[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
ofr /The role of vegetation in shoreline management A guide for Great Lakes shoreline property owners 4>Ik .R76 1 9 7 0 Great Lakes Basin Commission Staff Technical Review Funded By Project Manager Gerald F. Kotas David Mussulman USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Fisheries and Environment Canada, Author - Robert H. Clemens East Lansing, M I Ocean and Aquatic Sciences U.S. Department of Graphics Marianne F. Orlando Richard Drullinger USDA, Soil Conservation Service,o Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, East Lansing, Design Kathi Presutti-Damon East Lansing, MI (retired) MI Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Coastal Editing GLBC Public Information Office Paul Knutson U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Zone Management Program* Pennsylvania Department of Typing - Terri D. Ogle Research Center Environmental Resources, Coastal Zone Management George Fogg Pennsylvania DER, Coastal Zone Program* New York Department of State, Coastal Zone Management Program Management Program* Don Gray University of Michigan, Dept. of *(Through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Bi Haras Envil ronment Canada, Ocean and Management Act of 1972, administered by the Office Bill Haras Environment Canada, Ocean and of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA, U.S. Department Aquatic Sciences of Commerce) Charles Carter Ohio DNR, Division of Geological Survey E.M. Watkin University of Guelph, Dept. of Photo Credits Crop Science .: Michigan DNR, Div. of Land Resource Programs Chris Shafer Illinois Dept. of Transportation, Photographer: B. Mills Coastal Zone Management Program page 1, 2 center, right, 3, 5 left, 6, 27 Third Printing Funded By Ken Robertson Illinois Natural History Survey Wisconsin DNR U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Central Division Martin Jannereth Michigan DNR, Division of Land Resource Programs page 2 left Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Great Lakes Basin Commission Coastal Zone Management Program With the support of the Great Lakes Basin Photographer: R. Clemens Coastal Zone mmission's Standing Committee. on Coastal Government of Canada Zone Manpage 5 right Fisheries and Oceans USDA, SCS, East Lansing Ocean and Aquatic Sciences page 1 This: booklet has been pre to provide shorelineproperty owners along tGat Lakes wih 1)~ omreesive vie of shoreline and~I-l bluaff erosion~roblms; ~() n xpaation of why ~~~ro~ e oh~ena~sbie;~l <opywnes f& '7; Property of CSC 16b1 w7 �L, I --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. -S� DEPARrhfJ I P~AI~ `0 I ML ~LKJGES CENTER call$ 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE Preface Mr C\HARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 Th:e Great-Lakes sh'orelines have long been ' - The Great Lakes shorelines vary in their m ' met with only limited success. This is due, partly, preferred as areas for both agricultural an'd urban' t;ipography and geology from rigid bedrock cliffs t '-:o misinformation andca piecemeal approach to the development. The recreational potential of the - to periodically flooded wetlands. Significantly, solution of an extremely com'plex problem. Great Lakes beaches and waters and the more than 7,500 kilometers (4,630 miles) or This booklet has been prepared to supply economic potential related to transportation and approximately half the total Great Lakes shoreline the shore property owner on the Great Lakes with commercial development of shoreline resources is classified as erodible. Furthermore, 76% of this some basic guidelines and information about shore are just two of the reasons people have chosen to shoreline in Canada was privately owned in 1973 stabilization techniques, emphasizing the role of settle in the Great Lakes shore zone. and the figure approaches 83% for the United . vegetation in an overall shoreland management States portion. Approximately half of the privately '-strategy. With the increasing costs of structural *. -_-:, ^-ownedzerodible shoreline of the Great Lakes is in ............devices for shore protection (both for installation- residential use; in other words, in your hands. '. 'and maintenance), it is necessary and desirable to Recent high lake levels combined with " 'develop complementary, economical, shoreline "' poorly planned shoreline development and stabilization techniques such as establishment of a inadequate shore protection have resulted in vegetative cover. While not intending to be a severe shore property losses due to flooding, � ;cure-all for shoreline erosion ills, this guide does : :-;-lbeach erosion, and bluff retreat. Though shoreline '. ?.. provide the information necessary:for a general property owners have resorted to a multitude of understanding of Great Lakes shoreline problems methods to stop or at least reduce this damage to and suggests techniques to more adequately deal their land and dwellings, in most cases they have � ..with them, especially when lake levels are expected to be lower than during the past several years. Introduction 2 .. ,.~~i ' : The Great Lakes Shorelines 5 "': ~-- ' The Problems- 7 The Role of Vegetation 11 Guidelines for Identifying Your Problems 14 Considerations: Shore ProtetionlDrainage 16 Considerations: Vegetation: 20 Vegetating Specific Shore Areas 22 Management Summary 29 Inforation irector ;30 WReferences ; : 31 Do's and Don'ts inside back cover I$i ~~~~~B~~ ~ S :? , ' . . . Table of contents Table of contents LANDS S5tOFZLJN& ~~~~4t ~ ~ ~ !q .7-4 The shores of the Great Lakes vary greatly in their composition. This makes the task of prescribing general shoreline treatments in a brief booklet rather difficult. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize the variety of shore types found within the Great Lakes if we are to understand, in a general sense, the erosion problems associated with each type and the appropriate solution(s). This guide addresses only the :h- unconsolidated, erodible portion of the Great ::Lakes shoreline s. The se erodible areas have been indicated on the map on page 4. The northern : shores of Lake Superior and Georgian Bay are : predominantly bedrock and. do not suffer.erosi6n'ni . - problems such as those shores found to the sooth , . ; and east. The major shore iypesthat have evolve d ' Hi ngh erodlbluffs - re found -n all five"laksbui The series of ice lobes and larger ice sheets a within the erodible portion of the Great Lakes are most prevalent'abrng the Lake Michigan and that carved out the present Great Lakes basin ' srshe in: horaelinage andcslope stability :,between '10,000 and I ;000,000:years ago are als`o:,;, Low erodible bluffs range in height from 3 are'problems commonly associated with this shore � 'responsible for the layers of glacial sediments i :: meters to 10 meters (approximately 9 feet to 30 type. ' which now cover the Great Lakes region and:: : feet) and are mainly composed of glacially derived �, make up a large portion of the shorelines..The'se' , gravels, sands, silts, and clays. They are found unconsolidated glacial deposits are made Up of,':i along all five of the Great Lakes, interspersed clays, silts, sands, gravels, and boulders which . . among the other shore types. Drainage and slope were eroded, transported, and deposited in maqy:~,. : stability are problems commonly associated with forms by the advancing and retreating gladiers: n.0 this shore type. the geologic time scale, this glacial activity is a . High erodible bluffs are those greater than relatively recent development. Thus, the 10 meters (approximately 30 feet) in height and shorelines, through the action of wind, waves, and composed of glacial materials. The Scarborough - rivers, are still changing, particularly in response to Bluffs near Toronto are among the highest of these, fluctuations in lake levels. What appears to be a reaching 90 meters (295 feet) above Lake Ontario. recent problem to shoreline property owners, could be more accurately regarded as a natural process which has been occurring for several thousand years but which affects and is affected by the actions of man. The Great Lakes shorelines 5 Low erodible plain refers to those Sand dunes make up roughly a sixth of the unconsolidated stretches of shorelines less than 3 Great Lakes erodible shoreline and present special meters (approximately 9 feet) in height. They are considerations for development and protection. found predominantly on the north shore of Lake Low dunes are found on all the lakes, but high Ointario and on the shore of Lake Michigan. They 'i= dunes reaching 'over- 37 meters (450 feet) are are commonly associated with wetland areas and found primarily along the eastern Lake Michigan are subject to erosion when exposed to wave shoreline, where man's activity and wind erosion attack. Flooding is a common problem. are the primary concerns. Wetlands make up almost one-fifth of the Great Lakes erodible shoreline but are primarily 'confined to large bays such as Green Bay and Saginaw Bay, and other shallow areas of the lakes such as Lake St. Clair and the western end of Lake Erie. Dredging and filling operations tend to reduce these wetlands and the shore protection they provide. .6 or along the beach depending on their height and direction. Waves breaking on the shore contain a considerable amount of energy, as property owners who have seen their shore protection efforts carried off in a storm will testify. As long as this energy is expended on a wide sloping beach and plenty of beach material is available to be .NO : moved along the shore, the system is in relative _________________:~~~ harmony. ... _____- . However, in storm conditions, wave heights increase and lake levels may rise locally, inundating '"OC'E -R~j~~�~G~:~Nthe existing beach and resulting in a net removal of --'1~J~n~ll~S~S ~LIR~C~40Ei~'.� beach materials. In extreme cases wave action. .M ,g tY14YS. $ > '�may reach the noimally stable back beach or bluff -S 1:Y qmLV ! and remove material from the toe of the bluff itself. NO-RMAL . .-L V...- These extremes have occurred almost continuously between 1972 and 1976 because of high seasonal lake levels which have submerged- " The erodible shore types identified on the ' !large portions of the Great Lakes beaches. Net .: ': preceding pages are subject to th reeprincipal erosion of protective beaches. has alloved types of. degradation: (1) wave action, (2) ' prolonged attack on the bluffs. groundwater seepage and bluff slumping,. and (3) In addition, a constant supply of beach surface runoffand wind erosion. These three materials is not always available, resulting in -factors of shore erosion may occur individuallyor possible sediment starvation of a beach. This may , in some combination. In order to arrive at a be caused by. loss of materials to offshore areas or solution to your erosion problems, it is necessary . by trapping of materials along theshore.at.groins,: to first understand the above three factors and to , jetties, breakwaters, and other structures. This what degree each is contributing to your specific � trapping effect has resulted in local beach losses in-, situation. many locations around the lakes, allowing further ~~~~'.~~ ~Wave Action wave attack of unprotected bluffs. Waves generated by wind blowing over the Great Lakes are capable of moving material on, off, HIg1H L_,AKE LEVELS The problems :7 A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i Groundwater Seepage and Bluff Slumping The type of problems associated with the-bluff All too often, attention is directed solely to will vary according to the material of which it is the problems presented by wave action, with composed. complete disregard for the processes acting on The action of groundwater within the bluff is the bank or bluff behind the beach. Because of the' often the most important factor affecting its nature of the erodible shore types described stability. Water which is added to the bluff earlier, special bank and bluff erosion problems naturally by rainfall or artificially by sprinkler or are found on all of the Great Lakes. These septic systems, affects the bluff in three ways. ' A. . -- problems result from a combination of high, . (a)lt seeps down through the more steeply sloped bluffs, the action of groundwater - permeable layers until' it encounters a less within the bluffs, and finally, man's further permeable layer such as clay and often flows out mPA alterationof factors which controlthe stability of ' toward the bluff face. Seep zones develop along -'' the bluffs. the bluff face causing materials to be removed and The bluffs which make up a large portion of increasing surface erosion. the Great Lakes shorelines are composed of a (b) Water added to the bluff may saturate wide variety of materials. These range-from a - dthe more permeable silt and sand-layers at the top - . ---. mixture.of clays, sands, and rock fragments called- -. increasing the weight and creating an unstable glacial till, to clay, silts, and sands deposited in s' - ituation. -X separate layers thousands of years ago when the (c) Added water increases the water Great Lakes stood at much higher elevations. The pressure within the bluff materials. This increased most common result is a bluff which has a glacial pressure decreases the natural strength (cohesion) - till base (or in some areas bedrock), an overlying of the bluff materials and this in turn decreases layer of clay which may include lenses of silts and stability or resistance to slumping and sliding. a sands, and finally a cap layer of silty sands. It is . Other factors in addition to the presence of - - ,mportant to pqint, qt that apecific bluff may water in the bluff can contribute to internal failure. be composed of only one of these-units, or - . of the bluff mrnaterials. Weight added to the top'b 6f _iv" some-different layering than portrayed here. - -- .,the bluff close to the edge in the form of buildings, swimming pools, and other structures decreases the stability of the bluff. Materials G-d-W-Ke --?-;-a g removed from the toe of the bluff by wave action - TI-cO .H v - c~-;orar by- man's excavation steepen the slope and-. ? remove the support at the base. With sufficient ' addition of water to the bluff, the internal strength Ls - of the bluff materials will decrease and an unstable; V5 1H< ; situation is created which nature will seek to correct! 8 ; - _ - . - - r,- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~- -g,:8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :: J = - :~~~~~~~~~~~ ' Or 0~~o o weqa~ CaddC te~e OLUF 5-ADfILTry ( house, swirnmit3 Fool) DIPtCPS 0h1 5it! avcrct Adsl mcou~e e MaNY P-a~c1VIe .downwasyd 4;;Yce at$e bace s bt,/, - the bluff b MN * 8r"CS h Arl-ds &. UmC~iaal PVYW few"?~,9~" . : -Aad bhus $AND~~~~~~~1Ze.a ., ~N re~~~~~~~~ovat c~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~iffet Afzrea. . blu-f - wr.en.' I 9 i i i I EAC- ' 01' 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . rjot L o s = ,,,, , , y *................................................4. 4.4,4i,. _ ....................... ......... ''7 '' -' This is accomplished by a readjustment of erosion processes-associated with each layer of . , -on the specific section of bluff one is examining. w the bluff slope by slumping and sliding. As materials in the bluff. rIn the case of-a bluff . All of the factors discussed above contribute to indicated in the diagram, these processes..vary composed-of one massive unit of clay or till, large , the overall stability of a bluff but their relative according to the bluff composition. Silt andcsand slump blocks tend to fail along deep-seated zones degree of importance depends on the particular layers tend to slough off in shallow segments near of weakness and establish,a more stable slope by bluff in question. the face of the bluff whereas cohesive materials sliding downward, seeking a natural angle of such as clay and till tend to slide along deeper repose. zones in the bluff. This is an oversimplified explanation of a In the case of a bluff composed of layers of process which can be very complex depending several different materials, the overall failure and ISfl aC Llf .- ' I Ir retreat of the bluff will reflect the differential 9 Surface Runoff and flnd Erosion The third cause of Great Lakes shore retreat S )i( F L which this booklet considers are the processes ~ I( 1F contributing to the surface degradation of the : lakeshore. It is these processes which the use .. .. ,o.L (D; and proper management of vegetation can most I ,,ulu i . -- IMPACT be spls -irl ofF SOMiL easily control. r- ble. C1.*ivir irolyp The primary agents of slope surface erosion are rain, surface runoff, and wind. All of these are 5: ]CLA. A PlL GOULLWY capable of removing sediment from. unprotected '- ;" E-.PO IO slopes and unless they are controlled, can result in 'large losses of materials over an-extended-period --. -.' .ot runoFf of time. -CLkt OrOVCS or r!tt[S The action of wind as an erosive agent is .. . . especially important in the sand dune areas of the W oli- ee o Great Lakes. Wind is the force responsible:for ... UL e Lo building the dunes and likewise, itis capable of shifting and/or removing, the saind dunes when . .. they are left unprotected. In dune areas where natural vegetation has been disturbed by development or traffic activity, winds have WlINP eroded the unprotected fine grained sands and ...'. transported them elsewhere. B4NP C ' h/i ) .i$ ~A/�~~ i `~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . -' 7 f \e A x O En O\em 5oVa The discussion of the previous pages outlines V < J_ te* Dtm three types of erosion which must be dealt with if JCth .bLa . s a particular stretch of shoreline or bluff is to be th / +~, )KX8e ~stabilized. Wave action at the toe of the bluff shalwow ro.pc rwses _ _ trl Fitt:0ia1 must be reduced or eliminated and this will n~hamqI :-r, ,.e~ f~'Dli .either require some sort of structural controls or J e~--'~gCli ~. 0X' Slower lake levels. The presence of groundwater within the bluff creates many internal stability i -l . problems and.these can be lessened primarily ' . . through proper drainage controls. Slope surface degradation by rain. and wind can be:reduced using vegetation, which in conjunction with .'"~ sGi. 1 -a ,. r-'' : . structural controls can provide a more complete . solution to a specific shoreline erosion problem than structural measures alone. Some of the ways in which vegetation improves shore stability are -~r �:i ..pictured here. Dade _ < id/. v'etz,~1 . ... The role of vegetation 111 arcr VtaTATI ON AL5O vqebiq eAQwv co CrerduJce &G-st vwlid vt~tr 1T2. * LE T i l 1 E' r l*7U MI lima .it*s_ - _ * I realized mo vm the stor. I: _: .',.'.co in:~~f~~g~~~sra~~a tieona. I t c III myecesl trhes a n t he . : . ~..~~ 5./-. -..~ : -~ /l~a.......each vorlufef seruo during storm. stop wa.uveti en accompe liso gret f" shmri e l ..n. the ay ofesloestb lati on thedu shre are aii tio a ces, vegetation alone cannot control d eep rIseated movement of the bluff due to f�~~� ';ii~~ Mxr~ II UIII 3-..a~~~~~~~.,, ~ JCgroundwater a ction. Adequateo drainage control is a*inforces and processes actin g on t he shor e line arei r-111'and identifies those which vegetation may control goudar rdaction. Ad wh drainage controlsea wisth ,_1 SbW\S~ ~5ib~~UtiOMviand shore protection structures may be required. 13 Before_ solutions to specific shoreline, erosion problems can be found, it is very important to identify and diagnose the specific problems affecting your shoreline property. The background information provided in the previous pages . discusses these problems on a generarT level. The Page # Shoreline Checklist accompanying "checklist" will assist you in defining What Kind Of Shore Type Is Your Property Located On? your particular -situation and identifying those 5 E 1. High Erodible Bluff (greater than 10ml) (30 feet) problem-areas which need further attention. The 5 O 2. Low Erodible Bluff (3-10m) (10-30 feet) - easiest way.:togoabout this istosimpl;y.go:out ,,: : ,,: .6- , , 3.,Low Erodible Plain (less than 3m) (10,feet) and familiarize' ourself with your shore area, using 6 O 4. Sand Dune 6 [] 5. Wetland . the checklist as a guideline.to idet iyesent or .Wetland potential problems. The page numbers listed next' o Describ'e'Your Shoreline Property to the checklist items indicate sections of this 1. How high above water level is your house? booklet where solutions and other information may 29 __ 2. What's the slope angle of the face of the bluff , dune and/or beach? 8-9 - 3. What kind(s) of material is the bluff composed pf? be found for those items. OE a. Sand EO b. One layer of Clay or Till :...- . ,"'-' - - -~~: : d - j - C c. One layer of'Silt or Sand E[ d. Bedrockl' 'I- .f - . , ; -' if :~ ..- - A. El : _e.- Mixedlayers of Silt, Sand,-Clay, and Till 1" ' 17 4. How Wide is the beach (from water line to base of bluff)? 5. What is it composed of? El a. Sand El b. Sand and Gravel EO c. Gravel and Rock Fragments What Are The Problems? Wave Action 17 1. Are waves eroding. the beach? , - ' '17 7 2. Are waves eroding the toe of the bluff during storms? - : -. . . .. . . - . ;-.-,.- 7 bi -......: , -- 3..-Are there-presently any shore protection-structures?, - '-, ' : - - M-- : '-': - .... __ a.' On your property?] - .' b.'On.your neighbor's?: 4.'- If Yes, have they stabilized-the shoreline and-protected the toe of the bluff9? - 2 5. Is your property subject to flooding? Guidelines for identifying your problems -14 ;z D An-; -I 2S a ^ - f 2 ; - = 2 2 - - B~~~~x After you've "defined" your shore area and identified those problems which are particular to your property, the next step is todetermine solutions to each of the problems you have identified. The listed page numbers on the Page # checklist are keyed to some solutions suggested in ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Groundwater ~this booklet. Throughout the.following attempts to 19 1. Are there seep zones along the face of your bluff? correct your property's shoreline problems, it is __ 2. Is active slumping (landslides) occurring? important toalways remember that the system 3. What are your contributions to the groundwater supply? you are dealing with is extremely complex and E ,a. Septic Tank fil b. Sprinkling or Irrigation that the natural forces which are causing your : c. Drain Pipes j d. Swimming Pool problems aregog tohave to be cmmodated Surface' Runoff and Wind Erosion' rather than combatted if you are to be successful. 26 1. Are the effects of surface runoff-visible? Ei a. Raindrop Impact b. Rills:. F c. Gullies 19 2. What are your contributions'to surface ruohff? . [ a. Drain Pipes E] b, Sprinkling or Irrigation 27-28 - ' 3. Is sand being blown off the beach, or are dunes'shiftirig? ;j~ ~~~Vgfeia - .I -:Vegetation . 2, -2:' 2-2 1.- Is there any on the blufftop, face, or toe? 2., Was`:thereever any? ilf Io, what happened to:it? : : 3. What vegetation typS(species if known) are (or were) foundon the bluff . top, face,and toe? How Do You Use The Bluff Or Backshore Area?' 20 1. Access to the Beach [ a. Foot Paths. - b. Stairs : c. Vehicular Traffic :20 ' 2. A place from which:to view the lake for aesthetic reajons : 3. Site for building E 4. Fill 15 It was emphasized at the beginning of this booklet that a piecemeal approach to solving shore erosion problems was the major cause of continued failure and consequent financial losses. If you are to be successful, you must consider and deal with the three causes of shore erosion " " 'equally and simultaneously. A groin or seawall which has been successful in protecting the beach. area may ultimately fail because the groundwater : - :seepage problems wereignored:; A--graded and - A ' " ,: : well-drained slope may continue to recede if ... .surface.runoff. is not-abated.throough. establishment :. .;. of vegetation. A well-drained, thickly vegetated slope may continue to erode if waves are allowed to attack the toe of the bluff. Consequently, the 9V51PS A WVy , tI ff1H TO importance of a comprehensive solution to all of I C,-t:Pr WAR'.' 4' J~ "j'Y the three problems cannot be overstated. ~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... . ...: .., ...-.. ... VWoe blo TOE OF 7TW ELLF)P WMr A 'F~if~}, .... .y,.:.... ConsidXrations: shore protection/drainag e- ~- ...~ .,:~: .'.c~.~ ~ , - ,.:.~ :. :,., .,�~:::~:!,..~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Beach Maintenance and Protection considerations of various structures. Many methods To begin dealing with the problems of slope of structural protection against shore erosion have stability encountered on steep bluffs, it is been devised, and there are many agencies, imperative to first establish a stable toe area. If institutions, and private contracting and consulting you have identified active wave erosion occurring firms that can provide technical advice and on the beach and toe, this erosion must be services for coastal engineering problems in the corrected before anything is done with the bluff. Great Lakes area, A list of some of these has been !\, X ~ |~Qu I ~ \iWave energy at the toe of the bluff should be provided at the back of this booklet. reduced and this can be accomplished in two . The property owner is urged to seek ways. (See drawing on page 16.) professional advice for his particular problem In the first case, nature may provide a wider because structural solutions to shore erosion are beach simply by the recurrence of lower lake very expensive and therefore should be g /<7Q// -- - :levels. Indeed, if levels recede in the near future : well-planned before they are built. Furthermore, * r , .as projected, this maybe an opportune timeto .i :: the cost and potential adverse effects of these" 0 ~/ //, Bi- if . . deal With bluff problems, particularly in structures on'neighboring shorelines can be / ,.0, . preparation for future high water years. Artificial A reduced significantly, simultaneously increasing the beach nourishment by hauling in sand and gravel : effectiveness, if property owners get together and also can provide this necessary buffer area; . , . consider coordinated solutions to their problems * ,t~ ~~~ 4(j .' E.However,; during storms and higher lal'ke- along longer stretches of shoreline. levels, wave action may continue to threaten the - As part of a public awareness program, I_ ale 5, ,0 ~~~' 1toe areas, and in these cases some sort of Fisheries and Environment Canada and the Ontario . 'structural protection will be required to either Ministry of Natural Resources are preparing a trap beach materials or provide direct protection brochure series under the general theme "Coping -i .~ against wave action. 0 :-^ with the Great Lakes," .These will provide existing A )-tI-t1-~rt1-\ MA pamphlet entitled, 'Help Yourself" has ' shore property owners, prospective buyers, and ubIvJe, prprd~yte ..AryCrp ~community planners with updated information and' been prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of guidelines for shoreland management based on the ` Fr om I~i @ . A .Engineers to provide the Great Lakes shoreline recent Canada-Ontario Great Lakes Shore Damage ' A discussion oF Xhi cri>caL Aid e property owner with a guide to alternative Survey Technical Report and the follow-up programs. prblems on the GrWeat WLat and methods of shore protection. This pamphlet albewfve nethods ofshoe prei . contains information on basic structural or coastal VamiC neft aFe -eArmy engineering solutions to shore erosion problems CarpsoF Engineers and explains the technical and financial Norath CenP L Div4ito7 17 Drainage Controls' Landslides, gullies, seep zones, and CGUL)LI:5 denuded slopes are all evidence of surface runoff and groundwater'action. As shown in the photograph, these processes can continue 'even though the toe area has been stabilized. If vegetation is to be established successfully, the water which causes these runoff 5 ,?and mass-wasting problems mst be controlled ,. :through proper drainage General types of ' drainage controls which address some of the problems identified in the owners checklist are provided on 'these pages. ZON515 ' :' I ~SI :UI fA': 18 4Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�?':.*!~*(%~* Gullies are formed when the flow of surfaced In addition to natural surface runoff and runoff is concentrated in one place along the bluff. aivet"10f groundwater flow, direct sources of water to the Gullies will continue to develop and expand .berm shore area such assprinkling, downspouts, pool unless the water entering the gully is intercepted A *. drainage, and possibly septic systems should be and diverted. A diversion berm along the top of ' ?" . ' . inventoried and reviewed. It should be possible the bluff will keep the. water out of the gully and '''that these man-made contributions be diverted or ' ', allow vegetation to re-establish. The intercepted - '.- . reduced. water should then be diverted down the face of - ' ,Drainage control, particularly of groundwater, the bluff in a controlled manner through a flexible. is a complicated subject which should not be pipe or suitably lined (rip rap, filter mat) ditch. . undertaken without. some prOfissional observation and advice. The examples provided in the . 5-'' -._ drawings are general solutions to general proble'ms !' and should be considered only as guidelines. Seep Zones occur where rouidwater and shod e nsand only a ; flows out of the bluff between differing layers of- ' exp ert s can:provide a de il ?:? fmaterials. ,Where possible this water should either :rainae be intercepted by drains or conducted out of thec ' rt e t pro d .osen of solutblions ., bluff by horizontal drains. As in the case of gully ." '. controls, the intercepted water should be led into6" tiS,:: a3 pipe-'r 'hannel which'carries:it down to the ' - > lake. Surface Runoff in general should be slowed � ' or intercepted where possible. This can be ' b': accomplished by:placement of a diversion ditch; dris - and drain along the top of the bluff and then a '.,.. ,o ; series of similar terraces and drains along the face " of the bluff. The number of these necessary will" depend on the height, composition, and slope of your bluff. The intercepted water should again be '"' conducted to the bottom of the bluff. . ..: 19 When caring for vegetation-already existing: H -Human Activity or establishing new vegetation, there are several The success or failure of vegetation depends important considerations and principles which you greatly on the types of human activity to which it will need to keep in mind.: : 'is subjected. For this reason, it is important to Climate ' ' " - - - - - t;� C - ; =- -choose plants that are appropriate for the The location of your property along the anticipated use of an area. One should also The location of your property along the consider which of those activities or uses of the Great Lakes.can make a great nifference in what shoreline area might be altered to allow kind of trees, shrubs, or grasses will grow well in n of - vegetation to establish more easily and create a ; - .-that -area..Thereare at-east.J ou-.� re~nt z.one:s..-.,, .-; 'pl-n~ hardiness whi'ch Correspond to:averag ' .more stable bluff. This principle applaies to existing; ;, . mpirn tempr ratues s .ins~h ~ Lakes=region. - vegetation as well as proposed or additional min.imum teumpperaurRin thG Lakes region. It - . .plantings. Selective pruning instead of clearcutting,' - is important too select vegetation which will stairways instead of footpaths are examples of tolerate these temperatures. Before deciding on w f cans al.e re t ximpr ahow human activities can be altered to improve any vegetation, be sure to consult local nurserymen, garden centers., or county agricultural ' vegetative growth. Selction . .s e...i :-exten~si6nhgns-t ol6tin- the -best idictn: of -: peies ion -: . loc:al conditions and plants that WilItolerate them. . Deciding on What typesof vegetation to. plant depends on a great ma'n, factors that'may be specific to your property only. These factors include: ,, Soil limitations such as droughtiness, fine textures, claypan soils, wetness, alkalinity, acidity, shallow depth, toxicity, or nutrient imbalance. - :Consult your local soil experts for an analysis of '~'~:';'s~~~ :;-:/'-:7' ~~Slope or the degree of steepness of the '' . bluff is an irnpartant consideration. This is : d:iscussed in more detail in the next. section.- Considerations: vegetation "20 7' P:.5C;~::: -??;' Availability of species is a limiting factor in There are mixed opinionrs regarding the those cases where commercial sources of seed or planting of species which are native to an area plants are sought. See the directory in the back versus planting of introduced or exotic species of pages of this booklet for possible sources within vegetation (often the types with which we are the Great Lakes basin. most familiar). The final decision generally depends Aside from physical limitations, intuitive upon commercial availability, species adaptability judgments about aesthetics and the intended - to a specific location, the effect 'of competition functions of vegetation will guide the selection of. between native and introduced species, -and plants. Adesired effect. In further discussions in which we Aesthetics refer to the visual amenities or . suggest species for specific areas, we will try to "special features" of vegetation such as form, indicate, where'possible, both native and texture, and color. Vegetative cover can improve introduced alternatives. Again, consultation with- the attractiveness of shoreline areas as viewed local plant experts will provide specific � ~~ ~ ~ .~ ~ and form can be achieved with imaginative selection of species. ,. , , Functional considerations of plant selection ~.{i!iliii �:~ ~ ~include choosing a plant which will produce a desired effect while considering the amount of . '9a' maintenance a given -species mnight require.' Species sfoushdldbe compatible with existirig "vegetation and not conflict with intended'use of :i ' . the shoreline area. If view of the lake is desirable, - height of a species at maturity should be a consideration in the selection process. Likevwise, if top soil control is the goal, fast growing species : ' :with widespread root systems should be considered. If controlling traffic is desired, plants such as Rosa rugosa or brambles (Rubus spp.) might : be very effective. t . :.,; .; A : I r5I 450 <<:~- 1:2 27f:' ~,, / CiCD cUNOFro At a1 2t :ZWIOr4� TO LMPI-N. A MpASURjIN THD ,LOPL M., The Great Lakes shores can be divided into specific problem areas which may be considered individually or in various combinations depending on a given situation. These include the top of the Top the Bluf are advised to mainainwide stri(300 bluff, the slopes or bluff faces (complete with . :gullies and seep zones), the toe of the bluff, and h y.g.g ettion top ofh: i ves as ee deirabe 3 m 1 fet) ptiml] "sand dune and beach areas. The following sections a a proectivebuffer for the bluff face and should dense natural vegetation along the bliff edge. A be maintained or re-established as a strip of proportionatel /smaller greenbelt couid 6e solutions to the problems found in these specific undeveloped land known as a "greenbelt". This is established on smaller properties. This strip particularly important in areas where bluffs are too precludes traffic too close to the bluff edge and 'areas. -T :ste'ep: and too. hi'gh for economically feasible . a xretards:surface runoff from plowed fi!,is lIo. . . sta6biization methods. Large shoreline reaches of .the rbots of the vegetation strengthen the bl'ff's i < - high bluffs such as the edges of agricultural areas resistance to slumping. If the bluff edge is ax along Lake Erie and Lake Michigan would be too curreritly cleared, you should consider leaving a costly to attempt to stabilize. Therefore, farmers :strip undisturbed so it can naturally re-establish itself or you can speed things up by planting grasses, trees, and shrubs. . Vegetating specific shore areas In determining the slope of your bluff, a :< '~method is suggested in the-accompanying diagram. This is a simple device which can be constructed with a protractor and a yardstick. The protractor should be fastened securely to the yardstick as shown, with a string and weight attached accordingly. When the yardstick is held up and t' ; acisti~gl~ .4 . aligned with what, appears to be the average :**. .. . .........., ..............ge!:�~'-'t1 treesl I g r~ slope of the bluff, the slope angle can be read directly from the protractor. This slope angle can and......................... bathen be converted to the appropriate � V~~~~~~~~~\erosoical/hoizontal rtio (see di agram on:;Wt paor 'Where possible;l steep slopes should .be ~i~~~~~.~~~~~~~~: !graded back to a more gentle configuration (1:3 or.. ~ ' �'~ ~"~~'"'~'".. :.,~:, �. less is ideal because these slopes canbe .. i Cultivated and planted with wheeled vehicles). . : Hwever, inmany cases along theGreat Lakes, ~."..~~...."'"',~'~ ~bluff areas areTmuch steeper, and regrading'may ,~'.~:-~~~~~~~ .~ ..... ~,~";: neither be economically feasible nor technially - ,~~"" . desirable for theiindividual property:Wner; : '" - Large trees growing at the edge of the blu'ff of the slope. A slope ratioo 1:1.5 (see with their roots exposed should be cut down to illustrations on page 22 and 23) can be-considered reduce the weight on the bluff edge. Their stumps the dividing line betweenia manageable slope and should be left in the ground however so the bluff a slope so steep that vegetation would be difficult may benefit from their root systems (see or impossible to establish without outside illustration on page 11). professional reclamation services. Bluff Face Vegetation should be established on patchy and barren bluff faces to protect them from erosion and improve their appearance. Whether or not this is possible depends greatly on the character of the bluff, particularly on the steepness 23 For those-areas where regrading to a gentler: - ': slope is either costly or impractical, modifications to the existing slope may be made which will allow vegetation to establish. This can be accomplished by terracing, providing horizontal steps in which to plant vegetation; or the slope can be broken up by the addition of "contour wattles. These are bundles of live willow cuttings which are anchored with live willow stakes in trenches along the bluff face. They act as a base t: for vegetation growth and as a trap to slow surface runoff. Furthermore, the-willow stakes and - -. cuttings are capable of rooting in the bluff soil provided there is sufficient moisture. What to Plant on the Bluff Face For slopes and for the flatter'areas created -;: f1 :4 * i ; . by terraces or contour wattles, there are a .. - number of species and mixtures of species which ' � can be planted and expected to succeed in this rather severe environment. These include seed P t mixtures of grasse� and legumes and a range of wi ol Pb 4 shrubs and trees. The following lists provide a WiloW selection of both native and introduced species, bs -.-.. conditions and. fertilizer requirements should be : Ar : determined prior to any selection of vegetation. ': The Soil Conservation Service, Soil and Water . Conservation Districts, or other soil experts could provide this information. a 5L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OW ID~ GPOJ~E A -45- fCc-., YMM001A -24 E--~~~~- .' -' : : GRASS AND LEGUME SEED MIXTURES SHRUBS Species LbslAcre Soil Moisture Types Perennial Rye Grass* 5 Well-Drained Imperfectly Poorly (Lolium perrene) Species Droughty GoMistureDridDand Redtop* 4 Autumn olive* X X (Agrostis alba) (Elaeagnus umbellata) Smooth Bromegrass* 1 2 Bearberry X X (Bromus inermis) (Arctostaphylus uva-ursi) Orchard Grass* 8 Chokecherry X (Dactylus glomerata) Canada Bluegrass 8 ~~~~~~~~~(Prunus virginiana) (Poa compressa) Ga owo Sweet Clover ~~~~~~~~~(Cornus racemosa) (Mliousala Red-Osier Dogwood X X Red Clover* 6 ~~~~~~~~~~(Cornus stolonifera) (Trifolium pratense)(Vtsrpi) 47 lbs/acre ~~Common Juniper XX This mixture can be planted In *well-drainedsolls.. (Juniperus communis)} Staghorn ua X Creeping Red Fescue* 19i (Rhus typhina) (Festuca rubra). Sandbar Willow Kentucky Bluegrass* 2 (Salix interior) (Poa pratensis) Herlae ilwXX ~X Redtop* ,. 1(Salix cordata) (Agrostis alba) Tall Fescue* 2TRE (Festuca arundinace'a) !pces Timothy* pratense*~~~~~~~~ 2; ~Cottonwood . (PopUlus deltoides)'~ Brsot Trefoil* 1 0 Black Locust X - (Lotus corniculatus). Rbii pedo acaca 45lbs/acre ~Silver Mapl XX This mixture can be planted inwell-clrainecl soils. . (Acer saccharinum) ~Wi Ilow X X Reed Canarygrass *..1 5 (Salix spp.) (Phalaris arundinaceus) Red Maple X X Garrison Creeping Foxti (Acer rubrum) (Alopecurus arundinaceus), Box Elder X X Redtop* 5(Acer negundo) (Agrostis a lba) Birdsfoot Tref~oil* 10*lndicates introduced species. (Lotus corniculatus)-" 35lsar This mixture can be planted in imperfectly drained soils. How to Plant " Mulch Materials Anchoring Method Proper surface preparation is essential to Where broadcast seedings are made, time of Hay or Straw - Peg and twine network successful planting. Slope areas to be planted seeding for grasses and legumes is very important. (11/2-2 tons/acre) - Punched into slope should be turned up and lime and fertilizer added w Seeding should be avoided in July and August wherever possible as extensive drought periods can w/pade according to specific vegetation requirements. (A occur. Legume-based mixtures should be seeded as Jute Netting - Staked according to soil test of the bluff should be conducted by an early as possible but no later than mid-June. manufacturer's expert to provide this information.) The top edge Grass-based mixtures can be seeded before and specifications of the bluff should be trimmed back and all rills after July and August. It should be realized that Plastic Netting -Staked according to and gullies should.be smoothed over as much as. ,; a:healthy, vigorous grass stands will require annual . . manufacturer's possible prior to seeding. Much of this surface fertilizer application to maintain this status. preparation may have to be done by hand on Cottonwoods and willows can be plantedions steeper slopes. All surface water draining on to as cuttings or saplings and are particularly good for Manure or Compost -Not necessary the bluff face should be diverted (see "Drainage seep zones and other wet areas of slope faces. Glass Fiber - Follow manufacturing Controls" section, page 18). However, controlled However, avoid planting willows near artificial specifications sprinkling may be used during the initial planting drains because their roots seek water and may Check with your local Soil Conservation- - period. . - . eventually clog or disrupt the drains. When . :. ervice. office, nurserymen, or garden and farm - Seeding and planting of vegetation should :- ,planting other shrubs and trees on slope areas, .. centers.to get more information on localavailability> 24'r be done carefully. In many cases, grass and legume consult local nurserymen to determine appropriate - or suitability for your situation. The U.S. seed mixtures will have to be seeded by hand species for your conditions. Environmental Protection Agency has also scattering along the face of the bluff. The seed Mulching of seeded or planted areas is of published a report entitled, "Guidelines for should then be covered with an appropriate particular importance to slope plantings. Mulch Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and mulch material. For large scale planting, on protects against rain and wind while seeds are Implementation", #EPA:R2-72-015, which hard-to-reach areas, machines called hydroseeders germinating. It also reduces loss of soil moisture provides details on mulches and anchoring which spray mixtures of seed, water, and mulch .during extended dry periods. Because of the methods. materials are recommended.. These are genera!ly . severe nature of most bluff areas, this mulch cover One other anchoring method which has .used by the Soil Conservation Service. a :. .>addition is necessary if vegetation is tobe . helped to stilie slop uring vegettion --established from seed. . ....- -I. :establishment in-some areas involves "nailing - ..- A wide variety of mulches can be used. down" the bluff face with 1.6m (5 feet) metal These range from scattered straw to sprayed glass fence posts. The posts are driven perpendicularly - iber. More common materials and methods of ' into the bluff face.in a grid pattern with-3-5m. . ; " -'anchoring them are provided below. - I (1-0-15 feet);-spacingsibetweenr them. The.posts; ,. --'are cross-connected with heavy wire or cable ' which has the effect of tying the entire bluff face - together from top to bottom and side to side. The. posts should' be driven almost all the way into the- ground, wired, and then the slope should be -seeded and mulched. I MC. HPllTO. . -CAL>N To aA . Toe of the Bluff . Sand Dune Stabilization Where more intensive stabilization is If a sufficiently wide beach exists in front of Sand dunes, old or new, are very fragile v required, American Beachgrass (available from ': the bluff to dissipate wave energy, it is a good features of the shore and as such are easily altered some sources listed on the back pages) can be i: idea to increase bluft toe protection by planting by the actions-of man. The natural vegetation - .planted in the Great Lakes area to stabilize old : i vegetation in conjunction with structural support.,, which grows on a sand dune is easily damaged by Vdunes or to trap blowing sand and build new This can be accomplished through the use of frequent pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic.'When . dunes. Beachgrass also provides a favorable vegetation behind living dams (see illustration this happens, the stabilizing effect of the environment for the establishment of other native above), stone riprap, or railroad tie cribbing. vegetation is lost and the sand is blown'elsewhere species of dune vegetation. A living dam consists of live willow posts by the wind. connected by wire fencing constructed along the If human activity and traffic are restricted or, toe of the bluff. Willow and poplar brush cuttings at least, controlled, sand dune areas may in time are then piled between the fencing and the bluff restabilize naturally by the re-entry of native to act as a barrier to trap materials which are vegetation. Driftwood and fallen trees will help sliding down the face of the bluff. Because protect these areas, and should not be removed willows root in moist soil, the posts and cuttings just for the sake of a "clean" beach. become part of the vegetative growth and serve to anchor the toe and protect the base of the bluff. 27 Planting Beacligrass :- ' How: Sand should be firm and moist around roots - D 7 * . . -. Where: (1) The mrost landwar-d portion of the with no air pockets near base of plants Space - beach, (2) on and between existingdunes, or (3) clumps 18" x 18" where wind velocities and - - immediately lakeward of an established duneline sand movement are high (about 20,000 clumps or- , ! When: Planit'in"early spring or fall when' 40,000-60,000 culms per acre) A spacing of -. '. temperature Is cool 24" x 24" may be used in areas not directly What: Plant 2 to 3 culms (a single stem with roots exposed to strong winds (about 11,000 clumps or attached) of American Beachgrass In holes 6-10"- 22,000-33,000 culms per acre) Use a regular >deep. -. - -~square or diamond pattern. ueep..-. - - - ~ Feriizer: Because-of the steile nature of7sand, - - -- fertilizer is necessary 225 kg/0.4 ha (500 =: - - ...... -.'-....--lbs/acre) of 12-12-12-or comparable fertilizer, or; � -- 360 kg/0 4 ha (800 lbs/acre) of 10-10-10 should . . * . -. be sufficient. Because of water quality concerns n the Great Lakes it is advised that this fertilizer be - - - = - . . = - applied in 22 5 kg/O 4 ha (50 lb/acre) doses eve ry= ,two months starting in Apnril rather than all at once - - Where possible,-fertilizer high In nitrogen and low.. -- . .e,=- .v ' 1,-x in phosphorus should be used dependent on soil . needs Other Vegetation: Once beachgrass is ' " ' established, other vegetation such as trees may be planted. These include sand cherry (prunus . pumila), cottonwood, scotch pine (pinus .. .. , - .. ;--~ sylvestris), and black locust 4T, - s71 x1 28, - _ - ;' - ; � - _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sound shoreland management requires a which these areas support. This slopes are too steep [greater than 1:1.5' comprehensive view of one's shoreline property maintenance will in turn preserve the (330)] but not too high [less than 10m and the erosion problems that may occur on it. important ecosystems associated with (30 ft)], regrading to gentler slopes may Vegetation management plays an important role in both sand dunes and wetlands. be desirable. The "bluff Face" section on helping to prevent or minimize the kinds of Heavy Management page 23 discusses appropriate shoreline erosion with which structural measures This applies to areas with stable shorelines techniques. alo ne fa il to deal. In this regard the shoreline but poor vegetative cover. It also includes those Special Management property owner is urged to consider the use of ::- vegetation to complement his shore protection areas with gentler slopes [less than 1:1.5 (33�)] . This applies to areas which presently have: and those areas with successful manmade little or no natural beach, steep slopes, efforts. Several levels of vegetation management shoreline protection. Under these conditions, groundwater seepage problems, and poor may- situation A summary of these is provided oabelow ge intensive planting and management of vegetation is vegetation. To adequately deal with these situation.iA summarylor Mgesent - both possible and strongly encouraged. For problems, combination of structural, drainrage and Minimal Management a . example: '-, vegetation controls is required. These may include. This applies to shoreland areas which . a) Shoreland areas with- good natural structural' toe protection, regrading of the slope, 7 presently have good vegetative cover along the : ' : " beaches for bluf' toe protection and -internal drainage of the bluff, and intensive planting . --backshore or bluff, or have a stable beach. For : ' . ' ackshore or bluff areas with gradual ; . on the slope face. This is/the most effective r example: ' : slopes [less than 1:1.5 (33�)] should be r. method of dealing with the entire'problem of a) Bluffs which have good vegetative covert ? I: planted in order to protect against s ' horeline erosion, but it is also the most should be maintained and any ba re surface erosion. Consult the"specific expensive. These costs should beinvestigated :!3 ,~ apatches along these bluffs should be . areas section 'sarting on page 22 of this 'thoroughly before such a project i' undertaken : planted with an appropriate plant - ' booklet for techniques to establish this: : � - material listed in this booklet. ; vegetative cover. Surface runoff should: - .. b) Shoreland areas which have a good - i :be controlled during this planting:effort. . !::=': " : . natural beach to serve as a buffer where : ... - : b) Shoreland areas with successful, . : wave action is dissipated but whose : structural protection against wave action- bluffs are too high [greater than 10m. (30 : - (groins, breakwaters, or revetments) ft)] and too steep [greater than 1:1.5 should. be supplemented by establishing (33�)] to support vegetation without ' vegetation on the adjacent backshore or regrading, should at least be planted at bluff areas. In those areas where the the toe and on top of the bluff according to the suggestions provided in the previous "specific areas" section of this booklet. c) All sand dunes and wetland areas are- susceptible to damage from just minimal human disturbances, so it is important to maintain or re-establish the vegetation Management summary U.S. Army Corps of Englneers-' - Minnesota - Illinois Soil Conservation Service 311 Old Federal Building North Central Division Coastal Zone Management Program Coastal Zone Management Program 31d & State Stre ets Division Engineer Minnesota State Planning Agency Department of Transportation Columbus, OH 43215 U S Army Engineer Dlv, North Central 100 Capitol Square Building Marina City Office Building 536 South Clark Street St Paul, MN 55101 300 North State St, Room 1010 Ohio Soil and Water Chicago, IL 60605 Soil Conservation Service Chicago, IL 60610 Conservation Commission 200 Federal Bldg & U S Court House Soil Conservation Service Co lumbus, OH 43224 BDistrictOffstrict Ch316 North Robert Street Federal Building Buffalo District St Paul, MN 55101 P O Box 678 Offce of the Chief Engineer District Engineer Minnesota Soil and Water Champaign, IL 61820 Department of Natural Resources U S Army Engineer District, Buffalo Conservation Board Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation Fountain Square 1776 Niagara Street 300 Centennial Building State Dept of Agriculture Buffalo, NY 14207 St Paul, MN 55155 Emerson Bldg, State Fair Grounds Pennsylvania - Detroit District _ ,, nfdM, , 2 Mnnesota Sea Grant Advisory Servicesnt Program District3~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Egne _ 1-25 Administrationidin Dept of Environmental Resources U S Army Engineer DitcDertUniversity of Minnesota - Duluth Bureau of Resources Programming PU S Box 1027 Duluth, MN 55812 Coastal Zone Management Program Third & Resources Programm PDtO Box 10Wicnn7 State Planning Services Agency Harrdsburg, PA 17120 Detroit, MI 48231 Wisconsin - - - 143 West Market Street- - Chicago District Coastal Zone Management Program Harrison Building Soil Conservaton Service District Engineer State Office of Planning and Energy Indianapolis, IN 46204 Route 19 1 West Wilson Street Soil Conservation Service RD 5 219 South Dea rborn Street 219 Sou th Dearborn Street CiaoMadison, WI 53702 Atklns on Squa re Westterford, PA 16441 Chicago, IL 60604 Soil Conservation Service 5610 Crawfordsville Road Agrculture Stabilizaton 4601 Hammersley Road Indianapolis, IN 46224 and Conservation St. Paul District - ' - PO Box 4248 E e M'- ' o I 5 Indiana State Soil and Water County Committee District Engineer Madison, WI 53711 Conservation Committee Rou te U S Army Engineer Distnct, St Paul ' Wisconsi Board of Soil a Water -' ' Room 7, Agriculture Administration Building RD 5 1210 U S Post Office and Custom House Conservation Distnricts Purdue University Waterford, PA 16441 St Paul, MN 55111 Room 346 West Lafayette, IN 47907 Pennsylvania State University Madi son, Un7 Michigan Cooperative Extension Service Wisconsin rd o Michigan 850 E Gore Road Madison, WI 537B6 Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program Shorelands Management Section Ene, PA 16509 Advisory Services Division of Land Use New York 1815 University Avenue Michigan Dept of Natural Resources Madison, WI 53706 Stevens T Mason Building New York Coastal Zone Seadisont College 53706 StLansing, Ml 48926 Management Program Advisory S ervices Soil Conservation Service Department of State - ' ',-University-of Wisconsin' , , East Lansing, Ml 4883 oS Courthouse Federal Buding Peninsular Experimental Farm ' - - - Michigan State Soil 1400 P Clinton Street - < ~ ~PenmsRoute Farm > *^ . Conservation Commission Street Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 r" Lewis Cass Building Syracuse, NY 13202 MichiSturgeon Bay, Wl 54235 '? ; IS' " P O BOX 30017 New York State Soil and Water Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program P 0 Box 30017 Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program Lansing, Ml 48909 Conservation Committee -Great Lakes Research Facility -Bosx 2, 142 Emerson Hall 600 East Greenfield Avenue Michigan Sea Grant Cornell University Milwaukee, WI 53201 Advisory Services Ithaca, NY 14853 1815- , University of Michigan Ithaca, NY 1453 - 2200Bonisteel Blvd - , New York State Sea Grant ,Ann Arbor, Ml 48109 -AdvisoryService Countya DGrain Commission ~SUNY College at Brockport County Drain Commission 2B1 Hartwell Hall County Extension Director 251 Hartwvell Hall Ohio New York State Sea Grant A dwi - Shoreland Management, Division of Water Advisory Service Ohio Dept of Natural Resources SUNY College at Fredonia 375 Mason Hall Addition Building E, Fountain Square 375 Mason Hall Addition Columbus, OH 43224 Fredonia, NY 14063 - - 4Information director 30 - - Ct , *; - l.. , 4,.SVA .Mch v t Canadian Federal Provincial County Agricultural Representatives Soils & Crops Specialists William S Haras D L Strelchuk Thunder Bay Ontario Gvt Bldg Shore Property Studies Engineering Services Branch 435 James St S Research and Development Division Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Thunder Bay (897) 475 1631 Ocean and Aquatic Affairs Whitney Block, Room 5620A Durham 234 King St E Neil Moore (705) 324-6125 Central Region Q ueen's Park Bowmanville (416) 623-3348 322 Kent St W Fisheries & Environment Canada Toronto, Ontario M7A 1W3 Lindsay 867 Lake Shore Rd (416) 965-1271 P67 Lakeore Rd (416) 965-1271 Northiumberland Box 820, Brighton (613) 395-3393 W E Hurst (613) 475 1630 Burlington, Ontano L74 4A6 Also: Hastings Box 340, Stirling (613) 395 3393 (416) 637 4338 Lennox 8( 41 Dundas St G J Smith (613) 476 3224 Addington Napanee (613) 354-3371 Prince Edward Box 470, Picton (613) 476 3224 Frontenac Box 657, 1055 Pnncess St Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Kigston County Agricultural Representatives Solls & Crops Specialists Leeds Box 004, Brockville J C Shelhaut (613) 2534 (613) 342 2124 Box 2004, Kemptville Essex Essex (519) 776-7361 N C Laing (519) 674-5456 ' Grenville Box 2004, Kemptville c/o R C A T. Ridgetown (613) 258-3411 ? Kent Box 726, 435 Grand Ave W Dundas Box 488, Winchester (613) 774-2313 Chatham, Ont (519) 354 2150 - , Stormont Box 655, 109 11th St W (613),933-1581 Lambton Box 730, Petrolia (519) 882-018 0 Cornwell 'Elgin '- 594 Talbot St David Norris (519)674-5456 ' Prescott Box 110, Plantagenet PE Beaudin(613)673 5115 ,- :' St Thomas (519) 631-4700 c c/o RC AT Ridgetown' (613) 673 5115 Box 110, Plantagenet . ' Wentworth' . ' R R 1, Ancaster (416) 527 2995 Harvey Wright (519) 824-4120 Glengarry Box 579, Alexandria (613) 525-1046 , Ext 25313 c/o Crop Science University of Guelph Huron Box 159, Clinton (519) 48223428 - Patrick Lynch (519) 271 8280 - r i A > _ ' _- - , ; ; ~ _ Box 398, 478 Huron St ' The following list of commercial suppliers is Beachgrass or f ol ,Stratford provided as potential sources of vegetation Norfolk 19 Kent St S - E B Pridham (519) 426 0680 It does not in any way constitute a direct or Manstee Soil Conservation Distrct Slmcoe (519) 426 0680 , 19 Kent St St Simcoe -mplied recommendation of a particular company Onekama, MI 49443 Haldimand Cayuga (416) 772-3381 - Motive Vegetaton Haldlmand 'Cayuga(416) 772-3381 , -, Native Vegetation Beach Grass not available in Canada Nlagara, North Vineland Station (416) 562-4142 Niagara, South 574 South Pelham St - Charles Klehm & Son Nursenes Other Canadian References WeNiagara, South 574 South Pelham St Arlington Heights & Algonquin Roads Wellan '416 732- 755 2Arlington Heights, IL 60005 r M Watkn , Bruce Box 1330 RA Upford(519)881-3301 r EM Watk Walkerton (519) 881 3301 Box 1330, Walkerton Midwest Flowers * Department of Crop Science c/o Leroy H Busker University of Guelph Gray 181 Toronto St S Box 64 - Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Markdale (519) 986-2040 Rockton, IL 61072 (519) 824-4120 Local 3572 Halton 121 Main St J P Fish (416) 895-4519 Dutch Mountain Nursery Consulting Engineers Directory Milton (416) 453 9866 Newmarket Plaza Route 1, Box 167 1027 Yonge St Peel 3 Elizabeth St S � Augusta, Ml 49012 Toronto, Ontario M4W 3ES Brampton (416) 451-5474 Sunnybrook Farms Nursery (416) 961-2457 York Newmarket (416) 895-4519 9448 Mayfield Road Canada Seed Trade Association Slmcoe, North Box 340, Elmvale (705) 322-2231 C H Kingsbury (705) 435-5521 Chesterland, OH 44026 Suite 210, 100 Dixle Plaza Box 370, Allhston High Meadow Farm Mlssauga, Ontano LSE 1V4 Manitoulin Box 326, Gore Bay (705) 282-2043 Walker Riley (705) 474-3050 Tom & Molly Murray 222 Mcintyre St W Route 1, Box 215 North Bay Mt Horeb, WI 53711 Muskoka & Box 130, Huntsville Also Consult Parry Sound (705) 789-5491 Commercial listings in Sudbury 1414 LaSalle Blvd Walker Riley (705) 474-3505 Telephone Yellow Pages Sudbury (519) 566-1638 222 Mcintyre St W Local Soil & Water Conservation North Bay District office 31 ' .De.veloper's Handbook. Allen Carrol, State of - Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control - -; - ' Connecticut, Department of Environmental Planning and Implementation. August, 1972 Protection. Coastal Area Management Program, U S Environmental Protection Agency, 6p Environmental Protection Technology Series, Evaluation of Potentlal Usei of Vegetation for EPA-R-7015 228 p. Erosion Abatement Along the Great Lakes Help Yourself. "A Discussion of the Critical Shoreline. June 1976. V L Hall, J D Ludwig, Erosion Problems on the Great Lakes and � U S Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Alternative Methods of Shore Protection". . Engineering Research Center Miscellaneous . Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, '--~ -l ~ ~ ~Padper Nl-& 7-7 5 5 p.- - Nrth"'Central Division; Chicago;-lllnols - . - Great Lakes Vegetation Workshop Proceedings. Michigan Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control 1-977 Great Lakes BasinCom-ission, Ann-Arbor(, Guidebook. 1975- Michigan Department of - - Michigan 113 p. Natural Resources, Division of Land Resource Programs, . Lansing, Michigan 108 p Shore Erosion Study Technical Report. February ~ - - ' r- -rX - ~- ~- --- c--:- - -1977. Wisconsin Coastal Zone Management : : - .- r : _ _ i, o ' - - - - 3, ,Program 199 p Shore Protection Manual. Vol. 1-3 1973. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. Shore Use and Erosion, Appendix #12, Great Lakes Basin Framework Study. 1975. Great -Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan - � The Vegetation of the Great Lakes Canadian Shoreline: Its Role in Controlling Rates of Erosion. March 1976. Canada Centre for Inland . Waters, Environment Canada 78 p. 32- - - - - - - - - References . A ls:-- - - - - -_. If you own shoreline property then ...Don't Before undertaking any~ major construction or slope Do 0 Remove existing vegetation from the top, face,readnpojcbsuetcnulwihoa, or toe of the bluff ~~~~~state, provincial, and federal authorities in case . Plant vegetation on barren slopes if your beach howrubsscha toldcr ove the bluff orisare required for these types of activities. and toe are stable Thorubssuhaolcasvetebuf . Seek competent local advice on technical 0 Build structures on the beach without consulting matters such as engineering, drainage, or soils your neighbors or seeking advice of - Consult with your neighbors as to the bestexrindpofsoal coordinated approach to solving shore erosion - Run drainage ditches or pipes over or through problems the bluff without any means of conducting the - Take care of the trees, shrubs, and grasses fo otelk ee *already growing in, your shoreline and bluff areas * Encourage activities which result in destruction of vegetation or increased erosion of bluff areas 0Consider carefully how your shore protection(iepdsraorvhclrtfi) measures appear to and affect others Do's and don'ts Greg Ukes Basin C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n~~~~~nission ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ -VI Fisheries PdchesI1IfI1 fI and Environment et environneinent ,_3 6668 3001_UKCopofinrs r Canada Canada *.No'rth nifvij,