                     creasing the U.S. construction indushy's competitive abiliy in the international market while
                     providing more effective techniques, equipment andprocessesforfederal and non-federal projects in
                     the United States
                        With these initiatives, we are building on the Corps'traditions ofprofessionalism and service to
                     meet the needs ofour nationfor another 200years. We are proud of the partnerships we have
                     forged, and lookforward to an exciting, rewardingfuture in water resources development.
                        This booklet is one in a series detailing water resources programs in the 50 states and U.S.
                     possessions. I hopeyoufind it interesting andjeel some pride ofownership.




                                                                                      HJ. HATCH
                                                                                      Lieutenant General, USA
                                                                                      Commanding










                         US Army Corps
                         of Engineers
                         New England Division


                            The U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers has along and pro udhisto?Y of applying its expertise in
                         engineering and related disciplines to meet the Nation's nee&. Over theyears, those nee& have
                         evolved,from such 19th Centug activities as exploration, pathfinding and lighthouse construction
                         to such modem missions as hazardous and toxic waste removal and environmental improvement.
                         The centralfocus ofits Civil Works mission, however, hasfrom its earliest days, been development
                         ofthe Nation 's water resources.
                            The water resource projects developed by the Corps ofEngineers, in cooperation with State and
                         localproject sponsors, have proven themselves time and again as wise investments ofpublicfunds,
                         returning to the public in benefits-low cost transportationflood damages prevented, etc.-far
                         more than their cost to plan, build and operate. As a result, the Civil Works program enjoys a high
                         degree ofcredibiliy within the Administration, and with Congress. With, a program ofmore than
                         $3.5 billion in Fiscal Year 1991, the Civil Works program was one ofthe veryfew "domestic dis-
                         cretionag" activities of the Federal government to receive an increase infunding thatyear
                            Yet, proud as we are of the respect this program commands within the Federal government, we
                         are even prouder of the trust that ourpartners the States, local governments, port authorities, water
                         management districts and other localproject sponsors place in us.
                            Each Corps ofEngineers project is the product of an orderly study and design process. Under
                         provisions ofthe Water Resources Development Act of 1986, sponsors demonstrate their commit-
                         ment early in the project development process by agreeing tojointfunding ofthefeasibiliy study
                         upon which a project's construction authorization will be based, and to cost sharing ofthe project's
                         construction once it is authorized. To date, more than 150 non-Federal sponsors have signed Local
                         Cooperation Agreementsfor studies or congressionally authorizedprojects.
                            The engineering expertise and responsiveness of the Corps ofEngineers, gained in the Civil
                         Works and Supportfor Others programs as well as in its milita?y construction role, has stood the
                         Nation in good steadfrom Alaska, where it participated in the oil spill cleanup; to Puerto Rico,
                         the Virgin Islands and the Southeastern States, where it spearheaded recoveg efforts after Hurri-
                         cane Hugo; to California in the afiermath of the Loma P7ieta Earthquake; to the Midwest and
                         California as they deal with continuing drought; to Panama and the Middle East in Operations
                         JUS T CAUSE and DESERT SHIELDIDESERT S TORM; to dozens of other locations.
                         Matever challenges arise in theyears and decades ahead, I have no doubt that the Army Corps of
                         Engineers will be equal to the task.




                                                                                           G. Edward Dickey
                                                                                           Acting Principal Deputy
                                                                                           Assistant Secretary of the
                                                                                           Army (Civil Works)





          Table of Contents

          A. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS                                                      Danbury                                         46
                PROGRAMS AND SERVICES                                      I                   Derby                                           47
                 1.  Civil Works Overview                                  3                   East Hartford                                   47
                     Introduction                                          4                   Folly Brook, Wethersfield                       48
                     Authorization and Planning Process for                                    Hartford                                        48
                       Water Resource Projects                             6                   North Canaan                                    49
                     Navigation                                            6                   Norwalk                                         49
                     Flood Control and Flood Plain Management              7                   Norwich                                         50
                     Flooding in New England                               9                   Torrington - East Branch                        50
                     Reservoir Control Center                              14                  Torrington - West Branch                        51
                     Shore and Hurricane Protection                        16                  Waterbury/Watertown                             51
                     Hydropower                                            17                  Mad River, Waterbury (Woodtick)                 52
                     Water Supply                                          18                  West River, New Haven                           52
                     Environmental Quality                                 18                  Winsted                                         53
                     Regulatory Programs                                   19         111.  Navigation                                         54
                     Recreation                                            20               Navigation Projects in Connecticut                 55
                     Emergency Response and Recovery                       21
                                                                                            Black Rock Harbor                                  56
                                                                                            Branford Harbor                                    57
          B.    DESCRIPTION OF PROJECTS                                    23               Bridgeport Harbor                                  57
                                                                                            Clinton Harbor                                     58
                  1. River Basins                                          25               Compo Beach                                        58
                     Housatonic                                            26               Connecticut River                                  58
                     Connecticut                                           27               Duck Island Harbor                                 60
                     Pawcatuck                                             28               Fivemile River Harbor                              60
                     Thames                                                29               Greenwich Harbor                                   61
                                                                                            Guilford Harbor                                    61
                 H. Flood Damage Reduction                                 30               Housatonic River                                   62
                     Dams and Reservoirs                                   31               Mianus River                                       62
                         Black Rock Lake in Thomaston and                                   Milford Harbor                                     62
                           Watertown                                       32               Mystic River                                       62
                         Colebrook River Lake in Colebrook                 32               New Haven Harbor                                   63
                         East Branch Dam in Torrington                     33               New London Harbor                                  64
                         Hall Meadow Brook Dam in Torrington               33               Niantic Bay and Harbor                             65
                         Hancock Brook Lake in Plymouth                    34               Norwalk Harbor                                     65
                         Hop Brook Lake in Naugatuck,                                       Patchogue River                                    66
                           Middlebury and Waterbury                        35               Pawcatuck River and
                         Mad River Lake in Winchester                      36                  Little Narragansett Bay                         66
                         Mansfield Hollow Lake in Mansfield                                 Port Chester Harbor                                67
                           and Windham                                     36               Southport Harbor                                   67
                         Northfield Brook Lake in Thomaston                                 Stamford Harbor                                    68
                           and Litchfield                                  37               Stonington Harbor                                  68
                         Sucker Brook Dam in Winchester                    37               Stony Creek                                        68
                         Thomaston Dam in Thomaston                        38               Thames River                                       68
                         West Thompson Lake in Thompson                    38               Westcott Cove                                      70
                                                                                            Westport Harbor and Saugatuck River                71
                     Hurricane Protection Barriers                         41               Wilson Point Harbor                                71
                         New London                                        42
                         Pawcatuck                                         42          rV.  Shore and Bank Protection                          72
                         Stamford                                          43               Shore and Bank Protection Projects
                     Local Protection Projects                             45                  in Connecticut                                  73
                         Ansonia                                           46               Burial Hill Beach                                  74
                         Byram River, Greenwich                            46               Calf Pasture Beach                                 74









                       Compo Beach                                      74       C.    STUDIES                                               84
                       Cove Island                                      74             Flood Damage Reduction                                84
                       Cummings Park                                    74                 Housatonic River Basin                            84
                       Guilford Point Beach                             75                 Long Island Sound                                 84
                       Gulf Beach                                       75                 Rippowarn River                                   84
                       Gulf Street                                      75
                       Hammonasset Beach                                76             Navigation                                            84
                       Housatonic River, Salisbury                      76                 Stonington Harbor                                 84
                       Jennings Beac  'h and Ash Creek                  76             Shore and Bank Protection                             84
                       Lighthouse Point Park                            76                 East Haven                                        84
                       Middle Beach                                     76                 Prospect Beach                                    84
                       Connecticut River, Middletown                    76                 Woodmont Beach                                    84
                       Nonewaug River, Woodbury                         77
                       Port V Facility, Bridgeport                      77
                       Prospect Beach                                   78       D.    APPENDIX                                              85
                       Salmon River, Colchester                         78
                       Sasco Hill Beach                                 78              1. Communities with Corps Projects                   86
                       Sea Bluff Beach                                  78             11. Glossary                                          90
                       Seaside Park                                     79
                       Sherwood Island State Park                       79             111. Index                                            92
                       Short Beach                                      79
                       Silver Beach to Cedar Beach                      79
                       Farmington River, Simsbury                       80
                       Southport Beach                                  80
                       Squantz Pond, New Fairfield                      81
                       Woodmont Shore                                   81








                                                    U.S. ARMY CORPS
                                                                 OF ENGINEERS

                                                                        PROGRAMS
                                                                                         AND
                                                                              SERVICES














                                                                                                                                                                             Connecticut 1991    m









                                                                       CIVIL WORKS
                                                                              OVERVIEW





















                                                                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991    a





              Introduction

              The Corps traces its history back to April 26, 1775, seven          British. An astonished General Howe, commander of the
              days after the first shots of the American Revolution were          British forces, reportedly remarked that the Americans
              fired at Lexington, Massachusetts. Recognizing that the             had done more in one night than his entire army would
              need for military engineering skill would be important in           have done in six months. Exposed to the American bat-
              the war with England, the Massachusetts Provincial Con-             teries on Dorchester Heights and not strong enough to
              gress appointed Boston native Richard Gridley to the rank           fight Washington's troops in other parts of Boston, the
              of Colonel and chief engineer of the troops being raised in         British army and fleet departed Boston on March 17,
              the colony.                                                         never again to occupy Massachusetts.
                In the early morning hours ofjune 17, 1775, Gridley,                In 1802, Congress established a separate Corps of Engin-
              working under the cover of darkness, constructed a well-            eers within the Army, and at the same time established the
              designed earthwork on Breed's Hill that proved practically          U. S. Military Academy at West Point, the country's first-
              invulnerable to British cannon. The British eventually took         and for 20 years its only-engineering school. With the
              the hill (later called the Battle of Bunker Hill) when the          Army having the Nation's most readily available engineer-
              patriots ran out of gunpowder, but at a cost in casualties          ing talent, successive Congresses and Administrations es-
              greater than any other engagement of the war.                       tablished a role for the Corps as an organization to carry out
                Gridley was to play other critical roles in the early days        both military construction and works "of a civil nature."
              of the Revolution. On the evening of March 4, 1776, Grid-             Throughout the nineteenth century, the Corps super-
              ley, along with 2000 men and 360 oxcarts loaded with en-            vised the construction of coastal fortifications, lighthouses,
              trenching materials, moved into Dorchester Heights. By              several early railroads, and many of the public buildings in
              daylight, two strong protective barriers looked down at the         Washington, DC, and elsewhere. Meanwhile, the Corps of



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              Under the direction of Colonel Richard Gridley, American patriots worked diligently throughout the early morning hours ofjune 17, 1775, designing a stout
              earthworkfortification that helpedprotect American soldiersfrom British cannonade in the historic Battle ofBunker Hill.





              US Army Corps of Engineers








             Topographical Engineers, which enjoyed a separate exis-                            made it a natural to assume new water-related missions in
             tence for 25 years (1838-1863), mapped much of the Amer-                           such areas as flood control, shore and hurricane protec-
             ican West. Army Engineers served with distinction in war,                          tion, hydropower, recreation, water            supply and quality, and
             with many Engineer officers rising to prominence during                            wetland protection.
             the Civil War.                                                                        Today's Corps of Engineers carries out missions in three
               In its civil role, the Corps of Engineers became increas-                        broad areas: military construction and engineering support
             ingly involved with river and harbor improvements, carry-                          to military installations; reimbursible support to other
             ing out its first harbor and jetty work in the first quarter of                    Federal agencies (such as the Environmental Protection
             the nineteenth century. The Corps'ongoing responsibility                           Agency's "Superfund" program to clean up hazardous and
             for federal river and harbor improvements dates from                               toxic waste sites); and the Civil Works mission, centered
             1824, when Congress passed two acts authorizing the                                around navigation, flood control and-under the Water
             Corps to survey roads and canals and to remove obstacles                           Resources Development Acts of 1986 and 1990 a growing
             on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Over the years since,                          role in environmental protection.
             the expertise gained by the Corps in navigation projects

                                                                                          @6 na"                          Army engineers contributed to both planning and
                                                                                                                          construction ofour nation's capital. When the
                                                                                                M
                                                                             A                                            Capitol Building had to be reconstructed in 1857,
                                                                                                                          the Corps built two new wings and redesigned the
                                                                                                                          dome with cast and wrought iron. The completed
                                                                                                                          dome, which weighed almost nine million pounds,
                                                                                                                          was used by President Abraham Lincoln during
                                                                                          I       @M                      the Civil War as a symbol ofhis intention to pre-
                                                                                                                          serve the Union.







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             Cleaning chemical spills at hazardous waste sites is a team project between the Corps and the EPA. An area identified as a hazardous waste location was this
             site in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, near Cornell Pond and the Copicut River.






                                                                                                                                                               Connecticut 1991






              Authorization and                                                    States, the Chief of Engineers forwards the report and
                                                                                   environmental statement to the Secretary of the Army,
              Planning Process for                                                 who obtains the views of the Office of Management and
              Water Resources Projects                                             Budget before transmitting these documents to Congress.
                                                                                     If Congress includes the project in an authorization bill,
              Water resources activities are initiated by local interests,         enactment of the bill constitutes authorization of the pro-
              authorized by Congress, funded by Federal and non-                   ject. Before construction can get underway, however, both
              Federal sources, and constructed by the Corps under the              the Federal government and the local project sponsor
              Civil Works Program. New England Division has water                  must provide funds. Budget recommendations are based
              resource responsibilities in all six New England states.             on evidence of support by the State and by the ability and
              The area assigned to New England Division contains                   willingness of non-Federal sponsors to provide their share
              66,000 square miles, 13 million people, 6, 100 miles of              of the project cost.
              coastline, 13 major river basins and I I deep draft com-               Appropriation of money to build a particular project is
              mercial ports.                                                       usually included in the annual Energy and Water Develop-
                The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 made                   ment Appropriation Bill, which must be approved by both
              numerous changes in the way potential new water re-                  Houses of the Congress and the President.
              sources projects are studied, evaluated and funded. The
              major change is that the law now specifies non-Federal
              cost sharing for most Corps water resources projects.                Navigation
                When local interests feel that a need exists for improved
              navigation, flood protection, or other water resources de-           Rivers and waterways were the primary paths of commerce
              velopment, they may petition their representatives in Con-           in the new country. They provided routes from western
              gress. A Congressional committee resolution or an Act of             farms to eastern markets. They promised a new life to the
              Congress may then authorize the Corps of Engineers to                seaboard emigre and financial reward for the Mississippi
              investigate the problems and submit a report. Water re-              Valley merchant. Without its great rivers, the vast, thickly-
              sources studies, except studies of the inland waterway nav-          forested, region west of the Appalachians would have re-
              igation system, are conducted in partnership with a local            mained impenetrable to all but the most resourceful early
              sponsor, with the Corps and the sponsor jointly funding              pioneers.
              and managing the study.                                                Consequently, western politicians such as Henry Clay
                For inland navigation and waterway projects, which are             agitated for federal assistance to improve rivers. At the
              by their nature not "local," Congress has established, in            same time, the War of 1812 showed the importance of a
              the Water Resources Development Act of 1986, an Inland               reliable inland navigation system to national defense.
              Waterway Users Board, comprised of waterway transporta-              Thus, both commercial development and military needs
              tion companies and shippers of major commodities. This               required attention to river and harbor development. There
              Board advises the Secretary of the Army and makes recom-             was, however, a question as to whether transportation was,
              mendations on priorities for new navigation projects (e.g.,          under the Constitution, a legitimate Federal activity. This
              locks and dams, channel improvements, etc.). Such pro-               question was resolved when the Supreme Court ruled that
              jects are funded in part from the Inland Waterway Trust              the Commerce Clause of the Constitution granted the
              Fund, which in turn is fed by waterway fuel taxes.                   Federal Government the authority not only to regulate
                Normally, the study process for a water resource prob-             navigation and commerce, but also to make necessary nav-
              lem will include public meetings to determine the views              igation improvements.
              of local interests on the extent and type of improvements              The system of harbors and waterways maintained by the
              desired. The desires of local interests and the views of             Corps of Engineers remains one of the most important
              Federal, State, and other agencies receive full considera-           parts of the Nation's transportation system. Without con-
              tion during the planning process.                                    stant supervision, rivers and other waterways collect soil,
                Considerations which enter into recommendations to                 debris and other obstacles, which lead to groundings and
              Congress for project authorization include determinations            wrecks. New channels and cutoffs appear frequently, and
              that benefits will exceed costs, and that the engineering            the main traffic lanes require continual surveillance.
              design of the project is sound, best serves the needs of the           Where authorized to do so, the Corps maintains the
              people concerned, makes the wisest possible use of the               Nation's waterways as a safe, reliable and economically
              natural resources involved, and adequately protects the              efficient navigation system. Inland water-ways carry one
              environment.                                                         sixth of the Nation's inter-city cargo, and one job in five in
                A report, along with final environmental documenta-                the United States is dependent, to some extent, on the
              tion, is then submitted to higher authority for review and           commerce handled by the Nation's ports.
              recommendations. After review and coordination with all                River and Harbor work by the Corps of Engineers in
              interested Federal agencies and Governors of affected                New England was initiated by a congressional appropria-





              US Army Corps of Engineers


















                                                                                                                       A































          Jetties helpprovidesafe channelsfor commercial andrecreational vessels. Thejetties at Saquatucket Harbor in Harwich, Massachusetts, also helpprevent the
          buildup ofsediment in the channel by directing and confining the tidalflow.





          tion of $20,000 on May 26, 1824 "to repair Plymouth                   expertise in navigational work to devise solutions to flood-
          Beach, in the State of Massachusetts, and thereby prevent             ing problems along the river.
          the harbour at that place from being destroyed." From                   After a series of disastrous floods affecting wide areas,
          that initial project at America's first permanent settle-             including transportation systems, in the 1920's and 30's,
          ment, New England Division has completed 173 navigation               it was recognized that the Federal Government should
          projects , including federal navigation projects in I I deep          participate in the solution of problems affecting the public
          draft ports and adjacent waterways. The most visible of               interest when they are too large or complex to be handled
          The Corps navigation responsibilities is the Cape Cod                 by States or localities. As a result, Corps authority for flood
          Canal, which has been operated by the federal government              control work was extended in 1936 to embrace the entire
          since 1928. The canal is 17.5 miles long and is traversed by          country.
          19,000 vessels annually. In addition, its recreation features           The purpose of flood control work is to prevent flood
          attract over 4 million annual visitors to the project.                damage through flood flow regulation and other means.
                                                                                In addition, the Flood Control Act of 1944 provided that
                                                                                "flood control" shall include major drainage of land. These
          Flood Control and                                                     objectives are accomplished with structural measures, such
          Flood Plain Management                                                as reservoirs, levees, channels and floodwalls, or non-struc-
                                                                                tural measures which alter the way people would other-wise
          Federal interest in flood control began in the Alluvial               occupy or use the flood plain. Levees, channel improve-
          Valley of the Mississippi River in the 19th Century. As the           ments and flood walls built for flood control by the Corps
          relationship of flood control and navigation became appar-            of Engineers are turned over to non-Federal authorities for
          ent, Congress called on the Corps of Engineers to use its             operation and maintenance.





                                                                                                                                   Connecticut 1991








                Reservoirs constructed for flood control storage often in-       planning for floods and regulation of flood plain areas, thus
             clude additional storage capacity for multiple-purpose uses,        avoiding unwise development in flood-prone areas. Once
             such as the storage of water for municipal and industrial           community officials know the flood- prone areas in their
             use, navigation, irrigation, development of hydroelectric           communities and how often floods would be likely to occur,
             power, conservation of fish and wildlife, and recreation.           they can take necessary action to prevent or minimize dam-
                The Corps fights the Nation's flood problems by not only         ages to existing and new buildings and facilities by adopt-
             constructing and maintaining flood control structures, but          ing and enforcing zoning'ordinances, building codes and
             also by providing detailed technical information on flood           subdivision regulations. The Flood Plain Management
             hazards. Under the Flood Plain Management Services                  Services Program also provides assistance to other Federal
             Program, the Corps provides, on request, flood hazard               agencies and to State agencies in the same manner. In
             information, technical assistance and planning guidance to          many cases, fees are collected to cover a portion of the costs
             other Federal agencies, States, local governments and pri-          of these services.
             vate individuals. This information is designed to aid in






























































             US Army Corps of Engineers





            Flooding in New England

            New England has a long history of flooding. Through the                            because their reservoir capacities had been reached, the 35
            years it has been hit with various storms that have caused                         dams under the jurisdiction of the Corps' New England
            millions of dollars in damages. Some of the more destruc-                          Division held back billions of gallons of water that other-
            tive hurricanes and floods the area has experienced since                          wise would have caused severe flooding downstream. The
            1900 occurred in November 1927; March 1936; September                              amount of water held back by these dams from this heavy
            1938; September 1954; and August 1955. However, some                               rainfall was equivalent to a reservoir that could put the
            of the highest flood levels in New England history occurred                        entire state of Rhode Island under more than one foot of
            in April 1987 and gave many Corps dams their most seri-                            water. Damages prevented by Corps flood control projects
            ous test since they were built. Despite having six dams                            during the April 1987 storm amounted to $462.6 million.
            channel excess water through their emergency spillways







                                                                                                 Z
                                                                                               L





                                                                                                   Lw





                                                                                                                                   _A@

                                                1927

             Floodwaters swirl around homes and trees in this
               Vermont communi!y during the November 1927                                                            @,7
                 flood. The storm claimed 21 lives and caused
                            $29.3 million in propery damage














                                                                        ANEW U,
                                                1936                                                                            AW-
             The rampaging waters of the North Nash no Ri ver
               ripped through the downtown area ofFitchburg,
                 Massachusetts, during the March 1936flood,
                  taking with it homes, automobiles, and com-
                  mercial and industrial propery. Eleven lives
                                                                                                              77%7@%'777%
                    were lostfirom thisflood and damages were
                                   estimated at $66.4 million.







                                                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991











                                                                                                                                            4












                                                                   v















                                                   ------- --------







                                                                                                                              %               A.,
                                                                                                                                                   7:@











                                  Watersfiom the Connecticut Riversurround theHaqford South Meadows Power Station (center) andcover much ofHaq/ord,
              1936                Connecticut, during the March 1936flood. The springfloods of 1936 brought widespread disasterfiom Maine to Magland and helped
                                  moldpolitical andpublic opinion that culminated in the Flood Control Act of 1936, which recognized the proper involvement of thefeder-
                                  algovernment inflood control. (Copyright 1936 The Hartford Courant).

















                                                                                                                            _4
                                              1938                                                                                    Z - 7F - -
                                                                                                                                                  Pf ,

               The heavy rains ofthe September 1938 hurricane
                 aused the Contoocook River toflood a section of
                Eastjaffrey, New Hampshire. This storm, with
               its 121 mp.h. gusts, took the lives ofeightpeople
                 in New England and caused damages of$48.6
                million (about $740 million in today's dollars).





              US Army Corps of Engineers







           TRW
                                                                 A' I

                                                                 Ago




























                                                                                                                                                               A@'


                                  Hurricane Carol, which struck the New England coast in August 1954, caused damages estimated at $186 million ($685 million in
            1954                  todaj,s dollars) The storm achieved ?is greatestfug in a band stretchzngfrom Arew London, Connecticut to the Cape Cod Canal All that
                                  remains of the Rhode Island Yacht Club (above) in the Paiduret Neck section oj Warwick, Rhode Island, is a cradle ofpiles after the
                                  structure was deshoyed by Carol's high winds and zz,aves (Copyright 1954 The Pro,, idc nee journal CompanN)












                        - '05e't

                                                                                            f

                                                                                                  io



               4k-





                                                                                                                                                                     lot:
                                  The Blach@ ton e R i ver oeerflows i is ba nks a ndfloods several b usz n esses a nd h om es i n Pa wt ucket, Rhode Isla n d as a resu lt of the hea vy
            1955                  rains ofHumcane Diane in August 1955





                                                                                                                                                             Connecticut 1991















                          A.
                                                                                                                                            A

                            3
                                                                                                                                     -@x









                              1W






                  1955

                  No natural disaster in New England histog com-
                  pares with the devastation caused by the sudden
                  and torrential rainfall which accompanied Hur-                                                            PPIP
                  ricane Diane in August 1955. The disaster killed
                  90people and caused almost $458 million (about
                  $1.82 billion in today's dollars) in property dam-
                  age throughout the six-state region. In Connecticut
                  alone, Diane'sfloodwaters killed 47people and
                  caused damages totalling about $370 million           I
                  (about $1.3 billion in today's dollars). The rains
                  ofHurficane Dianefell on ground already sat-                                                          - - ----
                  urated by the rains ofHurricane Connie one week
                  earlier.
                    One ofthe communities that sustained heavy
                  damage was Winsted, Connecticut. The waters
                  of the Mad River over                                                                                                                 -F
                                        flowed its banks and roared
                  through Main Street, uprootingfoundations and
                  flooding homes and businesses. Men theflood-
                  waters receded, the devastation became apparent
                  (right). Main Street had become a pile of rubble,
                  cluttered with debris rippedfrom its understructure.
                    The storm alsoforced hundreds of New
                  Englanders to evacuate their homes, including
                  a Connecticut woman (above) who was dram-
                  aticalo rescuedfrom ravagingfloodwaters.
                  (Copyright 1955 The Hartford Courant).                                           ---

                  Only two monthslater, as Connecticut was getting back on itsfeet, another severeflood disrupted rehabilitation measures and caused losses estimated at $6.5
                  million. In response to these mijorfloods, the Corps built several dams and local protection projects that, in a recurrence ofthe August 1955floodtoday, would
                  prevent damages of$1.04 billion







                  US Army Corps of Engineers






















                                                                                                                                      %













                              CT73V


                                                                                                                                                       L74


















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                                                                                                                                        7-
                     BR




















                                  As these photosfrom August 1955demonstratefloodwaters pose a powerful threat to proper!y and lives. As the top photo shows, this
            1955                  Southbridge, Massachusetts home was toppled when thefloodwaters ofthe Quinebaug River weakened itsfoundation. Note the overturned
                                  automobile on the 10; its only identifiable remains are its tires.
                                    Floodwatersfrom the Blackstone River (above) roar through Webster Square in Worcester, Massachusetts.






                                                                                                                                                           Connecdcut 1991






                   Reservoir Control Center                                                                potential flood conditions. This data indicates when to
                                                                                                           operate the flood control gates and when to release stored
                   As a flood situation develops, considerable judgment and                                floodwaters from reservoirs once downstream flood condi-
                   experience are required to efficiently manage Corps dams                                tions have receded. During flood emergency periods, addi-
                   and reservoirs. Weather conditions, reservoir storage cap-                              tional information is obtained by telephone, teletype, and
                   acity, and the flood levels of rivers are important factors                             radio from field personnel and other agencies, such as the
                   when operating dams that maximize the protection of                                     National Weather Service and the U.S. Geological Survey.
                   downstream communities and minimize flood damage.                                          The Reservoir Control Center has helped minimize or
                   The nature of New England weather requires the region's                                 prevent severe and damaging floods in many New England
                   dams and reservoirs be professionally managed by trained                                communities. The Corps is proud of its commitment to
                   engineers and hydrologists. These skilled technicians,                                  provide the public with improved flood protection through
                   using sophisticated communications equipment, form an                                   the professional management of its dams and hurricane
                   integral part of the Corps' flood control efforts known as                              protection barriers.
                   the Reservoir Control Center (RCC).                                                        New England Division has been an innovative leader in
                    -The RCC is located at the Corps' New England head-                                    the use of non-structural solutions for flooding problems.
                   quarters in Waltham, Massachusetts. From this site, Corps                               The Charles River Natural Valley Storage Project provides
                   engineers closely monitor precipitation, river levels, and                              a novel approach to flood protection in parts of Boston and
                   tidal levels in New England. The state-of-the-art commu-                                Cambridge by retaining flood flows on 8, 100 acres of wet-
                   nications equipment used by RCC personnel is comple-                                    land areas aquired by the government at a cost of $9 mil-
                   mented by the Geostationary Operational Environmental                                   lion. In Warwick, Rhode Island flood-prone properties
                   Satellite (GOES) System. The GOES system serves as a                                    were aquired, removed or modified to withstand high
                   communication link for the relay of hydrologic and meteo-                               water events with the federal government underwriting
                   rological data. Information from about 50 data collection                               80% of the cost. In these times of environmental concern
                   platforms at key locations along rivers, streams and other                              and building restrictions, non-structural flood protection
                   bodies of water is relayed to a stationary satellite, which                             projects have the potential to protect life and property
                   transmits this data by radio signal to the RCC. Engineers                               with minimal adverse environmental impacts.
                   then examine and analyze this hydrologic information for
















                          The GOES network, or the New England
                       Division Satellite System (NEDSA 7), plays
                          a key role in helping the Corps reduceflood
                         damage. About 50 data collection pla!forms
                   (DCFs) are situated on various rivers and streams
                   throughout thefive New England states (opposite
                       page) where the Corps has dams and hurricane
                   protection barriers. Hydrologic and me
                                                            teorological
                       datafrom these DCPs are relayed to a satellite
                       stationed above the earth (right). The satellite                                                                                          f A'
                       then transmits this information by radio signal
                            to the Corps'Reservoir Control Center in
                       Waltham, Massachusetts. The data tell Corps'
                       engineers when to open or close thefloodgates of
                       Corps'dams and hurricane protection barriers,
                        thus limiting damage to communities down-                                                                  owe, Q&*CIN
                        stream.' The GOES system also provides the
                           national weather maps displayed by local
                                                                                                                    -.0,4MAW
                              TV weathermen during theirforecasts.






                   US Army Corps of Engineers









                                  INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY                                       NEDSAT:
                                                                                                 A network of remote, data collection
                                                                                                 platforms (DCP's) in five major river
                                                                                                 basins, which report hydrologic data,
                                                                                                 such as water level and rainfall, from
                                                                                                 important index stations on rivers and
                                                                                                 streams. All DCP's show by dots on
                                                                                                 the map, sense water data and transmit
                                        VT                                                       it by radio to NOAA's Geostationary
                                                                                                 Operational Environmental Satellite
                                                                                                 (GOES). It is relayed back to Earth, and
                                               Wells River              NH                       is received at the satellite ground
                                                                                                 station at NED Headquarters in Waltham,
                                                                                                 Massachusetts. There it is used for
                                                                        0 Woodstock              timely and effective operation of flood
                                                                                                 control projects.
                                                         Rumney e
                                   West Hartford            Plymouth a

                                                    West Lebanon
                                                                  Bristol  eTilton                                          N
                                                            Franklin Jct 9


                                                         Henniker 9       9 River Hill

                                  North Walpole a                            e Concord
                                                                  Goffstown 9
                                                                              . Goffs Falls
                                                      Keene
                                                         0
                                                   Peterborougl@        *Souhegan

                                                            East   Pepperell

                            West Deerfield             Athol
                                                                                   Lowell
                                    Montague City      Barre Plains e   MA                    New England Division
                                                                                        1.2.1
                                                                                      El          Headquarters
                                            Gibbs Crossing *
                                   Westfield. Indian Orchard            e Northbridge

                                                            Webster
                                  Thompsonville        Putnam                                               CAPE
                      Mad River Dam Simsbury                               Woons cket                        COD
                              0      9     0                                                                   BAY
                Hall Meadow       *East Branch           Willimantic
                      Thomaston e        0    nartford      0
                        Northfield. Unionville         Jewett Citv      R
                       Brook
                     Black Rocko *Waterbury
                     Stevenson       -Hop Brook
                                   Beacon Falls
                 IX      CT                                      ISL,4N,) SOUND                             New England Division
                          Stamford                       LONG                                             NEDSAT GOES Satellite
                                                                                                                 Hydrologic Data
                                                                                                               Collection Network







                                                                                                                                               Connecticut 1991





              Shore and Hurricane Protection

              The Corps work in shore protection began in 1930, when              tion and maintenance. The New England Division has
              Congress directed it to study ways to reduce erosion along          completed 36 streambank/shoreline protection projects in
              U.S. seacoasts and the Great Lakes. Corps of Engineers              the region.
              hurricane protection work began in 1955, when Congress                 New England Division has been a pioneer in the con-
              directed it to conduct general investigations along the             struction of hurricane protection barriers. NED has con-
              Atlantic and Gulf Coasts to identify problem areas and              structed and operates hurricane barriers in Stamford, CT
              determine the feasibility of protection.                            and New Bedford, MA. Additionally NED has constructed
                While each situation the Corps studies requires differ-           barriers in Providence, R.I.; Pawcatuck, CT; and New
              ent considerations, engineers look at each one with struc-          London, CT. The local communities have assumed re-
              tural and non-structural solutions in mind. Engineering             sponsibility for their operation and maintenance.
              feasibility and economic efficiency are considered along               Section 145 of the Water Resources Development Act of
              with the environmental and social impacts. A recommen-              1976 authorizes placement of beach quality sand from our
              dation for Federal participation is normally based on shore         dredging projects on adjacent beaches with local interests
              ownership, use and type and frequency of benefits if there          picking up the additional costs of the disposal. Section 933
              is no public use or benefit, Federal participation is not rec-      of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 reduces
              ommended. Once a shore protection project is completed,             this local cost share from 100 to 50 percent of additional
              non-Federal interests assume responsibility for its opera-          costs.



                                                                    A,
                                                         vl@
                                                    'OP,


































              This shore protection project at Oakland Beach in Warwick, Rhode Island, is a good example ofhow Corps'works help protect shores and restore beaches. Sand
              replenishment, which widened and restored the two beach areas on theJor lefl andfar right, slows the ocean's inland advance. Thefour groins maintain shore
              alignment by trapping and retaining sand. The stone revetment, in the center of the photograph between two groins, retar& erosion. A-A

              US Army Corps of Engineers





            Hydropower

            The Corps has played a significant role in meeting the                                     plant is used by the Vermont Electric Cooperative or
            Nation's electric power generation needs by building and                                   is sold to other utilities.
            operating hydropower plants in connection with its large                                   Quechee, Vermont, 2.5 miles upstream of the North
            multiple-purpose dams. The Corps' involvement in hydro-                                    Hartland Lake Dam and within the reservoir area.
            power generation began with the Rivers and Harbors Acts                                    Built on Corps land, this plant produces 1.8 mega-
            of 1890 and 1899, which required the Secretary of War and                                  watts. Power is sold to the Central Vermont Public
            the Corps of Engineers to approve the sites and plans for                                  Service Corporation.
            all dams and to issue permits for their construction. The
            Rivers and Harbors Act of 1909 directed the Corps to con-                                  Waterbuiy, Vermont, at the base of the dam at Water-
            sider various water uses, including water power, when sub-                                 bury Reservoir. This facility generates approximately
            mitting preliminary reports on potential projects.                                         5.5 megawatts of power, which is used by the Green
              The Corps continues to consider the potential for hydro-                                 Mountain Power Corporation.
            electric power development during the planning process                                     Montpelier, Vermont, approximately 200 feet down-
            for all water resources projects involving dams and reser-                                 stream of the dam at Wrightsville Reservoir. The
            voirs. In most instances, hydropower facilities at Corps                                   plant has the capacity to produce 1.2 kilowatts of
            projects are now developed by non-Federal interests with-                                  power, which is used by the Washington Electric
            out Federal assistance, but the Corps becomes involved                                     Cooperative.
            with the planning, construction and operation of hydro-
            power projects when it is impractical for non-Federal in-                                  Franklin, New Hampshire, on Salmon Brook. Built on
            terests to do so. Today, the more than 20,000 megawatts                                    Corps land within the Franklin Falls reservoir, this
            of capacity at corps-operated power plants provide approx-                                 facility produces 0.2 megawatts of power. Power is sold
            imately 30 percent of the Nation's hydroelectric power, or                                 to the Public Service Company of New Hampshire.
            3.5 percent of its total electric energy supply.                                           Bristol, New Hampshire, on the Newfound River. This
               In New England, the Corps does not operate any hydro-                                   plant produces 1.5 megawatts and lies on private
            electric power facilities, but there are eight hydroelectric                               property but within the Franklin Falls reservoir area.
            power plants at Corps flood control dams which are owned                                   Power is sold to the Public Service Company of New
            and operated by nonfederal interests. These plants are                                     Hampshire.
            located in:
                   North Hartland, Vermont, about 500 feet downstream of                               Peterborough, New Hampshire, on Verney Mills Dam at
                                                                                                       Edward MacDowell Lake. This facility began produc-
                   the North Hartland Lake Dam. This facility produces
                   4 megawatts of power. All power generated at this                                   ing power in 1990. The power is sold to the Public
                                                                                                       Service Company of New Hampshire.












                                                                                                                                          6,


                                                                             fro
             Although the Corps does not presently operate any                                                                                                           IX
             hydroelectric powerplants in New England, there
              arefive hydropower plants located at Corps       d
                                                                                                                                                                   *W1
                                                          floo
                                                                                                                                r
                                                                                                 J,
                    ontrolprojects in the region that are owned
               and operated by nonfederal interests. The North
             Hartland hydropowerfaciliy in North Hartland,
                   Vermont, located 500feet downstream ofthe
                                                                                                                                                           -1 fz,
                   Corps-operated North Hartland Lake Dam
                                           is one suchfacili@.  #@!@v




                                                                                                                                                               Connecticut 1991








                   Colebrook, Connecticut, at the intake of the dam at Cole-       more extensive environmental studies, namely the prepa-
                   brook River Lake. This facility began producing power           ration of environmental impact statements. In selecting
                   in 1989. The 3.3 megawatts of power is sold to the              alternative project designs, the Corps strives to choose
                   Connecticut Light and Power Company.                            options with minimum environmental impact.
                New England Division is evaluating a prototype design                Under Section 1135 of the Water Resources Develop-
              for installation of a vertical axis hydro turbine (VAHT)             ment Act of 1986, the Corps is authorized to modify its
              which would harness the energies of the continual tidal              existing projects-many of them built before current envi-
                                                                                   ronmental requirements were in effect for environmental
              currents at the Cape Cod Canal. If installed, the energy             improvement. Proposed modifications under this authority
              generated would offset the current electrical bill. This pro-        range from use of dredged material to create nesting sites
              totype has widespread repercussions as it does not require           for waterfowl to modification of water control structures to
              the costly superstructure of conventional submerged hydro
              turbines.                                                            improve downstream water quality for fisheries. Several of
                                                                                   these proposals were specifically designed to help meet the
                                                                                   goals of the North American Waterfowl Management
              Water Supply                                                         Plan. The Corps is working to select additional projects for
                                                                                   modification.
              The Water Supply Act of 1958 authorized the Corps to
              provide additional storage in its reservoirs for municipal
              and industrial water supply at the request of local inter-
              ests, provided those interests agree to pay the cost. For
              irrigation, the Flood Control Act of 1944 provided that the
              Secretary of War, upon the recommendation of the Secre-
              tary of the Interior, may utilize Corps reservoirs, provided                     11 "W
              that water users agree to repay the Government for the
              water in accordance with the 1902 Reclamation Law, as
              amended. Both Littleville and Colebrook Lakes have been                                                                     *WN
              designed to provide backup water supplies to surrounding
              communities in times of severe droughts. Littleville Lake
              will serve communities in the Springfield, MA area, while                                 V
              Colebrook Lake will serve communities in Northwestern
              Connecticut.
                Reservoir capacity can also be used for water quality arid
              strearnflow regulation, as authorized by the Federal Water
              Pollotion Control Act Amendments of 196 1.


                                                                                                                                              Ina
              Environmental Quality
              In conducting its Civil Works Programs, the Corps must
              comply with many environmental laws and executive
              orders and numerous regulations relating to the environ-
              ment. Consideration of the environmental impact of a
              Corps project begins in the early stages and continues
              through design, construction and operation of the project.
              The Corps must also comply with many of these environ-               A beaverpipe allows water topass underneath a beaver dam, preventing the
              mental regulations in conducting its regulatory programs             flooding of nearby roads and controlling the water level. This beaverpipe
                                                                                   was constructed and installed at Suny Mountain Lake Dam in Suny, New
              (see next section).                                                  Hampshire.
                The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
              is the national charter for the protection of the environ-
              ment, and its procedures ensure that public officials and
              private citizens may obtain and provide environmental
              information before Federal agencies make decisions con-
              cerning the environment. Corps of Engineers project plan-
              ning procedures under NEPA often point out the need for
                                                                                   IV-rl















              US Army Corps of Engineers





          Regulatory Programs

          The Corps of Engineers has regulatory authority over any          considers all the relevant factors, including conservation,
          construction or other work in navigable waterways under           economics, aesthetics, general environmental concerns,
          Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, and             historical values, wetland values, fish and wildlife values,
          authority over the discharge of dredged or fill material          flood damage prevention, land use classifications, naviga-
          into the "waters of the United States" a term which in-           tion, recreation, water supply, water quality, energy needs,
          cludes wetlands and all other aquatic areas under Section         food production and the general welfare of the public.
          404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-               The Corps of Engineers has issued a number of nation-
          ments of 1972 (PL 92-500, the "Clean Water Act") -                wide general permits for minor activities which require lit-
            The Corps regulatory program is the principal way by            tle or no individual review. Individual Corps districts have
          which the Federal government protects wetlands and other          also issued regional permits for certain types of minor
          aquatic environments and ensures the continued naviga-            work in specific areas. Corps districts have also issued
          bility of the Nation's waterways. The regulatory program5s        State Program General Permits in States with comprehen-
          goal is to ensure protection of the aquatic environment           sive wetland protection programs. These permits allow
          while allowing for environmentally sustainable develop-           applicants to do work for which a State permit has been
          ment.                                                             issued. These general permits reduce delays and paper-
            The standard permit evaluation process includes a pub-          work for applicants and allow the Corps to devote its
          lic notice with a public comment period and an opportuni-         resources to the most significant cases while maintaining
          ty for a public hearing before the Corps makes a permit           the environmental safeguards of the Clean Water Act.
          decision. In its evaluation of permit applications, the Corps







                                                    A.

          141












            R,
                                                                                                                    VS,











          Baker Cove in Groton, Connecticut, like many wetlands, supports numerous plant and animal species. Before building a proposedproject in a given area, the
          Corps looks closely at the effects such a project may have on the environment and surrounding wetlands. The Corps considers all options, including those that pre-
          clude development, infinding a solution to a water resources problem.








                                                                                                                             Connecticut 1991





                Recreation

                The Flood Control Act of 1944, as amended, provides
                authority to construct, maintain, and operate public park
                and recreational facilities at water resources development
                                                                                                                                  .17- 1
                projects under the control of the Secretary of the Army
                and to permit the construction, maintenance, and opera-
                tion of such facilities. It also provides that the water areas
                of projects shall be open to public use - generally for boat-
                ing, fishing, and other recreational purposes. The Corps of
                Engineers today is one of the Federal government's largest
                providers of outdoor recreational opportunities, operating
                                                                                                                           "N
                more than 2,000 sites at its lakes and other water resource
                projects, and receiving more than 600 million visits per
                year.
                  The recreation opportunities attract 7.9 million visitors
                to New England Division projects per year. Of these, 3.9
                million visitors utilize the flood control projects, while 4.0
                million take advantage of various facilities of the Cape
                Cod Canal.













                        There are many recreational opportunities available at the 35 dams
                           and reservoirs built by the Corps'New England Division such as
                    snowmobiling at Blackwater Dam in Webster, New Hampshire (right);
                andflyfishing at Townshend Lake Dam in Townshend, Vermont (below).










                                                                           A,































                US Army Corps of Engineers





         Emergency Response and Recovery

         Corps assistance for emergency/disaster response and                 pairs to essential public utilities and facilities and emer-
         recovery is provided under Public Law 84-99, covering                gency access for a I 0-day period, at the request of the
         Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies, or in support of              Governor.
         other agencies, particularly the Federal Emergency Man-                Under the Stafford Act and the Federal Disaster Re-
         agement Agency (FEMA) under Public Law 93-288 (the                   sponse Plan, the Corps of Engineers has a standing mis-
         Stafford Act), as amended.                                           sion assignment to provide public works and engineering
            Under PL 84-99 the Chief of Engineers, acting for the             support in response to a major disaster or catastrophic
         Secretary of the Army, is authorized to undertake activi-            earthquake. Under this Plan, the Corps will work directly
         ties including disaster preparedness, advance measures,              with the State in providing temporary repair and construc-
         emergency operations (e.g., flood fighting, rescue and               tion of roads, bridges, and utilities, temporary shelter,
         emergency relief activities), rehabilitation of flood control        debris removal and demolition, water supply, etc.
         works threatened or destroyed by flood, protection or                  In addition to its mission under the federal Disaster
         repair of Federally authorized shore protection works                Response Plan, the Corps is one of the Federal agencies
         threatened or damaged by coastal storms, and providing               tasked by FEMA to provide engineering, design, construc-
         emergency supplies of clean water in cases of drought or             tion and contract management in support of recovery
         contaminated water supply. In post-flood response activi-            operations.
         ties, the Corps provides temporary construction and re-











                                                                 4,







                                                   or


                                              000#1                                    1 od@
                        Of
                             4


                                  000
                                          . 41;
                                                    4'@
                        4
                                                                                   gKI
                                                                                             r
                                                                                                   The Corps provided disaster relief assistance to
                                                                                                   residents of Chelsea, Massachusetts, zvhenfire
                                                                                                   destroyed 18 ciy blocks in October 1973.
                            40*1




























                                                                                                                                 Connecticut 1991








                                                                      DESCRIPTION
                                                                                               OF
                                                                              PROJECTS



















                                                                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991     m





          River Basins

          Flooding is caused by a combination of many factors re-               Basin have Corps' Flood Damage Reduction projects with-
          lated to the underlying river basin. Corps' Flood Damage              in their drainage areas. The following pages show where
          Reduction projects, such as dams and Local Protection                 these five river basins lie in the state and the location of
          Projects, are designed and constructed as part of an overall          Corps'Flood Damage Reduction projects in the Connect-
          plan to limit flooding in a particular river basin.                   icut, Housatonic, Thames, and Pawcatuck River Basins.
            There are 19 principal river basins that lie entirely or
          partially in New England. Of this number, five lie in parts           (Note., @fthe 13,366square miles in the Hudson RiverBasin, on@y
          of Connecticut the Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames,                   36 square miles, or 0.3percent, lie in Connecticut).
          Pawcatuck, and Hudson. All except the Hudson River











                                                                                              1,     41%

                               US Amy Corps
                               of Eng1mers                                                  ST. JOHN

                               Major River Basins
                                 In Now England


                                                                                                PENOBSCOT


                                                                                                          ST. CROI


                                                                                  KENNEBEC



                                                    VT.
                                                           4#40


                                                                    SACO



                                                                                     PRESUMPSCOT



                                                                                PISCATAGUA



                                                                                CHARLES
                           NEW
                           YORK                                               NEPONSET
                                                                                TAUNTON



                                                       THAMES                                  ATLANTIC
                                          C*
                                                                                                        OCEAN
                                                                 BLACKSTONE        CO
                                                                                     /ST












































                                                   PAWCATUCK








                                                                                                                                   Connecticut 1991


Connecticut River Basin

The Connecticut River Basin, one of the largest river basins in New England,
stretches from southern Quebec to Longs Island Sound,  off the Connecticut coast.

Of the 11,250 square miles in the basin, 1436 square miles, or about 13 percent, lie in
Connecticut; 3928 square miles, or 35 percent, lie in Vermont; 3046 square miles, or about
27 percent, lie in New Hampshire; and 2726 square miles, or 24 percent, lie in Massachusetts.
About 114 square miles (one percent) are located in Quebec.

The Connecticut River Basin has a total length of 280 miles and a maximum width of 60 miles.
In Connecticut, it occupies most of Hartford and Middlesex Counties and minor portions of
Tolland, LItchfield, New London, and New Haven Counties.

US Army Corps of Engineers




Housatonic  River Basin
The Housatonic River Basin lies principally in western Connecticut and southwestern
Massachusetts.  Two small sectoins extend into southeastern New York.

The basin in 98 miles long with a maximum width of 35 miles.  It comprises an area of 1950
square miles, 1232 (63 percent) of which lie in Connecticut, 500 (26 percent) in Massachu-
setts, and 218 (11 percent) in New York.

In Connecticut, the Housatonic River Basin covers most of Litchfield County, the southwest corner
of Hartford County, the north and east sections of Fairfield County, and the western third
of New Haven County.                                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                          


                                                                                                                         SCALE IN MILES







                                                                                                                                                     Connecticut 1991


Thames River Basin

The Thames River Basin lies mostly in the eastern third of Connecticut, with small sectoins
extending into southern Massachusetts and northwestern Rhode Island.

The basin comprises an area of 1474 square miles.  Of this, 1162 square miles (75 percent)
lie in Connecticut, 251 (20 percent) lie in Rhode Island.

The Thames River Basin is 67 miles long with a maximum width of 38 miles.  In Connecticut,
it covers all of Windham County and the eastern two-thirds of Tolland and New London Counties.

US Army Corps of Engineers

28

Pawcatuck River Basin

The Pawcatuck River Basin lies prinipally in the southwester corner of Rhode Island.  Two small
portions are located in southeastern Connecticut. 

The basin extends over an area of 303 square miles, 246 (81 percent) of which lie in Rhode
Island and 57 (19 percent) in Connecticut.  It covers parts of the New London and Windham 
Counties in Connecticut and part of Washington County and most of Kent County in Rhode Island.
It is 22 miles long with a maximum width of 22 miles.

The Pawcatuck River Basin contains a vast amount of wetland, which absorbs potentially damaging
floodwaters from rivers and streams.

Connecticut 1991

29




               Flood Damage Reduction

               The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has constructed                    respective hurricane protection barrier, except for the nav-
               dams and reservoirs, hurricane protection barriers, and             igation gates at the Stamford barrier, which are operated
               local protection projects to reduce flooding damages in             by the Corps.
               Connecticut.                                                           The Corps has also completed 14 other flood damage
                 The 12 Corps-built dams in Connecticut protect wide               reduction projects in Connecticut at a cost of $119.8 mil-
               regions of the state. Costing an aggregate total of $79.1           lion. It is estimated that these works, more commonly re-
               million to construct, they have prevented flood damages             ferred to as local protection projects because they provide
               estimated at $411.7 million (as of September. 1990) while           flood protection to specific communities rather than wide
               also offering the public a variety of recreational opportuni-       areas of a state, have prevented about $532.7 million in
               ties. The Corps owns and operates eight of the dams, while          flood damages. They are operated and maintained by the
               four are operated and maintained by the state.                      respective cities and towns.
                 Three hurricane protection barriers constructed by the               The following pages give a brief history and description
               Corps' New England Division in the state dissipate hurri-           of the flood damage reduction projects constructed by the
               cane tides and protect the shoreline from coastal storm             Corps in Connecticut. Figures given for damages prevented
               flooding. Costing a total of $27.3 million to build, the bar-       by each flood control project are estimated through
               riers have prevented flood damages estimated at $6.7 mil-           September 1990.
               lion. The local communities operate and maintain their









                                 TOWER

                                     CONTROL ROOM                                                       STONE SLOPE PROTECTION






                                                                                        0'. C3,

                                                                                   -----------


                                                                                                0       0J
                                                               C3
                                                          PERVIOUS-     FILL
                                                                              IMPERVIOUSiz
                                                                             z IMPERVIOUSi                         CD.
               - -----                              SAND'AND.GkAVEL)
                                                    -0     C,                ........... )RE ........... @3      40
                                                                            z     ............
                                                                                 ..............
                                                 Iz?
                                              R?           CD
                                          STORAGE                                                          ..     CONCRETE-----
                  CONDUIT GAT\            CHAMBER               BEDROCK                       SAND DRAIN          CONDUIT
                                                                    (SAND, SILT AND CLAY)




                                       TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF AN EARTHFILL DAM
                           haL


















































               US Army Corps of Engineers





                        Flood Damage Reduction Projects
                       in Connecticut

                                    Dams and Reservoirs


                                       Black Rock Lake in Thomaston and Watertown
                                       Colebrook River Lake in Colebrook
                                       East Branch Dam in Torrington
                                       Hall Meadow Brook Dam in Torrington
                                       Hancock Brook Lake in Plymouth
                                       Hop Brook Lake in Naugatuck, Middlebury, and
                                         Waterbury
                                       Mad River Lake in Winchester
                                       Mansfield Hollow Lake in Mansfield and Windham
                                       Northfield Brook Lake in Thomaston and Litchfield
                                       Sucker Brook Dam in Winchester
                                       Thomaston Dam in Thomaston
                                       West Thompson Lake m Thompson


                                     Hurricane Protection Barriers


                                       New London
                                       Pawcatuck
                                       Stamford


                                     Local Protection Projects

                                       Ansonia
                                       Byram River, Greenwich
                                       Danbury
                                       Derby
                                       East Hartford
                                       Folly Brook, Wethersfield
                                       Hartford
                                       North Canaan
                                       Norwalk
                                       Norwich
                                       Torrington - East Branch
                                       Torrington - West Branch
                                       Waterbury/Watertown
                                       Winsted

























                                                                                                            Connecticut 1991






               r!7' ... 7,                                                              area of 20.4 square miles.
                                                                                           Black Rock Lake is stocked with trout by the state of
                                                                                        Connecticut. The lake also offers bass, pickerel, perch,
                                                                                        horned pout, and bluegills. Reservoir lands offer the pub-
                                                                                        lic opportunities for hunting (pheasant is stocked by the
                                                                                        state), hiking, canoeing, and cross-country skiing. An over-
                                                                                        look area is provided at the top of the dam.
                                                                                           Black Rock State Park, operated and owned by the state
                                                                                        of Connecticut and lying adjacent to the dam, offers swim-
                                                                                        Ming, picnicking, camping, and sanitary facilities.

                                                                                        Colebrook River Lake

                                                                                        The dam at Colebrook River Lake is located on the west
                                                                                        branch of the Farmington River in Colebrook, approxi
                                                                                        mately two miles south of the Massachusetts state line.
                                  0
                                                                                        From Winsted, it is six miles north on Route 8.
                                                                    w
                                                                                           The Colebrook River Lake Dam has substantially re-
                                       'e
                                                                                        duced flooding along the main stem and West Branch of
                                                                                        the Farmington River and downstream flooding along the
                                                                                        Connecticut River. Since its construction, the dam has pre-
                                                                                        vented $32.9 million in flood damages. It is a multipurpose
                                                                                        reservoir, suppl ing water for the Hartford Metropolitan
                                                                                                         Yi
                                                                                        District and supporting downstream fishery habitat in ad-
                                                                                        --Lion to its flood control function.
               Black Rock Lake                                                             The Colebrook River Lake Dam is one of three flood con-
                                                                                        trol dams (Mad River and Sucker Brook dams being the
                                                                                        others) that were constructed as a result of major flooding


               Black Rock Lake

               The dam at Black Rock Lake is located adjacent to Black
               Rock State Park along the Thomas ton-Watertown line. The
               reservoir is on Route 109, two miles west of Thomaston and
               within one mile of the intersection of Route 8 and U.S.
               Route 6. The project consists of an carthfill dam with stone
               slope protection 933 feet long and 154 feet high; a gated
               704-foot-long circular concrete conduit four feet wide and               @Ipg
               five feet high; and a concrete chute spillway channel with a
               140-foot-long weir. The weir's crest elevation is 20 feet
               lower than the top of the dam. Project construction started
               injuly 1967 and was completed injuly 197 1. About 1.9                    lot
               miles of Route 109 were relocated to accommodate the pro-
               ject. The cost of construction was $8.2 million.
                 Black Rock Lake Dam has prevented flood damages of
               $58.5 million in downstream communities on the Nauga-
               tuck River and lower Housatonic River.
                 Black Rock Lake contains a 2 1 -acre recreation pool that
               has a depth of 27 feet. The flood storage area of the pro-
               ject, which is normally empty and is utilized only to store
               floodwaters, stretches out over 190 acres in both Thomas-
               ton and Watertown. Together, the lake and associated
               lands total 319 acres. Black Rock Lake can store up to 2.83
               billion gallons of water for flood control purposes. This is
               equivalent to eight inches of water covering its drainage                Colebrook River Lake





               US Army Corps of Engineers







           from Hurricane Diane that devastated Connecticut in Aug-
           ust 1955 (see page 10). Construction of the dam at Cole-
           brook River Lake started in May 1965 and was completed
           injune 1969, costing $14.3 million. The town of Colebrook                                                                              _q
           was completely relocated, as was Dubois Cemetery in San-
           disfield, Massachusetts, and portions of Route 8 (3.5 miles
           in Connecticut and 3.4 miles in Massachusetts).
             The project consists of an earthfill dam with stone slope
           protection 1300 feet long and 223 feet high; an carthfill
           dike 1240 feet long and 54 feet high; a gated circular out-
           let tunnel edged in rock 774 feet long and 10 feet in diam-
           eter; and a chute spillway cut in rock with a 205-foot-long
           concrete weir. The weir's crest elevation is 29 feet lower
           than the top of the dam.
             The amount of water stored at Colebrook River Lake
           can fluctuate substantially. The pool, used for both water
           supply and fishery habitat, normally covers an area of
           about 750 acres. When filled to capacity with floodwaters,
           however, the pool covers 1185 acres. Together, the lake                                    5
                                                                                                                                                  41
           and associated lands stretch out over 1618 acres in Cole-
           brook and the Massachusetts towns of Sandisfield and
           Tolland. Colebrook River Lake can store up to 16.56 billion
           gallons of water for flood control purposes. This is equiva-
           lent to eight inches of water covering its drainage area of
           118 square miles.
                                                                                                                                                  '46
             A hydroelectric power facility at Colebrook River Lake,              East Branch Dam
           developed by the Metropolitan District of Hartford, began
           generating electricity in 1989. The 3.3 megawatts of power
           is sold to the Connecticut Light and Power Company.
             Colebrook River Lake offers lake fishing and one mile of             in damage was prevented during the heavy rains of April
           stream fishing. The fish and game agencies of Connecticut              1987.
           and Massachusetts stock trout and salmon to complement                   Construction of the dam began in March 1963 and was
           the native bass, pickerel, perch, horned pout, and bluegill.           completed injune 1964. A 1.5-mile section of town road
           Reservoir waters are open to licensed fishermen under the              was relocated. Following completion, the project and asso-
           regulations established by the Connecticut Department of               ciated lands were transferred to the state of Connecticut
           Environmental Protection. A large boat launching ramp, a               for operation and maintenance. Construction costs totaled
           boat landing area, and sanitary and parking facilities are             $3.3 million.
           also available.                                                          There is no lake at East Branch Dam. The flood storage
                                                                                  area of the project, which is normally empty and is only
                                                                                  utilized to store floodwaters, covers 158 acres. East Branch
           East Branch Dam                                                        Dam can store up to 1.42 billion gallons of water for flood
           East Branch Dam is located in Torrington on the East                   control purposes. This is equivalent to 8.9 inches of water
           Branch of the Naugatuck River. From Torrington Center,                 covering its drainage area of 9.3 square miles.
           it can be reached travelling one mile north on Main Street,              The state stocks the East Branch of the Naugatuck
           then two miles west on Newfield Street. The project con-               River with brook and brown trout. A recreation area oper-
                                                                                  ated by the City of Torrington offers bow hunting for deer
           sists of an carthfill dam 700 feet long and 92 feet high; an           and small game. Park lands are used by several groups,
           ungated circular concrete conduit 450 feet long and three              including a radio controlled airplane club.
           feet in diameter; and a chute spillway edged in rock with a
           100-foot-long concrete weir. The weir's crest elevation is
           16 feet lower than the top of the dam.                                 Hall Meadow Brook Dam
             The dam impounds the floodwaters of the East Branch
           of the Naugatuck River, providing protection to Torrington.            Hall Meadow Brook Dam is located in Torrington on Hall
           It operates in conjunction with the Hall Meadow Brook                  Meadow Brook. It is situated west of Torrington on Route
           Dam and the two local protection projects in Torrington.               4, then north on Route 272 for about six miles. The project
           The East Branch Dam has prevented $10.5 million of flood               includes an earthfill dam with stone slope protection 73
           damage since its construction. Of that amount, $6.3 million            feet high and 1200 feet long across Hall Meadow Brook; a





                                                                                                                                      Connecticut 1991








                                                                                control purposes. This is equivalent to 9.4 inches of water
                                                                                covering its drainage area of 17.2 square miles.
                                                                                            voir area is operated and managed by the state
                                                                                  The reser
                                                                                asJohn Minetto State Park. It offers picnic tables and a
                                      I                                               shelter, fireplaces, drinking water, and parking and
                                                                                picnic
                                                                                sanitary facilities. An open field is available for group
                                                                                activities, such as volleyball, softball, touch football, and
                                                                                c
                                                                                   ss-country skiing. In addition, the state has built a two-
                                                                                 ro
                                                                                acre pond that offers swimming. Rainbow, brown, and
                     &
                                                                                brook trout fishing is available. Waterfowl, such as ducks
                                                                                and geese, and stocked pheasant may be hunted in season.

                                                                                Hancock Brook Lake

                                                          4 ;t                  The dam at Hancock Brook Lake is located in Plymouth
                                                                                on Hancock Brook, a tributary of the Naugatuck River. It
                                              9                                 is situated about 4.5 miles north of Waterbury. From Ply-
                                                                                mouth, it can be reached by taking Route 262 west to
                                                                                Graystone Road.
                                                                                  The project stores floodwaters to reduce flood damages
                                                                                on the Naugatuck River and the lower Housatonic River.
                                                                                Since its construction, it has prevented damages of $27.2
                                                                                million.
                                                                                  Construction began injuly 1963 and was completed in
                                                                                September 1966. The total cost was $4.2 million. Project
             Hall Meadow Brook Dam                                              construction required the relocation of 1.3 miles of town
                                                                                roads and about two miles of railroad track.

             315-foot ungated circular concrete conduit four feet in
             diameter; and a chute spillway edged in rock with a con-
             crete weir 100 feet long. The weir's crest elevation is 19 feet
             lower than the top of the dam. There is also a 1200-foot
             diversion canal that directs floodwaters from the Reuben
             Hart Water Supply Reservoir to the Hall Meadow Brook
             Reservoir. The Reuben Hart Water Supply Reservoir is
             owned and operated by the Torrington Water Company.
               In conjunction with the East Branch Dam and the two
             local protection projects in Torrington, the Hall Meadow
             Brook Dam provides flood protection to the upper Nauga-
             tuck Valley communities of Torrington, Harwinton, and
             Litchfield. Torrington was one of the communities hardest
             hit by the August 1955 flood, which took eight lives and
             caused damages of $22 million in Torrington alone. Since
             its construction, East Branch Dam has prevented flood
             damages of $9.6 million, including $4.9 million during the                                                        _01
             heavy rains of April 1987.
               Construction of the dam was started in March 1961 and
             finished injune 1962. Upon completion, the project was
             transferred to the state of Connecticut for operation and
             maintenance. The project required relocation of 2.2 miles
             of Route 72. Construction costs totaled $3.1 million.                       <
               There is no lake at Hall Meadow Brook Dam. The flood
             storage area of the project, which is normally empty and is
                                                                                                          .71
             utilized only to store floodwaters, covers 372 acres and                                     fe
             extends for 2.9 miles into Goshen. Hall Meadow Brook                    10
             Dam can store up to 2.81 billion gallons of water for flood        Hancock Brook Lake





             US Army Corps of Engineers








            The project consists of an carthfill dam with stone slope           The project has substantially reduced flooding along the
          protection 630 feet long and 57 feet high; a 2300-foot-long          Naugatuck River and lower Housatonic River, preventing
          earthfill dike with a maximum height of 35 feet along the            damages of $30.2 million.
          relocated railroad track; an ungated 250 foot-long rectan-            Construction of the dam commenced in December 1965
          gular concrete conduit three feet wide and four feet six             and was completed in December 1968, costing $6.2 million.
          inches high; and a chute spillway cut in rock with a con-            The relocation of 1.8 miles of Route 63 was required.
          crete weir 100 feet long. The weir's crest elevation is 21            Hop Brook Lake contains a 2 1 -acre recreation pool that
          feet lower than the top of the dam. Maintenance of the               has a maximum depth of 18 feet. The flood storage area of
          dike is the responsibility of the railroad company.                  the project, which is normally empty and is only utilized to
            Hancock Brook Lake contains a 40-acre conservation                 store floodwaters, is 1.5 miles long and spreads out over
          pool that has a maximum depth of six feet. The flood stor-           270 acres. The project and associated lands total 553 acres
          age area of the project, which is normally empty and is uti-         throughout Naugatuck, Middlebury, and Waterbury. Hop
          lized only to store floodwaters, totals 266 acres. The lake
          and associated lands cover 721 acres, of which 60 percent,
          are wooded. When combined with adjoining state forest
          lands, over 2500 acres are available to the public. Hancock
                                                                                                              Vt
          Brook Lake can store up to 1.27 billion gallons of water for                                         VN_
          flood control purposes. This is equivalent to 6.3 inches of
          water covering its drainage area of 12 square miles.
            The lake contains bass and perch, and the state admin-
          isters a trout stocking program. Stocked pheasant and
          native small game may be hunted in season. Reservoir
          lands also offer the public opportunities for hiking, canoe-
          ing, and cross-country skiing.

          Hop Brook Lake
          Hop Brook Lake is spread over three communities: Nauga-
          tuck, Middlebury, and Waterbury. The dam is situated on
          Hop Brook in Naugatuck. It can be reached by travelling              E
          three miles north on Route 63 from the center of Nauga-
          tuck. The project includes an earthfill dam with stone
          slope protection 520 feet long and 97 feet high; an earthfill
          dike measuring 400 feet long and 33 feet high; a gated
          rectangular 425-foot-long concrete conduit three feet wide
          and five feet high; and a chute spillway edged in rock with
          a 200-foot-long broad-crested weir. The weir's crest eleva-          Hop Brook Lake
          tion is 17 feet lower than the top of the dam.




                                                                                                                    IF











                                                                        Avow_ -
                                                                                                                4
                            7
                                                                                                                                   - -7,=
                                                                                                                                   V.,



                                                                                  @A-%,   04V




























          Mad River Lake







                                                                                                                                Connecticut 1991







              Brook Lake can store up to 2.23 billion gallons of water for                                        - - ----
                                                                                                AR
              flood control purposes. This is equivalent to eight inches of
              water covering its drainage area of 16.4 square miles.
                Hop Brook Lake contains largemouth bass and panfish.
              The state stocks both the lake and its feeder streams with
                                                                                                       X
              trout. Recreational development of the reservoir includes
              picnic sites and a picnic shelter, walking trails, a beach,
              ball field, drinking water, and sanitary and parking facil-
              ities. Visitors can also enjoy canoeing.

              Mad River Lake

              The dam at Mad River Lake is located on the Mad River in
              Winchester. From Winsted, it is two miles west on U.S. 44.
              The project consists of an earthfill dam with stone slope
              protection 940 feet long and 178 feet high; an earthfill dike
              with stone slope protection 2340 feet long and 60 feet high;
              a 923-foot-long ungated circular concrete conduit with a
              diameter of three feet nine inches; and a concrete chute
              spillway with a 340-foot-long concrete weir. The weir's crest
              elevation is 13 feet lower than the top of the dam.
                In conjunction with Sucker Brook Dam, Mad River Dam
              reduces flooding on the Mad and Still Rivers. It has pre-
              vented flood damages of $2.6 million since its construction.
                The project started injune 1961 and was completed in
              June 1963. The relocation of 2.3 miles of Route 44 was               Mansfield Hollow Lake
              required. Following completion, the project and associated
              lands were transferred to the state of Connecticut for
              operation and maintenance. Construction costs totaled                five gated rectangular conduits five feet six inches wide
              $5.4 million.                                                        and seven feet high that vary in length up to 26 feet.
                Mad River Lake is a 10-acre recreation pool with a max-              The project provides substantial flood protection for the
              imum depth of 17 feet. The flood storage area of the pro-            Shetucket River communities of Norwich, South Wind-
              ject, which is normally empty and is utilized only to store          ham, Baltic, Occum, Taftville, and Willimantic. It has pre-
              floodwaters, totals 188 acres. Mad River Lake can store up           vented damages of $34 million.
              to 3.1 billion gallons of water for flood control purposes.            Construction of the dam began in 1949 and was com-
              This is equivalent to 10 inches of water covering its drain-         pleted in May 1952. The cost of the project was $6.5 million.
              age area of 18.2 square miles.                                         The lake at Mansfield Hollow stretches over 450 acres
                The state stocks trout in both the lake and the Mad                through Mansfield, Windham, and Chaplin. It has a maxi-
              River. Pheasant is stocked on the adjacent lands. Partridge          mum depth of 16.5 feet. The flood storage area of the pro-
              and other small game hunting is also available.                      ject, which is normally empty and is only utilized to store
                                                                                   floodwaters, totals 1880 acres and extends about three
                                                                                   miles up the Natchaug River, 2.3 miles up the Mount
              Mansfield Hollow Lake                                                Hope River, and 3.2 miles up the Fenton River. The pro-
                                                                                   ject and associated lands cover 2581 acres. Mansfield
              Mansfield Hollow Lake lies within the boundaries of Mans-            Hollow Lake can store up to 8.3 billion gallons of water for
              field and Windham, 25 miles east of Hartford. The dam-               flood control purposes. This is equivalent to 6.1 inches of
              site is located on the Natchaug River. From Hartford,                water covering its drainage area of 159 square miles.
              Mansfield Hollow Lake can be reached by taking Inter-                  The state of Connecticut manages Mansfield Hollow
              state 84 to Route 195 north. The dam consists of earthfill           Lake, which is becoming an increasingly popular recrea-
              with stone slope protection. It has a length of 14,050 feet          tional attraction. On a graceful, pine-covered bluff over-
              and a height of 68 feet. The project also consists of six            looking the broad expanse of water, picnic tables and fire-
              earthfill dikes with stone slope protection that total 2656          places for both families and large groups are available.
              feet in length and have a maximum height of 53 feet. A               Many acres of open field lie adjacent to the bluff and may
              concrete spillway spans the main channel of the Natchaug             be used for softball, touch football, volleyball, and other
              River with a concrete weir 690 feet long. The weir's eleva-          team sports and group activites. A 4.5-mile walking/cross-
              tion is 16 feet lower than the top of the dam. There are             country skiing trail leads through former pastures and the





              US Army Corps of Engineers









          stone foundation remnants of former homesteads. The


          Nipmuck Tribe. Other park facilities include a boat ramp,
          persistent hiker may find evidence of habitation by the

          drinking water, and parking and sanitary areas.
            The take provides excellent boating for sailboats, canoes,
          and small power boats. Fishermen can expect to find trout,
          bass, horned pout, and perch. In-season hunting of pheas-
          ant,,quail, partridge, and small game animals is also per-
          mitted.
            Guests at Mansfield Hollow Lake may wish to visit the
          village of Mansfield Hollow, located adjacent to the dam.
          This area has been designated a State Historic District
          and placed on the National Registe
                                               r of Historic Places in
          recognition of its unique characterization of a 19th century
          rural village.

          Northfield Brook Lake

          Northfield Brook Lake lies within the boundaries of
          Thomaston and Litchfield, with the damsite situated in
          Thomaston. The reservoir is two miles west of Thomaston
          on Route 254. The project consists of an carthfill dam with
          stone slope protection 8 10 feet long and 118 feet high; a
          544-foot-long gated circular concrete conduit with a diame-
          ter of three feet; and a chute spillway edged in rock with a
          concrete weir 72 feet long. The weir's crest elevation is 15         SuckerBrookDam
          feet lower than the top of the dam.

                                                                                 The project stores Northfield Brook floodwaters and
                                                                               helps to lower flood stages in downstream communities
                                                                               along the Naugatuck River. Since its construction, the dam
                            kll
                                                                               has prevented damages of $14.4 million.
                                             V                                   Construction of the dam began in May 1963 and was com--

                             01
                                                                               pleted in October 1965. Approximately 1.8 miles of highway
                                                 4                             was relocated. The cost of the project was $2.9 million.
                                                                                 Northfield Brook Lake contains an seven-acre recreation
                                                                               pool that has a maximum depth of 19.5 feet. The flood
                                                                               storage area of the project, which is normally empty and is
                                                                               utilized only to store floodwaters, covers about 67 acres
                                                                               and extends 1.25 miles. The project and associated lands
                                                                       '*a     total 235 acres. Northfield Brook Lake can store up to 792
                                                                               million gallons of water for flood control purposes. This is
                                                                               equivalent to eight inches of water covering its drainage
                               .0                                              area of 5.7 square miles.
                                                                                 The dam is situated in a scenic area adjacent to the high-
                                                                               ly industrialized Naugatuck Valley, where public recre-
                                                                               ational facilities are at a premium. Trout is stocked in the
                       q,-Og,
                                                                               lake, and the grounds contain picnic tables and shelters,
                                                                               fireplaces, a beach, hiking trail, change house, and parking
                                                                               and sanitary facilities. Drinking water is also available.

                                                                               Sucker Brook Dam

                                                                               Sucker Brook Dam is located in Winchester, about two
                                                                               miles southwest of Winsted. From Winsted, visitors travel
          Northfield Brook Lake






                                                                                                                                 Connecticut 1991







              south on Route 263 to signs for Highland State Park. The
              project consists of an earthfill dam with stone slope protec-
                                                                                          A
              tion 1160 feet long and 68 feet high; an ungated rectangu-
              lar concrete conduit 426 feet long measuring three feet
              wide and three feet high; and a concrete chute spillway
              with a 60-foot-long concrete weir. The weir's crest cleva-
              tion is 14 feet lower than the top of the dam.
                The project provides flood protection for Winchester
              and Winsted. It acts in conjunction with the dam at Mad
              River Lake to reduce downstream flooding along the Mad
              and Still Rivers, and with the dam at Colebrook River
              Lake to reduce flooding along the Farmington River.
              Sucker Brook Dam has prevented damages of $113,000,                                                             V
              including $76,000 during the heavy rains of April 1987.
                Construction, which began in September 1966 and was
              completed injune 1971, required the relocation of about
              1300 feet of Sucker Brook Road. Dam costs totalled $2.3
              million. The state of Connecticut is responsible for the
              operation and maintenance of the project.
                There is no lake at Sucker Brook Dam. The flood stor-
              age area of the project, which is normally empty and is
              only utilized to store floodwaters, covers 53 acres. Sucker                                                                    A
              Brook Dam can store up to 482 million gallons of water for
              flood control purposes. This is equivalent to 8. i inches of
              water covering its drainage area of 3.4 square miles.
                Hunters will find small game, such as rabbits and par-            ThomaOon Dam
              tridge, and stocked pheasant.


                                                                                  can store up to 13.69 billion gallons of water for flood con-
              Thomaston Dam                                                       trol purposes. This is equivalent to 8.1 inches of water cov-
              Thomaston Dam is located in Thomaston on the Nauga-                 ering its drainage area of 97.2 square miles.
              tuck River, the major tributary of the Housatonic River. It           There is a 60-mile trail system for snowmobiles and two-
              is about one mile north of Thomaston on Route 222. The              wheel trail bikes on the Thomaston Dam lands. Fishing
              project consists of an earthfill dam with stone slope protec-       enthusiasts will find that Leadmine Brook, a tributary of
              tion 142 feet high and 2000 feet long; a gated 455-foot             the Naugatuck River that flows near the dam, is stocked
              horseshoe shaped concrete conduit 10 feet in diameter;              with brown, brook, and rainbow trout. In-season hunting
              and a side channel spillway edged in rock with a 435-foot-          for stocked pheasant and native small game is permitted.
              long concrete weir. The weir's crest elevation is 23 feet           Overlook and picnic areas offer an excellent view of the
              lower than the top of the dam.                                      dam and portions of the Naugatuck River Valley. Fireplaces
                Thomaston Dam provides flood protection in the highly             and parking and sanitary facilities are also. available.
              industrialized and densely populated Naugatuck Valley.
              It is the largest and most important flood control dam in           West Thompson Lake
              the Naugatuck River system, and has prevented damages
              of $213.6 million in Thomaston, Waterbury, Naugatuck,               The dam at West Thompson Lake is located in Thompson
              Beacon Falls, Seymour, Ansonia, and Derby.                          on the Quinebaug River, about 1000 feet upstream from
                Construction started in May 1958 and was completed in             the junction of the Quinebaug and French Rivers. It is
              November 1960. The work required relocation of portions             three miles north of Putnam on Route 12. The project con-
              of Routes 8 and 222 (Blakeman Road), several town roads,            sists of an carthfill dam with stone slope protection 2550
              and a portion of the Devon Branch of the Conrail railroad.          feet long and 70 feet high; an carthfill dike with stone
              Project costs were $14.3 million.                                   slope protection measuring 1650 feet long and 30 feet
                There is no lake at the Thomaston Dam. The flood stor-            high; a gated horseshoe shaped concrete conduit 254 feet
              age area of the project, which is normally empty and is             long and 12 feet in diameter; and a side channel concrete
              only utilized to store floodwaters, covers 960 acres. The           chute spillway with a 320-foot-long L-shaped concrete weir.
              project and associated lands total 1436 acres, of which             The weir's crest elevation is 19 feet lower than the top of
              1000 are wooded. These lands extend into the towns of               the dam.
              Litchfield, Harwinton, and Plymouth. Thomaston Dam





              US Army Corps of Engineers







            The project has prevented flood damages of $12.3 mil-
          lion in Putnam and other downstream areas along the
          Quinebaug River.
            Construction started in August 1963 and was completed
          in October 1965. The relocation of 3.3 miles of town roads
          was required. The cost of the project was $7 million.
            West Thompson Lake contains a 200-acre conservation
          pool that has a maximum depth of 13 feet. The flood stor-
          age area of the project, which is normally empty and is
          only utilized to store floodwaters, totals 1250 acres and
          extends seven miles upstream. The project and associated                              0
          lands cover 2033 acres in both Thompson and Dudley,
          Massachusetts. West Thompson Lake can store up to 8.34
          billion gallons of water for flood control purposes. This is
          equivalent to 6.5 inches of water covering its drainage area
          of 173.5 square miles.
            Reservoir lands support a variety of recreational activi-
          ties. Facilities include a picnic area and shelter, boat ramp,
          nature trail, fireplaces, hot showers, drinking water, an                                                           "A
          amphitheater for weekend campfire programs, and parking
          and sanitary facilities. One of the main features of West
          Thompson Lake is a rustic camping area with 22 camp
          sites, two Adirondack shelters, and a trailer sanitary dis-
          posal station. Reservoir lands are also available for snow-
          mobiling and cross-country skiing.
            West Thompson Lake offers an excellent spot for hunt-          West Thompson Lake
          ing and fishing in the scenic upper Quinebaug Valley. The
          lake contains bass, perch, pickerel, and horned pout. North-
          ern pike, which have been moving down the Quinebaug
          River, may also be found. In-season hunting of pheasant,
          quail, partridge, and small game animals is available.








































                                                                                                                           Connecticut 1991









                                                                           HURRICANE
                                                                         PROTECTION
                                                                                BARRIERS
                                                                                        New London

                                                                                          Pawcatuck

                                                                                           Stamford





























                                                                                                                                                                             Connecticut 1991    M










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              The New London Hurricane Protection Barrier



              New London                                                          ments that have a total length of 925 feet; a gated 1800-
                                                                                  foot-long concrete conduit eight feet in diameter that in-
              The New London Hurricane Protection Barrier is located              tercepts flows from Truman Brook and discharges into
              along the New London waterfront at Shaw Cove on the                 Shaw Cove; and a pumping station that discharges flows
              Thames River. It is about 45 miles southeast of Hartford,           through the dike during unusually high tides. The project
                New London suffered damaging floods from hurricanes               also included the construction of a raised railroad embank-
              in 1938, 1944, 1954, and 1960. Damages from 1954's Hur-             ment; the dredging of Shaw Cove; and the demolition of
              ricane Carol amounted to $3.8 million, of which $2.4 mil-           waterfront structures.
              lion could have been prevented if a hurricane protection
              barrier had existed. The barrier today protects about 173
              acres of industrial and commercial areas in the vicinity of         Pawcatuck
              Shaw Cove from hurricane and severe coastal storm flood-            The Pawcatuck Hurricane Protection Barrier is located in
              ing, and safeguards against interior flooding caused by             the Pawcatuck section of Stonington on the west bank of
              overflows from Truman Brook. In the relatively short time           the Pawcatuck River.
              since its completion, the New London Hurrricane Pro-                  Like other Connecticut coastal communities, Pawcatuck
              tection Barrier has already prevented flood damages of              has suffered serious flooding from hurricanes in 1938, 1944,
              $25,000. In'a recurrence of the hurricane of 1938, the              1954, and 1960, as well as other severe coastal storms. Hur-
              barrier would prevent an estimated $11.5 million in flood           ricane Carol of 1954 caused damages estimated at $1.09
              damage.                                                             million, of which about $85 1,000 could have been prevented
                Construction started in August 1978 and was completed             if a hurricane protection barrier had existed at that time.
              in.May 1986, costing $12 million. The relocation of elec-           Today, the barrier protects 34 acres of highly industrialized
              tric, water, sewer, telephone, and drainage lines were re-
              quired. The barrier is operated and maintained by the city.         land from tidal surges.
                The project consists of an earthfill dike with stone slope          Construction began           1962, and was completed in
                                                                                  September 1963. The cost of the project was $859,000. Op-
              protection approximately 715 feet long with a maximum               eration and maintenance is the responsibility of Stonington.
              elevation of 14.5 feet; a concrete floodwall about 800 feet           The project consists of 1915 feet of earthfill dike and
              long with a maximum elevation of 14.5 feet; two revet-              940 feet of concrete wall, both with an elevation of 17 feet;




              US Army Corps of Engineers








          two vehicular gates; and a pumping station. The project             operates and maintains the Stamford Hurricane Protec-
          protection begins 0.7 mile south of the U.S. Route I Bridge         tion Barrier, with the exception of the navigation gates,
          and extends 2200 feet northward along the west bank of              which are operated and maintained by the Corps.
          the river.                                                            The project consists of three elements. The first, a bar-
                                                                              rier at the east branch of Stamford Harbor, is composed
                                                                              of a 2850-foot-long earthfill dike with stone slope protec-
          Stamford                                                            tion. It has an elevation of 17 feet. A 90-foot-wide opening
          The Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier is located in             is provided for navigation, and a pump station discharges
          Stamford on Stamford Harbor, about 20 miles southwest               interior drainage.
          of Bridgeport.                                                        The second element is a barrier that provides protection
           Stamford has been subject to heavy losses from storm               at the west branch of the harbor. This barrier, which has
          tidal flooding since 1635. The September 1938 hurricane             an elevation of 17 feet, is composed of a 1350-foot-long
          resulted in losses in the project area of almost $6 million.        concrete wall; 2950 feet of earthfill dike with stone slope
          Hurricane Carol in 1954 caused $3.4 million in damage,              protection; and a pumping station.
          of which $2.9 million could have been prevented if a hurri-           The third portion provides protection at Westcott Cove.
          cane barrier had existed at that time. The barrier today            This barrier is a 4400-foot earthfill dike with stone slope
          provides protection to about 600 acres, which includes              protection having a maximum elevation of 19 feet. It also
          principal manufacturing plants, a portion of the main               has two pumping stations.
          commercial district, and residential sections. Since its
          completion, the barrier has prevented damages of $7.1
          million from hurricanes and other severe coastal storms.
           Construction of this project started in May 1965 and
          ended injanuary 1969, costing $14.5 million. The city








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                                                                                                                     ro,





















          The Pawcatuck Hurricane Protection Barrier                          The Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier










                                                                                                                                Connecticut 1991









                                        LOCAL
                                  PROTECTION
                                     PROJECTS

                                           Ansonia

                                    Byram River, Greenwich

                                           Danbury

                                            Derby

                                         East Hartford

                                   Folly Brook, Wethersfield

                                           Hartford

                                        North Canaan

                                           Norwalk

                                           Norwich

                                    Torrington - East Branch

                                   Torrington - West Branch

                                    Waterbury/Watertown

                                           Winsted

















                                                                                Connecticut 1991





                                                                                                    Byrarn River, Greenwich
                                                                                                    The Byram River Local Protection Project is located on
                                                                                                    the Byram River in the Pemberwick section of Greenwich,
                                                                                                    about one mile upstream of U.S. Route 1. It protects 25
                                                                                                    acres of residential and industrial developments and has
                                                                                                    prevented flood damages of $80,000.
                                                                                                      Construction of the project, built by the Corps' North
                                                                                         4'
                                                                                                    Atlantic Division, started injuly 1959 and was completed
                                           T                                                        in August 196 1, costing $407,000. Ellin Drive was relo-
                                                                                                    cated to accommodate construction. The Byram River
                                                                                                    project is a small project, built under Section 205 of the
                                                                                                    Corps' Continuing Authorities Program. It is operated
                                                                                                    and maintained by Greenwich.
                                                                                                      The project widened, deepened, and realigned about
                                                        k,                                          2400 feet of the Byram River channel. In addition, carthfill
                                                                                                    dikes were constructed on either side of the river channel
                                                                                                    1300 feet on the right bank and 950 feet on the left bank.

                                                                                                    Danbury
                                                                                                    The Danbury Local Protection Project is located along the
                                                                                                    Still River in Danbury, immediately downstream of the
                                                                                                    city's central business district. It provides protection to 90
                                                                                                    acres of industrial, commercial, and residential land. It has
                 The Ansonia Local Protection Project cost $20.2 million to construct and           prevented flood damages of $2.1 million.
                 has already preventedflood damages of $37.4 million.



                                                                                                    ----------- - ---- -----
                 Ansonia                                                                                                      Jw

                 The Ansonia Local Protection Project is located along the
                 Naugatuck River and Beaver Brook in southwestern An-
                 Sonia and along the Naugatuck River in northwestern
                 Derby. It provides substantial protection for 440 acres of
                 highly developed industrial, commercial, and residential
                 land in Ansonia and Derby. Since its construction, it has
                 prevented flood damages of $39.4 milli
                                                                 ion.
                   Construction started in October 1968 and was com-
                 pleted injanuary 1973. The cost of the project was $20.2
                 million. It is operated and maintained by Ansonia.
                   About 10,400 feet of carthfill dikes and 5600 feet of con-
                 crete floodwall constitute the major portion of the project.
                 The works lie along the east bank of the river from Maple
                 Street to the mouth of Beaver Brook, along both banks of
                 Beaver Brook near its mouth, along both banks above
                 Maple Street, and along the west bank in the vicinity of
                 Division Street. Four pumping stations are provided to han-
                 dle storm drainage and sanitary sewage. Work also in-
                 eluded the widening and straightening of 13,000 feet of
                 river channel; the construction of a 1400-foot conduit along
                 Beaver Brook; and the construction of five swing gates that
                 allow the passage of railroad and vehicular traffic.


                                                                                                    The Byram River Local Protection Project included widening, deepening,
                                                                                                    and realigning 2400feet of the Byram River channel.





                 US Army Corps of Engineers














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                                                                                                             11     iww&       -                      . , I
              The Danbug Local Protection Project (in center ofphoto) safeguards 90                 The Derby Local Protection Project involved the widening of the Naugatuck
              acres ofindustrial, commercial, atid residential land.                                River channel and the construction ofearthfill dikes, shown on the river's
                                                                                                    right bank in the above photo.

                Project construction began injune 1974 and ended in                                 Ansonia Local Protection Project to the Route 34 Bridge.
              November 1976, costing $14.3 million. Upon completion, it                             The system includes four floodgates at railroad crossings
              was transferred to Danbury for operation and maintenance.                             and a pumping station near the confluence of the two
                The project consists of 3625 feet of concrete conduit and                           rivers to handle storm drainage. Construction also in-
              2695 feet of enlarged and realigned Still River channel.                              cluded the widening of the Naugatuck River channel im-
              Work also required rebuilding four railroad bridges; con-                             mediately upstream of the Route 34 Bridge.
              structing two highway bridges; and removing a privately
              owned bridge.                                                                         East Hartford
              Derby                                                                                 The East Hartford Local Protection Project is located
                                                                                                    along the cast bank of the Connecticut River and the
              The Derby Local Protection Project is located at the junc-                            north bank of the Hockanum River in East Hartford. It
              tion of the Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers in Derby. It                              provides protection for about 760 acres of residential,
              provides substantial protection to about 70 acres of highly                           commercial, industrial, and public property in East Hart-
              developed industrial, residential, and commercial proper-                             ford. It has prevented flood damages of $170.4 million.
              ty. It has prevented flood damages of $6.7 million, includ-                              Construction started in December 1938 and was com-
              ing $2.4 million from the heavy rains of April 1987.                                  pleted injuly 1943, costing $2.4 million. The project is
                Construction of the project began in May 1970 and was                               operated and maintained by East Hartford.
              completed injune 1973, costing $8.6 million. Upon com-                                   There are about 19,500 feet of carthfill dikes and 750
              pletion, it was transferred to Derby for operation and                                feet of concrete floodwalls along the Connecticut and Hock-
              maintainance.                                                                         anurn Rivers, extending from the high ground near Greene
                The project consists of earthfill dikes and concrete flood-                         Terrace in the north to high ground at Brewer Lane and
              walls along the Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers.                                      Central Avenue in the south. There are two stoplog struc-
              Protection along the Houstonic River starts in the vicinity                           tures, one each at the railroad and Main Street. Three
              of Bridge Street and extends 2050 feet downstream to the                              pumping stations that discharge storm waters from behind
                                                    PAM























































              Route 8 highway embankment. Protection along the                                      the dike into the Connecticut River are located at Meadow
              Naugatuck River extends 3200 feet downstream from the                                 Hill, Cherry Street, and Pitkin Street.





                                                                                                                                                                    Connecticut 1991








                                                                                  central part of the city. The project has prevented flood
                                                                                  damages of $295 million.
                                                      v,
                                                                                    The completed works consist of dikes, floodwalls, stoplog
                                                                                  structures, conduits, and pumping stations.
                                                      A,                            There are about 35,000 feet of earthfill dikes and 4400
                                                                                  feet of concrete floodwall along the Connecticut River ex-
                                                L                                 tending from high ground on Windsor Avenue, near the
                                                                                  Hartford-Windsor town line, to high ground south of the
                                                                                  Hartford-Wethersfield town line. Along this perimeter are
                                                                                  six stoplog structures that are closed when floodwaters
                                                                                  threaten to spill into the protected area and six pumping
                                                                                  stations that discharge storm and sanitary sewage.
                                                                                    The project also includes four conduits. The first, the
                                                                                  Park River conduit, measures over 10,000 feet long and
                                                                                  passes beneath Bushnell Park in the central part of the
                                                                                  city, ending at -the Connecticut River. This conduit is sup-
                                                                                  plemented by a second conduit, the Park River auxiliary
                                                                                  conduit, located about 1100 feet south of the first conduit.
                                                                                  This auxiliary conduit, 9200 feet long and lying approxi-
                                                                                  mately 200 feet below the surface, is the product of state-
                                                                                  of-the-art technology and allows'the Park River to be
             The East Har@fordLocal Protection Project's earthfill dike, built on the east completely diverted under the city of Hartford directly to
             bank ofthe Connecticut River, protects several hundred acres ofpropero. the Connecticut River. Two pumping stations support the
             Thephoto shows the dike, again partially hidden b@ trees, as its winds its auxiliary conduit.
             way around the riverbank.                                              The third conduit is the 3 1 00-foot Gully Brook conduit,
                                                                                  which ties into the first Park River conduit. The fourth is
                                                                                  the 2200-foot Folly Brook conduit, which ties into the con-
             Folly Brook, Wethersfield                                            duit located at the lower end of Folly Brook in Wethersfield.
             The Folly Brook Local Protection Project is located in                 Most of these works were initiated in December 1938
             Wethersfield on Folly Brook, about 0.3 mile upstream of              and completed in August 1944. Construction of the Folly
             Wethersfield Cove. The project protects about 165 acres
             lying along both sides of Folly Brook. The land is primarily
             residential and urban, consisting of single family homes
             and a convalescent home.
               Construction of the pr ject began in October 1977 and
                                       0J
             was completed in October 1978 at a cost of $220,000. The
             Folly Brook project is a small project, built under Section
             205 of the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program. It is
             operated and maintained by Wethersfield. The Folly Brook
             project is a downstream extension of the Folly Brook con-
             duit built as part of the Hartford Local Protection Project,
               The project consists of 175 feet of corrugated metal pipe
             extending from the Folly Brook conduit (part of the Hart-
             ford Local Protection Project) to the lower end offolly
             Brook in Wethersfield. The pipe passes under the Hartford
             Avenue Bridge and Conrail Railroad Bridge and reduces
             the threat of flooding in Wethersfield.

             Hartford

             The Hartford Local Protection Project is located along the
             west bank of the Connecticut River in Hartford and along
             the city's Park River. It provides flood protection to ap-                                                                         J
             proximately 3000 acres of highly developed commercial,
             residential, and industrial land in Hartford, including the          The Folly Brook Local Protection Project (circled) helps to reduceflooding in
                                                                                  Wethersfield.






             US Army Corps of Engineers
























          V















          An earthfill dike, constructed along the banks of the Connecticut River in Har@ford and hidden by trees in the photo (above left), is part of a system ofdikes ofthe
          Har@fordLocal Protection Project that helpsprotect about 3000 acres ofhighly developedpropery in the ci!y. Another important component oftheproject is the
          9200-foot-long Park River auxiliag conduit (photo above right), which diverts the Park River under Haqford direct@y to the Connecticut River. Thisauxilialy
          conduit, with a diameter of 22feet, was large enough to allow railroad cars to Pass through it during construction.


          Brook conduit began in February 1956 and was completed
          in May 1957. Construction of the Park River auxiliary con-
          duit and the two pumping stations began injune 1976 and
          was completed injuly 1981. The total cost of the Hartford
          local protection project was $71.5 million. It is operated
          and maintained by Hartford.

          North Canaan                                                                           A

          The North Canaan Local Protection Project involved the
          snagging and clearing of a 6500-foot ong section of the
          Blackberry River. The project, which improved the flow
          capacity of the river, protects an area that includes resi-
          dential properties along Church Street; a housing develop-
          ment for the elderly; and an industrial plant.
            Fallen trees and heavy siltation had created a potential-
          ly dangerous nood situation. The removal of accumulated
          snags and debris was completed between June-September
          1977, costing $73,900. This work was considered to be a
          small project, falling under Section 208 of the Corps' Con-          The North Canaan Local Protection Project involved snagging and clearing
          tinuing Authorities Program.                                         6500feet of the Blackberg River, which runs under the Route 44 Bridge.
            The work involved the removal of dead brush, standing
          dead trees, designated live trees, snags, silt, slash, and
          other debris hindering the passage of floodwaters. Random            Norwalk
          sand and gravel deposits were also excavated.
            The project area lies between the Route 44 Bridge and a            The Norwalk Local Protection Project is located on the
          point downstream about 1800 feet from the junction of the            Norwalk River, in the vicinity of Perry Avenue in Norwalk.
          Blackberry and Housatonic Rivers.                                    This project safeguards about eight acres of residential and
                                                                               commercial property that had been subjected to frequent
                                                                               flooding.





                                                                                                                                  Connecticut 1991








                                                                               the Norwich Local Protection Project was $1.3 million. The
                            Wig
                                                                               channel is maintained by Norwich.
                                                                                 A 700-foot reach of the Shetucket River channel was
                                                                               deepened and widened, increasing its cross-sectional area
                       few
                                                         -g-                   by 40 percent. The work was centered at the Laurel Hill
                                                                               Bridge (Route 12), where the channel passes through a
                                                                         90    narrow rock constriction.



                          2r
                                                                               Torrington - East Branch
                                                                         I     The Torrington (East Branch) Local Protection Project
                                                                               lies on the Naugatuck River and the Naugatuck River's
                                                                               east branch, near the center of Torrington.
                                                                                 In conjunction with the Hall Meadow Brook and East
                                                                               Branch Dams, the project provides flood protection to resi-
                                                                         74
                                                                               dential, commercial, industrial, and public property along
                                                                               the banks of both the Naugatuck River and the Naugatuck
                                                                               River's east branch. Specifically, this protection extends
                                                                               from the East Pearl Street Bridge that spans the Nauga-
                                                                               tuck River's cast branch, to the vicinity of Saint Francis
                                                                               Cemetery on the Naugatuck River. The project has pre-
                                                                               vented flood damages of $66,000.
                                                                                 Construction of the project, which cost $389,000, started
                                                                         -i"i  injuly 1957 and was completed injuly 1959. It is a small
                                                                               project, built under Section 205 of the Corps' Continuing
                                                                               Authorities Program. It is operated and maintained by
             About eight acres ofresidential and commercial propero areprotectedby the Torrington.
             Norwalk Local Protection Project.


               Built between October-December 1951, the project cost
             $52,000 and has prevented flood damages of $14,000. It is
             a small project, built under Section 205 of the Corps' Con
             tinuing Authorities Program. It is maintained by the city
                                                                                                                  V,
             of Norwalk.
               The project entailed enlarging and realigning 1700 feet
                                                                                                                           :V
             of the Norwalk River channel. An I 100-foot earthfill dike
             was built along the west bank of the river, and a row of
             steel sheet piling was installed. An industrial dam was                                                      r_>_
             removed to facilitate construction.
                                                                                                             @J
               The project begins about 1400 feet downstream of
             Merritt Parkway (Route 15) and extends to the head of
             Deering Pond, at the confluence with the Silvermine
             River.


             Norwich

             The Norwich Local Protection Project is located at the
             lower end of the Shetucket River in Norwich.The project
             reduces flooding on the two-mile reach extending from the
             head of the Thames River upstream to the Greenville
             Dam. It has prevented damages of $6.2 million.
               The initial portion of the channel improvement project
             began injune 1947 and was completed in March 1949. In                         1" Taw      .7
                                                                                                         @k_








             September 1957, work began on extending the project,              The Norwich Local Protection Project involved deepening and widening a
             which was completed in December 1958. The total cost of           700-foot reach of the Shetucket River.





             US Army Corps of Engineers













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                    The Torrington (East Branch) Local Protection Pro
                                                                          ject has prevented
                damages of $66, 000 along sections of the ciy that were severely damaged
                                                                                                                                    ,*7
                during August 1955flood. The top photo shows a section of the earthfill
                dike, partially hidden by trees, as its runs along the Naugatuck River at a
            point below the confluence of the East and West Branches (top left ofphoto).
                       Floodwalls (above left) were also constructed as Part Of the project.
                                                                                                                                                             7
                           The photo on the right shows the Naugatuck River as it winds
                                                                       through Torrington.


                                                                                                        The project entailed deepening and widening the
                Construction involved building earthfill dikes and con-                              west branch of the Naugatuck River channel. In addition,
            crete floodwalls at various points along the Naugatuck                                   concrete floodwalls and stone slope protection were con-
            River and the Naugatuck River's east branch. The total                                   structed. The project extends about 2500 feet from the
            length of the dikes and floodwalls along the Naugatuck                                   Prospect Street Bridge to the confluence of the Naugatuck
            River is 2370 feet, and their total length along the Nau-                                River's east and west branches.
            gatuck River's east branch is 1450 feet. The di                'kes on the
            Naugatuck River begin at a point immediately down-
            stream of the cast and west branch confluence.                                           Waterbury/Watertown
                The project also entailed straightening, deepening, and                              The Waterbury/Watertown Local Protection Project is
            widening 5000 feet of the Naugatuck River and 4000 feet                                  located along the east bank of the Naugatuck River in both
            of the Naugatuck River's east branch.                                                    Waterbury and Watertown.
                                                                                                        Acting in conjunction with the Thomaston Dam seven
            Torrington - West Branch                                                                 miles upstream, the project provides substantial protection
                                                                                                     for an industrial complex, a residential area, the Devon-
            The Torrington (West Branch) Local Protection Project is                                 Torrington Branch of the Conrail railroad, and sections of
            located in Torrington along the lower reach of the Nauga-                                Thomaston Avenue.
            tuck River's west branch.                                                                   Construction began in December 1960 and was com-
                In conjunction with Hall Meadow Brook Dam, this pro-                                 pleted in October 1961, costing $263,000. It is a small pro-
            ject safeguards industrial, commercial, and residential                                  ject, built under Section 205 of the Corps' Continuing Au-
            areas along the west branch of the Naugatuck River. Since                                thorities Program. The project has prevented $8.4 million
            its completion, the project has prevented flood damages of                               in flood damages, and is operated and maintained by the
            $25,000.                                                                                 city of Waterbury and the town of Watertown.
                Construction of the project began injuly 1959 and                                       The project consists of 1450 feet of earth dikes and 2711
            was completed in May 1960, costing $228,000. It is a small                               feet of concrete floodwall, both constructed along the cast
            project, built under Section 205 of the Corps' Continuing                                bank, and a stoplog structure at the railroad track. Work
            Authorities Program. It is operated and maintained by                                    also included channel excavation in an area upstream of
            Torrington.                                                                              the former Chase Brass Dam.





                                                                                                                                                                      Connecticut 1991














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             The Corps deepened and widened the West Branch of the Naugatuck River The Waterbu?y Local Protection Project along the Mad River.
             as part ofits Torrington (West Branch) Local Protection Project. Thepro-
             ject alvo included the construction ofstone slope protection, partially covered
             by trees, along the riverbank.




               The project extends from the high ground east of the              Frost Road Bridges and near Bouffard Avenue. The esti-
             railroad bridge near Thomaston Avenue to the southern               mated cost of the project is $1,900,000. The project is au-
             end of the industrial complex, about one mile north of the          thorized under Section 205, Local Flood Protection, of the
             mouth of Hancock Brook. It covers an area of about 4515             Corps' Continuing Authorities Program.
             feet.
             Mad River, Waterbury                                                West River., New Haven
                                                                                 The West River Local Protection Project is located in the
             (Woodtick)                                                          Westville section of New Haven, upstream of the crossing
             Waterbury is located approximately 20 miles north of New            of Route 63 over the West River. The completed project
             Haven and about 25 miles southwest of Hartford.                     will reduce the flood hazard and associated urban flooding
               Flooding conditions along the Mad River in the Wood-              along West River from Blake Street to Whalley Avenue.
             tick area of Waterbury have been aggrevated by increased              Following the record flood ofJune 1982, the City of New
             development in the floodplain, along with the resulting ac-         Haven requested the Corps of Engineers to study the feasi-
             cumulation of silt and debris in the channel over the past          bility and justification of Federal participation in the con-
             decade.                                                             struction of flood control improvements for the Westville
               A flood damage reduction project consisting of channel            section of the city. The study investigated a variety of
             widening along two areas of the Mad River is planned for            measures to reduce recurring flood losses within the West
             1992. The total effected area is approximately 1470 linear          River basin. The Corps of Engineers completed a prelimi-
             feet in length. The two areas are located in the vicinity of        nary investigation in August 1983 which found that further
                                                                                 study was warranted. The more detailed study, finalized in






             US Army Corps of Engineers








          1985, recommended construction of a series of improve-
          ments to reduce flood losses in the West River area be-
          tween Blake Street and Whalley Avenue in northwestern
          New Haven.
            The project will consist of widening the West River as
          well as providing floodwalls and dikes along the West River
          and its tributary Wintergreen Brook. The channel work
          will widen 1,150 feet of the west bank and 600 feet of the
          cast bank of the West River. Floodwalls and a dike will also                                          ift
                                                                                                                    , !
          be constructed along 1,000 feet of.the northern bank of                                        41
                                                                                                            @ , -
          Wintergreen Brook. The walls will prevent waters from
          overtopping the banks and flooding commercial and resi-
          dential areas.
            Construction of the improvements was approved by the

          tion contract for the amount of $3,295,000 was awarded in
          Secretary of the Army in late September 1988. A construc-

          September 1990. The work will take approximately two
          years to complete.


          Winsted
                                                                                                                                       VA
          The Winsted Local Protection Project is situated along the
          lower reach of the Mad River in the Winsted section of
          Winchester. The project is designed to protect 73 acres
          of commercial, industrial, and residential property in the
          central part of the city. Additional protection is provided         The Winsted Local Protection Project involved clearing 4890feet of the
          by the dam at Mad River Lake, located about one mile up-           MadRiver.
          stream, and Sucker Brook Dam, located about two miles to
          the southwest.
            Construction of the Winsted Local Protection Project
          began in May 1950 and ended in October 195 1, costing
          $276,000. However, in August 1955, heavy rainfall from
          two successive hurricanes caused extreme flooding on the
          Mad River, severely damaging the project. Disaster opera-
          tions following the flood included clearing the river chan-
          nel and removing many of the constricting foundations.
          The city's acquisition of adjacent land and enforcement of
          floodplain zoning laws has eliminated much of the conges-
          tion along the Mad River channel that existed prior to the
          1955 flood.
            The original work, completed in 195 1, consisted of re-
          moving an abandoned darn and excavating the channel for
          4890 feet from Lake Street downstream to a point about
          1700 feet below the Case Street Bridge. Work done by the
          state following the 1955 storm included widening Main
          Street and building retaining walls.



















                                                                                                                                Connecticut 1991





              Navigation

              ,The Corps has completed navigation projects at 28 differ-          today's waterways has been constructed by the Corps with-
              ent sites in Connecticut. These sites include rivers, bays,         in the past 50 years, costing an aggregate total of $20 mil-
              coves, and harbors that are used by commercial interests,           lion. (More information on the navigational role of the
              fishermen, and the many recreational boaters that enjoy             Corps is available on page 6).
              the intricate and fascinating Connecticut coastline.                  The following pages describe the Corps' navigation
                Initial work on many of the projects dates back to the            projects in Connecticut. Depths given for channels and
              19th century. However, much of the navigational work in             anchorages are those at Mean Low Water.







                                                                       


                                                                                       















                                                                                                        J

                                                    

                                                                        



                                                                                                        




                                                                          
                                                                                                                   










                                                                                                                  
              Branford Harbor is a popular spotfor recreational boating.






              US Army Corps of Engineers
 




                         Navigation Projects in Connecticut


                     Black Rock Harbor                                            Niantic Bay and Harbor

                     Branford Harbor                                              Norwalk Harbor

                     Bridgeport Harbor                                            Patchogue River

                     Clinton Harbor                                               Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett

                     Connecticut River                                            Bay

                     Duck Island Harbor                                           Port Chester Harbor


                     Fivemile River Harbor                                        Southport Harbor

                     Greenwich Harbor                                             Stamford Harbor


                     Guilford Harbor                                              Stonington Harbor

                     Housatonic River                                             Stony Creek

                     Mianus River                                                 Thames River


                     Milford Harbor                                               Westcott Cove


                     Mystic River                                                 Westport Harbor and Saugatuck River

                     New Haven Harbor                                             Wilson Point Harbor


                     New London Harbor











































                                                                                                                  Connecticut 1991







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                                :-Tt






















                                                                                46




















             Black Rock Harbor in Bridgeport.




             Black Rock Harbor                                                     sediment from the shore to the navigational area.
                                                                                      The harbor's main feature is a 2.4-mile-long, 18-foot-deep
                Black Rock Harbor in Bridgeport is an important com-               channel that extends from Long Island Sound, through
             mercial port that serves several waterfront facilities. It is         Black Rock Harbor and Cedar Creek, to the heads of the
             bordered on the east by Fayerweather Island.                          east and west branches of Cedar Creek. The channel is 200
                Navigational improvements to Black Rock Harbor were                feet wide for the first 1.75 miles, then narrows to 150 feet
             made as early as 1838, when a seawall was constructed along           until the junction of the east and west branches, where it
             the eastern side of Fayerweather Island. In 1899, groins were         becomes 100 feet wide in each branch.
             built on the east side of the harbor to prevent the shift of             The channel was completed in 193 1.






             US Army Corps of Engineers






          Branford Harbor                                                          Two anchorage areas in the upper harbor. The first,
                                                                                   25 feet deep and 23 acres in area, lies opposite Tongue
             Branford Harbor lies at the mouth of the Branford River               Point (A small portion of this anchorage was dredged
          in southwestern Branford. The harbor is used chiefly for                 to 33.5 feet to facilitate the movement of large com-
          recreational boating.                                                    mercial ships); the second, 18 feet deep and 29 acres
             The project consists of a 2.8-mile-long channel, 8.5 feet             in area, lies on the southwesterly side of the main
          deep and 100 feet wide, extending from the outer harbor,                 channel, parallel to the shoreline, directly across from
          through the Branford River, to the vicinity of the Route                 Yellow Mill Channel.
          146 Bridge in Branford. This work was completed in 1907.                 A turning basin 18 acres in area and 35 feet deep
                                                                                   located south of the Cilco Terminal.
                                                                                   A 15-foot-deep channel 200 feet wide, extending from
          Bridgeport Harbor                                                        the aforementioned turning basin upJohnsons River
                                                                                   to a point 1700 feet below Hollisters Dam, where for
             Bridgeport Harbor, one of Connecticut's principal com-                1100 feet it becomes nine feet deep and 100 feet wide
          mercial ports, lies at the mouth of the Pequormock River                 until terminating at the six-foot-deep anchorage near
          in southeastern Bridgeport.                                              Hollisters Dam.
             The development of Bridgeport Harbor began in 1836                    A three-acre anchorage area midway up theJohnsons
          and has been modified several times. The harbor contains                 River channel, nine feet deep at the lower end and six
          the following navigational features:                                     feet deep at the upper end.
             ï¿½ A main ship channel extending from Long Island                      A six-foot-deep anchorage, two acres in area, at the
               Sound to the inner harbor. From Long Island Sound                   head of the Johnsons River channel, near Hollisters
               to Tongue Point, the channel is 35 feet deep and 400                Dam.
               feet wide. It widens to 600 feet at the northwest bend            0 A one-mile-long, 18-foot-deep channel, 150-200 feet
               (opposite Cilco Terminal), then narrows to 300 feet at              wide, extending up Yellow Mill Pond Channel to a
               a point 800 feet before the Stratford Avenue bridge as              point about 360 feet from Crescent Avenue.
               it heads up the Pequormock River. The deepening of                - A 1. 1 -mile-long, 18-foot-deep channel, 125 to 200 feet
               this channel to 35 feet was completed in 1963.                      wide, extending from the vicinity of the Stratford
             ï¿½ Two breakwaters at the entrance to the main harbor.                 Avenue Bridge, up the Pequormock River, to a point
               The easterly breakwater is 3823 feet long, and the                  500 feet below the dam at Berkshire Avenue.
               westerly breakwater has a length of 2110 feet.










          i.-
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          Bridgeport Harbor






                                                                                                                                 Connecticut 1991








                                                                                                      Two stonejetties at the mouth of the Connecticut
                         6                                                                            River in Old Saybrook help prevent the buildup of
                                                                                                      sediment andprovide safe passagewayfor commer-
                                                                                                      cial and recre
                                                                                                                ational vessels.


                            V













             Clinton Harbor                                                      Connecticut River

                Clinton Harbor is located at the mouth of the                       The Connecticut River is one of the state's most vital
             Hammonasset River in Clinton. The harbor is used chiefly            waterways. With its entrance near the eastern end of Long
             for recreational boating.                                           Island Sound, it serves (in upstream order) recreational
                The first work in Clinton Harbor was completed in 1893           harbors and commercial waterfronts in the communities of
             and consisted of a stone dike between Cedar Island and              Old Saybrook, Old Lyme, Essex, Lyme, Deep River,
             the mainland to form a protected inner harbor. The most             Chester, East Haddam, Haddam, East Hampton, Middle-
             recent work, completed in 1950, consists of:                        town, Portland, Cromwell, Rocky Hill, Glastonbury,
                * A 1. 1 -mile-long channel, eight feet deep and 100 feet        Wethersfield, East Hartford, and Hartford.
                  wide, extending from Long Island Sound to the                     The first work on the Connecticut River was done in
                  wharves in Clinton;                                            1836 and has been modified several times. Presently, the
                0 An anchorage area eight feet deep in the wharf area;           navigational works on the river include:
                  and                                                                 A main ship channel that stretches 52 miles upstream
                * Maintenance of Cedar Island Dike.                                   from the river mouth in Old Saybrook to Hartford.
                                                                                      The depth of the channel is 15 feet. The channel
                                                                                      width is 300 feet from the river mouth to the railroad
             Compo Beach                                                              bridge (3.4 miles). From the railroad bridge to Hart-
                Compo Beach in Westport is situated on both the east                  ford, the channel width is 150 feet.
             and west sides of Cedar Point, at the entrance to the                  0 Two stone jetties at the mouth of the river in Old Say-
                                                                                      brook. The west jetty is 2750 feet long, and the east
             Saugatuck River.
                The pr *ect was completed in two phases:                              jetty is 2300 feet long.
                      0j                                                            - A channel I I feet deep and 100 feet wide that extends
                ï¿½ Two 500-foot-long groins were constructed. The first                1900 feet westward from the deep water at Saybrook
                  groin was constructed at Hills Point on the eastern                 Shoal to North Cove, both located in Old Saybrook
                  side of the beach, and the second was built on the                  (mile 2).
                  western side of the beach. This phase was completed
                  in December 1956.                                                 * Two anchorage basins at North Cove. The eastern
                ï¿½ The beach (both sides) was widened to 100 feet by                   anchorage measures I I feet deep and over 12 acres in
                                                                                      area, and the western anchorage is six feet deep and
                  the direct placement of sand. The east side of Cedar                over seven acres in area.
                  Point is approximately 2600 feet long, while the west             0 A channel on Eightmile River in Lyme and a turning
                  side is about 1100 feet long. This phase was com-                   basin at the head of Hamburg Cove, also in Lyme
                  pleted injanuary 1959.                                              (mile 9). The channel is eight feet deep and 75 feet
                The total cost of the project was $253,600.                           wide and stretches 1.5 miles eastward from the Con-





             US Army Corps of Engineers















                                                                                                                                                            4



























             North Cove in Old Saj,brook



































             H ethersfield Cove in 11 ethersfield The Connecticut River is in the background






                                                                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991






                   necticut River to the turning basin at Hamburg Cove.            Duck Island Harbor
                   The turninLy basin is eight feet deep, 300 feet long,
                   and 150 feet wide.                                                 Duck Island Harbor is bounded by Clinton and Grove
                   Training dikes, revetments, and other accessory works           Beaches to the north, Duck Island to the south, Menun-
                   along the river between Sears Shoal in East Hampton             ketesuck Island to the east, and Kelsey Point in Clinton
                   (mile 24) and Hartford (mile 51).                               and Stone Island to the west.
                The work described above was authorized by Congress.                  In 1899, the Corps constructed a 2700-foot-long break-
              Under the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program, small               water extending westward from Duck Island. In 1917, the
              projects can be constructed without congressional ap-                Corps built two additional breakwaters: a I 100-foot-long
              proval. Through Section 107 of this program, the Corps               structure at the north  *end of Duck Island, and a 3750-foot-
              has constructed two small navigation projects along the              long breakwater extending south from Stone Island to
              Connecticut River that are chiefly used as recreational              Stone Island Reef. At the same time, the Corps also
              harbors. They are:                                                   dredged a portion of an area northwest of Duck Island to
                   A channel and two anchorages at the Essex water-                a depth of 16 feet.
                   front (mile 7). The channel is almost one mile long,
                   10 feet deep, and 100 feet wide, and extends north-
                   westerl,y from the Connecticut River channel at Essex           Fivemile River Harbor
                   Shoal, along the Essex waterfront, then back toward
                   the Connecticut River channel. The area is bordered                Fivemile River Harbor is located at the mouth of Five-
                   by two anchorage areas. The southern anchorage is               mile River along the Darien-Norwalk town line. The har-
                   10 feet deep and over 15 acres in area, while the               bor is used chiefly for recreational boating.
                   northern anchorage is eight feet deep and over 19                  The project at Fivemile River Harbor is an eight-foot-
                   acres in area.                                                  deep, 100-foot-wide channel extending almost one mile
                   A channel and anchorage basin at Wethersfield Cove              from the mouth of Fivemile River to the head of the har-
                   in Wethersfield (mile 48). The channel is six feet              bor. It was completed in 19 10.
                   deep and 60 feet wide, extending 0.4 mile westward
                   from the Connecticut River to the anchorage basin in
                   the southern half of the cove. The anchorage basin is
                   six feet deep and 30 acres in area.



































              The breakwaters at Duck Island Harbor in Clinton.







              US Army Corps of Engineers






                                                                          Greenwich Harbor
                                                         M
                                                           UM                Greenwich Harbor, located about 2.5 miles east of the
                                                                          New York state line in Greenwich, consists of an outer har-
                                                                          bor and three inner coves.
                                                                             Initial work in Greenwich Harbor was completed in
                                                                          1905. The features of the present project, completed in
                                                                          195 1, include:
                                                                             0 A 1.4-mile-long, 12-foot deep channel. The channel is
                                                                               130 feet wide from the outer harbor to the town
                                                                               wharf, then 100 feet wide along the wharf front to a
                                                                               point about 50 feet from the head of the harbor.
                                                                             0 An anchorage area six feet deep and about 12 acres in
                                                                               area north of Grass Island and west of the channel.
              7
                                                                               An anchorage area eight feet deep and 21.5 acres in
                         17"T'h                                                area south of Grass Island and west of the channel.

                                                                          Guilford Harbor
                                     'N'
                                                                             Guilford Harbor is located at the mouth of the East
                                                                          River, about one mile southwest from the center of Guil-
                                                                          ford. It is used principally by fishing and recreational craft.
                                                                             The project, completed in 1957, provides for:
                                                                             - A 0.8-mile-long channel, six feet deep and 160 feet
                                                                               wide, extending from Long Island Sound, through the
        Fivernile River Harbor, located along the boundg between Darien and    harbor, to the anchorage area on the East River;
        Norwalk.                                                             * A 1500-foot-long anchorage area on the East River,
                                                                               six feet deep and 200 feet wide, ending at the mouth
                                                                               of the Neck River; and
                                                                             e An 880-foot-long branch channel, six feet deep and 60
                                                                               feet wide, up Sluice Creek and ending at Whitfield
                                                                               Street, just beyond the state wharf.













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                                 Greenwich Harbor







                                                                                                                           Connecticut 1991








                                                                                          The earliest work on the Mianus River was completed
                                                                                       in 1892. The present project, completed in 1951, is a 1.2-
                         _f@                                                           mile-long, six-foot-deep channel, 100 feet wide, extending
                                                                                       from Cos Cob Harbor to U.S. Route 1 (Boston Post Road)
                                                                                       in the Mianus section of Greenwich.


                                                                                       Milford Harbor

                                                                                          Milford Harbor is located at the mouth of the Wepa-
                                                                                       waug River along the Milford shorefront. The harbor is
                                                                                       chiefly used for recreational boating.
                                                                                          The first work on Milford Harbor was completed in
                                                                                       1874. Navigational improvements made by the Corps in
                                                                                       intermittent years include:
                                                       zc
                                                                                            A one-mile channel stretching from the lower harbor
                                                                                            to a point 400 feet above Town Wharf. From the lower
                                                                                            harbor to Merwins Wharf (0.4 mile), the channel is 10
                                                                                            feet deep and 100 feet wide; from Merwins Wharf to
                                                                                            the area 400 feet above Town Wharf, the channel is
                                                                                            eight feet deep and 100- 125 feet wide.
                                                                                            An anchorage area, called East Basin, located on the
                          4W     Vw-
                                                                                            east side of the channel at the bend. It is eight feet
                                                                                            deep and five acres in area.
               The Mianus River in Greenwich.                                               Two adjacent anchorage areas totalling 2000 feet in
                                                                                            length that lie parallel to the channel on its westerly
                                                                                            side. The anchorage area closest to the outer harbor
               Housatonic River                                                             is 10 feet deep and 600 feet long, while the second
                  The Housatonic River originates in northwestern Mas-                      anchorage is eight feet deep and about 1400 feet long.
               sachusetts and flows south for 132 miles through Massa-                      Twojetties in the inner harbor, close to the entrance
               chusetts and Connecticut to Long Island Sound at Strat-                      of the Wepawaug River. The east jetty (Longjetty) is
               ford, about four miles east of Bridgeport Harbor.                            5 10 feet long, and the westjetty (Burns PointJetty) is
                  The Corps first began work on the Housatonic River in                     250 feet long.
               1871 and has since made several improvements to facili-
               tate navigation for commercial and recreational vessels.                Mystic River
               At present, the project consists of-
                  ï¿½ A 13-mile-long channel stretching from the mouth of                   The Mystic River extends from Mystic Harbor in Mystic
                    the river to Derby and Shelton. For the first five                 six miles upstream to Old Mystic. Both Mystic and Old
                    miles, from the mouth of the river to Culvers Bar in               Mystic are sections of Stonington.
                    Milford, the channel is 18 feet deep and 200 feet wide.               The river is mainly used by fishing and recreational
                    For the next eight miles, to a point about 500 feet be-            craft. A popular attraction is Mystic Seaport, a recon-
                    fore the Shelton-Derby Bridge, the channel is seven                structed seacoast village depicting 19th century waterfront
                    feet deep and 100 feet wide and used chiefly for recre-            development.
                    ational boating.                                                      Work on the Mystic River began in 1890; several im-
                  ï¿½ A 5820-foot-long stone breakwater on the cast side of              provements have been made then. Navigational work the
                    the river mouth.                                                   Corps has completed in the river include:
                  ï¿½ A 1225-foot-long training dike in Stratford.                            A 3.75-mile-long channel stretching from Fishers
                  ï¿½ A 163-foot-long jetty at Sow and Pigs Rock in East                      Island Sound to a point 700 feet above the wharf at
                    Derby, about 13 miles upstream from the mouth of                        the Mystic Seaport Marine Historical Association.
                    the river.                                                              The channel has varying dimensions. It is 15 feet deep
                                                                                            and 125 feet wide beginning in Fishers Island Sound,
               Mianus           River                                                       extending north along the Noank waterfront in
                                                                                            Groton, continuing between Sixpenny and Mason
                  The Mianus River originates in southeastern New York,                     Island in Stonington to Murphy Point in Mystic (2.4
                               e@
                        - 4@t












               flowing southerly for about 20 miles before emptying into                    miles). From Murphy Point to the U.S. Route I
               Cos Cob Harbor in Greenwich.                                                 Bridge at Mystic (0.55 miles), the channel is 15 feet





               US Army Corps of Engineers








                deep and 100 feet wide. From the bridge to the point
                700 feet above the Mystic Seaport Marine Historical
                Association Wharf (0.8 mile), the channel is 12 feet
                deep and 80-90 feet wide.
                ï¿½An anchorage basin nine feet deep and 8.5 acres in
                area on the east side of the channel and north of
                Mason Island.
                                                                                                      -0
                ï¿½A turning basin nine feet deep, 200 feet wide, and 200
                feet long immediately north of the railroad bridge
                and west of the channel.


          New Haven Harbor

                New Haven Harbor, a major commercial harbor in Con-
          necticut, extends for five miles from Long Island Sound to
          New Haven. West Haven and East Haven lie on either side
          of the outer harbor. Principal rivers flowing into the har-
          bor are the Quinnipiac River to the northeast, the Mill
          River to the north, and the West River to the west.
                The Corps began work on New Haven Harbor in 1852                  1 iiL@    T-:0
          and completed several improvements in 1950. Presently,
          the project consists of'.
                ï¿½Three breakwaters that shelter the harbor entrance.
                The cast breakwater, located on the east side of the
                channel, is 3450 feet long; the middle breakwater,
                located on the west side of the channel, is 4450 feet
                long; and the west breakwater is 4200 feet long. From
                Morgan Point in East Haven, the breakwaters stretch
                southwesterly across the outer harbor in a rough diag-            New Haven Harbor
                onal shape. They were constructed in 1915.
                ï¿½A five-mile-long main channel 35 feet deep and 400-                   A 12-foot-deep channel up the Mill River that splits
                800 feet wide extending from Long Island Sound to                      into two branches. The channel is 2000 feet long and
                the head of the harbor, immediately south of the US                    200 feet wide up to the junction of the two branches.
                Route I and Connecticut Turnpike Bridges.                              The east branch is 1200 feet long and 100 feet wide,
                ï¿½An anchorage basin 16 feet deep and 13.5 acres in                     while the west branch is 1600 feet long and 125 feet
                area on the west side of the upper harbor.                             wide. The channels in each branch extend to the
                ï¿½An anchorage basin 15 feet deep and 3.2 acres in area                 Grand Avenue Bridge.
                at the northwest side of the head of the harbor, oppo-                 A 200-foot-wide channel in the lower reaches of the
                site City Wharf.                                                       Quinnipiac River, 18 feet deep in the 3700-foot reach
                ï¿½A 1.5-mile-long, 12-foot-deep channel extending from                  between the Tomlinson (U.S. Route 1) and Ferry
                the 16-foot anchorage, through the mouth of the West                   Street Bridges, and 16 feet deep in the 3000-foot
                River, to a point about 700 feet from the Connecticut                  reach extending upstream to the Grand Avenue
                Turnpike. From the 16-foot anchorage to the Kim-                       Bridge.
                berly Avenue Bridge, the channel is 100- 150 feet wide.                A 4200-foot-long training dike at Sandy Point in West
                From the Eimberly Avenue Bridge to the point about                     Haven, opposite the Fort Hale Bar.
                700 feet from the Connecticut Turnpike, the channel                 The Corps also removed rocks in Morris Cove, on the
                is 75 feet wide.                                                  cast side of the outer harbor near the Brightview section
                ï¿½A small-boat anchorage, six feet deep and over 1.5               of East Haven, to facilitate navigation.
                acres in area, on the southwest side of the mouth of
                the West River.
                ï¿½A 300-foot-long stub channel, 12 feet deep and 100
                feet wide, extending northwest from the 15-foot-deep
                anchorage toward Brewery Street. Construction of the
                channel beyond 300 feet was abandoned when Con-
                gress declared the area unnavigable in 1949.






                                                                                                                                      Connecticut 1991













                                  . . ........ .







                  N


                                                                                                                    ;@w     r_4            0




                                                                                                                          N@-











             New London Harbor


             New London Harbor                                                       A waterfront channel 6000 feet long, 23 feet deep,
                                                                                     and a minimum of 400 feet wide. This channel stems
               New London Harbor, located in the New London busi-                    from the main channel and provides access to the
             ness district, is about three miles upstream from Long                  city's waterfront, including the Fort Trumbull, Shaw
             Island Sound and about 12 miles west of the Rhode Island                Cove, and the main pier areas. It splits into two
             stateline.                                                              branch channels at the State Pier.
               Corps work in New London Harbor began in 1880, and                 0  Two branch channels, each 23 feet deep. The cast
             in 1938, several modifications were completed. These                    channel, between the State Pier and the Central Ver-
             include:                                                                mont Railroad Pier, is 100 feet wide and 1000 feet
                  A 3.8-mile-long main ship channel, 40 feet deep, and               long. The west channel, between the Central Ver-
                  600 feet wide, stretching from Long Island Sound to                mont Railroad Pier and the New London shoreline
                  the State Pier at the northern end of the'harbor, close            (Winthrop Cove), is 250 feet wide and 1500 feet long.
                  to the US Route 95 Bridge. The deepening of the                 0  A maneuvering area 23 feet deep located west of the
                  channel to 40 feet from its previous depth of 33 feet              waterfront channel and south of State Pier.
                  was completed in 1976 by the Department of the                  *  An anchorage basin 15 feet deep in Shaws Cove.
                  Navy. The Corps is responsible for maintaining the
                  channel 40 feet deep and 500 feet wide.








             US Army Corps of Engineers






         Niantic Bay Harbor                                                       100-200 feet wide until it terminates at the head of the
                                                                                  harbor in Norwalk.
            Niantic Bay is a wide, shallow bay at the mouth of the              o An anchorage area 10 feet deep and 17 acres in area
         Niantic River. The river forms a partial boundary between                on the east side of the channel in the vicinity of Fitch
         East Lyme and Waterford.                                                 Point in East Norwalk.
            The harbor is protected by a large bar that serves as a             0 A 0.6-mile-long, six-foot-deep channel, 125-150 feet
         causeway for the Conrail railroad and Route 156. It is a                 wide, extending northeast from the I 0-foot anchorage
         popular place for harvesting scallops and is used by a large             opposite Fitch Point to the head of the harbor at East
         fleet of recreational and sportfishing boats.                            Norwalk.
            The project consists of a channel with varying dimen-               o A six-foot-deep anchorage area that lies adjacent to
         sions. An eight-foot deep, 100-foot wide entrance channel                the head of the harbor at East Nor-walk.
         extends about 1700 feet northeasterly from deep water at
         the northeastern end of Niantic Bay to the railroad and
         highway bridges, where it narrows as it passes under at the
         southern end of Niantic Harbor. The channel then be-                                                     1@4
         comes six feet deep and 100 feet wide as it extends in a
         zig-zag pattern about 8500 feet upstream to the deep
         water south of Sandy Point.                                                                                       IRK
            The channel at Niantic Bay and Harbor was completed
                                                                                                                            Tm@
         in August 1970 as a small project under Section 107 of the
         Corps' Continuing Authorities Program.

                                                                                              4*ft -
         Norwalk Harbor

            Norwalk Harbor is located at the mouth of the Norwalk
         River about eight miles cast of Stamford. It forms a
         boundary between the East and South Norwalk sections
         of the city.
            Corps work on Norwalk Harbor began in 1872. Features
         of the existing project, completed in 1950, are:
               A 4.7-mile-long channel extending from the outer har-
               bor to the head of the harbor in Norwalk. The channel
               is 12 feet deep and 200 feet wide from the outer har-
               bor to Gregory Point in East Norwalk, where it nar-
               rows to 150 feet wide up to the wharves at South Nor-
               walk. The channel then widens to 250 feet along the
               wharves to the Washington Street Bridge. For its final
               1.5 miles, the channel is 10 feet deep and between            Nonvalk Harbor

















         Niantic Bay andRarbor, on the border ofEast Lyme and Wate?ford.






                                                                                                                                Connecticut 1991





















                                                           A





                                                        t


                                                                           JIV





                                                       7.
                                                                            AM C-M_
                                                                      for



              The Pawcatuck River, lookingfrom Stonington to Westerly, Rhode Island.


              Patchogue River                                                      Pawcatuck River and
                 The Patchogue River starts at the northeastern end of             Little Narragansett Bay
              Duck Island Roads and flows for three miles through                     The Pawcatuck River flows through the east side of the
              Westbrook. The river is used chiefly by recreational and             Pawcatuck section of Stonington into Little Narragansett
              fishing boats.                                                       Bay at the Rhode Island-Connecticut state line.
                 Navigational improvements to the Patchogue River                     Corps work on the Pawcatuck River began in 187 1. Pre-
              were completed in 1956. They consist of:                             sently, the navigational features of the river are:
                 ï¿½ A one-mile-long, eight-foot-deep channel extending                   A 7.5-mile-long, I 0-foot-deep channel extending from
                   from Duck Island Harbor to the U.S. Route I Bridge.                  Stonington Point, located on the bay's western end,
                   The channel is 125 feet wide from Duck Island Har-                   through Little Narragansett Bay and up the Pawca-
                   bor to the junction of the Patchogue and Menunkete-                  tuck River to Westerly, Rhode Island. The channel is
                   suck Rivers (1800 feet), where it becomes 75 feet wide               200 feet wide from Stonington Point to the lower
                   until its ends at the U.S. Route I Bridge. The enlarge-              wharves at Westerly (about seven miles), then to 40
                   ment of the 1800-foot section of the channel from its                feet to the upper wharves.
                   original width of 75 feet to 125 feet was completed in             * A 0.28 mile-long, 10-foot-deep, 100-foot-wide channel
                   1984 as a small project under Section 107 of the                     extending from the mouth of the Pawcatuck River
                   Corps' Continuing Authorities Program.                               into Watch Hill Cove in Westerly.
                 ï¿½ An anchorage and maneuvering area eight feet deep,                 0 A I 0-foot-deep anchorage basin      Watch Hill Cove.
                   75 feet wide, and 500 feet long opposite the town                                                                   I
                   wharf, about 0.4 mile below the highway bridge.                    0 A 550-foot-longjetty constructed near Watch Hill
                 ï¿½ A sandtight stone jetty extending 600 feet south into                Cove.
                   Duck Island Roads from the mouth of the Menun-
                   ketesuck River.










              US Army Corps of Engineers








                                                                            since undergone several modifications. The project
                                                                            presently consists of-
                                                                                  A 1. 1 -mile-long, nine-foot-deep channel extending
                                                                                  from Long Island Sound to Golf Club Wharf. From
             V                                                                    Long Island Sound to East Main Street, the channel is
                                                                                  100 feet wide. From East Main Street to Golf Club
                                                                                  Wharf, the channel varies in width between 175-400
                                                                                  feet.
                                                                                  A six-foot-deep anchorage area north of Golf Club
                                                                                  Wharf, 300 feet wide and 500 feet long.
                             A                                                    A 1320-foot-long stone breakwater on the cast side of
                                                                                  the harbor entrance.
                                                @'w
                                                                                  A 1350-foot-long training dike along the east bank of
                                        NP
                                                                                  the river.















                                                                                                                 4@_

          Port Chester Harbor in Greenwich.


          Port Chester Harbor
                                                                                       57@"O-C,__
             Although officially located in the Port Chester section
          of Rye, New York, Port Chester Harbor is situated on the
          Byram River, which forms a partial boundary between
          New York and Connecticut.
             The existing project, completed in 1938, provides for:                                        K,
               A 1.7-mile-long channel extending from Long Island
               Sound to a point 100 feet below the fixed bridge at
                                                                                                                         W
               Mill Street in Port Chester. From Long Island Sound
               to the mouth of the Byram River at the southerly
               point of Fox Island, the channel is 12 feet deep and                                    J
               150 feet wide. From the mouth of the river to a point
               900 feet below the fixed bridge at Mill Street, the
               channel is 10 feet deep and 100 feet wide. For the
               next 800 feet, the channel measures three feet deep
               and 175-100 feet wide.
               An anchorage basin 12 feet deep at Byram Point.
             The maintenance of Port Chester Harbor is under the
          jurisdiction or the New York District of the Corps of
          Engineers.

          Southport Harbor
             Southport Harbor is located at the mouth of the Mill
          River in Fairfield. The harbor is used primarily for recre-
          ational boating.
             Corps work on Southport Harbor began in 1829 and has
                                                                             Southport Harbor in Fairfield.






                                                                                                                               Connecticut 1991







                                                                                           The 1.5-mile-long east branch channel, 12 feet deep
                                                                                           and between 100-150 feet wide, which passes through
                                                                                           the navigation gates of the Stamford Hurricane Pro
                                                                                           tection Barrier and ends upstream in Stamford.
              Iwo                                                 M,
                          3
                                                                                      Stonington Harbor
                                                                                         Stonin ton Harbor is situated west of Stonington on the
                                                                                                9
                                                                                      north shore of Fishers Island Sound. Famous in the early
                                                           W                          19th century as the home port for many worldwide whaling
                                                                                      and scaling expeditions, the harbor is now chiefly a fishing
                                                                                      port.
                                                                                         Navigational work in the harbor was first completed
                                                                                      by the Corps in 1828. The most recent modifications were
                                                                                      completed in 1957. The main navigational features of
                                                                                      Stonington Harbor are:
                                                                                           Two breakwaters; one off Wamphassuck Point on the
                                                                                           west side of the outer harbor, and the second at Bart-
                         law'                                                              lett Reef on the east side of the outer harbor, 0.8 mile
                                                                                           south of Stonington Point.
                                                                                           A 12-foot-deep basin near the middle of the inner
                                                                                           harbor.
              Stamford Harbor                                                              A dredged portion of Penguin Shoal to a depth of 10
                                                                                           feet. Penguin Shoal is located at the southwest end of
              Stamford Harbor                                                              the inner harbor, near Wamphassuck Point.
                 Stamford Harbor is located in southwestern Stamford,                 Stony Creek
              about seven miles east of the New York state line. The
              inner harbor splits into two branches: the west branch,                    The cove at Stony Creek in Branford is located about
              which ends at the mouth of the Rippowam River, and the                  three miles east of Branford Harbor. Stony Creek is used
              east branch, which passes through the Stamford Hurricane                by recreational boats, the local fishing fleet, charter boats,
              Protection Barrier and ends about    '0.75 mile upstream.               and a ferry that runs to the Thimble Islands, a group of
                 Initial work in Stamford Harbor was completed by the                 over 30 small islands lying about a mile offshore.
              Corps in 1886. Since 1919, the harbor has undergone sev-                   The project at Stony Creek consists of-
              eral modifications. Presently, the navigational features of                # A channel six feet deep and 100 feet wide. It begins in
              Stamford Harbor include:                                                     Long Island Sound, passes 75 feet off the town dock,
                 ï¿½ Two breakwaters located at the entrance of the har-                     and ends at a point 800 feet north of the town dock.
                   bor on either side of the channel. The east breakwater                - A 3.5-acre maneuvering basin, six feet deep and 200
                   is 1200 feet long, and the west breakwater is 2900 feet                 feet wide, located at the head of the channel's east
                   long.                                                                   side.
                 ï¿½ A one-mile-long, 200-foot-wide main channel extend-                   The project was completed injanuary 1970 as small
                   ing from the outer harbor to the inner harbor, where               project under Section 107 of the Corps' Continuing Autho-
                   it divides into the east and west branches. The main               rities Program.
                   channel is 18 feet deep for the one-half mile between
                   the outer harbor and the upper end of the 18-foot-
                   deep anchorage located on the channel's west side. It              Thames River
                   then becomes 15 feet deep to thejunction of the east                  The Thames River is formed by the confluence of the
                   and west branches.
                 ï¿½ An anchorage basin 18 feet deep and 19 acres in area               Shetucket and Yantic Rivers in Norwich and flows south
                   on the main channel's west side, inside the west                   for 12 miles to New London Harbor. It serves (in upstream
                   breakwater.                                                        order) commercial and recreational waterfronts in the
                 ï¿½ The one-mile-long west branch channel, 15 feet deep                communities of New London, Groton, Waterford, Ledyard,
                   and 125 feet wide. The channel leads into a large, 15-             Montville, and Norwich.
                   foot-deep maneuvering basin 380 feet wide, at the                     The earliest work on the Thames River was completed
                   mouth of the Rippowam Rive'r.                                      by the Corps in 1836 and modified in 1879. This work in-




              US Army Corps of Engineers





































           The Thames River. Ledyard is on the right and Montville is on the left. Mohegan Dike can be seen on the lower right. Route 2A is in the background





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                40P P'"
           The ThamesRiver in Groton. The U.S. Naval Submarine Base is in theforeground.






                                                                                                                                                     Connecticut 1991









































                    The Thames River, with Trading Cove and Trading Cove Dike in the background, in Norwich.




                    eluded dredging and deepening the river channel and con-                                                   Five training dikes in the upper three miles of the
                    structing several piers. The most recent work on the river,                                                river that help keep sediment from settling at the
                    completed in 1942, provides for:                                                                           bottom of the channel. These dikes are:
                        ï¿½  A 25-foot-deep channel, about 10.5 miles long, ex-                                                      -Norwich Dike           ............... 1050 feet long
                           tending from the area east of Mamacoke Cove in New                                                      -Rolling Mill Dike            ......... 3480 feet long
                           London (almost two miles north of the New London                                                        -Long Rock Dike             ........... 2800 feet long
                           Highway Bridge) to Norwich, at the mouth of the                                                         -Trading Cove Dike               ..... 2370 feet long
                           Shetucket River. The channel is 250 feet wide from                                                      -Mohegan Dike             ............. 2990 feet long
                           Mamacoke Cove to Bartlett Crossover (about four                                                     The removal of obstructions at the mouth of the
                           miles upstream of the New London Highway Bridge),                                                   Shetucket River.
                           then 200 feet wide from Bartlett Crossover to Nor-
                           wich. (In 1980, the Department of the Navy deepened
                           a portion of this channel to 36 feet. The new depth                                          Westcott Cove
                           begins at the US Route 95 Bridge and extends to the                                              Westcott Cove in Stamford is located one mile east of
                           upstream end of the U.S. Naval Submarine Base in                                             Stamford Harbor. It is separated from the harbor by Ship-
                           Groton. The Corps is responsible for maintaining this                                        pan Point. The waterway is used chiefly for recreational
                           part of the channel to a depth of 36 feet and a width                                        boating.
                           of 250 feet).                                                                                    The project at Westcott Cove was completed in 1963. It
                        ï¿½  Widening the channel opposite the U.S. Naval Sub-                                            consists of a 0.8-mile-long channel, eight feet deep and 100
                           marine Base fronT250 to 350 feet, with the widened                                           feet wide, stretching from Westcott Cove to the municipal
                           area having a depth of 20 feet. This work was com-                                           lagoon in Cummings Park.
                           pleted by the Department of the Navy in 1940.








                    US Army Corps of Engineers





          Westport Harbor and                                                 Wilson Point Harbor
          Saugatuck River                                                       The harbor at Wilson Point is located in Norwalk. A small
            The Saugatuck River flows through Westport Harbor                 recreational fleet is based at facilities along the harbor.
          and empties into Long Island Sound at the southwestern                The project, completed by the Corps in 1892, consists of
          end of Westport. The river is navi able from its mouth at           a 0.7-mile-long, 15-foot-deep channel extending from Shef-
                                             9                                field Island Harbor east of Bell Island to an area west of
          the Saugatuck section of Westport to the U.S. Route I               the wharves at Wilson Point. For 2000 feet, beginning at
          Bridge in Westport, a distance of 4.2 miles. A large recre-         Sheffield Island Harbor, the channel is 700 feet wide. For
          ational fleet is based in the many coves along the river.           the next 750 feet, the channel width extends to 900 feet.
            The main navigational feature of the Westport Harbor/             The width of the channel then narrows to 200 feet, with
          Saugatuck River area is a four-foot-deep channel that ex-           the channel turning west of the former commercial
          tends from the highway bridge at Saugatuck to Westport              wharves at Wilson Point for the final 1000 feet.
          Harbor, where it divides into two smaller, stub channels,
          also four feet deep. The left stub channel has a width of 54
          feet, and the right channel has a width of 40 feet. These
          channels were constructed in 1896.
            To facilitate navigation, the Corps in 1898 removed
          boulders in the channel area between the Connecticut
          Turnpike Bridge and Westport Harbor. The Corps re-
          moved ledge rock opposite Stony Point in 1908. Repairs to
          a previously constructed breakwater at Cedar Point were
          made in 1897.




                                                                                                                                  .91
                                                                                                                                  V

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                                                                                                                          ;@Znhj;
                                                                                                 OKOI-Q,









                             Westcott Cove in Stamford.













                                                                                                                                Connecticut 1991





             Shore and Bank Protection

             The Corps has constructed 25 shore and bank protection            are owned by the state and five are owned by the federal
             projects in Connecticut to stem erosion of the shoreline          government. The state has approximately 8400 miles of
             and inland riverbanks. Twenty-one of these projects were          rivers and streams, second in New England only to Maine's
             built on the shore, while four were constructed on inland         31,672.
             streambanks. Total construction costs amounted to more              The following pages describe the Corps' shore and bank
             than $6 million.                                                  protection projects in Connecticut.
               The Connecticut coastline is approximately 270 miles
             long. About 215 miles are privately owned, while 50 miles













                                                                                                      -A.






















                        -.vv 77,
















                                                                                              %


                                                                                                                              F,






                                                                                                                               '7




             The shore can take a beatingfrom storm driven win& and waves. In September 1961, Hurricane Esther raised havoc with Rhode Island's Narragansett Pier,
             slamming waves against the seawall andflooding adjacent streets. (Copyright 1961 The Providence journal Company).





             US Army Corps of Engineers





                       Shore and Bank Protection Projects
                       in Connecticut

                      Burial Hill Beach                                                Nonewaug River, Woodbury

                      Calf Pasture Beach                                               Port V Facility, Bridgeport

                      Compo Beach                                                      Prospect Beach


                      Cove Island                                                      Sasco Hill Beach


                      Cummings Park                                                    Salmon River, Colchester


                      Guilford Point Beach                                             Seaside Park


                      Gulf Beach                                                       Sherwood Island State Park


                      Gulf Street                                                      Short Beach


                      Hammonasset Beach                                                Silver Beach to Cedar Beach


                      Housatonic River, Salisbury                                      Squantz Pond, New Fairfield

                      Jennings Beach and Ash Creek                                     Southport Beach

                      Lighthouse Point Park                                            Woodmont Shore


                      Middle Beach
















































                                                                                                                          Connecticut 1991

















                                                                                                44












              Compo Beach in Westport.


              Burial Hill Beach                                                           western side of the beach. This phase was completed
                                                                                          in December 1956.
                Burial Hill Beach in Westport lies immediately cast of                    The beach (both sides) was widened to 100 feet by the
              Sherwood Island State Park, between Sherwood Point and                      direct placement of sand. The east side of Cedar Point
              Frost Point.                                                                is approximately 2600 feet long, while the west side is
                About 500 feet of Burial Hill Beach was widened to 100                    about 1100 feet long. This phase was completed in
              feet by the direct placement of sand. The project was com-                  January 1959.
              pleted injune 1957 at a cost of $17,400.                                 The total cost of the project was $253,600.

              Calf Pasture Beach                                                    Covelsland

                Calf Pasture Beach in Norwalk is located on the east side              Cove Island lies at the head of Cove Harbor in south-
              of Calf Pasture Point at the entrance to Norwalk Harbor.              eastern Stamford. The beach is situated on the eastern
                The beach erosion control project at Calf Pasture Beach             shore of the island.
              has two components:                                                      The project provided for widening approximately 1200
                ï¿½ In October 1958, two existing groins were lengthened              feet of beach to a width of 125 feet by the direct placement
                   to 400 feet.                                                     of sand. A 400-foot-longjetty was also constructed at the
                ï¿½ In December 1958, approximately 2200 feet of Calf                 far northeastern end of the beach.
                   Pasture Beach was widened to 125 feet by the direct                 Construction was completed in September 1958. The
                   placement of sand.                                               project cost $141,400.
                The cost of the project was $176,500.
              Compo Beach                                                           Cummings Park
                                                                                       Cummings Park is located at the head of Westcott Cove
                Compo Beach in Westport is situated on both the east                in eastern Stamford.
              and west sides of Cedar Point, at the entrance to the                    The beach erosion control improvements at Cummings
              Saugatuck River.                                                      Park were constructed in three phases:
                The project was completed in two phases:                               - Approximately 1000 feet of beach was widened to 125
                   Two 500-foot-long groins were constructed. The first                   feet by the direct placement of sand,
                   groin was constructed at Hills Point on the eastern                 *  The length of the existing groin near the center of the
              @Mg"




































































                   side of the beach, and the second was built on the                     beach was extended to 400 feet; and





              US Army Corps of Engineers









                       Colf Pasture Beach in Norwalk















                                                                




               The inshore end of the existing jettv at the western          Gulf Beach
               end of the beach was raised two feet to 13 feet
            The placement of sand was completed in October 1960,              Gulf Beach is located on the eastern shore of Milford
         and the groin andjettv were completed in November 1960             Outer Harbor, locallN known as "The Gulf," near the
         The cost of the project %%as $80,700                               mouth of the Wepawaug River in Milford
                                                                              The beach erosion control project at Gulf Beach con-
                                                                            sisted of widening about 1200 feet of beach to 100 feet by
         Guilford Point Beach                                               the direct placement of sand This work cost $64,000 and
            Guilford Point is situated in the southeastern section of       was completed in May 1957
         Guilford The beach is located on the eastern side of Guil-
         fod Point, at the mouth of the East River                         Gulf Street
            The project was built in two phases They included
             The construction of a 300-foot-long gro- at the east           Gulf Street in Milford extends northward from Welches
               end of the beach in September 1957                           Point Road, immediate IN inshore of Gulf Beach, and crosses
             The widening of approximately  400 feet of beach to            the lower end of Gulf Pond before terminating at U S
               125 feet by the direct placement of sand in September        Route 1
               1959                                                           The project provides for 140 feet of stone slope protec-
            The total cost of the project was $46,900                       tion that stabilizes the road embankment behind the


		Gulf Beach in Mulford

		Connecticut 1991

		75

                                                                                                                                


         
                                                                                                 




         






         




                  
                                                                                            





                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991
 






              southern end of Gulf Beach. Gulf Street is a small project
              designed to prevent shoreline erosion, and was built under
              Section 14 of the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program.
                The project was initiated and completed in the summer
              of 1987 at a cost of $200,000.                                                                               K


              Hammonasset

                Hammonasset Beach is located in Hammonasset State
              Park in Madison. The beach extends along the entire
              southwestern shore of Hammonasset Point.
                Work on the project, completed injune 1955, consisted of-
                ï¿½  Widening a 10,000-foot stretch of beach by the direct
                   placement of sand. The beach was widened by 50 feet
                   at the cast end, increasing to 100 feet approaching
                   the west end.
                ï¿½  Constructing two training walls at Toms Creek on the
                   western end of the beach. One wall is 320 feet long,
                   and the other is 400 feet long.
                ï¿½  Constructing an 800-foot-long groin at Hammonasset
                   Point on the eastern end of the beach.                         The stone slope protection on the Housatonic River in Salisbuly helps to sta-
                ï¿½  The project cost $489,600.                                     bilize both the riverbank and Dugway Road.

              Housatonic River., Salisbury                                          The project consists of a 380-foot-long groin on the west-
                                                                                  ern end of Lighthouse Point Beach. It was constructed in
                The Housatonic River project is located in the Amesville          September 1958 at a cost of $11,800.
              section of Salisbury. The project area is situated along the
              west bank of the Housatonic River adjacent to Dugway
              Road, between Falls Mountain Road and Brenton Hill                  Middle Beach
              Road.
                .The project consists of stone slope protection that                Middle Beach is a narrow beach situated midway along
              strengthens a 350-foot reach of the riverbank, reducing             the Madison shorefront, opposite Tuxis Island and imme-
              erosion damage and stabilizing the roadway. It is a small           diately southward of the town center.
              project designed to prevent streambank erosion, and was               The project consists of a 20-foot-wide, 700-foot-long
              built under Section 14 of the Corps' Continuing Autho-              revetment. It was completed in May 1957 and cost $26,400.
              rities Program.
                Construction took place betweenjanuary-july 1981 and              Connecticut River,
              cost $102,800. The project is maintained by Salisbury.              Middletown
              Jennings Beach and                                                    Middletown is located approximately 15 miles south of
              Ash Creek                                                           Hartford and 20 miles northeast of New Haven. Middle-
                                                                                  town is bordered to the cast by the Connecticut River.
                Jennings Beach is located at the mouth of Ash Creek in              Streambank erosion along the Connecticut River in the
              the eastern end of Fairfield.                                       vicinity of River Road at the intersection with Eastern
                The project atJennings Beach is an 800-foot-long jetty            Drive is threatening a public road (River Road), a water
              at the northeastern end of the beach. It was constructed in         main, and a sewage treatment facility. In order to protect
              1951 at a cost of $43,200.                                          the areas subject to the erosion, the Corps has designed a
                                                                                  grid block revetment with a stone toe approximately 600
                                                                                  feet long and I I feet high.
              Lighthouse Point Park                                                 Construction of the revetment is scheduled for Novem-
                                                                                  ber 1991 throughJanuary 1992. The estimated cost of the
                Lighthouse Point Park is located at the entrance to New           project is $380,000. The project is authorized under Sec-
              Haven Harbor at the southeastern tip of New Haven. A                tion 14, Emergency Streambank and Shoreline Protection
              city-owned beach extends along the southern shore of the            of the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program.
              point to Morris Creek.





              US Army Corps of Engineers





         Nonewaug River, Woodbury                                            Port V Facility, Bridgeport
           The Nonewaug River project is located on the None-                   The Port V Facility of the National Association of Naval
         waug River in the North Woodbury section of Woodbury.               Veterans is located on the shorefront in Bridgeport.
           The project consists of a 2 1 0-foot-long gabion retaining           The project consists of a stone retaining wall and stone
         wall along the left riverbank, with stone slope protection          slope protection constructed by the Corps over a 250-foot
         along its base. The retaining wall adds stability to the            stretch of the shoreline. It protects the naval facility by
         Middle Road Turnpike, which had been threatened by                  limiting erosion caused by wave action. Port V is a small
         erosion. It is a small project designed to prevent stream-          project and was built under Section 14 of the Corps' Con-
         bank erosion, and was built under Section 14 of the Corps'          tinuing Authorities Program.
         Continuing Authorities Program.                                        Construction took place between March-June 1984 and
           Construction began in November 1983 and was finished              cost $160,000.
         in August 1984. The project cost $164,000.





              The gabion retaining wall on the Nonewaug
                                  River in Woodbug.


                                                                                                   01


























                                                                                              . . .........
















         V.;"













                                                                                                   Stone slope protection and a stone retaining wall
                                                                                                   help safeguard the Port V Faciliy in Bridgeport.






                                                                                                                                Connecticut 1991







                         The retaining wall on the Salmon River in                               Z@ww.                   /AWAA @L
                  Colchester was designed to enhance the theme pre-
                  sented by the Old Comstock Covered Bridge, a site
                  listed on the National Register ofHistoric Places.
                            The wall can be seen in the background.



                                                                                                                                       -W K-







                                                                                                                                                   n



                                                                                                                                                    7
                                                                                                                                                           _0

                  Prospect Beach                                                                          The project involved:
                                                                                                          e  Constructing a 400-foot-long groin at the western end
                     Prospect Beach lies near the southwestern end of the                                    of the widened beach area. This was completed in
                  West Haven shorefront, near New Haven Harbor.                                              May 1958.
                     The project, which was finished in May 1957 and cost                                 0  Widening about 900 feet of the central portion of the
                  $345,400, was completed in two steps:                                                      beach to 100 feet by the direct placement of sand.
                     ï¿½ Approximately 6000 feet of beach was widened to 100                                   This was completed injuly 1958.
                       feet by the direct placement of sand (The south end                                The total cost of the project was $71,300.
                       of the beach was widened to 150 feet). The area of im-
                       provement begins at Ivy Street (about 1500 feet south                           Sea Bluff Beach
                       of Bradley Point) and ends about 350 feet south of
                       South Street.                                                                      Sea Bluff Beach, bounded by Cove River and Pleasant
                     ï¿½ Eight groins, varying in length from 250 to 330 feet,                           Beach, lies along the westerly side of New Haven Harbor
                       were constructed.                                                               in the city of West Haven.
                                                                                                          This erosion control project was completed injanuary
                                                                                                       1991 at a cost of $323,000 and involved the following work:
                  Salmon River, Colchester                                                                - Approximately 1,000 feet of beach was widened by
                     The Salmon River project lies along the right bank of                                   direct placement of about 14,300 cubic yards of sand
                  the Salmon River, principally in the western limits of Col-                                to produce approximately 122 feet of usable beach
                  chester and continuing a short distance downstream into                                    above mean high water.
                  East Hampton.
                     The project, a retaining wall of precast concrete blocks
                  resting on concrete footing, reduces erosion along a 250-
                  foot stretch of the north riverbank. It protects Brown's
                                                                                                                                                    Wm
                  Mill Road in Colchester and the right abutment of the Old
                  Comstock Covered Bridge in East Hampton, a site listed
                  on the National Register of Historic Places. The wall was
                  designed to enhance the theme presented by the historical
                  covered bridge setting.
                     The Salmon River project is a small project designed to
                  prevent streambank erosion, and was built under Section 14
                  of the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program. It was con-
                  structed between May-September 1982, and cost $246,500.
                                                                                                                                                             __P
                  Sasco Hill Beach

                     Sasco Hill Beach in Fairfield extends eastward from
                  the breakwater at the east side of the Southport Harbor
                  entrance to Kensie Point.
                                                                                                       Sasco Hill Beach in Fairfield.





                  US Army Corps of Engineers








              ï¿½ Reconstruction of the Ivy Street Groin using approxi-                    lengths of 400 and 500 feet, were constructed in Feb-
                mately 480 tons of core stone and approximately 500                      ruary 1957.
                tons of armor stone, widening and raising the groin                      The widening of both beaches (A total of 6000 feet of
                about one foot in elevation and adding approximately                     shoreline) to 150 feet by the direct placement of sand.
                40 feet in length.                                                       About 2000 feet of beach (1000 feet east and 1000 feet
              ï¿½ Planting of about 10,500 square feet of beach grass.                     west of Sherwood Point) was widened an additional
              ï¿½ Setting up 470 linear feet of sand trap fence and,                       100 feet. This work was completed injune 1957.
                along the parking area, installing approximately 425                  The second major improvement was a small project,
                linear feet of timber curbing.                                      built under Section 103 of the Corps' Continuing Autho-
              With proper operation and maintenance, this project is                rities Program. It was completed injanuary 1983 and cost
           expected to provide erosion protection for Ocean Avenue                  $1.5 million. This work involved:
           for many years to come, while allowing the community to                    9  Widening 1800 feet of Elwood Beach, from the west-
           enjoy this renewed resource.                                                  ern groin to Sherwood Point.
                                                                                      0  Constructing a 430-foot-long groin about 900 feet
                                                                                         west of Sherwood Point.
           Seaside Park                                                               0  Lowering the height of the western groin's landward
              Seaside Park in Bridgeport extends about two miles                         end.
           westward from Breezy Point at Bridgeport Harbor to the
           breakwater on Fayerweather Island, on the eastern side of                Short Beach
           Black Rock Harbor.
              The project consists of approximately 8800 feet of beach                Short Beach is located in Stratford, immediately north
           widened to 125 feet by the direct placement of sand. It was              of Stratford Point, at the western side of the mouth of the
           completed in April 1957 and cost $480,000.                               Housatonic River. It fronts a major marshland area.
                                                                                      The project at Short Beach involved the widening of
                                                                                    about 2500 feet of beach to 125 feet by the direct place-
           Sherwood Island State Park                                               ment of sand. The sand was obtained from the Housatonic
              Sherwood Island State Park in Westport is part of Sher-               River at no cost to the federal government because of
           wood Island, a low coastal area separated from the main-                 Corps' dredging activities underway at that time.
           land by Sherwood Pond to the west and small tidal creeks                   The widening of the beach was completed injune 1955.
           to the east. The park has two beaches that lie on either
           side of Sher-wood Point-Alvord Beach on the cast and                     Silver Beach to Cedar Beach
           Elwood Beach on the west.
              The Corps has helped to control erosion on the Alvord                   This project helps to stem beach erosion at a series of
           and Elwood Beaches with two major projects constructed                   contiguous beaches in Milford, extending from Meadows
           at different times. The first project, which cost $600,000,              End (opposite Charles Island) to the vicinity of the mouth
           consists of-                                                             of the Housatonic River. The beaches include Silver Beach
              ï¿½ A 500-foot-long groin at the western end of Elwood                  and Meadows End (both part of Silver Sands State Park) as
                Beach. This was built in October 1956.                              well as Myrtle, Walnut, Laurel, and Cedar Beaches.
              ï¿½ Two training walls at Burial Hill Creek, situated on                  The project originally called for widening 15,600 feet of
                the eastern end of the beach. The walls, which have                 shore surrounding these beaches to 100 feet by the direct


                                                                                                                     N",
                                                                                                     M















           Sherwood Island State Park in Westport.






                                                                                                                                          Connecticut 1991






























             Southport Beach in Fairfield.


             placement of sand (Meadows End would be widened to 150               Southport Beach
             feet). Eleven groins would be constructed to help retain
             sand if found to be needed.                                             Southport Beach in southwestern Fairfield extends
               InJune 1955, Cedar Beach and the western end of                    about 2200 feet west from Southport Harbor to Sasco
             Laurel Beach were widened to 100 feet. Sand for this part            Brook, which marks the Fairfield-Westport town line.
             of the project was obtained from the Housatonic River at                The project involved:
             no cost to the federal government because of Corps' dredg-              * Constructing a 400-foot-long groin at the western end
             ing activities underway at that time. In 1960, parts of Silver            of the widened beach area. This was completed in
             and Myrtle Beaches (about 4500 feet) were widened to 100                  1956.
             feet, and Meadows End was widened to 250 feet. The cost                 0 Widening about 700 feet of the beach to 100 feet by
             of this work was $335,000.                                                the direct placement of sand. This was completed in
               The widening of Walnut Beach and the rest of Silver,                    July 1958.
             Myrtle, and Laurel Beaches, as well as the construction of              The total cost of the project was $52,900.
             the groins, have yet to be completed pending notification
             to the Corps from state officials.

             Farmington River, Simsbury
               Simsbury is located in north-central Connecticut, ap-
             proximately 25 miles east of the New York-Connecticut
             state line and 14 miles northwest of the city of Hartford.
               Streambank erosion along the Farmington River is
             threatening an existing 36 inch main trunk sewer line
             which is located along the side of a hill adjacent to and
             west of the river. In order to protect the sewer main from
             significant damage, the Corps has designed a stone revet-
                                                                                                                            7:_
             ment approximately 900 feet long.
               Construction of the revetment is scheduled for late
             summer 1992. The estimated cost of the project is
             $445,000. The project is authorized under Section 14,
             Emergency Streambank and Shoreline Protection of the
             Corps' Continuing Authorities Program.

                                                                                  Squantz Pond in New Fairfield.





             US Army Corps of Engineers





         Squantz Pond, New Fairfield                                        Woodmont Shore
           Squantz Pond is located along the eastern flank of                  Woodmont Shore is located in Milford in the borough
         Squantz Pond State Park in New Fairfield.                          of Woodmont. It includes a small pocket beach immedi-
           The project consists of a timber bulkhead with sand and          ately west of Merwin Point and a larger beach extending
         gravel fills constructed along 1200 feet of the pond's south-      northward from Merw'n Point to the vicinity of the 0
                                                                                                   1                               yster
         ern end. It is a small project designed to prevent shoreline       River.
         erosion, and was built under Section 14 of the Corps'                 The beach erosion control project, which was finished in
         Continuing Authorities Program.                                    June 1959 and cost $165,500, was completed in three steps:
           The project began in September 1982 and was completed               - About 500 feet of shore in the beach area west of
         in November 1983. Construction costs totalled $115,400.                 Merwin Point was widened to 100 feet by the direct
                                                                                 placement of sand;
                                                                               ï¿½ Approximately 3500 feet of shore, stretching north
                                                                                 from Chapel Street at Merwin Point to an area about
                                                                                 400 feet north of Anderson Avenue, was widened to
                                                                                 100 feet; and
                                                                               ï¿½ Five groins 300-400 feet long were constructed.


























































                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991








                                                                                STUDIES




















                                                                                                                                                                             Connecticut 1991    m





               Studies

                 Before taking measures to resolve a water resources                Rippowarn River
               problem, the Corps will study the affected area to deter-              Design plans are continuing for a flood control plan on
               mine if a project is feasible. The study examines a wide             the Rippowam River in Stamford. The project, to be con-
               range of potential solutions based on their economic and             structed under Section 205 of the Continuing Authorities
               ,engineering practicality, acceptability, and impact on the          (Small Projects) Program, involves the modi     ,fication of
               environment.                                                         Main Street Dam by the Corps and nonstructural mea-
                 Listed below are areas in Connecticut where the Corps              sures to be implemented by the city.
               has examined the feasibility of building major projects for            When completed, the project will protect the highly
               flood damage reduction, navigation, or shore and bank                urbanized area along the lower two miles of the river.
               protection purposes.
               Flood Damage Reduction                                               Navigation
               Housatonic River Basin                                               Stonington Harbor
                 The Corps investigated flood control and water supply                The Corps has completed a reconnaissance level study
               problems of 22 communities in the Housatonic River                   of navigation improvements to Stonington Harbor. The
               Basin, including Bridgeport, Waterbury, and Danbury,                 study, prepared under Section 107 of the Continuing Au-
               Connecticut and Pittsfield, Massachusetts. This area is              thorities Program, recommends a detailed feasibility study
               experiencing rapid population, industrial, and commercial            of wave protection improvements for the commercial fish-
               growth, with accompanying water resource problems and                ing fleet. The town of Stonington is pursuing funds for
               needs.                                                               which to participate in the cost-shared study.
                 For flood control, the study recommended the develop-
               ment of a floodplain management program to regulate                  Shore and Bank Protection
               future development in the floodplain. It was also recom-
               mended that additional studies for flood damage reduction
               be coordinated through the Continuing Authorities (Small             East Haven
               Projects) Program. Information developed from the study                The Corps is presently conducting a reconnaissance
               regarding water supply demands and needs was made avail-             study of the shoreline running east from Caroline Creek to
               able to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and other interests as           Bradford Creek. This area includes Silver Sands Beach and
               a guide for future action.                                           Momaguin Beach. The study is scheduled for completion
                                                                                    in 1991 and is being conducted under Section 103 of the
               Long Island Sound                                                    Continuing Authorities Program.
                 Ocean storm surges and wind-driven waves have caused
               high tide levels and flooding along a 30-mile stretch of the         Prospect Beach
               Long Island Sound coastline in central Connecticut. Con-               This study, prepared under Section 103 of the Continu-
               necticut officials have identified this reach as the state's         ing Authorities Program, found shore protection improve-
               highest coastal flood hazard area. The coastal reach cuts            ments at Prospect Beach to be in the Federal interest.
               across eight communities: Westport, Fairfield, Bridgeport,           Plans call for widening and elevating the beach. A Detailed
               Stratford, Milford, West Haven, New Haven, and East                  Project Report is pending approval as the basis for project
               Haven. The area is characterized by residential areas                plans and specifications.
               bordering on long stretches of beach and waterfront, as
               well as commercial and industrial development (mostly in             Woodmont Beach
               Bridgeport and New Haven).                                             A cost shared feasibility study under Section 103 of the
                 The purpose of the Corps' study is to determine the fea-           Corps Continuing Authorities Program was completed in
               sibility of measures to reduce tidal flood damages and to            1990. The recommended plan of improvement will provide
               guide the prudent use of coastal or estuarine flood areas.           additional shore protection by widening and elevating the
               As part of the study, flooding problems along the Thames             beach. Once project plans and specifications are approved,
               River estuary in the Thamesville section of Norwich were             construction will begin pending receipt of the necessary
               investigated and examined. The results indicated that flood          local assurances.
               warning and evacuation measures, implemented by the
               city, would provide the maximum net benefits for the area.
                 The study is continuing.






               US Army Corps of Engineers








                                                                          APPENDIX

                         0





























                                                                                                                                                                              Connecticut 1991    m





                Communities with Corps Projects

                  The communities listed below have either Corps' lands                     Reduction, Navigation, or Shore and Bank Protection), and
                or Corps-built projects lying within their borders. The list-               the page number in this booklet where the project is
                ing indicates the project name, its purpose (Flood Damage                   described.


                Community                              Project Name
                Ansonia                                Ansonia Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                            46
                Branford                               Branford Harbor (Navigation)                                                                         57
                                                       Stony Creek (Navigation)                                                                             68
                Bridgeport                             Black Rock Harbor (Navigation)                                                                       56
                                                       Bridgeport Harbor (Navigation)                                                                       57
                                                       Port V (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                                   77
                                                       Seaside Park (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                             79
                Chaplin                                Mansfield Hollow Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                       36
                Chester                                Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                Clinton                                Clinton Harbof (Navigation)                                                                          58
                                                       Duck Island Harbor (Navigation)                                                                      60
                Colchester                             Salmon River (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                             78
                Colebrook                              Colebrook River Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                        32
                Cromwell                               Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                Danbug                                 Danbury Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                            46
                Darien                                 Fivemile River Harbor (Navigation)                                                                   60
                Deep River                             Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                Derby                                  Derby Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                              47
                                                       Housatonic River (Navigation)                                                                        62
                Dudley, AIL4                           West Thompson Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                          38
                East Derby                             Housatonic River (Navigation)                                                                        62
                East Haddam                            Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                East Hampton                           Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                                                       Salmon River (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                             78
                East Har@ford                          East Hartford Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                      48
                                                       Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                East Haven                             New Haven Harbor (Navigation)                                                                        63
                East Lyme                              Niantic Bay and Harbor (Navigation)                                                                  65
                Essex                                  Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                Fairfield                              Jennings Beach and Ash Creek (Shore and Bank Protection)                                             76
                                                       Sasco Hill Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                         78
                                                       Southport Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                          80
                                                       Southport Harbor (Navigation)                                                                        67
                Glastonbuiy                            Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                Goshen                                 Hall Meadow Brook Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                       33






                US Army Corps of Engineers






           Community                               Project Name
           Greenwich                               Byram River Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                        46
                                                   Greenwich Harbor (Navigation)                                                                        61
                                                   Mianus River (Navigation)                                                                            62
           Groton                                  Mystic River (Navigation)                                                                            62
                                                   Thames River (Navigation)                                                                            68
           Gui@ford                                Guilford Harbor (Navigation)                                                                         61
                                                   Guilford Point Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                     75
           Haddam                                  Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
           Haqford                                 Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
                                                   Hartford Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                           48
           Harwinton                               Thomaston Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                               38
           Ledyard                                 Thames River (Navigation)                                                                            .68
           Litchfield                              Northfield Brook Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                       37
                                                   Thomaston Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                               38
           Lyme                                    Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
           Madison                                 Hammonasset Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                        76
                                                   Middle Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                             76
           Mansfield                               Mansfield Hollow Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                       36
           Middlebug                               Hop Brook Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                              35
           Middletown                              Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58
           Mi @fo rd                               Gulf Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                               75
                                                   Gulf Street (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                              75
                                                   Housatonic River (Navigation)                                                                        62
                                                   Milford Harbor (Navigation)                                                                          62
                                                   Silver Beach to Cedar Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                              79
                                                   Woodmont Shore (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                           81
           Montville                               Thames River (Navigation)                                                                            68
           Naugatuck                               Hop Brook Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                              35
           New Fairfield                           Squantz Pond (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                             81
           New Haven                               Lighthouse Point Park (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                    76
                                                   New Haven Harbor (Navigation)                                                                        63
           New London                              New London Harbor (Navigation)                                                                       64
                                                   New London Hurricane Protection Barrier (Flood Damage Reduction)                                     42
                                                   Thames River (Navigation)                                                                            68
           North Canaan                            North Canaan Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                       49
           Norwalk                                 Calf Pasture Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                       74
                                                   Fivemile River Harbor (Navigation)                                                                   60
                                                   Wilson Point Harbor (Navigation)                                                                     71
                                                   Norwalk Harbor (Navigation)                                                                          65
                                                   Norwalk Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                            49
           Norwich                                 Norwich Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                                            49
                                                   Thames River (Navigation)                                                                            68
           Old Saybrook                            Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                       58






                                                                                                                                             Connecticut 1991






               Community                              Project Name
               OldLyme                                Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                   58
               Plymouth                               Hancock Brook Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                      34
                                                      Thomaston Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                           38
               Portland                               Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                   58
               Rocky Hill                             Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                                   58
               Salisbug                               Housatonic River (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                     76
               Sandisfield, AL4                       Colebrook River Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                    32
               Saugatuck                              Westport Harbor and Saugatuck River (Navigation)                                                 71
               Shelton                                Housatonic River (Navigation)                                                                    62
               Stamford                               Cove Island Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                    74
                                                      Cummings Park Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                  '74
                                                      Stamford Harbor (Navigation)                                                                     68
                                                      Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier (Flood Damage Reduction)                                   43
                                                      Westcott Cove (Navigation)                                                                       70
               Stonington                             Mystic River (Navigation)                                                                        62
                                                      Pawcatuck Hurricane Protection Barrier (Flood Damage Reduction)                                  42
                                                      Pawcatuck River and Little Narragansett Bay (Navigation)                                         66
                                                      Stonington Harbor (Navigation)                                                                   68
               Stratford                              Housatonic River (Navigation)                                                                    62
                                                      Short Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                          79
               Thomaston                              Black Rock Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                         32
                                                      Northfield Brook Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                   37
                                                      Thomaston Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                           38
               Thompson                               West Thompson Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                      38
               Tolland, AL4                           Colebrook River Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                    32
               Torrington                             East Branch Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                         33
                                                      Hall Meadow Brook Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                   33
                                                      Torrington (East Branch) Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                       50
                                                      Torrington (West Branch) Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                       51
               Waterbu?y                              Hop Brook Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                          35
                                                      Waterbury/Watertown Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                            51
               Waterford                              Niantic Bay and Harbor (Navigation)                                                              65
                                                      Thames River (Navigation)                                                                        68
               Watertown                              Black Rock Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                                         32
                                                      Waterbury/Watertown Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                            51
               West Chester, N.Y.                     Port Chester Harbor (Navigation)                                                                 67
               West Haven                             New Haven Harbor (Navigation)                                                                    63
                                                      Prospe'ct Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                      78
               Westbrook                              Patchogue River (Navigation)                                                                     66
               Westport                               Burial Hill Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                    74
                                                      Compo Beach (Shore and Bank Protection)                                                          74
                                                      Sherwood Island State Park (Shore and Bank Protection)                                           79
                                                      Westport Harbor and Saugatuck River (Navigation)                                                 71







               US Army Corps of Engineers







         Community                        Project Name
         Wethersfield                     Connecticut River (Navigation)                                                     58
                                          Folly Brook Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                      48
         Winchester                       Mad River Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                            52
                                          Sucker Brook Dam (Flood Damage Reduction)                                          37
                                          Winsted Local Protection Project (Flood Damage Reduction)                          53
         Windham                          Mansfield Hollow Lake (Flood Damage Reduction)                                     36
         Woodbuiy                         Nonewaug River (Shore and Bank Protection)                                         77


































































                                                                                                                     Connecticut 1991





             Glossary

             Anchorage--an area dredged to a certain depth to allow                 Floodwalls-rei    nforced concrete walls that act as barriers
                boats and ships to moor or anchor.                                     against floodwaters and confin.-, them to the river chan-
             Bedrock-rock of relatively great thickness lying in its                   nel, protecting flood prone areas. Floodwalls are usually
                native location.                                                       built in areas with a limited amount of space.
             Brea kwaters-structures, usually built offshore, that pro-             Gabion Wall-a retaining wall constructed of stone-filled
                tect the shoreline, harbor, channels, and anchorages by                wire mesh baskets.
                intercepting the energy of approaching waves.                       Groins-structures that extend perpendicular from the
             Bulkheads-steel sheet piling or timber walls that pre-                    shore in a fingerlikernanner to trap and retain sand,
                vent sliding of the land and protect the streambank or                 retardingerosion and maintaining shore alignment and
                shoreline from erosion.                                                stability.
             ConcluitS-concrete tunnels or pipes that divert floodwa-               Hurricane Protection Barriers- -structures built across
                ters around or under potential flood damage sites.                     harbors or near the shoreline that protect communities
             Culverts--large pipes, usually constructed below bridges                  from tidal surges and coastal s:orm flooding. They are
                and other water crossings, that allow water to pass                    often constructed with openings for navigational pur-
                downstream and provide support to the crossing.                        poses.
             Dikes-earthfill barriers that confine floodwaters to the               Intake Structure--found at the critrance to a conduit or
                river channel, protecting flood prone areas.                           other outlet facility, an intake 3tructure allows water to
             Drainage Area-the total land area where surface water                     drain from a reservoir or river and is equipped with a
                runs off and collects in a stream or series or streams                 trash rack or other feature that prevents clogging from
                that make up a single watershed.                                       floating debris.
             Drop Structure--a device in a stream or channel that                   Jetties-structures that stabilize a channel by preventing
                prevents water from rising above a certain elevation.                  the buildup of sediment and directing and confining
                Once water reaches a certain level, excess water passes                the channel's tidal flow.jettieL@, are usually built at the
                over the structure and is diverted to another body of                  mouth of rivers and extend perpendicular from the
                water.                                                                 shore.
             Earthfill-a well graded mixture of soil containing princi-             Outlet Works-gated conduits, usually located at the
                pally gravel, sand, silt, and clay, which is used with                 base of a dam, that regulate tLe discharge of water.
                other materials to construct dams, dikes, and hurricane             Pumping Station-a structure containing pumps that
                protection barriers.                                                   discharges floodwaters from a protected area over or
             Environmental Assessment-an examination of the                            through a dike or floodwall anii into a river or ocean.
                positive and adverse impacts on the environment of                  Reconnaissance Study-a preliminary study that exam-
                a proposed water resources solution and alternative                    ines a wide range of potential :;olutions to a water re-
                solutions.                                                             sources problem, each of which is reviewed for its eco-
             Environmental Impact Statement-a detailed envi-                           nomic and engineering practicality, acceptability, and
                ronmental analysis and documentation of a proposed                     impact on the environment.
                water resources solution when the proposed solution is              Recreation Pool-any permanent body of water im-
                expected to have a significant effect on the quality of                pounded by a dam that offers recreational opportun-
                the human environment or the area's ecology.                           ities or promotes fishery and wildlife habitat.
             Feasibility Study-a detailed investigation, conducted                  Retaining Walls--walls made of'stone, reinforced con-
                after the reconnaissance study is completed, that                      crete, precast concrete blocks, or gabion that support
                recommends a specific solution to a water resource                     streambanks weakened by cro iion.
                problem.                                                            Revetment-a facing of stone or concrete constructed
             Floodplain-the land adjoining a river, stream, ocean, or                  along a backshore or riverbank to protect against ero-
                lake that is likely to be flooded during periods of excess             sion or flooding.
                precipitation or abnormal high tide.                                Sand Drain-a layer of pervious materials, such as sand
             Flood proof i ng-structural measures incorporated in the                  and gravel, placed beneath thc downstream section of a
                design of planned buildings or alterations added to ex-                dam that carries seepage to the dam's downstream lim-
                isting ones that lessen the potential for flood damage.                its and out into the stream.
                For example, existing structures could have their base-             Sand Replishment-quantities of sand placed on a shore-
                ment windows blocked, or structures in the design stage                line to restore or widen a beach's dimensions. Sand
                could be built on stilts or high foundations.                          replenishment strengthens beaches affected by erosion,
                                                                                       protects the backshore from Aave action, and stops the
                                                                                       inland advance of water.







             US Army Corps of Engineers











        Seawall-a reinforced concrete wall built along a shore-              Training DikL--a structure extending from the shore into
            line to protect against erosion or flooding.                        the water that redirects the current, preventing sedi-
        Snagging and Clearing-the removal of accumulated                        ment from settling and ensuring that adequate depths
            snags and debris, such as fallen trees, dead brush, and             are maintained.
            silt, from river and stream channels. Snagging and               Training Wall-a structure built along channel banks to
            clearing improves a channel's flow capacity and elimi-              narrow the channel area, thereby controlling the velo-
            nates a potentially dangerous flood situation.                      city of the flow of water and preventing the buildup of
        Spillway-a channel-shaped structurc, usually made of                    sediment. Training walls and training dikes have the
            concrete or excavatedin rock, that allows water exceed-             same purpose: to ensure adequate depths are main-
            ing the storage capacity of a reservoir to pass through             tained.
            or around a dam instead of overtopping it.                       Vehicular Gate-an, opening in a dike or floodwall that
        Stone Slope Protection-a layer of large stones, usually                 allows rail cars or other vehicles to pass over the struc-
            underlain by a layer of gravel bedding, designed to pre-            ture during nonflood periods. Vehicular gates can be
            vent erosion from strearnflow, wave attack, and runoff.             closed during flood periods by either stoplogs or large
        Stoplog Structure--a designed opening in a floodwall or                 steel gates.
            dike that allows the passage of water during non-flood           Weir-a concrete structure designed as part of the spill-
            periods but closes during flood periods to prevent flood-           way that allows water to flow from the reservoir and
            ing downstream. Stoplog structures can be made of                   over the spillway.
            wood or steel or concrete beams.




























































                                                                                                                                 Connecticut 1991






            Index

            Ansonia Local Protection Project                         46       Hancock Brook Lake                                       34
            Appendix                                                 85       Hartford Local Protection Projeci                        48
            Authorization and Planning Process for                            Hop Brook Lake                                           35
              Water Resources Projects                                 6      Housatonic River Basin                                   84
                                                                              Housatonic River Basin Study                             84
            Black Rock Harbor                                        56       Housatonic River                                         62
            Black Rock Lake                                          32       Housatonic River, Salisbury                              76
            Branford Harbor                                          57       Hurricane Protection Barriers                            41
            Bridgeport Harbor                                        57       Hydropower                                               17
            Burial Hill Beach                                        74
            Byram River, Greenwich Local Protection Project          46       Introduction                                               4

            Calf Pasture Beach                                       74       Jennings Beach and Ash Creek                             76
            Clinton Harbor                                           58
            Civil Works Over-view                                      3      Lighthouse Point Park                                    76
            Colebrook River Lake                                     32       Long Island Sound Study                                  84
            Communities with Corps'Projects
              (Alphabetical Listing)                                 86       Mad River, Waterbury (Woodticl:)                         52
            Compo Beach                                              74       Mansfield Hollow Lake                                    36
            Connecticut River                                        58       Mianus River                                             62
            Connecticut River Basin                                  27       Middle Beach                                             76
            Connecticut River, Middleton                             76       Milford Harbor                                           62
            Cove Island Beach                                        74       Mystic River                                             62
            Cummings Park Beach                                      74
                                                                              Navigation (General)                                     54
            Dams and Reservoirs                                      31       Navigation (Projects)                                    55
            Danbury Local Protection Project                         46       New Haven Harbor                                         63
            Derby Local Protection Project                           47       New London Harbor                                        64
            Description of Projects                                  23       New London Hurricane Protection Barrier                  42
            Duck Island Harbor                                       60       Niantic Bay and Harbor                                   65
                                                                              Nonewaug River, Woodbury                                 77
            East Branch Dam                                          33       North Canaan Local Protection Project                    49
            East Hartford Local Protection Project                   47       Northfield Brook Lake                                    37
            East Haven Study                                         84       Norwalk Local Protection Project                         49
            Emergency Response and Recovery                          21       Norwalk Harbor                                           65
            Environmental Quality                                    18       Norwich Local Protection Project                         50

            Farmington River, Simsbury                               80       Patcho gue River                                         66
            Fivemile River Harbor                                    60       Pawcatuck River and Narraganse:t Bay                     66
            Flood Control and Flood Plain Management                   7      Pawcatuck Hurricane Protection 'Barrier                  42
            Flood Damage Reduction (Projects)                        30       Pawcatuck River Basin                                    28
            Flooding in New England                                    9      Port Chester Harbor                                      67
            Folly Brook, Wethersfield Local Protection Project       48       Port V Facility, Bridgeport                              77
                                                                              Prospect Beach                                           78
            Glossary                                                 90       Prospect Beach Study                                     84
            Greenwich Harbor                                         61
            Guilford Harbor                                          61       Recreation                                               20
            Guilford Point Beach                                     75       Regulatory Programs                                      19
            Gulf Beach                                               75       Rippowarn River Study                                    84
            Gulf Street                                              75       River Basins                                             25


            Hall Meadow Brook Dam                                    33       Salmon River, Colchester                                 78
            Hammonasset Beach                                        76       Sasco Hill Beach                                         78







            US Army Corps of Engineers













       Seaside Bluff Beach                                    78       Thames River Basin                                     29
       Seaside Park                                           79       Thomaston Dam                                          38
       Sherwood Island State Park                             79       Torrington (East) Local Protection Project             50
       Shore and Bank Protection (Projects)                   73       Torrington (West) Local Protection Project             51
       Short Beach                                            79
       Silver Beach to Cedar Beach                            79       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Programs
       Southport Beach                                        80          and Services                                          I
       Southport Harbor                                       67
       Squantz Pond, New Fairfield                            81       Water Supply                                           18
       Stamford Harbor                                        68       Waterbury/Watertown Local Protection Project           51
       Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier                  43       Westcott Cove                                          70
       Stonington Harbor                                      68       Westport Harbor and Saugatuck River                    71
       Stonington Harbor Study                                84       West Rive, New Haven                                   52
       Stony Creek                                            68       West Thompson Lake                                     38
       Studies                                                84       Wilson Point Harbor                                    71
       Sucker Brook Dam                                       37       Winsted Local Protection Project                       53
                                                                       Woodmont Beach Study                                   84
       Thames River                                           68       Woodmont Shore                                         81




























































                                                                                                                       Connecticut 1991





          Public Affairs Office                                                          Bulk Rate
          New England Division                                                          U.S. Postage
          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                                      Paid
          424 Trapelo Road                                                             Waltham, XIA
          Waltham, MA 02254-9149                                                      Permit No. 56723
               Meter Code 40





                                            U.S. Dept. of Commerce
                                            3300 Whitehaven St NW
                                            Washington, DC 20235-0001










































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