    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

             AMERICAN SAMOA WATER RESOURCES STUDY

                                                         COASTAL ZONE

                                                      INFORMATION CENTER

                                        ASSESSMENT              OF
              7o.
                                       WATER SYSTEMS
             71i' "t                   AMERICAN SAMOA

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                U. S   ARMY ENGINEER        DISTRICT,    HONOLULU

                                  AMERICAN SAMOA WATER RESOURCES STUDY

                                        ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                              AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                Prepared for:

                                     U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu

            4                                 September, 1978

                                       US Department of Commerce
                                   NOAA Coastal Servzces Center Libr=T
                                        2234 South        Avenue
                                         Charlestong SC 2'04-14'5-2413

                                                Prepared by:
                                          U R S COMPANY HAWAII
                                         Suite 909, 1164 Bishop Street
                                           Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

                                                                                                                  URS                    SIONAL SERVICES ORGANIZATION
                                                                                                                  AN INTERNATIONAL PROFES

                                                                          URS COMPANY HAWAI                    I  NEW YORK
                                                                                                                  SAN FRANCISCO
                                                                             SUITE 909,1164 BISHOP STREET         WASHINGTON. D.C
                                                                                    HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813        DALLAS
                                                                                                                  SEATTLE
                                                                                           TEL: (808) 533-3861    DENVER
                                                                                                                  KANSAS CITY
                                                                                                                  HONOLULU
                                                                                                                  NEW ORLEANS
                                                                                                                  SAN MATEO
                                                                                                                  HONG KONG
                                                                                                                  BOLIVIA

                        September 19, 1978

                        Mr. Kisuk Cheung
                        Chief, Engineering Division
                        Department of the Army
                        U.S. Army Engineering Division
                        Building 230, Fort Shafter
                        Honolulu, Hawaii 96111

                        Dear Mr. Cheung:

                        Subject: Assessment of Water Systems
                                        American Samoa
                                        Contract DACW84-78-C-0008
                                        URS 8504

                        We are pleased to submit this final report entitled "Assessment of
                        Water Systems, American Samoa".

                        As directed by the scope of work this assessment contains documentation
                        of all ongoing and proposed water system improvements; engineering
                        evaluation and problem identification; and engineering and management
                        recommendations for the problems identified.

                        The data resulting from this assessment and the recommendations made
                        are intended to provide a source of information for all interested
                        agencies.

                        We appreciated having had the opportunity to work on this challenging
                        assignment.

                        Sincerely,

                        URS COMPANY HAWAII

                        Edward C. Stevenson, P.E.
                        Vice President

                                               ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                      AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

                       Chapter                Subject                                   Page No.

                            I         Introduction

                                         Study Objectives                               1-3
                                         Scope                                          1-3
                                         Methodology                                    1-4
                                         Acknowledgements                               1-5
                                         Physical Characteristics of
                                            the Study Area                              1-5

                                         Socio-economic Characteristics
                                            of the Study Area
                           Ii         Summary
                          III         The Existing System, Ongoing and Proposed
                                      Improvement Programs

                                         Historical Overview of System

                                         Existing American Samoa Government
                                            Water System                                111-7
                                         Existing Village Systems                       111-12
                                         Existing Design Criteria                       111-15
                                         Ongoing and Proposed A.S.G. Water
                                            System Improvements                         111-18

                           IV         Recommended Design Criteria

                                         Population Projections                         IV-1
                                         System Demand Design Criteria                  IV-8

                            V         Identification of Problems

                                         Surface Water Supplies                         V-1
                                         Ground Water Supplies                          v-4

                                         Treatment                                      v-6
                                         Transmission and Pumping                       V-8

                                                        i

                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)

                     Chapter                 Subject                                     Page No.
                        V           Identification of Problems (cont'd)
                                       Distribution Storage                              V-14
                                       Distribution System                               V-16
                                       Right-of-Way                                      V-19
                                       Village Systems                                   V-25
                                       Water Systems Management                          V-33

                       VI           Conclusions and Recommendations

                                       Water Sources                                     VI-1

                                       Transmission and Pumping System                   VI-10
                                       Storage                                           VI-17

                                       Treatment                                         VI-21

                                       Distribution System                               VI-22
                                       Rehabilitation Program                            VI-23
                                       Village Water Systems                             VI-26
                                       Right-of-Way Acquisition                          VI-43
                                       Water Systems Management                          VI-48

                                    List of References                                   R-1

                                    Appendix
                                       A - GAS System Water Usage Reports                A-1

                                       B - Ground Water Development in American
                                           Samoa                                         B-1

                                       C - Review of Existing Literature                 C-1

                                                 ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                        AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                        LIST OF TABLES

                          Table
                          Number                  Description                                   Page No.
                          III-1           Inventory of American Samoa Government
                                          Facilities in Villages                                111-8
                          111-2           Existing American Samoa Government
                                          Surface Water Sources                                 III-10
                          111-3           Comparison of Past Design Criteria                    111-16
                          111-4           Existing Water System Design Criteria                 111-17
                          111-5           Proposed A.S.G. Capital Improvement
                                          Program                                               111-19
                           IV-1           Population of American Samoa from
                                          1900 to 1974 by District                              IV-2

                           IV-2           American Samoa General Plan
                                          Population Projections                                IV-4
                           IV-3           Study Area Population by Village                      IV-7
                           IV-4           Evaluation of Water Consumption                       IV-9

                           IV-5           Recommended Service Levels                            IV-13
                           IV-6           Year 2000 Peak Day Flow Rates                         IV-14

                           IV-7           Minimum Recommended Fire Flow
                                          Requirements                                          IV-16
                           IV-8           Reservoir Sizing                                      IV-18
                            V-1           Peak 1978 Flow Rates for A.S.G.
                                          Water System                                          V-9
                            V-2           Hydraulic Grade Line for A.S.G. Water
                                          System - 1978 Peak Day Flow                           V-10
                            V-3           Peak 1983 Flow Rates for A.S.G.
                                          Water System                                          V-11
                            v-4           Hydraulic Grade Line for A.S.G. Water
                                          System - 1983 Peak Day Flow                           V-12
                            V-5           Some Water Related Diseases Reported to
                                          LBJ Medical Center                                    V-27

                                                             iii

                                                   LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)

                          Number                  Description                                  Page No.
                           VI-1           Suggested Village Ranking for Exploratory
                                          Wells Southeast Shore of Tutuila                     VI-4

                           VI-2           Peak Year 2000 Flow Rates for A.S.G.
                                          Water System                                         VI-11
                           VI-3           Hydraulic Grade Line for A.S.G. Water
                                          System - Year 2000 Peak Day Flow                     VI-12
                           VI-4           Recommended Additional Storage Capacity              VI-18

                                                             iv

                                                ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                        AMERICAN SAMOA
                          Figure                      LIST OF FIGURES
                          Number                  Description                                  Page No.
                            I-1          Study Area Location   Map                             1-2
                          III-1          Existing American Samoa    Government
                                         and Leone Water System                                111-29
                          111-2          Schematic Profile - Existing American
                                         Samoa Government and Leone Water System               111-30
                          111-3          A.S.G. Proposed Improvements -
                                         Western District                                      111-31
                          111-4          A.S.G. Proposed Improvements -
                                         Bay Area and Tafuna-Leone Plain                       111-32
                          111-5          A.S.G. Proposed Improvements -
                                         Eastern District                                      111-33
                            V-1          Public Notice of Poor Water Quality                   V-28
                            V-2          Organization Chart, Department of
                                         Public Works                                          V-34
                            V-3          Organization   Chart, Water Systems
                                         Management                                            V-36
                            v-4          Water System   Operational
                                         Responsibilities                                      V-37
                            V-5          Water Utility Objectives FY'78,
                                         Department of Public Works                            v-43
                           VI-1          Distribution System Rehabilitation
                                         Program Outline                                       VI-24
                           VI-2          Village Water System Decision Diagram                 VI-27
                           VI-3          Schematic Rainshed Water System -
                                         Fitiuta Village                                       VI-34
                           VI-4          Preliminary Design Fitiuta Village
                                         Water System                                          VI-35
                           VI-5          Rainfall Probability at Tafuna Airport
                                         Weather Station                                       VI-36

                                                             v

                                                LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd)

                           Figure
                           Number                 Description                                Page No.
                           VI-6          Schematic Rainshed Water System -
                                         Aoloaufou Village                                   VI-37
                           VI-7          Preliminary Design Aoloaufou Village
                                         Water System                                        VI-38
                           VI-8          Rainfall Probability at Upper Fagaalu
                                         Reservoir                                           VI-39
                           VI-9          Roof Catchment System                               VI-42
                           VI-10         Organization Chart Proposed Water
                                         Division                                            VI-50

                           VI-11         Recommended Water System Improvements -
                                         Western District                                    VI-53

                           VI-12         Recommended Water System Improvements -
                                         Bay Area and Tafuna Leone Plain                     VI-54
                           VI-13         Recommended Water System Improvements -
                                         Eastern District                                    VI-55

                           VI-14         Schematic Profile Recommended Water
                                         System Improvements                                 VI-56

                                                           vi

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     I                                  CHAPTER I
     I                             INTRODUCTION
     I
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                                                      CHAPTER I

                                                    INTRODUCTION

                       The water supply situation in American Samoa (Figure I-1) has been a
                       constant source of problems and serious public and private concern
                       from as early as 1960, when economic growth and expanding population
                       began to put a strain on the capacity of the system. Since 1970,
                       tens of millions of dollars have been spent on capital improvements
                       to water systems with little or no apparent improvement to the
                       quality of water service. The severity of this situation was partic-
                       ularly evident during the drought conditions of 1974, when strict
                       water rationing forced restrictions on industrial consumption and
                       resulted in serious economic impacts on the islands.

                       The water shortages seem unwarranted to residents and outsiders alike
                       when considering that the islands receive up to 200 inches of annual
                       rainfall and have a total population of only 30,000 people.

                       The general lack of communication and proper documentation has
                       further complicated the situation with a great deal of public
                       misunderstanding and misinformation regarding the objectives,
                       priorities and progress of water system improvement programs.

                       While low rainfall have had a significant impact, an equally
                       important factor has been the expanding population, economic growth
                       and growing expectations for the quality of water service. A
                       great deal has been accomplished in the past ten years in the areas
                       of basal water production and delivery systems, and demands upon
                       these systems have grown at an astounding rate.

                       As part of its American Samoa Water Resources Study, the U.S. Army
                       Engineer District, Honolulu, in cooperation with the American Samoa

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      424

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                       Government (A.S.G.) has conducted this technical assessment of the
                       water supply situation in the Territory of American Samoa.

                       The basic purpose of the Assessment of Water Systems, American
                       Samoa, which was contracted to U R S Company Hawaii (Contract No.
                       DACW84-78-C-0008), is to assist the Goverment of American Samoa
                       in its water system improvement programs by documenting and
                       evaluating these programs. This report will also serve as a
                       source of information for all interested congressional, federal
                       and local agencies. In effect, it will establish a "baseline"
                       for the water supply situation in American Samoa.

                       STUDY OBJECTIVES

                       The specific objectives of this assessment are the following

                            1.    To document all ongoing and proposed water system  s

                                  improvement programs.
                            2.    To perform a detailed engineering evaluation of these
                                  programs and to identify specific problems.
                            3.    To develop engineering and management recommendations in
                                  solution to the problems identified.
                            4.    To prepare a report that will document and summarize the
                                  findings, conclusions and recommendations of this

                                  assessment.

                       SCOPE

                       The general scope of this assessment will consist of the following:

                            1.    Basically, there are two types of water systems in use in
                                  the Territory of American Samoa: (a) the A.S.G. centralized
                                  system which serves a portion of the island of Tutuila and

                                                           1-3

                      6) village water systems which serve the remainder of the
                      territory. The scope of this study will include both types of
                      water systems.
                 2.   In evaluating improvement programs to determine their
                      adequacy in meeting current and projected (year 2000) needs,
                      this assessment will be based upon existing information
                      and data.
                3.    The scope of this assessment will include the topics of
                      source, transmission and arterial distribution, operation
                      and maintenance, and management.

           METHODOLOGY

           The depth and detail of this study were restricted by the limited
           quantity and quality of basic water system operational data available.
           The A.S.G. Public Works Department, which is responsible for most data
           collection related to the water system, maintains meager records of
           the physical plant and its operating characteristics. The villages do
           not maintain any records pertaining to their water systems.

           Most of the written data available on the water system is contained
           in reports and studies performed by various engineering consulting
           firms.

           Additional field information was collected in Samoa during a two
           week field study in April of 1978. Existing reports, drawings, and
           correspondence were collected from the A.S.G. files; and interviews
           were held with A.S.G. officials responsible for the management
           design and operation of the water system. The existing water system
           shown in this report is as it existed on April 1, 1978.             7                    1
           It should be noted that the Department of Public Works was making substantial
           improvements to the system physical plant and the system management
           structure at the time of our field studies.

                                             1-4

                       The recommendations pertaining to ground water development are based
                       upon "Ground Water Development in American Samoa" prepared by the
                       U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu (copy attached as Appendix B).

                       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                       We wish to express our appreciation to the Governor's office, the
                       Development Planning Office and the Department of Public Works for
                       their assistance in preparation of this report.

                       During our field studies, it was our privilege to be in frequent
                       contact with Mr. Edvin Remund, Director of Public Works, and Mr.
                       Al Sundquist, Mr. Marty Heede, and Mr. Geoff Keeler of the Department
                       of Public Works, Water Systems Division, who provided invaluable
                       information and drawings on the existing water system and plans for
                       future improvements. Our appreciation also goes out to Mr. Randy
                       Morris, Mr. Abe Malae and Mr. Seti Maleah of the Water Sewer and
                       Solid Waste Division for their cooperation and time in giving us
                       insight into the operation of the water system.

                       We also received meaningful assistance from Mr. Joseph Pereira,
                       Mr. James Pedersen and Mr. Alfonso (Pete) Galeali of the Development
                       Planning Office who provided us with,direction for our studies and
                       with data on the growth patterns of the study area.

                       PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

                       Identification and Location

                       The study area includes the entire Territory of American Samoa
                       except for Rose and Swains Island. American Samoa is the southern-
                       most possession of the United States and consists of a group of

             @even islands located in the South Pacific at about 170 0 West
             longitude and 140 south latitude. These islands contain approxi-
             mately 76.1 square miles and are about 2,300 nautical miles south-
             west of Hawaii, 1,200 nautical miles northwest of Tahiti, 1,600
             miles northeast of New Zealand, and about 80 miles southeast of the
             independent state of Western Samoa, see Figure I-1. The islands of
             Samoa are located along the crest of a submarine volcanic ridge
             which extends for over 300 miles and trends generally 75 0 southeast.

             The five volcanic islands of Tutuila, Aunulu, Ofu, Olosega, and
             Talu are the major inhabited islands. Tutuila, the largest and
             principal island, is the center of government and business. Aunulu,
             a satellite of Tutuila, lies one mile off the east coast of Tutuila.
             The three islands of Ofu, Olosega, and Talu are collectively called
             the Manula Islands, and lie some 65 miles to the east of Tutuila.
             The two remaining islands of American Samoa are Rose and Swains,
             both of which are coral atolls. Rose Island, about 160 miles to
             the east of Tutuila is the territory's only uninhabited island.
             It does not have enough water to support human life and is
             preserved as a wildlife refuge for sea turtles and birds.

             Swains Island, about 230 miles north of Tutuila, is the northern-
             most island of the territory and is geographically a part of the
             Tokelau Islands, but administratively is part of American Samoa.
             The island is privately owned by the descendants of a New England
             whaling captain.

             The islands of American Samoa were discovered in the 1700's by
             Dutch navigators. Although the islands remained unclaimed for
             many years they were the subject of great power struggles between
             the United States, Germany, and Great Britain. The Convention of
             1899 resulted in the forfeiture of Germany and Great Britain of

                                                1-6

                       all claims east of the 171st meridian, and the United States
                       dropped all claims to the islands of Upolu and Savaili which now
                       comprise Western Samoa. In 1900 the chiefs of Tutuila and Aunu'u
                       ceded title to the United States. Four years later the chiefs of
                       the Manula Islands followed suit. From 1900 to 1951 the U.S. Navy
                       administered the islands as a territory of the United States. In
                       1951, administration was transferred to the U.S  Department of
                       Interior. American Samoa remains an unorganized, unincorporated
                       territory of the United States. Its inhabitants are American
                       nationals (but not citizens) who may visit or emigrate to the
                       United States without passports. No organic legislation has been
                       enacted for.the territory by the U.S. Congress. Since 1951, the
                       governor of the territory has been appointed by the Secretary of
                       the Interior. In November of 1977, however, following a recent
                       plebiscite in which the citizens of American Samoa expressed a
                       desire for more local control of their government, local elections
                       were held for the positions of governor and lieutenant governor.

                       Topography

                       The islands of American Samoa are of volcanic origin and exhibit
                       the rugged topographic relief common to Pacific volcanic islands.
                       The islands rise precipitously from the ocean and their rugged
                       flanks are clothed in lush tropical vegetation. Typically,
                       sheltered embayments develop small coastal plains providing one
                       of the few sources of flat land in the territory. Palm lined sand
                       and coral rubble beaches rim much of the islands except where
                       exposed to severe marine erosion. Beyond the narrow beach there
                       is usually a moderately wide fringing reef providing limited
                       protection to the shore. The maximum elevations for the five
                       major volcanic islands are 2142, 280, 1621, 2095, and 3180 feet

                                                          1-7

              for Tutuila, Aunulu, Ofu, Olosega, and Talu respectively. Drainage
              is provided by deeply incised stream valleys radiating from the
              summit of each distinct volcanic cone.

              Tutuila is geologically the most complex of the islands. Its
              spine consists of overlapping centers of volcanic activity. The
              north shore is deeply indented by embayments with little flat land
              other than at the mouth of each of the streams. The coastline is
              typified by high cliffs plunging directly into the ocean. The
              southern coastline is slightly more protected. The Tafuna-Leone
              Plain extends along the south side of the island from Nuuuli west-
              ward to Leone. This formation is believed to be a late stage lava
              flow overlying a former barrier reef. During a lower sea stand,
              what is now Pago Pago Harbor was carved as a major stream valley.
              A rise in sea level flooded the former valley and produced one of
              the deepest and most sheltered harbors in the Pacific. The
              majority of the southern coast consists of broad fringing reefs
              except immediately near stream mouths where the salinity is too
              low for coral growth.

              Tutuila Island is about 18 miles long and varies in width from I
              to 6 miles. The total land area is about 53 square miles. Land
              with slopes less than thirty degrees is scarce and found mostly in
              the Tafuna-Leone Plain. The Tafuna-Leone Plain has an area of

              about 13.5 square miles. The total land area with slopes less
              than thirty degrees is approximately 16.5 square miles or about 30
              percent of the island.

              Aunulu, off the east coast of Tutuila, is a small volcanic tuff
              cone that is dominated by a slightly dissected crater whose rim

              rises 200 to 300 feet above sea level. Its land area is about 0.6

                                                1-8

                        square mile. The floor of the crater is occupied by a marsh and
                        lake. Marine erosion has developed steep cliffs on the east and
                        south sides of the cone. Habitation on the island is on a low

                        coastal flatland that rims the west and north sides of the island.

                        Ofu and Olosega are remnants of a single volcanic island and are
                        separated by a 500 foot wide straight. Both islands rise abruptly
                        from the ocean with little flat land other than a narrow band along

                        the coast. A small island off the western side of Ofu has been
                        spectacularly carved into grottos, caves, and arches by marine
                        erosion. The land areas of Ofu and Olosega are approximately 3
                        and 2 square miles respectively.

                        Talu is the largest of the Manula Islands, covering 17 square miles.
                        It is formed from the northern hemisphere of the shield volcano,
                        Mt. Lata. Streams are scarce and have poorly developed and shallow
                        valleys. The south side of the island is inaccessible and consists
                        of spectacular cliffs and cascades that drop over 1000 feet into the
                        sea. Most of the coastline along the northern and western sides of
                        the island are fringed by a fairly wide coastal plain fronted by
                        narrow beaches. The villages on the west end of the island are
                        built on terraces which are 10 to 15 feet above sea level and are
                        composed of sand dunes and storm benches of coral sediments deposited
                        by high waves.

                        Climate

                        The climate of American Samoa is tropical and characterized by
                        wet and dry seasons rather than the continental four seasons of
                        winter., spring, summer, and fall. During the wet or summer period
                        of November through April, the islands lie in the intertropical
                        convergence zone. This results in weak and variable winds, high

                                                           1-9

             temperature, rainfall, and humidity. In the dry season or winter
             from May through October, the islands are influenced by the southern
             hemisphere trade winds. The prevailing southeasterly winds bring
             slightly lower temperatures and less rain.

             Precipitation results from the upward deflection of the trades as
             they pass over the island as well as from major storm fronts and
             isolated thunderstorms. The annual precipitation varies with both
             location and elevation. The Pago Pago airport on the Tafune-Leone
             Plain receives an average of 125 inches per year, whereas the Pago
             Pago Harbor area only four and one-half miles away receives an
             average of nearly 200 inches per year. The summit of Mt. Alava
             which overlooks Pago Pago Harbor at an altitude of 1600 feet re-
             ceives more than 250 inches per year. It would appear that American
             Samoa is blessed with an over abundance of rainfall. However,
             seasonal rainfall variations are considerable and it is not uncommon
             for extended dry periods of two to three months duration to result
             in critical water supply shortages. In general,  the driest months
             are June through September and the wettest months are December
             through March.

             The average temperature is about 800F. The mean daily range is
             about 120F and the mean seasonal variation is only 30F. January,
             February, and March are the warmest months, and June, July, and
             August are the coolest. The highest recorded temperature at the
             airport was in the low 90's and the lowest was near 600F.

             Flora and Fauna

             The vegetation of American Samoa originally consisted of dense
             tropical forests. Man has influenced this by forest clearing for
             'both cultivation and habitation. Approximately 70 percent of

                                               I-10

                       Tutuila and 95 percent of Talu remain in original tropical forest
                      .vegetation. Cultivated lands consist principally of banana, taro,
                       and coconut plantations. Breadfruit trees are also extensively

                       grown.

                       American Samoa has few endemic animals. Domestic animals such as
                       fowl, pigs, and dogs were brought in with the early polynesian
                       settlers. There are no snakes but other small reptiles are
                       plentiful. The most abundant forms of wildlife are birds. The
                       number of species is limited to about thirty indigenous species
                       and a dozen or so seasonal inhabitants.

                       There have been few studies of the freshwater biological communities
                       since most of these streams are of intermittent flow. The reef
                       communities fringing the islands are characterized by numerous
                       species of fish such as surgeon fish, goat fish, parrot fish, wrasse,
                       mullet, and damsel fish. The open ocean surrounding the territory
                       contains skipjack and yellowfin tuna, marlin, sailfish, and dolphin.

                       SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

                       Culture

                       The people of American Samoa are culturally tied to the Western
                       Samoans. The Samoan people are   polynesians as are the Hawaiians,
                       Tahitians, Tongans, and the Maoris of New Zealand. Their traditional
                       lifestyle revolves around the extended family (11aigall). The aiga
                       is a communal lifestyle headed by a chief (I'mataill). The matai is
                       responsible for the welfare of all under his rule. Additionally,
                       he is responsible for protection and distribution of the,family's
                       land.

                       The traditional Samoan lifestyle (11fala Samoa") is often at odds
                       with traditional western lifestyles. Fala Samoa places great

             importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather
             than on individual achievements.

             Historically, each village which was composed of one or more aigas,
             was self supporting, and trade with other villages or outsiders was
             not a basic necessity of life. Increased contacts with western
             outsiders have caused the development of a job oriented cash economy.
             This cash economy is in conflict with fala Samoa and, increasingly,
             Samoans are faced with the conflicts between the desire for
             western material goods and a strong cultural link with fala Samoa.
             Traditional Samoan values and authority are being diffused by
             increased formation of nuclear families and values emphasizing
             individual achievement and opportunity. The result is that American
             Samoa is becoming increasingly westernized and fala Samoa is becoming
             more and more difficult to maintain. There is a bright spot in that
             the youths of American Samoa are becoming increasingly conscious
             and proud of their heritage. This program is being actively
             pursued through the educational system.

             Economy

             American Samoa's economy is dependent on a very limited base.
             Employment trends in American Samoa reflect the shift from a
             subsistence type of economy to a cash economy. Many Samoans prefer
             the cash-paying jobs available in the Pago Pago Harbor area, and
             particularly with the Goverment of American Samoa, the largest
             single employer in the territory. In 1970 the A.S.G. employed 2,790
             persons or 54 percent of the total work force of 5,094. Since
             1970 A.S.G. employment continued to increase while employment
             in private sector is believed to have increased only slightly.

             Other leading employers are the food processing industries, including
             can manufacturing, the shipping and transportation industry which

                                              1-12

                        includes seafaring and dockside personnel, and tourism. The Starkist
                        and Van Camp tuna canneries employed over 1,100 Samoans in 1970.
                        Additionally, there were over 2,900 oriental fishermen employed by
                        the fishing boats based out of Pago Pago. These fishermen undoubt-
                        edly spent a portion of their income while in port thus stimulating
                        the entire economy. Unfortunately, the total number of fishing
                        boats based out of Pago Pago has been declining.

                        Although much of the current work force is engaged in unskilled
                        labor., an increasing number of Samoans are seeking higher education
                        in professional fields and are gradually expected to assume jobs
                        now held by non-Samoans ("palagill). This is in consonance with the
                        U.S. Department of Interior's goal to promote economic, social, and
                        political development leading to a full measure of self-government
                        and the active participation of the residents of American Samoa in
                        the life of their country.

                        A drastic reduction of corporate income tax in FY 1975 was caused
                        by a severe water shortage that resulted in a shutdown of the
                        canneries. The lost tax income rippled throughout the territory
                        as the A.S.G. was required-to implement a reduction in force by 10
                        percent. Similar incidents of boom/bust economy are possible until
                        a more diversified tax base can be established. The variability of
                        Federal grants and loans also affects the level of A.S.G. employment.

                                                           1-13

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     I                                CHAPTERII
     I                                SUMMARY
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                                                     CHAPTER II

                                                       SUMMARY

                       GENERAL

                       The American Samoa Government Central Water System

                       Over the past eight years, considerable effort has been expended
                       toward improvement of the American Samoa water supply situation.
                       Upon performing this engineering review, it was evident that sub-
                       stantial improvements to the physical plant of the American Samoa
                       Government (A.S.G.) water system have been achieved. The rapid
                       improvement of the system has been accompanied by extensive expan-
                       sion into new service areas in response to critical water shortages.
                       While the extensions were made with the best of intentions, in some
                       cases insufficient analysis was made of the ability of the existing
                       system to adequately operate and supply these new areas. The water
                       system was improved and extended faster than the ability to reliably
                       manage and operate the new system. Consequently, complaints about
                       the quality of water service continue in spite of the fact that the
                       system is producing and distributing over five times as much water as
                       it was during the dry season of 1972.

                       The management and operational problems have created a general
                       public misunderstanding of the A.S.G. motives in development of the
                       water system. Residents of areas with water shortages feel that water
                       is being taken from their area to serve the industrial, commercial
                       and governmental centers. There is an urgent need to develop a
                       public information and education program to counteract the many
                       public misconceptions.

                       For the existing service areas, improvements to the water production
                       and transmission components of the central system have essentially

             been completed. The emphasis is now being directed toward upgrading
             the distribution system and more efficient system management and
             operation.

             The Village Water Systems

             Efforts to improve village water systems have also increased over
             the past eight years in response to a growing population and to greater
             per capita demands for water caused by rising standards of living.
             The improvements to village water systems have largely been made on
             an unplanned basis in the form of remedial improvements to the grossly
             inadequate existing water systems. Traditionally, the villages want
             to remain independent of outside influences and retain operational
             control over the water systems, but they lack the financial resources
             and technical abilities.

             The A.S.G. is placed in a difficult position in the villages of
             trying to improve the standard of living and to maintain water
             service to the many government operated facilities (schools,
             offices, housing, etc.) without having operational control over
             the water system.

             Past attempts to improve village water systems have been largely
             unsuccessful because the villages have not contributed to or
             participated in the planning and construction processes.

             In cooperation with the Samoan community, the A.S.G. needs to establish
             a firm policy to clarify its role and functions when dealing with village

             water systems.

             MANAGEMENT

             A reorganization of the Department of Public Works functions dealing
             with water systems design, construction, maintenance, and operation to

                                              11-2

                        take advantage of existing professional talent and to improve coordi-
                        nation is needed. As a recommendation, a Water Division could be
                        formed within the Department of Public Works, to combine planning,
                        design, construction, operation, and maintenance of all water systems
                        under one Assistant Director of Public Works. This organization would
                        provide increased engineering expertise for operational decisions
                        without duplicating engineering or support staff efforts in separate
                        design and operation divisions. The existing in-service training
                        program should be expanded to include all levels of management, as
                        well as field personnel and the topics expanded to include billing and
                        other management considerations.

                        Additional repair crews and equipment, meter installation and meter
                        reading crews, mid-level managers, and engineering expertise will be
                        required if the benefits of the new transmission and sources develop-
                        ment programs are to be extended to the people and if the goverment
                        is to operate and maintain planned improvements in the best long-term
                        interest of the territory.

                        A future alternative for consideration is the formation of a separate
                        authority such as a Board of Water Supply. The formation of a separate
                        Water Division could serve as a first step. The Board would presumably
                        have all of the functions of the previously mentioned Water Division
                        and would operate more independently of the A.S.G. This would require
                        development of separate billing, procurement, and other administrative
                        functions creating additional overhead expense and a demand for trained
                        manpower that is critically short in Samoa. The Water Board concept
                        does not now appear warranted for the marginal benefits of bypassing
                        political pressure and cumbersome governmental regulations regarding
                        personnel and procurement procedures.

                        Long-term planning and policy direction from the highest level of
                        territorial goverment also needs to be developed. Such items as the

                                                          11-3

             philosophy of continual subsidy of the water system or the possibility
             of system revenue meeting all (or a fixed percentage) of operating
             costs need to be addressed in the form of governmental policy. The
             goals of expansion of the system and of increased potable water quality
             also require attention.

             An ongoing public awareness program should be incorporated into the
             Water Division activities. The program should include both formal
             public hearings and informal workshops, as well as regular television
             news coverage of system changes. Dissemination of information on how
             the system operates and the problems encountered by the Water Division
             would be of value. Announcing failures and successes in solving
             difficult problems will also do much to narrow the gap between public
             expectations and Water Division capabilities. This mutual understanding
             will do much to improve water system management, from which the people
             of the territory will ultimately benefit.

             RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION

             Right-of-way acquisition for water system improvements has been a
             serious problem for the Department of Public Works for many years.
             Badly needed projects have been delayed or halted indefinitely by
             extended right-of-way negotiations or right-of-way disputes. Projects
             have been modified at the increased cost or at the expense of the
             system's operating efficiency in attempts to skirt right-of-way
             problems.

             The problems are related to the communal land ownership system under
             which the majority of the land in American Samoa is held. Most of the
             communal land has not been surveyed and registered with the court, and
             ownership and boundary disputes over this land often exist. There is
             no formal procedure to obtain a verification of land ownership when
             the land has not been recorded. Persons stating a claim on land, can

                                               11-4

                        file and often can obtain temporary restraining orders against A.S.G.
                        land acquisition attempts without posting a bond.

                        The problems have also resulted from the use of relatively short term
                        (two-year) contract employees, causing a lack of continuity and also
                        from the lack of an effective training program for local personnel.
                        The lack of continuity has resulted in an inconsistent policy toward
                        right-of-way acquisitions.

                        Public meetings should be arranged in cooperation with the Office of
                        Samoan Affairs before a final selection is made of the right-of-way
                        route in the village or villages affected. The public meeting will
                        help identify the landowners, problems with the selected route, and
                        problems in obtaining land values and lease rentals in the area by the
                        appraisers.

                        The Department of Public Works needs to staff the Right-of-Way Branch
                        with trained personnel as required for efficient and prompt right-of-
                        way acquisitions. Whenever necessary, long-term (e.g., five year)
                        contracts of employment could be made with skilled personnel to
                        maintain continuity in the Right-of-Way Branch.

                        The Office of the Territorial Registrar needs to adopt indexing systems
                        that will increase the efficiency of retrieving land sale records,
                        leases, easements, condemnation and right-of-way acquisitions.

                        Legislation to require the mandatory posting of a bond or surety to
                        secure temporary restraining orders seeking to restrain right-of-way
                        acquisitions is needed.

                        DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

                        The distribution system is the weak link in the existing A.S.G. water
                        system. Residential consumption rates averaging 285 gallons per

            capita per day have been estimated in the existing services. This
            high consumption is due primarily to leakage and waste in unmetered
            and illegal connections. Excess water consumption is a burden on the
            existing transmission, pumping, and storage facilities to the extent
            that the system has not operated correctly.

            The existing distribution system consists of small diameter pipelines
            that branch off of the main transmission pipelines into the communities.
            Pipelines and meters are indiscriminately placed. The meters are
            difficult to locate, to read, and to repair; and it is sometimes
            nearly impossible to relate a specific meter to any given house.

            Distribution pipelines wander throughout villages above and under-
            ground, and it is difficult to determine which lines are metered and
            which are not. Illegal connections are simple to make and hard to
            police. Repairs to pipelines are sometimes difficult as no rights-of-
            way exist for most distribution pipelines.

            The A.S.G. has recently begun an extensive five to ten year program to
            completely rehabilitate the existing A.S.G. distribution system. To
            be successful, the program needs support from the Governor's office
            and the local legislature. Initially, the program may not be popular,
            because right-of-way will be required for the new distribution system
            and many residents who now receive free or low flat rate water service
            will be required to pay. Overcoming the initial public resistance
            will be the first problem faced by the program. A comprehensive
            public education and public information program is required. If the
            importance of the program is communicated and results in the form of
            improved water service are demonstrated, then subsequent efforts will
            be made easier.

                                              11-6

                         The objectives of the rehabilitation program are as follows:

                               1.   To reduce water waste and misuse
                               2.   To facilitate water system maintenance and repair
                               3.   To reduce operating costs
                               4.   To provide better fire protection
                               S.   To provide equitable water use charges to all water

                                    system customers

                         EXPANSION OF THE A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM

                         A workable policy toward expansion of the A.S.G. water system service
                         area needs to be developed. Any proposed expansion should be proceeded
                         by detailed studies that identify the increased demands that will be
                         borne by the management, operational, and water supply resources of the
                         existing system. These studies should also evaluate the ability of the
                         existing system to meet these new demands and as required, recommend
                         where improvements are necessary. No expansion should be attempted
                         until the water system has the resources to provide reliable water
                         service.

                         Any expansion into areas served by village systems must consider the
                         desires of the residents of these areas and be consistent with the
                         overall A.S.G. policy toward village water systems.

                         WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT

                         Ground water is recommended for development as the primary source of
                         potable water. The consistently high quality of ground water develop-
                         able at a relatively low cost makes ground water the most desirable type
                         of water source. A separate study of surface water resources (Dames &
                         Moore, 1978) indicated that approximately 164 million gallons of storage

                                                            11-7

               would be required for each million gallons per day of regulated
               flow. A storage reservoir of this magnitude in Samoa would
               require a dam approximately 200 feet high. Preliminary estimates
               indicate that ground water resources of the Tafuna-Leone Plain
               are sufficient to supply the demands of an expanded A.S.G. water
               system through the year 2000. The development of this resource
               should be undertaken with care, however, to insure that it is not
               over-developed.

               More specifically, the recommendations for the management and
               development of the ground water resources are as follows:

                    1.   Avoid over-development of the basal freshwater lens in
               the Tafunafou area by directing ground water development programs

               to other areas.

                    2.   Investigate the potential of the Malaeimi and Malaeloa
               valleys which appear to be promising areas as supplemental sources
               of ground water for the central A.S.G. system.

                    3.   Conduct a ground reconnaissance survey of villages
               outside the existing,goveTTment system to identify and inventory
               those which are eligible for further ground water exploration.

                    4.   Institute a program to seal abandoned and unsealed
               drilled holes and wells and to assure that production and obser-
               vation wells in use have adequate sanitary seals.

                    5.   Select production well sites above, or upstream, of
               anticipated sources of contaminants, insofar as possible, to
               minimize the need for strict watershed management and conflicting

               land uses.

                                                 11-8

                              6. 'Coordinate waste collection and dispos  al (wastewater
                         and solid waste) and land use practices and plans to assure
                         protection of ground water supplies.

                              7.   Maintain the qualified technical expertise required in
                         the engineering, design, and construction of wells to fit the
                         particular hydrology and geology of subsurface conditions encoun-
                         tered at each individual well site and to oversee the mechanical
                         aspects of well drilling.

                              8.   Develop a hydrologic budget for the island of Tutuila.
                         A hydrologic, or water budget is a method of quantifying the four
                         phases of the hydrologic cycle (i.e., precipitation, evaporation
                         and transpiration, surface water and ground water) and their
                         interactions for a given area. It is particularly useful in
                         managing water supplies and in evaluating and forecasting the
                         impacts of certain actions (e.g., dry spells, projected growth
                         and demand, etc.) on each hydrologic component.

                         COLLECTION OF ADDITIONAL DATA AND ADDITIONAL STUDIES

                         The basis for recommendations of the specific improvement items
                         contained in this report is, as of necessity, based upon es timates
                         of water production capabilities and water consumption requirements
                         available at the time of this writing. The water system management
                         has in the past maintained insufficient field operational data on
                         the system. In the future, more detailed information of flow
                         rates, flow rate variations, and pressure distribution must be
                         collected at all critical points in the system. These data
                         should be periodically analyzed to determine the most efficient
                         sizing and location of proposed improvements and the most efficient
                         operational procedures.

                                                           H-9

               As noted in Chapter I, the scope of this assessment is limited to
               documenting and evaluating all ongoing and currently proposed
               A.S.G. water systems improvement programs. Hence, the specific
               recommendations contained herein do not comprise a complete water
               plan for the territory.

               In view of the fact that current water system improvements are
               only planned through 1981 and in light of the findings of this
               assessment, a long-range (e.g., 25- or 50-year) water plan to
               guide future development and to minimize the recurrence of past
               problems is highly recommended. In formulating this plan, such
               subjects as alternative methods for developing village water
               systems, the identification of area-by-area future water demands,
               alternative sources of water to meet future demands, and an
               investigation of federal requirements as they apply to villages
               and the A.S.G. system could be addressed. Coordinated improvements
               with economic development, waste disposal and other planning
               activities would also be part of the long-range water plan.

                                                 II-10

                           8. Develop a hydrologic budget for the island of Tutuila.
                      A hydrologic, or water, budget is a method of quantifying the four
                      phases of the hydrologic cycle (i.e., precipitation, evaporation
                      and transpiration, surface water and ground water) and their
                      interactions for a given area. It is particularly useful in
                      managing water supplies and in evaluating and forecasting the
                      impacts of certain actions (e.g., dry spells, projected growth
                      and demand, etc.) on each hydrologic component. It requires
                      extensive data collected through well-conceived monitoring programs
                      over extended periods.

                      COLLECTION OF ADDITIONAL DATA AND ADDITIONAL STUDIES

                      Studies and plans are necessary for the orderly development of
                      expanding facilities like water systems. These plans are, however,
                      based upon data as of a given point in time and projections of
                      future events. Future events cannot be predicted with certainty
                      and the longer the projection, the less the certainty. Studies
                      and plans, therefore, have a "shelf life" that is considerably
                      shorter than the life of the facilities that they planned.

                      The basis for recommendation of the specific improvement items
                      contained in this report is, as of necessity, based upon estimates
                      of water production capabilities and water consumption requirements.
                      The water system management has in the past maintained insufficient
                      field operational data on the system. In the future, more detailed
                      information of flow rates, flow rate variations, and pressure
                      distribution must be collected at all critical points in the
                      system. This data should be periodically analyzed to determine
                      the most efficient sizing.and location of proposed improvements
                      and the most efficient operational procedures.

                                                      TI-11

                      The existing planning for water system improvements is currently
                      extended only through 1981. There is a need for long term planning
                      that will guide future water system development. This planning
                      should address itself to subjects such as identification and
                      evaluation of alternate water sources, identification of area by
                      area future water demands, investigation of alternate methods
                      for developing village water systems, and an investigation of
                      federal requirements as they relate to village and the A.S.G.
                      system. The planning effort needs to set out a logical year
                      to year development sequence for the future water system
                      improvements.

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      I                                   CHAPTER IH
      I            THE EXISTING SYSTEM, ONGOING
      I    AND PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS
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                                                     CHAPTER III

                                             THE EXISTING SYSTEM, ONGOING

                                          AND PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS

                       HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM

                       There is no evidence of any organized water systems in American Samoa
                       prior to the first contacts with the outside western world. Water was
                       evidently obtained directly from surface streams and springs. During
                       times of drought, those villages and areas without perennial streams
                       no doubt obtained drinking water from coconuts and used the ocean to

                       bathe in.

                       The first organized community water system was probably constructed
                       to serve the early United States coaling station near Fagatogo. A water
                       service agreement recently discovered by the Department of Public Works
                       shows an agreement between the U.S. Navy and Fagatogo Village dated
                       August 23, 1899, and indicates one of the earliest attempts to obtain
                       water rights to serve the Navy base.

                       Periodic expansion to the coaling station and World War II brought on
                       the first significant attempts to develop and distribute water in
                       American Samoa. During this period the Pago Pago well shaft was con-
                       structed and a 10-inch pipeline was laid to the ship repair yard (at
                       the present site of the tuna canneries and marine railway), a stream
                       intake was constructed on Vaipito Stream above Pago Pago Village and
                       a pipeline extended to the vicinity of Happy Valley, the Upper Fagaalu
                       Dam was constructed together with a hydroelectric power generation plant
                       at Fagatogo, a stream intake was constructed on Vaitele Stream to supply
                       water to the airfield at Tafuna, a stream intake was constructed on
                       Leafu Stream to serve the airfield at Leone, and several other miscel-
                       laneous improvements were made to the water systems of villages (Tula,

                       Pago Pago, Aua, Nuuuli and Amanave) that had military personnel stationed

                       in them.

                       From the end of World War II until 1960, very little, if anything was
                       done to improve the wate,'r supply systems of American Samoa. When the
                       U. S. Department of Interior took responsibility for administration
                       of the Territory in 1950, the Territorial Government (A.S.G.) assumed
                       responsibility from the Navy for operation and maintenance of the water
                       systems. The primary emphasis was on those systems that served govern-
                       mental facilities. By the villagers own choice and by governmental
                       policy not to interfere, the villages maintained control over village
                       systems that served the local population.

                       Beginning in the early 1960's, American Samoa began its rapid transition
                       from a villages subsistence economy to a cash economy. During this
                       period, the Tafuna International Airport was constructed, the roadway
                       connecting each end of the island to Pago Pago along the south shore
                       was completed and the tuna canneries offered the first major opportunity
                       for employment outside of government service. These improvements brought
                       about changing life styles and together with an expanding population
                       (from 6,000 in 1900 to nearly 30,000 in 1974) brought water shortages

                       and demands for a more reliable water service.

                       In response to these demands, the A.S.G. had the first master plan for
                       the water system prepared. This report (Austin, Smith & Associates,
                       1963) noted the increasing population and water needs in American Samoa
                       and recommended that improvements be made to the old Navy system.

                       The 1963 report identified the inability of the existing surface water
                       systems to meet peak demands and recommended the construction of nearly
                       seven million gallons of distribution storage reservoirs, the construction

                                                         111-2

                       of various 6-inch and 8-inch diameter transmission pipelines and the
                       construction and further investigation of ground water sources. Based
                       upon this 1963 report, the A.S.G. designed and'built the following
                       improvements: (See Figure III-1 for general locations)

                            1.   The 6-inch pipeline from Atuu to Leloaloa
                            2.   The 1.0 million gallon reservoir at Pago Pago
                            3.   The 2.25 million gallon reservoir (stilling basin) and filters

                                 at Vaipito Stream
                                 The 8-inch pipeline from Pago Pago to Happy Valley
                            5.   The Pago Stream well (since abandoned)
                            6.   The Fagatogo booster pumps and pressure filters
                            7.   The 1.0 million gallon reservoir at Fagatogo (Maugaalii Reservoir)
                            8.   The 1.0 million gallon reservoir at Blunts Point
                            9.   The 4.5 million gallon reservoir at (Virgin Falls) Fagaalu
                           10.   The lower Fagaalu Stream intake and pressure filters
                           11.   The 8-inch distribution pipeline from Fagaalu to Utulei
                           12.   The Papa Stream well (since abandoned)
                           13.   The 6-inch distribution pipeline from the Papa Stream well
                                 to the Tafuna A.S.G. housing area

                       These improvements were limited to areas containing A.S.G. facilities

                       and in which the A.S.G. had some control over right-of-way. Villages
                       along the systems were allowed to connect to the systems if they desired.

                       After 1964, the water systems were not improved to any extent until

                       approximately 1970. In 1970, there was a cooperative attempt between
                       the A.S.G. and the villages to improve the old Navy system in the Leone
                       area. The improvement was of limited success, however, because it was
                       not fully completed. Pipeline and storage reservoirs were constructed
                       in the villages of Leone, Malaeloa, Puapua, Taputimu and Vailoatai.

                                                        111-3

              The surface water supplies had inadequate quantity in the dry season
              and insufficient pressure head to serve all the villages. The villages
              attempted to operate the system on their own, but intervillage disagree-
              ments, the lack of technical and managerial expertise, and limited water
              supplies prevented the system from being operated correctly.

              In 1970, the A.S.G. also began construction of the Lago Puna water
              system. This system ran from its source at Puna Stream through Mapusagafou,
              Pavaiai, Faleniu, Futiga, Iliili and Vaitogi villages. The operation
              of this system proved less than satisfactory, however, because the sole
              source for the system (Puna Stream) had inadequate supply during the
              dry season. The later addition of wells at Iliili has helped the situa-
              tion, but lack of back up facilities and operational problems have created
              continued water shortages.

              The FY 1971 Water System Expansion Program was in three separate locations
              on Tutuila Island. In the Western District it was planned to improve
              and extend the Leone Water System as far west as Atauloma. Unfortunately,
              because of insufficient funds, it was only possible to construct the
              system from Asili westward to Atauloma. (See Figure 111-3)

              In the eastern district, a pipeline from Auto to Alofau was planned
              to be constructed. However, the system was only extended from Auto
              to the east as far as Pagai due to insufficient funds and village dis-
              agreements. (See Figure 111-4)

              In the Bay Area (Pago Pago), the A.S. G. water system was extended
              from Leloaloa to the Aua Village School. Insufficient funds also
              prevented the construction of the proposed tanks along this pipeline.

              Low rainfalls in the first half of the 1970's coupled with accelerating
              population and economic growth brought increased attention to the A.S.G.'s

                                               111-4

                      water system planning. In 1972, an updated water system master plan
                      (Austin, Smith and Associates, 1972) was prepared for the Pago Pago,

                      Tafuna and Leone areas.

                      The water system improvement program for 1973 and 1974 followed the
                      recommendations of the 1972 system master plan. New wells were completed
                      at Tafunafou, a 12-inch pipeline was constructed from Nuuuli to Fagaalu
                      Village and two booster stations at Nuuuli and Fagaalu were provided
                      to connect the well field with the Bay Area. As part of the industrial
                      park project, a 12-inch pipeline was constructed to connect the Tafunafou
                      well field with the water system.   These programs interconnected the
                      various portions of the A.S.G. water systems into one water system.

                      Because of continuing problems with quality and quantity of the existing
                      surface water sources, an analysis of the capabilities of the water
                      system to operate solely on ground water was prepared (R.M. Towill Corp.,
                      1975). The FY 1975 Water System Improvement Program was originally
                      designed in accordance with the criteria in this report which assumed
                      that all water used in the Bay Area would be transported from the Tafuna

                      Plains area.

                      Before the design was completed, a separate proposal was made to utilize
                      the Olovalu Crater to store large quantities of surface water and to
                      transport the water into the Bay Area via a high pressure gravity system
                      that used large diameter pipelines and no intermediate booster pump
                      stations (CH2M-Hill, 1975). The A.S.G. decided that the construction
                      costs under this Crater Proposal were excessive when compared to ground
                      water development and that ground water should be developed to its maximum
                      first. However, the Olovalu Crater proposal was never formally adopted
                      or rejected. Apparently the pipeline sizes in the 1976 system were
                      somewhat affected by the Crater Proposal on the chance that the proposal
                      may be adopted at a later date. There is no documented evidence, but

                                                       111-5

                      the size increases are very similar to those recommended in the Olovalu
                      Crater project.

                      The Olovalu Crater has subsequently been used as a borrow site for cinders

                      to such an extent that the crater rim is now breached. The earthwork

                      necessary to repair the breach make the economics of this project even

                      less desirable.

                      The FY 1975 improvement program consisted of pipeline improvements along
                      the main highway from Tafuna to Nuuuli, from Fagaalu to Utulei and from
                      Leloaloa across Pago Pago Park to Siufuga. The FY 1976 and 1977 programs
                      continued the improvements to the transmission capabilities between
                      the Tafuna well field and the canneries and provided additional distri-
                      bution storage.

                      The FY 1976 and FY 1977 capital improvements program contained the follow-
                      ing transmission and storage projects:

                           1.   Pipelines between Mapusaga and Tafuna (16 and 20-inch diameter)
                           2.   Pipelines between Siufuga and Atuu (12-inch diameter)
                           3.   Pipelines between the Airport and Iliili (16-inch diameter)
                           4.   Pipelines between the Industrial Park and the Airport (16-
                                inch diameter)
                           5.   Pipelines at Fagaalu Park (20-inch diameter)
                           6.   Water storage tank at Mapusagafou (0.50 million gallons)
                           7.   Water storage tank at Pavaiai (0.75 million gallons)
                           8.   Water storage tank at Aua (1.0 million gallons)

                                                       111-6

                      EXISTING AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT WATER SYSTEM

                      General

                      The existing A.S.G. water system extends from Aua Village in the east
                      to Futiga Village in the west (Figure III-1). The A.S.G. water system
                      is distinguished from village water systems in that it is operated
                      and maintained by the Department of Public Works and it is recognized
                      by the residents as A.S.G. owned. Generally customers receiving water
                      from the A.S.G. system are charged a fee, either flat rate or by metered
                      consumption. In contrast, village systems are theoretically owned and
                      operated by the villages and generally do not charge for water service.

                      Within this area serviced by the A.S.G. water system and in all other
                      villages, there are also numerous private individual family or village

                      water systems. Residences are frequently connected into one of these
                      private systems as well as the A.S.G. system, and residents utilize
                      the free water service in the private system when adequate supplies

                      are available.

                      The A.S.G. has an unofficial interest in the operation of many of the
                      outside village water systems that attempt to maintain water service
                      to the A.S.G. facilities within villages (Table III-1). In these systems,
                      the A.S.G. does not provide an active maintenance role, but responds
                      to requests for assistance when water service fails.   These requests
                      often become demands, since necessary facilities such as schools, offices,

                      and similar A.S.G. facilities are forced to shut down when water becomes

                      unattainable.

                      The A.S.G. participated in or completely paid for construction of some
                      of the water facilities in Asili, Leone and Fagaitua, but does not

                                                       111-7

                                                       ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                              AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                              TABLE 111-1

                                        INVENTORY OF AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT

                                                      FACILITIES IN VILLAGES

                            VILLAGE                DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES                       REMARKS
                            Poloa, Nuo             Elementary school                               Served by
                            Ataulorna              Employee housing                                village water
                                                                                                   system
                            Leone                  Dispensary, offices, fire station,
                                                   elementary school, high school,
                                                   experimental farm,    employee housing
                            lliili, Pavaiai,
                            Aoloaufou              Elementary schools                              Served by
                            Mapusaga               Community college,                              American
                                                   employee housing                                Samoa
                                                                                                   Government
                            Tafuna                 Elementary school,    airport, power            water system
                                                   station, construction offices
                                                   and equipment, industrial park,
                                                   offices, employee housing
                            Fagaalu                Hospital, elementary school,
                                                   employee housing
                            Utulei                 Housing, offices, high school,
                                                   elementary school, T.V. studio
                            Fagatogo               Housing and offices
                            Pago Pago              Offices, elementary school
                            Satala                 Power station, marine railway
                            Aua                    Elementary school
                            Fagasa, Vatia,
                            Lauliituai             Elementary schools                              Served by
                            Fagaitua               High school, post office,                       village water
                                                   employee housing                                system
                            Alofau                 Elementary school
                            Amouli                 Dispensary
                            Tula, Aoa,
                            Masef au               Elementary schools
                            Aunuu                  Elementary school,
                            Ofu, Olosega,          dispensary
                            Faleasao               Elementary schools, dis-
                                                   pensaries, power stations                       Manua Islands
                            Luma                   High school                                     water system
                            FitiUtG                Elementary school
                                                                    111-8

                      actively operate or maintain them except in Leone where a minor A.S.G.
                      center has developed. The A.S.G. has drilled and maintains several
                      wells in the Leone area to provide water to the A.S.G. facilities and
                      in the process, supplies most of the water to the system.

                      Sources

                      The existing A.S.G. water supply system is supplied by both surface

                      and ground water sources. The older Navy water system relied almost
                      entirely on surface water supplies. Since the early 1970s, the A.S.G.
                      has relied more heavily on ground water. The existing surface water
                      supplies with estimates of the average flow rates and minimum observed
                      flow rates are shown in Table 111-2. Only the Fagaalu intake water
                      is metered; the other figures shown are estimated.

                      Ground water supplies are now the major sources of water for the A.S.G.
                      system, primarily from drilled wells in the Malaeloa, Iliili and Tafunafou
                      areas of the Western District. The current major production wells are
                      shown on Figure 1 and in Table 3 of Appendix B. Smaller quantities
                      of ground water are obtained from a shallow dug well in Utulei and a
                      dug shaft with a collection gallery in Pago Pago Valley.

                      Treatment

                      The treatment of ground water is limited to simple chlorination at the
                      Tafunafou well field and the Utulei dug well. All other wells are

                      untreated.

                      The surface water sources from Vaitele, lower Fagaalu and upper Fagaalu
                      intakes have pressure filters and chlorination. The Vaipito intake
                      has gravity filtration through three valveless gravity filters and

                                                       111-9

                                                ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                       AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                        TABLE 111-2

                                      EXISTING AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT

                                               SURFACE WATER SOURCES

                                                                                            Estimated  2
                                                              Estimated                      Minimum
                                                                Average                     Dry Season
                                                                  Flow                         Flow
                          SOURCE                                 (GPM)                        (GPM)

                          Fagaalu Intake                            220                            0
                          Puna Dam                                   50                            0

                          Vaitele Intake                            300                           50
                          Upper Fagaalu  Reservoir                  250                         100
                          Vaipito Intake (Utumoa)                   220                         100
                          Malaeloa Intake                           150                           50

                          Leone Intake                              200                         100

                                                                   1390                         400
                          1Estimated flows, no meters except for Fagaalu intake.
                          2Based upon reported observations during the 1971 and 1974 dry seasons.

                                                            III-10

                      chlorination. The Puna intake has only chlorination facilities; the

                      Malaeloa and Leone intake waters receive no treatment.

                      Generally, all of the existing treatment equipment is inadequate and
                      unreliable for the treatment of potable water.

                      Service Levels

                      Because of ground elevation differences within the A.S.G. water system,
                      the system is broken into four service areas (See Figure III-1). The
                      highest service area contains the village of Mapusagafou and runs from
                      elevation 390 to 590. Water supplies for this area are obtained from

                      the Puna intake.

                      The next lowest service area contains the villages of Futiga, Iliili
                      and part of Pavaiai. Water supplies for this area are obtained from
                      the drilled wells at Iliili. The village of Vaitogi is fed by water
                      dropped from Iliili through a pressure reducing valve.

                      The villages of Mapusaga, Faleniu and part of Pavaiai are fed from wells
                      number 67 and 69 at Malaeimi and the new Mapusaga (ASCC) booster station

                      which lifts water from the Tafunafou well field.

                      The bulk of the area from Tafuna to Aua is in the lowest service level

                      and is fed from the Tafunafou well field and the surface water sources.

                      The upper portions of Pago Pago and Fagatogo villages are served from
                      the stream sources in the respective valleys.

                       EXISTING VILLAGE SYSTEMS

                       General

                       There is no evidence of any village water system improvements in Ameri-
                       can Samoa prior to 1900. The water needs of early Samoa were normally
                       met at streams, springs, or along the ocean shore. In times of extreme
                       drought, the ocean was used for bathing and the coconut provided liquid
                       for drinking.

                       During the 50 years of Navy administration, it was the policy to stay
                       out of local affairs and consequently, little development of village
                       resources resulted during this administration.

                       Outside of the Bay Area, the earliest water systems were constructed
                       during World War II. Evidence of these systems can be seen in Tula,
                       Amuuli, Aua, Nuuuli, Leone, and Amanave villages. Each of these vil-
                       lages had some sort of an American military base or personnel stationed
                       in them, and the water systems are a result of their presence.

                       Up until the 1960's, these village water systems were the most advanced
                       form of water systems outside of the Bay Area. By the 1960's, most
                       of the villages had made some improvements, but they were normally on
                       an individual family basis and were not village-wide. The improvements
                       normally consisted of development of springs and streams with small
                       diameter pipelines (under two inches) for water delivery. No provision
                       for water treatment and little or no water storage capacity were pro-

                       vided.

                       For most of the village communities located outside of the A.S.G. water
                       system, the most common water system developments are small re,servoirs

                                                       111-12

                      or catchments formed by concrete dams built across streams. Occasionally,
                      a few families developed a hillside spring for their own use.

                      The storage capacity of the catchments are small (100 to 10,000 gallons).
                      Many villages also have 5000 to 30,000 gallon concrete or wooden tanks
                      for storage outside of the catchment. Water is piped directly from
                      the catchment or reservoir to the consumer's tap using small (1/2 to
                      6-inch) diameter galvanized iron or plastic pipes.

                      In most villages, there are several separate water systems belonging
                      to several individual families within the village. These systems have
                      sometimes been interconnected and form complex systems within the village.

                      Current Situation

                      There is little or no mapping of village water systems. For the most
                      part, the systems have evolved bit by bit over the years without any
                      planning. Partial information on the sources and layout of existing
                      village water systems is available in R.H. Dale's Inventory of Village
                      Water Systems in American Samoa, 1970 and Inventory of the Economic
                      Development Administration Village Water System Program, 1975 by URS/
                      The Ken R. White Company.

                      Just a decade ago, it was common for each village to have only a few
                      outdoor outlets, consisting of 3/4-inch pipe risers four to six feet
                      high and bent at the top to direct water downward. The fortunate fami-
                      lies had one or even two of these outlets to themselves. All washing
                      and bathing was done at these pipe risers.

                      Within the past few years, the situation has changed completely. In
                      addition to the existing pipe risers, many of the homes (now predomi-
                      nantly Western style), have some form of indoor plumbing. Some of the

                                                       111-13

                      village families still use the outdoor risers and basins for washing
                      clothes or for bathing. Privies are found in the outlying villages,
                      but have been replaced in many areas by the high water consuming flush

                      toilets.

                      Contamination of water supplies is still a serious threat to the village
                      water systems. During heavy rainstorms, stream catchments and reservoirs
                      are subject to high silt and debris loads. The steep slopes within
                      the watersheds are cultivated by villagers and often foraged by pigs.
                      The watersheds do not contain any industry within their boundaries,
                      but because of limited land area, dwellings are beginning to encroach
                      on the watersheds. The lack of water treatment in the village systems

                      compounds the contamination problem.

                      Beginning in the 1960's, the A.S.G. began taking more interest in village
                      water systems due to construction of schools, dispensaries or other
                      A.S.G. operated facilities in many of the villages. To provide water
                      to these facilities, the A.S.G. improved existing facilities or con-
                      structed new water systems with minimal capacity. These systems became
                      a part of the village systems, and they soon were used by the village
                      as well as the schools and dispensaries.

                      In 1970, a combination of an extremely low rainfall, increased popula-
                      tion and increased standards of village living focused the first real
                      attention on village water systems. This attention resulted in the

                      A.S.G. securing a grant for improvements to village water systems from
                      the Economic Development Administration. The A.S.G. has since applied
                      for an additional grant from the Economic Development Administration.

                                                       111-14

                      EXISTING DESIGN CRITERIA

                      The design cviteria used in past A.S.G. water system master plans and
                      subsequent A.S.G. facilities design are summarized in Table 111-3.
                      With the exception of the 1963 report, the criteria used to determine
                      water demands and the calculated water demands are fairly consistent
                      and have comparable results. Direct comparisons of the various criteria
                      can not be made as each is based upon different assumptions for the
                      future of the system.

                      The 1963 report was prepared at the very beginning of American Samoa's
                      unprecedented economic growth and population expansion and did not
                      anticipate the rapid growth of the 1960-1978 era. During the decade
                      1950 to 1960, the population of American Samoa grew less than 1% per
                      year. In 1963, it would have been very difficult to foresee what has
                      happened in Samoa over the past fifteen years. At that time there was
                      very little or no past supportive data to work with concerning the
                      operating characteristics of the water system or population projections.
                      Each succeeding report had the advantage of additional background data.

                      The proposed A.S.G. water system has expanded from a system that served
                      only A.S.G. facilities to one that will serve most of the population

                      on the south shore of Tutuila Island. Before the advent of the recent

                      Safe Drinking Water Act, it would have been difficult to foresee the
                      A.S.G. becoming involved in village water systems to the extent that
                      it is today. The criteria is constantly changing; more and more areas
                      are being served with higher quality water on a more consistent basis

                      each year.

                      The existing surface water sources have become less important to the
                      system over.the years. The economic considerations concerning providing
                      improved treatment facilities for these sources to obtain a consistently

                                                       111-15

                                                                    ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                            AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                               TABLE 111-3

                                                           COMPARISON OF PAST DESIGN CRITERIA

                                              0

                                       a

                                              C;
                                         0                                                                             2
                                         0    @t        Design            Design Population Projections and Design
                                              0         Service                   Peak Flow Rates (MGD)
                   Report           0  a-     <.S       Area               1970      1980        1990       2000       2010          C(

                  Austin-Smith       180    0.252     Tafuna to           7,500    8,800      10,000      11,500     12,500      Prepa
                  Assoc., 1963                        Leloaloa            (1.9)    (2.25)      (2.5)       (2.8)       (3.2)     begin
                                                                                                                                 unpre
                                                                                                                                 tion (
                                                                                                                                 growt

                  Austin-Smith       150    1.650     Leone to                     27,000     37,000      46,000                 Noted
                  Assoc., 1972                        Breakers   Pt.               (5.6)       (7.8)                             tion i
                                                                                                                                 tinue(
                                                                                                                                 Reco
                                                                                                                                 ment
                                                                                                                                 trans

                  R.M. Towill        150    2.124     Tafuna to                    12,730     16,413                             Noted
                     1975                             Breakers Pt.                 (5.7)       (6.9)                             pipe
                                                                                                                                 sourc

                  CH2M-Hill          200    2.16      AmGnave to                                                     49,200      Pipe
                     1975                             Breakers Pt.                                                    (12.0)     sourc
                                                                                                                                 Bay /
                  Flanagan  1        180    1.2       Most of                                 36,900                 48,200      No b(
                     1976                             South Shore                              (7.6)                 (9.9)       criter
                                                                                                                                 desigr
                     See Table 1-4 for breakdown.
                  2  Populations and peak flow rates are not        directly comparable between reports due to different
                     service areas.

                                                                     ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                             AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                              TABLE 111-4
                                                          EXISTING WATER SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA
                              Area                                      Population                         Average Day_Water D
                                                            1974            1990           2010              1974.          1990
                         West of Leone                      1844            2200            2600            (0.33)         (0.40)
                         Leone System                       3633            5250            7200            (0.65)         (0.95)
                         Logo Puna System                 38  61            5499            7600             0.70           0.97
                         Tafuna     Nuuuli -
                         .Matuu                            3738             5200            7000            0.67            0.94
                         Fagaalu     Fagatogo              3665             4750            6050            0.66            0.85
                         Pago Pago - Aua                   6070             7850           10,000            1.09           1.41
                         Existing canneries                 --              --              --              0.70            0.75
                         Allowance for new
                            industry                       --               --              --                --            0.25
                         Eastern district                  4515             6100            7700           (0.81)           1.10
                         TOTAL                           27,326          36,849           48,150            5.61            7.62
                         Not in present service area                                                       (1.79)
                         Net water demand                                                                   3.82

                         Source: American Samoo's Water System Improvement Program, Matthew J. Flanagan, 1976

                  high quality water has become less and less desirable. Reevaluation
                  based upon availability, quality and cost-effectiveness of water sources

                  has dictated that more and more water be obtained from groundwater
                  wells outside of the Bay Area, and this has increased the required size

                  and extent of the transmission mains needed to move water from the well

                  field to the Bay Area.

                  ONGOING AND PROPOSED A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS

                  The proposed water system capital improvement program  for 1977 to 1981,

                  as prepared by the A.S.G. is listed in Table 111-5 and illustrated on
                  Figures 111-3, 111-4, and 111-5. Project item numbers are keyed to
                  Figures 111-3, 111-4, and 111-5 for convenience in listing them. The
                  status of each project is listed as of April 1978. A brief item by
                  item discussion of this.program is as follows:

                       Item No. 1. Tafuna and Mapusaga Pipelines: These pipelines run
                       along the main highway from the village of Mapusaga to the airport

                       road turnoff and down the access road to the Tafunafou well field.

                       The project is under construction and is scheduled to be completed
                       by June, 1978. The pipeline is 16-inches in diameter along the
                       road to the well field and along the highway toward Mapusaga.
                       The pipeline is 20-inches in diameter along the main highway east

                       of the airport road turnoff.

                       Along the main highway, the new pipeline is interconnected with
                       the existing 8-inch pipeline and provisions have been made for
                       installation of a booster pump station (see item 13) near the
                       American Samoa Community College (A.S.C.C.). The   future booster
                       station will be used for lifting water up to the second service
                       level to provide water for the villages of Mapusaga. and Faleniu.

                                                   111-18

                                                                                                             ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS
                                                                                                                     AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                                                      TABLE 111-5
                                                                                            PROPAqFr) A.S.G.         CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                                               Project     Fiscal          Fi scal
                                     No.     Project Name                                        No.         Year          Year '78           Fiscal Year '79             Fiscal Year '80          Fiscal Year '81
                                     "em         PIPELINES                                                              A M J JA S ONDJF 'A A M J J A SJOND JF M AM J J A S OND J F PA A M
                                     I       TAFUNA/MAPUSAGA 20" & 16"                         760074         76        33
                                     1       WELL 110 AICC 11"                                 110082         76
                                     3       IND. PARK/FAA/ILIILI                              760603         76
                                     4       ATUU TO LELOALOA                                  770495         76                       3M
                                     5       AIRPORT FEEDER                                    780106         76
                                     6       PAGO TANK ROAO/SIUFAGA 12"                        780114         76
                                     7       WESTERN LOOP 12"                                  770230
                                                                                               770339         76                       TrrTTrrrrrT7rrrrrrm
                                     8       MAPUSAGA/ALOAUFOU 8"                              780098         76
                                     9       AUMA/AMANAVE 8"                                   780155
                                                                                               780189         77                                                    moorTTTrrrrrrrrrrm
                                     10      UTULEI TO MARKET 20"                              780395         78
                                     I I     MARKET TO MALALOA 16"                             790xxx         79
                                     12      AUA/AUTO 8"                                       790xxx         79                                                                                                 fill

                                                 BOOSTER STATION
                                     @
                                     3       MAPLISAGA (ASCC)                                  760090         76
                                     4       PAVAIAI BOOSTER PUMP                              770172         77
                                     15      MAPUSAGAFOU BOOSTER PUMP                          770412         76
                                     16      FIVE PLACES                                       780387         78

                                                 RESERVOIRS
                                     17      PAVAIAI .75 MG                                    770255         77        351!301111la                 nTrrrTrITrM
                                     is      MAPUSAGAFOU .5 MG                                 770420         77        izMEINIKI      ......... i   rTTTrTm-M
                                     19      AUA 1.0 MG                                        770487         76        ZER@
                                     20      LEONE     3.0 MG                                  760504         76                                         M f        TrrTTrrrrTn
                                     21      FUTICA .75 MG                                     8OOxxx         so                                      mi-11-ii
                                     22      ASILI                                             780225         77

                                                 WELLS & PUMPS
                                     23      EXPLORATORY/TEST                                  770602         77
                                     24      FY-76    HUD PROGRAM                              760025         76
                                     25      FY-77    DOIPROGRAM                               780197         77
                                     26      FY-77    HUD PROGRAM                              770404         77                                                        rrrrrrrrrm
                                     27      FY-78    PUMPS                                    7803"          78                             ......  rrTTrrrrrTTrrr
                                     28      FY-79                                             790xxx         79                                                    (ST77,=-lfJJ11 111 111111 1111111
                                     29      SPARE PUMPS                                       770446         77                                      55=55=

                                                 REHABILITATION
                                     30      EXISTING RESERVOIRS (4)                           760496         76           nTrrrrrmT
                                     31      EXISTING FILTERS (10)                             770594         76        3000000yo,
                                     12      FAGATOGO VILLAGE                                  760131         76        MMMII 1=1127=1
                                     33      UTULEI VILLAGE                                    780130         76                                      TI7f7ZZ7;!ZM
                                     34      PAGO PAGO VILLAGE                                 780148         76                       -1                           so
                                     35      NUUULI VILLAGE                                    780122         76                                                      .........

                                                 TREATMENT

                                     36      WATER PURIFICATION                                760520         76
                                     37      CHLORINATOR CONVERSION                            780213         77        T@7@@ 1111111 1 MIT=
                                     38      RECHLORINATION                                    780221         77                           ESSMANNE@=
                                     39      FACILITIES                                        780xxx         78                                             KK=
                                     40      TREATMENT FACILITIES                              790xxx         79                                                           rrrrrrrrrTT-rrrr,

                                                 MISCELLANEOUS
                                     421     LEAK DETECTION                                    770321         76
                                     4       MALAEIMI PIPELINE                                 770171         76                                 ESSSSSWEENOW EA
                                     43      O&M MANUALS                                       770586         76
                                     44      METER PROGRAM                                     780209         77
                                     45      MISC. IMPROVEMENT FY-77                           780247         77
                                     46      M@SC. @MPROVEMENT FY-78                           780xxx         78                       r3palogym
                                     47      M SC. MPROVEMENr FY-79                            790xxx         79                                 05=5m

                                     f=      DESIGN, IN-.0UIE                      OEM 1011STRUCTION, FORCE ACCOUNT                                          Source. Department        ol Public War's
                                             DESIGN BY A/E                                 CONSTRUCTION, CONTRACT                                                       American Samoa Government
                                             BID & AWARD

                                                                                                                           M-19

                           Item No. 2. Well #10 to A.S.C.C.: This 12-inch pipeline will
                           run from the far western,end of the Tafunafou well field (well
                           #10), northerly to the main highway near the American Samoa Com-
                           munity College (A.S.C.C.). The pipeline provides an alternate
                           looped system route for water supply to the system should the well
                           field pipeline fail. The pipeline is scheduled for design in
                           fiscal year 1978. However, right-of-way problems are not solved
                           and the funds may be reprogrammed.

                           Item No. 3. Industrial Park/FAA/Iliili: This project consists
                           of a 16-inch diameter pipeline that extends along the Iliili to
                           Airport Road from Lupelele School in Iliili village to the FAA
                           road near the airport. The pipeline is under construction and
                           is over 50% complete. When completed the pipeline will provide
                           water to a large area of the Tafuna Plain that is presently un-
                           developed.

                           Item No. 4. Atuu to Leloaloa: This project is a 12-inch diameter
                           pipeline that extends along the north side of the harbor from Atuu
                           Village to Leloaloa Village. Construction bids for this project
                           were scheduled to be opened on May 26, 1978. The pipeline will
                           replace an existing 6-inch diameter pipe to provide better water
                           service to the north side of the Bay.

                           Item No. 5. Airport Feeder: This project consists of an 8-inch
                           diameter pipeline that will provide water service to the airport
                           from the new industrial Park/FAA/Iliili pipeline. The project
                           design is nearly complete and construction is scheduled for late
                           in the fiscal year 1978. The pipeline will replace the old, trouble-
                           some World War II 6-inch airport service line.

                                                       111-20

                           Item No. 6. Pago Tank Road to Siufaga: This 12-inch pipeline
                           will extend along the main highway from Pago Pago Village to near
                           the Korea House at Siufaga Village. The project design is nearly
                           complete and construction is scheduled to begin in August of 1978.
                           The pipeline will complete the loop around Pago Pago Park and allow

                           abandonment of the old 10-inch main that was constructed on the

                           ground surface in the 1940's.

                           Item No. 7. Western Loop: This project will consist of an 8-inch
                           and 12-inch pipeline loop and connection to the existing government
                           water system at Futiga. The pipelines will serve the villages
                           in the Leone area. The project is scheduled to be under design
                           in July of 1978 and construction is scheduled to start near the
                           end of 1978. The pipeline will provide water service to the vil-
                           lages of Pua Pua, Malaeloa, Taputimu, Leone and Vailoatai.

                           Item No. 8. Mapusaga to Aoloaufou: This project will consist
                           of an 8-inch pipeline that will extend the A.S.G. system from the
                           village of Mapusagafou to the village of Aoloaufou. Design is
                           scheduled to begin in July 1978. The project will provide water
                           service to the rapidly growing area above Mapusagafou.

                           Item No. 9. Auma. to Amanave: This 8-inch pipeline project will
                           extend the A.S.G. water system from Leone Village to the western
                           tip of the island at Amanave Village. Design is scheduled to begin
                           in January of 1979, and the project is projected to be completed
                           in 1980.

                           Item No. 10. Utulei to Market: This proposed 20-inch pipeline
                           will extend from Utulei Village to the market at Fagatogo Village.
                           When completed, this segment will eliminate the use of the salt

                                                       111-21

                            water fire system as a fresh water transmission pipeline.   The
                            pipeline is scheduled for construction in early 1980.

                            Item No. 11. Market to Malaloa: As the project title suggests,
                            this project will consist of a 16-inch diameter pipeline that will
                            extend from the market in Fagatogo Village to Malaloa Village.
                            The pipeline is scheduled for construction in mid 1980.

                            Item No. 12. Aua to Auto: This project is an 8-inch diameter
                            pipeline that will extend the A.S.G. water system from Aua Village
                            east to the village of Auto.   The pipeline is scheduled for con-
                            struction in early 1981.

                            Item No. 13. Mapusaga (A.S.C.C.): This project consists of a
                            booster station that will be connected to the Tafuna and Mapusaga
                            pipeline (Item 1). The pump station will provide the capability
                            of lifting water from the lower service level to the second service
                            level villages of Mapusaga and Faleniu. The station is currently
                            under construction and is scheduled for completion in 1978.

                            Item No. 14. Pavaiai Booster Pump: This booster pump will be
                            used to lift water from the existing Mapusaga service level to
                            the next highest service level. Villages within the higher water
                            service level include Pavaiai and Futiga. When the transmission
                            pipelines are complete, this booster will allow ground water from

                            the Tafuna Plains to be distributed to the eastern end of the

                            island. The station will also provide a backup supply for the
                            existing Iliili ground water sources. Construction plans for this

                            system are complete and construction is scheduled to start in the

                            near future.

                                                       111-22

                           Item No. 15. Mapusagafou Booster Pump: This booster pump will

                           be used to lift water from the third water service level to the

                           fourth to serve Mapusagafou Village. The station will provide
                           a backup supply of ground water to Mapusagafou which is currently
                           served from the undependable Puna Stream intake.

                           Item No. 16. Five Places: These five booster stations will be

                           installed near:

                           A. Lupelele School in Iliili Village to lift water from the lower
                           service level to the second service level to provide water to the
                           village of Iliili.
                           B. Puapua Village to lift water from the second service level
                           to the third service level. The pump station will allow water
                           from the Leone system to be moved easterly to Futiga.
                           C. Tafananai Village to move water from the Bay Area easterly
                           to the villages along the south coast.
                           D. Mapuaagafou (two stations) to lift water from the fourth ser-
                           vice level to a fifth and sixth so that water can be provided to

                           Aoloaufou Village.

                           Construction of these booster stations will span throughout the
                           period of the proposed improvement program. The first station
                           is scheduled for construction in early 1979.

                           Item No. 17. Pavaiai Reservoir: This proposed 0.75 million gallon
                           storage reservoir will be located with a base elevation of 320

                           feet. The reservoir will serve the second service elevation vil-

                           lages of Faleniu and Mapusaga. The reservoir will be fed primarily
                           by the Mapusaga (A.S.C.C.) booster station (Item 13). Construction
                           began on the tank base in April, 1978.

                                                       111-23

                            Item No. 18. Mapusagafou Reservoir: This proposed 0.5 million
                            gallon reservoir will be located with a base elevation of 635 feet.
                            The reservoir serves the fourth service level village of Mapusagafou.
                            The reservoir will be fed by the Mapusagafou booster pump (Item
                            15). Construction is scheduled to start on this reservoir during
                            1978.

                            Item No. 19. Aua Reservoir: This proposed 1.0 million gallon

                            reservoir will be located with a base elevation of 175 feet. The

                            reservoir will serve the area from the canneries to Aua Village.
                            Construction is scheduled to start on this reservoir in late 1978.

                            Item No. 20. Leone Reservoir: The storage reservoir proposed
                            for the Leone area is 3.0 million gallons in capacity. The reser-
                            voir will provide water to the proposed western loop water system.
                            The reservoir will be supplied by wells near Malaeloa. Design
                            of the project is scheduled to begin in July of 1978, with con-
                            struction to be completed before March, 1980.

                            Item No. 21. Futiga Reservoir: The proposed 0.75 million gallon
                            reservoir at Futiga will be set at base elevation of approximately
                            450 feet to serve the third service level. The villages in the
                            third service level are Futiga and Pavaiai.   The reservoir can
                            be fed from the Puapua, 1liili or Pavaiai booster stations. Con-
                            struction of this reservoir is scheduled to be begin in March of

                            1979.

                            Item No. 22. Asili Reservoir: The proposed 1.0 million gallon
                            storage reservoir will serve the villages on the western end of

                            the island from Leone to Amanave. Construction is scheduled for

                            completion in 1980.

                                                       111-24

                          Item No. 23 Exploratory and Test Wells: This drilling pro    gram
                          is to be accomplished by the A.S.G. operating the drilling rig
                          obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The project was
                          delayed for some time pending the recruitment of a qualified drill
                          rig operator. The A.S.G. has solved this problem and the program
                          is under way. Preliminary plans call for drilling in Malaeimi
                          Valley, the Manula Islands and in the outer villages.of Tutuila
                          Island.

                          Item No. 24. Fy 76 HUD Program: This is an ongoing production
                          well drilling program. Drilling under the first contract has been
                          completed and the second Contract for four  additional wells was
                          awarded in May of 1978. The third contract will be advertised
                          upon completion of the second contract. The new wells under the
                          second contract are scheduled to be drilled in the Tafuna well
                          field somewhere between-existing wells 60 and 52, one quarter of
                          the way up the well field access road between wells 46 and 72 and
                          at the Iliili Village church site and at Malaeloa.Village.

                          Item No. 25. F Y 77 DOI Program: This contract is for the procure-
                          ment and installation of pumps for completed wells.

                          Item No. 26. FY 77 HUD Program: This program is for the drilling
                          of additional production wells. Locations have not been determined.

                          Item.No. 27. FY 78 Pumps: This program calls for the procurement
                          and installation of pumps in existing drilled wells. Also included
                          is a program to inventory and rehabilitate existing wells for more
                          efficient operation of the existing.facilities.

                          Item*No. 28. FY 79: This is a proposed future drilling program
                          for production wells. Locations have not been determined.

                                                            111-25

              Item No. 29 Spare Pumps: This provides for procurement of spare
              pumping equipment for backup of existing equipment.

              Item No. 30. Existing Reservoirs: This project consists of com-
              plete rehabilitation of the existing steel reservoirs at Pago Pago,
              Utulei, Blunts Point and Nuuuli. Work to be included is complete
              tank painting and repairs to the automatic level control valves.
              Construction is scheduled to start in late 1978.

              Item No. 31. Existing Filters: This rehabilitation program calls
              for painting, recharging and repairs to the existing filters at
              Vaipito, Fagatogo, Fagaalu and Vaitele. Work is currently in
              process at the Fagatogo filters.

              Item No. 32. Fagatogo Village: This project calls for improvements
              to the distribution and fire protection system in Fagatogo Village.
              The existing system consists of a multitude of small diameter pipe-
              lines that run throughout the village.

              Item No. 33. Utulei Village: This project consists of design
              and construction ofa pipeline loop through the upper part of
              Utulei Village. The new loop will provide improved water distri-
              bution and fire protection. Preliminary designs have been prepared
              for this project. Construction is scheduled to start in 1979.

              Item No. 34. Pago Pago Village: Improvements are planned to the
              fire protection and water distribution of Pago Pago under this
              project. Preliminary routing has been determined and construction
              is scheduled for 1979.

                                              111-26

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      I                               CHAPTER IY
      I            RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA
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                                                      CHAPTER IV

                                              RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA

                       POPULATION PROJECTIONS

                       General

                       Master plans for capital improvements with relatively long life require
                       long-term population projections so that maximum benefits can be obtained
                       from the improvements. The preparation of a long-term population pro-
                       jection for American Samoa i-s a very difficult and somewhat risky task.
                       Population changes are closely tied to the economic conditions in Samoa
                       and the United States and to the paternalistic inclinations of the U.S.
                       Congress. During times of economic slowdown and/or reduced federal
                       appropriations, history has shown that emigration from Samoa to the
                       U.S. mainland and Hawaii has increased dramatically (American Samoans
                       are American Nationals and are free to enter the U.S. at any time).
                       During times of economic growth, emigration decreases and migrations
                       to Samoa from other Pacific nations (most notably Western Samoa) increases.

                       Historical Background

                       The first record of the population of American Samoa was made by the
                       U.S. Navy in 1900. Since then, the population has grown from 5679
                       to 30,600 in 1977. This represents an annual growth rate of 2.7% and
                       a five-fold increase (Table IV-1).

                       From 1900 until the 1940's, the population grew at an annual rate of
                       approximately 2%. Improved health conditions, better hygienic and
                       sanitary habits, and the establishment of a hospital by the Navy con-
                       tributed to this growth rate.

                                                       IV-1

                                                                ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                       AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                         TABLE IV- I
                                     POPULATION OF AMERICAN SAMOA FROM 1900 to 1974 BY DISTRICT

                                                               Eastern         Western                      Swain's      Index      OA
                     Census Date                Total          Tutuila          Tutuila       MGnu'G         Island   (I 900= 100)  F

                     June 1,    1900             5679            2221            1702          1756                        100
                                1901             5563            2342            1618          1603                          98
                                1903             5888            2441            1752          1695                        104
                                1908             6780            3018            1907          1855                        119
                                1912             7251            3186            2268          1797                        128
                     Jan. 1,    1920             8058            3777            2408          1873                        142
                                1926             8763            4221            2396          2060            87 1        154
                     Apr.   1,  1930            10055            5032            2777          2147            99          177
                     Apr.   1,  1940            12908            6733            3431          2597           147          227
                                1945            16493            9338            4610          2406           139          290
                     Apr.   1,  1950            18937           10624            5330          2819           164          333
                     Sept.25,   1956            20154           11405            5902          2767            80          355
                     Apr.   1,  1960            20051           11137            6113          2095           106          353
                     Apr.   1,  1970            27159           15955            9018          2112            74          478
                     Sept.26,   1974            29190           16828            10520         1808            34          514
                     Jan. 31,   1977            30600                                                                      538
                     1  SWGin's Island become an American       possession in    1923.
                     Source: U.S. Navy, A.S.G and Federal censuses.

                       The 4.9% annual increase in population between 1940 and 1945 is attri-
                       buted to a natural increase and to immigrants from Western Samoa who
                       came to American Samoa because of a great demand for labor during World

                       War II.

                       After the Navy left American Samoa in 1950, population growth was less
                       than 1% and there was even a slight decrease in the period 1956 to 1960.
                       This slowing of growth is most likely the result of mass emigration
                       due to the economic slowdown after the war and neglect by the U.S.

                       government.

                       The increased interest of the U.S. government in American Samoa begin-
                       ning in the 1960's sparked a dramatic 3% annual growth in population
                       between 1960 and 1970.

                       The census of 1974 indicated that the growth rate had slowed consider-
                       ably between 1970 and 1974 to a rate of 1.53% per year. This is almost
                       certainly due to increased emigration as the 1974 census coincided with
                       an economic crisis and reductions in local A.S.G. employment in Samoa.
                       The A.S.G. employs 10% of the population which, given the median age
                       of 15, means that the A.S.G. employs the majority of the adult work
                       force; thus, any reduction in A.S.G. employment has a severe economic

                       effect.

                       A special sample census performed by the A.S.G. in January of 1977
                       indicates that the annual growth rate has increased to a current rate
                       of approximately 2.1% between 1974 and 1977. The average annual rate
                       between 1970 and 1977 was approximately 1.7%.

                       The American Samoa General Plan Interim Report and Preliminary General
                       Plan, Phase II (Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams, 1972 and 1973) presented
                       four alternate population projections at five year intervals through
                       1990 (Table IV-2). These projections were based upon studies and pro-
                       jections of fertility rates, employment and migration in American Samoa.

                                                       IV-3

                                                        ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                 TABLE IV-2

                                                   AMERICAN SAMOA GENERAL PLAN

                                                       POPULATION PROJECTIONS

                                                   Actual                                                        1970-
                            Alternative              1970        1975        1980        1985         1990       1990

                                                                    Numbers
                            Projection 1           27,160       31,500      34,600      39,400      43,400
                            Projection 11   2      27,160       30,500      34,000      37,000      40,500
                            Projection  1113       27,160       30,720      34,120      37,280      40,410
                            Projection  IV 4       27,160       30,200      33,500      35,500      37,500

                                                          Annual Percent Increase
                            Projection  1                           3.0         1.9         2.6         2.0      2.37
                            Projection  11                          2.4         2.2         1.7         1.8      2.02
                            Projection  [it                         2.5         2.1         1.8         1.6      2.01
                            Projection  IV                          2.1         2.1         1.2         1.1      1.62

                            1.   Projection 1:     Assumes trend fertility rates & planned employment.
                            2.   Projection If:    Assumes trend fertility rates & trend employment.
                            3.   Projection III:   Assumes planned fertility rates & planned employment.
                            4.   Projection IV:    Assumes planned fertility rates & trend employment.
                            5.   Trend fertility rate - the present (1970) slightly decreasing rate
                                 projected based on no change in present (1973) government family
                                 planning program.
                            6.   Planned fertility rate - the gradually decreasing rate projected
                                 in the Interim General Plan Report.

                            Source: American Samoa General Plan - Interim Report, 1972.

                                                                    IV-4

                       The high Projection I assumes current trend fertility rates and planned
                       employment opportunities resulting in a 2.37% overall annual rate of
                       population increase. Projection II assumes -trend fertility rates and
                       trend employment resulting in a 2.02% overall annual rate of population
                       increase. Projection III assumes planned fertility rates and planned
                       employment for a 2.01% overall annual rate of population increase.
                       The low Projection IV assumes planned fertility rates and trend employ-
                       ment for a 1.6% overall annual rate of population increase.

                       Population Projection

                       For the purposes of water systems planning, the A.S.G. Development Planning
                       Office has recommended a straight line projection of a 2% annual growth
                       rate for the overall territory population.

                       For purposes of evaluating the proposed A.S.G. central water system,
                       the study area of this report will be the entire south shore of Tutuila
                       Island from Tula Village on the east to Amanave Village on the west.

                       The individual areas or zones will be as follows:

                            Pago Pago Bay Area

                            Tafuna Plains Area

                            Tutuila Island West of Futiga Village
                            Tutuila Island East of Aua Village

                       Factors which were considered in defining these zones include natural
                       land systems (such as watershed divisions, topographic and elevational
                       changes) and exposure or orientation identity. Also considered were
                       man-made boundaries such as structures, linkages, and service systems.
                       Consideration of the relative proximity to urbanizing areas or areas

                                                       IV-5

                        that have potential for urbanization was also one of the defining fac-
                        tors. The annual growth rates applied to each area have also been
                        recommended by the A.S.G. Development Planning Office.

                        The Bay Area (Pago Pago) is anticipated to have a growth rate of 1.9%.
                        The Bay Area represents the most significant social, political and
                        economic gathering place in the territory; it is also the most congested
                        and crowded. Suitable land for residential construction is becoming
                        more and more scarce and will tend to restrict growth in the area.

                        The Tafuna Plains area has a total of over 3400 acres of land with
                        a slope of under 30% and represents the largest area with potential
                        for growth. This potential for growth has already begun to be realized
                        as the population center of the island has gradually shifted westward
                        out of the Bay Area since 1960. The percentage of total population
                        has steadily increased in the Western district at the expense of the

                        Eastern and Manua districts.

                        Growth in the Tafuna Plain area-is assumed to follow the established
                        trend for the Western district since 1960 and grow at an annual rate
                        of 3.8%.

                        Tutuila Island west of Futiga Village is expected to increase in popu-
                        lation at a rate nearly equal to that of the overall territory. The
                        proximity of this area to the Tafuna Plain will promote expansion and
                        an annual rate of 2.4% was used.

                        Tutuila Island east of Aua Village is expected to grow at a rate of
                        only 0.75%. The lower rate for this area is in accordance with recent
                        trends. The area has limited land area with slopes suitable for build-
                        ing construction and is the most remote from the business and commercial

                        centers.

                                                        IV-6

                                                                                              ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                                                           AwrcAN SAMOA

                                                                                                           TABLEW-3
                                                                                      STUDY AREA POPULATION BY VILLAGE

                                                                                              Population                                                             Population
                                                                                           1974            2000                                                      1974            2000
                                         Tutuila Island M of F            I a                                           Tcfuna Plains Area
                                                 - Cr-owth      at.                                                                             te 3.8%)
                                         TAnnual                       44                                               (Annual Growth To
                                                Amanove                                    292             541                 Futigo                                273             720
                                                Failolo                                    80              148                 Pavoici                               853             2249
                                                Agucjulu                                   55              102                 Mosepa                                340             897
                                                Uturnea                                    46              85                                                        -               -
                                                Seefogo                                    211             391                            Subtotal                   1466            3866
                                                Nua                                        155             287                 lHili                                 615             1622
                                                Afoo                                       101             187                 Foleniu                               566             1493
                                                Asili                                      184             341                 Maloeimi                              340             897
                                                Amoluia                                    188             348                            Subtotal                   1521            4012
                                                                                                           -                   Mapusagafou                           533             1406
                                                        Subtotal                           1312            2430
                                                Voilootai                                  742             1375                           Subtotal                   533             1406
                                                Tapurtimu                                  396             733                 Aoloourfou                            276             728
                                                malaeloc                                   295             546                 Aosufou,                              134             353
                                                Leone                                      1823            3377                                                                      -
                                                                                           -               -                              Subtotal                   410             1081
                                                        Subtotal                           3256            6031                Valtogi                               613             1617
                                                                                                                               Tofunc                                820             2162
                                                                                                                               Nuuuli                                2096            5527

                                                                                                                                          Subtotal                   3529            9306

                                                                                                                                          TOTAL                                  25,702
                                                   a'   Harbor Area                                                     Tutuila Island East     of
                                         R'nanupr @rowth Kate I.?%)                                                     Auc Villa
                                                                                                                        (Annual Frowth Rate 0.75%)
                                                Foganeanec                                 172             281                 Tafaminai                             36              44
                                                matuv                                      238             388                 Lculiifou                             170             206
                                                Faturnafuti                                72              117                 Lauliituai                            328             398

                                                                                           -               -                   Aumi                                  123             149
                                                        Subtotal                           482             786                 Alega                                 23              28
                                                Fcgoalu                                    940             1533                Avcio                                 51              62
                                                Utulei                                     937             1529                                                                      -
                                                Fagatogo                                   1788            2917                           Subtotal                   731             887
                                                                                           -               -                   Auto                                  196             238
                                                        Subtotal                           3665            5979                Utu-100                               33              40
                                                Pooo    Pago                               2529            4126                Annauc                                79              96
                                                Anuo                                       41              67                  Fagaitua                              457             555
                                                Atuu                                       582             949                 Alofau                                409             496
                                                Lelooloa                                   429             700                                                                       -
                                                Auo                                        1200            1958                           Subtotal                   1174            1425
                                                                                           -               -                   Amouli                                324             393
                                                        Subtotal                           4781            7800                Auasi                                 77              94
                                                        TOTAL                                          14,565                  Uturnea                               43              52
                                                                                                                               Aloo                                  345             4:9
                                                                                                                                                                     345             4 9
                                                                                                                               Tula

                                                                                                                                          Subtotal                   1134            1377

                                                                                                                                          TOTAL                                      3689

                                                                                                                                          GRAND TOTAL            23,994          46,085

                                                                                                                 IV-7

                       SYSTEM DEMAND DESIGN CRITERIA

                       General

                       The determination of demands is one of the first major tasks in analyzing
                       a water system. This data is used as the determining factor in evalua-
                       ting the adequacies or shortcomings of the water supply and distribution
                       system and to estimate the size of the facilities that will be required
                       in the future. There is a very serious lack of data collected on the
                       existing system in American Samoa that can give accurate information
                       on the system's operating characteristics. Only 25% of the consumers
                       and sources are metered and there is no data on pressure or flow rates
                       within key points of the system. Some data has been collected during
                       the past year, but the limited amount requires that consumption and

                       variations in demand and flow rates be estimated.    It should also be

                       understood that this engineering evaluation assumes that the A.S.G.
                       water system will be extended along the entire southshore of Tutuila
                       Island as proposed by the A.S.G.

                       Per Capita Water Consumption

                       Data obtained over a four month period between October 1977 and January
                       1978 indicates that the estimated overall residential consumption of
                       water varies from 264 to 319 gallons per capita per day (Table IV-4),
                       while consumption on metered residential connections was estimated at
                       56 gallons per capita per day. The disparity between these two figures
                       may be due to the limited accuracy of the data collected, but it is
                       also an indication of waste and misuse of water within the system.

                       We estimate that the long term average day residential demand will be
                       about 150 gallons per capita per day. Considerations used in arriving
                       at this figure are as follows:

                                                        IV-8

                                                           ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                     AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                      TABLE IV-4

                                                   EVALUATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION

                                                                                                    C14
                                                                 C
                                                E     -
                                                                 .2

                                              4-
                                              a ;>            w-E                        C0 in      C
                                  -C                          U. D
                                              E               0
                                    C
                                              .;: 4;;-           C U          ::E    4-   E -5                  E
                                    0         V) 04-             0 ::E               0    0         4)       -0 o
                                              Uj @- 0         :E U -          -,o   @- of U .6      = 0      S U 0

                                Oct.  177       4.35          1.06         24.4          325        278         47         59

                                Nov.  177       5.14          1.30         24.1          385        319         66         58
                                Dec.  177       4.25          1.32         31.1          318        264         54         45
                                Jan.  178       4.37          1.11         25.3          237        279         48         63

                                Avg.            4.50          1.20         26.2          316        285         54         56

                                1 Data from     11G.A.S. System      Water Usage" reports prepared by
                                  Department of Public Works Water, Sewer, Solid Waste Division.
                                  (See Appendix A)

                                  Based upon A.S.G. estimate of 13,350 people served by
                                  the water system.
                                3 Based upon 7.4 persons per account, one residence per account.

                                                                         IV-9

                             1.   Although the existing domestic consumption of metered resi-
                                  dences is estimated at 56 gallons per capita per day, domestic
                                  consumption will increase as standards of living increase.

                             2.   Metered residences may also be served by village water systems
                                  which would contribute to an artificially low metered resi-
                                  dential consumption because of a preferential use of the free
                                  village system water.

                             3.   The present overall domestic commerical and industrial consump-
                                  tion of 237 to 385 gallons per capita per day will be reduced
                                  as meters are installed throughout the system.

                             4.   As it exists, the water distribution system has many built

                                  in characteristics that contribute to water waste and misuse.

                                  Many of these characteristics will never be entirely elimi-
                                  nated, and overall consumption is likely to remain at a rela-
                                  tively high rate.   With an effective conservation program,
                                  residential water consumption could easily be reduced to 120
                                  gallons per capita per day. We have added a 25% loss rate
                                  to obtain our recommended rate of 150 gallons per capita per
                                  day.

                             5.   Because of prevailing local attitudes towards paying for
                                  water, the rates charged for water are likely to remain low
                                  contributing to higher consumption rates.

                             6.   The data base from which the existing consumption rates have
                                  been calculated is for a very limited period and contains
                                  estimates of water production and population served. Consump-
                                  tion estimates should, thereforej be conservative until addi-

                                  tional data is available.

                                                         IV-10

                         Service Levels

                         Distribution and storage systems must be separated into service levels
                         to maintain adequate pressures at high elevations and to prevent exces-
                         sive pressures at low elevations.

                         The maximum static pressure should not exceed approximately 100 psi.
                         Pressures above 100 psi can cause plumbing problems and contribute to
                         leaks and excessive water usage. Setting the maximum pressure at 100
                         psi fixes the lower elevation boundary of the service level at a specific
                         vertical distance below the storage reservoir overflow. Since 100 psi
                         is the pressure exerted at the base of a column of water 231 feet high,
                         the lowest consumer in the service level should not be more than 231
                         feet below the overflow of the storage reservoir.

                         The minimum static pressure at a customer connection should not be less
                         than 25 psi. Pressures below 25 psi will not allow modern water using
                         appliances and eq uipment to function properly. Setting the minimum
                         pressure at 25 psi fixes the upper elevation boundary of the service
                         level at a specific vertical distance below the storage reservoir over-
                         flow. To maintain a static pressure of 25 psi (equivalent to a column
                         of water 58 feet high) the upper service level boundary should be at
                         least 58 feet below the storage reservoir overflow. In addition,
                         approximately 42 feet is necessary to satisfy the distribution system
                         hydraulic requirements, giving a total minimum height of 100 feet.

                         The distribution system hydraulic requirements are made up of the daily
                         fluctuation in the reservoir water level (10 to 15 feet) during the
                         peak demand period and an additional 27 to 32 feet of pressure head
                         required to force water through the distribution pipelines to the con-

                         sumer's service.

                                                          IV-11

                  Based on the above general considerations, the A.S.G. water system will
                  require seven service levels (Table IV-5). These seven service levels
                  can supply water from sea level to Aoloaufou Village at elevation 1375
                  feet above sea level. Figure VI-12 shows service level areas of the
                  study area.

                  In the Bay Area, Utulei, Fagatogo and Pago Pago Village are becoming
                  so densely developed that residences are now being constructed on the
                  hillsides above the villages and above the effective service elevation
                  of service level one. A second service level must be developed in these
                  villages if the homes are to receive water.

                  Variations in Flow Rates

                  There are no records of the variations in hourly, daily or monthly water
                  flow rates or pressures for the A.S.G. water system. Records from many
                  water systems in the United States indicate that the maximum daily flow
                  varies from approximately 1.2 to 2.5 times the average daily flow.
                  For Samoa, we recommend a factor of 1.5. Lawns and gardens rarely
                  require irrigation during the dry season in Samoa, and a low peak day

                  factor results.

                  The supply facilities should be able to provide at least the average
                  demand on the day of the maximum system demand. Hourly peak demands
                  in excess of the average are most economically supplied from distri-
                  bution system storage reservoirs.

                  Peak hourly flow rates are generally 2.5 to 3.5 times the average flow
                  rates depending upon the service area involved. For Samoa, we recommend
                  an average factor of 3.0 be used. Minimum daily flow rates will, in
                  general, vary from 25 to 50 percent of the average daily flow rates.
                  The estimated peak day flow rates for the study area for the estimated
                  year 2000 populations are shown in Table IV-6.

                                                  IV-12

                           Item No. 35. Nuuuli Village: This project will provide for re-
                           placement of the existing old 6-inch pipeline that feeds the air-
                           port from Vaitele Stream. The pipeline dates back to WWII and
                           is subject to frequent breaks.

                           Item No. 36. Water Purification: This program will provide chlori-
                           nation equipment for many of the new wells that currently are not

                           chlorinated.

                           Item No. 37. Chlorinator Conversion: Based upon the report "Disin-
                           fection of Ground water Supplies, American Samoa" (CH2M-Hill, 1977),
                           the government intends to upgrade its chlorination equipment.
                           This program will provide for design, procurement and installation
                           of the new equipment at eight different sites.

                           Item No. 38. Rechlorination: This project will consist of design
                           and construction of a rechlorination station near Fagaalu so that
                           chlorine residual can be maintained in the water pumped from Tafuna

                           to the Bay Area.

                           Items Nos. 39 and 40. Treatment Facilities: These projects are
                           for improved treatment facilities for surface water sources at
                           Vaipito, Fagatogo, Fagaalu and Vaitele streams.

                           Item No. 41. Leak Detection: This program is for the procurement
                           of equipment, training of personnel and institution of a leak detec-
                           tion program for the existing water system. The training of personnel
                           under this program began in April of 1978.

                           Item No. 42. Malaeimi Pipeline: This project is for the construc-
                           tion of a pipeline back into the Malaeimi Valley for transmission

                                                       111-27

                            of water from proposed wells in the valley to the'water system.
                            The project is contingent upon acquisition of well site right-of-
                            ways and successful well drilling and testing.

                            Item No. 43. Operation and Maintenance Manuals: This project
                            calls for a program to develop operation and maintenance manuals
                            for the A.S.G. water system. The program will include system
                            operation procedures, maintenance requirements and mapping of the
                            water system that will accurately show the size and location of
                            all pipelines and valves, interconnection details and other water
                            system appurtenances on the transmission and distribution system.

                            Item No. 44. Meter Programs: This program is for obtaining more
                            complete operating data on the water system. Meters will be in-
                            stalled on all water supply sources and at key points within the
                            distribution and transmission system.

                            Items Nos. 45, 46, and 47. Miscellaneous Improvements FY 77, 78,
                            and 79: This is a program for contingency improvements for pipe-
                            line failures, connections, well repairs and construction.

                                                       111-28

                                                  ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                         AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                           TABLE IV-5
                                              RECOMMENDED SERVICE LEVELS

                                                                                       Normal
                                               Reservoir              Service          Operating
                                               Elevation              Level            Pressure
                                 Service               Over         Boundary,           Range
                              Level No.     Base       Flow        Elevations            (PSI)

                                    1       190,       2221          0 - 1251          24 - 96

                                    2       320        352         125  - 250          26 -  98

                                    3       450        482         250  - 375          28 -  100
                                    4       580        612         375  - 520          22 -  103

                                    5       725        757         520  - 665          22 -  103

                                    6       870        902         665  - 810          22 -  103

                                    7       1435       1467        1225 - 1375         22 -  105

                                 1  Elevations in feet above mean sea     level.

                                                                IV-13

                                                        ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                               AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                TABLE IV-6

                                                 YEAR 2000 PEAK DAY FLOW RATES

                                                                               Industrial               1             2
                                                                 Yr. 2000 Allowance Residential                Total
                       No.       Service Area                   Population      (MGD)          (MGD)            NGD)

                          I      Amanave to Amaluio                  2430           -           0.547           0.547
                          2      Leone, Taputimu,
                                 Vailoatai                           5031         0.05          1.132           1.182
                          3      Malaeloa, Pua Pua                   1000           -           0.225           0.225
                          4      Futiga, Pavaiai, Mesepa             3866           -           0.870           0.870
                          5      Mapusagafou (lower)                  706           -           0.159           0.159
                          6      Mapusagafou (middle)                 350           -           0.079           0.079
                          7      Mapusagafou (upper)                  350           -           0.079           0.079
                          8      Aoloaufou, Aasufou                  1081           -           0.243           0.243
                          9      Iiiiii                              1622            -          0.365           0.365
                          10     Faleniu, Mopusaga,
                                 Malaeimi                            2390         0.07          0.538           0.608
                          11     Vaitogi                             1617           -           0.364           0.364
                          12     Tafuna, Nuuuli                      7689         0.25          1.730           1.980
                          13     Faganeanea, Fatumafuti               786           -           0.177           0.177
                          14     Fagaalu, Utulei,
                                 Fagatogo                            5979         0.20          1.345           1.545
                          15     Pago Pago to Aua                    7800         0.90          1.755           2.655
                          16     Tafananai to Avaio                   887           -           0.200           0.200
                          17     Auto, Fagaitua,
                                 Alofou                              1425         0.05          0.321           0.371
                          18     Amouli, Tula                        1377           -           0.310           0.310

                                                                   46,086         1.52          10.439          11.959
                          1150 gal Ions/capita/day x 1.5 peak day flow rate
                          2Peak day rate = population x 150 gallons/capita/day x 1.5 peak
                                 day flow factor + industrial allowance

                                                                     IV-14

                      Fire Protection

                      Water usage for fire protection varies with the use of the property
                      to be protected. Although the total quantity of water used is small,
                      the rates of use are quite large. The water distribution system must
                      have sufficient capacity to supply water for fighting fires in addition
                      to maintaining adequate flows to residential, commercial and industrial

                      customers. The National Board of Fire Underwriters established minimum

                      standards for the quantity and duration of flow for fire fighting pur-
                      poses. The standards were developed to measure a water system's ability
                      to fight fires and are used in determining the rates for an area's fire
                      insurance premiums. The standards have also evolved into fire protection
                      guidelines for design of water systems.

                      The fire flows required in higher value business districts are generally
                      based on the total population of the area served by the business district.
                      Fire flows in residential areas are based on the size, structural condi-
                      tion, value, and density of the dwelling units. Fire flows for institu-
                      tions, industrial buildings, and suburban commercial complexes are
                      usually evaluated separately. The recommended fire flows for American

                      Samoa are shown in Table IV-7.

                      The existing fire protection system consists of fire hydrants throughout

                      the distribution system and fire stations with pumper capacity at Leone
                      and Fagatogo. The design of the recommended system assumes that the
                      fire fighting capabilities will be continued to be upgraded and will
                      be able to provide pumper truck fire fighting capabilities to all areas
                      served by the A.S.G. water system.

                                                       IV-15

                                                  ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                        AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                           TABLE IV-7

                                   MINIMUM RECOMMENDED FIRE FLOW REQUIREMENTS

                                                                            Recommended Fire Flow
                                                                  Quantity,       Duration,          Volume
                       Location                                      gpm             hours             mq
                       Principal Business District
                             Population Served
                                   1000 or less                      1000               2              0.12

                                   2000                              1500               2              0.18
                                   5000                              2250               2              0.27
                                 10,000                              3000               3              0.54
                       Future Industrial Tracts                      3000               3              0.54
                       Typical Elementary School                     1500               2              0.18
                       Typical High School,
                           College or Church                         3000               3              0.54
                       Single-Family Dwelling Area                   1000               2              0.12
                       Multiple-Family Dwelling Area                 2000               2              0.24

                                                              iv-16

                          Pipeline Size

                          Transmission and distribution pipelines should be sized to provide the
                          maximum daily flow plus fire flows with a residual pressure of 25 psi
                          at the critical fire hydrant. In determining the carrying capacity
                          of mains, the following 11C11 valves will be used:

                                                                                HAZEN AND WILLIAMS
                                           PIPE SIZE                           COEFFICIENT OF FLOW "C"
                                           411, 61,                                        100
                                           811 7 1211                                      110
                                          16", 2011                                        120
                                          2411 and larger                                  130

                          The maximum velocity of flow      in mains should be 6 feet      per second,
                          without fire flows. With fire flows, the maximum velocity of flow
                          should be 10 feet per second.

                          Storage Reservoir

                          The system's storage reservoirs should provide adequate storage to meet
                          the following criteria:

                                1.    The maximum day consumption with no source input to the reser-
                                      voir. Reservoir is full at the beginning of the 24 hour
                                      period.
                                2.    The maximum day consumption plus fire flows for the fire
                                      duration shown in Table IV-7 (reservoir 3/4 full at the start
                                      of the fire) with credit for incoming flow from source or
                                      booster pumps, with one of the largest pumps out of service.

                          The recommended reservoir sizing based upon this criteria is shown in
                          Table IV-8. This table compares the requirement based upon -criterion

                                                                IV-17

                                                                  ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                           AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                           TABLE IV-8

                                                                     RESERVOIR SIZING

                                                             >,:@E
                                                                           >        cu               E
                                                                                         4.2 @                 a @            3         4
                                                                           (U   X   4)               0         4- 0
                                                             >z.s      4)        ,           Q)                         Use        Say
                                                             0 N           V3   a                    U     0
                                                                           LO                        C         0:*      (MG)       (MG)
                                                                      LL   .    :*                   - ;::                                      I
                                                             (1)        (2)     (3)       (4)        (5)       (6)        (7)        (8)
                                 Location

                             Amanave Reservoi       r      0.547     0.27       0.817   1.089      -0.547@    0.542     0.547      0.75
                             Leone Reservoir(s)            1.182     0.54       1.722   2.296      -1.886     0.410     1.182      1.50
                             Futiga Reservoir              0.225     0.54       0.765   1.020      -1.886        -      0.225      0.25
                             Mapusagafou # 1               0.870     0.18       1.050   1.400      -0.56      0.840     0.840      1.0
                             Mapusagafou #2                0.159     0.12       0.279   0.372      -0.159     0.213     0.213      0.25
                             Mapusagafou #3                0.079     0.12       0.199   0.265      -0.079     0.186     0.186      0.25
                             Mopusagaf ou #4               0.079     0.12       0.199   0.265      -0.079     0.186     0.186      0.25
                             lliili Reservoir              0.365     0.18       0.545   0.727      -1.56         -      0.365      0.50
                             Vaitogi Reservoir             0.364     0.12       0.484   0.645      -0.364     0.281     0.364      0.5
                             Tafuna, Nuuuli                1.980     0.54       2.520   3.360      -7.238        -      1.980      2.0
                             Faleniu, Mapusaga,
                             Malaeimi                      0.608     0.54       1.148   1.531      -7.238        -      0.608      0.75
                             Faganeanea,
                             Fatumafuti                    0.177        -        -         -         -           -      N/A        N/A

                             Fagatogo                      1.545     0.54       2.085   2.780      -5-081        -      1.545      2.0
                             Fagaalu, Utulei,

                             Pago Pago, Aua                2.655     0.54       3.195   4.260      -5-081        -      2.655      3.0
                             Laulii to Alega               0.200     0.18       0.38    0.507      -0.881        -        0.20     0.25
                             Auto, Fagaitua,
                             Alofau                        0.371     0.54       0.911   1.215      -0.681     0.534     0.534      0.75
                             Amouli, Tula                  0.310     0.18       0.49    0.653      -0.31      0.343     0.343      0.50

                             1. From Table IV-6.

                             2. From Table IV-7.

                             3. Use maximum column I or 6.
                             4. Rounded up to nearest 0. 25 MG.

                                                                                IV-18

                      one (column one) and criterion two (column six), selects the larger
                      of the two (column seven) and adjusts the requirements to fit the situa-
                      tion (column eight).

                      Pump Capacity

                      Booster pumping stations should be adequate to meet 1) the maximum
                      day demand with an operating time of 16 hours and 2) the maximum day
                      demand plus fire demands during the duration of a fire, less 3/4 of
                      reservoir storage. In all cases, the largest unit will be considered

                      out of service.

                                                       IV-19

      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I                               CHAPTER V
      I             IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS
      I
      I
      I

                                                       CHAPTER V

                                               IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS

                       SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES

                       General

                       Prior to the 1970's, water supplies in American Samoa were almost exclu-
                       sively from surface water streams, and water supplies came directly
                       from the streams with little or no storage provided. These streams
                       were adequate for use by a relatively small population with a small
                       per capita demand for water and a low expectation for the quality of
                       service. During periods of low rainfall and restricted water supplies,
                       the population survived with some inconvenience and economic hardship
                       through water rationing.

                       Without storage, surface water reservoirs can only be relied upon to
                       supply water at their low flow rates. A surface source is only as good
                       as its dry season flow unless higher than normal flows can be stored
                       for use during low flow periods.

                       Available Storage

                       Unfortunately, the steep, narrow stream valleys of American Samoa do
                       not provide easily available sites for storage reservoirs of sufficient
                       capacity to supply water during the four to six month Samoan dry season.
                       A water system relying entirely on surface water would require several
                       hundred million gallons of water in storage to meet the design year
                       water demands through a dry season.   The largest existing reservoir
                       in American Samoa is at Virgin Falls on the Fagaalu Stream. This reser-
                       voir is approximately 25 feet high and holds approximately 4.5 million.

                                                      V-1

                        gallons of water. A hydrologic study of surface water (Dames & Moore
                        1978) showed that approximately 164 million gallons of storage would
                        be required for each million gallons per day of regulated flow.

                        Available Supplies

                        The American Samoa Government does not maintain any accurate long-term
                        flow records of its surface water sources, and all past water supply
                        planning studies were necessarily based upon estimates of low flows.
                        The record droughts of 1971 and 1974 indicated that all previous esti-
                        mates were overly optimistic (Table 111-2). During each of these years,
                        the total flow from five of the major stream sources for the A.S.G.
                        water system dropped to approximately 250 gallons per minute.

                        One major advantage of utilizing surface water in American Samoa is
                        that some of the sources are located closer to the point of consumption
                        in the Bay Area (Pago Pago) eliminating the need for long transmission
                        pipelines and booster pumping stations. This single advantage is more
                        than offset by the tendency of surface waters to vary greatly in quality
                        and quantity from day to day and by the complex treatment required to
                        meet current federal water quality standards. The relatively low flows
                        available from a single stream and the random spacing of each stream
                        throughout the water system require that the complex treatment equipment
                        be duplicated in many locations compounding the maintenance and opera-
                        tion problems.

                        Watershed Protection

                        Surface water supplies require strict protection of watersheds from
                        contamination. All human, residential, agricultural, and recreational
                        activities should be controlled within a designated watershed area that

                        is above a surface water intake.

                                                        V-2

                       In American Samoa, agricultural and recreational activities such as
                       hiking and bathing often take place in the watersheds of the existing
                       surface water supplies. Competition for housing sites is forcing resi-
                       dential developments higher and higher up hillsides behind existing
                       villages, seriously threatening most watersheds. Although restrictions
                       are needed, the A.S.G. does not currently exercise any control over

                       use of the watershed lands above its surface water sources.

                       Water Quality

                       The R.M. Towill Corporation investigated the Bay Area surface water
                       treatment systems (R.M. Towill, 1973). Even with somewhat optimistic
                       estimates of the minimum flow rates available, they recommended that

                       the surface water sources be abandoned. This recommendation was based

                       upon the following conclusions:

                            1.   The existing treatment equipment is inadequate for the condi-
                                 tions in which it is operated. To operate satisfactorily,
                                 the existing equipment needs to be repaired and upgraded by
                                 the addition of provisions for pretreatment, pre and post
                                 chlorination and monitoring of the system operations.
                            2.   Economic considerations of expenditures to upgrade the system
                                 are not justified considering the small quantity of end product

                                 produced.
                            3.   The degree of watershed protection to provide a 100% safe
                                 water supply does not appear culturally or politically acceptable
                                 to the community.
                            4.   There is insufficient quantity of technically qualified opera-
                                 tional personnel to maintain the relatively complicated treat-
                                 ment processes required.
                            5.   Public health considerations indicate that a water supply
                                 should be abandoned if it is potentially dangerous because
                                 of possible human error, mechanical malfunction, or other
                                 factors beyond the control of the system operators.

                                                      V-3

                       Past experience with the filters support the above recommendations.
                       The filters have been repaired and recharged two or three times in the
                       past eight years, and within a.short period they were inoperable. The
                       limited number of technically qualified operational personnel did not
                       have the time required to keep the filters functioning.

                       In recent years, the Department of Public Works has increased its efforts
                       at inservice training and maintenance of the treatment facilities and
                       has reported an improved operating record. However, the basic inadequacy
                       and unreliability of the equipment to operate correctly under the varying
                       quality of water remains.

                       GROUND WATER SUPPLIES

                       General

                       The natural quality of fresh ground water in American Samoa is very
                       good. It can meet the maximum contaminant levels set forth in the
                       National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for the parameters measured
                       and is suitable for domestic consumption and current industrial uses
                       in American Samoa. Since the early 1970's, the A.S.G. has directed
                       its water source development toward ground water supplies, and the quan-
                       tity and quality of water service has steadily improved. The improvement
                       in service, however, has not been without certain problems due primarily
                       to the previous lack of technical expertise and other management and
                       training needs.

                       Existing Resources and Problems

                       The basal ground water lens that is viewed as the primary source of

                       water for Samoa is located in a limited area known as the Tafuna-Leone

                       Plain. While this area has great potential for residential and commercial

                                                       v-4

                       development and is rapidly growing, the major water system demands are
                       currently within the Bay Area some six miles distant from the well
                       sources. Because of its length, the transmission line is vulnerable
                       to breaks and power outages which can cut water service. The well pumps
                       and booster pumping stations require expensive electrical power and
                       sophisticated technical maintenance capabilities. These shortcomings
                       have created past operational problems with the ground water sources.

                       Recent tests of new booster pumping facilities at Fagaalu and Pago Pago

                       have indicated that there are an insufficient number of wells on line

                       to support the transmission facilities. The imminent addition of pumps
                       to existing new wells should relieve this problem.

                       The ground water reservoir in American Samoa is replenished continu-
                       ously, but it is a finite resource that can be over-taxed if care is

                       not exercised on the rate of withdrawal. Inadequate monitoring and
                       management of the development of the resource has caused seawater in-
                       trusion at several wells. The effect of ground water withdrawal on
                       the entire basal lens has not been determined; thus, overdevelopment

                       of the lens is a constant threat.

                       Right-of-Way Problems

                       Right-of-way for construction of wells has been a continuing problem
                       in ground water development. Right-of-way has been an especially acute
                       problem for wells because they usually must be located outside of recog-
                       nized areas of A.S.G. concern such as roadways, and the property owners
                       can not see any direct benefit to themselves from the construction of
                       the wells. The sites determined to have a high potential for production
                       are relatively limited and it has become increasingly difficult to find
                       land where right-of-way can be obtained by negotiation. This problem
                       is examined in more detail in the right-of-way section of this chapter.

                                                       V-5

                        Public Support

                        There is very little public support for the water system development
                        in general and the ground water program in particular. For the most
                        part, the lack of support is due to a lack of communication between
                        the Public Works Department and the general public. There should be
                        an immediate and sustained effort to inform the people of Samoa of the
                        objectives of the Ground Water Development Program. A public education
                        and public involvement program listing the advantages and disadvantages
                        of utilizing ground water and the current implementation problems should
                        help to obtain public support. If the legislature and the public are
                        kept informed, they could possibly lend their support to the program.

                        TREATMENT

                        General

                        Existing treatment of the water supplies is limited to chlorination
                        of some ground water sources and filtration and chlorination of the
                        surface water sources. Because of operational problems, the filters
                        are sometimes bypassed. The degree of control over water quality is
                        generally very poor.

                        The treatment of ground water is limited to the wells in the Tafunafou
                        well field and a few other isolated sources such as the shallow dug
                        well at Utulei which serves the hotel. Because of the problems in
                        obtaining right-of-way, many of the recent wells have been drilled at
                        scattered locations. Separate chlorination equipment may have to be

                        installed and maintained at each of these wells if the water is to be

                        chlorinated before all customer connections.

                                                       V-6

                       Filtration

                       Pressure filters have been installed at the Vaitele, lower Fagaalu and
                       Fagatogo surface water sources. Attempts have been made on several
                       occasions to activate these filters, however, the water supplied to
                       these filters is of such a varying quality and becomes so poor at times
                       that the filters are difficult to operate correctly. The equipment
                       does not provide for proper backwashing to clean the filters and there
                       is insufficient operator time and technical capabilities to give them

                       adequate care.

                       The three automatic gravity filters at Vaipito Reservoir have similar
                       operating problems to the pressure filters and in the past were fre-
                       quently bypassed. For a more complete discussion of the surface water
                       treatment facilities see The Analysis of Vaipito and Fagaalu Treatment
                       Systems, R.M. Towill Corporation, 1973.

                       Chlorination

                       The chlorination equipment throughout the system is inadequate. Chlo-
                       rine is applied only at some of the sources of supply and chlorine
                       residuals are not maintained throughout the system. Contact times are
                       insufficient and the equipment has no provision for automatic switchover
                       to a standby supply when one supply bottle has been exhausted. Several
                       days often elapse before maintenance personnel can replace the exhausted
                       supply containers.

                       For a more detailed discussion of the existing treatment system see
                       Disinfection of Ground Water Supplies, CH2M-Hill, 1977.

                                                       V-7

                        TRANSMISSION AND PUMPING

                        General

                        Vast improvements in transmission and pumping capabilities of the A.S.G.
                        water system have been accomplished in the past six years. The area
                        served by A.S.G. water systems has greatly expanded from the original
                        Tafuna and Bay Area population centers. The ability to move water into
                        and through these areas was one of the main objectives of the past water
                        system improvement programs.

                        Transmission Pipelines

                        However, because of the excessive water consumption identified in Chapter
                        IV, two shortcomings currently exist within the system. Adequate opera-
                        ting pressures within the Pago Pago Bay Area (Tables V-1 and V-2) cannot
                        be maintained in the 12-inch diameter pipelines that extend from Nuuuli
                        to Fagaalu and from Utulei to Malaloa. This inadequate flow capacity
                        and the insufficient supplies from the Tafunafou well field also prevent

                        the operation of the two new booster stations at Fagaalu and Pago Pago.
                        If water consumption could be reduced to a more reasonable level of
                        150 GPCD (see following discussion on the distribution system in this
                        chapter) and more of the existing wells were operational, these faci-
                        lities would be adequate to meet current demands (Table V-3 and V-4).

                        The other transmission pipelines in the A.S.G. system are normally
                        capable of supplying current water demands. Villages beyond the exist-
                        ing A.S.G. system have critical deficiencies. The expansion of the
                        A.S.G. system to these areas should be preceeded by studies to deter-
                        mine the desires and expectations of the villages involved and the
                        adequacy of existing source and transmission facilities to handle the

                                                       V-8

                                                         ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                  TABLE V- I

                                                         PEAK 1978 FLOW RATES

                                                       FOR A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM

                                                                                    Resi-  2                    Cummu-
                                                                  Industrial       dential         Total          lative
                                                     1978          Demand          Demand          Flow           Flow
                           Service Area           Population        (MGD)          (MGD)           (MGD)          (MGD)

                           Tafuna                        845         0.01           0.390          0.400          5.785

                           Nuuuli                       2160            -           0.998          0.998          5.385
                           Faganeanea                    496            -           0.229          0.229          4.387
                           Fagaalu                       968         0.01           0.447          0.457          4.158
                           Utulei                        965            -           0.445          0.445          3.701
                           Fogatogo                     1842                        0.851          0.851          3.256
                           Pago Pago                    2605            -           1.204          1.204          2.405
                           Canneries                    1084         0.70           0.501          1.201          1.201

                                                      10,965         0.72           5.065          5.785

                           1 1974 Population plus 3%.
                           2Estimated November, 1977 average daily flow rate (385 GPCD)
                                x 1.2 peak day factor x population.
                           3Assumes no surface water inflow.

                                                                     V-9

                                                           ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                    AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                     TABLE V-2
                                                            HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
                                                         FOR A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM
                                                              1978 PEAK DAY FLOW

                                                                                        Head
                                                                             Pipe       loss                   Head     Eleva-
                                                       Flow Rate             Size         ft      Length       loss       tion
                                 Location           MGD           GPM        (in)     1000 ft      (ft)        (ft)       HGL

                            Well Field                                                                                    260

                                                    5.785         4017        16        9.8        2000          20
                            Highway Road            5.785         4017        20        3.2        2500           8       240
                            Airport Road            5.785         4017        24        1.24       2500           3       232
                            Housing Road                                                                                  229
                                                    5.385         3740        24        1.04       7500           8

                            Coconut Point                                                                                 221
                            Fagaalu Booster         4.387         3046        12        26.6      12,000       319  1   -98 to 245
                                                    4.158         2887        20        1.7        7500           13

                            Utulei                                                                                        232
                                                    3.701         2570        12        19.5       7000        137  1

                            MOI-31OG                                                                                        95

                                                    3.256         2261        16        3.8        1500           4
                            Pago Booster                                                                                   89 to 2451
                                                    2.405         1670        1,6       1.8        1000           2
                            Pago Pago                                                                                     243
                                                    1.201           834       12        2.3        5500           13

                            Canneries                                                                                     230
                            1Critical   pressure drops    creating low pressures        within water system.
                             Assumes distribution reservoirs do not contribute to system during peak flow.

                                                                         V-10

                                                       ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                 TABLE V-3

                                                         PEAK 1983 FLOW RATES
                                                      FOR A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM

                                                     19831                         Resi - 2                    Cummu-
                                                     Est.         Industrial      dential         Total           lative
                                                     Pop.         Demand          Demand          Flow            Flow
                             Service Area            Served        (MGD)           (MGD)          (MGD)          (MGD)

                          Tafuna & Vaitogi              2005         0.01          0.451          0.461           3.811
                          Nuuuli                        2932           -           0.660          0.660           3.350
                          FaganeaneG                     674           -           0.152          0.152           2.690
                          Fagaalu                       1114         0.01          0.251          0.261           2.538
                          Utulei                        1110           -           0.250          0.250           2.277
                          Fagatogo                      2118         0.01          0.477          0.487           2.027
                          Pago Pago                     2996           -           0.674          0.674           1.540
                          Atuu, Anua &
                          Canneries                      738         0.70          0.166          0.866           0.866

                                                     13,697          0.73          3.081          3.811
                          1 Per A.S.G. Development Planning Office.
                          2 Population x 150 GPCD x 1.5 Peak Day Factor.
                          3
                            Assumes no surface water inflow.

                            Flow is conservative as not all residents of Bay Area are on system
                            (many homes are above 175 foot effective service elevation or are on
                            private water systems).

                                                                     V-11

                                                           ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                   AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                      TABLE V-4

                                                            HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

                                                          FOR A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM

                                                              1983 PEAK DAY FLOW

                                                                                       Head
                                                                             Pipe        loss                 Head      Eleva-
                                                       Flow Rate             Size        ft       Length       loss       tion
                                  Location          MGD           GPM        (in)     1000 ft       (ft)       (ft)       HGL

                           Well Field                                                                                     260

                                                    3.811         2646        16         4.2        1500       6.3
                           Highway Road                                                                                   254
                                                    3.811         2646        20         1.4        2500       3.5
                           Airport Road             3.600         2500        24       0.46         2500       1.15       250
                           Housing Road                                                                                   249
                                                    3.300         2292        24       0.43         7500       3.2
                           Coconut Point                                                                                  246
                                                    2.690         1868        12         9.6        12,000     115
                           Fagualu Booster                                                                                131  to 245
                           Utulei                   2.538         1763        20       0.65         7500       4.8        240
                           Malaloa                  2.277         1581        12         8.3        7000         58       182
                                                    2.027         1408        16         1.4        1500       2.1
                           Pago Booster                                                                                   180  to 24
                                                    1.540         1069        16       0.91         1000       0.9
                           Pago Pago                0.866           601       12         1.2        5500       6.6        244
                           Canneries                                                                                      237

                           Assumes distribution reservoirs do not contribute to system during peak flow.

                                                                         V-12

                       increased water demands. Controls should be maintained over consumption
                       in the new areas so that excessive demands are not imposed on water
                       delivery facilities.

                       The A.S.G. is currently conducting a leak detection survey on the trans-
                       mission system. Preliminary results indicate that the transmission
                       system is in good condition. One of the problems highlighted in the
                       survey was a lack of system mapping. Being able to determine the loca-
                       tion of existing pipelines, interconnections and valves is important
                       in the effective operation of the water system.

                       Booster Stations

                       Booster stations are required to increase the system's reliability in
                       the upper service areas. The villages of Vaitogi, Iliili, Futiga,
                       Pavaiai, and Mapusagafou are currently subject to shortages when either
                       the single surface source (Puna Dam) or the well at Iliili is not oper-
                       ating or cannot meet demands. The booster stations would lift water
                       from the lower service level to supplement these sources.

                       The maintenance and operation of booster pumps is also a serious problem
                       due to several factors. The moist tropical environment of American
                       Samoa shortens the life of all mechanical devices. Severe voltage drops
                       and surges are common and are extremely hard on electric motors and
                       other electrical equipment. Pumps are frequently operated under other
                       than design conditions. There is a critical shortage of technically
                       skilled manpower for the operation and maintenance of the many pumps
                       and motors. The repair staff is frequently in an operational crisis
                       because of low pressures or lack of water. A preventive maintenance
                       program is almost impossible under these conditions.   Too few standby
                       facilities are provided and spare parts are difficult to obtain so that
                       repairs are often just temporary expediences.

                                                      V-13

                        The 100 horse power pump in the older booster station at Nuuuli is
                        operated with reported success. The actual benefit is difficult to
                        determine, however, as limited records of flow rates or pressures are
                        maintained for each station. The pump is no doubt operated in a very
                        low efficiency range as the system demands are far above the pump's
                        design flow rates. This station should be abandoned when the new booster
                        stations at Nuuuli and Pago Pago are made operational.

                        DISTRIBUTION STORAGE

                        General

                        The existing A.S.G. water system contains 3.5 million gallons of distri-
                        bution storage in the Pago Pago, Maugaalii, Blunts Point, and Tafuna

                        Reservoirs.

                        Elevated distribution storage is usually provided within distribution
                        systems to normalize system pressures and supply peak water demands.
                        Elevated distribution storage may also be provided to increase system
                        reliability and to reduce the need of constructing large main sizes
                        to the system extremities. Elevated storage facilities are designed
                        so that the system hydraulic gradients fall within the useful elevation
                        range of the tank; thus, allowing the tank to contribute its volume
                        by gravity. Facilities operated in this manner are referred to as
                        "floating" storage facilities. Elevated distribution storage provides
                        increased reliability for fire protection and for emergencies during
                        power outages or other high service pumping interruptions.

                        Operation

                        High consumption rates and limited water resources have prevented A.S.G.
                        storage reservoirs from operating as distribution system reservoirs

                                                      V-14

                       as they were intended. Attempts to let the reservoirs "float on line"
                       in the Bay Area result in continuously empty reservoirs. Currently
                       the reservoirs store excess water accumulated during wet weather periods.
                       This excess water is pumped into the reservoirs and retained for dry
                       weather and other emergency purposes. The Pago Pago Reservoir is used
                       primarily for emergency service to the canneries and the Pago Pago area,
                       the Maugaalii Reservoir serves the downtown Fagatogo area, and the Blunts
                       Point Tank serves the hospital and Fagaalu and Gataivai Villages.

                       The problem with utilizing the reservoirs in this manner is that the
                       water system loses its ability to draw from the reservoirs during the
                       peak hour demands of each day. All supplies must come directly from
                       the sources, which overloads the capacity of the source and the trans-
                       mission mains and results in low operating pressures throughout the
                       system.

                       Capacity

                       The Tafuna area and upper service areas around Futiga and Pavaiai are
                       deficient in storage facilities for current peak hour and fire reserve
                       demands. Existing storage is limited to 0.5 million gallons at Tafuna
                       and 90,000 gallons near Mapusagafou. A 0.75 million gallon reservoir
                       is under construction at Pavaiai. The three million gallons of storage
                       capacity in the Bay Area is adequate for existing peak hour and fire

                       demands if the reservoir water levels can be maintained.

                       Maintenance

                       All of the existing reservoirs require painting and repair of automatic
                       control valves before they can float on line. The reservoir at Pago
                       Pago is currently threatened by an active earth slide.

                                                       V-15

                       DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

                       General

                       The existing distribution system is and has been a source of problems
                       for the water system for many years. Austin-Smith & Associates pointed
                       to excessive water use in the initial 1963 report on the A.S.G. water
                       system. Most of the subsequent water studies also noted excessive water
                       demands as a major problem.

                       Data collected by the Department of Public Works covering the period
                       from October 1977 to January 1978 indicates that nearly half of the
                       water used cannot be accounted for (Appendix A). This does not mean
                       that it is not metered, but it means that after estimating all normal
                       residential, commercial and industrial use, nearly an equal amount is
                       lost somewhere within the system.

                       Water Consumption

                       Only about a quarter of all water consumed is metered, but the metered
                       residential customers average only 56 gallons per capita per day in
                       consumption. This figure has been indirectly calculated and is only
                       approximate, but it reflects the amount of conservation that can be
                       obtained through metering and nominal water use charges. Total resi-
                       dential water use among metered and non-metered customers is estimated
                       at 285 gallons per capita per day. This figure includes the unaccounted
                       for water and illustrates how great a problem the excessive water con-
                       sumption is to the water system. For comparative purposes, 150 gallons
                       per capita per day would be considered a generous consumption rate for

                       an area like American Samoa.

                                                      V-16

                       The unaccounted for water includes unnecessary consumption and wastage.
                       The production, transmission and distribution of this water puts a
                       strain on the system facilities, consumes unnecessary electric power
                       and has required premature investment in plant and equipment.

                       A.S.G. facilities including employee housing are not metered and do
                       not pay for water consumed. The volume of water consumed by these
                       facilities is potentially quite large as there is no incentive for
                       conservation. There should be an administrative policy developed con-
                       cerning this matter to bring about a reduction in water consumption
                       and to eliminate the double standard between A.S.G. employees and the
                       community at large.

                       Backflow

                       The negative pressures created in the pressure fringe areas during high
                       demand hours dramatically increase the possibility of backflow contami-
                       nation of the entire water system. There is little plumbing code enforce-
                       ment, and cross connections with private water systems, ground surface
                       pipelines running through pig pens or other contaminated areas and other
                       possible sources of backflow are evident throughout the distribution

                       system.

                       Most direct cross connections with the main transmission lines of vil-

                       lage systems have been reported to be eliminated or protected with
                       double check valves. Cross connections with the village systems within
                       individual homes, however, presents an equally serious potential for
                       contamination of the A.S.G. system.

                                                       V-17

                       Water Service Policy

                       The A.S.G. has been over accommodating in the past in providing service
                       to customers. Service laterals extend far from main pipelines to the
                       point of consumption and meters are usually installed at or near the
                       residence. The portion of the service lateral that is behind the meter
                       becomes the maintenance responsibility of the A.S.G. as any water lost

                       would not be metered and the customer would not be concerned. Because

                       of the difficulty in obtaining right-of-way and for simple expediency,
                       the service laterals are usually constructed on the ground surface where
                       they are subject to damage and illegal connections. Most laterals are
                       either galvanized iron or plastic and are easily tapped illegally by
                       anyone desiring water. To complicate matters, most villages also have
                       private water systems. It is difficult to locate illegal connections
                       in the web of A.S.G. and private small diameter pipelines that inter-
                       twine throughout most villages.

                       The A.S.G. provides water service to customers who are above the eleva-
                       tion that will allow proper pressures in the water system. Water is
                       available to these customers only when other demands on the system are
                       low and water pressures rise. Pressures usually rise late at night
                       or in the early morning. The customers leave their taps open over a
                       large drum in an effort to collect as much water as possible during
                       the night. If the drum overflows, it is regretable, but at least a
                       full drum was collected. These high elevation fringe areas also have
                       a higher proportion of illegal connections because they are the most
                       remote from official inspections.

                       The A.S.G. needs to determine realistic service objectives for the water
                       system and to set policy and service rules and regulations based upon
                       these objectives. Even with unlimited financial, physical, and techni-
                       cal resources, the A.S.G. could not expect to be all things for all

                                                       V-18

                       people. If standards are sacrificed in one area, customers in another
                       are deprived of a proper water service.

                       RIGHT-OF-WAY

                       General

                       Right-of-way acquisition for water system improvements has been a serious
                       problem for the Department of Public Works in recent years. Badly
                       needed projects have been delayed or halted indefinitely by extended
                       right-of-way negotiations or right-of-way disputes. Projects have been
                       modified at increased cost or at the expense of the system operating
                       efficiency in attempts to skirt right-of-way problems.

                       The Right-of-Way Program of the Department of Public Works is beset
                       with problems in the areas of setting policy guidelines, continuity
                       of trained personnel, budgeting requirements, abuse of the crop damage
                       system, and landowner and boundary disputes.

                       History and Legal Precedence

                       The American Samoa Government aquisition of Samoan lands can be traced
                       back to the United States Navy Administration of Samoa (C.A. No. 199-
                       1964). The court has determined that since land owned by Samoans before
                       the deed of cession to the United States in 1900 was retained by the
                       Samoans after 1900, the land could only be obtained by the A.S.G. by
                       negotiation or by condemnation under eminent domain (C.A. No. 25-1962).

                       The right of eminent domain is the power of a sovereign state to take
                       or to authorize the taking of property in its jurisdiction for public

                       use without the owner's consent. Eminent domain is an inherent sovereign

                                                       V-19

                       right, founded on the common necessity and interest, to appropriate
                       property of individuals for the greater needs of the community. The
                       right of eminent domain is given to the American Samoa Government in
                       Title 27, Section 1601 and Title II, Section 6401 through 6467 of the
                       American Samoa Code. The power of eminent domain can be exercised only
                       for what is deemed a public use and where just compensation is given.

                       The High Court of American Samoa has taken judicial notice (Rule of
                       Evidence 201 of the High Court of American Samoa) that the most valuable
                       tangible thing that Samoans possess is their land (C.A. No. 199-1964).
                       In 1900 the U.S. Commander condemned land for a public highway, and
                       it was deemed an appropriation for public use (C.A. No. 25-1962). The
                       High Court of American Samoa determined that when condemnation proceed-
                       ings are made for public use and when just compensation is paid, then
                       it does not violate due process of law (C.A. No. 25-1950). The Court
                       also found that land taken by the A.S.G. is not against the interest
                       of the Samoan people, because the property is held by the A.S.G. for
                       the use and benefit of all the people of American Samoa (App. Div. No.
                       15-1963).

                       In Re Matter Condemnation of Pago Pago Well Property , 1951, (2 A.S.R.
                       614), land in Pago Pago was taken by condemnation proceedings. In 1954,
                       the American Samoa Government in The Matter of the Acquisition of Land
                       for the Construction of the Airport (C.A. 15-1959), obtained a judgment
                       from the High Court of American Samoa, condemning 550.83 acres of land
                       at Tafuna for a public airport and granting ownership in fee simple
                       to the Government of American Samoa. Fair compensation was set by the

                       Court as follows:

                             1.  $135 per acre for land cleared but without any plantation

                                 on it.
                            2.   $140 per acre for bush or jungle land.

                                                       V-20

                            3.   $380 per acre for land including the plantations thereon,
                                 the ownership of such land and the plantations being combined
                                 in the same family, families, person or persons.
                            4.   $135 per acre for land (i.e., the land alone) on which there
                                 were plantations at the time of the taking, the ownership
                                 of the land and of the plantations theron being separated,
                                 i.e., not combined in the same family, families, person or

                                 persons.
                            5.   $245 per acre of plantations (i.e., for the plantations alone),
                                 the ownership of the land and the plantations thereon being
                                 separated at the time of the taking, i.e., not combined in
                                 the same family, families, person or persons.

                       In 1961, in The Matter of the Condemnation of Dairy Farm Hansen's Disease
                       Sanitarium Area and Access Roadway (3 A.S.R. 439), the A.S.G. filed
                       a notice that there existed a dispute among the claimants regarding
                       the ownership of the property and requested that the Court determine
                       its ownership. The Court rendered a determination after a trial on
                       the issue of ownership for the purpose of distribution of the condemna-

                       tion award.

                       The condemnation proceedings used by the American Samoa Government in
                       the Pago Pago Well Condemnation, Airport Acquisition, and the Dairy
                       Farm cases were the same or similar to the condemnation proceedings
                       provided for in the Revised Code of American Samoa. The Revised Code
                       of American Samoa provides condemnation proceedings where the A.S.G.
                       desires to acquire any land, easement, right-of-way, or other property
                       interest for public use. The code provides for the right of compensa-
                       tion, the determination and award of compensation, disposition of dis-
                       putes to title, the arbitration of compensation disputes and the appeal

                       process.

                                                       V-21

                        In seeking to set forth guidelines for Right-of-Way acquisitions by
                        the Department of Public Works, a Right-of-Way Manual was prepared.
                        The manual provides general guidelines for organization of a Right-of-
                        Way Branch, sets procedures for right-of-way acquisitions, the execution
                        of instruments, the closing procedures, lead time or advance notice
                        procedures, condemnation guidelines,payment of crop damage, and the
                        relocation assistance regulations under the Uniform Relocation Assis-
                        tance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (27 A.S.C.
                        2001).

                        Right-of-Way Policy

                        Policy problems may have resulted from the lack of continuity in the
                        executive administration of the Territory of American Samoa. The Terri-
                        tory has had five appointed Governors and one elected Governor during
                        the past five years. It is difficult to reconstruct the right-of-way
                        policy for each administration, but it would appear from a review of
                        the present situation that no substantive policy has been adopted.

                        A right-of-way policy is essential to the establishment of a viable
                        program that will reduce delays during the negotiation stages of right-
                        of-way acquisitions or when negotiation fails to result in an agreement
                        and condemnation proceedings are initiated.

                        The problem with setting a viable right-of-way policy may also be attri-
                        buted to the high turnover of A.S.G. contract employees in Public Works
                        Department and the lack of a training program to train local personnel
                        to administer a right-of-way acquisition program.

                        Crop Damage

                        Under the crop damage schedule, the owner receives fixed compensation
                        for a list of "cash" crops destroyed by reason of the right-of-way

                                                       V-22

                         acquisition in addition to payment for the right-of-way. The
                         continued use by the A.S.G. of this system allows for abuses by
                         the landowner. Crop damage abuse cases reported by the Department
                         of Public Works have included the planting of crops within the
                         area of the right-of-way after negotiations have begun and claims
                         for crops destroyed which were not affected by the right-of-way
                         acquisition. The inherent abuses within this system exist because
                         of the lack of definite guidelines for Right-of-Way Personnel and
                         the lack of trained personnel that are bonded under surety to
                         certify the accounting of the damage and the payment made to the
                         landowner.

                         Budgetary Policy

                         There also exists a budgetary problem in regards to negotiating ease-
                         ments or leases for right-of-way acquisitions. In a situation where
                         the right-of-way acquisition allows for monthly or annual payments,
                         the landowner often requests an advance payment for the amount due over
                         the term of the lease. The advance payment decreases the available
                         money in the current budget and may not be adjusted in the next annual
                         budget. The limited funds may limit the A.S.G. ability to negotiate
                         fair compensation for required right-of-way acquisitions.

                         Land Title Registration

                         Most of the communal land in the Territory of American Samoa has not
                         been surveyed and registered. Communal land ownership under the autho-
                         rity (pule) of the chief (matai) is subject to boundary disputes and
                         disputes of actual ownership because of the lack of recorded boundaries.
                         A common Droblem has.been that the A.S.G. will enter into an agreement
                         with a matai or a person who represents himself as the owner but is
                         not the true owner or is only one of the owners. There is no formal
                         procedure whereby the A.S.G. can obtain a verification of land ownership

                                                           V-23

                   of communal land when the land has not been duly recorded. American
                   Samoa does not have a title insurance company that can give certifi-
                   cation of title to lands subject to right-of-way acquisitions.

                   The recordation of land sales and lease rentals does not have gran     tor-
                   grantee index or a cross-index system to obtain an abstract of the sale.

                   The same problem exists with the recordation of leases. The problem
                   of the lack of registration of title to land in the Territory of American
                   Samoa is indirectly related to the lack of adequate recordation of land
                   sales and lease rentals in the Office of the Territorial Registrar.
                   Land sale prices and lease rentals can be obtained by reviewing the

                   Native Land Transfer Volumes and Native Lease Volumes in the Office

                   of the Territorial Registrar, but the process is very time consuming.
                   The present system provides for the recordation of the land sale or
                   the lease by the village, the "name of the land", and in chronological
                   order of presentation for recordation.

                   Past experience has shown that when the A.S.G.-personnel enter into
                   an agreement with the wrong landowner or with only one of the landowners,
                   a matai or person believing to have a claim on the land will file a
                   temporary restraining order against the American Samoa Government and
                   the alleged landowner. The temporary restraining order will seek to
                   have a preliminary injunction until ownership is determined in a trial
                   in the Land and Titles Division of the High Court of American Samoa.
                   Under the laws of American Samoa, any matter involving a land dispute

                   must be referred to the Office of Samoan Affairs for at least two meet-

                   ings and if the matter is not resolved, then a certificate of irrecon-
                   cilable lispute is filed for trial with the High Court of American
                   Samoa. This process is very time consuming and can result in delaying
                   the matter for several years. Most temporary restraining orders in
                   land dispute matters are granted without the posting of a bond and are
                   easily obtainable upon merely filing a Complaint for Injunctive Relief,

                                                    V-24

                       with an affidavit alleging irreparable damage and no adequate remedy

                       at law to support a temporary restraining order.

                       VILLAGE SYSTEMS

                       General

                       There are over 40 villages that have water systems that are completely
                       independent from the A.S.G. water system, except to the extent that
                       they request A.S.G. assistance for repair or expansion to the system,
                       or that they have schools or other A.S.G. facilities in them. There
                       are probably an equal number of villages which maintain private water
                       systems while using the A.S.G. water system as a backup sUpply.

                       Village water systems are distinguished from the A.S.G. water system
                       for several reasons. The most significant of which is that the resi-

                       dents of American Samoa draw a careful distinction between them. The

                       A.S.G. water system is the one that attempts to charge for water through
                       the use of meters or flat rate use charges.

                       It is difficult to generalize about so many individual systems, each
                       of which has features which make it unique from the others. There are,
                       however, similarities that apply to the majority of the village water

                       systems and these similarities will be discussed here.

                       Generally, village water systems are small, unplanned systems that have
                       been developed over time to supply water to a village or a portion of
                       a village. They have usually been constructed to provide minimal domes-
                       tic flows. Pipe sizes are generally under two inches in diameter and
                       storage is limited to that available behind the stream catchment (usually
                       less than 2,000 gallons). The water supply is.generally derived from

                                                       V-25

                       surface water streams. With very few exceptions, these supplies are

                       inadequate during the dry season.

                       The more remote the villages are from the westernized center in the
                       Bay and Tafuna areas, the more independent from the A.S.G. they are
                       in the administration of their villages. This independence is by design
                       of the village councils who do not want control of village affairs to
                       go to outside forces. The strict control over family and village life
                       is part of the fabric of the Samoan culture. Almost without exception,

                       the villages want to maintain control over their water systems, to
                       maintain their independence and to avoid paying for water service.
                       It is very difficult to explain to the villagers that the water charge
                       is not actually for the water, but for the delivery and treatment system.

                       Water Quality

                       None of the villages treat their water in any way and the quality of
                       water is usually very poor (Table V-5 and Figure V-1). The watersheds
                       behind the catchment dams are cultivated by villagers and often are
                       foraged by pigs. Suggestions to limit access or to set aside protected
                       watersheds have been flatly refused by villagers since much of the vil-
                       lage food supply comes from plantations situated in these watersheds.
                       The ownership and control of these lands is vested in different family
                       chiefs. Restricting the use of land by one or more families could cause
                       serious political and cultural problems within the village.

                       The major difficulty with independent village water systems is that
                       few villages have the technical or managerial ability to operate a
                       reliable water system. The villages have gotten by in the past with
                       the simple stream catchment systems when the expectations for the system
                       were low. The villages are growing now, and almost all homes have
                       indoor plumbing. The value of these homes is increasing, and they

                                                       V-26

                                                     ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                TABLE V-5

                                                  SOME WATER RELATED DISEASES

                                              REPORTED TO LBJ MEDICAL CENTER

                                                             1971      1972       1973      1974       1975      1976
                         Amebiasis                              6         0         0          1          0         2
                         Bacillary Dysentery
                         (Shigellosis)                          0         1         0          0          1         1
                         Food Poisoning (Staph.)                1         2         8          2          0         0
                         Hepatitis, Infectious                  13      51          13       24          44        14
                         Infantile Diarrhea
                         (Hospital only)                     155       130         120       119        126       132
                         Salmonellosis                          3         1         0          2          0         4
                         Trachoma                               9         4         0          0          0         0

                            It should be kept in mind that often Samoans do not seek medical
                            treatment for "mild diseases" such as gastroenteritis and dysentery.

                         Source: -1977 Annual Report to the Secretary of the Interior.

                                                                   V-27

                                                   ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                            AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                              FIGURE V- I

                                            PUBLIC NOTICE OF POOR WATER QUALITY

                                                    PUBLIC NOTICE

                                               The Department of Health advises the follow-
                                         ing villages, Fagasa, Masausi, Masefau, Aoa, Ploa,
                                         Amanave, Agugulu, Se'etaga, Ataulama, Amaluia,
                                         Leone, Malaeloa, Ili'ili, Pava'ia'i and Faleniu to boil
                                         their drinking water for 20 minutes before con-
                                         sumption. The Public Health Laboratory Monitor-
                                         ing reports last week indicated that your water is
                                         unsuitable for drinking purposes.

                                               You are strongly advised to stay away from
                                         streams and areas where catchments are located in
                                         order to eliminate contamination. You are also
                                         reminded that stray pigs and other domestic
                                         animals be kept away from these areas.

                                                        FAAALIGA

                                               Ua Fautuaina e le Ofisa o le Soif ua Maloloina
                                         le MGMGIU o alafaga nei:            Fagasa, Masausi,
                                         Masefau, Aoa, Poloa, Amanave, Agugulu, Se'etaga,
                                         Atauloma, Amaluia, Leone, Malaeloa, Ili'ili,
                                         Pava'ai'i ma Faleniu, ina la faapunaina lelei le
                                         suavai mo le 20 minute a e le'i faaaogaina mo le
                                         taumafa. Ua facalia i su'esu'ega a le Ofisa o le
                                         Soifua Maloloina i le vaiaso ua ta'a, le le talafeagai
                                         o le suavai mo le taumafa.

                                               E lapata'i atu i lo outou marnalu ina la
                                         alo'alo ese mai vaitafe ma faatanoa, ina la taofia ai
                                         Iona faaleagaina. E foamanatu atu foi i lo outou
                                         mamalu o mea-ituo-olo ta'aloa, ma nisi mea oia la
                                         teena mai nei laufanua.

                                         Source: Samoa News, Friday, May 19, 1978, Vol. 8-5187

                                                                  V-28

                       warrant fire protection. Villagers are beginning to recognize the
                       health benefits of a quality water supply, and federal regulations (PL
                       93-523) will soon place strict requirements over the quality of water
                       that may be supplied in any water system with 25 or more consumers.

                       American Samoa Government Policy

                       The A.S.G. lacks a clear or workable policy for dealing with the village
                       water systems. While customers on the A.S.G. system are required to
                       pay for water service with the explanation.that the revenues indirectly
                       go toward the operating and maintenance costs for the water system,
                       in contrast, if a village keeps requesting assistance, they will eventu-
                       ally get free repair service or funds for improvements to their water
                       systems. In some instances, the A.S.G. will provide assistance to a
                       village that also has access to the A.S.G. water system. It is not
                       surprising, therefore, to find that people on the A.S.G. water system
                       are reluctant to pay for water service. The A.S.G. water system mainte-
                       nance and operation staff is over-committed to the task of caring for
                       the A.S.G. water system, and time spent with village systems is taken
                       from the customers of the A.S.G. system.

                       The problem is not always clear out or simple. In many villages, the
                       A.S.G. has built schools, housing, dispensaries or offices. These
                       facilities depend upon the village water system for their water supply,
                       and the A.S.G. is obliged to make the repairs to the system necessary
                       to provide service. Unfortunately, the systems are not adequately
                       maintained, properly managed or constructed for sufficient capacity
                       to meet demands. It becomes an impossible, never ending task to keep
                       the systems operating just enough to provide water to the A.S.G. faci-
                       lity.

                                                       V-29

                       Past Improvement Programs

                       The A.S.G. has attempted wholesale improvements to the privately oper-
                       ated village water systems on several occasions. In the early 1960s,
                       a cooperative improvement program to improve the village water system
                       in the Leone area was attempted. Distribution lines and storage reser-
                       voirs were constructed throughout the villages of Leone, Puapua, Malaeloa,
                       Taputimu and Vailoatai utilizing the stream catchment intake constructed
                       by the military during WWII as the main supply source. The system has
                       never operated correctly, and the storage reservoirs have deteriorated
                       to a point of uselessness.

                       Leone Village receives the bulk of the water as it is closer to the
                       source and lowest in elevation on the system while the upper villages
                       receive water only periodically. The villagers report that because
                       of cost overruns, the project was never completed properly and the
                       A.S.G. did not live up to its end of the bargain. The system receives
                       little or no management or maintenance.

                       In 1961, the A.S.G. completed projects near the villages of Asili in
                       the Western District and Fagaitua in the Eastern District. Each of
                       the projects interconnected villages in an attempt to more evenly dis-
                       tribute available water among the villages involved. Unfortunately,
                       the A.S.G. did not discuss this concept with the villages before the
                       systems were constructed. The villages with water were reluctant to
                       give water to other villages without assurances that there would still
                       be an ample supply remaining. The A.S.G. could not identify any group
                       that was willing to assume responsibility for operation and maintenance
                       of the systems. As a result, the systems are used very little and by
                       default are maintained by the A.S.G.

                                                      V-30

                       In 1972, the A.S.G. received a grant from the Economic Development
                       Administration for improvements to approximately 38 village water sys-
                       tems. The grant was obtained in response to the severe drought of 1971
                       which caused many hardships for the villages.

                       The success of this village water system program has been mixed. While
                       some of the systems are operating satisfactorily, there are many which
                       do not. There are several reasons for the problems:

                            1.   The scope of each individual project was determined within
                                 the Public Works Department with little if any input from
                                 the villages concerned.
                            2.   Because of the emergency situation, construction standards
                                 were reduced so that improvements could be made in as many
                                 villages as possible.
                            3.   No provision was made for operation and maintenance of the

                                 systems.

                       The reduced construction standards were to have been offset by the fact
                       that the systems were to become the property of the village in which
                       they were constructed. Ownership by village could provide a degree
                       of protection and careful use that would not be available in an A.S.G.
                       run system. As an example of the required construction standards,
                       distribution pipelines were not buried. As their contribution to the
                       project, the villagers were advised to bury the pipelines.

                       Because the villages had little input into the planning and had no
                       financial investment in the systems, they view the systems as belonging
                       to the A.S.G. They feel that the responsibility for maintenance and
                       protection of the systems also belongs to the A.S.G., and when the
                       systems break down, they expect repairs to come from the A.S.G.

                                                       V-31

                       There is no operational control over the systems and no village orga-
                       nization with the technical capabilities or financial resources to
                       repair the systems. When water is available, there is misuse and waste,
                       and the systems which were designed to operate on a distribution storage
                       principle fail because the storage tanks never fill. Sooner or later,
                       the A.S.G. is obliged to undertake repairs, especially when the system
                       serves a school, dispensary or other A.S.G. facility.

                       The problems associated with village systems become more acute with
                       increasing populations, rising consumption and rising expectations for
                       the quality of service.

                                                       V-32

                     WATER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

                     General

                     The existing public water supply system in American Samoa is a mixture
                     of governmental (A.S.G.) systems and village systems. Historically, the
                     management of these systems has been loosely structured, and management
                     and operation decisions have been made without the benefit of policy
                     guidance, objectives, or written procedures. The need to meet chronic
                     water shortages and expediency in filling village desires has often
                     overshadowed consistent management policy and has served to confuse the
                     overall management of the territory's water systems. Recently, the
                     A.S.G, began to define the management objectives of all A.S.G. water
                     systems in the territory.

                     The purpose of this section is to describe the existing management of
                     the water systems and recommended improvements. For the purpose of this
                     study, water system management encompasses planning, design, operation,

                     and maintenance.

                     The Management of the American Samoa Government Water Systems is the
                     responsibility of the Department of Public Works (DPW). The current
                     Department organization is shown on Figure V-2. Water system planning
                     and design functions are the responsibility of the Water Systems Divi-
                     sion (WSD), while operation and maintenance functions are the responsi-
                     bility of the Water, Sewer, and Solid Waste Division (WSSW). In addi-
                     tion, the Director of Public Works has retained a consulting engineering
                     company to specifically examine water system leakage and pump perfor-
                     mance, and has formed special task forces for the installation of new
                     distribution lines/booster pumps and water line inspection. These posi-
                     tive steps will greatly improve water system operation and management.

                                                        V-33

                                                                               ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                                        AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                         FIGURE V-2

                                                                                  ORGANIZATION CHART
                                                                           DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS

                                                        AssiSTA                              DIRECT
                                                    ATTORNEY GE                           OF PUBL I C
                                                                -T

                                  ELECTRIC              FACILITIES              WATER, SEWER           WATER SYSTEMS           DMINISTRATION            ENGINE
                                  UTILITY                Divisi               I& SOLID WASTE             DIVISIONS               DIVISION                SERVI
                                  DIVISION                                       DIVISION

                                                          INCLUDING

                                                          FORMER
                                                       CONSTRUC TION
                                                         DIVISION
                                                       --7
                                                             AND                                        MOTOR POOL             IVIL OIVIS:.O]N
                                                               I                                                             LC

                                                             AN                                                                 INCLUDING
                                                                                                                                      I
                                                      [-Mml   &                                                             TECHNICAL .SERVICES
                                                                                                                                 DIVISION
                                                                                                                                                      @ENG NE
                                  ELE CT.-C                                                                                                          L     I
                                  UT.  ITY                                                                                                              S ER  V.
                                  J)IV Lq.S.ON

                    The water system management functions within the Department are sum-
                    marized on Figure V-3.

                    Planning and Design of water system facilities is the responsibility of
                    the DPW Water Systems Division. Staffing consists of a division direc-
                    tor and project engineers in charge of distribution systems, pump sta-
                    tions, and ground water. Other staff engineers and draftsmen from DPW
                    are also available on an as-needed basis. Developed plans and specifi-
                    cations are reviewed with the water utility branch and equipment branch
                    managers for operational considerations. Currently, the Division is
                    primarily concerned with the design of the water system improvements in
                    the existing capital improvement program (see Table V-5). There is no
                    current Government of American Samoa planning or design effort underway
                    for water system improvements beyond the 1981 construction program.

                    Operation and Maintenance of the A.S.G. water systems is the responsi-
                    bility of the DPW Water, Sewer, and Solid Waste Division. The Division
                    is officially divided into five branches: solid waste, sewer, water
                    utility, equipment, and special projects. However, in 1977, the water
                    utility and special projects branches were consolidated and simply
                    called Wate@ Utility. The emerging organization and the water system
                    responsibilities of each branch of the Division are shown on Figure V-4.

                    Management Problems
                    Numerous problems in the planning and design as well as the operation
                    and maintenance of the water system have been identified by several
                    investigators, including WSSW and WSD administrators. Many of the
                    administrative problems, such as a lack of formal paper flow through the
                    Division, have been addressed by the existing management. Other identi-
                    fied problems are being addressed through increased attention to opera-
                    tions and an ambitious ongoing program of in-service training. Some of
                    these identified problems, and current or recommended efforts aimed at
                    solving them include:

                                                       V-35

                                                                            ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS
                                                                                    AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                      FIGURE V-3

                                                                               ORGANIZATION CHART

                                                                          WATER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

                                                                                     DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS

                                     WATER, SEWER                                            WATER SYSTEMS                    SPECIAL TASK FORCE
                                    & SOLID WAST                                               DiviSION                             INSTALL:
                                      DivisioN                                                                                 1. BOOSTER P UMPS
                                                                                                                               2. NEW DIST. LINE
                                                                                                                               3. INSPECTION

               U4                   WATER UTILITY               EOUIPMENT                                 PROJECT ENGINEER                     CONSULTANT
                                                           L     BR NCH                                     DISTRO13UTION                   ECIAL AssIGNME
                                                                                                                                                LEAKS
                                                                                                                                         F  Pump AssESSMEN

                                                 DiSTRIOUTIO                                              PROJECT ENGINEER
                                                   SECTION                                                  GROUND WATER
                                                                                                            DEVELOPMENT

                                                                                   SOL D WAST
                                                                                      'BRANCH             PROJECT ENGINEER
                                                                                                           PUMP STATIONS
                                           LFETE     RING AN.
                                                 C, .EC'. ON:

                                                                        ASSESSMENT OF W&TER SYSTEMS

                                                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                  FIGURE V-4

                                                         WATER SYSTEM OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

                                                          L    WATER, SEWER & SOLID WASTE DIVISION

                                                                   I    EQutPmENT BRANCH                          SOL I DWASTE
                                  ER U-viu-Ty BRANT.
                            Fw --l
                              OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE           MAINTENANCE OF WELL PUMPS,                        (NONE)
                                 OF WATER FILTERS                    BOOSTER PUMPS
                              LEAK REPAIRS                        OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
                              NEW ICONNE CT 'ONS                     Of CHLORINATORS
                              ELECTRICAL OPERATING COSTS
                                 OF ALL METERS, PUMPS, ETC.
                              METER INSTALLATION, READING
                                 AND REPAIR
                              FIRE HYOR& N' 1EPIA I
                              3U BMITTAL OF WATER BILLING
                                 INFORMATION TO CENTRAL
                                 ACCOUNTING
                              ROUTING AND BALANCING OF
                                 AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES
                                 THROUGH DISTRIBUTION
                                 SYSTEMS

                 Identified Problem                                                       Identified Solutio

                 Inadequate communication within WSD causes a lack       The division should hold regular s
                 of knowledge about ultimate goals and individual        improve communications between all
                 roles in the program.                                   written plan should also be develo
                                                                         with changing contract engineers.

                 Objectives are not established for WSD and WSSW.        Specific and realistic objectives
                 Consequently, no mechanism exists for evaluation        consumption to 150 gpd, reduce del
                 of employees or division accomplishment.                accounts to 10 percent, etc.) shou.
                                                                         and reviewed annually.

                 The WSD is too task oriented toward component           DPW should increase operational inj
         00
                 installation, lacking sufficient consideration          all projects. All new designs shoi
                 of total system operation.                              any changes in operating characteri

                 There is a lack of total familiarity among              Water Utility Branch objectives foi
                 employees throughout DPW to objectives.                 developed, written in both Samoan E
                                                                         distributed to employees -- See Fi@

                 Personnel lack necessary skills and judgmental          An in-service training program for
                 knowledge of water system.                              implemented to teach basic hydrauli
                                                                         and mechanical skills. Highly trai
                                                                         being hired as vacancies appear th3

            Identified Problem                                                 Identified Solution

            High turnover of employees in the Water Utility         All position descriptions are being exaj
            Branch occurs because of low salary levels.             written as necessary, and salaries adju

            Management procedures in WSSW are vague.                The management manual for WSSW is being
                                                                    Water utility regulations should be dev
                                                                    adopted through A.S.G. administrative p

            High rate (approximately 30%) of water customers        Conflicts in meter readings and billing
            are delinquent in account payments due to               resolved and accuracy is improving in m
            discrepancies in consumption and billing.               and billing preparation.

            WSSW attempts to provide water service on request       WSSW should develop rules and regulatio
            without evaluating capability or the effect on          clearly delineate the manner of providi
            on operation and management resources.                  service to customers.

            "Free water" agreements in exchange for rights-of-      DPW should identify households that rec
            way result in water waste and extension of free         water under past agreements and limit t
            water to growing extended families.                     to households existing at the time of a
                                                                    volume of water should be specified in
                                                                    agreements negotiated.

             Identified Problem                                                                 Identified Solutic

             Lack of clear rights-of-way presents problem for            Insist that all facilities constructed
             maintenance and repair.                                     the maintenance responsibility of A.S.G
                                                                         adequate and clear right of way.

             No direct incentive exists for WSSW to meter or             If water systet collections cannot be c
             collect funds for water usage as funds collected            WSSW account, include metering and coll
             are credited to the general account and not to              funds among the DPW Director's responsi
             the DPW budget.

             Residential meter readings are inaccurate due to            Meter replacement/repair is receiving a
             faulty meters. High level of suspended solids in            and water system filters have received
             water supply increases meter maintenance require-           attention. Suspended solids will be re
             ments.                                                      water quality is improved.

             High leakage rate results in lack of service.               A special leak detection task force, uT
                                                                         of a consulting engineer, is pinpointir
                                                                         repair. A new distribution system is I
                                                                         where replacement is more cost effectii

         M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N

            Identified Problem                                                        Identified Solution

            Per capita water consumption rate appears high.          A.S.G. should increase water use charge
                                                                     should be metered at all service locati
                                                                     and collections pursued as a means of e
                                                                     water conservation. In addition, the g
                                                                     should repair leaks, detect and meter i
                                                                     nections, repair faulty meters, and imp
                                                                     of meter readings.

            A.S.G. facilities, including employee housing,           A.S.G. facilities should be metered and
            are not metered, possibly creating excess con-           water services (in the same manner as el
            sumption and a double standard between the A.S.G.        services).
            and the general public.

            Improper repair equipment available to WSSW.             Equipment needs have been included in tf

            The inadequate water pressure provided to residents      WSSW should develop policy of not allowi
            above service levels promotes water waste and back-      to A.S.G. system at elevations higher th
            flow problems.                                           below storage reservoir overflow. WSSW
                                                                     building permits and ascertain that A.S.
                                                                     be provided at the proposed location. I
                                                                     not possible, A.S.G. should inform the

             Identified Problem                                                         Identified Solution

             The legislature and general public have not been          The DPW should develop a public educati
             made fully aware of the need and components of a          under the auspices of the Safe Drinking
             well managed water system. In addition, the               that would educate the general public o
             operational procedures and improvement program of         of a safe water supply that is adequate
             the A.S.G. water system have not been fully               consistently. The program should inclu
             explained.                                                of the functions of water meters, disad
                                                                       advantages of ground water versus surfa
                                                                       structures, rules and regulations, obje
                                                                       the system as well as management, and
                                                                       for the system.

             No systems operations manual exists, and the              WSSW should prepare an operations manua
             water systems have not been mapped.                       that shows the locations of all the wat
                                                                       components.

                                          ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                 FIGURE V-5

                                     WATER UTILITY OBJECTIVES FY       178

                                       DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS

                     1.  To provide every customer with safe potable water 24 hours per day.
                         This potable water shall meet federal standards for chlorine resi-
                         dual, coliform level and turbidity.

                     2.  To provide every service with at least 25 psi and at most 100 psi
                         water pressure. To reduce the number of trouble calls due to low
                         pressure or no water for any 3-month period to 60 or less (down from
                         700 in June-September 1977 period).

                     3.  To be able to give 36 hours advance warning to customers of any
                         scheduled water outage. To inform customers of every emergency
                         water outage before customer complains to the Water Utility.

                     4.  To be able to report accurately on a monthly and yearly basis water
                         output from all A.S.G. sources and consumption at all metered taps.
                         To be able to estimate unmetered water usage.

                     5.  To reduce the percentage of unaccounted for water (due to unknown
                         illegal connections and leaks) to 15 percent.

                     6.  To provide in service training for all water personnel. Areas shall
                         include water technology, basic hydraulics and quality plumbing and
                         pipefitting practices.

                     7.  To reduce the water accounts delinquency rate (2 months or more
                         overdue) to 15 percent.

                     8.  To meter all users including all GAS facilities connected to the
                         water system.

                     9.  To institute a more equitable rate structure which would recover all
                         operating costs.

                     10. To stay within the budget plus or minus 5 percent each quarter.

                     11. To implement high quality plumbing and pipefitting practices.

                     Source: Department of Public Works
                              Water, Sewer, and Solid Waste Division
                              Water Utility Branch

                                                       V-43

      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I
      I                              CHAPTER T
      I        CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      I
      I
      I
      I

                                                      CHAPTER VI

                                            CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

                       WATER SOURCES

                       General

                       The findings of this engineering evaluation support the American Samoa
                       Government's policy of utilizing ground water as the primary type of
                       water source for its central water system. Existing information indi-
                       cates that sufficient quantities of high quality ground water are avail-
                       able to meet year 2000 water demands for this system. The development
                       of ground water supplies, however, must be carefully managed and moni-
                       tored to insure that the safe yield of this valuable resource is not

                       exceeded.

                       Surface water impoundments presently serving the central system should
                       be maintained as emergency supplies and to supplement ground water
                       sources. In most cases, existing surface sources should be phased out
                       of operation as more ground water production wells are constructed.

                       Available hydrologic and geologic information and data pertinent to
                       the development of water sources for individual village systems are
                       generally insufficient. On-the-ground reconnaissance surveys of villages
                       with water supply problems are needed to determine what type of water
                       source development (i.e., surface or ground) should be pursued in each

                       case.

                       Ground Water Development

                       Exploratory Weli Drilling Program. The current A.Z.G. exploratory well
                       drilling program is directed at defining the ground water resources

                                                       VI-1

                       of American Samoa. The program can be divided by area into those acti-
                       vities that explore the Tafuna-Leone aquifer and those that explore
                       small village aquifers.

                       An analysis of existing ground water data indicates that salt water

                       intrusion is a constant threat at the Tafunafou well field and cautions
                       against overdevelopment of the fresh water basal lens in this area (see
                       Appendix B). It is recommended, therefore, that the ground water develop-
                       ment program be directed to other areas in and around the Tafuna-Leone
                       plain.

                       The wide and deep Malaeimi and Malaeloa valleys appear to be promising
                       as supplemental sources of ground water for the A.S.G. system and deserve
                       to be explored. They are both relatively large basins; they are situated
                       landward of the Tafuna-Leone Plain; thus, farther from the coastline
                       and generally above the more populated areas (i.e., potential sources
                       of ground water contamination); and they may be substantial sources
                       of recharge for the Tafuna-Leone aquifer.

                       The exploratory well drilling program should also attempt to delineate
                       the limits of the Tafuna-Leone aquifer to provide direction for its
                       future development and to aid in a reliable estimate of its safe yield
                       potential.

                       The investigation of other small village aquifers should be directed
                       toward those villages which have the most critical water supply problems
                       and which are not planned to become a part of the A.S.G. centralized
                       water system.

                       The Manua Islands villages are completely dependent upon ground water
                       for supply as there are no reliable alternative sources readily avail-
                       able. Fitiuta Village has the most critical current supply problem.

                                                         VI-2

                       Exploratory wells should be drilled on the ridge behind the village
                       as far from the shoreline as possible. If sufficient quantities of
                       ground water are encountered, two wells should be completed and fitted
                       with pumps of sufficient capacity to individually supply the village.
                       The wells and pumps will represent a sizeable investment by the A.S.G.
                       and should be operated and maintained by the A.S.G.

                       Tau and Faleasao Villages require an additional well to supplement the
                       existing drilled well at Luma High School.

                       ON and Olosega Villages require additional wells to increase capacity
                       and provide reliability to those systems. The Olosega well should
                       include capacity for Sili Village. Each of these wells can be hand
                       dug or drilled depending upon the availability of the drilling equip-
                       ment, the logistics of shipping, and the availability of labor.

                       After completion of the Manua Islands program, the exploratory program
                       should concentrate on the villages of the southeast shore of Tutuila
                       from Auto to Tula. These villages have the most critical water supply
                       problem on Tutuila Island, since few of the streams in the area are
                       perennial. A priority system listing such factors as: ground water
                       potential, A.S.G. facilities to be served, population and absence of
                       other developed resources should be compiled to provide a schedule for
                       an exploratory program. Table VI-1 shows a suggested ranking for these
                       villages of the southeast shore.

                       Production Well Construction. The construction of efficient and perma-
                       nent water wells involves two separate and distinct operations: the
                       mechanical aspects of drilling a hole in the ground and technical super-
                       vision, which includes the engineering and design of the well to fit
                       the particular hydrology and geology of subsurface conditions at each
                       individual well site. In the past 20 years, more than 60 holes have

                                                       VI-3

                                                          ASSESSMENT OFWATER SYSTEMS

                                                                  AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                  TABLE Vl- I

                                                    SUGGESTED VILLAGE RANKING FOR
                                        EXPLORATORY WELLS SOUTHEAST SHORE OF TUTUILA

                                        Ground        Critical A.S.G.                 Absence
                                        Water         Facilities        Popula-       of Other
                            Village     Potential     to be Seryed      tion          Resource                Overall
                            Name        Ranking       Ranking           Ranking       Ranking       Total     Ranking
                            Auto            8             42                 6            8           26          8
                            Amaua           9             42                 8            6           27          9
                            Fagaitua        2             1                  1            5           9           2
                            Alofau          3             3                  2            1           9           1

                            Amouli          5             2                  4            4           15          5
                            Auasi           7             42                 7            3           21          6
                            Utumea          6             42                 9            33          22          7
                            Alao            4             42                 5            2           15          4

                            Tula            1             3                  3            7           14          3
                            1 Rankings indicate which village has the highest priority for each factor.
                              Lowest number indicates highest priority.
                            2 Contain no A.S.G. facilities.
                            3 Served by Ausi water system.

                                                                     VI-4

                      been drilled on Tutuila without the benefit of technical supervision.
                      As a consequence, not enough is known about their construction other
                      than the location, depth and, in some cases, quality of water. The
                      quality and quantity of water from these holes, especially in the Tafuna-
                      Leone plain, are directly related to the uncontrolled manner in which
                      they were constructed.

                      The A.S.G. Public Works Department recently (in May 1978) acquired the
                      services of an experienced hydrogeologist and a well driller. In view
                      of past well construction problems, the results of this study strongly
                      encourage maintaining this level of technical expertise in the future.

                      Ground Water Contamination. The importance of protecting potabLe ground
                      water supplies from all sources of contamination cannot be overemphasized.
                      Once contaminated, the integrity of ground water supplies is difficult
                      to restore. Treatment, as is the case with surface water, is expensive,
                      and the economic advantage of having good natural quality ground water

                      is lost.,

                      Since drilling penetrates the surface soil (overburden) above ground
                      water sources, all drilled holes must also be viewed as potential pipe-
                      lines for introducing contaminants into subsurface supplies, and pre-
                      cautionary measures must be taken at each hole. For this reason, it
                      is recommended that a program be instituted to seal abandoned and un-
                      sealed drilled holes and wells and to insure that production and obser-
                      vation wells in use have adequate sanitary seals.

                      As a general guideline, one of the first considerations that should
                      be given in ground water development is to select favorable production
                      well sites that are above, or upstream, of anticipated sources of con-
                      tamination. Ground water under unconfined or water table conditions,

                                                       VI-5

                       like surface water, flows by gravity. Achieving this advantage reduces
                       the need to impose strict land use controls in tributary areas.

                       Over the long-term, the protection of ground water supplies mandates
                       the strict coordination of waste collection and disposal (wastewater
                       and solid waste) and land use practices and plans with those of ground
                       water development.

                       Surface Waters

                       The short-term operation (next 20 years) of the existing surface water
                       treatment facilities at Fagaalu, Fagatogo and Pago Pago should be used
                       for emergency supplies and to serve the upper elevations of those villages
                       only until the A.S.G. ground water sources and water delivery system
                       is reliably capable of supplying water to the Bay Area (Pago Pago).

                       The existing filtration equipment should be maintained in an operable
                       condition. Expenditures on the treatment equipment should be kept to
                       a minimum and efforts at major upgrading of the equipment should not
                       be undertaken at the expense of improvements to the primary ground water

                       source.

                       The following is a list by sources of general recommendations for the
                       short-term disposition of the surface water sources:

                            1.   Puna Dam and Intake

                                 Abandon as soon as the proposed transmission and booster
                                 system that will supply ground water from Tafuna to Mapusagafou
                                 is complete. Recommended interim, temporary improvements
                                 to make the water safe for residents that are now served by
                                 the source include installation of chlorination equipment
                                 and repair of the 90,000 gallon Mapusagafou tank.

                                                        VI-6

                           2.    Vaitele Dam and Intake

                                 Abandon as soon as adequate and reliable supplies are avail-
                                 able from the Tafuna wells. This should occur in the very
                                 near future as there are four existing wells awaiting instal-
                                 lation of pumps and four new wells contracted for drilling.
                           3.    Fagaalu Intake
                                 Discontinue regular use of this supply as soon as adequate
                                 and reliable ground water supplies from Tafuna are available
                                 in the Bay Area. The existing transmission system as it
                                 exists is adequate for this purpose, however, as described
                                 in Chapter V, excessive demands on the system have created
                                 flow rates beyond the system capacity. The reduction or

                                 elimination of the excessive demands as described later in

                                 this chapter will allow abandonment of this source.

                                 Temporary rehabilitation of the facilities will be necessary
                                 as it is anticipated that it will be at least five years
                                 before the excessive-demands will be reduced. Rehabilitation
                                 work should include repair and recharging the filters and
                                 installation of a more positive chlorination system.

                                 Fagatogo Reservoir and Upper Fagaalu Intake
                                 Discontinue use as a regular source of supply to the lower
                                 Bay Area service level of the A.S.G. system as soon as ade-
                                 quate and reliable ground water supplies from Tafuna are
                                 available in the Bay Area. This source may be kept opera-
                                 tional to serve residences above the upper service limit of
                                 the Bay Area lower service level. Longer term planning should

                                 include a booster station to lift water from the lower service
                                 level to a 'properly designed higher service level distribution

                                 system.

                                                       VI-7

                                 Temporary rehabilitation of the treatment facilities is re-
                                 quired and should include repair and recharging of the filters
                                 and installation of a more positive chlorination system.

                            5.   Vaipito Intake
                                 This source has the most protected and highest quality water
                                 of all the existing surface water sources. With proper manage-
                                 ment and operation of the existing facilities, it may be able
                                 to supply the upper elevations of Pago Pago Village for the
                                 foreseeable future.

                                 The immediate improvements required to this source include
                                 control of the watershed to prevent contamination, diversion
                                 of overland flow away from the Vaipito Reservoir, testing,
                                 and if necessary, repair of the basin for leaks, repair of
                                 the filters, and installation of positive chlorination equip-
                                 ment. This system will also require a review and modification
                                 of current operating procedures and competent operator atten-
                                 tion to bypass unsuitable water and to insure that the equip-
                                 ment is operating correctly.

                                 Longer term improvements should include a new upper service
                                 level finished water distribution reservoir to serve the upper
                                 service level and booster pumps at the filters and at the
                                 lower service level to lift water to the new upper service

                                 level distribution storage reservoir.

                       The long-term operation of existing surface water sources and develop-

                       ment of new surface water sources is dependent upon more extensive
                       information and experience with the ground water sources. If supple-
                       mental surface water supplies must be developed, the existing surface

                       water sources must be the first to be reevaluated. The decision will

                       be made based upon conditions that exist at that time.

                                                       VI-8

                         It 13 difficult, if not impossible, to determine the conditions that
                         will govern this decision. It seems reasonable to assume that an objec-

                         tive will be to combine the best sources for treatment at a central
                         point(s). Based upon this, we would anticipate that the upper and lower
                         Fagaalu sources would be combined for treatment at Fagaalu and the
                         Fagatogo treatment facilities abandoned. The Vaipito intake and treat-
                         ment facilities would be upgraded and utilized for the upper service,
                         levels of Pago Pago Village.

                         Development of new surface water supplies to supplement the ground water
                         aquifer will be dependent upon the sam e future conditions, economics
                         being one of the most important. If new surface water sources are to
                         be developed, one of the important criteria for selection of the source
                         should be the relative location to the ground water supplies.

                         The existing ground water supplies are located in a relatively centra-
                         lized area, and water is transported from there along a lineal pipeline
                         system to the ends of the service area. A break in a pipeline could
                         discontinue service to large areas. Development of a surface water
                         source at a location near the end of the service area could improve
                         the reliability of the system and extend the life of the transmission
                         system by providing additional capacity.

                         With this crite ria in-mind, the most ideal location for a surface water
                         source would be in the eastern district. The perennial streams radiating
                         from Ploa Mountain (Rainmaker) have the best potential. Of these, Alega
                         stream and the Maga, Lesea and Vaitele stream complex above Laulii Village
                         have the best location as they are on the south shore of the island.
                         Investigations (Dames and Moore, 1978) of the Laulii Village stream
                         complex indicate that a sustained regulated flow ot 1.8 million gallons
                         per day could be developed. This flow rate would be adequate to supply
                         the year 2000 water demands for the south east shore of Tutuila Island,

                                                          VI-9

                    but it would require a dam of approximately 180 feet in height to develop
                    this flow. The economics of constructing a dam of this magnitude in
                    Samoa are very questionable. The A.S.G. should monitor flow rates in
                    key streams to aid in future feasibility studies. Consideration should
                    also be given to protection of the watersheds of certain key streams
                    so that they will be available for development in the future.

                    TRANSMISSION AND PUMPING SYSTEM

                    General

                    The recommended transmission system is shown in Figures VI-11, VI-12
                    and VI-13. The past emphasis of the capital improvement program toward
                    transmission pipelines has created a transmission system that is ade-
                    quate to serve the existing A.S.G. water service area until approxi-
                    mately 1990.   The projected A.S.G. system flow rates and calculated
                    hydraulic grade line for the year 2000 are shown in Tables VI-2 and

                    VI-3.

                    Completion of Existing System

                    Prior to 1990, improvements will have to be made to the pipeline sec-
                    tions between Nuuuli and Fagaalu and between Utulei Village and Malaloa.
                    An alternate alignment for the Utulei - Malaloa pipeline that would

                    cross under the harbor near the oil dock is available. This alternate

                    deserves detailed study as it would eliminate the need for new pipeline
                    construction through the congested Fagatogo area, eliminate the need
                    for the Pago Pago pump station, reduce the required pipe size between
                    Atuu and Aua and provide a more flexible looping water system.      The
                    cross bay alternate would present some severe construction difficulties
                    as the 2500 foot crossing would be in water up to 150 feet deep and
                    the area is used for ship achorage.

                                                    VI-10

                                                           ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                  AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                   TABLE VI-2
                                                       PEAK YEAR 2000 FLOW RATES
                                                         FOR A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM

                                                      Year I                        Resi- 2                     Cummu-
                                                      2000       Industrial        dential         Total          lative
                                                      Popu-       Demand          Demand           Flow           Flow
                            Service Area              tion         (MGD)            (MGD)          (MGD)         (MGD)

                         Tafuna & Vaitogi             3779          0.25            0.850          1.100          7.601
                         Nuuuli                       5527             -            1.244          1.244          6.501
                         Faganeaneo to
                         Fatumofuti                    786             -            0.177          0.177          5.257
                         Fagaalu                      1533          0.07            0.345          0.415          5.080
                         Utulei                       1529          0.06            0.344          0.404          4.665
                         Fagatogo                     2917          0.07            0.656          0.726          4.261
                         Pago Pago                    4126          0.80            0.928          1.728          3.535
                         Anua to Aua                  3674          0.10            0.827          0.927          1.807
                         Tafananai to   Laulii         797             -            0.179          0.179          0.880
                         Alega to Avaio                  88            -            0.020          0.020          0.701
                         Auto to Fagaitua              929          0.05            0.209          0.259          0.681
                         Alofau                        496             -            0.112          0.112          0.422
                         Amouli to Tula               1377                          0.310          0.310          0.310

                         I Per A.S.G. Development and Planning Office.
                         2 Population x 150 GPCD x 1.5 peak day factor.
                         3 Assumes no surface water inflow to system.

                                                                       VI-11

                                                                           ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                                  AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                  TABLE VI-3

                                                                         HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

                                                                      FOR A.S.G. WATER SYSTEM
                                                                        YEAR 2000 PEAK DAY FLOW

                                                                                                      Head
                                                                                           Pipe       loss                   Head     ElevG-
                                                                      Flow Rate            Size       ft        Length         loss      tion
                                              Location          NVID           GPM         (in)   -1  @Of t       (ft)         (ft)      HGL

                                       Highway near
                                       well field                                                                                        260

                                                                7.601          5278            20     5.4         2500         13.5
                                       Highway at
                                       Airport Road                                                                                      247
                                       Highway at               6.000          4167            24     1.3         2500         3.3
                                       Housing    Road                                                                                   243
                                       Highway at               5.400          3750            24     1.0         7500         7.5
                                       Coconut    Point                                                                                  236
                                                                5.257          3651            20     2.6       12,000         30.8      -
                                       Fagaalu                                                                                           201 to 255
                                                                5.080          3528            20     2.7         7500         20
                                       Utulei                                                                                            235

                                                                4.665          3240            20     2.3         4000           9
                                       Mogaalii                                                                                          224
                                                                4.261          2959            20     2.0         4200           8

                                       malalocl                                                                                          216

                                                                3.535          2455            16     4.1         1500           6
                                       Pago Booster                                                                                      210  to 255
                                                                2.607          1810            12     11.5        4000         46
                                       Pago Pago                                                                                         246
                                                                2.607          1810            12     11.5        4000         46

                                       Canneries                                                                                         200
                                                                1.807          1255            16     0.91      10,000           9
                                       Aua                                                                                               191  to 255
                                       Laulii                   0.880           600            12     1.2       13,000         16        239
                                                                0.70f           490            12     0.89        4500           4
                                       Alega                    0.681           470            12     0.89     12,000          11        235
                                       Auto                                                                                              224
                                       Alofau Booster           0.422           300            8      2.5         4000         10        214 to 320
                                                                0.310           215            8      1.5         7000         11
                                       Amouli                   0.310           215            8      1.5      18,000          27        309 to 230
                                       Tula                                                                                              203

                                                                                               VI-12

                        The above statements are made on the premise that water consumption
                        can be reduced to a more reasonable 150 gallons per capita per day as
                        discussed in the Distribution System recommendations. Without this
                        reduction in consumption, the two pipeline improvements from Nuuuli
                        to Fagaalu and Utulei to Malaloa are required immediately.

                        Two other small projects within the existing A.S.G. water system service
                        area are the airport extension to improve service to the airport and
                        the 12-inch pipeline from the Pago Pago Reservoir Road to Siufuga.
                        Each of these two projects will enable the abandonment of an old trouble-
                        some pipeline.

                        Extension of System

                        The recommended program also includes extension of the A.S.G. system
                        eastward from Aua-Village to Tula Village at the far eastern tip of
                        the island, westward from Futiga to Amanave at the far western tip of
                        the island and up from Mapusagafou to Aoloaufou Village at the top of
                        the mountain ridge.

                        The recommendation for this expansion is based upon the assumption that
                        this is in the best interests of residents concerned and that they
                        desire to be served by the A.S.G. water system. Before any of the
                        expansion to the service of the A.S.G. water system is begun, several

                        items should be resolved:

                             1.   The A.S.G. should improve the reliability of the existing
                                  system to provide sufficient quantities of high quality water,
                                  and in doing so, improve its public image as being capable
                                  of providing this service.
                             2.   Conduct a public education program to inform the public of
                                  the managerial, public health, and safety aspects of the operm-
                                  ation of water systems. Subjects covered should include such

                                                         VI-13

                           items as: 1) Need for disinfection, 2) The reasons why
                           metering is required, and 3) The advantages and disadvantages
                           of ground water versus surface water sources.
                      3.   Insure that sufficient water supplies, transmission facilities
                           and maintenance capabilities are available to support the

                           new expanded service area.
                      4.   Ascertain that the villages involved wish to have an A.S.G.
                           water system and are willing to allow the degree of control
                           over the water system that is required for proper operation
                           of the water system. As a minimum, the villagers shouldbe
                           willing to pay for water at the prevailing metered rate,
                           donate or sell to the A.S.G. the required land area necessary
                           to construct the water system facilities, and donate or sell
                           any existing privately owned water system facilities that
                           will be incorporated into the new A.S.G. water system.

                 The A.S.G is proposing to make improvements to the Leone water system
                 in the near future. The A.S.G. has drilled and is operating two wells

                 on the grounds of the Catholic Boys School at Malaeloa in an attempt
                 to supply water to the two private Catholic schools and to the A.S.G.
                 facilities at Leone. The privately operated Leone water system has

                 been unable or unwilling to upgrade its system to meet rising demands

                 for water and has forced the A.S.G. to step in and provide the addi-
                 tional water supplies without charge.

                 In addition to the wells, the A.S.G. is currently designing the Western
                 Loop pipeline project which will distribute water throughout the Leone
                 area. The A.S.G. should be extremely careful in the design of this
                 project to maintain control over these new pipelines and avoid connect-
                 ing into the existing distribution system unless it is upgraded and
                 all existing services are metered.

                                                 VI-14

                       The residents of the Leone area should bekept thoroughly informed and
                       their concerns should be reflected in the design of the water system.
                       The project should not continue into the construction stage unless there
                       is agreement between the residents and the A.S.G. on the design concepts
                       and the future operation and management of the system. Some of the

                       points that need to be clarified include:

                           1.   Will the A.S.G. or the villages be responsible for maintenance
                                and operation of the new system9
                           2.   What portions of the existing Leone water system will be
                                incorporated into the new system?

                           3.   Will the water services be metered?
                           4.   How will the existing surface water sources at Leone and
                                Malaeloa be incorporated into the new system?
                           5.   If the A.S.G. is going to operate and manage the system, what
                                rights will they have over the incorporated portions of the
                                existing system and the existing surface water sources?

                       Booster Stations

                       The Aua and Alofau Booster Pumping Stations will be required when the
                       water transmission system is expanded easterly beyond Aua Village.
                       With the indicated sizes on the new pipelines, these booster stations
                       will be able to supply water to Tula Village on the east end of the
                       island. The Alofau booster station is required to lift water above
                       and beyond the high elevation roadway at Cape Fogausa.

                       The Iliili booster station should be sized with sufficient capacity
                       and head to lift water to the Futiga reservoir for service to Futiga,
                       Pavaiai, Iliili, the Leone Plain villages, and the villages from Leone
                       to Amanave. This pump station can serve as a backup supply to the

                       Malaeloa well field.

                                                       VI-15

                       The Futiga booster station will be used to lift water from the second
                       service level Futiga Reservoir to the third level Mapusagafou #1 Reser-
                       voir. The pumps should have sufficient capacity to serve Futiga, Pavaiai,
                       Mapusagafou, Mapusaga and Aoloaufou villages. This booster station
                       will serve as a backup to the Pavaiai and Mapusaga (A.S.C.C.) booster

                       stations.

                       The Mapusaga (A.S.C.C.) booster station should be sized to lift water
                       to the Pavaiai Reservoir and should have sufficient capacity to serve
                       the villages of Mapusaga, Pavaiai, Futiga, Mapusagafou and Aoloaufou.

                       The Pavaiai booster station should lift water the next step into service
                       level three and supply the villages of Futiga, Pavaiai, Mapusagafou

                       and Aoloaufou.

                       The Map@sagafou 2222 stations numbers one through four should be sized
                       to progressively lift the required amount of water from service level

                       three to service level seven.

                       The Malaeloa well pumps will lift water directly to the second service
                       level Futiga Reservoir. Water can be dropped from this re servoir to
                       Amanave at the western tip of the island and can also be used to supple-

                       ment the Tafunafou well field.

                       Residences in Fagatogo and Pago Pago villages are being constructed
                       at an elevation that requires the creation of a second service level
                       in these villages. When the distribution system is rehabilitated in
                       these villages, provisions for the second level and for the booster
                       pumps should be provided.

                                                        VI-16

                       STORAGE

                       General

                       The functions of a water system storage facilities are to:

                            1.   Meet peak demand rates.
                            2.   Supply fire fighting requirements.
                            3.   Provide operational flexibility.
                            4.   Provide pressure and flow equalization.
                            5.   Provide system reliability.
                       The only quantitative functions are those relating to peak and fire
                       demands. The other functions are equally important, but are more charac-
                       teristic of the management and operation of each system.

                       The recommended additional storage capacity required to meet the year
                       2000 demands is shown in Table VI-4. The requirements were determined
                       according to the design criteria developed in Chapter IV and included
                       capacity for peak hour flow reserve and fire reserves.

                       In order to maintain system pressure and flow requirements during periods
                       of peak water use, elevated storage should be located in the areas having
                       the lowest system pressures during intervals of high water use. These

                       areas are usually those of greatest water demand or those most remote
                       from pump stations. Elevated tanks are generally located at some dis-
                       tance from pump stations serving the same distribution pressure level,
                       but not outside the boundaries of the service area unless the facility

                       can be placed on a hill near the service area.

                       Additional considerations for siting of elevated storage are terrain
                       conditions, suitability of subsurface and/or rock for foundation purposes.,
                       and hazards of low-flying aircraft, especially near airports. Elevated

                                                         VI-17

                                                         ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                  TABLE V1-4

                                                       RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL

                                                            STORAGE CAPACITY

                                                                                                    Total
                                                                                     Existing       Recom.        Recom.
                                                                                     Storage        Storage       New
                                                               Service               Capacity       Capacity      Reservoir
                          Reservoir Names                      Area                    (MG)           (MG)          (MG)
                          Amanave                   Amanave, Failolo                                  0.75         0.50 5
                          Autauloma                 Seetaga to Asili                                  -            0.50
                          Taputimu                  Leone, Vailoatai,
                                                    Taputimu                                          1.5          1.5
                          Futiga                    Futiga, Pavaiai, 11iiii,                                            2
                                                    Malaeloa, Puapua                                  0.25         2.5
                          Mapusagafou # I           Mapusagafou                            -          1.0          1.0
                          Mapusagafou #2            Mapusagafou                            -          0.25         0.25
                          Mapusagafou #3            Mapusagaf ou                           -          0.25         0.25
                          Mapusagafou #4            Mapusagafou                            -          0.25         0.25
                          lHill                                                            -          0.50
                          Vaitogi                   Vaitogi, Tafuna, Nuuuli                -          0.50         1.5
                          Tafuna                    Vaitogi, Tafuna, Nuuuli            0.50           2.0          2.0
                          Pavaiai                   Mapusaga                           0.75           0.75          -
                          Blunts Point,
                          Maugaalii                 Fagaalu, Utulei                    2.0            2.0           -
                          Pago Pago, Atuu,
                          Aua                       Pago Pago to Aua                   2.0            3.0          1.0
                          Laulii                    Laulii to Alega                        -          0.25         0.25
                          Fagaitua                  Auto to Utumea                         -          0.50         0.50
                          Leva Point                Amouli to Utumea                       -          0.50         0.50
                          Tula                      Tula, Alao                             -          -            0.25 5
                          1 From Table IV-8.                  TOTAL                    5.25         14.25         12.75
                          2 Provide approximately one day storage reserve for gravity supplyto all villages
                            west of Futiga in power outage or other emergency.
                          3 Service provided from Futiga Reservoir, separate reservoir not required.
                          4 Serve booster stations to Bay Area and potential high demand Tafuna-Nuuuli
                            area provide 1.5 MG reserve storage for operational feasibility.

                            Provide added storage at end of line.
                                                                    VI-18

                        tanks are normally built on the highest available ground so as to mini-
                        mize the required construction heights.

                        The majority of the reservoir capacities and locations require no special
                        comments as to their size and location as the data is directly from
                        the criteria. The tank locations shown are approximate. Generally,
                        the tanks can be moved around within their service area to a site that

                        presents the least obstacles as far as physical construction, right-
                        of-way, cultural, or environmental concerns.

                        Reservoir Location and Capacities

                        The Aua Reservoir is shown at base elevation 175 feet because that is
                        the way it has been previously designed. Right-of-way for the reservoir
                        has been obtained and construction is planned for the very near future.
                        By setting the reservoir at an elevation lower than the standard 190
                        feet, the flexibility for future changes in the water system and effi-
                        ciency of use of stored water is greatly reduced. Consideration should
                        be given to redesigning this tank for a base elevation of 190 feet above

                        sea level.

                        The Tafuna, Nuuuli and Vaitogi service area storage requirement has
                        been divided into two separate reservoirs, one near the Malaeimi well
                        field (Tafuna Reservoir) and one near Iliili Village (Vaitogi Reservoir).
                        The Vaitogi Reservoir storage capacity at the far end of the service
                        level from the Tafuna well field source will provide better pressure
                        distribution at peak hour flows and will facilitate using the airport/
                        Iliili pipeline for backup transfer of water to Leone. The Vaitogi
                        tank site will also provide an easier site for tank construction, but
                        will require an added connecting pipeline. An additional 1.5 million
                        gallons of storage capacity has been added to the volume called for
                        in the criteria to provide operational flexibility and system reliability.

                                                         VI-19

                  The Tafuna-Nuuuli area has a high potential for development and will
                  require significant volumes of water. Water stored in this service
                  level provides the source supply for the entire system to the east.
                  The added volume will provide a reserve for short-term loss of supply

                  from the Tafunafou wells.

                  The Futiga Reservoir has been located and sized to supply the villages
                  of Malaeloa, Puapua and Iliili. Added capacity has been provided for
                  operational flexibility and system reliability. With the indicated
                  2.5 million gallons of  storage, the reservoir can supply by gravity
                  approximately one day's demand to all villages west of Futiga. The
                  water would also be available by gravity to the Vaitogi, Tafuna and

                  Nuuuli area.

                  The Futiga Reservoir would be supplied primarily from the wells at
                  Malaeloa. Discharge pressures on the well pumps should be designed
                  for direct supply to the reservoir. The reservoir can also be supplied
                  with water from the Tafunafou well field by the Iliili booster station
                  or more indirectly by lifting water at the Mapusaga (A.S.C.C.) and
                  Pavaiai booster stations and then dropping back down at the Futiga

                  pressure reducing valve.

                  The Leone service level will be supplied from storage in the Taputimu
                  reservoir. The Taputimu location is recommended over a previously
                  considered site near Leone because the Taputimu site is superior from

                  an ease of construction viewpoint. The Leone site is somewhat better

                  func tionally because it is closer to the Leone population center, but

                  either site would be acceptable.

                                                    VI-20

                        TREATMENT

                        General

                        The treatment of existing and proposed A.S.G. water system supplies
                        can be divided into two general areas, existing surface water supplies
                        and existing and new ground water supplies.

                        Existing Surface Water Supplies

                        The treatment of the existing surface water supplies at Puna Dam, Fagaalu,
                        Fagatogo and Pago Pago should be rehabilitated as described in the
                        previous section on "Surface Water" in this chapter. Generally, the
                        rehabilitation should consist of installation of more positive disinfec-
                        tion systems (chlorination) and repairs to the fi lters.

                        Existing Ground Water Supplies

                        The treatment of the existing ground water supplies should be upgraded
                        as described in the report Disinfection of Ground Water Supplies, CH2M-
                        Hill? 1977.- Each of the production wells should be provided with chlori-
                        nation equipment, and in addition, to insure that a chlorine residual
                        is maintained in the Bay Area, a chlorine monitoring station with re-
                        chlorination capabilities should be installed on the system somewhere
                        between Nuuuli and Fagaalu. A suggested possible site is at the Nuuuli
                        booster station which has been programmed to be abandoned.

                        New Ground Water Supplies

                        The recommended new ground water sources at Tafuna and Malaeloa should
                        be disinfected with chlorine at a central point at each site.

                                                        VI-21

                    DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

                    General

                    As discussed in previous sections, the distribution system is the weak
                    link in the existing water system. Residential consumption averaging
                    285 gallons per capita per day has been estimated in the existing ser-
                    vices. This high consumption is due primarily to leakage and waste
                    in unmetered and illegal connections. The excess water consumption
                    is such a burden on the existing transmission, pumping and storage
                    facilities that the system will not operate  correctly.

                    In many areas,* the existing distribution system is a tangle of small dia-
                    meter pipelines that branch off of the main transmission pipelines into
                    the community. Distribution pipelines wander throughout villages-above
                    and underground and it is difficult to determine which lines are metered
                    and which are not. Illegal connections are simple to make and difficult
                    to police. Repairs to pipelines are sometimes difficult as no rights-
                    of-way exist for most distribution pipelines. Residents can insist
                    at any time that distribution pipelines be removed from their property
                    or prohibit meter readers or repair personnel from  having access to
                    their property.   Meters are*placed everywhere, in  and under homes,
                    outside on the ground surface and underground. The meters are difficult
                    to locate, to read and to repair, and it is sometimes nearly impossible
                    to relate a specific meter to any given house.

                    The A.S.C. should immediately begin an extensive five to ten year program
                    to completely rehabilitate the existingA.S.G. distribution system.
                    To be successful, the program needs support from the Governor's office
                    and the Legislature ("Fono"). Initially, the program will not be popular.
                    If the importance of the program is communicated and results in the

                                                     VI-22

                      form of improved water services are demonstrated, then subsequent efforts
                      will be made easier. Overcoming the initial public resistance will
                      be the first and a major problem faced by-the program. A comprehensive
                      public education and public information program will be required.

                      The completion of the program in the five to ten years projected will
                      require all the resources of the Water System Division and support from
                      the Water, Sewer and Solid Waste Division personnel.

                      REHABILITATION PROGRAM

                      The objectives of the rehabilitation program are as follows:

                           1.   To reduce water waste and misuse

                           2.   To facilitate water system maintenance and repair
                           3.   To reduce operating costs
                           4.   To provide better fire protection
                           5.   To provide equitable water use charges to all water system

                                customers

                           6.   To ensure that all consumers are metered

                           7.   To facilitate meter reading
                           8.   To increase revenues

                      The program outline is shown on Figure VI-1 and is described in more

                      detail as follows:

                           Step 1.   Systematically divide the A.S.G. water system into zones
                           of approximately 50 houses (or any other number that is manageable)
                           that are contiguous and that physically and culturally lend them-
                           selves to water distribution improvements.

                                                      VI-23

                                           ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS
                                                 AMERICAN SAMOA
                                                 FIGURE VI-1
                                             DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
                                     REHABILITATION PROGRAM OUTLINE
                   STEP 1                                                        STEP 11

                   SELECT
                   DISTRIBUTION                                                  DISCONNECT
                   SYSTEM                                                        OLD
                   RENEWAL ZONE                                                  SERVICES

                   STEP 2                                                        STEP 10
                                                                                 RECONNECT
                   CONDUCT PUBLIC                                                CUSTOMERS
                   HEARING  AND/OR
                   VILLAGE  COUNCIL
                   .MEETING                                                      STEP 9

                                                                                 REQUEST
                   STEP 3                                                        REAPPLICATIONS
                                                                                 FOR WATER
                   PREPARE                                                       SERVICE
                   PRELIMINARY
                   ENGINEERING
                   PLAN                                                          STEP 8

                                                                                 DESIGN AND
                   STEP 4                                                        CONSTRUCT
                                                                                 NEW
                   CONDUCT                                                       DISTRIBUTION
                   PUBLIC                                                        SYSTEM
                   HEARING

                   STEP S

                   MODIFY
                   ENGINEERING
                   PLAN

                   STEP 6                         NO               STEP 7
                   REQUEST
                   APPROVAL        NO      is THIS THE     YES     CONDEMN
                   FOR RIGHT-              THIRD PLAN              RIGHT-
                   OF-WAY                  MODIFICATION?           OF-WAY
                          TYES

                                                        VI-24

                             Step 2.   Conduct a public hearing and/or a village council meeting
                             to present the distribution system   rehabilitation program and its
                             objectives, request community support, discuss the water service
                             agreement form and obtain community input.
                             Step 3.   Prepare a preliminary engineering plan for the Water
                             Distribution improvements in the zone. The preliminary plan would
                             attempt to provide water service to the zone through existing
                             A.S.G. easements or recognized public rights-of-way that can be
                             converted to pipeline easements.

                             The preliminary plan would provide fire protection to the zone
                             by maintaining a minimum 6-inch diameter pipeline size and pro-
                             viding adequately spaced fire hydrants. The preliminary plan would
                             provide for right-of-way for all A.S.G. maintained water system
                             facilities for repair and meter reading.
                             Step 4.   Conduct a public hearing to present the preliminary
                             engineering plan to the residents of the zone and to hear criti-
                             cisms and suggestions for the proposed plan.
                             Step 5.   Modify the plan as required and as practicable to reflect
                             public comments.
                             Step 6.   Conduct up to two additional public hearings to present
                             the revised preliminary plan to collect and include public sugges-
                             tions and request right-of-way for the improvement facilities.
                             Step 7.   If right-of-way has not been negotiated at the end of
                             a designated period (60 days after last public hearing) proceed
                             with condemnation for the pipeline right-of-way.
                             Step 8.   When proper right-of-way has been obtained, construct
                             new distribution pipeline.
                             Step 9.   Request that all residents (existing and new customers)
                             who wish to obtain water service apply at the Department of Public

                             Works.

                                                         VI-25

                            Step 10. Connect the services to the new main pipeline. All new
                            meters shall be within the right-of-way and as close to the main
                            pipeline as possible. The new meters shall be installed with
                            sufficient fittings to prevent backflow and to allow quick removal
                            of the meter for repair or for discontinuance of service.

                            Meters would be installed within a meter box to protect them from
                            damage or vandalism.

                            When reconnecting existing customers, adequate service pipe of
                            proper size would be provided by the A.S.G. so that service will
                            reach the point of the original service meter or the residence.
                            It will be the responsibility of the customer to obtain right-
                            of-way for his service lateral.

                            Service to all new customers shall be at the nearest distribution

                            main.

                            Step 11. Disconnect all the old existing service connections from

                            the main pipeline.

                            Step 12. Continue with next zone.

                       VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS

                       General

                       Within the constraints of Public Health Requirements (See Malae, 1976),
                       most individual villages or individuals will be free to either request
                       water service from the A.S.G. system or to develop and operate their
                       own water systems. The choices opened to the villages are illustrated
                       in Decision Diagram (Figure VI-2).

                                                        VI-26

                                          ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS
                                                AMERICAN SAMOA
                                                FIGURE V1-2
                                 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEM DECISION DIAGRAM

                                GOVERNMENT               YES              REQUEST
                                OPERATED INTRA                             GOVERNMENTAL
                                VILLAGE SYSTEM?                            ASSISTANCE

                                        NO

                                VILLAGE OPERATED          No          SMALL INDIVIDUAL
                                INTERVILLAGE
                                SYSTEM?                               FAMILY SYSTEMS

                                        YES

                                DOES VILLAGE HAVE
                        NO      ADEQUATE MANAGERIAL
                                TECHNICAL AND FINAN-
                                CIAL CAPABILITIES?

                                        YES

                                ARE ADEQUATE QUANTITIES                         DEVELOP
                                OF SURFACE WATER AVAIL-          YES            SURFACE
                                ABLE THAT WILL MEET                      ------- WATER
                                MINIMUM QUANTITY                                SYSTEM
                             .,STANDAR S?

                                        NO

                                                                                DEVELOP
                              1
                                ARE ADEQUATE QUANTITIES           YES        al. GROUND
                                OF GROUND WATER AVAILABLE?l                     WATER
                                                                                SYSTEM

                                        NO

                                IS ADEQUATE LAND AREA                      DEVELOP
                                SUITABLE FOR A RAIN            YES         RAIN CATCH-
                                CATCHMENT SYSTEM                           MENT SYSTEM
                                AVAILABLE?

                                        NO

                                                        VI-27

                       If there is a choice and if the villages wish to remain independent
                       from the A.S.G water system and feel that they have the managerial,
                       technical, and financial resources required to properly operate a'water
                       system within existing federal law, they should investigate the water
                       resources within the village. On the basis that the source that is
                       least expensive to develop is the source that should be investigated
                       first - surface water, ground water and rainshed catchment systems
                       should be investigated in that respective order.

                       If none of these sources are viable, then the village should look again
                       at the A.S.G. system, at individual home roof catchment systems, or
                       other individual systems.

                       Whenever the A.S.G. participates in the development or improvement of
                       a water system within an isolated village or villages, the village(s)
                       should be given the option of operating and maintaining that system.
                       The village should understand that it will assume all responsibilities
                       for the operations including financial and legal obligations.

                       The most important legal obligation at this time is PL 93-523. This
                       law applies to all public water supplies having at least 15 service
                       connections or serving 25 or more people. The law requires that tests
                       be regularly conducted to determine if the water supply complies with
                       the minimum requirements. Public notice must be given of any failure
                       to meet standards. The Environmental Protection Agency, the Territory,
                       or private citizens may take legal action against any village believed
                       to be in violation of the act. Copies of the Act, together with a written
                       summary in both Samoan and English, should be given to villages operating
                       systems.

                       All operational and maintenance expenses should be borne by the village.
                       It is highly inconsistent and unfair for consumers on the A.S.G. water

                                                       VI-28

                      system to be charged for water while villages receive free water and
                      free water system repair service. The baiis and reasoning for charging
                      for water service is that the A.S.G. will then operate and maintain
                      the water system.

                      Experience with developing village water systems in many countries
                      (World Bank 1976 and Civil Engineering 1978) indicates that it is highly
                      desirable that the village be involved in the entire system planning
                      process and the village contributes toward the improvements. Most
                      villages in American Samoa want to contribute labor rather than finan-

                      cial support.

                      The contribution of labor is an acceptable alternate, but it creates
                      several construction management problems. The volunteer labor tends
                      to be very unskilled and unreliable. Dollarwise, the unskilled labor
                      portion of the projects is very small and it is usually quicker and
                      cheaper to employ skilled labor.

                      Involving the village in decision-making roles and not just as laborers
                      is more important to the success of the project. By being involved
                      in the decisions, the village is, to a large extent, responsible for
                      the success of the system and will be willing to be responsible for
                      the continued maintenance and repair of the systems.

                      The initiative for undertaking improvements to the village system should
                      come from the village itself. A representative from the Development
                      Planning Office or the Department of Public Works should be available
                      to the village for help in organization, as a liaison in dealing with
                      various A.S.G. agencies and for technical assistance with the system
                      design. If it has not done so, the village should be encouraged to
                      form a Water Committee that would be responsible for coordinating the
                      village decision process, collection of required funds, coordination
                      of the construction process, and ultimate management of the water system
                      operation.

                                                       VI-29

                       The village should be required to pay a part of the construction costs,
                       not because the funds are necessary to complete the water system, but
                       because the contribution of funds is part of the participation process.
                       The collection of funds for the construction of churches or other village
                       projects is very much a part of the culture and life style of small
                       villages and if encouraged, could be applied to water system improve-

                       ments.

                       Water Consumption

                       One of the first steps in the design of a water system is the determina-
                       tion of water demands. The water demands of a village-type community
                       in a developing area are dependent to a great extent upon the type of
                       waste disposal system to be utilized.

                       The common industrialized society's solution to waste disposal is through
                       the use of waterborne sewage transport. This involves dilution of the
                       waste with potable water. The resulting sewage, mostly water, is flushed
                       through a system of subterranean pipes and pumping stations to one dis-
                       charge point. Because direct discharge of large volumes of waste is
                       detrimental to the receiving water, the objective then becomes one of
                       repurifying the water and reconcentrating the waste. The dilution-recon-
                       centration process makes little sense economically or in terms of resource
                       conservation. Flush toilets for water transport of wastes utilize the
                       majority of water consumed in a residential structure.

                       A.S.G. planning should investigate alternate waste disposal technologies
                       to determine if some other system would be acceptable to the community
                       without the utilization of large quantities of potable water and the
                       high cost of sewerage.

                                                       VI-30

                     Surface Water

                     The vast majority of villages currently use surface water streams or
                     springs for their source of water supply. Surface waters are the easiest
                     and cheapest to develop and are the first to be developed. There are
                     several problems that must be addressed when utilizing surface waters.

                     The quantity of flow varies with each season. The short, steep streams
                     of American Samoa have a very rapid runoff, and as the 1971 and 1974
                     dry season demonstrated, base flows rapidly diminish after several weeks
                     without rain. The narrow, steep watersheds also make it difficult,
                     if not economically impossible, to construct dams that can contain
                     sufficient water to carry over through a long dry season. A surface
                     water source is only as good as its low flow unless a substantial volume
                     of water is stored for use during the low flows encountered during the
                     dry season.

                     The high intensity rains of American Samoa wash sediment and debris

                     into the streams that must be removed from the water. Current federal

                     regulations have very high standards for water quality. To meet these
                     standards most surface water sources would, as a minimum, require sedi-
                     mentation, filtration and disinfection treatment processes. These
                     processes are expensive to build and difficult to maintain. To be
                     bacterially safe, the watersheds above a stream intake should be set
                     aside to nearly a natural state. All access to the watershed should
                     be controlled. This is a very difficult problem in American Samoa where
                     land is scarce and villagers traditionally raise their own crops on
                     the lands above the villages.

                                                       VI-31

                       Ground Water Wells

                       Ground water typically offers the best possibility of a high quality
                       water with minimum treatment and storage requirements. The quality
                       and quantity of ground water normally remains relatively constant over
                       time. Barring mechanical problems, once a well is drilled and success-
                       fully tested, it can be expected to be a reliable source of water for
                       many years. Chlorination would normally be the only recommended treat-
                       ment requirement.

                       The main problem with ground water wells is that they require a pump
                       and motor which require maintenance and operation effort and expenses.
                       Past experience with wells in villages has not been good. The equipment
                       is not maintained and sooner or later breaks down, leaving the village
                       without water. A backup well and pump should always be provided.

                       The drilling of wells requires an expenditure of funds and is not always
                       successful. Because of this and a lack of understanding of ground

                       water, the community does not generally support wells as a water source.
                       A public education program could do much to relieve many of the misunder_
                       standings. Exploratory well drilling programs along the narrow coastal
                       plain in which the majority of villages are located have indicated that
                       the quantity of ground water is limited. The alluvial fills are highly
                       weathered and have limited quantities of developable water. However,
                       most villages have some potential for ground water that should be inves-
                       tigated. The A.S.G. test well drilling program is scheduled to inventory
                       the ground water of most villages that are currently outside of the
                       A.S.G. water system. This information would aid the villages in master
                       planning their water system objectives.

                                                       VI-32

                      Village Rainshed Catchment, Systems

                      Certain villages which lack both surface and ground water supplies could
                      develop a village-wide rainshed system  to provide water. Typically,
                      this system consists of a large impervious area to collect rain and

                      storage facilities to contain rainfall runoff for drier periods. These
                      systems can provide high quality water with simple slow sand filtration

                      and chlorination.

                      The village-wide rainshed systems require a relatively large capital
                      investment that is far beyond the capabilities of a village and would
                      probably have to be developed and operated with assistance from the

                      A.S.G.

                      Because of the high development costs, the design of these systems
                      assumes strict control over water usage to prevent waste. The attached
                      schematic designs and preliminary cost estimates for two villages
                      (Aoloaufou and Fitiuta) give some idea of the size and cost of these
                      systems (Figures VI-3, VI-4, VI-5 and VI-6). Aunuu village also has
                      characteristics that would make a rainshed catchment system attractive.
                      The Aunuu system could be designed to mix the high quality rainshed
                      water with the high chloride ground water presently utilized in Aunuu
                      Village.

                      The primary disadvantages of rainshed systems are their relatively high
                      development costs and the fact that the catchment structure and storage
                      facilities can not be economically constructed large enough to supply
                      water through all rainfall probabilities. An economic decision would
                      be made to size the system to provide design water demands in eight
                      out of ten cases, nine out of ten cases, or some other frequency.
                      Shortages during low rainfall years would@be met by alternate sources
                      and/or strict rationing.

                                                         VI-33

                                                                                           oz@
               0,

                                                                                                 10,
                                                             -led

                 /a

                                                                     Fl
         --@F NISH        ER
            STORAGE-__TANK--@.
           -,fI ATI-QN Bv-,-                                                      'a
           C 0 MTIG
              5    0 A     AW
                  R   OW  G

                                                 'POO
                                 obb          43
                                 41
                    11170
                                                                 ASSESSMENT  OF WATER SYSTEMS AM

                                                                         SCHEMATIC RAINSHED W
                                              alto                                 - FITIUTA VILL
                                          700                             SYSTEM
            0                                                         U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9
            do                                                                    OAHU . HAWAII

                                                                                            FIGURE
                                                                                        Im IN!

                                            ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS
                                                  AMERICAN SAMOA
                                                  FIGURE VI-4
                                              PRELIMINARY DESIGN
                                        FITIUTA VILLAGE WATER SYSTEM

                       1. POPULATION

                              YEAR                  POPULATION
                              1974                      441
                              2000                      502*
                              *0.5% increase per year

                       2. WATER CONSUMPTION

                              ASSUMPTIONS:

                                1.  No industrial or commercial use
                                2.  50 gallons per capita per day consumption
                                3.  Strict controls (meters) over water use
                                4.  Government operated system
                                      502 people x 50 gallons/day x 365 days     9,161,500 gallons
                                5.  Mix in 2,500 gallons per day from
                                      existing brackish well
                                      2,500 gallons/day x 365 days                 912,500 gallons
                                      Gallons required from catchment            8,249,000 gallons

                       3. REQUIRED CATCHMENT AREA
                              Assume 110 inches rain/year (90% probability rainfall)
                              8,249,000 gallons/year x 12 inches/foot - 120,306 square feet
                              7.48 gallons/cu. ft. x 110 inches/year

                       4. STORAGE SIZING
                              (per mass storage calculations)
                              625,000 gallon storage reservoir required

                       5. COST ESTIMATE
                                1. Storage tank (625,000 gallon)                         = $175,000
                                2.  Rubber lined catchment (120,306 sq. ft. @ $1.50)     =   180,500
                                3. Treatment & miscellaneous                                  75,000
                                                       Subtotal                          = $430,500
                                                       Contingencies 15%                 =    65,000
                                                       TOTAL                             = $495,500
                                                       SAY                               = $500,000

                                                           VI-35

            0

           10

          20

        w
        0,30
        z                                                            oeq
        w
        X40
        D
        050                                                   d
        u-
        060
                                                          001-
      aN  70
                                                     J
        HE
        M80
        0
        ir
        0-90                                   E

          100
           70        80      90        100     110       120      130      140
                                     ANNUAL RAINFALL (inches)

                                         ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                              AMERICAN SAMOA
                                              FIGURE VI-5
                                  RAINFALL PROBABILITY AT TAFUNA AIRPORT
                                M m m m m = m

                                                                                        1275

                                       so
                                                                                             ----S-PALS@      2

                                                         13
                                                                                                               i4l

                                                                                    1400
                                                                                   FINISH                 STORAGE
                                                                                             142.5
                                                                                   FILTRATION a CHLOR
                                                                                            1450
                                               M,      AW                                 1475
                                                    S ORA                                       1500
                                                                                               15? 5
                                             /I -5a                                   11 00         T
                                                                                        AIN ATC.          N
                                                                                        L '4

                         LOAvA
                      CRATE

                                                     ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTSMS9 AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                 SCHEMATIC RAINSHED WATER
                                                                SYSTEM.- AOLOAUFOU VILLAGE

                                                            U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
                                                                             OAHU I HAWAII
                                                                                         FIGURE Vl- 6        PagelZI-37

                                              ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS
                                                     AMERICAN SAMOA
                                                    FIGURE VI-7
                                                PRELIMINARY DESIGN
                                        AOLOAUFOU VILLAGE WATER SYSTEM

                   1. POPULATION

                          YEAR                        POPULATION
                          1974                           410
                          2000                          1137*
                          *4% increase per year

                   2. WATER CONSUMPTION

                          ASSUMPTIONS:

                            1.  No industrial or commercial use

                            2.  Strict controls (meters) over water consumption
                            3.  Government operated system
                            4.  75 gallons per capita per day consumption
                            5.  Existing spring average flow 40 gpm,
                                  1137 people x 75 gallons per day x 365 days = 31,125,400 gallons
                                  Less 40 gallons/minute x 1440 minutes/day
                                      x 365 days                                   = 21,024,000 gallons
                                  Gallons required from catchment                  = 10,101,400 gallons

                   3. REQUIRED CATCHbIENT AREA
                          Assume 140 inches/year rainfall as per Faga'alu rain     station (90% rainfall
                            probability)
                          10,101,400 gallons/year x 12 inches/foot =      115,753  square feet
                          7.48 gallons/cu. ft. x 140 inches/year

                   4. STORAGE SIZING
                          (per mass storage calculations)
                             2.00 million gallon storage reservoir required

                   5. CATCHMENT SYSTEM COST ESTIMATE
                            1. Storage tank (2.0 M.G.)                                 $550,000
                                Rubber lined catchment (1.50/sq. ft.)                   174,000
                            3. Treatment & miscellaneous                                 75,000
                                                              Subtotal                  799,000
                                                              Contingencies 15%    =    120,000
                                                              TOTAL                =   $919,000
                                                              SAY                  =   $925,000

                                                           VI-38

                        0

                        10

                      20

                   z
                   w  30
                   w                                     -L. Z
                   D
                   040

                      50
                   u-
                   0
                   >- 60

                   Co 70
                   <                         4+
                   Co
                   0  80
                   Cr
                   CL 90

                       100
                         100                        200                          300
                                                        ANNUAL RAINFALL (inches)

                                                 ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                      AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                      FIGURE VI-8
                                        RAIWALL PROBABILITY AT UPPER FAGAALU RESERVOIR

                       Individual Roof Catchment Systems

                       Many homes presently utilize runoff from roofs for water supply pur-
                       poses. Except for a very few, these systems are primitive and runoff
                       is only collected in barrels and buckets from roof downspouts.

                       A few homes have more advanced systems with adequately sized gutters,
                       storage tanks, and pressurization systems. Some of these systems have
                       proved to be successful in the relatively evenly distributed annual

                       rainfall of American Samoa.

                       Calculations for a typical system in American Samoa in an area with
                       100 inches of rainfall per year and an allowance for only 50 gallons
                       of water per person per day indicate that the individual roof catchment
                       system would require 300 square feet of roof area and 1500 gallons of
                       storage capacity per person in the household. Reservoir storage capa-
                       city was determined by mass storage calculations which assumes that
                       storage will be depleted coincidentally with the first rains of the

                       wet season.

                       A consumption rate of 50 gallons per person per day is low by most
                       standards. There have been no studies on the actual consumption rates
                       in American Samoa, and it is possible that through strict control of
                       water usage, the head of a household could reduce water consumption
                       to a lower rate. Perhaps a demonstration project could be developed
                       that would provide more information on water consumption.

                       With a consumption rate of 50 gallons per person per day, the typical
                       U.S. household of 3.5 persons would require a storage capacity of some
                       5,000 gallons and a roof area of slightly over 1000 square feet. Samoan
                       households average 7.4 persons per household (see 1977 annual report)

                                                        VI-40

                       and would require facilities over twice as large. A typical Samoan
                       residence has far less than the required 2200 square feet of roof area
                       and would require special additions for the extra catchment area. .

                       Roof catchment systems can be of several types. To eliminate the need
                       for pumping to pressurize the system, a catchment roof and storage tank
                       can be constructed as a separate structure from the residence. The
                       structure will have to be elevated above the residence by either build-
                       ing an elevated structure or by siting the structure on elevated ground.
                       In this system, the size of the catchment area is usually limited by
                       economics to an area roughly equal to the size of the tank roof. The
                       system, therefore, can not be relied upon for continual supply and
                       requires a backup source. The backup source can be either a village
                       or the A.S.G. system. The backup system, however, may be experiencing
                       the same water shortages during low rainfall periods.

                       The separate structure system could be constructed in American Samoa
                       using locally available materials (galvanized iron roof catchment and
                       5000 gallon ferrocement tank) and skills for less than $1,000.

                       A catchment system that utilizes the roof area of the residence could
                       also be easily constructed (Figure VI-9). The roofs should be of galva-
                       nized iron or some other nonorganic material that does not impart a
                       taste or color to the water as do wood shingles or composition roofing.
                       The roofs of existing homes are sometimes difficult to incorporate into
                       a roof catchment system because of the materials used for construction
                       or because their layout makes collection of all runoff difficult. How-
                       ever, new home roofs can easily be planned for efficient collection.

                       The roof catchment system requires a pump and pressure tank if adequate
                       pressures are to be maintained in the residence. The pump increases
                       the maintenance requirements and reduces reliability. A pumped syjtem

                       would cost approximately $1500 in American Samoa.

                                                       VI-41

                                                                METAL ROOF

                                            GUTTER

                                      SCREEN

                                                    v

                                   PREFILTER              WATER STORAGE
                                   SETTLING TANK
                                                             TANK

                            SAND
                            FILTER

                                                                     HOUSEHOLD
                          PUMP a                                     USE
                          PRESSURE
                          TANK

                             OPTIONAL BACKUP SUPPLY

                                      ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS ',.AMERICAN SAMOA

                                               ROOF CATCHMENT SYSTEM

                                           U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
                                                       OAHU, HAWAII
                                                               FIGURE W-9   PageZ-42

                        Any roof catchment system will experience shortages at one time or
                        another because it is impossible to construct a system large enough
                        to cover all rainfall probabilities. With proper management of water,
                        though, the shortages can be reduced to a minimum.

                        RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION

                        General

                        The procurement of right-of-way for construction of improvement programs
                        has historically been the source of problems and delays for the American
                        Samoa Government. The difficulties can be traced directly to adminis-
                        trative problems, a lack of policy guidelines, and the unique Samoan
                        communal land ownership arrangement. The problem also relates to the

                        reluctance of the A.S.G. to take a firm stand on the issue because of

                        a fear that it may be violating the nonalienation of native lands policy.
                        The A.S.G. also feels that a firm stand may not be popular in the small
                        island community. The avoidance of confronting right-of-way issues
                        and the urgent need for water system improvements have sometimes caused
                        projects to be modified at the expense of higher construction costs
                        or operational efficiency.

                        The difficulty in obtaining right-of-way can also be viewed as a measure
                        of the public's lack of knowledge concerning the A.S.G. water program.
                        This unawareness of A.S.G. improvement programs in turn leads to apathy
                        and nonsupport of the programs. The present policies do not stress
                        public involvement, and this is exemplified by the tradition of making
                        public contact for the first time only when attempting to obtain right-
                        of-way for projects. An individual who is not informed about proposed
                        plans and objectives of the improvement programs will have little con-
                        fidence in the programs and little sense of community duty to cooperate
                        in providing right-of-way.

                                                         VI-43

               Recommended Policy and Procedures

               After a review of the problem areas within the Right-of-Way
               Branch of the Department of Public Works, the following revisions
               to the present system are recommended:

                     1.  The American Samoa Government should adopt a policy to
                         expedite right-of-way acquisition by instituting condemna-
                         tion proceedings under the public domain authority
                         vested in the A.S.G. when an agreement is not reached by
                         negotiation with the landowner within a reasonable time.

                     2.  Establish a Right-of-Way Branch in the Department of Public
                         Works staffed by engineers, surveyors, draftsmen, right-
                         of-way men, trained appraisers, lawyers, and other personnel
                         required for efficient and prompt right-of-way acquisitions.
                         Whenever necessary, long"term (five year) contracts of employ-
                         ment could be made with skilled personnel to maintain conti-
                         nuity in the Right-of-Way Branch.

                    3.   Arrange public hearings in cooperation with the Office of
                         Samoan Affairs before a final selection is made of the right-
                         of-way route in the village or villages affected. The
                         public hearings will identify the landowners, problems with
                         the selected route, and problems in obtaining land values
                         and lease rentals in the area by the appraisers.

                    4.   In the negotiation stage, the American Samoa Government
                         should initially make an offer to purchase the property from
                         the landowner. If an agreement is not reached, the A.S.G.
                         should have appraisers investigate the property and make an
                         official,appraisal of its market value. The landowner would
                         then be given an official notice that states the property
                         is to be taken, given a description of the property, and se ts
                         forth the amount the A.S.G. will pay. If the amount is accep-
                         table to the owner, the purchase of the property will.be

                                                 VI-44

                              secured by an agreement between the A.S.G. and the owner.
                              If the amount is acceptable, but there is a dispute as to
                              the ownership of the land, all parties claiming ownership
                              should execute a release. A writ of interpleader would be
                              filed by depositing the agreed upon amount with the High
                              Court and the Court would determine ownership for the pur-
                              pose of distribution of the amount deposited with the
                              Court Registry. If an agreement cannot be reached, then
                              condemnation proceedings should be instituted immediately.

                              Abolish the crop damage schedule of payments system and.
                              make payments pursuant to the fair market value of the
                              land by the official appraisers. A landowner refusing to
                              accept the official appraisal value may seek to prove by
                              competent evidence that the compensation is inadequate for
                              past., present, and prospective loss to the property not taken
                              a5-a measure of compensation. The owner may also show the
                              special adaptability or availability of the land for its
                              highest and best use as a measure of increasing the com-
                              pensation. It should be noted that as long as the taking
                              is for the public use, the only matter remaining would be
                              the award of just compensation to the landowner.

                         6.   The Right-of-Way Branch budget should be set for a longer
                              term (three years) to allow a review of right-of-way acqui-
                              sitions during that period and estimate the-budgetary needs
                              of the Right-of-Way Branch. The Budget would have to be
                              audited on an annual basis to determine whether or not a
                              special appropriation will be necessary to meet the right-
                              of-way acquisitions that exceed the estimated cost for
                              particular projects or for new projects that were not a part
                              of the original budget consideration. Advance payments for
                              monthly or annual rentals for right-of-way acquisitions or
                              leases should be discouraged and be subject to approval
                              by the budget officer for the Right-of-Way Branch.

                                                           vi-45

                    7.   Enact legislation to authorize the Right-of-Way
                         Branch to enter land for the purpose of making
                         preliminary surveys and plans prior to the commence-
                         ment of proceedings to acquire land for public use.
                         After determination of ownership, record surveys of
                         right-of-way acquisitions that describe ownership and boundary
                         lines in the Office of the Territorial Registrar. This will
                         provide.a record of land ownership and boundary definitions
                         whenever the A.S.G. takes land for public use under a
                         right-of-way acquisition.

                    8.   The Office of the Territorial Registrar should adopt in-
                         dexing systems that will increase the efficiency of
                         retrieving land sale records, leases, easements, condemnation
                         and right-of-way acquisitions. The American Samoa Govern-
                         ment should assist the collection of statistics on written
                         lease agreements that are not recorded with the Territorial
                         Registrar or informal oral lease rent agreements bytaking a
                         survey of commercial and residential rentals in the Territory
                         of American Samoa and making the information available to the
                         Right-of-Way Branch.

                    9.   Enact legislation to require the mandatory posting of a bond
                         or surety to secure temporary restraining orders seeking to
                         restrain right-of-way acquisitions.

               Cultural Considerations

               The cultural aspects to be considered in condemnation and right-of-way
               acquisitions would involve the direct infringement on the Samoan concept
               of their inalienable rights to the land. The A.S.G., past and present,
               had zealously supported the policy to protect Samoan lands. Since
               1961, the A.S.G. policy has been to encourage negotiations for right-
               of-way acquisitions and not to use condemnation proceedings. This
               policy may have contributed to many of the problems described in Chapter V.

                                                  VI-46

                       The villages of Fagatogo and Pago Pago represent a unique problem that
                       is not completely cultural, but it still presents a major obstacle to
                       any right-of-way acquisition for waterlines and monitoring water use
                       by meters in these villages. The villages rely on an agreement between
                       Commander Benjamin F. Tilley, U.S. Navy, and the Chief of Fagatogo and
                       the Chief of Pago Pago, dated August 23, 1899. In the agreement, the
                       Navy agreed to "two pipe hydrants for the public use in the village
                       of Fagatogoll in exchange for "three hundred dollars and the exclusive
                       right to construct and maintain a reservoir, pipeline, and all necessary
                       connections and fittings". Many residents in these villages have inter-
                       preted the agreement to mean that they have a right to free water from
                       the A.S.G. water system ("public hydrant") and are reluctant to sur-
                       render this assumed privilege. The 1899 Tilley agreement may be con-
                       sidered a treaty with the United States entered into prior to the Deed
                       of Cession in 1900 which would raise a legal question. To be effective
                       a treaty must be adopted by the President of the United States and
                       approved by two-thirds of the United States Senators present at the
                       time of approval.

                       The primary cultural objection that would be raised in every right-of-
                       way acquisition is the erosion of the Samoan way of life (11fala Samoa").
                       Every taking of land for public use, directly affects the authority
                       ("Pule") of the chief (I'mataill) over land that he exercises control
                       over for his extended family. The Pago Pago Well Condemnation, Airport
                       Acquisition, and Dairy Farm cases, however, demonstrate that condemna-
                       tion proceedings can be effectively instituted without seriously affect-
                       ing the Samoan culture.

                                                         VI-47

                     WATER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

                     General

                     Over the short-term, the attention that is now being given to the pro-
                     blems of operation and management of the water system and the coordina-
                     tion with planning functions appears to be a great improvement over past
                     efforts. The development of programs to meet the goals and objectives
                     of the water utility branch are underway and should receive priority
                     attention within WSSW. Outlining these programs and disseminating the
                     information to various departments of the Government of American Samoa
                     would do much to strengthen the understanding of the operational consi-
                     derations of WSSW in the planning efforts and would define the role of
                     government in water systems development. In addition, weekly staff
                     meetings between the Water Systems Division and Water Utilities would
                     increase coordinatation between the design and operation professionals.

                     The policy and operational procedures in regards to government interven-

                     tion in village water systems should be formalized prior to increased
                     government expenditures on the village systems. Because of consistently
                     expressed village sentiment towards maintaining traditional ownership of
                     the water use rights, the DPW goal of owning and operating all water
                     systems and charging customers appears ill-fated. It is recommended
                     that A.S.G. acknowledge village ownership and operation of water systems
                     and only provide services on a work order basis, charging for services
                     rendered. In situations where the Governor determines aid is desirable,
                     he allocates money from a small descretionary fund, called the Small
                     Village Fund. This aid should not be channelled through Water Utility,
                     but through another DPW division. This will reduce public confusion as
                     to the role of Water Utility in operating A.S.G.'systems. To accom-
                     modate A.S.G. facility requirements, the government should either
                     develop separate water supplies for government facilities served by

                                                       VI-48

                    village systems, or purchase water from the village systems at the same
                    rate for which A.S.G.. charges for government supplied water@. This
                    approach will not only minimize conflicts, but absolve A.S.G. of many
                    operational responsibilities for village water systems under the Safe
                    Drinking Water Act.

                    Long-Term Recommendations
                    Management will receive additional government-wide emphasis through
                    increased budgeting in the fiscal years following FY79. However, a
                    reorganization of the DPW functions dealing with water systems design,
                    construction, maintenance, and operation to take advantage of existing
                    professional talent and to improve coordination, appears desirable. A
                    Water Division could be formed within the Department of Public Works,
                    which would combine planning, design, construction, operation, and main-
                    tenance of all water systems under one Assistant Director of DPW. A
                    atrong manager with experience in managing multidisciplined organiza-
                    tions would be required. A recommended organization chart for such a
                    Division appears as Figure VI-10. This organization would provide
                    increased engineering expertise for operational decisions without dupli-
                    cating engineering or support staff efforts in separate design and oper-
                    ation divisions. Additionally, the organization will facilitate in-
                    creased emphasis on upgrading the distribution system. The additional
                    function of needs assessment was added to form a basis for future plan-
                    ning. Locating all members of the Division in one specific area, and
                    holding weekly staff seminars to discuss plans and operational problems
                    would also increase the coordination of objectives and provide the bene-
                    fits of additional exchange of technical information. The existing
                    in-service training program should be expanded to include all levels of
                    management, as well as field personnel and the topics expanded to
                    include billing and other management considerations.

                                                        VI-49

                                                                            ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                                                     AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                        FIGURE VI-10

                                                                                     ORGANIZATION CHART

                                                                                   PROPOSED WATER DIVISION

                                                                               DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS

             i-n                                                                  ASSISTANT DIRECTOR,
                                                                             WATER DIVISION ADMINISTRATION

                                              PLANNING AND BUDGETING BRANCH                                    OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE BRANCH]
                                              PLANNI:G:                                                        DiSTR18UTION
                                                NEE0  ASSESSMENT                                               TREATMENT
                                                COSTING AND BUDGETING                                          METERING AND CONNECTIONS
                                              DESIGN:                                                          EouiPMENT
                                                TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION                                  BILLING AND COLLECTION
                                                GROUNDWATER
                                                SURFACE WATER
                                                                        '
                                                                                  A    STAN :D:REC
                                                                                   SS'  IS: T I
                                                                             WATER
                                                                                 D31 V    '0 :N:ADMN
                                                                        ,A.H

                                                                    m

                     With the accelerated construction of water improvements in American
                     Samoa, management and operation requirements have increased dramatically
                     over the past 5 years, and will continue. The burden of compensating
                     for past operational neglect and the operation of this new and rela-
                     tively sophisticated utility system will result in significant demands
                     on management and indicates that bold and forceful changes will be
                     required to correct existing deficiencies and meet the new tasks ahead.
                     Additional repair crews and equipment, meter installation and meter
                     reading crews, mid-level managers, and engineering expertise will be
                     required if the benefits of the new transmission and source development
                     programs are to be extended to the people and if the government is to
                     operate and maintain planned improvements in the best long-term interest
                     of the territory.

                     Another longer range alternative is the formation of a separate author-
                     ity such as a Board of Water Supply, and which the formation of a sepa-
                     rate Division would be an excellent first step. The Board would pre-
                     sumably have all of the functions of the previously mentioned Division
                     and would operate independently of the Government. This would require
                     development of separate billing, procurement, and other administrative
                     functions. This additional overhead expense does not now appear war-
                     ranted for the marginal benefits of bypassing political pressure and
                     cumbersome governmental regulations regarding personnel and procurement
                     procedures. A Board of Water Supply concept should be considered as the
                     system size and functions increase.

                     Long-term planning and policy direction from the highest level of terri-
                     torial government also needs to be developed. Such items as the philos-
                     ophy of continual subsidy of the water system or the possibility of
                     system revenue meeting all (or a fixed percentage) of operating costs
                     need to be addressed in the form of governmental policy. The goals of

                                                      VI-51

                     expansion of the system and of increased water quality also require
                     attention. One recommended step, in development of the policy, is to
                     require completion of the Government of American Samoa Operations
                     Manual. This manual, required under the code of American Samoa, is the
                     responsibility of the Lt. Governor. Policy and operational procedures
                     contained in the manual would be a basis for action on the department

                     level.

                     To reduce public suspicion and distrust of water system management, an
                     ongoing public awareness program should be incorporated into WSSW acti-
                     vities. The program should include both formal and informal public
                     hearings, and weekly television news coverage of system changes. Dis-
                     semination of information on how the system operates and the problems
                     encountered by DPW would be of value. Announcing failures and successes
                     in solving difficult problems will also do much to narrow the gap be-
                     tween public expectations and DPW capabilities. This mutual understand-
                     ing will do much to improve water system management, from which the
                     people of the territory will ultimately benefit.

                                                      VI-52

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     I
     I                   LIST OF REFERENCES
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     I -

                                          ASSESSMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS

                                                AMERICAN SAMOA

                                            LIST OF REFERENCES

                 1.  Alalilima, Vaiao J. and Fay C., Samoan Values and Economic Development.

                 2.  Austin, Smith & Associates, Inc., 'Report Covering a Master Planned
                     Water Supply and Distribution System for the Pago Pago and Tafuna Areas,
                     prepared for the Government of American Samoa, February 1963.

                 3.  Austin, Smith & Associates, Inc., Report Updating the 1963 Master Planned
                     Water Supply and Distribution System for the Pago Pago and Tafuna Areas
                     and Including the Leone Plain, prepared for the Department of Public
                     Works, Government of American Samoa, April 1972.

                 4.  Austin, Smith and Associates, Inc., Water Supply and Distribution
                     Systems Pago Pago and Tafuna Areas, April 1966.

                 S.  Bentley, C. B., Ground Water Resources of American Samoa with Emphasis
                     on the Tafuna-Leone Plain Tutuila Island, USGS Water Resources
                     Investigation"Report No. 29-75, 1975.

                 6.  CH2M Hill, Water System Study: Western Portion of Tutuila Island,
                     prepared for the Department of Public Works, Government of American
                     Samoa, November 1975.

                 7.  CH2M Hill, A Report on Immediate Improvements to Water System, Tafuna
                     Plains to Pago Pago Harbor Area, prepared for the Government of American
                     Samoa, March 1975.

                 8.  CH2M Hill, Wastewater Facilities Plan American Samoa, prepared for
                     the Government of American Samoa, February 1976, two volumes.

                 9.  CH2M Hill, Disinfection of Ground Water Supplies - Predesign Study,
                     May 13, 1977.

                10.  Civil Engineering Staff-ASCE, "Citizen Participation for Successful
                     Village Water Supply", Civil Engineering, August 1978.

                11.  Dale, R. H., Inventory of Village Water Systems in American Samoa,
                     U. S. Geological Survey Basic Data Report, November 1970.

                12.  Dames & Moore, Hydrologic Investigation of Surface Water for Water
                     Supply and Hydropower, Tutuila I51and, American Samoa, September 1978.

                13.  Davis, D. A., Ground Water Reconiiai.ssance of American Samoa,
                     U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 1608-C, 1963.

                                                      R-1

                  14.  Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams, American Samoa, General Plan,
                       Interim Report, November 1972.

                  15.  Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams, American Samoa, Preliminary General
                       Plan, Phase II, October 1972.

                  16.  Flanagan, M. J., American Samoa's Water System Improvement Program,
                       April 1976.

                  17.  Gilbert Associates, Inc., Leak Detection Survey and Personnel
                       Training, July 1974.

                  18.  Government of American Samoa, Comprehensive Health Planning Advisory
                       Council, Gastroentritis and Infantile Diarrhea, Goals, Objectives and
                       Recommend-ations, November 10, 1975.

                  19.  Government of American Samoa, Health Planning and Development Agency,
                       Department of Health, Infantile Gastroentritis and Diarrhea, Plan for
                       Improvement, revised March 10, 1978.

                  20.  Government of American Samoa, Development Planning Office, Overall
                       Economic Development Program, June 1974.

                  21.  Government of American Samoa, Development Planning Office, Summary
                       of Community Participation Efforts, FY 1977-1978.

                  22.  Government of American Samoa, American Samoa Code, 1973.

                  23.  Gutierrez, Leonardo V. Jr., "Water Supply Feasibility Studies in
                       Philippines", Journal of Urban Planning and Development Division-ASCE,
                       Vol/04 No. UPI, May 1978.

                  24.  Linsley, R. K., M. A. Kohler and J. L. H. Paulhus, Hydrology for
                       Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1958.

                  25.  Malae, Abe Utu, The Effect of the Safe Drinking Water Act on American
                       Samoa, 1976.

                  26.  McGarry, Michael G., "Sanitary Sewers for Developing Countries",
                       Civil Engineering-ASCE., August 1978.

                  27.  Morris, Randy, Public Works Role in Developing American Samoa, 1976.

                  28.  R. M. Towill Corporation, Contract Documents and Specifications for
                       Construction of FY 175 Water Distribution System: Tafuna, Nuuuli,
                       fagalalu, Utulei, Pago Pago, Atuu, prepared for the Government of
                       American Samoa, 1974.

                                                       R-2

                 29.  R. M. Towill Corporation, Analysis of Water Distribution System,
                      prepared for the Government of American Samoa, not dated but estimated
                      at January 1975.

                 30.  R. M. Towill Corporation, Preliminary Report-Analysis of Vaipito and
                      Fagalalu Water Treatment Systems, 1973.

                 31.  R. M. Towill Corporation, Basis for Design--FY 174 Water System
                      Expansion, January 1974.

                 32.  R. M. Towill Corporation, Standard Specifications and Construction
                      Details for Water Distribution System, November 1975.

                 33*  R, M. Towill Corporation, Final Report--Analysis of Vaipito and
                      Fagalalu Treatment Systems, June 1973.

                 34.  Sinclair, Roger L., Report Covering a Salt Water Fire Projection
                      System, May 1971.

                 35.  Stice, G. D. and F. W. McCoy, Jr., "The Geology of the Manula Islands,
                      Samoa", Pacific Science, 1968, volume 22, no. 4, pp. 426-457.

                 36.  Stearns, H. T., "Geology of the Samoan Islands", Geological Society
                      of America, Bulletin, 1944, volume 55, pp. 1279-1332.

                 37.  URS/The Ken R. White Company, Inventory of the Economic Development
                      Administration Village Water Systems Program: EDA Project No. 07-11-00809,
                      prepared for the Department of Public Works, Government of American Samoa,
                      October 1975.

                 38.  U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, American Samoa Water Resources
                      Study Plan of Study, December 1977.

                 39.  World Bank,.Village Water SupplX A World Bank Paper, March 1976.

                                                      R-3

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     I                              APPENDICES
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       i                                            APPENDIX A
                                          GAS SYSTEM WATER USAGE REPORTS
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       11
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                                                                                   GAS SYSTEM VkM USAG2 - neTnRER 1977-
                                                            M21;ared      zatir-Itai                                                  Matimated
                                                           C@-"Sump-      Unmstered                                                   Residential
                                       Number of           Lion, MG       Consunp-    Largest Metered         Largest Unmetered       Populatier.     ?rlmary  Water
             Villasr                   Acco-ints Ylat                     tion, MG    Consumption. MG         Consumption, MG         Served          Sources

                 Futtga                   50       None         622                                                                       300         111111 well
                 IMIL                     48                   .872                  John Vienn'.985                                      600         11tilt well
                 Vaitogi                  76                 1.357                                                                        700         111111 well
                 Pfiva'ift'i              45                   .486                                                                       800         Malnelmi well
                .Hapusaga Fou             16                   .144                                                                       100         Legopuna   catch

                 Faleniu/Iiapusega        22                 1.975                   C. College 1.927                                     250         14slaelml  well
                 Malaelmi                 25                   .726                  Kong Yung .215                                       100         Malaelml   well
                                                                                     Coca Cola .731                                       4200        A (Tsfuna Wells
                 Foganeanea/Nu'u'uli     169       02        3.711                                        1
                 Tafuns                                                              FAA Housing .204                                                   (Water catchm
                 Fatumafutt               07                   .130                  Kong Yung .315                                       100              A
                 Tagaalu                  38                   .587                                                                       400         5 (A
                                                                                                                                                        (Fagaalu catc
                 Utulei                   87       28        2.867                   Rainmaker-2.036                                      900         B
                                                                                     Standard Oft .116                                                Utulei well
                                                                                     Morris S- .112

                                                                                              r
                 Fagatogo                151       42        2.221                   Lumana't .148                                        1800        C (B
                                                                                     Ileadow Cold .240                                                  (Fagatogo cat
                 Pago Pago /Satala       202       46        5.183                   B.F.K.   1.007                                       2400        D (C
                                                                                     Solis R. '257                                                      MUM& catcl
                 Atu'u                    34       04          .417                                                                                     (Paro well
                 Canneries                02                 11.319                  SK 7.295                                             500         Utumoa catchmer
                                                                                                                                                           D
                 Leloaloa                 to                   .119                  VC 4.024                                             200              D
                                         990       12S     32*.936 MT                                                                   13,350
                 Total Water
                 Accounted for:          74.0, IIG
                 Total water outpu.1                                                         9 accounted for: @0.9%                                          Approxim
                 for month of Oct.      134. 7 P.                                                                                                            of meter

                                                                                             IUS          111;m,,.:,@        OVI(k.tV I

                                                                                 Unzei:ered                                                         Residential
                                            VU4@,.Gr of                 14G      Consump-      Largest Materar;          Largest Unmet.,.--2d       Population       Primary Water
                                            Accounts     f-lat                   tion. MG      Consunition. MG           Consumption, HG             Served          Sources

               Futiga                       50           -0-       301*
               111111                                                                                                                                   300          Iltill well
                                            44           -0-       .668                                                                                 600          111111 well
               Valtogi                      76           -0-     1.231
               Pava'la't                    45           -0-       .390                                                                                              111111 well
                                                              1                                                                                         800          Halaeimt well
               Mapusagafou                  17           -0-       .09 7*                                                                               100          Lagopuna catchm

               Folentu/Hapusaga             24           -0-     2.363                        College 1.924                                             250          Halaelml well
               Malaelml                     27           -0-       .985                       Kong Yting .228                                           100          Malaelml well
               Nuu'uti/Tafu'na/             165          02      3.734                        Coca Coln 1.42                                           4200          A (Tafuna wells
               Faganeanea                                                                                       8
               Fatumafuti                   07           -                                    FAA Housing .296                                                         (Witer catchm
                                                         0-        144                                                                                  100                  A
               Fagsalu                      35           -0-       .554                                                                                 400          B (A
               Utulet                       86           28      2 .939                      Hotel 1.043                                                900            (Fagaalu catc
                                                                                             Morris S. .288                                                              B
                                                                                             S. oil .109                                                                 Utulel well
          :C-  Fagatogo                     143          42      2.117                       Lumana'i .194
                                                                                                                                                      1800           C (B
                                                                                             Meadow Gqjd .246                                                          (Fagatogo cat
               Pago Pago/Satsla             202          48      5.069                       AAA Gym .132                                             2400           D (C
                                                                                             Korea House .375                                                          (Utumoa catch
                                                                                             Soli's Rest .305                                                          (Pago well
                                                                                             B.F.K. 1.429
               Atu'u                        33           04      1.444                       Fishermen C.     .818                                     500               D
               Canneries                    02                  16,672                       SK-8.908                                                                    D
               Leloaloa                     18           01        .281                      IVC-7.764
                                               -         -                                   1                                                         200               D
                         TOTALS             974        125       .36-960         42,4              226.413                                          13,350
               Total water account d
               for:                         81.4
                                                                                      r
               Total water output           -                                                ill. -al cul-lioctbinn)
               for month of Novemb r:154.4
                                                                                                                                              *-4proximately 190%        of co@suffjptj
               Z Accounted fort             52.0@                                                                                                n )n,cannery C, Sto9mrs.

         do

                                                                                                                                      Estiuated
                                                                                                                                      Residential
                                                                           Urmatered
                                                                          Ccn_,uq,?-   Largest Vatared       Largest Unmetered        Population      Primary Water
                                                                          tirc. k,.*G    nsumption,                   tion, VIG       served    --Sources
             Villag:                     Accaunts._@'.r                                Cc             yv"     Consuz.1
                  Futiga                 53        None    1.487                                                                         300          111111 well
                  111111                 47        None      .821                                                                        600          111111 well
                  Valtogi                j78       None      .843                                                                       -700          Iltilt well
                  Pava'lall              53        None    'I.010                                                                        Boo          Malaelmi Well

                  Hapusegafou            .20       None      .333                                                                        100          Lagopunacatchm

                  Faleniu/Mapusage       t28       None    2.665                       College 1.325                                     250          Malaelmi Well
                  Halseimi               M         None      .691                      Kong Yung .166                                    100          Malseimi Well
                  Nu'uuli/Tafuna)        175          02   4.777                       FAA Housing .339                                 4200           A (Tafuna Wel
                     Faganeanes                                                        Coca @ola 1.428                                                   (Water catc
                                                                                       Kong Yung .673
                  Fatumafuti             07        None      .623                                                                        100                   A
                  Fagaalu                40        None    1.263                                                                         400          5 (A
                                                                                                                                                        (Fagnalu cat

                  Utulei                 93         28     2.783                       Rainmaker 2.198                                   900          B
                                                                                     Morris Scanlan .113                                              Utulei well

                  Fagatogo               155        42     2.270                     Lumana'I .131                                      1800          C (a
                                                                                     Meadow Gold .240                                                   (Fagatogo ca
                  Pago pago/Satala -220             48     5.907                     BFK 1.429                                          2400          D (C
                                                                                     Soli's Rest .196                                                   (Utumon catc
                                                                                     AAA Gym .155                                                       (Pago well

                  Atu,u                  41         04       .903                    SK 6.246                                            500                   D
                  Canneries              02                13.882                    VC 7.606                                                                  D
                  Leloaloa               20         01       .663                                                                        200                   D

                          TOTALS         1.057     123-                    61.4                                                         13,350
                  Total Water                              40,921  i
                  Accounted for:         92.3HG                             Viter    i %rct,;s'_vj I,-)
                  Total Water out                                              r,J i           :.)-I .. .... tion                                     A*-Approximatel
                  .put for month of                                                                                                                     metered non-
                  December               )31.8

                                                                                     CAS SYSTEM WATE-R       3E - JANUARY, 1978
                                                               Hi7tered     Estimated-t                                                  Estimated
                                                               Consump-     Unmetered                                                    Residential
                                         Number of             tion, MG     Consump-     Largest Metered        Largest Unmetered        Population      Primary Water
                VIII                     Accounts    Fiat                   tion. HG     Consumption. HG        Consumption, HG          Served          Sources
                Futiga                      55       None      1.401                                                                        300          lliili well
                IIUIL                       45       None      .457                                                                         600          IlLill well
                Valtost                     76       None      1.732                                                                        700          111111. well
                Pava'ia't                   45       None      .887                                                                         800          Malaelmi well

                Hapusaga Fou                20       None      .519                                                                         100          Lagopuna catch

                Faleniu/Mapusago            26       None      1.663                     College 1.242                                      250          Malaeimi well
                Malaelmi                    25       None      .936                      Kong Yung .259                                     100          MalLeial well
                Ou'uuli/Tafuna &            165      02        2.456                     Coca Cola 1.400                                    4200          A (Tafuns wel
                raganennea                                                               FAA Housing .267                                                   (water Cate

                Fatumafutt                  07       None      .108                                                                         100                  A
                Fogaalu                     38       None      .636                                                                         400           B(A
                                                                                                                                                            (Fagaalu ca

                Utulei                      83       None      3.455                     Rainmaker 2.627                                    900                 B
                                                                                                                                                              Utulel we

                ragatogo                   150        42       2.702                     Lumans'l .113                                      1800         C(o
                                                                                         Meadow Cold .190                                                 (Fagl;togo cpt
                                                                                         M. Bird .275
                Pago Pago/Satals           212        48       4.351                     AAA Gym .107                                       2400         D(C
                                                                                                                                                          (Utumos catch
                                                                                         K. Houge .242
                                                                                         Sall's Rest .202
                                                                                         BFK- .835
                Atu'u                                 04         .582                                                                       Soo                  .0
                Canneries                   02                 12.029                    SK - 7.254                                                               D
                Leloaloa                    to        01         .379                    VC - 4.775 .($USpe t-pater-wdermegigtral nrLY00                          D
                        70TALS           1005        125       340293   G. 42.3                                                             13,350
                Total water accounte     for:  76.6  M,G                                                                                                    Approximate
                Total water output       135.4-IIG                              % acc unted for 56,6%                                                       metered non
                for January:

       I
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       I                                            APPENDIX B
                                            GROUND  WATER DEVELOPMENT
       I                                         IN AMERICAN SAMOA
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       I                            GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
       I                                       IN
       I                                 AMERICAN SAMOA
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       I                      U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
       I                                   AUGUST 1978
     . I
       'I

                                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                   GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                                                    Page

                     INTRODUCTION                                                   B-1

                          Purpose and Scope                                         B-1

                          Geology and Hydrogeology                                  B-1
                            General                                                 B-1
                            Occurrence of Ground Water                              B-6
                            Tafuna-Leone Plain                                      B-7

                          Historical Overview                                       B-10
                            Background                                              B-10
                            Present Situation                                       B-13

                     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                         B-18

                          Sources of Information and Data                           B-18

                          Data Evaluation and Analysis                              B-19
                            Ground Water Quantity                                   B-19
                            Ground Water Quality                                    B-20
                            Ground Water Contamination                              B-25

                          Exploratory Well Drilling                                 B-27

                          Production Well Construction                              B-29

                     CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS                                B-31

                          Problem Identified                                        B-31

                          Short-Term Recommendations                                B-32

                          Long-Term Recommendations                                 B-33

                     LIST OF REFERENCES                                             B-35

                                             LIST OF TABLES

                Table No.                                                      Page

                    1     Surface Areas and Maximum Altitude of Each
                          Island                                               B-2

                    2     Stratigraphic Section of Tutuila and Water-
                          bearing Characteristics of the Rocks                 B-3

                    3     Listing of Major Water Production Wells in
                          Tafuna-Leone Area                                    B-15

                    4     Maximum Contaminant Levels for Drinking Water        B-22

                                             LIST OF FIGURES

               Figure No.                                                      Page

                    1     Existing Water Production Wells in the Tafuna-
                          Leone Area (June 1978)

                    2     Chloride Concentrations in Tafunafou Well
                          Field Discharges: January 1977 to June 1978          B-24

                    3     Chloride Concentrations for Iliili and Malaeimi
                          Wells: January 1977 to June 1978                     B-26

                                            GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT

                                                       IN

                                                 AMERICAN SAMOA

                                                  INTRODUCTION

                     Purpose and Scope

                          The purpose of this report is to summarize and evaluate available
                     information and data on ground water development in American Samoa. The
                     report was prepared by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, in
                     assistance to the American Samoa Government (ASG).

                          This presentation will include a summary description of the geology
                     and hydrogeology of the five major inhabited islands of American Samoa,
                     an historical overview of ground water development, a technical evalua-
                     tion of available information and data, and, finally, conclusions and

                     recommendations.

                     Geology and Hydrogeology

                          General. The geology and hydrogeology of the Samoa Islands have
                     been described by Stearns (1944), Davis (1963), Stice and McCoy (1968),
                     and Bentley (1975). The following discussion was extracted from their
                     reports and supplemented by more recently acquired information.

                          The islands of American Samoa are part of the Samoan Archipelago,
                     which lies roughly 1,000 miles south of the equator and forms a westward-
                     trending chain. The principal islands of American Samoa are Tutuila,
                     Aunu'u, Ofu, Olosega and Ta'u. These form the eastern part of the
                     archipelago and extend over a distance of about 100 miles. Ofu, Olosega
                     and Ta'u are collectively called the Manu'a Islands and are situated

                     about 65 miles east of Tutuila.

                                                      B-1

                     All five islands are of volcanic origin and.exhibit the rugged
                topographic relief common to many Pacific islands. Table 1 lists the

                area and maximum altitude of each of these five islands.

                                                  TABLE 1

                            SURFACE AREA AND MAXIMUM ALTITUDE OF EACH ISLAND

                                               Surface Area     Max. Altitude
                            Island            (Square Miles)         (Feet)

                           Tutuila                  53.0             2,140
                           Aunu'u                    0.6                300

                           Ofu                       2.0             1,590
                           Olosega                   1.5             2,090
                           Ta'u                    15                3,050

                     In his report Ground-Water Reconnaissance of    American Samoa Davis
                (1963) presents the following discussion (based on Stearns, 1944; of
                those geological features of the five islands that are pertinent to the

                occurrence of water.

                         "Tutuila is made up chiefly of basaltic rock that was
                     erupted from five volcanoes arranged in a rough east-west
                     line. The major activity, which occurred at four centers
                     in Pliocene or early Pleistocene time, produced shield-
                     shaped masses that merged into a single elongate island,
                     longer and broader than the present Tutuila. After activity
                     at the four centers ceased, deep valleys were cut by streams,
                     and the shoreline retreated under the attack of waves. Toward
                     the end of Pleistocene time, the island had been reduced to
                     approximately its present size and form. More recently, the
                     fifth volcano became active and built the Tafuna-Leone plain,
                     and a small submarine eruption off the east end of Tutuila
                     built the tuff cone that is now Aunuu. During the subse-
                     quent erosional period, sedimentary deposits were formed at
                     the foot of steep slopes, on valley floors, and along the
                     coast. The general character of the rocks on the island and
                     their relative ages are shown in the following stratigraphic
                     section (Table 2).

                                                  B-2

                                                                                                          TABLE 2

                                                              Stratigraphic section of Tutuila (after Stearns, 1944)                       and ivaier-bearing
                                                                                               characteriztici af the rocks

                                                                                               Thick
                                                       Geologic age       Formation            ness          General character             Water-bearing characteristics
                                                                                               (feet)

                                                                        Sedimentary            200+ Alluvium on valley floors;             Alluvium in mouths of valleys
                                                                          rocks                           talus at foot of steep slopes;        is moderattly permeable and
                                                                                                          calcareous sand and coral-            contuins rr(,Yh to brackish
                                                                                                          line gravel along coast.              water. Talus locally yields
                                                                                                                                                water in seeps and      'mall
                                                                                                                                                springs. Sand and gravel
                                                                                                                                                contain small supplies of fresh
                                                      Recent                                                                                    water.
                                                                        LeoneVolcanics         20G+ Oliviue basalt in pahoeboe- Lava flows under Tafuna-
                                                                                                          lava flo s: tuil in cones and         Lpone plain have moderate
                                                                                                          veneer owver lava flows; ash          to high pernicabilityand may
                                                                                                          and cinder in cones.                  contain considerable fresh
                                                                                                                                                water at about sea level.
                                                                                                                                                Tuff and ash have low per-
                                                                                                                                                meability and yield little
                                                                                                                                                water. A few small springs
                                                                                                                                                flow from cinder,

                                                                        Aunuu Tuff             200+ Taff forming Aunuu island.             Low permeability and yields
                                                                                                                                                little water.
                                                                                               -          Erosional unconformity --

                                                                        Traebyte               2,140+ Trachytic dikes        "       '     Low     permeability.       Yields
                                                                                                          crater fill younjer`tb.@..,,          water in high-level steps and
                                                                                                          of the Pliocene voleanics.            small sprias.

                                                                        T      tapu            1,63@+ Thin-bedded olivine basalt           Moderate permeability.
                                                                          Wulcafaics                      with interbedded tuff beds            Yields water at many seat-
                                                                                                          and cinder cones.                     tered bigh-level seeps and
                                                                                                                                                small springs.
                                                                        Paz Volcanic           1,609+ Lower member of tb in-bedded         Moderate to low permeability.
                                                                              tea (extra-                 olivine basalt; includes thin         Yields water at many scat-
                                                                          caldem vol-                     dikes and thin tuft beds.             tered high-level seeps and
                                                                          canics)                         Upper member of massive               small springs.
                                                      Pliocene and                                        basaltic and andesite flows;
                                                        earliest                                          interbedded tuff and cinder
                                                         Pleisto-                                         deposits.
                                                         cene M
                                                                        Pago Volcanic          2,141+     Massive basaltic and andesitle Mostly lovr permeability.
                                                                          Series (intra-                  lava 2ows and some inter-             ie s water at scattered
                                                                          calders' vol-                   bedded tuff and  breeei@ and          hilh-level seeps and small
                                                                          .W.)                            cinder cones; few thin lenses         prings.
                                                                                                          of gravel.                       L!
                                                                        Alofau                 M+ Thin-bedded          olivine basalt Lava flows between dikes have
                                                                          Voleanics                       with numerous dikes.                  moderate to high permea-
                                                                                                                                                bility. Rocks yield water at
                                                                                                                                                many high-level seeps and
                                                                                                                                                small springs.
                                                                        Olomoami               1,T24+ Olivine basalt and andesitic Moderate permeability.
                                                                          Voleanics                       basalt; interbedded cinder            Yield water at many high-
                                                                                                          cones and tuff beds.                  level seeps and small springs.

                                                                                                          Erosional (?) unconformity
                                                                        Masefau dike           200+ Thin b:3saltic flows cut y Low permeability. Yield
                                                                          complex                         many dikes.                           little water.

                                          Source: Davis, 1963

                                                                                                                 B-3

                         "The large number of eruptive centers in a small
                     area, the overlapping of rocks erupted from different
                     volcanoes, and the presence of dikes and interbedded
                     tuff, cinder, and breccia among the lava flows have
                     produced complex geologic conditions on Tutuila. The
                     bulk of Tutuila is formed by aa and pahoehoe lava
                     flows that range from thin-bedded flows with high
                     permeability to thick-bedded dense flows with low
                     permeability. The late flow rock on the Tafuna-Leone
                     plain is mostly thin bedded, but on older parts of
                     the island, particularly along the coast, the flows
                     are mostly thick and dense.

                         "Dikes are dense and impermeable, and where
                     their spacing is close, they may reduce greatly the
                     permeability of the rock that they cut. Unweathered
                     tuff may have moderate permeability, but weathered
                     tuff is almost impermeable. The breccia is mostly
                     dense and has low permeability. The permeability of
                     fresh cinder is high, but it may be greatly decreased
                     by weathering because of consolidation that occurs
                     during chemical decomposition. Lava flows, although
                     they far exceed the other types of rock in total volume,
                     are divided by dikes and interbedded tuff and breccia
                     into units which are irregular in size and shape. The
                     total vertical and horizontal extent of any unit of flows
                     is small as compared to the size of the island.

                          "The sedimentary rocks of recent age consist of
                     talus, alluvium, calcareous sand, and coralline gravel.
                     The talus is poorly sorted material, in which large
                     blocks are prominent, accumulated at the bottoms of
                     steep slopes along the coast and in steep-walled valleys;
                     the permeability of the talus is variable. Thick deposits
                     of alluvium, comprising poorly sorted mixtures of clay,
                     sand, gravel, and boulders derived from volcanic rock
                     fill extends below sea level at the mouths of some valleys
                     and has a permeability ranging from low to high. The
                     calcareous sand and gravel are composed of material origi-
                     nating in the reefs that fringe a considerable part of the
                     island and are most abundant in beaches at the mouths
                     of valleys; the calcareous deposits generally are more
                     permeable than the alluvium.

                          "Beneath a part of the late volcanic rock underlying
                     the Tafuna-Leone plain are sediments that were deposited
                     before the eruption of the Leone volcanics. The nature
                     and extent of these deposits are not known, but they
                     probably consist partly of talus and mainly of calcareous
                     beach deposits and alluvium.

                                                 B-4

                              "Tutuila's satellite island, Aunuu, is an
                          indurated bedded tuff produced by submarine
                          volcanic explosions. The tuff, in general, is
                          relatively fine grained and has been altered
                          sufficiently by weathering to make the material
                          nearly impermeable. The coastal flat on the
                          west and northwest sides of the island is under-
                          lain by material washed down from the cone and
                          by permeable deposits of calcareous sand and
                          gravel."

                     The Manu'a islands--Ta'u, Ofu and Olosega--were built by volcanic
                     activity along the crest of the easternmost portion of the Samoan Ridge
                     (Stice and McCoy, 1968).

                          The largest volcanic center in the Manu'a islands was at Ta'u where
                     basaltic flows of Pliocene and Pleistocene age built a single shield
                     rising more than 12,000 feet above the ocean floor and more than 3,000
                     feet above sea level. After the collapse of the summit of the shield,
                     the partial filling of the caldera to a depth of more than 1,000 feet
                     and a long interval of erosion, a complex of tuff deposits of Holocene
                     age extended over the northwest corner of the island near Faleasao; and,
                     at about the same time, flows of basalt and olivine basalt built the
                     shelf at Fitiuta at the northeast corner. The island consists mainly of
                     thin-bedded lava flows. Dikes are few and widely scattered except on

                     the south side of the island where a swarm of dikes and sills are

                     exposed. Beach deposits of sand and gravel lie along most of the shore
                     and a fringing reef borders much of the island (Davis, 1963; Bentley,
                     1975).

                          Ofu and Olosega were built by basaltic flows of Pliocene age from
                     two shields that coalesced to form one island. Partial collapse of both
                     shields and erosion by streams and the sea has cut deeply into the
                     original island and has reduced it to two small steep islands separated
                     by a narrow channel. Both of these islands, like Tau are composed of
                     thin-bedded basaltic lava flows whose permeability is high. Numerous
                     dikes cut the lava flows on the east end of Ofu and the west end of

                                                     B-5

               Olosega. Sedimentary deposits of talus is common at the foot of the
               cliffs, in stream valleys and around the coast. Deposits of calcareous
               sand, gravel and cobbles mantle considerable parts of the shore of each
               island. Coral reefs surround most of both islands (Davis, 1963; Bentley,
               1975).

               Occurrence of Ground Water. According to Bentley (1975), rainfall is
               the source of all fresh groundwater in the islands. Rainfall that
               infiltrates into the ground and is not retained in the soil zone or lost
               through evaporation or transpiration by plants, percolates downward, and
               eventually recharges subsurface aquifers.

                    High-level (or perched) ground water and basal ground water are the
               two principal types of aquifers found in the islands. High-level ground
               water is impounded or perched above sea level and separated from seawater
               by dikes and other geologic barriers. In some cases, the permeable
               zones between widely spaced dikes are highly productive aquifers.
               However, where the space between dikes is.small, the compartments are
               likewise small and the overall storage is smaller because of the larger
               proportion of dike rock to permeable rock (Davis, 1963). In the latter
               case, these compartments are low yield aquifers. Numerous springs that
               maintain the base flow of perennial streams, especially on Tutuila, are
               supplied by high-level aquifers where water is discharged over low
               points of dikes.
                                                    ..                                               I
                    Basal ground water is the water found near sea level in aquifers
               that are hydraulically connected with the ocean. It includes the sea-

               water in the rocks and the fresh to brackish to saline lenses which are

               maintained by freshwater recharge and float on the heavier seawater, or
               saltwater. The water in these lenses generally moves seaward when
               recharged sufficiently and discharges in narrow zones along the coast-
               line. It should further be noted that because of the direct hydraulic
               connection with the ocean, the basal ground water lense is also influenced

                                                B-6

                    by ocean tides. Tidal fluctuations are particularly evident where the
                    basal lens is thinnest (usually near the coastline) and, therefore, an
                    important consideration in selecting ground water development areas.

                         The basal ground water lens is also called the Ghyben-Herzberg lens
                    after the co-discoverers of the principle that describes the phenomenon
                    of freshwater floating on heavier saltwater. In sum, the Ghyben-
                    Herzberg principle states that about 40 feet of freshwater below sea

                    level is formed for each foot of freshwater above sea level to maintain

                    hydrostatic equilibrium. Upon application of this principle, it also
                    implies that if a cone of depression is formed about a well in fresh-
                    water, saltwater may rise 40 feet for each foot of drawdown (Linsley et
                    al, 1958).

                         None of the ground water found thus far in the islands is under
                    appreciable artesian pressure. All of the* ground water discussed in this
                    report is, therefore, believed to be under unconfined, free aquifer,
                    non-artesian, basal watertable conditions.

                         Tafuna-Leone Plain. According to Davis (1963) and Bentley (1975),
                    the most promising area for development of ground water on the main

                    island of Tutuila is the Tafuna-Leone Plain.

                         This semi-circular shaped coastal plain extends from Nuu'uli to
                    Leone and measures three miles north to south by five miles east to
                    west. Its surface area is about 10,000 acres. It is bordered on the
                    north and west by a sharp crested spiny ridge which rises 1,000 to 2,000
                    feet in elevation above the plain. To the south, or ocean side, the
                    plain is marked by a coral limestone fringing reef, 800 to 1,500 feet
                    wide. The reef surface is at or near low tide level. The surface of

                    the plain rises to the north from 10 feet along the ocean to 200 feet
                    and more above sea level at the toe of the spiny crested mountains, a

                                                      B-7

               rise of one foot in 50 feet or about one degree slope. The Tafuna-Leone
               coastal plain is the only flatland on Tutuila except for a few small
               alluvial valley floors'.

                    The lava flows which formed the Tafuna Plain came from a north-
               south trending rift zone on the west side of the plain extending through
               Olotele to Olovalu to Futiga to Fogamaa cones and craters. The age of
               the flows is probably Holocene and may be only a few thousand years old
               judging by the youthful appearance of the cones, the freshness of the
               rock, and absence of a developed soil profile. The lava flows left
               surface mounds and ridges consisting of rough assemblages of red cinders
               (volcanic slag) and scoriaceous masses. On steeper slopes the flows are
               bordered by agglutinated splashes and veneers of glassy, vesicular rock.
               The porous structure of the rock is caused by the development of gas
               bubbles from the supersaturated lava and water vapor resulting from
               internal stirring of the lava which leaves voids or vesicles. There    is
               no pattern for the vesicles found in the upper part of the individual
               flow layer but in the middle and lower parts, the bubbles or voids,
               which were occupied by gas, become elongated into tube-like forms as the
               stiff, viscous material in which the bubbles are entrapped continues to
               move. The average alignment of vesicles is often parallel to the direc-

               tion of flow. There are other elements in the fabric of volcanic rocks

               beside vesicle alignment that show preferred orientation and can be
               correlated with flow direction of partly congealing lava. These elements
               are: sub-parallel alignment of feldspar laths; parallel orientation of
               alternate bands of crystalline and glassy basalt; and microjoints,
               slightly wavey, pencil-thin lines, or bands that are formed by tiny
               connected holes. Brown iron oxide staining has occurred around most of
               the holes which serves to outline and help identify vesicle (and indirectly
               lava flow) alignment. Permeability rates through rock layers varies
               with jointing systems,,crack patterns and developed flow channels.
               Hard, solid lava basalt is considered impervious and not good potential
               aquifer material.

                                                B-8

                         Borings made for water wells near Tafunafou (one mile north of the,
                     airport). revealed thin layers of Pahoehoe olivine basalt alternating
                     with reddish gray clinkers and scoria, a sponge-like rock also known as
                     volcanic slag. Loose pockets, or layers of sand-gravel sized basalt
                     rubble were found in Well 60 (old Well No. T6; see Figure 1). These are
                     considered to be water-worn, rounded pieces of ancient beach and stream
                     deposit formed during lower stands of the sea. The extent and orienta-
                     tion of the old beach and stream deposits are not known.

                         The basal ground water underlying the plain was found to be only
                     two to three feet above mean sea level in the Tafunafou well field.

                     Unfortunately, the data needed to accurately determine the height of the
                     fresh ground water level relative to mean sea level were insufficient
                     at the time of this writing. Accurately referenced elevation data are
                     essential to determining the thickness of the basal ground water lens in
                     accordance to the Ghyben-Herzberg Principle. Freshwater springs which
                     release basal ground water to the ocean are commonly found along the
                     coastline of the plain at the basalt-coral interface.

                          Observations made in May 1975 demonstrated certain important charac-
                     teristics of this coastal plain basal aquifer and, in general, supported
                     previous findings by Davis (1963) and Bentley (1975). Following 4.6
                     inches of rainfall in 24 hours, the ground water level at the Tafunafou
                     well field rose more than 4 feet (temporary rise of 7 to 8 feet).
                     Subsequently, the basal water level was observed to drop at a rate of
                     1 foot in 48 hours (unpublished data, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
                     These observations indicate that the subsurface geology of at least
                     portions of the Tafuna-Leone plain are highly permeable and have little
                     storage capacity and low hydraulic head. Judging from the rapid rise of
                     the water table after heavy rains and the subsequent rapid decline, the
                     normal static water level probably stands only about one to two feet
                     above mean sea level over a good part of the year in the Tafunafou area.

                                                      B-9

                Based on these previous observations, the basal freshwater lens at
                Tafunafou can generally be described as a thin, sensitive lens that can
                be subject to saltwater intrusion problems.

                     The soil-rock alluvium in the small and steep valleys and narrow
                coastal plains of the islands are the products of residual decay and
                weathering. The slow chemical disintegration of extrusive igneous rocks
                forms sesquioxide clay minerals which act as binding agents, much
                like iron rust, to unite and cement the soil and rock particles together.
                Several test holes have been drilled in the narrow and steep valleys
                around Pago Pago Harbor with unfavorable results. Where water has been
                found, the quantities are small and the quality is generally objection-
                able due to some form of pollution.

                Historical Overview

                Background. The first known effort to develop basal ground water was by
                the U.S. Navy in 1943 when they built the Maui well system near the head
                of Pago Pago Harbor. The well system has 325 feet of horizontal infiltra-
                tion tunnels at the bottom of a shaft 76 feet deep. At the time of
                construction, the static water level was 24 feet above sea level, and
                the yield was about 200 gallons per minute (gpm). The rocks cut by the
                tunnels were lava flows, breccia, and dikes. Two faults were crossed by
                the tunnels. The high water level and the complex geology exposed in
                the tunnels indicate that the ground water at the site of the well is
                impounded (i.e., perched) and separated from seawater by dikes and other
                geologic structures (Davis, 1963).

                    Actual well drilling to develop ground water sources started in the
                1960's. Although modern well drilling equipment was not available in
                American Samoa during this period, about 20vells (in some cases, no
                more than holes) were drilled with an old percussion drill which was
                brought from Australia by Darcy J. Gilbert Drilling Company.

                                                B-10

                     Unfortunately, technical guidance was lacking and no records were kept.
                     As a result, information about.the drilling work and the efficiency of
                     the completed wells is non-existent. Some of these wells are listed in
                     Table A-1 of Bentley (1975).

                          In 1962, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the
                     American Samoa Government, expanded its investigation of surface water
                     resources (which had commenced in 1957) to include ground water resources.
                     A description of the availability and chemical quality of ground water
                     based on the USGS data collected over the period 1962-1975 can be found
                     in Bentley (1975).

                          During the years of 1972 to 1975, ten more wells were drilled by
                     the Hawaiian company, Water Resources International. A Failing Model
                     1500 rotary drill with clay drilling muds was used. The use of drilling
                     muds for developing water wells in the Tafunafou area, however, was

                     found to be undesirable.

                          While drilling muds in various forms are often used in oil wells to
                     help bring bit cuttings to the surface and to stabilize the walls of the
                     hole, in water well drilling, the drilling mud escapes into the cracks
                     and openings in water bearing layers (aquifers) and reduces permeability.
                     To achieve the full water yield potential of the aquifer, the mud must
                     be removed. Removal of the mud is costly and time-consuming; and, for
                     these reasons, few contractors will take the time to remove the objec-
                     tionable clay residue. To avoid these problems, most companies now
                     employ non-contaminating drilling fluids (including self-destructing
                     enzyme-based fluids), the use of a drilling casing, or choose drilling
                     methods that do not require artificial means to remove cuttings.

                          Unfortunately, the holes drilled during the early 1970's were not
                     properly cleaned, surged and developed and may have contributed to
                     uncorrelatable well pumping results, such as unexplainable salinity

                     variations from hole to hole.

                                                      B-11

                     In 1974, American Samoa experienced the most severe drought in
                recen t history. Water had to be trucked to many outlying villages where
                private water supplies had dried up; and strict water rationing of
                limited quantitites available from the surface water supplied government
                system forced the territory's major private industry, the tuna canneries,
                to shut down operations for about 6 months.

                     Several federal agencies responded to this critical situation. The
                Federal Disaster Assistance Administration provided emergency funding to
                temporarily relieve the situation (Burnham, 1974). The U.S. Geological
                Survey initiated an investigation to describe and evaluate the availability
                and chemical quality of ground water in the islands, with emphasis on
                the Tafuna-Leone Plain on Tutuila (Bentley, 1975) and the U.S. Army
                Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, provided the technical
                assistance needed for exploratory well drilling and production well

                construction.

                     The drought situation and its serious impacts focussed attention on
                the poor condition of the existing water systems. As a result, the
                American Samoa Government (ASG) was able to acquire federal grant funds
                for water systems improvements.

                     During the period immediately following the 1974 drought, a water
                systems improvement program was formulated by the local Department of
                Public Works. As part of this program and in search of more reliable
                and safe sources of water for the centralized government system, the
                decision was made to pursue a program that would eventually phase out
                surface water sources and depend completely on ground water as a source
                of water for the central system. Economics heavily influenced this
                decision. A surface water supply study (CH2M Hill, 1975), which was
                completed not long after the drought, estimated the project cost for an
                ample supply of water for the island during any dry spell to be $19.5

                                                 B-12

               million. Ground water development, on the other hand, was estimated to
               require only one-seventh of this amount and would provide a.much larger
               storage capacity (Flanagan, 1976).

                    In 1976, there were four water producing wells in the Tafunafou
               well field, averaging between 700 and 1,200 gallons per minute total
               (combined) yield with chloride contents ranging from 65 ppm to 1,200
               ppm, The Iliili area had two wells producing about 200 gpm in 1974.

                    In the year May 1975 to May 1976, the Ground Water Development
               Corporation (GWDC, a Samoan drilling company) constructed 15 new water
               wells using improved methods with screens, sanitary seals, surging,
               developing and pump testing.

                    The choice of drilling equipment and drilling and sampling methods
               (coring preferred) are most important in the discontinuous volcanic rock
               layers. The down-the-hole percussion drill is limited by loss of air in
               the voids and cracks in the rock which requires cementing (sealing) the
               porous layers and slows the drilling rate. Straight rotary drilling is
               limited by requiring some kind of drilling fluid to seal the walls of
               the hole and to bring bit cuttings to the surface. Above the ground
               water level, the method of drilling is not important as long as a
               straight vertical hole can be made and a sanitary cement seal is placed
               around the casing, Below the water table, continuous representative
               samples should be taken in all well construction work. It is also
               important that the logging, gradation, classification and analysis of
               the samples be done by an experienced hydrogeologist to establish and
               maintain the reliability and the quality of the drilling data gathered.

               Present Situation. Figure 1 shows the existing water production wells
               in the Tafuna-Leone Plain area. It is supplemented by Table 3 which is
               a descriptive listing of the major Tafuna-Leone wells as of June 1978.

                                                B-13

                     It should be noted that the wells shown in Figure 1 serve two separate
                     systems. The wells to the east of Futiga serve the central ASC system
                     and those to the west of Futiga serve the Leone system. Although a plan
                     to combine the two systems has been proposed, it has yet to be implemented.

                          The current combined yield of the ASG wells was recently reported
                     to be 1,650 gpm, or 2.4 MGD (unpublished data, ASG Dept. of Public
                     Works, May 1978). The Leone wells produce a total of about 0.4 MGD.

                          As noted in Table 3, several of the proposed production well sites
                     have real estate or right-of-way acquisition problems. Over the years,
                     attempts to successfully develop ground water in American Samoa have
                     been constantly hampered by the local Government's inability to gain
                     access to favorable sites for exploratory drilling and, subsequently,
                     the right-of-way needed to construct production wells at sites deter-
                     mined to have good potential. In some cases, these problems have gone
                     unresolved for years. As a consequence, the primary criteria practiced
                     in the selection of exploitable well sites include not only geological
                     and hydrological characteristics, but also the government's ability to
                     gain access to the site. It is also not surprising, therefore, to find
                     that, in some cases, past ground water development activities have been
                     directed to areas that may not appear to have the most promising poten-
                     tial from a technical standpoint.

                          A number of attempts to develop ground water sources outside the
                     Tafuna-Leone area have also been made. In general, however, most of the
                     resulting production wells have been relatively low-yielding (i.e., less
                     than 50 gpm). Drilling logs and well records, as well as the results of
                     pumping tests, for selected wells can be found in the appendices of
                     Bentley (1975). The following discussion will briefly describe some of

                     these wells that are still in use.

                                                     B-14

                                                          TABLE 3

                                    LISTING OF MAJOR WELLS IN TAFUNA-LEONE AREA
                                                      (August 1978)
                                  Year                    Well Depth Averaged Performance Datal/
                 wall No.          of                     (Ft Below     Pump Rate          Chlorides
              (Old  Well No.) Constr.      Location         Ground).       (GPM)            (Cl, Mg/1)        Remarks

                33  UA)           1970     Tafunafou             93         194                  65       Operational
                46  (1)           1972     Tafunafou             92         120                  42       Operational
                32  (T2)          1973     Tafunafou           100          186                 313       Operational
                53  M)            1973     Tafunafou           150          112                 305       Operational
                55  (TlO)         1974     Tafunafou           180          173                 544       Operational
                60  (TO           1975     Tafunafou           125          322                 300       Operational
                61  (T8)          1975     Tafunafou.          125          327                 263       Operational
                62  (15)          1975     Mili                225          207                  96       Operational
                63  (16)          1975     111111              205           -                   -        Abandoned
                65  (T11)         1975     Tafunafou             99         200                  -        Operational
                66  (T16)         1976     Tafunafou           105          330                 226       Operational
                67                1976     Malaeimi            115          230                  -        Operational   2/
                68                1976     Tafunafou           104           -                   -        DD Problem    -
                69                1976     Malaeimi            175          120                 297       Operational
                70                1976     Malaeloa            145          150                           Operational   3/
                71                1976     Tafunafou           106           -                   -        RE Problem    -
                72                1976     Tafunafou           160          400                  -        Under Const.
                73                1977     Malaeloa            137          150                  -        No Pump
                74                1977     111111              240           -                   -        RE Probl
                75                1977     Malaeloa            190           -                   -        Under Const.
                76                1977     Mili                204          200                  75       Operational
                77                1978     Tafunafou           149           -                   -        DD Problem
                78                1978     Tafunafou           143                               -        Abandoned

              l/    Computed from available USGS data for period 7 January 1977 thru             6  June  1978.
              2/    Serious drawdown problems currently being encountered.
              3/    Real Estate or Right-of-way acquisition problems.

              NOTES:

              1.    Current static water level and drawdown data unavailable.
              2.    All wells are 8-inch nominal diameter eased and screened.
              3.    Well 55 pumped as demand requires.
              4.    The well numbering system is based on well 60 (T6), the first well designed and
                    constructed under supervision of POD. The number 60 was arbitrarily assigned
                    to well T6 on the basis that 59 holes have been previously drilled elsewhere
                    an Tutuila.
              3.    Missing entries due to unavailable data.

              SOURCES:
              - Department of Public Works, American Samoa Gover=ent
              - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division
              - U.S. Geological Survey

                                                                 B-15

                    The Pago shaft which was built by the Navy in 1943 is still in
               operation and serves the central ASG system. Its present yield is about
               120 gpm. Other attempts to develop wells along the Vaipito Stream in
               Pago Pago have either been abandoned for sanitary reasons or have resulted
               in very low-yielding wells.

                    The village of Tula at the eastern end of Tutuila uses a drilled
               well as part of its water supply. This 110-foot deep well was built in
               1972 and presently yields less than 30 gpm.

                    The village of Aunu'u on Tutuila's eastern satellite island is
               served by three shallow dug wells that skim the shallow freshwater lens
               of the island, One well has been pumping very brackish water for some
               time now and is expected to be relegated to emergency service upon
               completion of a current project which is attempting to improve the
               efficiency of the two remaining wells and to renovate the pumping
               facilities. To date, this project has accomplished connecting the two
               wells with 170 feet of slotted pipe laid below sea level (high tide).
               As a result, both wells have been yielding about 60 gpm (total) of
               water with satisfactory chloride levels for several months. More
               collector lines are anticipated to be installed as necessary.

                    Several villages in the Manu'a Islands rely on ground water. The
               village of Ofu on the island of Ofu is presently utilizing a 30-foot
               deep dug well which yields about 30 gpm of good quality water. The pump
               used at this well, however, suffers from no maintenance.

                    The village of Olosega on the island of Olosega is also served by a
               dug well about 36 feet in depth yielding about 30 gpm. According to
               the villagers, the quality of the water pumped varies from fair to

               sometimes salty.

                                                  B-16

                          On the island of Ta'u, the Manu'a District High School and the
                     villages of Luma, Ta'u, Suifaga and Fusi are served by a drilled well
                     which yields about 120 gpm. This well is, at times, not adequate for
                     all service areas. The village of Fiti'uta uses a small well (less than
                     10 gpm) near Faga Spring as one of its sources of water. The water
                     pumped from this well is reported to taste salty during rough seas.

                                                      B-17

                                      RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

              Sources of Information-and Data

                   The major sources of information and data used in this report were
              three governmental agencies: the Department of Public Works of the
              American Samoa Government, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Army
              Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division.

                   The ASG Department of Public Works is, of course, the primary
              source of information regarding water systems in the Territory and
              related improvement programs. The Public Works Director and his staff
              have been very generous in providing the assistance needed in preparing
              this report.

                   The USGS through its previous investigations (Davis, 1963, and
              Bentley, 1975) and its ongoing surface water and ground water monitoring
              activities is a major source of hydrologic data for the Territory, as
              well as other Pacific areas.

                   Since the 1974 drought, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has
              provided technical assistance, as needed, for ground water development
              to American Samoa. During Fiscal Year 1977, the Corps assisted ASG in
              initiating an exploratory well drilling program by supplying test drilling
              equipment along with the technical expertise needed to implement the
              program. At the end of FY 1977, all drilling equipment was transferred
              to ASG for the continuation of the exploratory amd well construction
              program. The knowledge and records gained through this affiliation
              comprise another valuable source of information and data on ground water
              development in American Samoa.

                                               B-18

                      Data Evaluation and Analysis

                           The information and data gathered from the above sources were
                      evaluated and analyzed in an attempt to better define problems and to
                      gain further insight into the ground water situation in American Samoa.
                      The following discussion will focus upon the topics of ground water
                      quantity, ground water quality, and ground water contamination. The
                      data analyzed were, for the most part, extracted from weekly USGS
                      records collected for wells in the Tafuna-Leone area over the period
                      January 1977 to June 1978.

                      Ground Water Quantity. The only attempt to quantify the amount of
                      ground water in storage in American Samoa was made by Bentley (1975) for
                      the Tafuna-Leone aquifer. Due to the lack of essential data, he was
                      unable to compute an accurate estimate; however, based on estimates of
                      the area, the thickness of the lens, and an assumed specific yield of
                      the aquifer of 0.1, he estimated that the amount of freshwater in
                      storage was probably about 50,000 acre-ft. Average annual recharge to
                      the aquifer which he based on rainfall-runoff characteristics and
                      estimated transmissivity values was roughly estimated at 30,000 acre-ft
                      (about 27 MGD).

                           Depite the time that has lapsed since Bentley completed his inves-
                      tigation in 1975, an attempt to better estimate available ground water
                      quantities--to include estimates of safe yield or permissible ground
                      water withdrawal rates--cannot be properly performed at this time. Upon
                      examination of available well records and discussions with knowledgeable
                      people, certain discrepancies have been found to exist that limit the
                      type of analyses that can be made. Foremost of these discrepancies was
                      the finding that elevation data were not accurately referenced to mean
                      sea level. The lack of reliable elevation data precludes accurately
                      estimating the thickness of the freshwater lens, ground water storage and
                      changes in storage. At the time of this writing, this problem is being,
                      or has been, rectified by the ASG Department of Public Works.

                                                       B-19

                    The pumpage rates for each well Is also not known since not all
               production wells are metered. This problem undermines any attempt to
               evaluate the performance of each production well and its effects upon
               the aquifer.

                    Observation or monitoring wells (as were those drilled by the
               Corps) are drilled to measure changes that will take place at the bottom
               of the freshwater lens with either extraction by pumping or recharge
               from rainfall. The rapidity of change is indirectly a measure of the
               lens capacity and ultimate potential. In general, rapid response
               indicates limited storage and slow response suggests larger volumes.
               Critical changes in the composition of the freshwater lens occur near
               the bottom and can be used as a signal or warning for overpumping.
               Knowing the rate of change taking place in the lens per volume of fresh-
               water extracted or recharged allows for a fairly reliable estimate of
               the size, areal extent and thickness of the lens.

                    Water wells can be designed, pumps installed and operated, and safe
               aquifer conditions maintained if all factors influencing change and well
               efficiency are known. It should also be noted that pumps should be
               installed at proper depths as a failsafe for overpumping under any

               circumstances.

               Ground Water Quality. The natural quality of fresh groundwater in
               American Samoa as indicated by available USGS and ASG data is generally
               very good. Except in areas where saltwater intrusion is a problem, it
               is suitable for domestic and current industrial uses in the Territory.

                    The rates of infiltration and percolation of water through the
               overburden (surface layers) are so rapid that there is little time for
               much chemical activity (leaching and dissolving). Consequently, ground
               water is low in total dissolved solids. Because the rocks are relatively

                                                B-20

                      new, soil cover is thin and weathering is shallow, the oxides and salts
                      found in older, more decomposed rocks are low to absent in Samoan deposits.
                      As is the case in the Hawaiian islands, the freshwater lens typically
                      contains less than 200 mg/l of total dissolved solids (predominantly
                      chlorides and carbonates).

                           The National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (effective
                      24 June 1977) as provided for by the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and
                      its 1977 amendments is applicable to American Samoa. It is administered
                      by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An excellent discussion of
                      the Act and its implementation in American Samoa is presented in The
                      Effect of the Safe Drinking Water Act on American Samoa (Malae, 1975).
                      In addition to describing the island's physical and cultural setting and
                      its water supply situation, Malae discusses monitoring requirements,
                      evaluates the technical capability available on-island for compliance
                      with the Act and analyzes the various costs needed for implementation.
                      Table 4 is taken from Malae (1976) and lists the maximum contaminant
                      levels of the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations and
                      the required monitoring frequencies for both surface and ground water

                      resources in American Samoa.

                           As is evident from the information presented thus far saltwater,
                      or seawater, intrusion into basal supplies is the most serious and
                      frequently encountered ground water quality problem in American Samoa.
                      It is the predominant factor determining the location and available
                      quantities of developable basal ground water. Over the years, it has
                      also led to the abandonment of many wells.

                           Although there are several ways to measure saltwater intrusion, the
                      chloride content or concentration, is perhaps the most common method
                      practiced.   Chlorides in reasonable concentrations are not harmful to
                      humans. At concentrations above 250 mg/l (as chlorides), however, they

                                                        B-21

                                                                 TABLE 4

                                             MAXIMUM CONTA@IINANT LEVELS FOR DRINKING  WATER*

                                              Maximum Con-                      Monitoring Requirements
                          Contaminant        taminant Level               Surface                 Groundwater

                          Inorganics
                          Arsenic            0.05 mg/1
                          Barium             1.00
                          Dacmium            0.01
                          Chromium           0.05
                          Lead               0.05                   Every three  years         Yearly
                          Mercury            0.002
                          Selenium           0.01
                          Silver             0.05
                          Fluoride
                           70.7-79.2 F       1.6
                           79.3-90.5         1.4
                          Nitrate           10

                          Organics
                          Endrin             0.0002 mg/1
                          Lindane            0.0044
                          Methoxychlor       0.1                    Every three years          Set by EQC
                          Toxaphene          0.0005
                          2,4-D              0.1
                          2,4,5-TP           0.01

                          Microbiological
                          Coliforms
                           Membrane Filter   1/100 ml               Monthly except GAS,        Set by EQC, but
                           MPN               10% for 10 ml          10 Leone, 4                villages, I/quarter
                                             60%  for.100 ml        Chlorine residuals may substitute 75% of
                                                                    coliform samples; sample daily at least
                                                                    4 times required coliform samples.

                          Turbidity          I TU monthly avg
                                             5 TU at EQC,option     Daily                      None
                                                  I

                          Radioactivity Gross alpha
                          Gross alpha        15 p Ci/1              None or  EQC option
                          Combined RA-226    5
                          Ra-228
                          Others                                    None

                          *National Interim'Primary Drinking Water Regulations (effective 24 June 1977).

                          SOURCE:    Malae, A. U. 1976. The Effect of the Safe Drinking Water Act on
                                     American Samoa. M.S, Thesis, University of Pittsburgh.

                                                                 B-22

                     give a salty taste to water which is objectionable to many people. For
                     this reason, the U.S. Public Health Service (in 1962) recommended the
                     limit of 250 mg/l for drinking water and other public uses, although
                     water containing higher concentrations can still be used if better water

                     is not available.

                          As was found by Davis (1963) and Bentley (1975), the largest amount
                     of developable fresh ground water--hence, the best chance of managing
                     saltwater intrusion--is the Tafuna-Leone aquifer where ground water
                     development has been focused over recent years.

                          Despite the data limitations discussed previously, the weekly USGS
                     well records do permit a qualitative evaluation of the performances of
                     certain production wells in terms of chloride concentrations. Figure 2
                     is a compilation of plots for monitored wells in the Tafunafou well
                     field over the period January 1977 to June 1978, with rainfall data
                     (from the weather stationat the Pago Pago International Airport collected
                     over the same period) shown at the top of the figure. It should be
                     noted that data were not available for all Tafunafou wells and, thus,
                     this figure is not representative of all wells individually. The
                     composite data, however, were collected from the combined well field
                     discharge line.

                          The value of Figure 2 is simply its illustration of the sensitivity

                     of basal lens to rainfall in the Tafunafou area. The almost immediate
                     (about a week or so) appearance of the chloride plots as "mirror-images"
                     of the rainfall plot--particularly after heavy rainfall--is indicative
                     of the sensitive, thin lens that exists in this area and supports
                     previous observations made in May 1975 (see page B-9).

                          While the composite plot does show that the Tafunafou well field as
                     a whole is still producing good potable water in terms of chlorides
                     concentration, the information gained from Figure 2 appears to highlight

                                                      B-23

                                                                                    FIGURE 2

                                          CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TAFUNAFOU WELL FIELD DISCHARGES
                                                                      JANUARY 1977 TO JUNE 1978

                             215
                             0
                                                                                                                               -41,

                                                                                                                    il \vI             N.,
                                                                                                                             L

                                                                                                        TAFUNAFOU   WELLS (OLD WELL     NUMBERS)

                                                                                                          0- - - -0 NO.'  33 0A)

                                                                                                          0--0 NO.        52 (TV

                                                                                                          &----A    NOL   53M)

                                                                                                                    NCL   GO(TS)
                                                                                                          &---a     NO.   .61 (TS)

                                                                                                                    NO.   66  (213)
                               650                                                                                  COMPOSITE
                                                                                                          NOTE:
                               0GO                                                                        NOT ALL TAFUNAFOU WELLS SHOWN
                                                                                                          INDIVIDUALLY ; BUT COMPOSITE DATA
                                                                                                          TAKEN FROM TOTAL (COMBINED) DISCHARGE.

                               No

                               450         1                                        A,
                           Z
                           0
                               400
                                                                         ww 41-ti
                                                                                      I               ; -1   "      11            ; It

                           ac
                           I-                           %I              f                             @N\o,            It
                           Z   300                                                                                                A'
                                                                                                     if
                           z
                                                                                                                                     RE
                           0   2504                                                                                                     ON4  ENAD U MIT
                           w

                               no

                                                                         I
                                                                                                            0       IV
                               so

                               0
                                                                                                                                             6-

                                                                                          B-24

                     the limited amount of developable fresh ground water in this portion of
                     the basal lens and cautions against future overdevelopment at this well

                     field.

                          For comparison, Figure 3 shows available corresponding chloride
                     concentrations for a production well in Iliili (No. 62) and another near
                     the mouth of Malaeimi Valley (No. 69). Neither of these plots illustrates
                     the sharp response to rainfall that has been observed at Tafunafou. In
                     the case of the Iliili well, it may be because of its remoteness to
                     ground water recharge areas. The Malaeimi well also does not appear to
                     be as responsive to rainfall as those at Tafunafou, but has relatively
                     high chlorides concentrations that are not explainable at this time.

                     Ground Water Contamination. The importance of protecting potable ground
                     water supplies from all sources of contamination cannot be overemphasized.
                     Once contaminated, the integrity of ground water supplies is difficult
                     to restore. Treatment, as is the case with surface water, is expensive;
                     and the economic advantage of having good natural quality ground water

                     is lost.

                          In this regard, watershed management in tributary areas is as
                     important to protecting ground water sources as it is for surface water
                     supplies. Certain practices such as the subsurface disposal of domestic
                     sewage (e.g., via cesspools), other types of wastewaters or the use of
                     toxic substances (e.g., pesticides and herbicides) are likely to be
                     prohibited or stringently controlled.

                          As a general guideline, one of the first considerations that should
                     be given in ground water development is to select favorable production
                     well sites that are above, or upstream, of anticipated sources of contamina-
                     tion. Ground water under unconfined or water table conditions, like
                     surface water, flows by gravity. Achieving this advantage reduces the
                     need to impose strict land use controls.

                                                      B-25

                                                                   FIGURE 3

                                     CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS FOR ILIILI AND MALAEIMI WELLS

                                                         JANUARY 1977 TO JUNE 1978

                                                                                              1@ A

                                                           /%

                                                                                   LEGEND

                                                                                         ILIM WELL NO. 62

                                                                                  &--A MALAElMl WELL NO. W

                        500
                      L
                        40
                      I.
                      @z

                                                                                             X -A
                      z 300

                                                                                           RECOMMENDED   IMIT

                                   jo

                                                                                              ob

                                                                       B-26

                          Since drilling penetrates the overburden above ground water sources,
                     all drilled holes must also be viewed as potential pipelines for intro-
                     ducing contaminants into subsurface supplies, and precautionary measures
                     must be taken. All observation and production wells should have properly
                     installed sanitary seals. Permanently abandoned holes and wells should
                     be fully grouted and sealed.

                     Exploratory Well Drilling.

                          The current exploratory drilling program in American Samoa was
                     initiated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division
                     (Corps) in assistance to ASG during the summer of 1976. It started with
                     the arrival of a drilling rig complete with tools and supporting equip-
                     ment and technical Corps personnel from Korea to supervise and perform
                     the test well drilling operation, to train ASG personnel, and to furnish
                     technical direction for well construction by a private drilling contractor
                     (U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, 1975 and 1976).

                          Over the following year more than one hundred exploratory and
                     investigation holes and six monitoring wells were drilled by the Corps-
                     ASG drilling team. Technical supervision was also provided in the
                     construction of 13 production wells built during this period.

                          With one or two exceptions, all holes drilled for observation and
                     monitoring purposes were 8 inches in diameter. All holes were grout-
                     sealed around the casing (in most cases, P.V.C.) and capped to make a
                     complete test well structure. A concrete pedestal was poured around
                     each cased hole at the ground surface and the hole number was perma-
                     nently printed in the cap. (NOTE: The threaded caps are wrench-tight
                     and are not considered vandal proof. For security reasons, more perma-
                     nent cap locks may be needed. Further, if any of these observation
                     holes are abandoned, it will be necessary to permanently seal the hole.)

                                                     B-27

                    In October 1977, although the Corps personnel returned to Korea,
                the drilling rig was transferred to ASG for continuation of the explo-
                r.atory drilling program. Following a period during which ASG lacked the
                technical expertise needed to continue the exploratory work, the program
                was resumed in May 1978 upon contracting the services of an experienced
                hydrogeologist and a well driller.

                    In view of the information presented in the previous section
                regarding the threat of saltwater intrusion, it appears that the emphasis
                of the exploratory program should be focused on locating supplemental
                ground water sources -to alleviate the demand presently being exerted on

                the basal lens in the Tafunafou area.

                    The wide and deep Malaeimi and Malaeloa valleys appear to have
                favorable subsurface conditions for freshwater. Depths to the water
                table in these valleys are greater than in the Tafunafou area (i.e., 150
                feet or more as compared to only 60 to 100 feet in Tafunafou), but the
                chances of finding more reliable sources of better quality water appear
                promising. They are both relatively large drainage basins; they are
                situated landward of the Tafuna-Leone Plain, thus, farther from the
                coastline and generally above the more populated areas; and, they may be
                substantial sources of recharge for the Tafuna-Leone aquifer.

                    Judging from the drilling logs of wells 67, 69, 70 and 73 (see
                Figure 1), the erosion and shaping of the valleys were accompanied by
                the deposition of coarse grain sediments (potential aquifer materials)
                from fluvial and marine sources. Investigations to find, map and test
                these potential aquifers were among the objectives in Corps plans.

                    The planned investigations were to drill enough test holes across
                the mouths of both valleys to be able to correlate boring logs from hole
                to hole and to prepare geological and hydrological profiles of the basal

                                                 B-28

                     water conditions. In order to be able to correlate boring logs, the
                     stratigraphic boring log at one particular location has to be interpreted
                     and compared with adjacent borings. The location (spacing) of each
                     individual succeeding boring is made on the basis of the interpretation
                     of the previous boring. The resulting profiles are used to accurately

                     measure the freshwater table level above mean sea level and to observe

                     the response across the valley to tidal action. If conditions are
                     favorable, this information will facilitate the location and construc-
                     tion of larger (12-inch minimum at pump setting) diameter wells.

                     Production Well Construction.

                          The construction of efficient and permanent water wells involves
                     two separate and distinct operations: the mechanical aspects of drill-
                     ing a hole in the ground, and technical supervision, which includes the
                     engineering and design of the well to fit the particular hydrology and
                     geology of subsurface conditions at each individual well site. In the
                     past 20 years, some 60 holes had been drilled on Tutuila without the
                     benefit of technical supervision; as a consequence little is known about
                     their construction other than the location, depth and, in some cases,
                     quality of water. The quality and quantity of water from these holes,
                     especially in the Tafuna-Leone plain, are directly related to the
                     uncontrolled manner in which they were constructed.

                          Recommended references for water well construction are: Manual
                     No. 7, "Water Well Construction," U.S. Army Engineer Division, Mediter-
                     ranean; "Ground Water and Wells," published by Eduard E. Johnson, Inc.
                     UOP, Inc., P. 0. Box 3118, St. Paul, Minnesota 55165; and "Manual of
                     Water Well Construction Practices," EPA-570/9-75-001, Environmental
                     Protection Agency, Office of Water Supply.

                          Based on the knowledge and experience gained in American Samoa, the
                     following are some suggested guidelines for the design and construction
                     of production wells:

                                                     B-29

               A*   Wells should be sized to yield the safe, maximum quantity and
                    provide two casing sizes.of clearance between pump bowls and casing
                    to allow for movement, seismic shifting, construction deviations in
                    alignment or plumbness, and for future maintenance. A twelve-inch
                    diameter is the smallest casing size desirable for wells which
                    produce 250 gallons per minute and more.

               B.   Well construction techniques practiced by GWDC (Ground Water
                    Development Corporation) were approved by the Corps of Engineers
                    for shallow (less than 200 feet deep) wells and, in general, are
                    suitable in extrusive volcanic aquifersi Modifications and changes
                    in the techniques should not be attempted without the approval of a
                    qualified technical supervisor.

               C.   Continuous sampling, logging and testing (gradation and classifica-
                    tion) should be done below the ground water table level.

               D.   All permanent water wells should have sanitary seals installed
                    under technical supervision.

               E.   Elevation of ground water, amount of change and time lag compared
                    with tidal cycle and quality of water with depth will determine the
                    depth of the hole and permanent pump setting.

               F.   Design of Wells: Length, diameter and slot size of screen (wire
                    wound, continuous slot, welded), position in hole, final depth of
                    hole, yield-drawdown pumping tests and quality of water are impor-

                    tant features and should be controlled and recorded.

                                               B-30

                                          CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMMATIONS

                           The natural quality of fresh ground water in American Samoa is very
                      good. It meets the maximum contaminant levels set forth in the National
                      Primary Drinking Water Regulations for the parameters measured and is
                      suitable for domestic consumption and current industrial uses in American
                      Samoa. The problems encountered over the years are primarily due to the
                      previous lack of technical expertise and other management and training

                      needs.

                           The following is a summary of the problems identified in this study
                      and the short-term and long-term recommendations developed in solution
                      to these problems.

                      Problems Identified.

                      A.   Saltwater Intrusion. Due to the "sensitivity" of the thin basal
                           freshwater lens near the coastline, saltwater, or seawater ,  intru-
                           sion has been a constant threat to ground water development in
                           certain areas, such as the Tafunafou well field.

                      B.   Ground Water Contamination. The potential for ground water contami-
                           nation due to indiscriminate waste disposal practices and improper
                           watershed management is another constant threat to the integrity of
                           ground water supplies. This problem is enhanced by the existence
                           of abandoned, unsealed holes and wells which can serve as direct
                           pipelines to ground water supplies, as well as production and
                           observation wells with inadequate sanitary seals.

                      C.   Right-of-Way Problem. Attempts to successfully develop ground
                           water in American Samoa have been constantly hampered by the govern-
                           ment's inability to gain access to favorable sites for exploratory
                           drilling and, subsequently, the right-of-way needed to construct
                           production wells at those sites determined to have good potential.

                                                      B-31

               D*   Lack of Technical Expertise, In the past, the lack of qualified
                    technical expertise (viz.,' experienced hydrogeologists and well
                    drillers) to supervise and direct both the exploratory drilling and
                    production well construction programs has resulted in well construc-
                    tion records of little or no usefulness and poorly constructed

                    wells.

               E.   InadequateOperating Data for Production Wells. Inadequate operat-
                    ing data precludes evaluating the performance of each production
                    well and exercising proper well field management. Each production
                    well should be metered and should be equipped for static water,
                    level and water quality monitoring.

               F.   Insufficient Observation Well Data. Except for a few sites, observa-
                    tion wells are generally not monitored regularly.

               G.   Inaccurate Elevation Data. At the time of this writing, elevation

                    data needed to determine the thickness of the basal freshwater lens

                    with reference to mean sea level were found to be inaccurate and

                    prohibited a quantitative analysis of the Tafuna-Leone aquifer in
                    this study. This problem is being, or has been, rectified by the
                    ASG Department of Public Works.

               Short-Term Recommendations

               A.   Exploratory Well Drilling Program:

                    1.   Avoid over-development of the basal freshwater lens in the
               Tafunafou area by directing ground water development programs to other

               areas.

                    2.   Investigate the potential of the Malaeimi and Malaeloa valleys
               which appear to be the most promising areas at the present time, as
               supplemental sources of ground water for the central government system.

                                                B-32

                          3.   Conduct a ground reconnaissance survey of villages outside the
                     existing government system with water supply problems to identify and
                     inventory those'which are eligible for further ground water exploration.
                     The importance of having a qualified hydrogeologist to provide the
                     technical expertise needed for this survey cannot be overemphasized.

                     B.   Ground Water Contamination:

                          1.   Institute a program to seal abandoned and unsealed drilled
                     holes and wells and to assure that production and observation wells in
                     use have adequate sanitary seals.

                          2.   Select production well sites above, or upstream, of antici-
                     pated sources of contaminants, insofar as possible, to minimize the need
                     for strict watershed management and conflicting land uses.

                          3.   Coordinate waste collection and disposal (wastewater and solid
                     waste) and land use practices and plans to assure protection of ground
                     water supplies.

                     C.   Production Well Construction:

                          1.   Maintain the qualified technical expertise required in the
                     engineering, design, and construction of wells to fit the particular
                     hydrology and geology of subsurface conditions at each individual well
                     site and to oversee the mechanical aspects of well drilling (see section
                     on Production Well Construction in text for suggested guidelines).

                     Long-Term Recommendation

                     A.   Develop a Hydrologic Budget for the Island of Tutuila. A hydro-
                     logic, or water, budget is a method of quantifying the four phases of
                     the hydrologic cycle (i.e., precipitation,.evaporation and transpiration,

                                                      B-33

               surface water and ground water) and their interactions for a given area.
               It is particularly useful in managing water supplies and in evaluating
               and forecasting the impacts of certain actions (e.g., dry spells,
               projected growth and demand, etc.) on each hydrologic component. It
               requires extensive data collected through well-conceived monitoring
               programs over extended periods.

                    For American Samoa, the hydrologic budget should encompass the
               whole island of Tutuila as a complete hydrologic unit with special focus
               on the Tafuna-Leone aquifer because of its importance as the primary
               source of ground water. The U.S. Geological Survey and the National
               Weather Service are the primary agencies responsible for gathering
               hydrologic and meteorologic data in American Samoa. Discussions with
               USGS have revealed that their data gathering programs are directed
                oward this objective. ASG should continue to coordinate their moni-
               toring efforts to complement those of USGS and the National Weather
               t

               Service for the purpose of someday acquiring this capability.

                                                B-34

                                               LIST OF REFERENCES

                     Bentley, C. B., September 1975. Ground-Water Resources of American
                     Samoa with Emphasis on the Tafuna-Leone Plain, Tutuila Island, U.S.
                     Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 29-75.

                     Burnham, W. L., 1974. Chronologic Summary of Activity and Information
                     from the U.S. Geological Survey, WRD, Technical Advisory Assistance to
                     Federal Disaster Assistance Administration on Drought in American Samoa,
                     9 October 1974. U.S.G.S. Water Resources Division, Menlo Park, California.

                     CH2M Hill, November 1975. Water System Study - Western Portion of
                     Tutuila Island. Prepared for the Department of Public Works, Government

                     of American Samoa.

                     Davis, D. A., 1963. Ground-Water Reconnaissance of American Samoa
                     Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 1608-C.

                     Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966. Ground Water and Wells.

                     Flanagan, M. J., April 1976. American Samoa's Water System Improve-

                     ment Program.

                     Malae, A. U., 1976. The Effect of the Safe Drinking Water Act on
                     American Samoa. M.S. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh.

                     Linsley, R. K., M. A. Kohler and J. L. H. Paulhus, 1958. Hydrology
                     for Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company.

                     Stearns, H. T., 1944. Geology of the Samoan Islands, Geological Society
                     of America, Bull. v. 55, pp. 1279-1332.

                                                     B-35

              StIoe, G, D. and F. W. McCoy, Jr., 1968. The Geology of the Manu'a
              Islands, Samoa, Pacific Science, v. 22, No. 4, pp. 427-457.

              U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, December 1977. American Samoa
              Water Resources Study - Plan of Study.

              U.S. Army Engineer Division, Mediterranean, October 1961. Water Well
              Construction, Manual No. 7.

              U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, 1975 and 1976. Memorandum
              of Understanding Between the Government of American Samoa and-the Corps
              of Engineers, Department of the Army for Real Estate, Engineering.Design
              and Construction Services (effective 5 September 1975), and Implementing
              Agreement for FY '76 Exploratory Well Drilling, 29 July 1976.

              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975. Manual of Water Well
              Construction Methods, EPA-570/9-75-001.

                                                B-36

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       I                                           APPENDIX C
       I                                REVIEW OF  EXISTING LITERATURE
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                        REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE

                        A review of existing literature serves to provide a setting for this
                        report. It gives an idea of the problems and concerns that faced the
                        Department of Public Works during the development of the water system
                        and gives insight as to why certain courses of action were pursued.

                        The review will provide a bibliography which is as complete as possible
                        for future stud ies or engineering designs for the water system. It
                        will also help to identify areas in which data is lacking and more study

                        or data collection is required.

                        The literature review will be presented in nearly a chronological order
                        so that it will show a somewhat logical development of data as the water
                        system itself developed and expanded.

                        Literature Review:

                        1.   Report Covering A Master Planned Water Supply and Distribution
                             System for the Pago Pago and T@ifuna Areas, Austin, Smith & Associ-
                             ates, Inc., February 1963.
                        This report noted the growing population and industrial growth in the
                        Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna areas and pointed out the inability of
                        surface water sources to meet water demands. The report recommended
                        the construction of nearly seven million gallons of distribution and
                        raw water storage. It also recommended interconnecting the three Bay
                        Area water systems and providing slow sand filters and chlorination

                        to the surface water sources.

                        In an attempt to eliminate the complete dependence on stream flow,
                        the report recommended construction oftwo shallow wells and a more
                        detailed evaluation of the ground water potential of the Tafuna Plain.

                                                        C-1

                        The authors noted a high per capita water consumption and estimated
                        that 40% of the water used was unnecessary or wasted.

                        2.    Water Supply and Distribution Systems Pago Pago and Tafuna Areas,
                              Austin, Smith & Associates, Inc. April 1966.
                        This  report is an operations manual for the water system as improved
                        by construction under the recommendations of the 1963 report. In addi-
                        tion to system operation instructions, the report pointed out the neces-
                        sity of developing basal ground water supplies to insure a safe and
                        adequate water supply during low rainfall periods.

                        3.    Inventory of Village Water Systems in American Samoa, R.H. Dale,
                              U.S. Geological Survey, November 1970.
                        This report tabulates the estimated water demand, the presently deve-
                        loped supply, and the estimated availability of water for all villages
                        on Tutuila, American Samoa. The report is based upon limited data
                        obtained during a brief visit to each village during October of 1970.
                        Of necessity, much of the data is estimated and the results are reported
                        in a generalized manner.

                        4.    Report Covering Salt Water Fire Protection System, Roger L. Sinclair,
                              May 1971.
                        This  study investigated the existing Bay Area water system for its fire
                        protection capabilities. The report listed the following conclusions

                        and recommendations:

                              1.   Existing storage capacity of 5.25 million gallons in the Bay
                                   Area is adequate if reservoirs are kept at least 30% full.
                              2.   The existing surface water sources are unreliable.
                              3.   The existing distribution system has been poorly operated
                                   and as a result, large volumes of water are wasted and reser-
                                   voirs can not be kept full.

                                                          C-2

                            4.   The present schedule for improvements to the water system
                                 will not provide adequate fire protection for at least three

                                 years.
                            5.   The solution for immediate relief of the fire protection
                                 problem is to utilize the vast quantity of salt water in Pago
                                 Pago Bay.
                            6.   By designing the salt water system in accordance with the
                                 water system master plan, the pipelines can be converted to
                                 'the fresh water system when the fresh water system becomes

                                 more reliable.

                       5.   Report Updatingthe 1963 Master Planned Water Supply and Distribution
                            System including the Leone Plan; Austin, Smith & Associates, Inc.,
                            April 1972.
                       This report documented the tremendous population growth rate in the
                       Pago Pago Bay area and Tafuna Plain area from 1960 to 1970. Population
                       in these regions was growing at an annual average rate of 5.7%.

                       Water consumption had also increased because of the increasing popu-

                       lation and increased industrial activities. The 1990 demand in their
                       study area (which extended from Leone Village to Breakers Point) was
                       estimated at 7.8 million gallons per day.

                       The report noted that large volumes of water were currently lost due
                       to leakage and waste. It was estimated that the current consumption
                       could be reduced by 20% if the system was operated in an efficient and

                       businesslike manner.

                       Ground water was recommended as the most efficient way to meet water
                       shortages. The estimated yield from the Tafuna Plain was 5.5 million
                       gallons per day. When this ground water is combined with surface water,
                       it could easily meet the projected water demands.

                                                        C-3

                        The report presented a five year, five million dollar capital improve-
                        ment program for the fiscal years 1973 through 1977. The program in-
                        cluded such items as 1) coftstruotion of wells, 2) installation of a
                        12-inch pipeline from Nuuuli to Fagaalu Village so that ground water
                        could be brought into the Bay Area, 3) increased water storage capacity,
                        4) treatment facilities for surface water sources, 5) expanded distri-
                        bution pipelines, and 6) improvements to the existing distribution
                        system and metering of water services to reduce water waste.

                        6.   Preliminary Report-Analysi3 of Vaipito and Faga'alu Water Treatment
                             Systems, The R.M. Towill Corporation, 1973.
                        See the following for final report recommendations.

                        7.   Final Report-Analysis of Vaipito and Faga'alu Water Treatment Systems,
                             R. M. Towill Corporation, June 1973.
                        The purpose of this report was to evaluate the water quality of the
                        existing streams feeding the Vaipito and Fagaalu Reservoirs to determine
                        the adequacy of the present water treatment system to efficiently treat
                        the water and to propose a means of improving finished water quality
                        by rehabilitating the filters. The conclusions and recommendations
                        were that the surface water supplies were not protected and were subject
                        to instantaneous changes in water quality and quantity. These varia-
                        tions in water quality and quantity make the utilization of these water
                        supply systems subject to close scrutiny to see whether they lend them-
                        selves to economical and practical management to insure a fail-safe
                        potable water supply. The abandonment, continuation or usage of these
                        systems as a backup should be determined by a master plan evaluation
                        of the water requirements and sources of supply. Consideration should
                        be given to abandoning these sources.

                        8.   Basis for Design - FY 74 Water System Expansion, R.M. Towill Cor-
                             poration, January 1974.

                                                        C-4

                       Prepared to document the basis of the design of the FY 74 water system
                       expansion, this report contains the design criteria, reference reports
                       and design calculations.

                       It should be noted that the FY 74 construction package was considerably
                       changed by the Government of American Samoa prior to its inclusion as
                       part of the FY 75 improvement program.

                       9.    Analysis of Water Distribution System, The R.M. Towill Cc rporation,
                             not dated, estimated at January 1975.
                       This  report was prepared prior to the design of the fiscal year 1975
                       water system improvement program and was a consequence of the previous
                       surface water treatment study which cast serious doubts on the advisabi-
                       lity of continuing the use of the existing surface water sources.

                       The report's stated purpose was to analyze the existing water supply
                       system and to develop recommended improvements necessary to insure
                       that adequate water supply facilities will be available for the design
                       year 1990 in the water service area from the Tafuna well field to Aua.

                       The report gave the following concl  usions and recommendations:

                             1.   The well fields must be capable of delivering 6.9 million
                                  gallons per day in 1990 to satisfy water demands.
                             2.   The existing booster stations are undersized to serve the
                                  Bay Area if surface water supplies within the Bay Area are

                                  not used.

                             3.   Inadequate records are maintained of the water system opera-

                                  ting characteristics.
                             4.   No additional storage is required for peak hour equalizing
                                  purposes, but fire storage is inadequate in the Tafuna area
                                  and marginal in all others not protected by the salt water
                                  fire protection system.

                                                        C-5

                       10. Standard Specifications and Construction Details for the Water
                            Distribution System, R.M. Towill Corporation, November 1975.
                       The title of this document is self explanatory of its contents.
                       This document was intended to act as a standard document that would

                       reduce duplication in preparing water system construction documents.
                       The standards were also to provide guidance to government construction
                       and operations forces for their work on the water system.

                       11. Leak Detection Survey and Personnel Training, Gilbert Associates,
                            Inc., July 1974.
                       The work undertaken and covered in this report was to perform a.leak
                       survey of the government water system.

                       The survey discovered approximate ly 500,000 gallons per day in under-
                       ground leakage and surface service lateral water losses by wastage.
                       Generally the report found the system to be in fair condition, but in
                       need of more efficient operation with a good preventive and corrective
                       maintenance program. The report noted a complete lack of system opera-
                       ting records and construction standards. Metering of all individual

                       services was recommended to eliminate observed water waste.

                       12. A Report of Immediate Improvements to Water System, Tafuna Plains
                            to Pago Pago Harbor Area, CH2M - Hill, March 1975.
                       This report was prepared at the request of Governor Earl Ruth in response
                       to continued water shortages in American Samoa caused by record low
                       rainfalls in 1974. This report was used by the Governor at his funding
                       requests in Washington D.C. and contained recommendations for the use
                       of Olovalu Crater for surface water storage and treatment facilities.

                       Recommendations were made for 1) ground water investigation that would
                       determine the safe sustained yield of the Tafuna-Leone Plain, 2) geo-
                       technical investigations of the Olovalu Crater to determine its suitability

                                                       C-6

                       for use as a storage reservoir and 3) improvements to the water trans-
                       mission system that would convey water from Olovalu Crater to the Bay
                       Area without booster pumping stations.    I

                       The report should be considered more of a proposal than a planning

                       document.

                       13. Inventory of the Economic Development Administration Village Water
                            System Program, URS/The Ken R. White Company, October 1975.
                       This report inventoried the status of the approximately 30 village water
                       systems that were being improved under a grant from the Economic Develop-
                       ment Administration. Through brief field visits, interviews with A.S.G.
                       and village officials and reviews of American Samoa Government documents,
                       the report attempted to determine: 1) which village had been completed
                       according to the original program criteria, 2) the present operating
                       condition of the systems and 3) if required, the additional work required
                       to make the system operational.

                       14.  Water System Study: Western Portion of Tutuila Island Including
                            A Proposed South Shore Master Plan, CH2M-Hill, November 1975.
                       When the A.S.G. proposed to take over the Leone water system in 1974,
                       part of the agreement with the chiefs was that they would have an indepen-
                       dent engineer recommend the required improvements.

                       The first section of this report is in response to that agreement.
                       It analyzes the water system requirements for the area from Amanave
                       to Futiga. Recommendations are based upon domestic, industrial and
                       fire flow requirements projected for the area. The report investigated
                       existing sources and recommended that wells in the Leone Area be used
                       only during the dry season as the supply was limited. The bulk of the
                       water sources were to be from the Asili, Leafu, and Fuafua stream basins.
                       The report recommended distribution and storage facilities.

                                                         C-7

                        The second portion of this report was requested by Governor Ruth in
                        response to-continued dry weather and acute water shortages in Samoa.
                        A proposal was made for what is called the Olovalu Crater project.
                        The basic features of this proposal were that:

                             1.   The ground water supply on Tutuila Island is finite and may
                                  be inadequate to meet total projected water requirements.
                             2.   Existing storage distribution and storage facilities are
                                  inadequate to meet existing demands.
                             3.   Misuse and waste of water is a common practice. A universal
                                  system of metering should be installed immediately.
                             4.   A large volume (560 million gallons) storage reservoir created
                                  within Olovalu crater would eliminate water shortages to the
                                  design year 2010 and help to preserve the ground water lens.
                             5.   Surface water supply to the crater would be from the Asili,

                                  Leafu and Fuafua streams.
                             6.   All treatment of surface sources would be at a central point
                                  at the crater and transmission to the Bay Area would be by
                                  high pressure gravity flow in large diameter pipelines.

                        16. Ground Water Resources of American Samoa with Emphasis on the
                             Tafuna-Leone Plain, Tutuila Island, Bentley C.B., USGS Water Re-
                             sources Investigation Report No. 29-75, 1975.
                        This is a summary of the available ground water data for the islands
                        of American Samoa. Includes hydrogeology, descriptions of occurrences
                        of the ground water, the aquifer and well production characteristics
                        and discussions of the future development of ground water.   The safe
                        yeild for the Tafuna Plain was estimated at 30,000 acre feet or 26.6

                        MGD.

                                                       c-8

                       17. Public Works Role in Developing American Samoa, Sinagege Randorf
                            Morris, 1976.

                       Submitted as a part of the requirements for a Master of Public Works
                       Degree, Mr. Morris presents a brief historical background of American
                       Samoa, a review of the Department of Public Works' organizational struc-
                       ture and responsibilities and recommendations for reorganization.

                       Based upon the author's first hand experience as a management employee
                       in the Department of Public Works for many years, recommendations are
                       given to improve the operational abilities and efficiency of the depart-

                       ment.

                       Recognizing the importance of water to economic growth and health, a
                       recommendation is made for creation of a water and power authority so
                       that the utilities will operate on a businesslike basis separate from
                       the Department of Public Works.

                       18. The Effect of the Safe Drinking Water Act on American Samoa, Abe
                            Utu Malae, 1976.
                       Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a masters
                       degree, this study addresses the costs and benefits that will accrue
                       from implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 as well as
                       Water Quality Monitoring Requirements. It also examines the constraints
                       (administrative, personnel, and legal) that are peculiar to American

                       Samoa and will affect the administration and enforcement of the act.

                       19. American Samoa's Water System Improvement Program, Mattew J. Flanagan,
                            April 1976.
                       This paper was prepared for presentation to the 1976 American Water
                       Works Association meeting in Honolulu. The paper contains a short
                       history of Samoa Water System Improvements and explains the basis of

                                                       C-9

                       the improvement program that is presently underway. The design popu-
                       lations and flow rates that ar e the basis for the design of current
                       improvement programs are shown.

                       20. Disinfection of Ground Water Supplies - Predesign Study, CH2MHill,
                            May 13, 1977.
                       The scope of this study included data collection on operation of exist-
                       ing wells, field analysis of well water to determine chlorine demand,
                       evaluation of alternate chlorination equipment for use in Samoa, and
                       the preparation of a report summarizing the findings.

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